LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Influences of the Unified Service Action Model on the HL7 Reference Information Model

Modeling information for the electronic medical record (EMR) builds on a century of study on information and its relationship to cost and quality improvement. An initiative to examine the focus of cost and quality improvement and its relationship to information modeling resulted in the development of the Unified Service Action Model of healthcare processes, which focuses on the action as the center of cost accounting, quality accounting and privacy management. The application of this model to the HL7 Reference Information Model produced a simplification of the HL7 model at the cost of increased reliance on vocabulary terms for actions.
Urban labour-force experience as a determinant of rural occupation change: evidence from recent urban-rural return migration in China

An integrated approach to temporary migration in developing countries is proposed by linking past urban labour-force experience to postreturn entrepreneurial activities. The central argument is that labour migration is a family strategy to acquire both physical and human capital for a future technological transformation. On the basis of an in-depth survey of returned migrants that was conducted in rural China, I focus on the explanation of return rural occupation change in a multivariate framework. I find that it is the improvement of the migrant's skills and entrepreneurial ability rather than their savings and remittances that strongly facilitates a return rural occupational change. The policy implication of the finding is to shift efforts from narrowing intersectoral wage differentials to improving rural learning and training opportunities. DOI:10.1068/a3386
Serum levels of growth factors HGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor), TGFbeta1 (transforming growth factor beta1) and IGF-I (Insulin Like Growth Factor I) in parathyroid tumors.

INTRODUCTION
HGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor), TGFbeta1 (Transforming Growth Factor beta1) and IGF-I (Insulin Like Growth Factor I) are cytokines that are involved in the parathyroid tumors formation and growth. We tried to determine, if there are changes and relationships in the production of these cytokines by tumor cells of parathyroid tumors.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
We determined concentrations of HGF, TGFbeta1 and IGF-I in serum from peripheral blood of 16 patients with parathyroid adenoma and of 8 patients with parathyroid secondary hyperplasia before and after parathyroidectomy. Results were compared with serum levels in healthy people.


RESULTS
Both preoperative and postoperative HGF serum levels in patients with parathyroid adenoma and secondary hyperplasia are significantly higher than in healthy people. Preoperative and postoperative serum levels of TGFbeta1 in parathyroid adenoma and postoperative TGFb1 serum levels in parathyroid secondary hyperplasia are higher, compared with those in the healthy population and in parathyroid secondary hyperplasia preoperatively. There are no significant differences of IGF-I serum levels among the all investigated groups of patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Changes in the growth factors production by parathyroid tumor cells are reflected by their concentrations in peripheral blood. The elevation of HGF serum levels in patients with parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia can be explained by very high HGF production by tumor cells. Nevertheless, there is no decrease of HGF serum levels after the parathyroidectomy. That may be the result of the extratumoral production of this cytokine. Also TGFbeta1 and IGF-I serum levels indicate high possibility of the extratumoral production of these cytokines. Higher postoperative IGF-I serum levels (but not significantly) in parathyroid secondary hyperplasia are in accordance with its bone production.
CyberC3: A Prototype Cybernetic Transportation System for Urban Applications

In this paper, a prototype cybernetic transportation system called cybernetic technologies for cars in Chinese cities (CyberC3) is introduced. This system contains as many modules as necessary to evaluate the feasibility for its potential mass application in cities, including a central control room, five stations, three on-road monitoring cameras, three intelligent vehicles, and a green-energy power system. The entire system is centrally controlled and runs in two different modes - the ¿shuttle mode¿ and the ¿on-demand mode.¿ The control algorithm is divided into three logical layers: scheduling, planning, and executing. The scheduling layer manages the entire system, the planning layer navigates the vehicle, and the executing layer controls the vehicle in real time. The vehicle is powered by supercapacitor batteries. This system is a demonstration system, as well as a research platform, and has been open to the public in Shanghai, China, since May 2007, which has helped to evaluate the entire system and spread the concept of ¿cybernetic transportation systems¿ in China.
Processes of discontinuing chemotherapy for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer at the end of life.

96 Background: Administration of chemotherapy close to death is widely recognized as poor quality care. The goals of this study were to describe the processes of how chemotherapy is discontinued and examine their relationships with timing before death, hospice referrals, and terminal hospitalizations.


METHODS
We reviewed electronic health records of a prospective cohort of 151 patients with newly diagnosed metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who participated in a randomized trial of early palliative care. Chemotherapy treatment during the final regimen was qualitatively analyzed, identifying categories of discontinuation processes. We then quantitatively investigated predictors and outcomes of the discontinuation process categories.


RESULTS
144 patients had died, with 81 and 48 receiving intravenous (IV) and oral chemotherapy as final regimens, respectively. Five discontinuation processes were identified: definitive decisions; deferred decisions (breaks); disruptions for radiation therapy; disruptions due to hospitalizations; and no decisions. For patients receiving IV chemotherapy, definitive decisions were least frequent (19.7%), while disruptions due to hospitalizations were most frequent (27.2%). The different processes occurred at significantly different times before death; and often hospice referrals occurred months after chemotherapy discontinuation. Deferred decisions, or "breaks," occurred at the longest interval before death, but definitive decisions resulted in greatest hospice utilization. Among patients receiving oral chemotherapy, 83.3% were switched from IV to oral as their final regimen, sometimes concurrent with or even after hospice referral.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with metastatic NSCLC stop their final chemotherapy regimen via different processes, which significantly vary in time before death and in subsequent end-of-life care.
Discrete time survival analysis of lamb mortality in a terminal sire composite population.

Mortality records of 8,642 lambs from a composite population at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center during the first year of life were studied using discrete survival analyses. Lamb mortality was studied across periods from birth to weaning, birth to 365 d of age, and weaning to 365 d of age. Animal-time data sets were created for each period using different time intervals: daily, weekly, fortnightly, and monthly. Each data set was analyzed using logistic and complementary log-log sire, animal, and maternal effects models. Explanatory variables included in the models were duration of time interval, sex, type of birth, contemporary group, age of dam, and type of upbringing (nursery or not). Similar estimates of explanatory variables were obtained within the same period across models and different time intervals. Heritability estimates from the complementary log-log models were greater than those from the comparable logistic models because of the difference in variance of the respective link functions. Heritability estimates from the complementary log-log sire model ranged from 0.13 to 0.21 for all periods. These estimates were greater than the complementary log-log animal model estimates that ranged from 0.04 to 0.12. Maternal effects were important early in life, with the maternal heritability slightly greater than the direct additive heritability. Negative correlations (-0.72 to -0.65) between direct additive and maternal effects was estimated. The similarity of results among survival analysis methods demonstrates that the discrete methodology is a viable alternative to estimate variance components in livestock survival data.
The prevalence of neck pain in migraine.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of neck pain at the time of migraine treatment relative to the prevalence of nausea, a defining associated symptom of migraine.


METHODS
This is a prospective, observational cross-sectional study of 113 migraineurs, ranging in attack frequency from episodic to chronic migraine. Subjects were examined by headache medicine specialists to confirm the diagnosis of migraine and exclude both cervicogenic headache and fibromyalgia. Details of all migraines were recorded over the course of at least 1 month and until 6 qualifying migraines had been treated. For each attack, subjects recorded the presence or absence of nausea as well as the intensity of headache and neck pain (graded as none, mild, moderate, or severe).


RESULTS
Subjects recorded 2411 headache days, 786 of which were migraines. The majority of migraines were treated in the moderate pain stage. Regardless of the intensity of headache pain at time of treatment, neck pain was a more frequent accompaniment of migraine than was nausea (P< .0001). Prevalence of neck pain correlated with chronicity of headache as attacks moved from episodic to chronic daily headache.


CONCLUSIONS
In this representative cross-section of migraineurs, neck pain was more commonly associated with migraine than was nausea, a defining characteristic of the disorder. Awareness of neck pain as a common associated feature of migraine may improve diagnostic accuracy and have a beneficial impact on time to treatment.
Short applications of very low-magnitude vibrations attenuate expansion of the intervertebral disc during extended bed rest.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT
Loss of functional weightbearing during spaceflight or extended bed rest (BR) causes swelling of the lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs), elongates the spine, and increases the incidence of low back pain (LBP). Effective interventions for the negative effects of unloading are critical but not yet available.


PURPOSE
To test the hypothesis that high-frequency, low-magnitude mechanical signals (LMMS) can attenuate the detrimental morphologic changes in the lumbar IVDs.


STUDY DESIGN/SETTING
Volunteers were subjected to 90d of BR and 7d of reambulation. While retaining this supine position, 18 random subjects received LMMS (30Hz) for 10min/d, at peak-to-peak acceleration magnitudes of either 0.3g (n=12) or 0.5g (n=6). The remaining subjects served as controls (CTRs).


PATIENT SAMPLE
Eighteen males and 11 female (33+/-7y) healthy subjects of astronaut age (35+/-7y, 18 males, 11 females) and without a history of back pain participated in this study.


OUTCOME MEASURES
A combination of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans of the lumbar spine of all subjects were taken at baseline, 60d, 90d, and 7d post-BR. Back pain was self-reported.


METHODS
IVD morphology, spine length, and back pain were compared between CTR and LMMS subjects.


RESULTS
Compared with untreated CTRs, LMMS attenuated mean IVD swelling by 41% (p<.05) at 60d and 30% (p<.05) at 90d. After 7 days of reambulation, disc volume of the CTR group was still 8% (p<.01) greater than at baseline, whereas that for the LMMS group returned the disc volume to baseline levels. In contrast to BR alone, LMMS also retained disc convexity at all time points and reduced the incidence of LBP by 46% (p<.05).


CONCLUSIONS
These data indicate that short daily bouts of LMMS can mitigate the detrimental changes in disc morphology, which arise during nonweightbearing, and provides preliminary support for a novel means of addressing spinal deterioration both on earth and in space.
Urban Traffic Signal Control Based on Distributed Constraint Satisfaction

Urban traffic problems including traffic accidents and traffic congestion or jams have been very serious for us. Urban traffic flow simulation has been important for making new control strategies that can reduce traffic jams. In this paper, we propose a method that can dynamically control traffic signals by equivalently representing as the constraint satisfaction problem, CSP. To solve local congestion in each intersection, we define the whole system as multi- agent systems where the represented CSP is extended to distributed CSP, DCSP, in each of which variable is distributed among each intersection agent. Each intersection agent determines some signal parameters by solving the DCSP. The proposed method is implemented on our separately developed agent-oriented urban traffic simulator and applied to some roadnetworks, whose experimental simulations demonstrated that our method can effectively reduce traffic jams even in the roadnetworks where traffic jams are liable to occur.
Combination of autologous transplantation of G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Panax notoginseng saponins in the treatment of unreconstructable critical limb ischemia.

BACKGROUND
The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy and safety of the combination of autologous transplantation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) in the treatment of unreconstructable critical limb ischemia (CLI).


METHODS
We performed an open-label, parallel-group, single-center, randomized clinical trial in this study. A total of 52 patients were enrolled and randomly divided into 2 groups (the PBMNC + PNS group and the PBMNC group) in a 1:1 ratio. Evaluation variables, including changes in the ankle-brachial index (ABI) of ischemic limbs, ulcer area, severity of rest pain, transcutaneous oxygen pressure (T(C)PO2), and 6-min walk distance from baseline to week 8 and 16, as well as angiographic scores for new collateral vessel formation at week 16, were used to compare the benefits of these 2 treatment approaches.


RESULTS
After 16 weeks of treatment, improvement in ABI, T(C)PO2, and 6-min walk distance was significantly better in the PBMNC + PNS group. In addition, the combination of PBMNC transplantation and PNS administration yielded a greater reduction in ulcer area and severity of rest pain than did PBMNC transplantation alone. The proportion of patients experiencing any adverse event was similar between both treatment groups. Adverse events caused by PBMNC transplantation or PNS were generally mild and no serious adverse events occurred throughout the entire period of study.


CONCLUSIONS
A combination of PNS and PBMNC transplantation appears to be a safe and effective treatment for patients with unreconstructable CLI. This combination may have great potential advantages in comparison with PBMNC transplantation alone and might constitute a novel therapeutic option for unreconstructable CLI.
Object detection and mapping for service robot tasks

The problem studied in this paper is a mobile robot that autonomously navigates in a domestic environment, builds a map as it moves along and localizes its position in it. In addition, the robot detects predefined objects, estimates their position in the environment and integrates this with the localization module to automatically put the objects in the generated map. Thus, we demonstrate one of the possible strategies for the integration of spatial and semantic knowledge in a service robot scenario where a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and object detection/recognition system work in synergy to provide a richer representation of the environment than it would be possible with either of the methods alone. Most SLAM systems build maps that are only used for localizing the robot. Such maps are typically based on grids or different types of features such as point and lines. The novelty is the augmentation of this process with an object recognition system that detects objects in the environment and puts them in the map generated by the SLAM system. The metric map is also split into topological entities corresponding to rooms. In this way the user can command the robot to retrieve a certain object from a certain room. We present the results of map building and an extensive evaluation of the object detection algorithm performed in an indoor setting.
Identifying Cloud Computing Security Risks

Cloud computing services including Infrastructure as a Service promise potential cost savings for businesses by offering remote, scalable computing resources. However attractive these services are, they pose significant security risks to customer applications and data beyond what is expected using traditional on-premises architecture. This paper identifies three basic types of threats related to the IaaS layer and eight kinds of attacks. These are aligned within the CIA model as a way to determine security risk.
Efficacy and safety of mizoribine by one single dose administration for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE
Mizoribine (MZR) is an immunosuppressant that inhibits nucleic acid metabolism and is a relatively safe disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD). We evaluated the efficacy and safety of one single dose per day for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).


PATIENTS AND METHODS
In this study 32 patients with RA received MZR therapy. We evaluated the average dose of MZR and prednisolone, response to treatment and peak plasma level of MZR.


RESULTS
The average dose of MZR was 146.1±31.2 (range: 50-200) mg/day. The average dose of prednisolone was 4.63±3.59 (range: 0-14) mg/day. The average plasma level of MZR, measured after 3 hours, was 2.20±0.49 µg/mL in the responder group and 1.59±0.82 µg/mL in the non-responder group (p=0.020). The treatment with MZR for 24 weeks was completed by 71.9% of patients and the proportion of patients who achieved a good and moderate response rate according to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria was 56.3% at 24 weeks. The plasma level of MZR which was greater than or equal to 2.12 µg/mL was significantly correlated with the clinical response (p<0.01). Only one of thirty-two cases discontinued the treatment, because of skin eruption.


CONCLUSION
This study included patients that could not be treated with other DMARDs and/or biologic agents because of age, interstitial pneumonia and other complications. We show that MZR may be a useful and relatively safe therapy for patients in this group.
Necrotizing fasciitis secondary to group A streptococcus. Morbidity and mortality still high.

OBJECTIVE
To update physicians on Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis, including current methods of diagnosis and treatment.


QUALITY OF EVIDENCE
Current literature (1990-1998) was searched via MEDLINE using the MeSH headings necrotizing fasciitis, toxic shock syndrome, and Streptococcus. Articles were selected based on clinical relevance and design. Most were case reports, case series, or population-based surveys. There were no randomized controlled trials.


MAIN MESSAGE
The hallmark of clinical diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis is pain out of proportion to physical findings. Suspicion of underlying soft tissue infection should prompt urgent surgical examination. Therapy consists of definitive excisional surgical debridement in conjunction with high-dose intravenous penicillin G and clindamicin. Risk factors for mortality include advanced age, underlying illness, hypotension, and bacteremia.


CONCLUSION
Necrotizing soft tissue infections due to Group A streptococcus might be increasing in frequency and aggression. Overall mortality remains high (20% to 34% in larger series). Clinical diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion and should prompt urgent surgical referral.
Can clopidogrel and aspirin lower mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction?

aspirin and clopidogrel”. This should have appeared as “The COMMIT investigators found that the group who received aspirin plus clopidogrel had significantly fewer reinfarctions, strokes and deaths than the group given aspirin and placebo”. In the April 2006 issue, the second sentence of the Results section was published as “The COMMIT investigators found that the group who received aspirin plus clopidogrel had significantly fewer reinfarctions, strokes and deaths than the group given doi:10.1038/ncpcardio0657 Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine (2006) 3: 182–183 [doi: 10.1038/ncpcardio0508]
Therapeutic effect of Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed/linseed) fixed oil on acute and chronic arthritic models in albino rats

The present study was undertaken to assess the activity/anti-inflammatory potential of Linum usitatissimum fixed oil against castor oil-induced diarrhoea, turpentine oil-induced joint oedema, formaldehyde and Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in Wistar albino rats. The oil intraperitoneally, significantly inhibited the castor oil-induced diarrhoea and turpentine oil-induced exudative joint oedema in a dose-dependent manner. Significant inhibitory effect of L. usitatissimum fixed oil was observed in formaldehyde-induced proliferative global oedematous arthritis when given intraperitoneally, with significant checking of the serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic acid transaminase. Further, L. usitatissimum fixed oil showed a significant dose-dependent protective effect against CFA-induced arthritis as well. Secondary lesions produced by CFA due to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction were also reduced in a significant manner. Anti-inflammatory activity of L. usitatissimum fixed oil can be attributed to the presence of alpha linolenic acid (57.38%, an omega-3 fatty acid, 18:3, n-3) having dual inhibitory effect on arachidonate metabolism resulting in suppressed production of proinflammatory n-6 eicosanoids (PGE2, LTB4) and diminished vascular permeability. These observations suggest possible therapeutic potential of L. usitatissimum fixed oil in inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis.
The ecology of language evolution

This major new work explores the development of creoles and other new languages, focusing on the conceptual and methodological issues they raise for genetic linguistics. Written by an internationally renowned linguist, the book discusses the nature and significance of internal and external factors – or “ecologies” – that bear on the evolution of a language. The book surveys a wide range of examples of changes in the structure, function and vitality of languages, and suggests that similar ecologies have played the same kinds of roles in all cases of language evolution. Drawing on major theories of language formation, macroecology and population genetics, Mufwene proposes a common approach to the development of creoles and other new languages. The Ecology of Language Evolution will be welcomed by students and researchers in creolistics, sociolinguistics, theoretical linguistics, and theories of evolution.