LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Heavy metal contamination and its indexing approach for river water

The objective of the study is to reveal the seasonal variations in the river water quality with respect to heavy metals contamination. To get the extend of trace metals contamination, water samples were collected from twelve different locations along the course of the river and its tributaries on summer and the winter seasons. The concentrations of trace metals such as cadmium, cromium, copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, mercury and zinc were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Most of the samples were found within limit of Indian drinking water standard (IS: 10500). The data generated were used to calculate the heavy metal pollution index of river water. The mean values of HPI were 36.19 in summer and 32.37 for winter seasons and these values are well below the critical index limit of 100 because of the sufficient flow in river system. Mercury and chromium could not be traced in any of the samples in the study area.
The impact of exercise training compared to caloric restriction on hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance in obesity.

CONTEXT
It has been difficult to distinguish the independent effects of caloric restriction versus exercise training on insulin resistance.


OBJECTIVE
Utilizing metabolic feeding and supervised exercise training, we examined the influence of caloric restriction vs. exercise training with and without weight loss on hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance.


DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTION
Thirty-four obese, older subjects were randomized to: caloric restriction with weight loss (CR), exercise training with weight loss (EWL), exercise training without weight loss (EX), or controls. Based on an equivalent caloric deficit in EWL and CR, we induced matched weight loss. Subjects in the EX group received caloric compensation. Combined with [6,6(2)H(2)]glucose, an octreotide, glucagon, multistage insulin infusion was performed to determine suppression of glucose production (SGP) and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (ISGD). Computed tomography scans were performed to assess changes in fat distribution.


RESULTS
Body weight decreased similarly in EWL and CR, and did not change in EX and controls. The reduction in visceral fat was significantly greater in EWL (-71 +/- 15 cm(2)) compared to CR and EX. The increase in SGP was also almost 3-fold greater (27 +/- 2%) in EWL. EWL and CR promoted similar improvements in ISGD [+2.5 +/- 0.4 and 2.4 +/- 0.9 mg x kg fat-free mass (FFM)(-1) x min(-1)], respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
EWL promoted the most significant reduction in visceral fat and the greatest improvement in SGP. Equivalent increases in ISGD were noted in EWL and CR, whereas EX provided a modest improvement. Based on our results, EWL promoted the optimal intervention-based changes in body fat distribution and systemic insulin resistance.
Designing Reusable Classes

Object-oriented programming is as much a different way of designing programs as it is a different way of designing programming languages. This paper describes what it is like to design systems in Smalltalk. In particular, since a major motivation for object-oriented programming is software reuse, this paper describes how classes are developed so that they will be reusable.
Validating a tool to measure auxiliary nurse midwife and nurse motivation in rural Nepal

BACKGROUND
A global shortage of health workers in rural areas increases the salience of motivating and supporting existing health workers. Understandings of motivation may vary in different settings, and it is important to use measurement methods that are contextually appropriate. We identified a measurement tool, previously used in Kenya, and explored its validity and reliability to measure the motivation of auxiliary nurse midwives (ANM) and staff nurses (SN) in rural Nepal.


METHOD
Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to assess the content validity, the construct validity, the internal consistency and the reliability of the tool. We translated the tool into Nepali and it was administered to 137 ANMs and SNs in three districts. We collected qualitative data from 78 nursing personnel and district- and central-level stakeholders using interviews and focus group discussions. We calculated motivation scores for ANMs and SNs using the quantitative data and conducted statistical tests for validity and reliability. Motivation scores were compared with qualitative data. Descriptive exploratory analysis compared mean motivation scores by ANM and SN sociodemographic characteristics.


RESULTS
The concept of self-efficacy was added to the tool before data collection. Motivation was revealed through conscientiousness. Teamwork and the exertion of extra effort were not adequately captured by the tool, but important in illustrating motivation. The statement on punctuality was problematic in quantitative analysis, and attendance was more expressive of motivation. The calculated motivation scores usually reflected ANM and SN interview data, with some variation in other stakeholder responses. The tool scored within acceptable limits in validity and reliability testing and was able to distinguish motivation of nursing personnel with different sociodemographic characteristics.


CONCLUSIONS
We found that with minor modifications, the tool provided valid and internally consistent measures of motivation among ANMs and SNs in this context. We recommend the use of this tool in similar contexts, with the addition of statements about self-efficacy, teamwork and exertion of extra effort. Absenteeism should replace the punctuality statement, and statements should be worded both positively and negatively to mitigate positive response bias. Collection of qualitative data on motivation creates a more nuanced understanding of quantitative scores.
Effects of different ingredients on texture of ice cream

Dairy product prepared by pasteurization, homogenization, aeration and freezing that has been maintained at uniform consistency is called ice cream. It is cheap, healthy, nutritious and palatable product. Composition of ice cream is comprised of sugar, fat, emulsifiers, stabilizers, water, egg and eggs products, corn syrup, dextrose and flavors. It is a three phase network consisting on air, solid and liquid in final product. Liquid phase contains ice crystals in embedded form and air cells in dispersed form. Milk proteins, soluble and insoluble salts, fat particles, stabilizers and sugars are also present in liquid phase. So it is a very complex physiochemical food system. Ice cream is categorized in dairy frozen desserts in which frozen confections, water ice, sherbet, frozen custard, parevine like products, ice milk and mellorine are included. According to U.S standards, ice cream must be consisted of not < 20% MSNF and 10% fat from milk while when flavors added in bulk than there should be 16% MSNF and 8% fat. Stabilizers should not be > 0.5%.
The moral challenges of driverless cars

Autonomous vehicles will need to decide on a course of action when presented with multiple less-than-ideal outcomes.
Contextual design: an emergent view of system design

We offer an introduction to contextual design as an emergent method for building effective systems. Contextual design addresses a number of the inadequacies in previous methods by emphasizing: interview methods conducted in the context of the user's work, codesigning with the user, building an understanding of work in context, and summarizing conclusions through out the research. We contrast this design method to usability engineering and artifact examination.
What the body knows: Exploring the benefits of embodied metaphors in hybrid physical digital environments

A recent trend in ubiquitous computing is the development of new forms of interfaces, which rely on embodied interaction. We focus on the definition of embodiment that refers to the ways in which abstract concepts rely on metaphorical extensions of embodied schemata shaped by processes below the level of conscious awareness as explored by Lakoff and Johnson [Lakoff, G., Johnson, M., 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA]. Our inquiry focuses on understanding the role embodied metaphors may play in supporting people to understand the possibilities for physical interaction in augmented spaces. We explore this issue through the development and evaluation of an interactive audio environment. We instantiate metaphor theory by using embodied schemata as the basis for the interactional metaphor that relates full-body input actions to audio output responses. We demonstrate and explore the benefits of this approach through a comparative experiment in which adults and children learn to use our audio environment. The results from our experiment indicated that embodied metaphors improve usability however, other factors including discoverability, perceivability of feedback and duplicity of structural isomorphism may mediate these metaphor-based benefits. We have generalized our main findings as a set of suggestions for the design of embodied style interfaces that rely on physical
' s personal copy Influencing behaviour : The mindspace way

The ability to influence behaviour is central to many of the key policy challenges in areas such as health, finance and climate change. The usual route to behaviour change in economics and psychology has been to attempt to ‘change minds’ by influencing the way people think through information and incentives. There is, however, increasing evidence to suggest that ‘changing contexts’ by influencing the environments within which people act (in largely automatic ways) can have important effects on behaviour. We present a mnemonic, MINDSPACE, which gathers up the nine most robust effects that influence our behaviour in mostly automatic (rather than deliberate) ways. This framework is being used by policymakers as an accessible summary of the academic literature. To motivate further research and academic scrutiny, we provide some evidence of the effects in action and highlight some of the significant gaps in our knowledge. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0167-4870/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.10.009 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 (0)2033127259. E-mail addresses: p.h.dolan@lse.ac.uk (P. Dolan), michael.hallsworth@instituteforgovernment.org.uk (M. Hallsworth), david.halpern@cabinet-office.x.gsi.gov.uk (D. Halpern), dominic.king05@imperial.ac.uk (D. King), robert.metcalfe@merton.ox.ac.uk (R. Metcalfe), i.vlaev@imperial.ac.uk (I. Vlaev). Journal of Economic Psychology 33 (2012) 264–277
Creation of a 3D printed temporal bone model from clinical CT data.

PURPOSE
Generate and describe the process of creating a 3D printed, rapid prototype temporal bone model from clinical quality CT images.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
We describe a technique to create an accurate, alterable, and reproducible rapid prototype temporal bone model using freely available software to segment clinical CT data and generate three different 3D models composed of ABS plastic. Each model was evaluated based on the appearance and size of anatomical structures and response to surgical drilling.


RESULTS
Mastoid air cells had retained scaffolding material in the initial versions. This required modifying the model to allow drainage of the scaffolding material. External auditory canal dimensions were similar to those measured from the clinical data. Malleus, incus, oval window, round window, promontory, horizontal semicircular canal, and mastoid segment of the facial nerve canal were identified in all models. The stapes was only partially formed in two models and absent in the third. Qualitative feel of the ABS plastic was softer than bone. The pate produced by drilling was similar to bone dust when appropriate irrigation was used.


CONCLUSION
We present a rapid prototype temporal bone model made based on clinical CT data using 3D printing technology. The model can be made quickly and inexpensively enough to have potential applications for educational training.
Challenge: Processing web texts for classifying job offers

Today the Web represents a rich source of labour market data for both public and private operators, as a growing number of job offers are advertised through Web portals and services. In this paper we apply and compare several techniques, namely explicit-rules, machine learning, and LDA-based algorithms to classify a real dataset of Web job offers collected from 12 heterogeneous sources against a standard classification system of occupations.
Sensitivity of Coastal Environments and Wildlife to Spilled Oil

This data set contains sensitive biological resource data for marine and estuarine fish species in South Florida. Vector polygons in this data set represent fish distribution, concentration areas, nursery areas and spawning areas. Species specific abundance, seasonality, status, life history, and source information are stored in relational data tables (described below) designed to be used in conjunction with this spatial data layer. This data set comprises a portion of the ESI data for South Florida. ESI data characterize the marine and coastal environments and wildlife by their sensitivity to spilled oil. The ESI data include information for three main components: shoreline habitats, sensitive biological resources, and human-use resources. Purpose: The ESI data were collected, mapped, and digitized to provide environmental data for oil spill planning and response. The Clean Water Act with amendments by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 requires response plans for immediate and effective protection of sensitive resources. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1972 Ending_Date: 2013 Currentness_Reference: The data were compiled during 2011-2013. The currentness dates for this data range from 1972 to 2013 and are documented in the Lineage section.
College Student Technology Use and Academic Performance

As technology use continues to rise, especially among young individuals, there are concerns that excessive use of technology may impact academic performance. Researchers have started to investigate the possible negative effects of technology use on college academic performance, but results have been mixed. The following study seeks to expand upon previous studies by exploring the relationship among the use of a wide variety of technology forms and an objective measure of academic performance (GPA) using a 7-day time diary data collection method. The current study also seeks to examine both underclassmen and upperclassmen to see if these groups differ in how they use technology. Upperclassmen spent significantly more time using technology for academic and workrelated purposes, whereas underclassmen spent significantly more time using cell phones, online chatting, and social networking sites. Significant negative correlations with GPA emerged for television, online gaming, adult site, and total technology use categories. Keyword: Technology use, academic performance, post-secondary education.
Does Deposit Insurance Improve Financial Intermediation? Evidence from the Russian Experiment

This study examines how the introduction of deposit insurance affects depositors and banks, using the deposit-insurance scheme introduced into the Russian banking system as a natural experiment. The fundamental research question is whether the introduction of deposit insurance leads to a more effective banking system as evidenced by increased deposit-taking and decreased reliance upon State-owned banks as custodians of retail deposits. We find that banks entering the new deposit-insurance system increase both their level of retail deposits and their ratios of retail deposits to total assets relative to banks that do not enter the new deposit insurance system. These results hold up in a multivariate panel-data analysis that controls for bankand time-random effects. The longer a bank has been entered into the deposit insurance system, the greater is its level of deposits and its ratio of deposits to assets. Moreover, this effect is stronger for regional banks and for smaller banks. We also find that implementation of the new deposit-insurance system has the effect of ‘‘leveling the playing field” between State-owned banks and privately owned banks. Finally, we find strong evidence of moral hazard following implementation of deposit insurance in the form of increased bank risk-taking. Financial risk and, to a lesser degree, operating risk increase following implementation. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Earned value project management method and extensions

This publication contains reprint articles for which IEEE does not hold copyright. Full text is not available on IEEE Xplore for these articles.
Essays on Earnings and Human Capital in Kenya

Among Sub-Sahara Africa countries, Kenya has had a rapid educational expansion. This dissertation provides empirical analyses of the impact of education on labor earnings in Kenya, based on surveys of manufacturing firms and a survey of households in the 1990s. It consists of four papers. Paper 1 examines whether real earnings and private returns to education in manufacturing labor market changed over the 1990s. Results indicate that, real earnings standardized for differences in observed worker and firm characteristics rose over the survey period. But returns to human capital were constant. Further, the results indicate that returns to education are highest for workers in the top part of the earnings distribution, suggesting that, education worsens earnings inequality among manufacturing workers. Paper 2 uses the 2000 wave of the manufacturing firms survey to examine whether failure to control for family background in earnings functions, or to treat education as endogenous to wage formation, results in significant bias in estimates of private returns to education. Parental education has significant impact on a worker’s education, and estimates of the effect of education on wages in Kenya’s manufacturing that do not control for parental education are upward biased. When education is instrumented, results suggest that, standard estimates of private returns to education may be downward biased if endogenous schooling is not modelled. But this hinges on the validity and quality instruments. Paper 3 analyses a household survey to identify the impact of education on employment and earnings. All levels of education reduce the chances of agricultural employment, while higher education reduces the chances of entry into the informal sector also. Perhaps it is because education raises private and public sectors entry probabilities. Decomposition results indicate that, differences in individual and household characteristics explain a substantial part of the women-men gap in sector entry probabilities. Returns to primary education are highest in the informal sector while returns to secondary education are highest in the private sector. Women have higher returns to education than men, and selectivity controls in the earnings function indicate no evidence of selectivity bias except for women in the public sector. Paper 4 also analyses a household survey to examine the impact of education on households’ economic activity combinations and incomes. Results suggest that, as education increases in the household from primary to secondary level, the tendency is to diversify income-generating activities. At higher levels of education, households tend to generate income from wage employment only. Further, the impact of education on total earned income is substantial. And while the largest impact of education is on household wage income, lower education has a notable impact on household farming income. This result is important, as many primary graduates are likely to enter the farming sector.
Personal authentication using palm-print features

Biometrics-based authentication is a veri,cation approach using the biological features inherent in each individual. They are processed based on the identical, portable, and arduous duplicate characteristics. In this paper, we propose a scanner-based personal authentication system by using the palm-print features. It is very suitable in many network-based applications. The authentication system consists of enrollment and veri,cation stages. In the enrollment stage, the training samples are collected and processed by the pre-processing, feature extraction, and modeling modules to generate the matching templates. In the veri,cation stage, a query sample is also processed by the pre-processing and feature extraction modules, and then is matched with the reference templates to decide whether it is a genuine sample or not. The region of interest (ROI) for each sample is ,rst obtained from the pre-processing module. Then, the palm-print features are extracted from the ROI by using Sobel and morphological operations. The reference templates for a speci,c user are generated in the modeling module. Last, we use the template-matching and the backpropagation neural network to measure the similarity in the veri,cation stage. Experimental results verify the validity of our proposed approaches in personal authentication.? 2002 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
On antipodal Euclidean tight (2e + 1)-designs

Neumaier and Seidel (1988) generalized the concept of spherical designs and defined Euclidean designs in Rn . For an integer t , a finite subset X of Rn given together with a weight function w is a Euclidean t-design if ∑p i=1 w(Xi ) |Si | ∫ Si f (x)dσi (x) = ∑ x∈X w(x) f (x) holds for any polynomial f (x) of deg( f ) ≤ t , where {Si , 1 ≤ i ≤ p} is the set of all the concentric spheres centered at the origin that intersect with X , Xi = X ∩ Si , and w : X → R>0. (The case of X ⊂ Sn−1 with w ≡ 1 on X corresponds to a spherical t-design.) In this paper we study antipodal Euclidean (2e + 1)designs. We give some new examples of antipodal Euclidean tight 5-designs. We also give the classification of all antipodal Euclidean tight 3-designs, the classification of antipodal Euclidean tight 5-designs supported by 2 concentric spheres.
Exploring connections between emergent biliteracy and bilingualism

This article explores the ways in which young emergent bilingual children begin to develop literacy in two languages, Spanish and English.Three case studies of four-year-old Mexican-background children and their families living in southern Arizona are presented from a qualitative socio-psycholinguistic perspective.The children’s home and classroom interactions were observed and analyzed for patterns of language and literacy in their two languages.The findings show that these emergent bilinguals learn and develop their own ‘theories’ and ‘concepts’ about language and literacy from an early age.The conversational participants and interlocutors were among the factors that directly influenced children’s development of language and literacy in Spanish and English. In addition, context was another important factor that contributed positively to the development of their emergent bilingualism and biliteracy. Finally, I discuss the language-literacy strategies that these Mexican-background children use as they try to make sense of their metalinguistic and biliteracy knowledge, while developing additional literacy tools and resources in both Spanish and English.
Research Guides: Biomedical Engineering: Intellectual Property

This guide identifies resources for Biomedical Engineering found in the libraries of Saint Louis University and on the Web.