LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Money creation in the modern economy

• This article explains how the majority of money in the modern economy is created by commercial banks making loans. • Money creation in practice differs from some popular misconceptions — banks do not act simply as intermediaries, lending out deposits that savers place with them, and nor do they 'multiply up' central bank money to create new loans and deposits. • The amount of money created in the economy ultimately depends on the monetary policy of the central bank. In normal times, this is carried out by setting interest rates. The central bank can also affect the amount of money directly through purchasing assets or 'quantitative easing'. Overview In the modern economy, most money takes the form of bank deposits. But how those bank deposits are created is often misunderstood: the principal way is through commercial banks making loans. Whenever a bank makes a loan, it simultaneously creates a matching deposit in the borrower's bank account, thereby creating new money. The reality of how money is created today differs from the description found in some economics textbooks: • Rather than banks receiving deposits when households save and then lending them out, bank lending creates deposits. • In normal times, the central bank does not fix the amount of money in circulation, nor is central bank money 'multiplied up' into more loans and deposits. Although commercial banks create money through lending, they cannot do so freely without limit. Banks are limited in how much they can lend if they are to remain profitable in a competitive banking system. Prudential regulation also acts as a constraint on banks' activities in order to maintain the resilience of the financial system. And the households and companies who receive the money created by new lending may take actions that affect the stock of money — they could quickly 'destroy' money by using it to repay their existing debt, for instance. Monetary policy acts as the ultimate limit on money creation. The Bank of England aims to make sure the amount of money creation in the economy is consistent with low and stable inflation. In normal times, the Bank of England implements monetary policy by setting the interest rate on central bank reserves. This then influences a range of interest rates in the economy, including those on bank loans. In exceptional circumstances, when interest rates are at their effective lower bound, money creation and spending …
New Sepsis Definition (Sepsis-3) and Community-acquired Pneumonia Mortality. A Validation and Clinical Decision-Making Study.

RATIONALE
The Sepsis-3 Task Force updated the clinical criteria for sepsis, excluding the need for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. The clinical implications of the proposed flowchart including the quick Sequential (Sepsis-related) Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) and SOFA scores are unknown.


OBJECTIVES
To perform a clinical decision-making analysis of Sepsis-3 in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.


METHODS
This was a cohort study including adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia from two Spanish university hospitals. SIRS, qSOFA, the Confusion, Respiratory Rate and Blood Pressure (CRB) score, modified SOFA (mSOFA), the Confusion, Urea, Respiratory Rate, Blood Pressure and Age (CURB-65) score, and Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) were calculated with data from the emergency department. We used decision-curve analysis to evaluate the clinical usefulness of each score and the primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.


MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Of 6,874 patients, 442 (6.4%) died in-hospital. SIRS presented the worst discrimination, followed by qSOFA, CRB, mSOFA, CURB-65, and PSI. Overall, overestimation of in-hospital mortality and miscalibration was more evident for qSOFA and mSOFA. SIRS had lower net benefit than qSOFA and CRB, significantly increasing the risk of over-treatment and being comparable with the "treat-all" strategy. PSI had higher net benefit than mSOFA and CURB-65 for mortality, whereas mSOFA seemed more applicable when considering mortality/intensive care unit admission. Sepsis-3 flowchart resulted in better identification of patients at high risk of mortality.


CONCLUSIONS
qSOFA and CRB outperformed SIRS and presented better clinical usefulness as prompt tools for patients with community-acquired pneumonia in the emergency department. Among the tools for a comprehensive patient assessment, PSI had the best decision-aid tool profile.
Rainfall Estimation with a Polarimetric Prototype of WSR-88D

As part of the Joint Polarization Experiment (JPOLE), the National Severe Storms Laboratory conducted an operational demonstration of the polarimetric utility of the Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN), Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D). The capability of the KOUN radar to estimate rainfall is tested on a large dataset representing different seasons and different types of rain. A dense gauge network—the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Micronet—is used to validate different polarimetric algorithms for rainfall estimation. One-hour rain totals are estimated from the KOUN radar using conventional and polarimetric algorithms and are compared with hourly accumulations measured by the gauges. Both point and areal rain estimates are examined. A new “synthetic” rainfall algorithm has been developed for rainfall estimation. The use of the synthetic polarimetric algorithm results in significant reduction in the rms errors of hourly rain estimates when compared with the conventional nonpolarimetric relation: 1.7 times for point measurements and 3.7 times for areal rainfall measurements.
Epidemiological Profile and Quality Indicators in Patients with Acute
Coronary Syndrome in Northern Minas Gerais - Minas Telecardio 2
Project

BACKGROUND
Coronary artery disease is the main cause of death in Brazil. In the Brazilian public health system, the in-hospital mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction is high. The Minas Telecardio 2 Project (Projeto Minas Telecardio 2) aims at implementing a myocardial infarction system of care in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais (MG) to decrease hospital morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of the patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) cared for in the period that preceded the implementation of the system of care.


METHODS
Observational, prospective study of patients with ACS admitted between June 2013 and March 2014 to six emergency departments in Montes Claros, MG, and followed up until hospital discharge.


RESULTS
During the study period, 593 patients were admitted with a diagnosis of ACS (mean age 63 ± 12 years, 67.6% men), including 306 (51.6%) cases of unstable angina, 214 (36.0%) of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and 73 (12.3%) of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). The total STEMI mortality was 21%, and the in-hospital mortality was 17.2%. In the STEMI patients, 46,0% underwent reperfusion therapy, including primary angioplasty in 88 and thrombolysis in six. Overall, aspirin was administered to 95.1% of the patients within 24 hours and to 93.5% at discharge, a P2Y12 inhibitor was administered to 88.7% participants within 24 hours and to 75.1% at discharge. A total of 73.1% patients received heparin within 24 hours.


CONCLUSION
We observed a low reperfusion rate in patients with STEMI and limited adherence to the recommended ACS treatment in the Northern Region of MG. These observations enable opportunities to improve health care.
BASont - A modular, adaptive building automation system ontology

Several ontologies exist that model aspects of home or building automation systems for specific use cases. However, no comprehensive approach exists, that models building automation systems in a modular way to be usable in various use cases and tools. The paper proposes the BASont that addresses various use cases over the life cycle of a building automation system from design, to commissioning, to operation, and refurbishment. The use of the BASont is demonstrated for a data retrieval and self-commissioning use case.
A reliable and accurate indoor localization method using phone inertial sensors

This paper addresses reliable and accurate indoor localization using inertial sensors commonly found on commodity smartphones. We believe indoor positioning is an important primitive that can enable many ubiquitous computing applications. To tackle the challenges of drifting in estimation, sensitivity to phone position, as well as variability in user walking profiles, we have developed algorithms for reliable detection of steps and heading directions, and accurate estimation and personalization of step length. We've built an end-to-end localization system integrating these modules and an indoor floor map, without the need for infrastructure assistance. We demonstrated for the first time a meter-level indoor positioning system that is infrastructure free, phone position independent, user adaptive, and easy to deploy. We have conducted extensive experiments on users with smartphone devices, with over 50 subjects walking over an aggregate distance of over 40 kilometers. Evaluation results showed our system can achieve a mean accuracy of 1.5m for the in-hand case and 2m for the in-pocket case in a 31m×15m testing area.
Deformation induced crystallization in an amorphous Cu60Zr20Ti20 alloy by high pressure torsion

Abstract Crystallization of Cu 60 Zr 20 Ti 20 amorphous ribbon induced by severe plastic deformation and by linear heating thermal treatment has been compared using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and in situ synchrotron radiation. Thermal treatment of the as-quenched ribbon results in the joint formation of hexagonal Cu 2 ZrTi and hexagonal Cu 51 Zr 14 crystalline phases, on contrary, intensive plastic deformation at room temperature induces the precipitation of only one hexagonal phase.
Intelligent web-based learning system with personalized learning path guidance

Personalized curriculum sequencing is an important research issue for web-based learning systems because no fixed learning paths will be appropriate for all learners. Therefore, many researchers focused on developing e-learning systems with personalized learning mechanisms to assist on-line web-based learning and adaptively provide learning paths in order to promote the learning performance of individual learners. However, most personalized e-learning systems usually neglect to consider if learner ability and the difficulty level of the recommended courseware are matched to each other while performing personalized learning services. Moreover, the problem of concept continuity of learning paths also needs to be considered while implementing personalized curriculum sequencing because smooth learning paths enhance the linked strength between learning concepts. Generally, inappropriate courseware leads to learner cognitive overload or disorientation during learning processes, thus reducing learning performance. Therefore, compared to the freely browsing learning mode without any personalized learning path guidance used in most web-based learning systems, this paper assesses whether the proposed genetic-based personalized e-learning system, which can generate appropriate learning paths according to the incorrect testing responses of an individual learner in a pre-test, provides benefits in terms of learning performance promotion while learning. Based on the results of pre-test, the proposed genetic-based personalized e-learning system can conduct personalized curriculum sequencing through simultaneously considering courseware difficulty level and the concept continuity of learning paths to support web-based learning. Experimental results indicated that applying the proposed genetic-based personalized e-learning system for web-based learning is superior to the freely browsing learning mode because of high quality and concise learning path for individual learners. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Teaching tobacco dependence treatment and counseling skills during medical school: rationale and design of the Medical Students helping patients Quit tobacco (MSQuit) group randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION
Physician-delivered tobacco treatment using the 5As is clinically recommended, yet its use has been limited. Lack of adequate training and confidence to provide tobacco treatment is cited as leading reasons for limited 5A use. Tobacco dependence treatment training while in medical school is recommended, but is minimally provided. The MSQuit trial (Medical Students helping patients Quit tobacco) aims to determine if a multi-modal and theoretically-guided tobacco educational intervention will improve tobacco dependence treatment skills (i.e. 5As) among medical students.


METHODS/DESIGN
10 U.S. medical schools were pair-matched and randomized in a group-randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether a multi-modal educational (MME) intervention compared to traditional education (TE) will improve observed tobacco treatment skills. MME is primarily composed of TE approaches (i.e. didactics) plus a 1st year web-based course and preceptor-facilitated training during a 3rd year clerkship rotation. The primary outcome measure is an objective score on an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) tobacco-counseling smoking case among 3rd year medical students from schools who implemented the MME or TE.


DISCUSSION
MSQuit is the first randomized to evaluate whether a tobacco treatment educational intervention implemented during medical school will improve medical students' tobacco treatment skills. We hypothesize that the MME intervention will better prepare students in tobacco dependence treatment as measured by the OSCE. If a comprehensive tobacco treatment educational learning approach is effective, while also feasible and acceptable to implement, then medical schools may substantially influence skill development and use of the 5As among future physicians.
Left atrial appendage: an underrecognized trigger site of atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND
Together with pulmonary veins, many extrapulmonary vein areas may be the source of initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation. The left atrial appendage (LAA) is an underestimated site of initiation of atrial fibrillation. Here, we report the prevalence of triggers from the LAA and the best strategy for successful ablation.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Nine hundred eighty-seven consecutive patients (29% paroxysmal, 71% nonparoxysmal) undergoing redo catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation were enrolled. Two hundred sixty-six patients (27%) showed firing from the LAA and became the study population. In 86 of 987 patients (8.7%; 5 paroxysmal, 81 nonparoxysmal), the LAA was found to be the only source of arrhythmia with no pulmonary veins or other extrapulmonary vein site reconnection. Ablation was performed either with focal lesion (n=56; group 2) or to achieve LAA isolation by placement of the circular catheter at the ostium of the LAA guided by intracardiac echocardiography (167 patients; group 3). In the remaining patients, LAA firing was not ablated (n=43; group 1). At the 12+/-3-month follow-up, 32 patients (74%) in group 1 had recurrence compared with 38 (68%) in group 2 and 25 (15%) in group 3 (P<0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
The LAA appears to be responsible for arrhythmias in 27% of patients presenting for repeat procedures. Isolation of the LAA could achieve freedom from atrial fibrillation in patients presenting for a repeat procedure when arrhythmias initiating from this structure are demonstrated.
Change of Virchow-Robin spaces in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and its pathogenetic significance

Introduction Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a disorder of aged adults, but it pathogenesis is still unknown. Recently, Virchow-Robin Spaces (VRS) are interested in anatomical structure for interaction between interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). VRS are known to observe mainly in the basal ganglia and the subcortical white matter and they increase in number with aging. In the present study, we investigated morphological features of VRS in the brain in the aged healthy adults and patients with probable iNPH.
Issues in evaluating semantic spaces using word analogies

The offset method for solving word analogies has become a standard evaluation tool for vector-space semantic models: it is considered desirable for a space to represent semantic relations as consistent vector offsets. We show that the method’s reliance on cosine similarity conflates offset consistency with largely irrelevant neighborhood structure, and propose simple baselines that should be used to improve the utility of the method in vector space evaluation. Vector space models of semantics (VSMs) represent words as points in a high-dimensional space (Turney and Pantel, 2010). There is considerable interest in evaluating VSMs without needing to embed them in a complete NLP system. One such intrinsic evaluation strategy that has gained in popularity in recent years uses the offset approach to solving word analogy problems (Levy and Goldberg, 2014; Mikolov et al., 2013c; Mikolov et al., 2013a; Turney, 2012). This method assesses whether a linguistic relation — for example, between the base and gerund form of a verb (debug and debugging) — is consistently encoded as a particular linear offset in the space. If that is the case, estimating the offset using one pair of words related in a particular way should enable us to go back and forth between other pairs of words that are related in the same way, e.g., scream and screaming in the base-to-gerund case (Figure 1). Since VSMs are typically continuous spaces, adding the offset between debug and debugging to scream is unlikely to land us exactly on any particular word. The solution to the analogy problem is therefore taken to be the word closest in debug debugging
Asynchronous indoor positioning system based on visible light communications

Indoor positioning has become an attractive research topic within the past two decades. However, no satisfying solution has been found with consideration of both accuracy and system complexity. Recently, research on visible light communications (VLC) offer new opportunities in realizing accurate indoor positioning with relatively simple system configuration. An indoor positioning system based on VLC technology is introduced, with no synchronization requirement on the transmitters. Simulation results show that, with over 95% confidence, the target receiver can be located with an accuracy of 5.9 cm, assuming indirect sunlight exposure and proper installation of light-emitting diode bulbs. © 2014 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) [DOI: 10.1117/ 1.OE.53.4.045105]
Optimization based on symbiotic multi-species coevolution

Keywords: Symbiosis Multi-species coevolution Species extinction and speciation PSO PS 2 O a b s t r a c t This paper presents a general optimization model gleaned ideas from the coevolution of symbiotic species in natural ecosystems. Species extinction and speciation events are also considered in this model to tie it closer to natural evolution, as well as improve the algorithm robustness. This model is instantiated as a novel multi-species optimizer, namely PS 2 O, which extends the dynamics of the canonical PSO algorithm by adding a significant ingredient that takes into account the symbiotic coevolution between species. When tested against benchmark functions, the PS 2 O markedly outperforms the canonical PSO algorithm in terms of accuracy, robustness and convergence speed. Nature ecosystems have always been the rich source of mechanisms for designing computational systems to solve difficult engineering and computer science problems. Cooperation between entities is such a universal mechanism. Nature is full of examples of cooperation: within species (i.e., homogeneous cooperation, also called social evolution), as in the social foraging behaviours of animal herds, bird flocks, insect groups and bacterial colonies; between species (i.e., heterogeneous cooperation, also called symbiosis), as in the mutualism between human and honeyguide (a kind of bird) – bird guides human to bee's nest and human open hive so bird can eat beeswax and dead bees. In recently years, drew inspiration form the homogeneous cooperation within species, the most successful computational system – Swarm Intelligence (SI), has been presented. Currently, two best developed SI paradigms can be found in the literature [1–4], namely Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In the ACO paradigm, based on trail formation via pheromone deposition/evaporation, artificial ants are employed to cooperatively find good solutions for discrete optimization problems. PSO gleaned ideas from social behaviour of bird flocking or fish schooling. This paradigm is primarily concerned with continuous optimization and has already come to be widely used in many areas [5,6,25]. However, like the previous EAs (i.e., Evolutionary Algorithms, which drew inspiration from evolution by nature selection), SI algorithms suffer from the following drawback: as a population evolves, all individuals suffer premature convergence to the local optimum in the first generations. This leads to low population diversity and adaptation stagnation in successive generations. However, such loss of population diversity is not observed in natural systems. Because populations of species interact with one another in natural ecosystems, …
Five-year clinical course associated with DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence in a large group of men and women.

OBJECTIVE
The prognostic validity of the DSM-IV diagnoses of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence was evaluated by examining the 5-year clinical course associated with those diagnoses in a large group of predominantly blue-collar men and women.


METHOD
Personal semistructured interviews were carried out 5 years after an initial evaluation with 1,346 (75%) of the approximately 1,800 men and women participating in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism who were eligible for follow-up.


RESULTS
About two-thirds of the 298 subjects with DSM-IV alcohol dependence at baseline maintained that diagnosis during the 5-year study period. Fifty-five percent of the 288 subjects with DSM-IV alcohol abuse at baseline continued to meet one or more of the 11 DSM-IV abuse/dependence criteria, and 3.5% went on to meet the criteria for dependence at follow-up. Among the 760 subjects with no alcohol diagnosis at baseline, 2.5% met the criteria for alcohol dependence and 12.8% for alcohol abuse at follow-up. Baseline characteristics that predicted the occurrence of any of the 11 DSM-IV abuse/dependence criteria during the 5-year interval included male gender, lack of marital stability, presence of several of the criteria for dependence, and history of illicit drug use.


CONCLUSIONS
The data suggest that over 5 years the DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence predicts a chronic disorder with a relatively severe course, while DSM-IV alcohol abuse predicts a less persistent, milder disorder that does not usually progress to dependence.