LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Interactive video segmentation using occlusion boundaries and temporally coherent superpixels

We propose an interactive video segmentation system built on the basis of occlusion and long term spatio-temporal structure cues. User supervision is incorporated in a superpixel graph clustering framework that differs crucially from prior art in that it modifies the graph according to the output of an occlusion boundary detector. Working with long temporal intervals (up to 100 frames) enables our system to significantly reduce annotation effort with respect to state of the art systems. Even though the segmentation results are less than perfect, they are obtained efficiently and can be used in weakly supervised learning from video or for video content description. We do not rely on a discriminative object appearance model and allow extracting multiple foreground objects together, saving user time if more than one object is present. Additional experiments with unsupervised clustering based on occlusion boundaries demonstrate the importance of this cue for video segmentation and thus validate our system design.
The clinical and economic value of a short course of omeprazole in patients with noncardiac chest pain.

BACKGROUND & AIMS
Evaluation of new patients with noncardiac chest pain (NCCP) may require a variety of costly tests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the omeprazole test (OT) in diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) in patients with NCCP and estimate the potential cost savings of this strategy compared with conventional diagnostic evaluations.


METHODS
Thirty-nine patients referred by cardiologists were enrolled. Baseline symptoms were recorded, and the patients were randomized to either placebo or omeprazole (40 mg AM and 20 mg PM) groups for 7 days. Patients were crossed over to the other arm after a washout period and repeat baseline symptom assessment. All patients underwent 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring and upper endoscopy before randomization.


RESULTS
Thirty-seven patients (94.9%) completed the study. Twenty-three (62.2%) were classified as GERD positive and 14 as GERD negative. Eighteen (78%) GERD-positive patients and 2 (14%) GERD-negative patients had a positive OT (P < 0.01), yielding a sensitivity of 78.3% (95% confidence interval, 61.4-95.1) and specificity of 85.7% (95% confidence interval, 67.4-100). Economic analysis showed that the OT saves $573 per average patient evaluated and results in a 59% reduction in the number of diagnostic procedures.


CONCLUSIONS
The OT is sensitive and specific for diagnosing GERD in patients with NCCP. This strategy results in significant cost savings and decreased use of diagnostic tests.
United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps.

IMPORTANCE
The Affordable Care Act is the most important health care legislation enacted in the United States since the creation of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. The law implemented comprehensive reforms designed to improve the accessibility, affordability, and quality of health care.


OBJECTIVES
To review the factors influencing the decision to pursue health reform, summarize evidence on the effects of the law to date, recommend actions that could improve the health care system, and identify general lessons for public policy from the Affordable Care Act.


EVIDENCE
Analysis of publicly available data, data obtained from government agencies, and published research findings. The period examined extends from 1963 to early 2016.


FINDINGS
The Affordable Care Act has made significant progress toward solving long-standing challenges facing the US health care system related to access, affordability, and quality of care. Since the Affordable Care Act became law, the uninsured rate has declined by 43%, from 16.0% in 2010 to 9.1% in 2015, primarily because of the law's reforms. Research has documented accompanying improvements in access to care (for example, an estimated reduction in the share of nonelderly adults unable to afford care of 5.5 percentage points), financial security (for example, an estimated reduction in debts sent to collection of $600-$1000 per person gaining Medicaid coverage), and health (for example, an estimated reduction in the share of nonelderly adults reporting fair or poor health of 3.4 percentage points). The law has also begun the process of transforming health care payment systems, with an estimated 30% of traditional Medicare payments now flowing through alternative payment models like bundled payments or accountable care organizations. These and related reforms have contributed to a sustained period of slow growth in per-enrollee health care spending and improvements in health care quality. Despite this progress, major opportunities to improve the health care system remain.


CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Policy makers should build on progress made by the Affordable Care Act by continuing to implement the Health Insurance Marketplaces and delivery system reform, increasing federal financial assistance for Marketplace enrollees, introducing a public plan option in areas lacking individual market competition, and taking actions to reduce prescription drug costs. Although partisanship and special interest opposition remain, experience with the Affordable Care Act demonstrates that positive change is achievable on some of the nation's most complex challenges.
Olive oil consumption, plasma oleic acid, and stroke incidence: the Three-City Study.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether high olive oil consumption, and high plasma oleic acid as an indirect biological marker of olive oil intake, are associated with lower incidence of stroke in older subjects.


METHODS
Among participants from the Three-City Study with no history of stroke at baseline, we examined the association between olive oil consumption (main sample, n = 7,625) or plasma oleic acid (secondary sample, n = 1,245) and incidence of stroke (median follow-up 5.25 years), ascertained according to a diagnosis validated by an expert committee.


RESULTS
In the main sample, 148 incident strokes occurred. After adjustment for sociodemographic and dietary variables, physical activity, body mass index, and risk factors for stroke, a lower incidence for stroke with higher olive oil use was observed (p for trend = 0.02). Compared to those who never used olive oil, those with intensive use had a 41%(95% confidence interval 6%-63%, p = 0.03) lower risk of stroke. In the secondary sample, 27 incident strokes occurred. After full adjustment, higher plasma oleic acid was associated with lower stroke incidence (p for trend = 0.03). Compared to those in the first tertile, participants in the third tertile of plasma oleic acid had a 73% (95% confidence interval 10%-92%, p = 0.03) reduction of stroke risk.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest a protective role for high olive oil consumption on the risk of stroke in older subjects.
FGF 23 from bench to bedside

Kovesdy CP, Quarles LD. FGF23 from bench to bedside. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 310: F1168–F1174, 2016. First published February 10, 2016; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00606.2015.—There is a strong association between elevated circulating fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) levels and adverse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) of all stages. Initially discovered as a regulator of phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis, FGF23 has now been implicated in several pathophysiological mechanisms that may negatively impact the cardiovascular and renal systems. FGF23 is purported to have direct (off-target) effects in the myocardium, as well as canonical effects on FGF receptor/ -klotho receptor complexes in the kidney to activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, modulate soluble -klotho levels, and increase sodium retention, to cause left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Conversely, FGF23 could be an innocent bystander produced in response to chronic inflammation or other processes associated with CKD that cause LVH and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Further exploration of these complex mechanisms is needed before modulation of FGF23 can become a legitimate clinical target in CKD.
Judging Borrowers By The Company They Keep : Social Networks and Adverse Selection in Online Peer-to-Peer Lending

We study the online market for peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, in which individuals bid on unsecured microloans sought by other individual borrowers. Using a large sample of consummated and failed listings from the largest online P2P lending marketplace Prosper.com, we test whether social networks lead to better lending outcomes, focusing on the distinction between the structural and relational aspects of networks. While the structural aspects have limited to no significance, the relational aspects are consistently significant predictors of lending outcomes, with a striking gradation based on the verifiability and visibility of a borrower’s social capital. Stronger and more verifiable relational network measures are associated with a higher likelihood of a loan being funded, a lower risk of default, and lower interest rates. We discuss the implications of our findings for financial disintermediation and the design of decentralized electronic lending markets. This version: October 2009 ∗Decision, Operations and Information Technologies Department, **Finance Department. All the authors are at Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. Mingfeng Lin can be reached at mingfeng@rhsmith.umd.edu. Prabhala can be reached at prabhala@rhsmith.umd.edu. Viswanathan can be reached at sviswana@rhsmith.umd.edu. The authors thank Ethan Cohen-Cole, Sanjiv Das, Jerry Hoberg, Dalida Kadyrzhanova, Nikunj Kapadia, De Liu, Vojislav Maksimovic, Gordon Phillips, Kislaya Prasad, Galit Shmueli, Kelly Shue, and seminar participants at Carnegie Mellon University, University of Utah, the 2008 Summer Doctoral Program of the Oxford Internet Institute, the 2008 INFORMS Annual Conference, the Workshop on Information Systems and Economics (Paris), and Western Finance Association for their valuable comments and suggestions. Mingfeng Lin also thanks to the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation for the 2009 Dissertation Fellowship Award, and to the Economic Club of Washington D.C. (2008) for their generous financial support. We also thank Prosper.com for making the data for the study available. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors. Judging Borrowers By The Company They Keep: Social Networks and Adverse Selection in Online Peer-to-Peer Lending
HEPARIN PLUS ALTEPLASE COMPARED WITH HEPARIN ALONE IN PATIENTS WITH SUBMASSIVE PULMONARY EMBOLISM

A BSTRACT Background The use of thrombolytic agents in the treatment of hemodynamically stable patients with acute submassive pulmonary embolism remains controversial. Methods We conducted a study of patients with acute pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension or right ventricular dysfunction but without arterial hypotension or shock. The patients were randomly assigned in double-blind fashion to receive heparin plus 100 mg of alteplase or heparin plus placebo over a period of two hours. The primary end point was in-hospital death or clinical deterioration requiring an escalation of treatment, which was defined as catecholamine infusion, secondary thrombolysis, endotracheal intubation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or emergency surgical embolectomy or thrombus fragmentation by catheter. Results Of 256 patients enrolled, 118 were randomly assigned to receive heparin plus alteplase and 138 to receive heparin plus placebo. The incidence of the primary end point was significantly higher in the heparin-plus-placebo group than in the heparin-plusalteplase group (P=0.006), and the probability of 30day event-free survival (according to Kaplan–Meier analysis) was higher in the heparin-plus-alteplase group (P=0.005). This difference was due to the higher incidence of treatment escalation in the heparinplus-placebo group (24.6 percent vs. 10.2 percent, P=0.004), since mortality was low in both groups (3.4 percent in the heparin-plus-alteplase group and 2.2 percent in the heparin-plus-placebo group, P= 0.71). Treatment with heparin plus placebo was associated with almost three times the risk of death or treatment escalation that was associated with heparin plus alteplase (P=0.006). No fatal bleeding or cerebral bleeding occurred in patients receiving heparin plus alteplase. Conclusions When given in conjunction with heparin, alteplase can improve the clinical course of stable patients who have acute submassive pulmonary embolism and can prevent clinical deterioration requiring the escalation of treatment during the hospital stay. (N Engl J Med 2002;347:1143-50.)
Like father like son: Financial practices in the Shakespeare family

AbstractThrough reference to biographical traces and to Elizabethan business practices, this article proposes a reconsideration of the financial history of Shakespeare's father in particular, and of the Shakespeare family at large.
Use of hysteroscope for vaginoscopy or hysteroscopy in adolescents for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of gynecologic disorders: a systematic review.

STUDY OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this article is to review the published literature and perform a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of the use of a hysteroscope for vaginoscopy or hysteroscopy in diagnosing and establishing therapeutic management of adolescent patients with gynecologic problems.


DESIGN
A systematic review.


SETTING
PubMed, Web of science, and Scopus searches were performed for the period up to September 2013 to identify all the eligible studies. Additional relevant articles were identified using citations within these publications.


PARTICIPANTS
Female adolescents aged 10 to 18 years.


RESULTS
A total of 19 studies were included in the systematic review. We identified 19 case reports that described the application of a hysteroscope as treatment modality for some gynecologic conditions or diseases in adolescents. No original study was found matching the age of this specific population.


CONCLUSIONS
A hysteroscope is a useful substitute for vaginoscopy or hysteroscopy for the exploration of the immature genital tract and may help in the diagnosis and treatment of gynecologic disorders in adolescent patients with an intact hymen, limited vaginal access, or a narrow vagina.
Synthetic on-line signature generation. Part I: Methodology and algorithms

The theoretical framework and algorithms of a novel method for the generation of synthetic on-line signatures are presented. This model-based approach combines the spectral analysis of real signatures with the Kinematic Theory of rapid human movements in order to generate totally synthetic specimens. Two different algorithms are also described in order to produce duplicated samples from the synthetic master signatures, so that the generation scheme as a whole is able to produce in a complete automatic fashion huge synthetic databases. Typical examples of synthetic specimens are presented to highlight their human-like appearance. The validation protocol and the test results are presented and discussed in a companion paper. & 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of matrix type transdermal patches of lercanidipine hydrochloride: physicochemical and in-vitro characterization

BACKGROUND AND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Lercanidipine hydrochloride (LRDP) is used in the treatment of hypertension because of its selectivity and specificity on the smooth vascular cells. The pharmacokinetic parameters make LRDP a suitable candidate for transdermal delivery. The purpose of the study was to select a suitable formulation for the development of transdermal drug-delivery system (TDDS) of LRDP and to determine the effect of penetration enhancer, limonene on drug permeation


METHODS
The matrix type TDDS of LRDP were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. Formulations A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and A6 were composed of Eudragit RL100 (ERL) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) in 1.5:8.5, 3:7, 4:6, 6:4, 7:3 and 8.5:1.5 ratios respectively. All the six formulations carried 10 mg of LRDP/patch area, 8% v/w of d-limonene as a penetration enhancer, 20% v/w of propylene glycol as plasticizer in methanol and dichloromethane as solvent system. The prepared TDDS were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, in-vitro release, ex-vivo permeation and skin irritation. The ex-vivo permeation studies were carried out across excised rat skin using Franz diffusion cell.


RESULTS
All the formulations exhibited satisfactory physicochemical characteristics. Cumulative percentage of the drug released in 24 hrs from the six formulations were 82.0%, 74.9%, 63.2%, 63.5%, 59.8% and 53.5% respectively. Corresponding values for the cumulative amounts of the drug permeated across the rat skin for the above matrix films were 2644.5, 2347.2, 2249.5, 1933.4, 2021.5 and 1663.4 µg/cm(2) respectively. By fitting the data into zero order, first order and Higuchi model, it was concluded that drug release from matrix films followed Higuchi model and the mechanism of the drug release was diffusion mediated. The patches were seemingly free of potentially hazardous skin irritation.


CONCLUSIONS
The patches composed of ERL, HPMC (1.5:8.5) with 8% v/w limonene as penetration enhancer may be selected for the development of TDDS of LRDP for potential therapeutic use by using a suitable adhesive layer and backing membrane.
Dynamic simulation model of PAM based antagonistic actuator

A dynamic model of the system consisting of four ON/OFF solenoid valves and two pneumatic artificial muscles in antagonistic connection (PAM based actuator) was designed. This model regards with different dynamic characteristics of the pneumatic artificial muscle by inflation and deflation of compressed air into or from muscle. The model was created in Matlab's Simulink environment.
Gaussian Process Change Point Models

•Combine Bayesian change point detection with Gaussian Processes to define a nonstationary time series model. •Central aim is to react to underlying regime changes in an online manner. •Able to integrate out all latent variables and optimize hyperparameters sequentially. •Explore three alternative ways of augmenting GP models to handle nonstationarity (GPTS, ARGPCP and NSGP – see below). •A Bayesian approach (BOCPD) for online change point detection was introduced in [1]. •BOCPD introduces a latent variable representing the run length at time t and adapts predictions via integrating out the run length. •BOCPD has two key ingredients: –Any model which can construct a predictive density for future observations, in particular, p(xt|x(t−τ ):(t−1), θm), i.e., the “underlying predictive model” (UPM). –A hazard function H(r|θh) which encodes our prior belief in a change point occuring after observing a run length r.
Multi-Person Tracking by Multicut and Deep Matching

In [1], we proposed a graph-based formulation that links and clusters person hypotheses over time by solving a minimum cost subgraph multicut problem. In this paper, we modify and extend [1] in three ways: 1) We introduce a novel local pairwise feature based on local appearance matching that is robust to partial occlusion and camera motion. 2) We perform extensive experiments to compare different pairwise potentials and to analyze the robustness of the tracking formulation. 3) We consider a plain multicut problem and remove outlying clusters from its solution. This allows us to employ an efficient primal feasible optimization algorithm that is not applicable to the subgraph multicut problem of [1]. Unlike the branch-and-cut algorithm used there, this efficient algorithm used here is applicable to long videos and many detections. Together with the novel feature, it eliminates the need for the intermediate tracklet representation of [1]. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our overall approach on the MOT16 benchmark [2], achieving state-of-art performance.
A novel technique of concealed penis repair.

INTRODUCTION
The correction of concealed penis requires challenging surgical techniques. We describe a novel technique involving inner preputial skin substitution after degloving through a ventral approach that allows sufficient penile skin coverage and evaluated the efficacy and safety of our technique.


METHODS
From February 2009 to March 2009, 12 boys with concealed penises underwent correction via our novel technique. We administered a questionnaire about penile size, morphology, and voiding status to parents to evaluate their satisfaction with the results.


RESULTS
The mean age of patients at the time of operation was 4.71 ± 4.01 years, and the mean duration of follow-up was 5.11 ± 1.45 months. Parental satisfaction grades (0 to 4) concerning penile size increased from 1.00 ± 1.04 to 2.83 ± 0.94 (p = 0.002) after surgery, penile morphology from 1.00 ± 0.95 to 3.00 ± 0.85 (p = 0.001), and voiding status from 1.08 ± 1.00 to 3.33 ± 0.78 (p < 0.001) at the last follow-up visit. The parental satisfaction rates regarding postoperative changes in size and morphology were 83.3 and 91.7%, respectively. Nine parents (75%) said they would recommend the surgery to others. There were no complications, including postoperative hematoma, infection, and tissue necrosis.


CONCLUSION
Our method of correcting concealed penis was demonstrated to be technically feasible and safe. It provides a good cosmetic appearance and excellent parental satisfaction ratings regarding size, morphology, and voiding function.
Dropout Inference in Bayesian Neural Networks with Alpha-divergences

def bbalpha_softmax_cross_entropy_with_mc_logits(alpha): def loss(y_true, mc_logits): # mc_logits: output of GenerateMCSamples, of shape M x K x D mc_log_softmax = mc_logits K.max(mc_logits, axis=2, keepdims=True) mc_log_softmax = mc_log_softmax logsumexp(mc_log_softmax, 2) mc_ll = K.sum(y_true * mc_log_softmax, -1) # M x K return 1. / alpha * (logsumexp(alpha * mc_ll, 1) + K.log(1.0 / K_mc)) return loss
Concepts of normality or evaluation of emotional health

This article discusses the concept of “normality,” or emotional health, and describes various methods by which it may be evaluated.
Blueschist facies overprint of late Triassic Tethyan oceanic crust in a subduction–accretion complex in north-central Anatolia, Turkey

The late Cretaceous accretionary complex along the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone, northern Turkey, includes various types of metamorphic rock together with radiolarite, sandstone, mudstone, serpentinite, basalt and limestone. Meta-plagiogranite blocks (up to 5 m in diameter) and a meta-gabbro slice (800 × 500 m) cross-cut by meta-plagiogranite are observed in a matrix of serpentinite, mudstone and radiolarian chert. These meta-gabbros and meta-plagiogranites show subduction-related geochemical characteristics. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U–Pb dating of zircons from two meta-plagiogranites yielded 222.3 ± 1.5 and 227.2 ± 1.6 Ma crystallization ages. This study shows that the meta-gabbro and meta-plagiogranite from the accretionary complex are remnants of the metamorphosed equivalents of the late Triassic lower crustal rocks of the subducted Tethyan oceanic crust. They are the oldest lower crustal rocks observed in the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone. Both the meta-gabbros and meta-plagiogranites have Na–Ca amphiboles, indicating blueschist facies metamorphism. However, phengites from a blueschist facies rock yielded an 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 104.3 ± 0.7 Ma, indicating that blueschist metamorphism occurred during the Albian. All these data suggest that the oceanic crust formed during the Norian, metamorphosed during the Jurassic to early Cretaceous and then dismembered during accretionary complex formation in the late Cretaceous. Supplementary material: A complete description of the analytical methods ( electron microprobe, LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age analyses, pseudo-section modelling and THERMOCALC) are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6509984