LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Analytical techniques for quantification of amorphous/crystalline phases in pharmaceutical solids.

The existence of different solid-state forms such as polymorphs, solvates, hydrates, and amorphous form in pharmaceutical drug substances and excipients, along with their downstream consequences in drug products and biological systems, is well documented. Out of these solid states, amorphous systems have attracted considerable attention of formulation scientists for their specific advantages, and their presence, either by accident or design is known to incorporate distinct properties in the drug product. Identification of different solid-state forms is crucial to anticipate changes in the performance of the material upon storage and/or handling. Quantitative analysis of physical state is imperative from the viewpoint of both the manufacturing and the regulatory control aimed at assuring safety and efficacy of drug products. Numerous analytical techniques have been reported for the quantification of amorphous/crystalline phase, and implicit in all quantitative options are issues of accuracy, precision, and suitability. These quantitative techniques mainly vary in the properties evaluated, thus yielding divergent values of crystallinity for a given sample. The present review provides a compilation of the theoretical and practical aspects of existing techniques, thereby facilitating the selection of an appropriate technique to accomplish various objectives of quantification of amorphous systems.
Students' perceptions of Facebook for academic purposes

Facebook is the most popular Social Network Site (SNS) among college students. Despite the popularity and extensive use of Facebook by students, its use has not made significant inroads into classroom usage. In this study, we seek to examine why this is the case and whether it would be worthwhile for faculty to invest the time to integrate Facebook into their teaching. To this end, we decided to undertake a study with a sample of 214 undergraduate students at the University of Huelva (Spain). We applied the structural equation model specifically designed by Mazman and Usluel (2010) to identify the factors that may motivate these students to adopt and use social network tools, specifically Facebook, for educational purposes. According to our results, Social Influence is the most important factor in predicting the adoption of Facebook; students are influenced to adopt it to establish or maintain contact with other people with whom they share interests. Regarding the purposes of Facebook usage, Social Relations is perceived as the most important factor among all of the purposes collected. Our findings also revealed that the educational use of Facebook is explained directly by its purposes of usage and indirectly by its adoption. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Visible Machine Learning for Biomedicine

A major ambition of artificial intelligence lies in translating patient data to successful therapies. Machine learning models face particular challenges in biomedicine, however, including handling of extreme data heterogeneity and lack of mechanistic insight into predictions. Here, we argue for "visible" approaches that guide model structure with experimental biology.
Cerebral neoplastic enhancing lesions: multicenter, randomized, crossover intraindividual comparison between gadobutrol (1.0M) and gadoterate meglumine (0.5M) at 0.1 mmol Gd/kg body weight in a clinical setting.

OBJECTIVE
Two macrocyclic extracellular contrast agents, one-molar neutral gadobutrol and ionic gadoterate meglumine, were compared to determine the overall preference for one or the other in a clinical setting.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Multicenter, randomized, single-blind, intra-individually controlled, comparison study with a corresponding blinded read. Efficacy analysis was based on 136 patients who underwent identical MRI examinations: group A first received 1.0M gadobutrol followed by 0.5M gadoterate meglumine 48 h to 7 days later; group B had a reversed administration order. Three independent blinded readers assessed off-site their overall diagnostic preference (primary efficacy parameter) based on a matched pairs approach.


RESULTS
Superiority of gadobutrol over gadoterate meglumine was demonstrated for the qualitative assessment of overall preference across all readers by a statistically significant difference between both contrast agents for this primary endpoint. Preferences in lesion enhancement (secondary endpoint) were also found significantly in favor of gadobutrol. For preference in lesion delineation from surrounding tissue/edema and for internal structure only a trend towards a higher proportion for gadobutrol was found (except for internal structure reported by one reader, which showed a result of statistical significance). Lesion contrast and relative lesion enhancement (quantitative parameters) were statistically significantly higher for gadobutrol compared to gadoterate meglumine.


CONCLUSION
Contrast-enhanced MRI of neoplastic brain lesions at a dose of 0.1 mmol Gd/kg body weight, assessed in a standardized off-site blinded reading, results in a significantly higher qualitative and quantitative preference for gadobutrol compared to gadoterate meglumine.
All work and no play: Measuring fun, usability, and learning in software for children

This paper describes an empirical study of fun, usability, and learning in educational software. Twenty Wve children aged 7 and 8 from an English primary school participated. The study involved three software products that were designed to prepare children for government initiated science tests. Pre and post tests were used to measure the learning eVect, and observations and survey methods were used to assess usability and fun. The Wndings from the study demonstrate that in this instance learning was not correlated with fun or usability, that observed fun and observed usability were correlated, and that children of this age appeared to be able to diVerentiate between the constructs used to describe software quality. The Fun Sorter appears to be an eVective tool for evaluating products with children. The authors discuss the implications of the results, oVer some thoughts on designing experiments with children, and propose some ideas for future work.  2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Prevalence of Peri-implantitis in Medically Compromised Patients and Smokers: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE
To verify whether the diversity of systemic medical conditions and smoking act as biologic associated factors for peri-implantitis.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
The PICO question was: "In patients with osseointegrated dental implants, does the presence of smoking habits or a compromised medical status influence the occurrence of peri-implantitis compared with the presence of good general health?" Smoking and systemic conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, lung diseases, obesity, cancer, deep depression, and osteoporosis were screened. Selection criteria included at least 10 patients per condition, 1 year of follow-up after implant loading, and strict cutoff levels (probing pocket depth [PPD], bleeding on probing [BOP] and/or pus, marginal bone loss) to define peri-implantitis.


RESULTS
From the 1,136 records initially retrieved, 57 were selected after title and abstract analyses. However, only six papers were considered for qualitative evaluation. No randomized controlled clinical trial was found. Smoking was associated with peri-implantitis in only one out of four studies. Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes accentuated only PPD and radiographic marginal bone level prevalence rates in peri-implant patients (one study). Cardiovascular disease was considered a risk (one out of two studies). The chance of peri-implant patients harboring the Epstein-Barr virus was threefold in one report. No associations were found for rheumatoid arthritis.


CONCLUSION
Data from existing studies point to smoking and diabetes as biologic associated factors for peri-implantitis. However, the body of evidence is still immature, and the specific contribution of general health problems to peri-implantitis requires additional robust epidemiologic and clinical investigations.
Raman spectroscopy investigations of TiB x C y N z coatings deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition

Abstract TiB x C y N z coatings have been prepared applying LPCVD and characterized using SEM/EDX, XRD, and Raman micro-spectroscopy. It has been shown that first-order, defect-induced Raman spectra of good quality can be obtained from TiB x C y N z coatings, even if buried within a multilayer stack. The Raman peak assignments fit well with previous work on TiC 1 −  x N x . Even small changes in the B:C:N ratio result in systematical shifts of the Raman peaks. With increasing nitrogen content, the acoustical phonons shift to lower frequencies. A high correlation of the Raman shifts with lattice constants derived from XRD has also been found. Additionally, intensity and FWHM of the Raman peaks also change going from carbon- to nitrogen-rich coatings. The sensitivity of the TA peak Raman shifts to changes of the investigated basic coating properties is largest for N-rich coatings. Looking at the full range of coatings the dependence of the Raman shifts is slightly nonlinear. The present work establishes Raman microscopy as a complementary non-destructive technique compared to XRD for studying coatings like TiB x C y N z . Structural, optical and chemical properties can be determined with considerably higher spatial resolution.
Breast cancer presentation and diagnostic delays in young women.

BACKGROUND
Young women may experience delays in diagnosis of breast cancer, and these delays may contribute to poorer outcomes.


METHODS
In a prospective, multicenter cohort study, women recently diagnosed with breast cancer at age ≤40 years were surveyed regarding their initial signs or symptoms of cancer and delays in diagnosis. Self delay was defined as ≥90 days between the first sign or symptom and a patient's first visit to consult a health care provider. Care delay was defined as ≥90 days between that first visit and the diagnosis of breast cancer. In a medical record review, tumor characteristics were assessed, including disease stage. Univariate and multivariate models were used to assess for predictors of self delay, care delay, and advanced stage in the self-detected subset.


RESULTS
In 585 eligible participants, the first sign or symptom of cancer was a self-detected breast abnormality for 80%, a clinical breast examination abnormality for 6%, an imaging abnormality for 12%, and a systemic symptom for 1%. Among women with self-detected cancers, 17% reported a self delay, and 12% reported a care delay. Self delays were associated with poorer financial status (P = 0.01). Among young women with self-detected breast cancers, care delay was associated at trend level (P = .06) with higher stage in multivariate modeling.


CONCLUSIONS
Most young women detect their own breast cancers, and most do not experience long delays before diagnosis. Women with fewer financial resources are more likely to delay seeking medical attention for a self-detected breast abnormality.
SSD as SQLite Engine

As a proof-of-concept for the vision “SSD as SQL Engine” (SaS in short), we demonstrate that SQLite [4], a popular mobile database engine, in its entirety can run inside a real SSD development platform. By turning storage device into database engine, SaS allows applications to directly interact with full SQL database server running inside storage device. In SaS, the SQL language itself, not the traditional dummy block interface, will be provided as new interface between applications and storage device. In addition, since SaS plays the role of the uni ed platform of database computing node and storage node, the host and the storage need not be segregated any more as separate physical computing components.
A robust self-tuning scheme for PI- and PD-type fuzzy controllers

We propose a simple but robust model independent self-tuning scheme for fuzzy logic controllers (FLC’s ). Here, the output scaling factor (SF) is adjusted on-line by fuzzy rules according to the current trend of the controlled process. The rulebase for tuning the output SF is defined on error(e) and change of error ( e) of the controlled variable using the most natural and unbiased membership functions (MF’s). The proposed selftuning technique is applied to both PIand PD-type FLC’s to conduct simulation analysis for a wide range of different linear and nonlinear second-order processes including a marginally stable system where even the well known Ziegler–Nichols tuned conventional PI or PID controllers fail to provide an acceptable performance due to excessively large overshoot. Performances of the proposed self-tuning FLC’s are compared with those of their corresponding conventional FLC’s in terms of several performance measures such as peak overshoot, settling time, rise time, integral absolute error (IAE) and integral-of-timemultiplied absolute error (ITAE), in addition to the responses due to step set-point change and load disturbance and, in each case, the proposed scheme shows a remarkably improved performance over its conventional counterpart.
Late antibody-mediated rejection after heart transplantation: Mortality, graft function, and fulminant cardiac allograft vasculopathy.

BACKGROUND
Late antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) after heart transplantation is suspected to be associated with a poor short-term prognosis.


METHODS
A retrospective single-center observational study was performed. Late AMR was defined as AMR occurring at least 1 year after heart transplantation. The study included all consecutive patients with proven and treated late acute AMR at the authors' institution between November 2006 and February 2013. The aim was to analyze the prognosis after late AMR, including mortality, recurrence of AMR, left ventricular ejection fraction, and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Selected endomyocardial biopsy specimens obtained before AMR were also blindly reviewed to identify early histologic signs of AMR.


RESULTS
The study included 20 patients treated for late AMR. Despite aggressive immunosuppressive therapies (100% of patients received intravenous methylprednisolone, 90% received intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIg],85% received plasmapheresis, 45% received rituximab), the prognosis remained poor. Survival after late AMR was 80% at 1 month, 60% at 3 months, and 50% at 1 year. All early deaths (<3 months, n = 8) were directly attributable to graft dysfunction or to complication of the intense immunosuppressive regimen. Among survivors at 3 months (n = 12), histologic persistence or recurrence of AMR, persistent left ventricular dysfunction, and fulminant CAV were common (33%, 33%, and 17% of patients). Microvascular inflammation was detected in at least 1 biopsy specimen obtained before AMR in 13 patients (65%).


CONCLUSIONS
Prognosis after late AMR is poor despite aggressive immunosuppressive therapies. Fulminant CAV is a common condition in these patients. Microvascular inflammation is frequent in endomyocardial biopsy specimens before manifestation of symptomatic AMR.
Stretching exercises vs manual therapy in treatment of chronic neck pain: a randomized, controlled cross-over trial.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of manual therapy and stretching exercise on neck pain and disability.


DESIGN
An examiner-blinded randomized cross-over trial.


PATIENTS
A total of 125 women with non-specific neck pain.


METHODS
PATIENTS were randomized into 2 groups. Group 1 received manual therapy twice weekly and Group 2 performed stretching exercises 5 times a week. After 4 weeks the treatments were changed. The follow-up times were after 4 and 12 weeks. Neck pain (visual analogue scale) and disability indices were measured.


RESULTS
Mean value (standard deviation) for neck pain was 50 mm (22) and 49 mm (19) at baseline in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively, and decreased during the first 4 weeks by 26 mm (95% Confidence Interval 20-33) and 19 mm (12-27), respectively. There was no significant difference between groups. Neck and shoulder pain and disability index decreased significantly more in Group 1 after manual therapy (p=0.01) as well as neck stiffness (p=0.01).


CONCLUSION
Both stretching exercise and manual therapy considerably decreased neck pain and disability in women with non-specific neck pain. The difference in effectiveness between the 2 treatments was minor. Low-cost stretching exercises can be recommended in the first instance as an appropriate therapy intervention to relieve pain, at least in the short-term.
Complete set of electromagnetic corrections to strongly interacting systems

We show how to obtain a complete set of electromagnetic corrections to a given nonperturbative model of strong interactions based on integral equations. The gauge invariance of these corrections is a consequence of their completeness.
Business process outsourcing studies: a critical review and research directions

Organizations are increasingly sourcing their business processes through external service providers, a practice known as Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). Worldwide, the current BPO market could be as much as $279 billion and is predicted to continue growing at 25% annually. Academic researchers have been studying this market for about 15 years and have produced findings relevant to practice. The entire body of BPO research has never been reviewed, and this paper fills that gap. We filtered the total studies and reviewed 87 empirically robust BPO articles published between 1996 and 2011 in 67 journals to answer three research questions: What has the empirical academic literature found about BPO decisions and outcomes? How do BPO findings compare with Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) empirical research? What are the gaps in knowledge to consider in future BPO research? Employing a proven method that Lacity et al. (2010) used to review the empirical ITO literature, we encapsulated this empirical literature on BPO in a way that is concise, meaningful, and helpful to researchers. We coded 43 dependent variables, 152 independent variables, and 615 relationships between independent and dependent variables. By extracting the best evidence, we developed two models of BPO: one model addresses BPO decisions and one model addresses BPO outcomes. The model of BPO decisions includes independent variables associated with motives to outsource, transaction attributes, and client firm characteristics. The model of BPO outcomes includes independent variables associated with contractual and relational governance, country characteristics, and client and supplier capabilities. Overall, BPO researchers have a broad and deep understanding of BPO. However, the field continues to evolve as clients and suppliers on every inhabited continent participate actively in the global sourcing community. There is still much research yet to be done. We propose nine future paths of research pertaining to innovation effects, retained capabilities, environmental influences, global destinations, supplier capabilities, pricing models, business analytics, emerging models, and grounded theory development. Journal of Information Technology (2011) 26, 221–258. doi:10.1057/jit.2011.25 Published online 27 September 2011
Emotional intelligence : A meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net

This study used meta-analytic techniques to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and performance outcomes. A total of 69 independent studies were located that reported correlations between EI and performance or other variables such as general mental ability (GMA) and the Big Five factors of personality. Results indicated that, across criteria, EI had an operational validity of .23 (k 1⁄4 59, N 1⁄4 9522). Various moderating influences such as the EI measure used, dimensions of EI, scoring method and criterion were evaluated. EI correlated .22 with general mental ability (k 1⁄4 19, N 1⁄4 4158) and .23 (Agreeableness and Openness to Experience; k 1⁄4 14, N 1⁄4 3306) to .34 (Extraversion; k 1⁄4 19, N 1⁄4 3718) with the Big Five factors of personality. Results of various subgroup analyses are presented and implications and future directions are provided. 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Inferior quantitative and qualitative immune responses to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants with nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae during the primary series of immunization.

BACKGROUND
Heightened immunogenicity, measured one month after the primary series of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), in African children was previously hypothesized to be due to increased rates of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization during early infancy.


METHODS
We analyzed the effect of selected vaccine-serotype (6B, 19F and 23F) nasopharyngeal colonization prior to the first PCV dose or when colonized for the first time prior to the second or third (2nd/3rd) PCV dose on serotype quantitative and qualitative antibody responses.


RESULTS
Colonization prior to receiving the first PCV was associated with lower geometric mean antibody concentrations (GMCs) one month after the third dose of PCV and six months later to the colonizing-serotype. Colonized infants also had lower geometric mean titers (GMTs) on opsonophagocytosis activity assay (OPA) and a lower proportion had titers ≥ 8 against the colonizing serotypes (19F and 23F) post vaccination. Colonization occurring only prior to the 2nd/3rdPCV dose was also associated with lower GMCs and OPA GMTs to the colonizing-serotype. The effect of colonization with serotypes 19F and 23F prior to PCV vaccination had a greater effect on a lower proportion of colonized infants having OPA titers ≥ 8 than the effect of colonization on the lower proportion with antibody ≥ 0.35 μg/ml.


CONCLUSION
Infant nasopharyngeal colonization at any stage before completing the primary series of PCV vaccination was associated with inferior quantitative and qualitative antibody responses to the colonizing-serotype.
Accuracy trumps accent in children's endorsement of object labels.

Past research provides evidence that children use at least 2 potentially competing strategies when choosing informants: they attend to informants' past accuracy and to their social identity (e.g., their status as native- vs. foreign-accented speakers). We explore how children reconcile these 2 strategies when they are put in conflict and whether children's response changes across development. In Experiment 1 (N = 61), 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children watched a native- and a foreign-accented English speaker label novel objects with novel names. All 3 age groups preferred the names provided by the native speaker. Next, 1 of the 2 speakers named familiar objects accurately, whereas the other speaker named them inaccurately. In a subsequent series of test trials, again with novel objects, 4- and 5-year-olds, but not 3-year-olds, were likely to endorse the names provided by the accurate speaker, regardless of her accent. In Experiment 2 (N = 72) 4-year-olds first watched a native- and a foreign-accented speaker name familiar objects, but the relative accuracy of the 2 speakers varied across conditions (100% vs. 0% correct; 75% vs. 25% correct). Subsequently, the 2 speakers provided novel names for novel objects. In each condition, 4-year-olds endorsed the names provided by the more accurate speaker, regardless of her accent. We propose that during the preschool years, children increasingly rely on past reliability when selecting informants.