LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Primary Prevention With Statins: ACC/AHA Risk-Based Approach Versus Trial-Based Approaches to Guide Statin Therapy.

BACKGROUND
Guidelines recommend initiating primary prevention for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with statins based on absolute ASCVD risk assessment. Recently, alternative trial-based and hybrid approaches were suggested for statin treatment eligibility.


OBJECTIVES
This study compared these approaches in a direct head-to-head fashion in a contemporary population.


METHODS
The study used the CGPS (Copenhagen General Population Study) with 37,892 subjects aged 40 to 75 years recruited in 2003 to 2008, all free of ASCVD, diabetes, and statin use at baseline.


RESULTS
Among the population studied, 42% were eligible for statin therapy according to the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) risk assessment and cholesterol treatment guidelines approach, versus 56% with the trial-based approach and 21% with the hybrid approach. Among these statin-eligible subjects, the ASCVD event rate per 1,000 person-years was 9.8, 6.8, and 11.2, respectively. The ACC/AHA-recommended absolute risk score was well calibrated around the 7.5% 10-year ASCVD risk treatment threshold and discriminated better than the trial-based or hybrid approaches. Compared with the ACC/AHA risk-based approach, the net reclassification index for eligibility for statin therapy among 40- to 75-year-old subjects from the CGPS was -0.21 for the trial-based approach and -0.13 for the hybrid approach.


CONCLUSIONS
The clinical performance of the ACC/AHA risk-based approach for primary prevention of ASCVD with statins was superior to the trial-based and hybrid approaches. Our results indicate that the ACC/AHA guidelines will prevent more ASCVD events than the trial-based and hybrid approaches, while treating fewer people compared with the trial-based approach.
Results of endoscopic middle ear surgery
for cholesteatoma treatment: a systematic review

Traditional surgery for cholesteatoma of the middle ear is performed by microscopic approaches. However, in recent years endoscopic instrumentation, techniques and knowledge have greatly improved, and in our opinion endoscopic surgical techniques will gain increasing importance in otologic surgery in the future. The aim of this study was to focus on outcomes obtained using endoscopic surgery for the treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma. A systematic review of the literature was performed. A total of 7 articles comprising 515 patients treated exclusively with endoscope or with a combined technique were found. During post-surgical follow-up, 48 (9.3%) patients showed a residual or recurrent pathology. Despite the small number of patients analyzed in our review, the outcomes of this technique appear to be promising. In particular, concerning the rates of recurrences and residual disease, endoscopic middle ear surgery appears to guarantee similar results in comparison to classic microscopic approaches with the advantage of performing minimally invasive surgery.
Structure of West Nile virus.

West Nile virus (WNV) is found throughout Africa, Europe, Central Asia, and, most recently, in North America. The first outbreak in the United States was in New York City during the summer of 1999, and the virus subsequently spread across the United States (1). In 2002, there were 4156 reported cases of human illness associated with WNV and 284 deaths. WNV is a flavivirus transmitted primarily by Culex mosquitoes to vertebrate hosts. Flaviviruses include members such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus and are positivestrand RNA viruses that contain three structural proteins and a host-derived lipid bilayer. Two lineages of WNV (I and II) have been identified (2). All isolates that cause severe human disease fall into lineage I. With the use of cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) and image reconstruction techniques, we have determined a 17 Å resolution structure of WNV New York 99, the strain responsible for the outbreak in the United States (3). The virus has icosahedral symmetry and is 500 Å in diameter with no surface projections or spikes (Fig. 1A), which are prominent on other envelope-containing viruses such as influenza, HIV, and measles virus. A cross-sectional view (Fig. 1B) shows concentric layers of density indicating the multilayer organization of the virus. The outermost layer contains the highest density and corresponds to the E and M transmembrane proteins. The 35 to 40 Å thick lipid bilayer appears nonspherical with the transmembrane components of the M and E proteins visible. The nucleocapsid core contains multiple copies of the capsid protein and the genome RNA. The major surface protein E is responsible for receptor binding, host membrane fusion, and can elicit a neutralizing antibody response. Although the atomic structure of the WNV E protein is not known, structures of the ectodomains of the closely related dengue and tick-borne encephalitis virus E proteins
Murder in Alexandria: The Gender, Sexual and Class Politics of Criminality in Egypt, 1914 - 1921

Author(s): Takla, Nefertiti Mary | Advisor(s): Green, Nile; Gallagher, Nancy | Abstract: My dissertation analyzes the effects of World War I on the port city of Alexandria, Egypt through the investigation and trial of a serial murder case that took place in 1920 - 21. The victims of the serial murders were seventeen women who had engaged in clandestine sex work in Alexandria during the war, and their death marked the rise of domestic trafficking networks in interwar Egypt. Two of the female accomplices to the murders, Raya and Sakina, became scapegoats for the crime and were the first women in Egyptian history to receive the death penalty. Numerous Egyptian films, TV shows and comedies have been produced about these murders in recent decades, and the case is still widely known throughout the Middle East today as "Raya and Sakina." Despite the many afterlives of this case, no historian has studied the two thousand pages of handwritten legal records that were produced about these murders. My dissertation utilizes the records of the Egyptian National Archives and Library, the microfilm collection of the National Judicial Studies Center in Egypt, and the digitized materials of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina to analyze the case in its broader historical context. I argue that the murder of the clandestine sex workers and the execution of Raya and Sakina marked the formation of new relationships of power between workers, the state, and an expanding middle class, and new discursive relationships between gender, sexuality, class and criminality. This study examines how these relationships were institutionalized legally, materially, spatially, and discursively, leading to the spread of middle-class modernity in Egypt and the beginning of the end of cosmopolitan Alexandria.
Cheapened altruism: Discounting personally affected prosocial actors

Are charitable donors always perceived as charitable? Three studies suggest that although having a personal connection to a cause motivates much charitable giving, donors who have been personally affected by the target cause are given less ‘‘credit’’ for their donations, i.e., are perceived as less intrinsically charitable. These donors are perceived as having selfish motivations even when they have nothing economic or social to gain from the donation. More specifically, personally-affected donors are perceived as driven by emotional selfishness, or a desire to improve their own hedonic state rather a desire to improve the welfare of others, which lessens the charitable credit that they receive. In addition, although donors who have been personally affected by the target cause are seen as less charitable, they are perceived more favorably in other ways (e.g., more loyal). 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Automatic Classification of Source Code Archives by Programming Language: A Deep Learning Approach

This paper proposes the use of a Deep Learning technique, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network, for the automatic classification of source code archives by programming language. Experiments show that this simple recurrent neural network architecture gives promising results in accuracy compared to the Naive Bayes classifier, currently used by Linguist, one of the most popular programming language classifiers.
Enhancing Security Education with Hands-On Laboratory Exercises

We present an instructional suite of labs that can help in teaching security courses. Our labs are publicly available for use. We have used these labs in teaching security courses and also helped several other instructors adopt these labs to suit their style of teaching. Based on this experience, we present some guidelines for using these labs in security courses. Furthermore, we also describe the results of using these labs among students.
Quality of life by proxy and mortality in institutionalized older adults with dementia.

AIM
This study aimed at analyzing the effect of quality of life (QoL) on mortality in older adults with dementia living in long-term care facilities.


METHODS
A prospective observational cohort study was carried out on 412 residents aged older than 60 years, diagnosed with dementia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition. Besides assessment of QoL (EQ-5D index by proxy) and perceived health status (EQ-VAS), baseline measurements included severity of dementia (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale [CDR]), comorbidity (number of self-reported chronic conditions), disability evaluation (Barthel Index), cognitive state (Mini Examen Cognoscitivo, a validated and modified Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination) and depression (Cornell Depression Scale for Dementia). Sociodemographic and clinical variables were analyzed as potential effect modifiers and confounders in the relationship between QoL and mortality using a multivariate logistic regression analysis.


RESULTS
After an 18-month follow up, 138 residents had died. Adjusting for CDR and Barthel Index, the odds of mortality were multiplied by 0.25 (95% CI 0.09-0.70) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.26-2.42) for every unit of change in the EQ-5D index in the residents with Cornell score <6 and ≥ 6, respectively.


CONCLUSION
The present study suggests that the effect of QoL on mortality in institutionalized adults with dementia should take into account the presence or absence of depression. In addition, residents with a greater disability and more advanced dementia should be a target for interventions in rehabilitation care.
Plants as a source of anticancer agents

An attempt has been made to review some medicinal p lants used for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Plant derived compounds have p layed an important role in the development of several clinically useful anticancer agents. Sev eral anticancer agents including taxol, vinblastine, vincristine and topotecan are in clini cal use all over the world. A number of promising agents such as combrestatin, betulinic ac id and silvesterol are in clinical or preclinical development.
Quality of working life indicators in Canadian health care organizations: a tool for healthy, health care workplaces?

BACKGROUND
Quality-of-work-life (QWL) includes broad aspects of the work environment that affect employee learning and health. Canadian health care organizations (HCOs) are being encouraged to monitor QWL, expanding existing occupational health surveillance capacities.


AIM
To investigate the understanding, collection, diffusion and use of QWL indicators in Canadian HCOs.


METHODS
We obtained cooperation from six diverse public HCOs managing 41 sites. We reviewed documentation relevant to QWL and conducted 58 focus groups/team interviews with strategic, support and programme teams. Group interviews were taped, reviewed and analysed for themes using qualitative data techniques. Indicators were classified by purpose and HCO level.


RESULTS
QWL indicators, as such, were relatively new to most HCOs yet the data managed by human resource and occupational health and safety support teams were highly relevant to monitoring of employee well-being (119 of 209 mentioned indicators), e.g. sickness absence. Monitoring of working conditions (62/209) was also important, e.g. indicators of employee workload. Uncommon were indicators of biomechanical and psychosocial hazards at work, despite their being important causes of morbidity among HCO employees. Although imprecision in the definition of QWL indicators, limited links with other HCO performance measures and inadequate HCO resources for implementation were common, most HCOs cited ways in which QWL indicators had influenced planning and evaluation of prevention efforts.


CONCLUSIONS
Increase in targeted HCO resources, inclusion of other QWL indicators and greater integration with HCO management systems could all improve HCO decision-makers' access to information relevant to employee health.
News Event Extraction Using 5 W 1 H Approach & Its Analysis

To relieve “News Information Overload”, a novel approach of 5W1H is easiest & best suitable. In this paper, we describe 5W1H (who, what, whom, when, where, how) event semantic elements extraction along with its analysis with some existing systems. Here we are also presenting a more descriptive view of 5W1H approach.
Optimal throughput-delay scaling in wireless networks - part I: the fluid model

Gupta and Kumar (2000) introduced a random model to study throughput scaling in a wireless network with static nodes, and showed that the throughput per source-destination pair is Θ (1/√n log n). Grossglauser and Tse (2001) showed that when nodes are mobile it is possible to have a constant throughput scaling per source-destination pair. In most applications, delay is also a key metric of network performance. It is expected that high throughput is achieved at the cost of high delay and that one can be improved at the cost of the other. The focus of this paper is on studying this tradeoff for wireless networks in a general framework. Optimal throughput-delay scaling laws for static and mobile wireless networks are established. For static networks, it is shown that the optimal throughput-delay tradeoff is given by D(n) = Θ (nT(n)), where T(n) and D(n) are the throughput and delay scaling, respectively. For mobile networks, a simple proof of the throughput scaling of Θ(1) for the Grossglauser-Tse scheme is given and the associated delay scaling is shown to be Θ(n log n). The optimal throughput-delay tradeoff for mobile networks is also established. To capture physical movement in the real world, a random-walk (RW) model for node mobility is assumed. It is shown that for throughput of O (1/√n log n), which can also be achieved in static networks, the throughput-delay tradeoff is the same as in static networks, i.e., D(n) = Θ (nT(n)). Surprisingly, for almost any throughput of a higher order, the delay is shown to be Θ (n log n), which is the delay for throughput of Θ(1). Our result, thus, suggests that the use of mobility to increase throughput, even slightly, in real-world networks would necessitate an abrupt and very large increase in delay.
Small prosthesis size in aortic valve replacement does not affect mortality.

BACKGROUND
Small prosthesis size has been associated with poorer postoperative outcomes in aortic valve replacement (AVR). We hypothesized that the use of small aortic valve (AV) prostheses does not independently increase operative mortality following AVR, but that mortality may instead be related to comorbidities.


METHODS
We examined the mortality among 4,621 patients who underwent primary AVR operations at 13 different statewide centers from 2003 to 2008. Patients were stratified by prosthesis size into groups with small (≤21 mm, n=1,810) and standard AV prostheses (≥23 mm, n=2,811). The effect of prosthesis size on outcomes was evaluated with univariate and multivariable regression analyses.


RESULTS
Operative mortality among patients undergoing primary AVR operations was 3.7%. Among isolated operations, small AV prostheses were implanted in more females (79.9% vs 21.0%, p<0.001) and older patients (68.9±12.3 years vs 63.8±13.9 years, p<0.001) than were standard-size AV prostheses, and carried a higher predicted risk of mortality according to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality Score (3.1 [interquartile range, 3.0] versus 2.2 [2.0], p<0.001) than did standard-size AV prostheses. Small AV prostheses incurred more major complications (19.5% vs 15.7%, p=0.01), a greater mortality (3.9% vs 2.3%, p=0.03), a longer postoperative length of stay (6.0 [3.0] vs 5.0 [3.0] days, p<0.001), and higher total costs ($29,738 [18,196] vs $26,679 [14,890], p<0.001) than did standard AV prostheses. However, when analyzed with multivariate regression, small AV prosthesis size and female gender were not independent predictors of operative mortality, whereas advanced age, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and aortic annular enlargement were important predictors of operative mortality.


CONCLUSIONS
Small aortic valve prosthesis size does not independently increase operative mortality following primary AVR. Increased morbidity and mortality among patients undergoing the implantation of small AV prostheses is related to the confounding effects of preoperative and operative risk factors. Annular enlargement may not always reduce mortality.
Epigenetics in radiation-induced fibrosis

Radiotherapy is a major cancer treatment option but dose-limiting side effects such as late-onset fibrosis in the irradiated tissue severely impair quality of life in cancer survivors. Efforts to explain radiation-induced fibrosis, for example, by genetic variation remained largely inconclusive. Recently published molecular analyses on radiation response and fibrogenesis showed a prominent role of epigenetic gene regulation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on epigenetic modifications in fibrotic disease and radiation response, and it points out the important role for epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, microRNAs and histone modifications in the development of this disease. The synopsis illustrates the complexity of radiation-induced fibrosis and reveals the need for investigations to further unravel its molecular mechanisms. Importantly, epigenetic changes are long-term determinants of gene expression and can therefore support those mechanisms that induce and perpetuate fibrogenesis even in the absence of the initial damaging stimulus. Future work must comprise the interconnection of acute radiation response and long-lasting epigenetic effects in order to assess their role in late-onset radiation fibrosis. An improved understanding of the underlying biology is fundamental to better comprehend the origin of this disease and to improve both preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Systematic assessment of patients with unexplained cardiac arrest: Cardiac Arrest Survivors With Preserved Ejection Fraction Registry (CASPER).

BACKGROUND
Cardiac arrest without evident cardiac disease may be caused by subclinical genetic conditions. Provocative testing to unmask a phenotype is often necessary to detect primary electrical disease, direct genetic testing, and perform family screening.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Patients with apparently unexplained cardiac arrest and no evident cardiac disease (normal cardiac function on echocardiogram, no evidence of coronary artery disease, and a normal ECG) underwent systematic evaluation that included cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, signal-averaged ECG, exercise testing, drug challenge, and selective electrophysiological testing. Diagnostic criteria were based on accepted criteria or provocation of the characteristic clinical features for long-QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, coronary spasm, and myocarditis. Sixty-three patients in 9 centers were enrolled (age 43.0+/-13.4 years, 29 women). A diagnosis was obtained in 35 patients (56%): Long-QT syndrome in 8, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in 8, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in 6, early repolarization in 5, coronary spasm in 4, Brugada syndrome in 3, and myocarditis in 1. Targeted genetic testing demonstrated evidence of causative mutations in 9 (47%) of 19 patients. Screening of 64 family members of these patients identified 15 affected individuals who were treated (24%). The remaining 28 patients (44%) were considered to have idiopathic ventricular fibrillation.


CONCLUSIONS
Systematic clinical testing, including drug provocation and advanced imaging, results in unmasking of the cause of apparently unexplained cardiac arrest in >50% of patients. This approach assists in directing genetic testing to diagnose genetically mediated arrhythmia syndromes, which results in successful family screening.
Designed biodegradable hydrogel structures prepared by stereolithography using poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(D,L-lactide)-based resins.

Designed three-dimensional biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(D,L-lactide) hydrogel structures were prepared for the first time by stereolithography at high resolutions. A photo-polymerisable aqueous resin comprising PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA-based macromer, visible light photo-initiator, dye and inhibitor in DMSO/water was used to build the structures. Porous and non-porous hydrogels with well-defined architectures and good mechanical properties were prepared. Porous hydrogel structures with a gyroid pore network architecture showed narrow pore size distributions, excellent pore interconnectivity and good mechanical properties. The structures showed good cell seeding characteristics, and human mesenchymal stem cells adhered and proliferated well on these materials.
Notes on synchrotron radiation

I comment on a number of theoretical issues related to magnetobremsstrahlung, and especially on synchrotron radiation and Unruh (temperature) radiation, that I consider of importance for the current progress towards a better understanding of the stationary features of such fundamental radiation patterns both in an accelerator context and, more generally, in the physical world
Domperidone versus cisapride in the treatment of infant regurgitation and increased acid gastro-oesophageal reflux: a pilot study.

AIM
Although domperidone is used frequently to treat infant regurgitation, efficacy data are scarce. Cisapride was previously used in the same indication.


METHODS
Domperidone and cisapride were compared in an investigator-blinded, prospective comparative trial by evaluating (a) the frequency of regurgitation, (b) acid reflux and (c) cardiac side effects in infants regurgitating >4 times/day since >2 weeks and with reflux-associated symptoms of discomfort, after conservative treatment failure.


RESULTS
Within the first treatment week, the frequency of regurgitation decreased in both groups, more rapidly in the cisapride group: the median regurgitation decreased from 6.22 to 3.50 in the cisapride group versus from 4.80 to 3.70 in the domperidone group. The decrease in regurgitation was still significant after 1 month: cisapride from 6.22 to 1.55 versus domperidone from 4.80 to 1.25. However, the natural decrease in the incidence of regurgitation induced by age should also be considered. The median reflux index decreased after 1 month in the cisapride group from 3.60 to 1.75 versus from 2.70 to 2.45 in the domperidone group. One child treated with cisapride developed a significant QT prolongation.


CONCLUSION
The decrease in regurgitation was comparable in both groups, although acid reflux decreased more in the cisapride group. Cisapride induced QT prolongation in one infant.