LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Cross-trial prediction of treatment outcome in depression: a machine learning approach.

BACKGROUND
Antidepressant treatment efficacy is low, but might be improved by matching patients to interventions. At present, clinicians have no empirically validated mechanisms to assess whether a patient with depression will respond to a specific antidepressant. We aimed to develop an algorithm to assess whether patients will achieve symptomatic remission from a 12-week course of citalopram.


METHODS
We used patient-reported data from patients with depression (n=4041, with 1949 completers) from level 1 of the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D; ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00021528) to identify variables that were most predictive of treatment outcome, and used these variables to train a machine-learning model to predict clinical remission. We externally validated the model in the escitalopram treatment group (n=151) of an independent clinical trial (Combining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes [COMED]; ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00590863).


FINDINGS
We identified 25 variables that were most predictive of treatment outcome from 164 patient-reportable variables, and used these to train the model. The model was internally cross-validated, and predicted outcomes in the STAR*D cohort with accuracy significantly above chance (64·6% [SD 3·2]; p<0·0001). The model was externally validated in the escitalopram treatment group (N=151) of COMED (accuracy 59·6%, p=0.043). The model also performed significantly above chance in a combined escitalopram-buproprion treatment group in COMED (n=134; accuracy 59·7%, p=0·023), but not in a combined venlafaxine-mirtazapine group (n=140; accuracy 51·4%, p=0·53), suggesting specificity of the model to underlying mechanisms.


INTERPRETATION
Building statistical models by mining existing clinical trial data can enable prospective identification of patients who are likely to respond to a specific antidepressant.


FUNDING
Yale University.
Obstacles and Opportunities for Technological Innovation in Business Teaching and Learning

Pressure to change business education is rising. Lectures, where students listen to an expert academic should be the exception rather than the rule. A reliance on passive learning tasks reflects an informationtransmission concept of teaching which produces inferior learning outcomes. Incorporating new learning and assessment tasks can improve learning outcomes. Since technology is one source of innovation currently in the spotlight, this paper describes the opportunities and the obstacles to improving outcomes through technological innovation. If business academics are to optimise educational innovation, more rigorous design, implementation and evaluation is needed. JEL Classification: A22, A23, O33.
An associative classification-based recommendation system for personalization in B2C e-commerce applications

It has been recognized that e-commerce and mass customization will emerge as a primary style of manufacturing. The main challenge for such a paradigm originates from difficulties in personalization – providing support for customers to find the most valuable products that match their heterogeneous needs. Traditional approaches to the personalization problem adopt pre-defined formats to describe the customer requirements. This always leads to distortion in eliciting requirement information and thus inaccurate recommendations. Knowledge discovery lends itself to dealing with semi-structured data and makes it possible to capture customer requirements more accurately. This paper proposes an associative classification-based recommendation system for personalization in B2C e-commerce applications. Knowledge discovery techniques are applied to support personalization according to an inner established model that anticipates customer heterogeneous requirements. The framework and methodology of the associative classification-based recommendation system have been addressed. The system analysis, design, and implementation issues in an Internet programming environment are presented. The feasibility of the proposed recommendation system has been validated with a prototype for personalization in mobile phone B2C e-commerce applications. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A randomised controlled trial for overweight and obese parents to prevent childhood obesity - Early STOPP (STockholm Obesity Prevention Program)

BACKGROUND
Overweight and obesity have a dramatic negative impact on children's health not only during the childhood but also throughout the adult life. Preventing the development of obesity in children is therefore a world-wide health priority. There is an obvious urge for sustainable and evidenced-based interventions that are suitable for families with young children, especially for families with overweight or obese parents. We have developed a prevention program, Early STOPP, combating multiple obesity-promoting behaviors such unbalanced diet, physical inactivity and disturbed sleeping patterns. We also aim to evaluate the effectiveness of the early childhood obesity prevention in a well-characterized population of overweight or obese parents. This protocol outlines methods for the recruitment phase of the study.


DESIGN AND METHODS
This randomized controlled trial (RCT) targets overweight and/or obese parents with infants, recruited from the Child Health Care Centers (CHCC) within the Stockholm area. The intervention starts when infants are one year of age and continues until they are six and is regularly delivered by a trained coach (dietitian, physiotherapist or a nurse). The key aspects of Early STOPP family intervention are based on Swedish recommendations for CHCC, which include advices on healthy food choices and eating patterns, increasing physical activity/reducing sedentary behavior and regulating sleeping patterns.


DISCUSSION
The Early STOPP trial design addresses weaknesses of previous research by recruiting from a well-characterized population, defining a feasible, theory-based intervention and assessing multiple measurements to validate and interpret the program effectiveness. The early years hold promise as a time in which obesity prevention may be most effective. To our knowledge, this longitudinal RCT is the first attempt to demonstrate whether an early, long-term, targeted health promotion program focusing on healthy eating, physical activity/reduced sedentary behaviors and normalizing sleeping patterns could be effective. If proven so, Early STOPP may protect children from the development of overweight and obesity.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
The protocol for this study is registered with the clinical trials registry clinicaltrials.gov, ID: ES-2010).
Green infrastructure for cities : The spatial dimension

Planning for sustainable cities is a complex process addressing the fundamental areas of economic, environmental and socially-equitable sustainability. This chapter focuses on the environmental area, with theories, models, and applications illustrating possible spatial configurations of a green infrastructure to support ecological and physical processes in the built environment including: hydrology, biodiversity, and cultural/human activities. Green infrastructure is an emerging planning and design concept that is principally structured by a hybrid hydrological/drainage network, complementing and linking relict green areas with built infrastructure that provides ecological functions. Green infrastructure plans apply key principles of landscape ecology to urban environments, specifically: a multi-scale approach with explicit attention to pattern:process relationships, and an emphasis on connectivity. The chapter provides theoretical models and guidelines for understanding and comparing green infrastructure approaches. International examples at multiple scales are discussed to illustrate the concepts and principles introduced.
Lip Feature Extraction Towards an Automatic Speechreading System

The use of color information can significantly improve efficiency and robustness of lip feature extraction capability over purely grayscale-based methods. Edge information provides another useful tool in characterizing lip boundaries. In this paper we present a method of integrating both types of information to address the problem of lip feature extraction fo r the purpose of speechreading. W e first examine various color models and view hue as a n effective descriptor to characterize the lips due to its invariance to luminance and human skin color, and its discriminative properties. W e use prominent red hue as a n indicator to locate the posit ion of the lips. Based o n the identified lip area, we further refine the interior and exterior lip boundary using both color and spatial edge information, where those two are combined within a Markov random field (MRF) framework. Experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of this method.
The Morphosyntax of Romanian Cliticization

In this paper, motivations are presented to argue in favor of the affixal status of Romanian pronominal clitics. It will be suggested that they should not be considered lexical items, i.e. ‘signs’, which are located in a special position by rules of syntax, but a complex of syntactic and semantic information which is provided in the lexicon for the morphophonological realization of the cliticized verb form. Appropriate constraints are proposed to relate this bundle of features which is present on verbs to the actual phonological realization of the clitics. Clitics are thus the ‘spell-out’ of certain morphosyntactic features of the verb. It will be shown that this morphophonological approach can provide an answer to certain peculiar facts about Romanian clitic climbing. The analysis presented thus provides a comprehensive account of Romanian cliticization since it deals both with the morphophonological properties and with the syntax of Romanian clitics.
The burden of alcohol-related ill health in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND
Although moderate alcohol consumption has been shown to confer a protective effect for specific diseases, current societal patterns of alcohol use impose a huge health and economic burden on modern society. This study presents a method for estimating the health and economic burden of alcohol consumption to the UK National Health Service (NHS).


METHODS
Previous estimates of NHS costs attributable to alcohol consumption were identified by systematic literature review. The mortality and morbidity due to alcohol consumption was calculated using information from the World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease Project and routinely collected mortality data. Direct health-care costs were derived using information on population attributable fractions for conditions related to alcohol consumption and NHS cost data.


RESULTS
We estimate that alcohol consumption was responsible for 31,000 deaths in the UK in 2005 and that alcohol consumption cost the UK NHS 3.0 billion pounds in 2005-06. Alcohol consumption was responsible for 10% of all disability adjusted life years in 2002 (male: 15%; female: 4%) in the UK.


CONCLUSIONS
Alcohol consumption is a considerable public health burden in the UK. The comparison of the health and economic burden of various lifestyle factors is essential in prioritizing and resourcing public health action.
Prevalence of vertebral fractures in an urban population in Croatia aged fifty and older

AIM OF THE STUDY: To establish the prevalence of vertebral fractures according to age groups, sex and vertebral level in a sample of a Croatian urban population aged ≥50. We also tried to establish how many people had been diagnosed with osteoporosis by their family physician. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Lateral thoracic and lumbar spinal radiographs were obtained in 425 ambulatory people (156 men and 269 women) aged ≥50 and living in the community as a random sample of the City of Zagreb (Croatia) population. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on prior traumatic vertebral fractures and whether the person had been diagnosed with osteoporosis. Vertebral fractures in the population sample were defined using the morphometric method proposed by McCloskey et al., and normal values of the ratios of dimensions in non-fractured vertebrae with the iterative algorithm described by Melton et al. RESULTS: The prevalence of individuals with vertebral fractures was 11.8% (15.8% of men and 9.7% of women), ranking Zagreb mid-scale among other European cities. The prevalence of individuals with vertebral fractures rose with age. Sixty-nine (1.24%) of 5525 analysed vertebrae had been fractured. The most common fractures were those of lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae. The elderly tend to sustain multiple fractures. Forty-one (9.6%) people had been previously diagnosed as having osteoporosis. Extrapolation to the Croatian population implies that approximately 90,000 men and 77,000 women aged ≥50 have vertebral fractures. CONCLUSION: Vertebral osteoporotic fractures are common in the Croatian population aged ≥50; however, awareness of osteoporosis appears to be low.
An interactive model of auditory-motor speech perception

Mounting evidence indicates a role in perceptual decoding of speech for the dorsal auditory stream connecting between temporal auditory and frontal-parietal articulatory areas. The activation time course in auditory, somatosensory and motor regions during speech processing is seldom taken into account in models of speech perception. We critically review the literature with a focus on temporal information, and contrast between three alternative models of auditory-motor speech processing: parallel, hierarchical, and interactive. We argue that electrophysiological and transcranial magnetic stimulation studies support the interactive model. The findings reveal that auditory and somatomotor areas are engaged almost simultaneously, before 100 ms. There is also evidence of early interactions between auditory and motor areas. We propose a new interactive model of auditory-motor speech perception in which auditory and articulatory somatomotor areas are connected from early stages of speech processing. We also discuss how attention and other factors can affect the timing and strength of auditory-motor interactions and propose directions for future research.
Shakespeare and the truth of love : the mystery of "The phoenix and turtle"

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction The Mystery of 'The Phoenix and Turtle' Eliminating Essex: Richard II and the Diverse Poetical Essays Literary Politics: The Publication of Love's Martyr Incorporate Selves: Shakespeare's Mythmaking Shakespeare's Poetic Theology Metaphysical Wit from Shakespeare to Donne Epilogue: 'If what parts, can so remaine' Appendix: Diverse Poetical Essays Index
A linear algebraic approach to multisequence shift-register synthesis

An efficient algorithm which synthesizes all shortest linear-feedback shift registers generating K given sequences with possibly different lengths over a field is derived, and its correctness is proved. The proposed algorithm generalizes the Berlekamp–Massey and Feng–Tzeng algorithms and is based on Massey’s ideas. The time complexity of the algorithm is O(KλN) O(KN), where N is the length of a longest sequence and λ is the linear complexity of the sequences. DOI: 10.1134/S0032946011020062
P2C2: Programmable pixel compressive camera for high speed imaging

We describe an imaging architecture for compressive video sensing termed programmable pixel compressive camera (P2C2). P2C2 allows us to capture fast phenomena at frame rates higher than the camera sensor. In P2C2, each pixel has an independent shutter that is modulated at a rate higher than the camera frame-rate. The observed intensity at a pixel is an integration of the incoming light modulated by its specific shutter. We propose a reconstruction algorithm that uses the data from P2C2 along with additional priors about videos to perform temporal super-resolution. We model the spatial redundancy of videos using sparse representations and the temporal redundancy using brightness constancy constraints inferred via optical flow. We show that by modeling such spatio-temporal redundancies in a video volume, one can faithfully recover the underlying high-speed video frames from the observed low speed coded video. The imaging architecture and the reconstruction algorithm allows us to achieve temporal super-resolution without loss in spatial resolution. We implement a prototype of P2C2 using an LCOS modulator and recover several videos at 200 fps using a 25 fps camera.
Relaxation-expansion model for self-driven retinal morphogenesis

The generation of complex organ structures such as the eye requires the intricate orchestration of multiple cellular interactions. In this paper, early retinal development is discussed with respect to the structure formation of the optic cup. Although recent studies have elucidated molecular mechanisms of retinal differentiation, little is known about how the unique shape of the optic cup is determined. A recent report has demonstrated that optic-cup morphogenesis spontaneously occurs in three-dimensional stem-cell culture without external forces, indicating a latent intrinsic order to generate the structure. Based on this self-organizing phenomenon, we introduce the "relaxation-expansion" model to mechanically interpret the tissue dynamics that enable the spontaneous invagination of the neural retina. This model involves three consecutive local rules (relaxation, apical constriction, and expansion), and its computer simulation recapitulates the optic-cup morphogenesis in silico.
Special Factors of Sequences with Linear Subword Complexity

In this paper, we prove the following result, which was conjectured by S. Ferenczi: if the complexity function of a sequence has linear growth, then its diierences are bounded by a constant.
Niacin extended-release/simvastatin combination therapy produces larger favorable changes in high-density lipoprotein particles than atorvastatin monotherapy

BACKGROUND
The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of niacin extended-release in combination with simvastatin (NER/S) versus atorvastatin monotherapy on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle number and size in patients with hyperlipidemia or dyslipidemia from the SUPREME study.


METHODS
This was a post hoc analysis of patients (n = 137) who completed the SUPREME study and who had lipid particle number and size measurements at both baseline and at week 12 by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Following ≥4 weeks without lipid-modifying therapy (washout period), the patients received NER/S 1000/40 mg/day for 4 weeks followed by NER/S 2000/40 mg/day for 8 weeks, or atorvastatin 40 mg/day for 12 weeks. Median percent changes in HDL particle number and size from baseline to week 12 were compared between the NER/S and atorvastatin treatment groups using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Distribution of HDL particle subclasses at week 12 was compared between the treatment groups using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test.


RESULTS
Treatment with NER/S resulted in a significantly greater percent reduction in small HDL particle number at week 12 compared with atorvastatin monotherapy (-1.8% versus 4.2%, P = 0.014), and a numerically greater percent increase in large HDL particle number (102.4% versus 39.2%, P = 0.078) compared with atorvastatin monotherapy. A significantly greater percent increase in HDL particle size from baseline at week 12 was observed with NER/S compared with atorvastatin (6.0% versus 1.3%, P < 0.001). NER/S treatment also resulted in a significant shift in HDL particle size from small and medium at baseline to large at week 12 (P < 0.0001).


CONCLUSION
Treatment with NER/S resulted in larger favorable changes in number and size of HDL particle subclasses compared with atorvastatin monotherapy, including a numerically greater increase in number of large HDL particles, and a significantly greater decrease in number of small HDL particles compared with atorvastatin monotherapy. In addition, NER/S treatment resulted in a significant change in HDL particle size distribution from small and medium to large.
Comparison of two hyaluronic acid formulations for safety and efficacy (CHASE) study in knee osteoarthritis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 26-week non-inferiority trial comparing Durolane to Artz

INTRODUCTION
Intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) is often used as therapy for knee osteoarthritis because it is less expensive and less aggressive than total knee replacement. Therefore, it is important to document whether HA is safe and efficacious. We tested whether single and multiple injection viscosupplementation with HA is associated with clinically meaningful pain relief in a new randomized clinical trial (RCT). Our objective was to compare safety and efficacy of intra-articular HA in two formulations: one 3.0 ml injection of Durolane versus five 2.5 ml injections of Artz for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis pain.


METHODS
Patients (N=349) from the People's Republic of China were randomized to treatment (Durolane=175, Artz=174). The Durolane group received a 3.0 ml injection at week 0 (baseline), with sham skin punctures at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4. The Artz group received one 2.5 ml injection at each of the same time points. The primary assessment tool was the Likert-type Western Ontario and McMaster University (WOMAC) pain scale at weeks 0, 6, 10, 14, 18, and 26. Secondary assessments were WOMAC physical function, knee stiffness, and global self-assessment, at identical time points. Statistically-controlled analyses were non-inferiority of Durolane over 18, then over 26 weeks, with a priori non-inferiority defined as 8% of the relevant scale. Acetaminophen was permitted as rescue analgesia and all adverse events (AEs) were recorded.


RESULTS
Overall study retention was excellent; 332 patients (95.1%) completed 18 weeks and 319 (91.4%) completed 26 weeks, with no significant retention difference between treatment arms. All variables met non-inferiority criteria over 18 and 26 weeks. Efficacy response in both arms was >90%. Treatment-related AEs were 9.8% (17/174) for Artz and 13.1% (23/175) for Durolane.


CONCLUSIONS
A single injection of Durolane is non-inferior to 5 injections of Artz over 18 and 26 weeks for pain, physical function, global self-assessment, and knee stiffness. Both treatments were efficacious, safe, and well tolerated.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01295580 . Registered 11 February 2011.
Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs

Heterodontosaurids comprise an important early radiation of small-bodied herbivores that persisted for approximately 100 My from Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous time. Review of available fossils unequivocally establishes Echinodon as a very small-bodied, late-surviving northern heterodontosaurid similar to the other northern genera Fruitadens and Tianyulong. Tianyulong from northern China has unusual skeletal proportions, including a relatively large skull, short forelimb, and long manual digit II. The southern African heterodontosaurid genus Lycorhinus is established as valid, and a new taxon from the same formation is named Pegomastax africanusgen. n., sp. n. Tooth replacement and tooth-to-tooth wear is more common than previously thought among heterodontosaurids, and in Heterodontosaurus the angle of tooth-to-tooth shear is shown to increase markedly during maturation. Long-axis rotation of the lower jaw during occlusion is identified here as the most likely functional mechanism underlying marked tooth wear in mature specimens of Heterodontosaurus. Extensive tooth wear and other evidence suggests that all heterodontosaurids were predominantly or exclusively herbivores. Basal genera such as Echinodon, Fruitadens and Tianyulong with primitive, subtriangular crowns currently are known only from northern landmasses. All other genera except the enigmatic Pisanosaurus have deeper crown proportions and currently are known only from southern landmasses.