LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
On Iteratively Constraining the Marginal Polytope for Approximate Inference and MAP

We propose a cutting-plane style algorithm for finding the maximum a posteriori (MAP) state and approximately inferring marginal probabilities in discrete Markov Random Fields (MRFs). The variational formulation of both problems consists of an optimization over the marginal polytope, with the latter having an additional non-linear entropy term in the objective. While there has been significant progress toward approximating the entropy term, the marginal polytope is generally approximated by the local consistency constraints, which give only a loose outer bound. Our algorithm efficiently finds linear constraints that are violated by points outside of the marginal polytope, making use of the cut polytope, which has been studied extensively in the context of MAX-CUT. We demonstrate empirically that our algorithm finds the MAP solution for a larger class of MRFs than before. We also show that tighter yet efficient relaxations of the marginal polytope result in more accurate pseudomarginals.
Analysing International Tourist Flows to Estimate Energy Use Associated with Air Travel

Tourism is a major global industry and air travel is an increasinglyvital component of international tourism. This paper examines the neglected relationship between tourism and aviation with regard to global environmental impacts, including energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Based on visitor arrival data collectedby Statistics New Zealand, it estimates a total energy use of 27.8 PJ resulting from international passenger air travel to New Zealand, which would increasenational energy use by 6% if international air travel were included in national inventories. This energy use translates into additional carbon dioxide emissions of 1.9 million tonnes. These estimates are discussed in terms of a tourist’s ‘energy bill’, national and international climate change policies, and with regard to the concept of sustainable tourism development.
Identifying cooperative behavior: some experimental results in a prisoner's dilemma game

In recent years, experimental economists have discovered that people exhibit different patterns of cooperative behavior. This paper presents findings from a face-to-face experiment that analyzed whether individuals who possess a willingness to cooperate can credibly signal it and whether it is recognizable by the partner. Results revealed that both capabilities, signaling and recognizing, depend upon the individual’s propensity to cooperate. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification:C91; C78
Epidemiologic studies need asymptomatic controls.

G. Dubourg and F. Fenollar 1) Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique, Institut HospitaloUniversitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille and 2) Université Aix-Marseille, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
Robust model predictive control with disturbance invariant sets

This paper proposes a robust model predictive control scheme for nonlinear systems with state and input constraints and unknown but bounded disturbances. A standard nominal model predictive control problem with tightened constraints is solved online, and its solution defines the nominal trajectory. An ancillary control law is determined off-line which keeps the trajectories of the error system in a disturbance invariant set. Thus, the evolution of original nonlinear system lies in the disturbance invariant set centered along the nominal trajectory. Furthermore, it is shown that both feasibility and stability of the closed-loop system are guaranteed if the standard nominal optimization problem is initially feasible.
Effects of task autonomy on performance: an extended model considering motivational, informational, and structural mechanisms.

A model explaining the relationship between task autonomy and performance is proposed that incorporates 3 different causal mechanisms. The performance benefits of task autonomy may be realized by increased motivation (motivational mechanisms), by capitalization of information asymmetries (informational mechanisms), or by better alignment with task and organizational structures (structural mechanisms). Further, it is proposed that these performance benefits are moderated by a variety of variables ranging from individual traits to organizational design. This model may provide a means for accounting for the sometimes inconsistent findings in the empirical literature exploring the relationship between autonomy and performance. The model also offers guidance in the search for additional boundary conditions as well as prescriptive guidelines for the allocation of autonomy in practice.
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the patient characteristics, diagnoses and clinical outcomes of patients presenting with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) in the 2007 UK Audit.


DESIGN
Multi-centre survey.


SETTING
All UK hospitals admitting patients with AUGIB.


PARTICIPANTS
All adults (>16 years) presenting in or to UK hospitals with AUGIB between 1 May and 30 June 2007.


RESULTS
Data on 6750 patients (median age 68 years) was collected from 208 participating hospitals. New admissions (n=5550) were younger (median age 65 years) than inpatients (n=1107, median age 71 years), with less co-morbidity (any co-morbidity 46% vs 71%, respectively). At presentation 9% (599/6750) had known cirrhosis, 26% a history of alcohol excess, 11% were taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and 28% aspirin. Peptic ulcer disease accounted for 36% of AUGIB and bleeding varices 11%. In 13% there was evidence of further bleeding after the first endoscopy. 1.9% underwent surgery and 1.2% interventional radiology for AUGIB. Median length of stay was 5 days. Overall mortality in hospital was 10% (675/6750, 95% CI 9.3 to 10.7), 7% in new admissions and 26% among inpatients. Mortality was highest in those with variceal bleeding (15%) and with malignancy (17%).


CONCLUSIONS
AUGIB continues to result in substantial mortality although it appears to be lower than in 1993. Mortality is particularly high among inpatients and those bleeding from varices or upper gastrointestinal malignancy. Surgical or radiological interventions are little used currently.
Child pornography in peer-to-peer networks.

OBJECTIVE
The presence of child pornography in peer-to-peer networks is not disputed, but there has been little effort done to quantify and analyze the distribution and nature of that content to-date. By performing an analysis of queries and query hits on the largest peer-to-peer network, we are able to both quantify and describe the nature of querying by child pornographers as well as the content they are sharing.


METHOD
Child pornography related content was identified and analyzed in 235,513 user queries and 194,444 query hits.


RESULTS
The research confirmed a large amount of peer-to-peer traffic is dedicated to child pornography, but supply and demand must be separated for a better understanding. The most prevalent query and the top two most prevalent filenames returned as query hits were child pornography related. However, it would be inaccurate to state child pornography dominates peer-to-peer as 1% of all queries were related to child pornography and 1.45% of all query hits (unique filenames) were related to child pornography, consistent with a smaller study (Hughes et al., 2008). In addition to the above, research indicates that the median age searched for was 13 years old, and the majority of queries were gender-neutral, but of those with gender-related terms, 79% were female-oriented. Distribution-wise, the vast majority of content-specific searches are for movies at 99%, though images are still the most prevalent in availability.


CONCLUSIONS
There is no shortage of child pornography supply and demand on peer-to-peer networks and by analyzing how consumers seek and distributors advertise content we can better understand their motivations.


PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Understanding the behavior of child pornographers and how they search for content when contrasted with those sharing content provides a basis for finding and combating that behavior. For law enforcement, knowing the specific terms used allows more timely and accurate forensics and better identification of those seeking and distributing child pornography. For Internet researchers, better filtering and monitoring is possible. For mental health professionals, understanding the preferences and behaviors of those searching supports more effective treatment.
The Effects of Free-Living Interval-Walking Training on Glycemic Control, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the feasibility of free-living walking training in type 2 diabetic patients and to investigate the effects of interval-walking training versus continuous-walking training upon physical fitness, body composition, and glycemic control.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomized to a control (n = 8), continuous-walking (n = 12), or interval-walking group (n = 12). Training groups were prescribed five sessions per week (60 min/session) and were controlled with an accelerometer and a heart-rate monitor. Continuous walkers performed all training at moderate intensity, whereas interval walkers alternated 3-min repetitions at low and high intensity. Before and after the 4-month intervention, the following variables were measured: VO(2)max, body composition, and glycemic control (fasting glucose, HbA(1c), oral glucose tolerance test, and continuous glucose monitoring [CGM]).


RESULTS
Training adherence was high (89 ± 4%), and training energy expenditure and mean intensity were comparable. VO(2)max increased 16.1 ± 3.7% in the interval-walking group (P < 0.05), whereas no changes were observed in the continuous-walking or control group. Body mass and adiposity (fat mass and visceral fat) decreased in the interval-walking group only (P < 0.05). Glycemic control (elevated mean CGM glucose levels and increased fasting insulin) worsened in the control group (P < 0.05), whereas mean (P = 0.05) and maximum (P < 0.05) CGM glucose levels decreased in the interval-walking group. The continuous walkers showed no changes in glycemic control.


CONCLUSIONS
Free-living walking training is feasible in type 2 diabetic patients. Continuous walking offsets the deterioration in glycemia seen in the control group, and interval walking is superior to energy expenditure-matched continuous walking for improving physical fitness, body composition, and glycemic control.
Careers between the past and the future - A social representation theory approach

This paper will present an on-going research project concerned with social representations of careers in today´s working life. Organizational structure has been characterized by hierarchical depend ...
Chinese OOV translation and post-translation query expansion in chinese--english cross-lingual information retrieval

Cross-lingual information retrieval allows users to query mixed-language collections or to probe for documents written in an unfamiliar language. A major difficulty for cross-lingual information retrieval is the detection and translation of out-of-vocabulary (OOV) terms; for OOV terms in Chinese, another difficulty is segmentation. At NTCIR-4, we explored methods for translation and disambiguation for OOV terms when using a Chinese query on an English collection. We have developed a new segmentation-free technique for automatic translation of Chinese OOV terms using the web. We have also investigated the effects of distance factor and window size when using a hidden Markov model to provide disambiguation. Our experiments show these methods significantly improve effectiveness; in conjunction with our post-translation query expansion technique, effectiveness approaches that of monolingual retrieval.
Who speaks for AI?

These are boom times for AI. Articles celebrating the success of AI research appear frequently in the international press. Every day, millions of people routinely use AI-based systems that the founders of the field would hail as miraculous. And there is a palpable sense of excitement about impending applications of AI technologies.
Trauma mortality patterns in three nations at different economic levels: implications for global trauma system development.

BACKGROUND
Whereas organized trauma care systems have decreased trauma mortality in the United States, trauma system design has not been well addressed in developing nations. We sought to determine areas in greatest need of improvement in the trauma systems of developing nations.


METHODS
We compared outcome of all seriously injured (Injury Severity Score > or = 9 or dead), nontransferred, adults managed over 1 year in three cities in nations at different economic levels: (1) Kumasi, Ghana: low income, gross national product (GNP) per capita of $310, no emergency medical service (EMS); (2) Monterrey, Mexico: middle income, GNP $3,900, basic EMS; and (3) Seattle, Washington: high income, GNP $25,000, advanced EMS. Each city had one main trauma hospital, from which hospital data were obtained. Annual budgets (in US$) per bed for these hospitals were as follows: Kumasi, $4,100; Monterrey, $68,000; and Seattle, $606,000. Data on prehospital deaths were obtained from vital statistics registries in Monterrey and Seattle, and by an epidemiologic survey in Kumasi.


RESULTS
Mean age (34 years) and injury mechanisms (79% blunt) were similar in all locations. Mortality declined with increased economic level: Kumasi (63% of all seriously injured persons died), Monterrey (55%), and Seattle (35%). This decline was primarily due to decreases in prehospital deaths. In Kumasi, 51% of all seriously injured persons died in the field; in Monterrey, 40%; and in Seattle, 21%. Mean prehospital time declined progressively: Kumasi (102 +/- 126 minutes) > Monterrey (73 +/- 38 minutes) > Seattle (31 +/- 10 minutes). Percent of trauma patients dying in the emergency room was higher for Monterrey (11%) than for either Kumasi (3%) or Seattle (6%).


CONCLUSIONS
The majority of deaths occur in the prehospital setting, indicating the importance of injury prevention in nations at all economic levels. Additional efforts for trauma care improvement in both low-income and middle-income developing nations should focus on prehospital and emergency room care. Improved emergency room care is especially important in middle-income nations which have already established a basic EMS.
Fuzzy PID Controller: Design, Tuning and Comparison with Conventional PID Controller

In this paper, a fuzzy proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is proposed which can be tuned by carrying the tuning rules from PID domain to fuzzy domain. As a nonlinear controller can control a nonlinear process more efficiently, fuzzy controller can provide better performance in terms of rise time and smaller overshoot. The proposed controller is evaluated using some simulations. The simulation results show that both the transitory performance and the steady state performance are better than that of conventional PID controller
Autopilots for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles : A Survey

This paper presents a survey of the autopilot systems for small or micro unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The objective is to provide a summary of the current commercial, open source and research autopilot systems for convenience of potential small UAV users. The UAV flight control basics are introduced first. The radio control system and autopilot control system are then explained from both the hardware and software viewpoints. Several typical off-the-shelf autopilot packages are compared in terms of sensor packages, observation approaches and controller strengths. Afterwards some open source autopilot systems are introduced. Conclusion is made with a summary of the current autopilot market and a remark on the future development.
Generation of dynamic motions under continuous constraints: Efficient computation using B-Splines and Taylor polynomials

This paper proposes a new computation method to solve semi-infinite optimization problems for motion planning of robotic systems. Usually, this problem is solved by means of time-grid discretization of the continuous constraints. Unfortunately, discretization may lead to unsafe motions since there is no guarantee of constraint satisfaction between time samples. First, we show that constraints such as joint position and velocity do not need time-discretization to be checked. Then, we present the computation method based on Taylor polynomials to evaluate more complex constraints over time-intervals. This method also applies to continuous equality constraints, to continuous maximum derivative constraint, and to compute the cost function.
Induced resistance and associated defence gene responses in Pinus patula

Background Plants are able to incite a type of broad spectrum resistance against pathogens upon pre-treatment with biological or chemical inducers. Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) are two types of induced resistance which lead to the accumulation of specific pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria are inducing agents for ISR and increased levels of ethylene (ET) and jasmonate (JA) are associated with this pathway, whereas SAR is associated with an increase in salicylic acid (SA) levels [1]. Pinus patula and P. radiata are commercially planted conifer species in South Africa, but are both highly susceptible to the causal agent of pitch canker, Fusarium circinatum. Annually, the forestry sector suffers substantial economic losses due to this disease which affects 20-30% of the planting stock. Bonello et al. (2001) showed that repeated mechanical inoculation of P. radiata with F. circinatum activated induced resistance, enhancing the protection of the tree against subsequent pathogen challenge [2]. Detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying induced resistance may be useful to develop strategies to control diseases of pine trees. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of ten biological and chemical inducers in inciting resistance against F. circinatum. Additionally the molecular basis of this induced resistance was investigated by analyzing the response of selected putative defence response genes.
Secure Mobile Payment via Trusted Computing

Mobile payment (m-payment) received significant attention because it enables an easy payment mechanism and becomes an important complement to traditional payment means. However, m-payment over open devices and networks poses security challenges of a new dimension. Although many researchers address security issues in m-payment, there are still some security problems that are not well resolved, such as platform integrity and user privacy protection. In this paper, we propose a general payment architecture with Trusted Computing (TC) technologies to secure mobile payment. Using only a simple mobile payment infrastructure, a platform integrity protection solution is proposed to secure payment software downloading, application initialization, and secure payment transactions. We further propose two schemes to enhance the performance and flexibility of our solution. The first scheme provides platform attestation using an identity-based signature (IBS) algorithm instead of a traditional credential-based public-key signature algorithm within Trusted Computing Group (TCG) technologies, which fully utilizes the merits of the mobile computing infrastructure and improves the flexibility and performance of the payment solution. The second scheme provides attestation caching without sacrificing security achievements. We have implemented a real prototype system based on an emulated payment environment. Our security analysis and experimental results prove that our scheme can effectively meet the security requirements of a practical m-payment with acceptable performance.
Gender-specific prevalence and associated risk factors of high normal blood pressure and hypertension among multi-ethnic Chinese adolescents aged 8-18 years old.

AIM
To date, accurate reports about the prevalence of high normal blood pressure (BP) and hypertension among Chinese adolescents have been rare. We examine the sex-specific and age-specific prevalence of high normal BP and hypertension, and the associated risk factors among multi-ethnic Chinese adolescents from a large and representative sample.


METHODS
29,997 adolescents aged 8-18 years old received blood pressure measurement on one clinical visit.


RESULTS
The overall prevalence was 4.15% for hypertension (4.73% for boys and 3.62% for girls) and 29.85% for high normal BP (33.40% for boys and 26.65% for girls). The odds ratios (ORs) increased with age, but the absolute changes of ORs were significantly different between boys and girls. Compared with that of the Han counterparts, the risk of high normal BP was 1.960-fold, 1.283-fold and 1.618-fold for Yi boys, Mongolian boys and Yi girls, respectively, whereas the OR was 0.440 for Tibetan boys, 0.492 for Tibetan girls and 0.794 for Korean girls. Compared with those of normal weight, overweight and obese adolescents had significantly increased risk of high normal BP (OR = 3.377 for obese boys and OR = 2.009 for overweight boys; OR = 2.865 for obese girls and OR = 1.738 for overweight girls). Rural adolescents had a higher risk of hypertension than those living in urban areas.


CONCLUSION
The prevalence of high normal BP and hypertension was high in Chinese adolescents. Age, ethnicity, obesity, overweight, abnormal waist circumference, family history of cardiovascular diseases and dwelling at rural districts were significantly associated with pediatric high normal BP or hypertension.
Expertise Differences in the Comprehension of Visualizations: a Meta-Analysis of Eye-Tracking

This meta-analysis integrates 296 effect sizes reported in eye-tracking research on expertise differences in the comprehension of visualizations. Three theories were evaluated: Ericsson and Kintsch’s (Psychol Rev 102:211–245, 1995) theory of long-term working memory, Haider and Frensch’s (J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 25:172–190, 1999) information-reduction hypothesis, and the holistic model of image perception of Kundel et al. (Radiology 242:396–402, 2007). Eye movement and performance data were cumulated from 819 experts, 187 intermediates, and 893 novices. In support of the evaluated theories, experts, when compared with non-experts, had shorter fixation durations, more fixations on task-relevant areas, and fewer fixations on task-redundant areas; experts also had longer saccades and shorter times to first fixate relevant information, owing to superiority in parafoveal processing and selective attention allocation. Eye movements, reaction time, and performance accuracy were moderated by characteristics of visualization (dynamics, realism, dimensionality, modality, and text annotation), task (complexity, time-on-task, and task control), and domain (sports, medicine, transportation, other). These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of visual expertise in professional domains and their significance for the design of learning environments.