LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Early course of nicotine dependence in adolescent smokers.

OBJECTIVE
The goal was to characterize the early course of nicotine dependence.


METHODS
Data were collected from 1246 sixth-graders in a 4-year (2002-2006) prospective study using 11 individual interviews. Subjects were monitored for 10 symptoms of dependence by using the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist. The bidirectional prospective relationship between the intensity of dependence (number of symptoms) and smoking frequency was examined by using cross-lagged analyses.


RESULTS
Of the 370 subjects who had inhaled from a cigarette, 62% smoked at least once per month, 53% experienced dependence symptoms, and 40% experienced escalation to daily smoking. Smoking frequency predicted the number of dependence symptoms at the next interview, and the number of symptoms predicted reciprocally the observed escalation in smoking frequency. Monthly smoking was a strong risk factor for the development of symptoms (adjusted hazard ratio: 9.9 [95% confidence interval: 6.6-14.8]). A strong desire to smoke was the most common presenting symptom, typically followed by the appearance of symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, escalation to daily smoking, and then reports of feeling addicted or difficulty controlling smoking. The appearance of any dependence symptom increased the risk for daily smoking (hazard ratio: 6.81 [95% confidence interval: 4.4-10.5]).


CONCLUSIONS
Nondaily tobacco use triggers the emergence of nicotine dependence. Early dependence symptoms promote escalation in smoking frequency and, reciprocally, more-frequent smoking accelerates the appearance of additional symptoms of dependence. As this positive feedback progresses, the symptoms of nicotine dependence present in a typical sequence, with some individual variation.
Complexity Analysis of Spontaneous Brain Activity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnostic Implications

BACKGROUND
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined as the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, but an objective diagnostic test is not available yet to date. Neurophychological, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological research offer ample evidence of brain and behavioral dysfunctions in ADHD, but these findings have not been useful as a diagnostic test.


METHODS
Whole-head magnetoencephalographic recordings were obtained from 14 diagnosed ADHD patients and 14 healthy children during resting conditions. Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) values were obtained for each channel and child and averaged in five sensor groups: anterior, central, left lateral, right lateral, and posterior.


RESULTS
Lempel-Ziv complexity scores were significantly higher in control subjects, with the maximum value in anterior region. Combining age and anterior complexity values allowed the correct classification of ADHD patients and control subjects with a 93% sensitivity and 79% specificity. Control subjects showed an age-related monotonic increase of LZC scores in all sensor groups, while children with ADHD exhibited a nonsignificant tendency toward decreased LZC scores. The age-related divergence resulted in a 100% specificity in children older than 9 years.


CONCLUSIONS
Results support the role of a frontal hypoactivity in the diagnosis of ADHD. Moreover, the age-related divergence of complexity scores between ADHD patients and control subjects might reflect distinctive developmental trajectories. This interpretation of our results is in agreement with recent investigations reporting a delay of cortical maturation in the prefrontal cortex.
Transfer learning using computational intelligence: A survey

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Article history: Received 3 December 2014 Received in revised form 7 January 2015 Accepted 17 January 2015 Available online xxxx
Manual chest compression vs use of an automated chest compression device during resuscitation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial.

CONTEXT
High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may improve both cardiac and brain resuscitation following cardiac arrest. Compared with manual chest compression, an automated load-distributing band (LDB) chest compression device produces greater blood flow to vital organs and may improve resuscitation outcomes.


OBJECTIVE
To compare resuscitation outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest when an automated LDB-CPR device was added to standard emergency medical services (EMS) care with manual CPR.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS
Multicenter, randomized trial of patients experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States and Canada. The a priori primary population was patients with cardiac arrest that was presumed to be of cardiac origin and that had occurred prior to the arrival of EMS personnel. Initial study enrollment varied by site, ranging from late July to mid November 2004; all sites halted study enrollment on March 31, 2005.


INTERVENTION
Standard EMS care for cardiac arrest with an LDB-CPR device (n = 554) or manual CPR (n = 517).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary end point was survival to 4 hours after the 911 call. Secondary end points were survival to hospital discharge and neurological status among survivors.


RESULTS
Following the first planned interim monitoring conducted by an independent data and safety monitoring board, study enrollment was terminated. No difference existed in the primary end point of survival to 4 hours between the manual CPR group and the LDB-CPR group overall (N = 1071; 29.5% vs 28.5%; P = .74) or among the primary study population (n = 767; 24.7% vs 26.4%, respectively; P = .62). However, among the primary population, survival to hospital discharge was 9.9% in the manual CPR group and 5.8% in the LDB-CPR group (P = .06, adjusted for covariates and clustering). A cerebral performance category of 1 or 2 at hospital discharge was recorded in 7.5% of patients in the manual CPR group and in 3.1% of the LDB-CPR group (P = .006).


CONCLUSIONS
Use of an automated LDB-CPR device as implemented in this study was associated with worse neurological outcomes and a trend toward worse survival than manual CPR. Device design or implementation strategies require further evaluation.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00120965.
On Application of Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad Equation in Cognitive Psychology

We proceed towards an application of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics to cognitive psychology — the problem of decision-making in games of the Prisoners Dilemma type. These games were used as tests of rationality of players. Experiments performed in cognitive psychology by Shafir and Tversky [1, 2], Croson [3], Hofstader [4, 5] demonstrated that in general real players do not use "rational strategy" provided by classical game theory; this psychological phenomenon was called the disjunction effect. We elaborate a model of quantum-like decision making which can explain this effect ("irrationality" of plays). Our model is based on quantum information theory. The main result of this paper is the derivation of Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad equation whose equilibrium solution gives the quantum state used for decision making. It is the first application of this equation in cognitive psychology.
Efficacy and treatment compliance of a home-based rehabilitation programme for chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled study.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy and treatment compliance of a home-based rehabilitation programme for chronic low back pain (CLBP).


POPULATION
CLBP outpatients treated in a Physical Medicine Rehabilitation or Rheumatology unit within a university hospital.


METHODS
We performed a prospective, comparative study. The participants were randomly assigned to either a home-based rehabilitation programme (Gp A) or a standard physical therapy (Gp B). The programme included four weekly sessions. In each group, we measured pain intensity (on a visual analogue scale, VAS), flexibility and muscle endurance (the Schöber MacRae test, finger-to-floor distance, thigh-leg angle, the Shirado and Sorensen test), functional and psychological repercussions (the Quebec functional index and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale) and handicap (on a VAS). Follow-up examinations took place at baseline and four weeks and three, six and 12 months later.


RESULTS
One hundred and seven patients (82 women) with a mean+/-standard deviation (S.D.) age of 35.7+/-0.8 years were included (with 54 patients in Gp A). At four weeks, a significant improvement (relative to baseline) was observed for all parameters in both study groups but with a significantly greater difference in Gp A, which was maintained at one year (despite an observed regression of the improvement at six months). At one year, compliance with the home-based rehabilitation programme was good (68.1%) and 59.5% of the patients regarded the programme as useful.


CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that a home-based rehabilitation programme is as effective as standard physical therapy. However, this type of programme requires patient motivation and regular follow-up.
Pharmacokinetics of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and its active metabolite, d-amphetamine, with increasing oral doses of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, crossover study.

BACKGROUND
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) is a long-acting oral prodrug stimulant indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children 6 to 12 years old and in adults. Information on the pharmacokinetic profile of LDX in children with ADHD is lacking.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of d-amphetamine delivery from LDX, and intact LDX with increasing doses of LDX administered in children with ADHD.


METHODS
This single-dose, randomized, open-label, 3-period crossover study was conducted in children aged 6 to 12 years with ADHD symptoms that adversely affected school performance and required a medication switch. Eligible patients had prior stimulant experience, with good tolerability. Patients were administered a single oral dose of LDX 30, 50, or 70 mg in a randomized sequence. Each study period was separated by a 6-day washout. The pharmacokinetic properties of d-amphetamine and intact LDX were calculated over 48 hours. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed using physical examination, including vital sign measurements, and ECG.


RESULTS
The study enrolled 18 children (mean [SD] age, 9.6 [1.9] years [range, 6-12 years]; 56% boys; weight, 36.0 [7.6] kg; 44% white, 44% black). Mean (%CV) C(max) values of d-amphetamine postdose were 53.2 (18.1), 93.3 (19.5), and 134.0 (19.4) ng/mL with LDX 30, 50, and 70 mg, respectively (T(max), approximately 3.5 hours). These findings suggest that the overall AUC for d-amphetamine was dose proportional. The intact LDX AUC was 10% to 20% higher in girls than in boys, and for d-amphetamine was <10% higher. The most commonly reported AEs, of 17 total cases, with 30-, 50-, and 70-mg LDX were anorexia (4 [22%], 7 [41%], and 8 [47%], respectively), elevated blood pressure (2 [11%], 1 [6%], and 3 [18%]), and abdominal pain (2 [11%], 2 [12%], and 2 [12%]). All AEs were mild or moderate. No serious AEs were reported. One child was withdrawn from the analysis because of pharyngitis considered to be unrelated to LDX use.


CONCLUSION
The findings from this study in a small, select population of children with ADHD suggest that the concentrations of d-amphetamine, the active metabolite of LDX, after single-dose administration of LDX at increasing doses appeared to be dose proportional and had low interpatient variability.
Measuring cognitive load

The paper ‘Cognitive load predicts point-of-care ultrasound simulator performance’ by Aldekhyl, Cavalcanti, and Naismith, in this issue of Perspectives on Medical Education [1], is an important paper that adds to work on cognitive load theory and medical education [2–4]. The implications of the findings of this paper extend substantially beyond the confines of medical practice that is the focus of the work. In this commentary, I will discuss issues associated with obtaining measures of cognitive load independently of content task performance during instruction. I will begin with a brief history of attempts to provide independent measures of cognitive load. In the 1980s, cognitive load was used as a theoretical construct to explain experimental results with very little attempt to directly measure load [5]. The theory was used to predict differential learning using particular instructional designs. Randomized controlled trials were run to test the predictions and if the hypothesized results were obtained they were attributed to cognitive load factors. The distinction between extraneous and intrinsic cognitive load had not been specified but the results were due to what was called and continues to be called extraneous cognitive load. Cognitive load was an assumed rather than a measured construct. At that time, the only attempt to provide an independent indicator of load was to use computational models [6] with quantitative differences between models used as cognitive load proxies. The first rating scale measure of cognitive load was introduced in the early 1990s by Fred Paas [7]. The Paas scale continues to be the most popular measure of cognitive load and was used by Aldekhyl et al. to validate alternative measures of load. It is very easy to use and requires no more than a minute or so of a participant’s time. Used primarily to measure extraneous cognitive load it has repeatedly indicated that instructional designs hypothesized to decrease
Commitment to relationships and preferences for femininity and apparent health in faces are strongest on days of the menstrual cycle when progesterone level is high

Previous studies of changes in women's behavior during the menstrual cycle have offered insight into the motivations underpinning women's preferences for social cues associated with possible direct benefits (e.g., investment, low risk of infection) and indirect benefits (e.g., offspring viability). Here we sought to extend this work by testing for systematic variation in women's preferences for male and female faces and in their attitudes to their romantic relationship during the menstrual cycle. In Study 1, we found partnered women's reported commitment to their romantic relationship and preferences for femininity in male and female faces were strongest on days of the menstrual cycle when progesterone levels are increased (and fertility is low). Happiness in relationships did not change across the cycle. In Study 2, we found that the effect of cycle phase on women's preference for feminine faces was independent of increased attraction to apparent health in faces during the luteal phase. Collectively, these findings are further evidence that women's preferences for social cues associated with possible direct benefits and commitment to relationships are strongest during conditions characterized by raised progesterone level, while attraction to men displaying cues associated with possible indirect benefits is strongest when women are most fertile.
GaN crystals prepared through solid-state metathesis reaction from NaGaO2 and BN under high pressure and high temperature

Abstract GaN crystals are successfully obtained through solid-state metathesis (SSM) reaction between sodium gallium oxide (NaGaO 2 ) and boron nitride (BN) under high pressure and high temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates that the attained GaN crystals possess a hexagonal wurtzite-type structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to estimate the size and morphology of GaN crystals, and results show that GaN grains with the size over 100 μm can be prepared at 5 GPa and 1600 °C. Moreover, pressure–temperature ( P – T ) formation region of GaN has been discussed. Our results suggest a promising novel route for synthesizing GaN crystals from SSM reactions under high pressure.
The Development and Use of Machine Tools in Historical Perspective

THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF MACHINE TOOLS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE by
The Use of Prognostic Health Management for Autonomous Unmanned Air Systems

Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) show great promise for a range of civilian applications, especially „dull, dirty or dangerous‟ missions such as air-sea rescue, coastal and border surveillance, fisheries protection and disaster relief. As the demand for autonomy increases, the importance of correctly identifying and responding to faults becomes more apparent, as fully autonomous systems must base their decisions solely upon the sensors readings they receive – as there is no human on board. A UAS must be capable of performing all the functions that would be expected from a human pilot, including reasoning about faults and making decisions about how to best mitigate their consequences, given the larger context of the overall mission. As these autonomous techniques are developed their benefits can also be realised in non-autonomous systems, as realtime aids to human operators or crew. This paper proposes a novel approach to PHM that combines advanced Functional Failure Mode Analysis with a reasoning system, to provide effective PHM for autonomous systems and improved diagnosis capability for manned aircraft. *
A Distillation Algorithm for Floating-Point Summation

The addition of two or more floating-point numbers is fundamental to numerical computations. This paper describes an efficient “distillation” style algorithm which produces a precise sum by exploiting the natural accuracy of compensated cancellation. The algorithm is applicable to all sets of data but is particularly appropriate for ill-conditioned data, where standard methods fail due to the accumulation of rounding error and its subsequent exposure by cancellation. The method uses only standard floating-point arithmetic and does not rely on the radix used by the arithmetic model, the architecture of specific machines, or the use of accumulators.
Breakthrough Paper Indicator: early detection and measurement of ground-breaking research

Paper Indicator: early detection and measurement of ground-breaking research. In: Jeffery, Keith G; Dvořák, Jan (eds.): EInfrastructures for Research and Innovation: Linking Information Systems to Improve Scientific Knowledge Production: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Current Research Information Systems (June 6-9, 2012, Prague, Czech Republic). Pp. 295-304. ISBN 978-80-86742-33-5. Available from: www.eurocris.org.
Biomass and Carbon Stocks of Sofala Bay Mangrove Forests

Mangroves could be key ecosystems in strategies addressing the mitigation of climate changes through carbon storage. However, little is known regarding the carbon stocks of these ecosystems, particularly below-ground. This study was carried out in the mangrove forests of Sofala Bay, Central Mozambique, with the aim of quantifying carbon stocks of live and dead plant and soil components. The methods followed the procedures developed by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) for mangrove forests. In this study, we developed a general allometric equation to estimate individual tree biomass and soil carbon content (up to 100 cm depth). We estimated the carbon in the whole mangrove ecosystem of Sofala Bay, including dead trees, wood debris, herbaceous, pneumatophores, litter and soil. The general allometric equation for live trees derived was [Above-ground tree dry weight (kg) = 3.254 × exp(0.065 × DBH)], root mean square error (RMSE = 4.244), and coefficient of determination (R = 0.89). The average total carbon storage of Sofala Bay mangrove was 218.5 Mg·ha, of which around 73% are stored in the soil. Mangrove conservation has the potential for REDD+ programs, especially in regions like Mozambique, which contains extensive mangrove areas with high deforestation and degradation rates.
A computational analysis of poetic style Imagism and its influence on modern professional and amateur poetry

How do standards of poetic beauty change as a function of time and expertise? Here we use computational methods to compare the stylistic features of 359 English poems written by 19th century professional poets, Imagist poets, contemporary professional poets, and contemporary amateur poets. Building upon techniques designed to analyze style and sentiment in texts, we examine elements of poetic craft such as imagery, sound devices, emotive language, and diction. We find that contemporary professional poets use significantly more concrete words than 19th century poets, fewer emotional words, and more complex sound devices. These changes are consistent with the tenets of Imagism, an early 20thcentury literary movement. Further analyses show that contemporary amateur poems resemble 19th century professional poems more than contemporary professional poems on several dimensions. The stylistic similarities between contemporary amateur poems and 19th century professional poems suggest that elite standards of poetic beauty in the past “trickled down” to influence amateur works in the present. Our 1 LiLT Volume 12, Issue 3, October 2015. A computational analysis of poetic style. Copyright c © 2015, CSLI Publications. 2 / LiLT volume 12, issue 3 October 2015 results highlight the influence of Imagism on the modern aesthetic and reveal the dynamics between “high” and “low” art. We suggest that computational linguistics may shed light on the forces and trends that shape poetic style. A computational analysis of poetic style / 3
Ablation and Thermal Depths in VSP Er : YAG Laser Skin Resurfacing

The list of indications for which Variable Square Pulse (VSP) Er:YAG laser systems can be used is continuously expanding. For example, ablative fractional resurfacing treatments performed with the VSP Er:YAG laser have good clinical outcomes and significantly shorter recovery times and adverse effects compared with traditional ablative laser skin resurfacing. Recently, an Er:YAG laser operating in variable pulse length, non-ablative, SMOOTH mode, for use in new collagen synthesis, has been introduced. The broad range of available Er:YAG modes of operation call for a more systematic understanding of the thermal and ablative effects this laser has on skin tissue. In this study, a theoretical micro-explosions computer (MEC) model is developed that explicitly links laser and tissue parameters with the clinical end effects of ablation and residual heat deposition. The computed results are then compared with experimental measurements of ablation rates and heat deposition in skin. The MEC model is found to be in good agreement with experiment, and has already been implemented in the latest VSP Er:YAG laser systems as a software tool for automatic calculation of the expected ablation and thermal depths in clinical procedures.