LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The role of dopamine in the pursuit of nutritional value

Acquiring enough food to meet energy expenditure is fundamental for all organisms. Thus, mechanisms have evolved to allow foods with high nutritional value to be readily detected, consumed, and remembered. Although taste is often involved in these processes, there is a wealth of evidence supporting the existence of taste-independent nutrient sensing. In particular, post-ingestive mechanisms arising from the arrival of nutrients in the gut are able to drive food intake and behavioural conditioning. The physiological mechanisms underlying these effects are complex but are believed to converge on mesolimbic dopamine signalling to translate post-ingestive sensing of nutrients into reward and reinforcement value. Discerning the role of nutrition is often difficult because food stimulates sensory systems and post-ingestive pathways in concert. In this mini-review, I discuss the various methods that may be used to study post-ingestive processes in isolation including sham-feeding, non-nutritive sweeteners, post-ingestive infusions, and pharmacological and genetic methods. Using this structure, I present the evidence that dopamine is sensitive to nutritional value of certain foods and examine how this affects learning about food, the role of taste, and the implications for human obesity.
Automated Structural and Spatial Comprehension of Data Tables

Title of Dissertation: AUTOMATED STRUCTURAL AND SPATIAL COMPREHENSION OF DATA TABLES Marco David Adelfio, Doctor of Philosophy, 2015 Dissertation directed by: Professor Hanan Samet Department of Computer Science Data tables on the Web hold large quantities of information, but are difficult to search, browse, and merge using existing systems. This dissertation presents a collection of techniques for extracting, processing, and querying tables that contain geographic data, by harnessing the coherence of table structures for retrieval tasks. Data tables, including spreadsheets, HTML tables, and those found in rich document formats, are the standard way of communicating structured data for typical computer users. Notably, geographic tables (i.e., those containing names of locations) constitute a large fraction of publicly-available data tables and are ripe for exposure to Internet users who are increasingly comfortable interacting with geographic data using web-based maps. Of particular interest is the creation of a large repository of geographic data tables that would enable novel queries such as “find vacation itineraries geographically similar to mine” for use in trip planning or “find demographic datasets that cover regions X, Y, and Z” for sociological research. In support of these goals, this dissertation identifies several methods for using the structure and context of data tables to improve the interpretation of the contents, even in the presence of ambiguity. First, a method for identifying functional components of data tables is presented, capitalizing on techniques for sequence labeling that are used in natural language processing. Next, a novel automated method for converting place references to physical latitude/longitude values, a process known as geotagging, is applied to tables with high accuracy. A classification procedure for identifying a specific class of geographic table, the travel itinerary, is also described, which borrows inspiration from optimization techniques for the traveling salesman problem (TSP). Finally, methods for querying spatially similar tables are introduced and several mechanisms for visualizing and interacting with the extracted geographic data are explored. AUTOMATED STRUCTURAL AND SPATIAL COMPREHENSION OF DATA TABLES
Prevalence, etiology and risk factors of pelvic organ prolapse in premenopausal primiparous women

The natural history of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is poorly understood. We investigated the prevalence and risk factors of postnatal POP in premenopausal primiparous women and the associated effect of mode of delivery. We conducted a prospective cohort study in a tertiary teaching hospital attending 9,000 deliveries annually. Collagen-diseases history and clinical assessment was performed in 202 primiparae at ≥1 year postnatally. Assessment included Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system, Beighton mobility score, 2/3D-transperineal ultrasound (US) and quantification of collagen type III levels. Association with POP was assessed using various statistical tests, including logistic regression, where results with p < 0.1 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis. POP had a high prevalence: uterine prolapse 89 %, cystocele 90 %, rectocele 70 % and up to 65 % having grade two on POP-Q staging. The majority had multicompartment involvement, and 80 % were asymptomatic. POP was significantly associated with joint hypermobility, vertebral hernia, varicose veins, asthma and high collagen type III levels (p < 0.05). In multivariate logistic regression, only levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion was significant in selected cases (p < 0.05). Caesarean section (CS) was significantly protective against cystocele and rectocele but not for uterine prolapse. Mild to moderate POP has a very high prevalence in premenopausal primiparous women. There is a significant association between POP, collagen levels, history of collagen disease and childbirth-related pelvic floor trauma. These findings support a congenital contribution to POP etiology, especially for uterine prolapse; however, pelvic trauma seems to play paramount role. CS is significantly protective against some types of prolapse only.
On Testing Cache-Coherent Shared Memories

Sequential consistency is the most-widely used correctness condition for multiprocessor memory systems. High-performance shared memory multiprocessors such as the Kendall Square KSR1, the Stanford DASH, and the MIT Alewife employ a variety of techniques to improve memory system performance while providing sequential consistency. Primary among them is the use of caches at each processor, kept coherent by protocols implemented in hardware.
We study the problem of testing shared memory multiprocessors to determine if they are indeed providing a sequentially consistent memory. We present a series of results for testing an execution of a shared memory under scenarios that exploit the cache-coherence protocol. In addition to reads and writes to the shared memory, we consider the more powerful read-modify-write, load-reserved, and store-conditional operations available in many cache-coherent multiprocessors.
Finally, we consider linearizability, another well-known correctness condition for shared memories. Linearizability imposes additional restrictions on the shared memory, beyond that of sequential consistency; we show that these restrictions are useful in testing such memories.
Phase equilibria and microstructural control of gamma TiAl based alloys

Abstract Phase equilibria among the β (bcc or B2), α (hcp) and γ (L1 0 ) phases in TiAlM ternary systems at elevated temperatures have been studied, where the M is β stabilizing element for pure titanium. The β(B2) + α + γ three-phase coexisting region exists at temperatures above 1473 K, and it moves towards a direction of high aluminum and high M concentrations with increasing temperature. The change in the phase equilibria by the addition M is associated with the α ↔ β allotropic transformation temperature of pure titanium and can be thermodynamically interpreted in terms of the lattice stability ratios of M to Ti. The change in the phase equilibria results in new reaction pathways peculiar to the ternary systems, thereby opening more possibility for microstructure control of the gamma based alloys. The vertical section drawn based on these studies demonstrates that the γ phase can be in equilibrium with the β(B2) phase at relatively low temperatures in the ternary systems and create a reaction pathway of α → β(B2) + γ. Upon cooling along the same pathway of α → γ as in the binary alloy, the addition of third element affects the transformation rate, and the massive γ structure is found to be formed even under slow cooling rate.
Self matched spiral printed antenna with unidirectional pattern

The spiral antenna is a well known kind of wideband antenna. The challenges to improve its design are numerous, such as creating a compact wideband matched feeding or controlling the radiation pattern. Here we propose a self matched and compact slot spiral antenna providing a unidirectional pattern.
Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP Research Group.

OBJECTIVES
This randomized clinical trial tested whether fish oil supplements can improve human coronary atherosclerosis.


BACKGROUND
Epidemiologic studies of populations whose intake of oily fish is high, as well as laboratory studies of the effects of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil, support the hypothesis that fish oil is antiatherogenic.


METHODS
Patients with angiographically documented coronary heart disease and normal plasma lipid levels were randomized to receive either fish oil capsules (n = 31), containing 6 g of n-3 fatty acids, or olive oil capsules (n = 28) for an average duration of 28 months. Coronary atherosclerosis on angiography was quantified by computer-assisted image analysis.


RESULTS
Mean (+/- SD) baseline characteristics were age 62 +/- 7 years, plasma total cholesterol concentration 187 +/- 31 mg/dl (4.83 +/- 0.80 mmol/liter) and triglyceride levels 132 +/- 70 mg/dl (1.51 +/- 0.80 mmol/liter). Fish oil lowered triglyceride levels by 30% (p = 0.007) but had no significant effects on other plasma lipoprotein levels. At the end of the trial, eicosapentaenoic acid in adipose tissue samples was 0.91% in the fish oil group compared with 0.20% in the control group (p < 0.0001). At baseline, the minimal lumen diameter of coronary artery lesions (n = 305) was 1.64 +/- 0.76 mm, and percent narrowing was 48 +/- 14%. Mean minimal diameter of atherosclerotic coronary arteries decreased by 0.104 and 0.138 mm in the fish oil and control groups, respectively (p = 0.6 between groups), and percent stenosis increased by 2.4% and 2.6%, respectively (p = 0.8). Confidence intervals exclude improvement by fish oil treatment of > 0.17 mm, or > 2.6%.


CONCLUSIONS
Fish oil treatment for 2 years does not promote major favorable changes in the diameter of atherosclerotic coronary arteries.
High-risk HPV detection and concurrent HPV 16 and 18 typing with Abbott RealTime High Risk HPV test.

BACKGROUND
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of cervical cancer. Among the high-risk types, infection with HPV 16 and 18 is associated with significantly higher risk of disease progression, and consequently these two types together cause approximately 70% of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. Identification of HPV 16 and HPV 18 can provide valuable information for risk stratification and clinical management of patients infected with these two types in both ASC-US triage and primary screening in women over age 30. It may also be valuable in the assessment of HPV vaccine efficacy. Abbott RealTime High Risk (HR) HPV is a recently developed test for the detection of 14 high-risk HPV types with the ability to concurrently identify HPV 16 and 18.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the clinical performance of Abbott RealTime HR HPV test.


STUDY DESIGN
Abbott RealTime HR HPV was evaluated with 253 cervical specimens obtained from patients with CIN 3 and 340 specimens from patients with cervical cancer to determine clinical sensitivity of the test and the prevalence of types 16 and 18. Additionally, 757 cervical specimens obtained from women 30 years of age or older with normal cytology in a general screening population were tested to determine high-risk HPV positivity rate.


RESULTS
The Abbott RealTime HR HPV test detected 97.2% (246/253) of CIN 3 specimens and 98.5% (335/340) of cancer specimens. HPV 16 was the most prevalent type in both CIN 3 (72.8%) and cancer specimens (64.5%). HPV 16 and 18 combined were detected in 78.9% of high-risk HPV positive CIN 3 and 84.8% of high-risk HPV positive cancer specimens. In specimens from women 30 years of age or older with normal cytology in a screening population, the HPV positivity rate was 6.5% (49/757).


CONCLUSIONS
Abbott RealTime HR HPV is a highly sensitive test for detection of high-grade cervical disease and cancer. The HPV 16 and HPV 18 typing capability of the test offers the advantage of stratifying patients at greater risk of progression and may thus aid in better patient care and management.
Effect of training system and climate conditions on phytochemicals of Passiflora setacea, a wild Passiflora from Brazilian savannah.

Passiflora setacea is a Brazilian savannah fruit known as a good source of phytochemicals. The phytochemical composition is influenced by environmental factors and management techniques such as training system. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of training system (espalier or trellis) and environmental factors (temperature, precipitation and sunlight exposure) on antioxidant capacity and bioactive composition of P. setacea pulp. Total phenolic compounds (TP), proantocyanidins (PA), total flavonoids (TF), vitamin C and total antioxidant activity were analyzed. Five flavonoids (orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin and hesperetin) were determined by HPLC-DAD, using calibration curves. Training system presented no effects on TP, PA, TF and antioxidant activity, whereas rainy season year 2 increased FRAP values, TF, orientin, isovitexin and hesperetin content, which could be associate to climate stressful condition leading to higher levels of these compounds.
Fast Learning of On-line EM Algorithm

In this article, an on-line EM algorithm is derived for general Exponential Family models with Hidden variables (EFH models). It is proven that the on-line EM algorithm is equivalent to a stochastic gradient method with the inverse of the Fisher information matrix as a coeecient matrix. As a result, the stochastic approximation theory guarantees the convergence to a local maximum of the likelihood function. The performance of the on-line EM algorithm is examined by using the mixture of Gaussian model, which is a special type of the EFH model. The simulation results show that the on-line EM algorithm is much faster than the batch EM algorithm and the on-line gradient ascent algorithm. The fast learning speed is achieved by the systematic design of the learning rate schedule. Moreover, it is shown that the on-line EM algorithm can escape from a local maximum of the likelihood function in the early training phase, even when the batch EM algorithm is trapped to a local maximum solution.
Analyzing and forecasting volatility spillovers, asymmetries and hedging in major oil markets

Crude oil price volatility has been analyzed extensively for organized spot, forward and futures markets for well over a decade, and is crucial for forecasting volatility and Value-at-Risk (VaR). There are four major benchmarks in the international oil market, namely West Texas Intermediate (USA), Brent (North Sea), Dubai/Oman (Middle East), and Tapis (Asia-Pacific), which are likely to be highly correlated. This paper analyses the volatility spillover and asymmetric effects across and within the four markets, using three multivariate GARCH models, namely the constant conditional correlation (CCC), vector ARMA-GARCH (VARMA-GARCH) and vector ARMA-asymmetric GARCH (VARMA-AGARCH) models. A rolling window approach is used to forecast the 1-day ahead conditional correlations. The paper presents evidence of volatility spillovers and asymmetric effects on the conditional variances for most pairs of series. In addition, the forecast conditional correlations between pairs of crude oil returns have both positive and negative trends. Moreover, the optimal hedge ratios and optimal portfolio weights of crude oil across different assets and market portfolios are evaluated in order to provide important policy implications for risk management in crude oil markets. Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank two referees for helpful comments and suggestions, and Felix Chan and Abdul Hakim for providing the computer programs. For
Using discourse to aid hypertext navigation

When authors write good conventional text, they have a structure in mind. This structure is reeected in the text at all levels: in the use of anaphors, in the sectioning of the document, in the knowledge assumed of the reader, and in the provision of naviga-tional information|outlines and reviews, so that readers know where they are, and where they are going. However, in hypertext, the reader is expected to diverge from the author's context|to read text in an order of their own choosing. So authors cannot predict|and therefore build on|what a reader has`just been told'. One suggested response to this is to try to make the text cards, nodes or pages`modular' or self-contained, so that each node can be read in isolation 2]. But writing such modular text is hard. When writing the detailed discussion of a topic, trying to address the needs of those who may encounter it without reading the introduction or basic description will produce text that is repetitive, or involve so many links as to be confusing. Readers are more likely to getìost in Hyperspace' 3,4]. It is better to use tools and techniques which help make the author's structure clear to the reader. Thus many tools support`next' and`previous' links. These structural links cluster hyper-text nodes into a mother/daughter hierarchy that mirrors the 1
Acupuncture for dysphagia in acute stroke.

BACKGROUND
Dysphagia after acute stroke is associated with poor prognosis, particularly if prolonged. Acupuncture has been widely used for this complication in China. However, its therapeutic effect is unclear.


OBJECTIVES
To determine the therapeutic effect of acupuncture for dysphagia after acute stroke compared with placebo, sham or no acupuncture intervention.


SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched September 2007), the Chinese Stroke Trials Register and the Trials Register of the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field (last searched January 2007) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2007). In January 2007 we searched the following databases from the first available date; MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, CISCOM, BIOSIS Previews, ProQuest Digital Dissertations, Science Citation Index, ISI Proceedings, ACUBRIEFS, ACP Journal Club, Books@Ovid and Journals@Ovid, Chinese Biological Medicine Database, Chinese scientific periodical database of VIP INFORMATION, China periodical in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Database, Science China, Chinese Social Science Citation Index, and the Chinese Science and Technology Document Databases. We also searched databases of ongoing trials, conference proceedings, and grey literature, handsearched three Chinese journals and contacted authors and researchers.


SELECTION CRITERIA
We included all truly randomised controlled trials that evaluated the effect of acupuncture, irrespective of type, in patients with dysphagia within 30 day after the onset of ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke. All types of acupuncture interventions were eligible. The control intervention could be placebo acupuncture, sham acupuncture, or no acupuncture. The primary outcome was recovery of normal feeding. The secondary outcomes were case fatality, deterioration, late disability, length of hospital stay, quality of life, feeding tube removal, aspiration pneumonia and nutritional measures.


DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently selected trials, assessed trial quality, and extracted data. Disagreements were resolved by a third review author.


MAIN RESULTS
Only one trial of 66 participants was included. In the acupuncture group, 12 out of 34 participants recovered to normal feeding (35.3%). In the control group, seven out of 32 participants recovered to normal feeding (21.9%). The relative risk of recovery was 1.61 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.73 to 3.58. No statistical significance was detected.


AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is not enough evidence to make any conclusion about the therapeutic effect of acupuncture for dysphagia after acute stroke. High quality and large scale randomised controlled trials are needed.
Low Level Laser Therapy Versus Ultrasonic Cavitation in Abdominal Adiposity After Gastric Bypass in Female Saly

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the ultrasonic cavitation versus low level laser therapy in the treatment of abdominal adiposity in female post gastric bypass. Subjects: Sixty female suffering from localized fat deposits at the abdomen area after gastric bypass were divided randomly and equally into three equal groups Group (1): were received low level laser therapy plus bicycle exercises and abdominal exercises for 3 months, Group (2): were received ultrasonic cavitation therapy plus bicycle exercises and abdominal exercises for 3 months, and Group (3): were received bicycle exercises and abdominal exercises for 3 months. Methods: data were obtained for each patient from waist circumferences, skin fold and ultrasonography measurements were done after six weeks postoperative (preexercise) and at three months postoperative. The physical therapy program began, six weeks postoperative for experimental group. Including aerobic exercises performed on the stationary bicycle, for 30 min, 3 sessions per week for three months Results: showed a statistically significant decrease in waist circumferences, skin fold and ultrasonography measurements in the three groups, with a higher rate of reduction in Group (1) and Group (2) .Also there was a non-significant difference between Group (1) and Group (2). Conclusion: these results suggested that bothlow level laser therapy and ultrasonic cavitation had a significant effect on abdominal adiposity after gastric bypass in female.
A 12-Week Physical and Cognitive Exercise Program Can Improve Cognitive Function and Neural Efficiency in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES
To investigate whether a 12-week physical and cognitive exercise program can improve cognitive function and brain activation efficiency in community-dwelling older adults.


DESIGN
Randomized controlled trial.


SETTING
Kyoto, Japan.


PARTICIPANTS
Community-dwelling older adults (N = 48) were randomized into an exercise group (n = 24) and a control group (n = 24).


INTERVENTION
Exercise group participants received a weekly dual task-based multimodal exercise class in combination with pedometer-based daily walking exercise during the 12-week intervention phase. Control group participants did not receive any intervention and were instructed to spend their time as usual during the intervention phase.


MEASUREMENTS
The outcome measures were global cognitive function, memory function, executive function, and brain activation (measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging) associated with visual short-term memory.


RESULTS
Exercise group participants had significantly greater postintervention improvement in memory and executive functions than the control group (P < .05). In addition, after the intervention, less activation was found in several brain regions associated with visual short-term memory, including the prefrontal cortex, in the exercise group (P < .001, uncorrected).


CONCLUSION
A 12-week physical and cognitive exercise program can improve the efficiency of brain activation during cognitive tasks in older adults, which is associated with improvements in memory and executive function.