LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Development of a stable closed femoral fracture model in mice.

BACKGROUND
Mice have become of increasing interest as experimental model for fracture studies. Due to their small size, most studies use simple pins for fracture stabilization, although insufficient rigidity of fixation critically affects fracture healing. Herein, we studied whether longitudinal fracture compression by an intramedullary screw represents a standardized, stable osteosynthesis technique in mice, and whether it may accelerate fracture healing.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A micro-screw (MouseScrew) was constructed, allowing closed fracture stabilization without traumatizing surgery. Fracture stabilization was achieved by longitudinal compression, which was confirmed by biomechanical testing of osteotomized cadaver femora. Bone repair was analyzed histomorphometrically at 2 and 5 wk after surgery.


RESULTS
Ex vivo analyses showed a significantly increased rotational and axial stiffness after screw stabilization (n = 8 each) compared with stabilization techniques using a conventional pin (n = 8 each) or a locking nail (n = 8 each). In the in vivo setting, 2 wk of screw stabilization (n = 8) demonstrated a significantly decreased fibrous tissue formation and an increased cartilage production compared with fractures stabilized by the locking nail (n = 8). After 5 wk callus consisted exclusively of bone in all animals studied without differences between the two stabilization techniques (n = 8 each).


CONCLUSIONS
Because prolonged fibrous tissue formation indicates delayed fracture healing, we conclude that the increased stability of the fracture by the use of our newly developed MouseScrew accelerates initial bone repair. Further, this fracture model may represent an ideal tool to study bone repair in mice under conditions of stable fixation.
Cover Results and Normal Forms

The purpose of this paper was to sketch an area of problems for the concept of cover. We showed that in spite of some remarks in the literature the problem of covering (unambiguous and -free) cfg's with cfg's in GNF is open. Moreover we gave some properties of covers and we showed a relation between covers and parsability.
Influence of automobile seat lumbar support prominence on spine and pelvic postures: a radiological investigation.

BACKGROUND
The use of lumbar supports has been associated with decreased reports of low back pain during driving exposures. However, there has been limited work investigating whether lumbar supports actually change spine and pelvic postures at the level of the vertebrae.


PURPOSE
To investigate the effectiveness of a lumbar support in changing radiological measures of lumbar spine and pelvic postures and to examine the impact of support excursion magnitudes on these postures.


METHODS
Eight male subjects were recruited with no history of back injury, pathologies or low back pain within the past 6 months. Radiographs were taken in four postures: standing, and sitting with 0 cm, 2 cm and 4 cm lumbar support prominence (LSP).


RESULTS
Lumbar lordosis angle increased from 20° with no support to 25° with 2 cm support and 30° with 4 cm support. Lumbar lordosis angles were significantly different between 0 cm support and 4 cm support (p < 0.0001) and between 2 cm support and 4 cm support (p = 0.0256). Increasing lumbar support reduced the flexion at intervertebral disc joints throughout the lumbar spine, however, these remained significantly different from upright standing (p > 0.001) with the exception of L1/L2 in 4 cm support (p = 0.1381) and L5/S1 for all seated postures (p = 0.0687). All measures of pelvic posture were significantly different in sitting compared to standing (p < 0.0001), however, the lumbar support had no significant impact on seated pelvic posture.


CONCLUSIONS
Lumbar supports were shown to impact the vertebral rotations of the lumbar spine yet had no effect on pelvis postures. Increasing support from the current maximum of 2 cm-4 cm resulted in increased lumbar lordosis. The changes were mostly imparted at the upper lumbar spine joints with the most marked change being exhibited at the approximate level of the lumbar support apex: in the L2/L3 joint.
Effectiveness of coping strategies intervention on caregiver burden among caregivers of elderly patients with dementia.

BACKGROUND
Coping strategies are a potential way to improve interventions designed to manage the caregiver burden of dementia. The purpose of this study was to develop an intervention targeted towards improving coping strategies and to examine its effectiveness on reducing caregiver burden.


METHODS
A controlled study design was used. Fifty-seven caregivers of dementia patients were enrolled. Coping strategies were assessed with the Revised Ways of Coping Checklist (WCCL-R) and caregiver burden was assessed with the Chinese version of the Caregiver Burden Inventory. The participants were randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group was offered a series of five interventions in which problem-solving skills, knowledge of dementia, social resources, and emotional support were taught every 2 weeks, and the control group was telephoned every 2 weeks for the usual clinical management. Two weeks after the end of the intervention, we again administered the WCCL-R and the Caregiver Burden Inventory. Two-way repeated-measure anova was used to evaluate the changes in coping strategies and caregiver burden.


RESULTS
Forty-six participants completed the study. No statistically significant differences were noted in the demographic data between the two groups. On the problem-focused coping subscale on the WCCL-R, the intervention group's mean score increased by 3.8 points, and the control group's decreased by 5.1 points (F = 7.988, P = 0.007). On the seeking social support coping subscale on the WCCL-R, the intervention group's mean score increased by 3.8 points, and the control group's decreased by 3.1 points (F = 4.462, P = 0.04). On the Caregiver Burden Inventory, the intervention group's mean score decreased by 7.2 points, and the control group's increased by 2.2 points (F = 6.155, P = 0.017).


CONCLUSIONS
Psychosocial intervention can help caregivers to adopt more problem-focused and social support coping strategies, which are beneficial in terms of reducing the caregiver burden.
Scalable, High-Quality Object Detection

Current high-quality object detection approaches use the same scheme: salience-based object proposal methods followed by post-classification using deep convolutional features. This spurred recent research in improving object proposal methods [18, 32, 15, 11, 2]. However, domain agnostic proposal generation has the principal drawback that the proposals come unranked or with very weak ranking, making it hard to trade-off quality for running time. Also, it raises the more fundamental question of whether high-quality proposal generation requires careful engineering or can be derived just from data alone. We demonstrate that learning-based proposal methods can effectively match the performance of hand-engineered methods while allowing for very efficient runtime-quality trade-offs. Using our new multi-scale convolutional MultiBox (MSC-MultiBox) approach, we substantially advance the state-of-the-art on the ILSVRC 2014 detection challenge data set, with 0.5 mAP for a single model and 0.52 mAP for an ensemble of two models. MSC-Multibox significantly improves the proposal quality over its predecessor Multibox [4] method: AP increases from 0.42 to 0.53 for the ILSVRC detection challenge. Finally, we demonstrate improved bounding-box recall compared to Multiscale Combinatorial Grouping [18] with less proposals on the Microsoft-COCO [14] data set.
Monaural speech separation and recognition challenge

Robust speech recognition in everyday conditions requires the solution to a number of challenging problems, not least the ability to handle multiple sound sources. The specific case of speech recognition in the presence of a competing talker has been studied for several decades, resulting in a number of quite distinct algorithmic solutions whose focus ranges from modeling both target and competing speech to speech separation using auditory grouping principles. The purpose of the monaural speech separation and recognition challenge was to permit a large-scale comparison of techniques for the competing talker problem. The task was to identify keywords in sentences spoken by a target talker when mixed into a single channel with a background talker speaking similar sentences. Ten independent sets of results were contributed, alongside a baseline recognition system. Performance was evaluated using common training and test data and common metrics. Listeners’ performance in the same task was also measured. This paper describes the challenge problem, compares the performance of the contributed algorithms, and discusses the factors which distinguish the systems. One highlight of the comparison was the finding that several systems achieved near-human performance in some conditions, and one out-performed listeners overall. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tumor cell dormancy

Metastasis is the primary cause of death in cancer patients and current treatments fail to provide durable responses. Efforts to treat metastatic disease are hindered by the fact that metastatic cells often remain dormant for prolonged intervals of years, or even decades. Tumor dormancy reflects the capability of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs), or micrometastases, to evade treatment and remain at low numbers after primary tumor resection. Unfortunately, dormant cells will eventually produce overt metastasis. Innovations are needed to understand metastatic dormancy and improve cancer detection and treatment. Currently, few models exist that faithfully recapitulate metastatic dormancy and metastasis to clinically relevant tissues, such as the bone. Herein, we discuss recent advances describing genetic cell-autonomous and systemic or local changes in the microenvironment that have been shown to endow DTCs with properties to survive and eventually colonize distant organs.
Integrating YAGO into the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology

Ontologies are becoming more and more popular as background knowledge for intelligent applications. Up to now, there has been a schism between manually assembled, highly axiomatic ontologies and large, automatically constructed knowledge bases. This paper discusses how the two worlds can be brought together by combining the high-level axiomatizations from the standard upper merged ontology (SUMO) with the extensive world knowledge of the YAGO ontology. The result is a new large-scale formal ontology, which provides information about millions of entities such as people, cities, organizations, and companies.
Consistency of performance indicators for cardiovascular risk management across procedures and panels.

INTRODUCTION
Delphi procedures are frequently used to develop performance indicators, but little is known about the validity of this method. We aimed to examine the consistency of indicator selection across different procedures and across different panels.


METHODS
Analysis of three indicator set development procedures: the EPA Cardio project, which used international GP panels; the UniRap project, a Dutch GP indicator project; and the Vitale Vaten project, which used a national multidisciplinary health professional panel and a stakeholder panel.


RESULTS
With respect to clinical indicators, consistency between procedures varied according to the origin of the indicators. In Vitale Vaten the multidisciplinary panel of health professionals validated 63% from the international EPA Cardio indicators again. From the UniRap GP set only 13% was rated valid again. Considering organisational indicators, 27 indicators were rated in both EPA Cardio and Vitale Vaten. In the Vitale Vaten project 17 indicators (63%) were validated, including eight of the nine indicators validated in EPA Cardio. Consistency between panels was moderate, giving a decisive role to the health professional panel, being the most critical.


CONCLUSION
The consistency of selected performance indicators varied across procedures and panels. Further research is needed to identify underlying determinants of this variation.
EDF lichen sclerosus guideline.

Editor The 2015 EDF guideline on anogenital lichen sclerosus (LSc) states that the cause of LSc is not known. However, this is to ignore the evidence and arguments articulated by myself over the last decade that chronic, occluded exposure of a susceptible epithelium is the sine qua non in men. It would be extraordinary if the cause was different in women and children, e.g. autoimmunity or an infection (e.g. HPV or Borreliosis) as have been suggested. There are three compelling observations. The first is that the distribution of anogenital LSc mirrors urinary contact and occlusion (Fig 1); LSc accompanies hypospadias and complicates trauma and transurethral genital piercing; it is seen around urethrostomies and urostomies; men ‘never’ get perianal LSc, so common in women, because the prepuce and scrotum stand in the way and protect the posterior perineum from urine; men circumcised at birth ‘never’ develop LSc unless with progressive obesity they develop a pseudo-foreskin (or they are subject to trauma or get pierced). It is a non-specific irritant property of urine that is at play; the transcriptosome of male genital (MG) LSc is unremarkable and the mass resonance spectroscopy of urine reveals no single culpable constituent. The second observation is that men with LSc dribble urine: they have post-micturition microincontinence because of failure of the low-pressure naviculomeatal valve to prevent leakage of the column of urine retained in the penile urethra after micturition. The third is that close inspection of hundreds of men with LSc reveals this to be consequent upon a range of subtle to overt anatomical abnormality of the naviculomeatal fossa, of which hypospadias is the most extreme and obvious manifestation; men with LSc have an embryogenic forme fruste of hypospadias (Fig 2). These observations about the genesis of MGLSc can be translated into successful strategies for prevention, early diagnosis and treatment. To suppress the inflammation and repair the scarring of MGLSc is not sufficient if the factors driving the disease are not mitigated or abolished. A barrier preparation reduces the chronic irritation of urinary soiling; circumcision removes the occluding tissue. My clinical results are excellent. Sexual function is restored, urinary function is ameliorated and not one patient has yet developed penis cancer (maximum published rate 12.5%). I do not undertake female or paediatric clinics, so must leave it to others to translate these fundamental observations in males into clinical research and therapeutic practice in women and children, where the morbidity (and occasionally mortality in the former group) remain unacceptably high. The EDF 2015 guideline has missed the opportunity to be more helpful and influential.
Creating Watercolor Style Images Taking Into Account Painting Techniques

Research for creating impressive images like paintings has attained more and more importance because of the recent growth in processing images. Among many painting styles, watercolor style gives a strong impression because of its thin colors and its soft appearance. This paper proposes a method to create watercolor style images from input images, for instance photographs. In contrast with the previously proposed watercolor methods that focuses only on simulating the effects of watercolor medium such as the mottled appearance and the color glazing, the proposed method also considers how the watercolor paintings are painted in order to simulate artists’ painting techniques. In the proposed method, artists’ painting techniques are represented using painting rules. Several painting rules are provided, in addition, user can specify their own painting rules. These painting rules are used for generating strokes to paint the objects. Painting techniques are simulated by first detecting the objects in the input image and generating strokes for each object according to the painting rules. The properties of watercolor medium are simulated by approximating each stroke with sampling points and diffuses their color to nearby pixels. Using the proposed method, a user can interactively create watercolor style images.
Airborne measurements of atmospheric methane column abundance using a pulsed integrated-path differential absorption lidar.

We report airborne measurements of the column abundance of atmospheric methane made over an altitude range of 3-11 km using a direct detection integrated-path differential-absorption lidar with a pulsed laser emitting at 1651 nm. The laser transmitter was a tunable, seeded optical parametric amplifier pumped by a Nd:YAG laser, and the receiver used a photomultiplier detector and photon-counting electronics. The results follow the expected changes with aircraft altitude, and the measured line shapes and optical depths show good agreement with theoretical calculations.
Engineering ambient intelligence systems using agent technology

This article shows how to model and implement an ambient intelligence (AmI) system using agent technology. The HERA project, undertaken by a consortium with members from academia as well as industry, applied the agent systems engineering methodology (ASEME), an agent-oriented software engineering approach, to develop a real-world system for the ambient assisted living application domain. This article focuses on the software architecture, along with the development method and validation results. The obtained results demonstrate the added value of agent technology use, along with how ASEME can be applied for modeling a real-world ambient intelligence system.
Global dietary quality, undernutrition and non-communicable disease: a longitudinal modelling study

OBJECTIVES
To determine the relationship between global dietary energy availability and dietary quality, and nutrition-related health outcomes.


DESIGN
A worldwide longitudinal modelling study using country-level data. Data on total dietary energy availability and dietary energy from 10 distinct food groups (as a proxy for dietary quality) were obtained from the FAO Food Balance Sheets database. Indicators of development were abstracted from the World Bank's World Development Indicators database. Data on nutrition and health outcomes were taken from the WHO mortality database and major cross-country analyses. We investigated associations of energy availability from food groups and health and nutrition outcomes in the combined data set using mixed effects models, while adjusting for measures of development.


POPULATION
124 countries over the period 1980-2009.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Prevalence of stunting in children under 5 years and mortality rate from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in adults aged 55+ years.


RESULTS
From 1980 to 2009, global dietary energy availability increased, and rates of child stunting and adult IHD mortality declined. After adjustment for measures of development, increased total dietary energy availability was significantly associated with reduced stunting rates (-0.84% per 100 kcal increase in energy, 95% CI -0.97 to -0.72) and non-significantly associated with increased IHD mortality rates (by 4.2 deaths per 100,000/100 kcal increase, 95% CI -1.85 to 10.2). Further analysis demonstrated that the changing availability of energy from food groups (particularly fruit, vegetables, starchy roots, meat, dairy and sugar) was important in explaining the associations with health outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
Our study has demonstrated that by combining large, publicly available data sets, important patterns underlying trends in diet-related health can be uncovered. These associations remain even after accounting for measures of development over a 30-year period. Further work and joined-up multisectoral thinking will be required to translate these patterns into policies that can improve nutrition and health outcomes globally.
Using Reflection as a Mechanism for Enforcing Security Policies in Mobile Code

Several authors have proposed using code modification as a technique for enforcing security policies such as resource limits, access controls, and network information flows. However, these approaches are typically ad hoc and are implemented without a high level abstract framework for code modification. We propose using reflection as a mechanism for implementing code modifications within an abstract framework based on the semantics of the underlying programming language. We have developed a reflective version of Java called Kava that uses byte-code rewriting techniques to insert pre-defined hooks into Java class files at load time. This makes it possible to specify and implement security policies for mobile code in a more abstract and flexible way. Our mechanism could be used as a more principled way of enforcing some of the existing security policies described in the literature. The advantages of our approach over related work (SASI, JRes, etc.) are that we can guarantee that our security mechanisms cannot be bypassed, a property we call strong non-bypassability, and that our approach provides the high level abstractions needed to build useful security policies.
Identification and Field Activity of a Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone in the Pine Sawyer Beetle, Monochamus galloprovincialis

The pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus galloprovincialis, is a pest of pine trees in Europe and North Africa. Previously considered a secondary pest of stressed and dying trees, it is now receiving considerable attention as a vector of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of a lethal wilting disease in susceptible species of pines. Adult beetles are attracted to traps baited with a kairomone blend consisting of a host volatile, α-pinene, and two bark beetle pheromone components, ipsenol and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol. More recently it has been shown that mature male M. galloprovincialis produce a pheromone that attracts mature females in a laboratory bioassay. Here, volatiles were collected from mature male and female M. galloprovincialis, and a compound produced specifically by mature males was identified as 2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol from its gas chromatographic retention times, its mass spectrum, and by comparison with synthetic standards. The naturally-derived and synthetic compounds elicited electroantennographic responses from both females and males. Sealed polyethylene vials and polyethylene sachets were shown to be effective dispensers with zero-order release, the latter giving a higher release rate than the former. In two field tests, multiple-funnel traps baited with synthetic 2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol caught both female and male M. galloprovincialis, with higher catches at the higher release rate. This compound also synergized the attractiveness of the kairomone blend, the combined mixture catching 80–140% more beetles than the sum of the catches to each bait separately and luring up to two beetles/trap/d in a moderate-density population. We conclude that 2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol is a male-produced aggregation pheromone of M. galloprovincialis. This is the first example of a sex-specific compound in the cerambycid subfamily Lamiinae with significant behavioral activity in the field at a range sufficient to make it a useful trap bait. The possible roles of this pheromone in the chemical ecology of M. galloprovincialis and its potential use in pine wilt disease management are discussed.