LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The inclusive city: delivering a more accessible urban environment through inclusive design

This paper examines the reasons why the design of urban public space in the UK has failed to provide easy access to the city centre for older people and people with disabilities. After tracing the impact of medical, social, and bio-social models of disability on professional attitudes and values, the account goes on to consider ‘architectural disability’ that is produced by the design of the built environment. The distinctions between general needs, special needs and inclusive design are examined, and the impact of these different approaches is considered in respect of built environment legislation and architectural practice. Access to the city centre is conceptualised in terms of the ‘transport chain’ and public toilets are identified as a missing link in that chain. The provision of accessible ‘away from home’ toilets in city centres is examined as a worked example of the tension that currently exists between designing for
Software Process Improvement via ISO 9000? Results of Two Surveys Among European Software Houses

Much has been said and published about the advantages and disadvantages of the ISO 9000 family for the software industry. However, there is very little empirical evidence to what extent software process improvements have really been achieved via ISO 9000. This paper presents results of two surveys among European software houses. One of the targets of the studies was to find out whether software companies have actually achieved software process improvements via ISO 9000. The first survey was conducted among twenty German software houses that have received an ISO 9001 certificate. The study focuses on five elements of an ISO 9000 quality system: code reviews and inspections, software testing, product and process measurements, measurement of quality costs, and demonstration of quality improvements. Many software houses included in our first survey have not carried out any modifications of the five elements. Thus, it seemed that ISO 9000 had not led to significant improvements. Nevertheless, nearly 100% of the companies would decide in favor of im-plementing an ISO 9000 quality system once again. We decided to conduct a second study to gain a better understanding of the software process im-provements achieved via ISO 9000. We analyzed experience reports and conducted interviews with quality managers from a total of 36 European software houses. It turned out that software houses have indeed achieved process improvements. Unfortunately, most software houses are not able to quantify the benefits of implementing an ISO 9000 quality system. We identified ten key success factors that the respondents of our studies considered to be the most helpful when implementing an ISO 9000 quality system. Astonishingly, only two of the ten factors are explicit requirements of ISO 9001. This shows that it is necessary to implement a more comprehensive approach to achieve substantial software process improvements.
Validation and verification of the remote agent for spacecraft autonomy

The six-day Remote Agent Experiment (RAX) on the Deep Space 1 mission will be the first time that an artificiall y intelli gent agent will control a NASA spacecraft. Successful completion of this experiment will open the way for AI-based autonomy technology on future missions. An important validation objective for RAX is implementation of a credible validation and verification strategy for RAX that also “scales up” to missions that make full use of spacecraft autonomy. Autonomous flight software presents novel and diff icult testing challenges that traditional flight software (FSW) does not face. Since autonomous software must respond robustly in an immense number of situations, the all -paths testing approaches used for traditional FSW is not feasible. Instead, we advocate a combination of scenario-based testing and model-based validation. This paper describes the testing challenges faced by autonomous spacecraft commanding software, discusses the testing strategies and model-validation methods that we found effective for RAX, and argues that these methods will “scale up” to missions that make full use of spacecraft autonomy. Among the key challenges for validating autonomous systems such as the RAX are ensuring adequate coverage for scenario-based tests, developing methods for specifying the expected behavior, and developing automated tools for verifying the observed behavior against those specifications. Another challenge, also faced by traditional FSW, is the scarcity of high-fidelit y test-beds. The test plan must be designed to take advantage of lower-fidelit y test-beds without compromising test effectiveness.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of acute cochlear disorders and tinnitus.

Accessible online at: www.karger.com/orl Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been successfully used in otology for the treatment of acute acoustic trauma, acute noise-induced hearing loss, idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and other acute cochlear disorders with or without tinnitus for as many as 35 years [for a review, see 1]. In most clinical trials, HBO was administered only when conventional initial therapy using various drugs, such as rheologically active drugs, plasma expander, vasodilators or glucocorticoids, had failed. A meta-analysis of 50 clinical studies carried out on a total of 4,109 patients who received HBO therapy following unsuccessful conventional treatment with drugs has shown that – providing the onset of disorder was longer than 2 weeks but not longer than 6 weeks –50% of patients experienced a marked hearing improvement in at least 3 frequencies of 20 dB or more, one third of patients showed a moderate improvement (10–20 dB) and 13% of patients did not show any improvement at all [1]. In addition, 4% no longer suffered from tinnitus, 81.3% observed a decrease in tinnitus intensity and 1.2% a temporary increase in tinnitus intensity, whereas 13.5% revealed their condition to be unchanged [1]. These results were confirmed in current studies [2–6]. Recently four studies have been published on the effect of an initial HBO therapy for the treatment of SNHL [7– 10]. Flunkert et al. [7] have found that hearing improvement and the effect on tinnitus after initial HBO therapy were similar compared to the effects of infusion therapy with a plasma expander and vasodilator. Similarly, Kestler et al. [8] revealed no better results after initial HBO therapy than those published in the literature after infusion therapy with a plasma expander which, in turn, did not surpass the rate of spontaneous remission published in the literature. In contrast, Fattori et al. [9] concluded that HBO should be considered the preferred treatment, since significantly more patients experienced a significantly greater hearing improvement in the HBO group as compared to the vasodilator-treated group. Aslan et al. [10] revealed a significantly greater mean hearing gain (37.9 dB) after combined treatment with HBO, glucocorticoids (prednisone) and betahistine compared to patients who received the drugs without HBO (20 dB). The authors concluded that the addition of HBO to conventional treatment significantly improves the outcome of SNHL, especially in patients younger than 50 years, but not in patients older than 60 years. In the present issue, Racic et al. publish a retrospective clinical trial on 115 patients suffering from SNHL: 51 patients were primarily treated with HBO and 64 patients with infusions of a rheological drug (pentoxifylline) 1 week after onset of hearing loss. Both groups did not differ from each other respecting e.g. age, sex or initial hearing
A new extension of power Lindley distribution for analyzing bimodal data

In this article, we introduce a new three-parameter odd log-logistic power Lindley distribution and discuss some of its properties. These include the shapes of the density and hazard rate functions, mixture representation, the moments, the quantile function, and order statistics. Maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters and their estimated asymptotic standard errors are derived. Three algorithms are proposed for generating random data from the proposed distribution. A simulation study is carried out to examine the bias and mean square error of the maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters. An application of the model to two real data sets is presented finally and compared with the fit attained by some other well-known two and three-parameter distributions for illustrative purposes. It is observed that the proposed model has some advantages in analyzing lifetime data as compared to other popular models in the sense that it exhibits varying shapes and shows more flexibility than many currently available distributions.
[Analysis of differences between indication and prescription of gastroprotection in patients with risk factors treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents: the GAP study].

UNLABELLED
Preventive measures in patients treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) have been reported to be underused. The aim of the present study was to analyze differences between the indication and prescription of gastroprotection with proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in patients treated with NSAIDS and with risk factors for gastrointestinal complications.


METHODS
We performed an observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Data were gathered retrospectively from medical records and from a questionnaire on risk factors and indication for gastroprotection.


RESULTS
A total of 432 physicians gathered data from 2,160 patients treated with NSAIDs. Nearly all (90.4%) of the patients were prescribed gastroprotection with a PPI. Long-term versus short-term (<1 month) NSAID treatment was associated with gastroprotection (OR=2.37; 95% CI 1.779-3.171). The mean number of risk factors per patient was 2+/-0.16 (range 0-7), and a significant association was found between the number of risk factors and the percentage of patients receiving gastroprotection. Nevertheless, the proportion of patients with risk factors not receiving gastroprotection was 3% for those with a prior history of ulcer and/or gastrointestinal bleeding due to NSAIDS and 7-10% for the remaining factors. Differences were found between the indication for gastroprotection and the gastroprotection prescribed among the various specialties. The specialists prescribing gastroprotection the least were radiotherapy specialists.


CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that, in daily clinical practice, differences between the indication and prescription of gastroprotection in patients treated with NSAIDS and with risk factors are small in Spain.
Lessons Learned From Previous SSL/TLS Attacks - A Brief Chronology Of Attacks And Weaknesses

Since its introduction in 1994 the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol (later renamed to Transport Layer Security (TLS)) evolved to the de facto standard for securing the transport layer. SSL/TLS can be used for ensuring data confidentiality, integrity and authenticity during transport. A main feature of the protocol is its flexibility. Modes of operation and security aims can easily be configured through different cipher suites. During its evolutionary development process several flaws were found. However, the flexible architecture of SSL/TLS allowed efficient fixes in order to counter the issues. This paper presents an overview on theoretical and practical attacks of the last 15 years, in chronological order and four categories: Attacks on the TLS Handshake protocol, on the TLS Record and Application Data Protocols, on the PKI infrastructure of TLS, and on various other attacks. We try to give a short ”Lessons Learned” at the end of each paragraph. Keywords-SSL, TLS, Handshake Protocol, Record Layer, Public Key Infrastructures, Bleichenbacher Attack, Padding Oracles
Extremely Small, Wide-band Mobile Phone Antennas by Inductive Chassis Mode Coupling

A novel antenna concept for mobile terminals is presented which achieves large bandwidth at negligible extra volume by means of chassis mode tuning and optimally placed inductive coupling elements. The approach is best suited for folder-type ("clam-shell"), slider-type and similar device form factors featuring two separate but electrically interconnected chassis elements. The proposed antenna's mode of operation is discussed in terms of chassis mode resonances and equivalent circuits. Implementation and bandwidth over volume performance are illustrated by simulation results for a dual-feed penta-band antenna case study. As a practical application of high topical interest, an add-on DVB-H antenna for a folder-type phone with a measured return loss of at least 7 dB over the full UHF bands IV and V at negligible extra volume is reported
Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders

BACKGROUND
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) often display symptoms from other diagnostic categories. Studies of clinical and psychosocial outcome in adult patients with ASDs without concomitant intellectual disability are few. The objective of this paper is to describe the clinical psychiatric presentation and important outcome measures of a large group of normal-intelligence adult patients with ASDs.


METHODS
Autistic symptomatology according to the DSM-IV-criteria and the Gillberg & Gillberg research criteria, patterns of comorbid psychopathology and psychosocial outcome were assessed in 122 consecutively referred adults with normal intelligence ASDs. The subjects consisted of 5 patients with autistic disorder (AD), 67 with Asperger's disorder (AS) and 50 with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD NOS). This study group consists of subjects pooled from two studies with highly similar protocols, all seen on an outpatient basis by one of three clinicians.


RESULTS
Core autistic symptoms were highly prevalent in all ASD subgroups. Though AD subjects had the most pervasive problems, restrictions in non-verbal communication were common across all three subgroups and, contrary to current DSM criteria, so were verbal communication deficits. Lifetime psychiatric axis I comorbidity was very common, most notably mood and anxiety disorders, but also ADHD and psychotic disorders. The frequency of these diagnoses did not differ between the ASD subgroups or between males and females. Antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse were more common in the PDD NOS group. Of all subjects, few led an independent life and very few had ever had a long-term relationship. Female subjects more often reported having been bullied at school than male subjects.


CONCLUSION
ASDs are clinical syndromes characterized by impaired social interaction and non-verbal communication in adulthood as well as in childhood. They also carry a high risk for co-existing mental health problems from a broad spectrum of disorders and for unfavourable psychosocial life circumstances. For the next revision of DSM, our findings especially stress the importance of careful examination of the exclusion criterion for adult patients with ASDs.
The relativistic hydrogen atom: a theoretical laboratory for structure functions

Thanks to the Dirac equation, the hydrogen-like atom at high $Z$ offers a precise model of relativistic bound state, allowing to test properties of unpolarized and polarized structure functions analogous to the hadronic ones, in particular: Sivers effect, sum rules for the vector, axial, tensor charges and for the magnetic moment, positivity constraints, sea contributions and fracture functions
An Innovation-Based Strategy for a Sustainable Environment

This article explores a role for government to provide a solution-focused, technology-based approach for addressing and setting priorities for environmental problems. It is argued that there is a need for a significant industrial transformation or displacement of those technologies and sectors that give rise to serious environmental problems, especially those that have remained stagnant for some period of time and that are ripe for change. Achieving sustainable production and consumption requires (1) a shift in policy focus from problems to solutions, (2) an appreciation of the differences between targeting technological innovation and diffusion as a policy goal, (3) the realization that the most desirable technological responses do not necessarily come from the regulated or polluting firms, (4) understanding that comprehensive technological changes are needed that co-optimize productivity, environmental quality, and worker health and safety, and (5) an appreciation of the fact that in order to change its technology, a firm must have the willingness, opportunity, and capacity to change. Willingness, opportunity, and capacity are together the necessary and sufficient prerequisites for a firm undertaking technological change. The three affect each other, of course, but each is determined by more fundamental factors. Therefore, policy instruments need to be chosen and designed for their ability to change these more fundamental factors. Willingness is determined by both (1) the firm’s attitudes towards changes in production technology and products in general and by (2) its knowledge about what changes are possible. Improving the latter involves aspects of capacity building, while changing the former may be more idiosyncratic to a particular manager or alternatively a function of organizational structures and reward systems. The syndrome “not in my term of office” describes the lack of enthusiasm of a particular manager to make changes whose benefit may accrue long after he has retired or moved on, and which may require expenditures in the short or near term.
Developing an Ontology for Cyber Security Knowledge Graphs

In this paper we describe an ontology developed for a cyber security knowledge graph database. This is intended to provide an organized schema that incorporates information from a large variety of structured and unstructured data sources, and includes all relevant concepts within the domain. We compare the resulting ontology with previous efforts, discuss its strengths and limitations, and describe areas for future work.
IC Failure Analysis: The Importance of Test and Diagnostics

failures are unfortunately an inherent part of the microelectronics business, where complexity is growing rapidly. Failures can occur during several points of a product’s life cycle, such as technology or product development and qualification, yield learning, reliability improvement, system manufacture, and field application. The impact of such failures ranges from consequential to catastrophic. While we expect failures during reliability stressing or yield learning on a new technology, mature programs and parts qualified for sale and field application demand competitive quality and reliability levels. Failures during these later phases of production need immediate analysis and corrective action. Whether anticipated or sudden, failures can have a severe business impact. Because narrow market opportunities often drive shortened product cycles, companies need to understand failures and take corrective actions quickly. Electrical characterization, statistical analysis, signature analysis, and process experiments can provide important clues that allow us to infer the cause of failure. But only full root-cause physical failure analysis can provide the incriminating evidence necessary to correct problems with confidence: the picture worth a thousand words. The crucial element of failure analysis is fault localization, a task for which both hardware and software techniques exist (see the adjacent box). Trends toward denser circuits and more sophisticated packaging, however, are limiting physical access to internal chip circuitry and thus diminishing the effectiveness of hardware-based diagnostics. This article reviews hardware and software options for fault localization and shows why software diagnostics must become a key focus within the design, test, and failure analysis communities.
Reliability of a quantitative clinical posture assessment tool among persons with idiopathic scoliosis.

OBJECTIVE
To determine overall, test-retest and inter-rater reliability of posture indices among persons with idiopathic scoliosis.


DESIGN
A reliability study using two raters and two test sessions.


SETTING
Tertiary care paediatric centre.


PARTICIPANTS
Seventy participants aged between 10 and 20 years with different types of idiopathic scoliosis (Cobb angle 15 to 60°) were recruited from the scoliosis clinic.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Based on the XY co-ordinates of natural reference points (e.g., eyes) as well as markers placed on several anatomical landmarks, 32 angular and linear posture indices taken from digital photographs in the standing position were calculated from a specially developed software program. Generalisability theory served to estimate the reliability and standard error of measurement (SEM) for the overall, test-retest and inter-rater designs. Bland and Altman's method was also used to document agreement between sessions and raters.


RESULTS
In the random design, dependability coefficients demonstrated a moderate level of reliability for six posture indices (ϕ=0.51 to 0.72) and a good level of reliability for 26 posture indices out of 32 (ϕ≥0.79). Error attributable to marker placement was negligible for most indices. Limits of agreement and SEM values were larger for shoulder protraction, trunk list, Q angle, cervical lordosis and scoliosis angles. The most reproducible indices were waist angles and knee valgus and varus.


CONCLUSIONS
Posture can be assessed in a global fashion from photographs in persons with idiopathic scoliosis. Despite the good reliability of marker placement, other studies are needed to minimise measurement errors in order to provide a suitable tool for monitoring change in posture over time.
Food Dyes A Rainbow of Risks

The colors on the front cover and the chapter headings are approximations. The exact color of dyes depends on concentration, pH, nature of the food, and other factors. Back cover photo (by Michael Jacobson, CSPI) of cupcakes with natural colorings made by D.D. Williamson Co. Blue 1 Yes No in utero studies. One abstract (study not published) reported kidney tumors. No tumors in the only good study. Test tube study found inhibition of nerve-cell development. Blue 2 Both studies were too brief and did not include in utero exposure. Dosage was likely too low; possible brain and bladder tumors. Citrus Red 2 (used only on peels of some oranges at 2 ppm) Bladder and other tumors Bladder tumors Green 3 The only study did not include in utero exposure. Possible bladder and other tumors Orange B (no longer used; in 1978 FDA proposed , but never finalized, a ban) The only two studies did not include in utero exposure. Toxic Red 3 (FDA has banned it from cosmetics, externally applied drugs, and lakes) The only study did not include in utero exposure. Thyroid tumors Red 40 Yes p-Cresidine Possible reticuloen-dothelial tumors of the immune system No tumors in the only good study Yellow 5 Yes Benzidine, 4-amino-biphenyl Only mouse study was too brief, used too few mice, and began with 6-week-old mice. No tumors in the only good study 6 of 11 studies showed geno-toxicity. Hyperactivity in children. Yellow 6 Yes Benzidine, 4-amino-biphenyl Neither study included in utero exposure. Possible adrenal and testicular tumors. * Tests should be done on both sexes of two rodent species, use sufficient numbers of animals, include in utero exposure, last at least two years after birth, and use maximally tolerated dosages. Ideally, tests would be conducted by independent labs, but most tests on dyes were conducted by industry. ** In addition, numerous studies have found that mixtures of dyes cause hyperactivity and other behavioral impairments in children.