LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A standard-based model for the sharing of patient-generated health information with electronic health records

This paper proposes a standard-based model for the automated collection of patient data using personal health devices and the secure sharing of these data with authorized providers’ electronic health records (EHRs). The model addresses a number of important requirements for the practical collection and exchange of such data between patients and providers. The technical elements of the model are based on the features of personal health devices, health data repositories, and interoperability standards that already exist. For the automated collection of data from patients’ personal health devices (such as wireless glucometers or smartphone-based applications), the model suggests a set of content standards developed by the Continua Alliance and already implemented in a number of commercial products. For the sharing of collected data with providers’ EHRs, the model specifies a secure transport layer based on the DIRECT Project’s secure email standards and an application data layer based on HL7 v2.5.1 query-response messages combined with the clinical document architecture Release 2.0 personal healthcare monitoring report implementation guide. All of these standards have been implemented and are in current use, although they have not yet been combined to meet the specific use case of sharing patient-generated health information with providers EHRs. The proposed standard-based model constitutes a “straw man” intended to foster thought, discussions, and refinement through pilot implementations and improvements.
Elicitation of Factored Utilities

wide variety of AI applications, addressing the preference bottleneck is vital. Specifically, since the ability to make reasonable decisions on behalf of a user depends on that user’s preferences over outcomes in the domain in question, AI systems must assess or estimate these preferences before making decisions. Designing effective preference assessment techniques to incorporate such user-specific considerations (that is, breaking the preference bottleneck) is one of the most important problems facing AI. In this brief survey, we focus on explicit elicitation techniques where a system actively queries a user to glean relevant preferences.1 Preference elicitation is difficult for two main reasons. First, many decision problems have exponentially sized outcome spaces, defined by the possible values of outcome attributes. As an illustrative example, consider sophisticated flight selection: possible outcomes are defined by attributes such as trip cost, departure time, return time, airline, number of connections, flight length, baggage weight limit, flight class, (the possibility of) lost luggage, flight delays, and other stochastic outcomes. An ideal decision support system should be able to use, for example, precise flight delay statistics and incorporate a user’s relative tolerance for delays in making recommendations. Representing and eliciting preferences for all outcomes in a case like this is infeasible given the size of the outcome space. A second difficulty arises due to the fact that quantitative strength of preferences, or utility, is needed to trade off, for instance, the odds of flight delays with other attributes. Unfortunately, people are notoriously inept at quantifying their preferences with any degree of precision, adding to the challenges facing automated utility elicitation. Within AI, decision analysis, operations research, marketing, and other areas of research, a number of elicitation techniques have been develArticles
Stein Points

An important task in computational statistics and machine learning is to approximate a posterior distribution p(x) with an empirical measure supported on a set of representative points {xi}i=1. This paper focuses on methods where the selection of points is essentially deterministic, with an emphasis on achieving accurate approximation when n is small. To this end, we present Stein Points. The idea is to exploit either a greedy or a conditional gradient method to iteratively minimise a kernel Stein discrepancy between the empirical measure and p(x). Our empirical results demonstrate that Stein Points enable accurate approximation of the posterior at modest computational cost. In addition, theoretical results are provided to establish convergence of the method.
Policy: Classify plastic waste as hazardous

Australia and Japan, plastics are classified as solid waste — so are treated in the same way as food scraps or grass clippings. We believe that if countries classified the most harmful plastics as hazardous, their environmental agencies would have the power to restore affected habitats and prevent more dangerous debris from accumulating. Ultimately, such a move could boost research on new polymers and replace the most problematic materials with safer ones. It is now almost impossible to walk in Last year, 280 million tonnes of plastic was produced globally. Less than half of it was consigned to landfill or recycled. Of the remaining 150 million tonnes, some may still be in use; the rest litters continents and oceans (see ‘Plastic world’). Plastic debris can physically harm wildlife. Moreover, many plastics may be chemically harmful in some contexts — either because they are themselves potentially toxic or because they absorb other pollutants. Yet in the United States, Europe, the countryside or on a beach without encountering bits of plastic. Larger pieces, from bottles and bags to floating pontoons, can transport species to new habitats where they might do damage. Such debris can kill or injure ecologically and commercially important species, including mussels, salt-marsh grasses and corals. Mammals, reptiles and birds can also be harmed through eating plastic or becoming entangled in it. Last year, the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Montreal, Canada, reported D IM IT A R D IL K O FF /A FP /G ET TY
Design of bezel antennas for multiband MIMO terminals using Characteristic Modes

Designing decorrelated MIMO antennas in small mobile terminals at frequencies below 1 GHz is challenging since more than one antenna tend to excite the single resonant mode available to a typical chassis structure. This challenge increases even further when multiple frequency bands are required from each antenna. Recently, a design framework to obtain efficient and decorrelated MIMO antennas based on the Theory of Characteristic Modes was proposed. By slightly modifying the chassis, multiple orthogonal resonant modes may be created and excited to facilitate low correlation at frequencies below 1 GHz. In addition, multiband operation per antenna can be achieved by correlating the characteristic currents of different modes across different frequency bands. In this work, we apply the proposed framework to make opportunistic use of the bezel structure popular in mobile terminal designs to achieve efficient and uncorrelated multiband MIMO antennas.
An adaptive multigrid algorithm for simulating solid tumor growth using mixture models

In this paper we give the details of the numerical solution of a three-dimensional multispecies diffuse interface model of tumor growth, which was derived in (Wise et al., J. Theor. Biol. 253 (2008)) and used to study the development of glioma in (Frieboes et al., NeuroImage 37 (2007) and tumor invasion in (Bearer et al., Cancer Research, 69 (2009)) and (Frieboes et al., J. Theor. Biol. 264 (2010)). The model has a thermodynamic basis, is related to recently developed mixture models, and is capable of providing a detailed description of tumor progression. It utilizes a diffuse interface approach, whereby sharp tumor boundaries are replaced by narrow transition layers that arise due to differential adhesive forces among the cell-species. The model consists of fourth-order nonlinear advection-reaction-diffusion equations (of Cahn-Hilliard-type) for the cell-species coupled with reaction-diffusion equations for the substrate components. Numerical solution of the model is challenging because the equations are coupled, highly nonlinear, and numerically stiff. In this paper we describe a fully adaptive, nonlinear multigrid/finite difference method for efficiently solving the equations. We demonstrate the convergence of the algorithm and we present simulations of tumor growth in 2D and 3D that demonstrate the capabilities of the algorithm in accurately and efficiently simulating the progression of tumors with complex morphologies.
Discontinuous core-shell structured Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn alloy with high strength and good plasticity

Abstract Bulk dense Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn (TLM) alloy with a discontinuous core-shell structure was successfully synthesized by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of the oxidized TLM powder. A discontinuous core-shell structure is formed, which is mainly attributed to the participation of α phases in β matrix near boundaries induced by diffusion of oxygen. The core-shell TLM compact exhibits a yield strength and fracture plasticity approaching 1.36 GPa and 34%, respectively.
Socio-Economics and Vegetation Change in Urban Ecosystems: Patterns in Space and Time

By 2050, 70% of the Earth’s human population will live in urban areas. Urbanization can have a devastating impact on local ecosystems, but these impacts vary across time and space. Identifying links between spatiotemporal change in urban ecosystems and neighborhood socio-economics is crucial to management aimed at maintaining flora and fauna in urban areas. Here, we tracked 20 years of socio-economic change and 15 years of vegetation change in 32 residential neighborhoods in south-eastern Australia. Regression models that explicitly accounted for a time lag between neighborhood socio-economic characteristics and vegetation response explained more variation in vegetation cover than models that ignored the effects of time. Also, relationships between vegetation and socio-economic factors were stronger in later years for the same neighborhoods suggesting the influence of socio-economics is more readily identified in established neighborhoods. Socio-economic variables alone, or in combination with biophysical variables, were better predictors of vegetation cover than only biophysical variables. Across space, vegetation cover had a negative quadratic relationship with neighborhood housing density, peaking at mid-density values, and a positive relationship with education level and immigration status (the percentage of residents with a non-Australian background). Over time, housing density had a positive relationship with vegetation cover, reflecting an increase in vegetation as neighborhoods develop. Our results highlight the need to understand temporal context when attempting to explain contemporary patterns in vegetation cover and the increasing importance of socio-economic factors in influencing cover as neighborhoods become established.
The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline.

CONTEXT
Several studies have reported an association between the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Despite an increasing awareness that cardiovascular risk factors increase risk of cognitive decline and dementia, there are few data on the metabolic syndrome and cognition.


OBJECTIVE
To determine if the metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cognitive decline and if this association is modified by inflammation.


DESIGN AND SETTING
A 5-year prospective observational study conducted from 1997 to 2002 at community clinics at 2 sites.


PARTICIPANTS
A total of 2632 black and white elders (mean age, 74 years).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Association of the metabolic syndrome (measured using National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines) and high inflammation (defined as above median serum level of interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein) with change in cognition (Modified Mini-Mental State Examination [3MS]) at 3 and 5 years. Cognitive impairment was defined as at least a 5-point decline.


RESULTS
Compared with those without the metabolic syndrome (n = 1616), elders with the metabolic syndrome (n = 1016) were more likely to have cognitive impairment (26% vs 21%, multivariate adjusted relative risk [RR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.41). There was a statistically significant interaction with inflammation and the metabolic syndrome (P = .03) on cognitive impairment. After stratifying for inflammation, those with the metabolic syndrome and high inflammation (n = 348) had an increased likelihood of cognitive impairment compared with those without the metabolic syndrome (multivariate adjusted RR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.19-2.32). Those with the metabolic syndrome and low inflammation (n = 668) did not exhibit an increased likelihood of impairment (multivariate adjusted RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.89-1.30). Stratified multivariate random-effects models demonstrated that participants with the metabolic syndrome and high inflammation had greater 4-year decline on 3MS (P = .04) compared with those without the metabolic syndrome, whereas those with the metabolic syndrome and low inflammation did not (P = .44).


CONCLUSION
These findings support the hypothesis that the metabolic syndrome contributes to cognitive impairment in elders, but primarily in those with high level of inflammation.
Examination of the Mild Brain Injury Atypical Symptom Scale and the Validity-10 Scale to detect symptom exaggeration in US military service members.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical utility of two validity scales designed for use with the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C); the Mild Brain Injury Atypical Symptoms Scale (mBIAS) and Validity-10 scale.


METHOD
Participants were 63 U.S. military service members (age: M = 31.9 years, SD = 12.5; 90.5% male) who sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and were prospectively enrolled from Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. Participants were divided into two groups based on the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF): (a) symptom validity test (SVT)-Fail (n = 24) and (b) SVT-Pass (n = 39). Participants were evaluated on average 19.4 months postinjury (SD = 27.6).


RESULTS
Participants in the SVT-Fail group had significantly higher scores (p < .05) on the mBIAS (d = 0.85), Validity-10 (d = 1.89), NSI (d = 2.23), and PCL-C (d = 2.47), and the vast majority of the MMPI-2-RF scales (d = 0.69 to d = 2.47). Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive power values were calculated across the range of mBIAS and Validity-10 scores to determine the optimal cutoff to detect symptom exaggeration. For the mBIAS, a cutoff score of ≥8 was considered optimal, which resulted in low sensitivity (.17), high specificity (1.0), high positive predictive power (1.0), and moderate negative predictive power (.69). For the Validity-10 scale, a cutoff score of ≥13 was considered optimal, which resulted in moderate-high sensitivity (.63), high specificity (.97), and high positive (.93) and negative predictive power (.83).


CONCLUSION
These findings provide strong support for the use of the Validity-10 as a tool to screen for symptom exaggeration when administering the NSI and PCL-C. The mBIAS, however, was not a reliable tool for this purpose and failed to identify the vast majority of people who exaggerated symptoms.
Noise reduction and adaptive contrast enhancement for local tone mapping

In this paper, we propose a noise reduction method and an adaptive contrast enhancement for local tone mapping (TM). The proposed local TM algorithm compresses the luminance of high dynamic range (HDR) image and decomposes the compressed luminance of HDR image into multi-scale subbands using the discrete wavelet transform. For noise reduction, the decomposed images are filtered using a bilateral filter and soft-thresholding. And then, the dynamic ranges of the filtered subbands are enhanced by considering local contrast using the modified luminance compression function. Finally, the color of the tone-mapped image is reproduced using an adaptive saturation control parameter. We generate the tone-mapped image using the proposed local TM. Computer simulation with noisy HDR images shows the effectiveness of the proposed local TM algorithm in terms of visual quality as well as the local contrast. It can be used in various displays with noise reduction and contrast enhancement.
A novel methodology for the design of LC tank VCO with low phase noise

A novel methodology for reducing the phase noise of a cross-coupled LC tank VCO is presented, verified and measured. The fundamental relationship between the phase noise and the channel length of the cross-coupled MOS transistors is derived, and an optimum channel length of MOS transistors is indicated for a cross-coupled LC tank VCO with the lowest phase noise. A 2 GHz LC tank VCO is designed by this methodology and fabricated by 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The phase noise is -103.3 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset frequency and -118.9 dBc/Hz at 600 kHz offset with low-power consumption around 3.15 mW. The best FOM value of 186 is achieved compared to the reported 2 GHz VCO. The tuning range is 14% at a center frequency of 2.05 GHz.
Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of the crude extracts from the root, stem bark and leaves of Bridelia ferruginea

The root, stem bark and leaves of Bridelia ferruginea, which have some ethnomedicinal applications were investigated for their action against some disease causing microorganisms. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones and phlobatannins (mostly in root and stem bark). The antimicrobial screening of the crude methanol extract carried out in vitro had wide range of activity on Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. The crude root extracts inhibited the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, P. mirabilis and C. albicans at concentrations of 40 , 100, 60, 60, and 80 mg/ml respectively, while the stem bark had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 60 mg/ml on S. typhi and 10 mg/ml on C. albican. The extract from leaf had no antimicrobial activity against any of the clinical isolates used for this work. The findings indicate that the extracts from root contain the most active components.
The diagnostic accuracy of in vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy compared to dermoscopy of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND
The diagnosis of melanoma at an early, curable stage is an important challenge for clinicians. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) is a high-resolution, noninvasive technology that may facilitate improved diagnostic accuracy over clinical examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CSLM compared to dermoscopy in a prospective examination of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions.


METHODS
125 patients with suspicious pigmented lesions were prospectively recruited to undergo a clinical, dermoscopic and CSLM examination. A diagnosis was made preoperatively with each technique, and the lesion was then excised and diagnosed using histopathology.


RESULTS
125 patients with 125 lesions were studied comprising 88 melanocytic nevi and 37 melanomas. Dermoscopy had a sensitivity of 89.2%, a specificity of 84.1%, a positive predictive value of 70.2% and a negative predictive value of 94.9%. CSLM was found to have a sensitivity of 97.3%, a specificity of 83.0%, a positive predictive value of 70.6% and a negative predictive value of 98.6%. No melanomas were misidentified when both techniques were used together.


CONCLUSIONS
CSLM had a relatively higher sensitivity than dermoscopy; however, the specificity was similar with CSLM and dermoscopy. These results suggest that dermoscopy and CSLM are complementary.
Do the Right Thing: But Only If Others Do So

Social norms play an important role in individual decision making. We argue that two different expectations influence our choice to obey a norm: what we expect others to do (empirical expectations) and what we believe others think we ought to do (normative expectations). Little is known about the relative importance of these two types of expectation in individuals’ decisions, an issue that is particularly important when normative and empirical expectations are in conflict (e.g., systemic corruption, high crime cities). In this paper, we report data from Dictator game experiments where we exogenously manipulate dictators’ expectations in the direction of either selfishness or fairness. When normative and empirical expectations are in conflict, we find that empirical expectations about other dictators’ choices significantly predict a dictator’s own choice. However, dictators’ expectations regarding what other dictators think ought to be done do not have a significant impact on their decisions after controlling for empirical expectations. Our findings about the crucial influence of empirical expectations are important for designing institutions or policies aimed at discouraging undesirable behavior. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words social norms; expectations; fairness; dictator game; decision making Leges sine moribus vanae—Horace, Odes 3, 24
Incidence and Etiologies of Acquired Third Nerve Palsy Using a Population-Based Method.

Importance
Among cranial nerve palsies, a third nerve palsy is important because a subset is caused by life-threatening aneurysms. However, there is significant disagreement regarding its incidence and the reported etiologies.


Objective
To determine the incidence and etiologies of acquired third nerve palsy using a population-based method.


Design, Setting, and Participants
All newly diagnosed cases of acquired third nerve palsy from January 1, 1978, through December 31, 2014, in Olmsted County, Minnesota, were identified using the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a record-linkage system of medical records for all patient-physician encounters among Olmsted County residents. All medical records were reviewed to confirm a diagnosis of acquired third nerve palsy and determine the etiologies, presenting signs, and symptoms. Incidence rates were adjusted to the age and sex distribution of the 2010 US white population.


Main Outcomes and Measures
Incidence and etiologies of acquired third nerve palsies. The secondary outcome was incidence of pupil involvement in acquired third nerve palsies.


Results
We identified 145 newly diagnosed cases of acquired third nerve palsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over the 37-year period. The age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence of acquired third nerve palsy was 4.0 per 100 000 (95% CI, 3.3-4.7 per 100 000). The annual incidence in patients older than 60 was greater than patients younger than 60 (12.5 vs 1.7 per 100 000; difference, 10.8 per 100 000; 95% CI, 4.7-16.9; P < .001). The most common causes of acquired third nerve palsy were presumed microvascular (42%), trauma (12%), compression from neoplasm (11%), postneurosurgery (10%), and compression from aneurysm (6%). Ten patients (17%) with microvascular third nerve palsies had pupil involvement, while pupil involvement was seen in 16 patients (64%) with compressive third nerve palsies.


Conclusions and Relevance
This population-based cohort demonstrates a higher incidence of presumed microvascular third nerve palsies and a lower incidence of aneurysmal compression than previously reported in non-population-based studies. While compressive lesions had a higher likelihood of pupil involvement, pupil involvement did not exclude microvascular third nerve palsy and lack of pupil involvement did not rule out compressive third nerve palsy.