LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
RELATIONAL CONTRACTS AND THE THEORY OF THE FIRM

Relational contracts—informal agreements sustained by the value of future relationships—are prevalent within and between firms. We develop repeated-game models showing why and how relational contracts within firms (vertical integration) differ from those between (non-integration). We show that integration affects the parties’ temptations to renege on a given relational contract, and hence affects the best relational contract the parties can sustain. In this sense, the integration decision can be an instrument in the service of the parties’ relationship. Our approach also has implications for joint ventures, alliances, and networks, and for the role of management within and between firms. *We are grateful for research support from: the Division of Research at Harvard Business School (Baker); MIT’s Sloan School, MIT’s Center for Innovation in Product Development, and the NSF (through grant SBR9809107) (Gibbons); and USC’s Marshall School (Murphy). We thank Alexander Dyck, Oliver Hart, Rebecca Henderson, Bengt Holmstrom, Edward Lazear, Patrick Legros, Jonathan Levin, Bentley MacLeod, John Matsusaka, Kevin Murdoch, Canice Prendergast, Julio Rotemberg, Steven Tadelis, Mike Waldman, Mike Whinston, the referees, and especially Benjamin Klein for helpful comments. RELATIONAL CONTRACTS AND THE THEORY OF THE FIRM
Evaluating Agile Principles in Active and Cooperative Learning

This paper presents a review of the literature on the use of agile teaching methodologies, and shows how agile methods are applied to pedagogy. We then define active and cooperative learning to demonstrate that agile teaching methodologies fall in this category. We then attempt to map agile principles as outlined in the Agile Manifesto to specific pedagogical methods and activities. We propose that this congruence can act as a framework for the application of agile practices to education, which can improve teaching effectiveness and facilitate learning and retention among students. We attempt to measure this result directly by surveying DPS students, who are participating in an agile dissertation process.
Selecting non-zero weights to evaluate effectiveness of basketball players with DEA

In this paper, we show how DEA may be used to identify component profiles as well as overall indices of performance in the context of an application to assessments of basketball players. We go beyond the usual uses of DEA to provide only overall indexes of performance. Our focus is, instead, on the multiplier values for the efficiently rated players. For this purpose we use a procedure that we recently developed that guarantees a full profile of non-zero weights, or ‘‘multipliers.” We demonstrate how these values can be used to identify relative strengths and weaknesses in individual players. Here we also utilize the flexibility of DEA by introducing bounds on the allowable values to reflect the views of coaches, trainers and other experts on the basketball team for which evaluations are being conducted. Finally we show how these combinations can be extended by taking account of team as well as individual considerations. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Maximizing the number of users in an interactive video-on-demand system

Video prefetching is a technique that has been proposed for the transmission of variable-bit-rate (VBR) videos over packet-switched networks. The objective of these protocols is to prefetch future frames at the customers’ set-top box (STB) during light load periods. Experimental results have shown that video prefetching is very effective and it achieves much higher network utilization (and potentially larger number of simultaneous connections) than the traditional video smoothing schemes. The previously proposed prefetching algorithms, however, can only be efficiently implemented when there is one centralized server. In a distributed environment there is a large degradation in their performance. In this paper we introduce a new scheme that utilizes smoothing along with prefetching, to overcome the problem of distributed prefetching. We will show that our scheme performs almost as well as the centralized prefetching protocol even though it is implemented in a distributed environment. In addition, we will introduce a call admission control algorithm for a fully interactive Video-on-Demand (VoD) system that utilizes this concept of distributed video prefetching. Using the theory of effective bandwidths, we will develop an admission control algorithm for new requests, based on the user’s viewing behavior and the required Quality of Service (QoS).
Second life: a social network of humans and bots

Second Life (SL) is a virtual world where people interact and socialize through virtual avatars. Avatars behave similarly to their human counterparts in real life and naturally define a social network. However, not only human-controlled avatars participate in the social network. Automated avatars called bots are common, difficult to identify and, when malicious, can severely detract from the user experience of SL. In this paper we study the SL social network and the role of bots within it. Using traces of avatars in a popular SL region, we analyze the social graph formed by avatar interactions. We find that it resembles natural networks more than other online social networks, and that bots have a fundamental impact on the SL social network. Finally, we propose a bot detection strategy based on the importance of the social connections of avatars in the social graph.
Effect on smoking quit rate of telling smokers their health risk appraisal in terms of health age: a randomized control trial.

BACKGROUND
We evaluated whether providing health risk appraisal for Koreans (KHRA) in terms of 'health age' during smoking cessation program would effectively help smokers quit smoking or not.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 332 male smokers aged between 30-65 years old, registered for a smoking cessation program in a public health center in a city, were recruited and underwent a baseline survey from January 2010 to February 2011. They were then prospectively randomized to a conventional counseling group (n=165) or a KHRA group (n=167), and received conventional counseling or KHRA-based counseling for six months. Abstinence rates were identified through carbon monoxide measurement (at the 4th and 24th weeks) or urinary cotinine level (at the 12th week).


RESULTS
The abstinence rate confirmed by exhaled carbon monoxide was significantly higher in the KHRA group (61.1%) than the control group (49.1%) at the 4th week (absolute difference 12.0%, 95% CI: 1.4%-22.6%). However, there was no difference in abstinence rates between the two groups at the 12th and 24th weeks. The predicting factors of 24 week's smoking cessation success were age, older than 50 years old (OR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.16-3.52), lower Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence score less than 4 (OR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.03-3.29), and higher Self Efficacy/Temptation score (OR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.05-3.06).


CONCLUSIONS
Smoking cessation counseling with KHRA could be effective compared to conventional counseling in the short period of smoking cessation. Further study is needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of KHRA in tobacco dependence treatment and to establish the indication and target population of this tool.
Nutritional interventions in sarcopenia: where do we stand?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To document recent evidence regarding the role of nutrition as an intervention for sarcopenia.


RECENT FINDINGS
A review of seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) alone on muscle loss in 147 adults showed greater muscle mass gain in the intervention group, but no benefit in muscle strength and physical performance measures. Three other review articles examined nutrition and exercise as combined intervention, and suggest enhancement of benefits of exercise by nutrition supplements (energy, protein, vitamin D). Four trials reported on nutrition alone as intervention, mainly consisting of whey protein, leucine, HMB and vitamin D, with variable results on muscle mass and function. Four trials examined the combined effects of nutrition combined with exercise, showing improvements in muscle mass and function.


SUMMARY
To date, evidence suggests that nutrition intervention alone does have benefit, and certainly enhances the impact of exercise. Nutrients include high-quality protein, leucine, HMB and vitamin D. Long-lasting impact may depend on baseline nutritional status, baseline severity of sarcopenia, and long-lasting adherence to the intervention regime. Future large-scale multicentered RCTs using standardized protocols may provide evidence for formulating guidelines on nutritional intervention for sarcopenia. There is a paucity of data for nursing home populations.
The Business Model: Recent Developments and Future Research

This article provides a broad and multifaceted review of the received literature on business models in which the authors examine the business model concept through multiple subject-matter lenses. The review reveals that scholars do not agree on what a business model is and that the literature is developing largely in silos, according to the phenomena of interest of the respective researchers. However, the authors also found emerging common themes among scholars of business models. Specifically, (1) the business model is emerging as a new unit of analysis; (2) business models emphasize a system-level, holistic approach to explaining how firms “do business”; (3) firm activities play an important role in the various conceptualizations of business models that have been proposed; and (4) business models seek to explain how value is created, not just how it is captured. These emerging themes could serve as catalysts for a more unified study of business models. Disciplines Business Administration, Management, and Operations This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/mgmt_papers/74
Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-negative men having sex with men.

BACKGROUND
Four epidemiologic forms of Kaposi's sarcoma have been described, all of which are associated with the human herpesvirus-8. In western countries, human herpesvirus-8 is more prevalent in homosexual men than in the general population, and anecdotal cases of Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-negative homosexual men have been reported.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
We included HIV-negative homosexual and bisexual male patients with histologically proven Kaposi's sarcoma in a retrospective study. Clinical data were collected using a standardized form. Risk factors for human herpesvirus-8 infection and for the development of Kaposi's sarcoma were systematically recorded.


RESULTS
Between 1995 and 2007, 28 men met the defined inclusion criteria. Mean age at first symptoms of Kaposi's sarcoma was 53 years. Clinical presentation resembled classical Kaposi's sarcoma, with limited disease in most patients. No cellular or humoral immunodeficiency was observed. Serologic tests for human herpesvirus-8 (latent immunofluorescence assay) were positive in 88% of patients, and only two patients displayed human herpesvirus-8 viremia at the time of Kaposi's sarcoma diagnosis. Three patients developed lymphoproliferative disorders (Castleman disease, follicular lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma). In this population, alpha-interferon was well tolerated and gave a complete response, but most patients require only local treatment, if any.


CONCLUSION
Kaposi's sarcoma may develop in homosexual or bisexual men without HIV infection. This type of Kaposi's sarcoma has clinical features in common with classical Kaposi's sarcoma but occurs in younger patients. Its prognosis is good, as Kaposi's sarcoma is generally limited, but clinicians should be aware of the association with lymphoproliferative diseases, which may affect prognosis.
Generalized measures of wage differentials

This paper considers new ‘distributionally sensitive’ summary measures of wage differentials, not solely determined by “the average wage of the average person” but by differences across complete wage distributions. Considerations of risk or inequality aversion in the assessment of wage differentials are explicitly included, transplanting expected utility concepts familiar to income distribution analysts. In an application to the gender pay gap in Luxembourg the disadvantage of women persists with the new generalized measures of wage differentials. This suggests that lower average wages for women are not compensated by less dispersed distributions. The paper also illustrates original estimation of wage distributions in the presence of covariates and under endogenous labour market participation.
Effects of Innovation on Employment: A Dynamic Panel Analysis

This paper estimates the effect of innovation on employment at the firm level. Our uniquely long innovation panel data set of German manufacturing firms covers more than 20 years and allows us to use various innovation measures. We can distinguish between product and process innovations as well as between innovation inputs and innovation outputs. Using dynamic panel GMM system estimation we find positive effects of innovation on employment. This result is robust to the use of product and process innovations as well as for innovation input and output. JEL Code: O30, L60, C23, J23.
Infant negative emotionality and attachment: Implications for preschool intelligence

This longitudinal study examined the extent to which dimensions of infant negative temperament in the first year predicted IQ at age 3, and whether these associations depended on the quality of the infant–mother attachment relationship. In a sample of 63 infant–mother dyads, mothers completed Rothbart's (1981) IBQ when infants were 4 and 12 months, mothers and infants participated in Ainsworth and Wittig's (1969) Strange Situation at 12 months, and children completed the Stanford-Binet (Thorndike, Hagen, & Sattler, 1986) when they were 36 months of age. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that 4-or 12-month distress to limitations was not predictive of later IQ, but infants with greater distress to novelty at 4 months had higher IQs at 36 months. Furthermore, greater distress to novelty at 12 months predicted higher IQs but only for infants whose attachment was insecure. Differential implications of temperamental fear versus anger for social influences on cognitive development are discussed.
High performance RF LDMOS transistors with 5 nm gate oxide in a 0.25 /spl mu/m SiGe:C BiCMOS technology

We demonstrate high performance RF LDMOS transistors integrated into an advanced industrial 0.25 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process with only one additional mask level. These devices have minimum 0.25 /spl mu/m physical gate lengths, use the 5 nm standard gate oxide of the logic transistors, and show f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ values of up to 30 and 50 GHz, respectively. The breakdown voltages are between 26 V and 13 V depending on layout. The power-added efficiency (PAE) is 70% at 560 mW/2 GHz and 60% at 340 mW/5 GHz.
Stability of hydrolytic enzyme activity and microbial phosphorus during storage of tropical rain forest soils

Storage can markedly influence microbial and biochemical properties in soils, yet recommendations for sample storage are based on studies of temperate soils that regularly experience extended cold periods.We assessed the influence of storage conditions on microbial phosphorus and the activity of four hydrolytic enzymes (phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, b-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase) in three lowland tropical forest soils from the Republic of Panama that experience a constant warm temperature. The soils spanned a strong rainfall gradient and contained contrasting physical and chemical properties (pH 3.6e5.9; total carbon 26e50 g C kg 1; clay 33e62%; total phosphorus 0.30e0.60 g P kg 1). Storage treatments were: (i) room temperature (22 C in the dark), (ii) refrigerated (4 C in the dark), (iii) air-dried (10 d, 22 C), and (iv) frozen ( 35 C). There were significant changes in enzyme activities and microbial phosphorus during refrigerated and room temperature storage, although changes were relatively small during the first twoweeks. An initial marked decline in enzyme activities for one soil analyzed within 2 h of sampling was attributed to a flush of activity caused by sampling and soil preparation (sieving, etc.). For longer-term storage (>2 weeks), ambient laboratory temperature appeared preferable to freezing and cold storage, because one month of storage caused a marked decline in enzyme activities and microbial phosphorus in one soil. Freezing preserved the activities of some enzymes in some soils at rates comparable to cold or room temperature storage, but caused a marked decline in microbial phosphorus in two soils. Air-drying caused a marked decline in microbial phosphorus and the activity of all enzymes. We therefore conclude that enzyme assays and microbial phosphorus should be determined in tropical forest soils after no more than two weeks storage in the dark at ambient laboratory temperature. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Fibrinogen and α1-antitrypsin in COPD exacerbations.

BACKGROUND
We tested the hypotheses that fibrinogen and α1-antitrypsin are observationally and genetically associated with exacerbations in COPD.


METHODS
We studied 13,591 individuals with COPD from the Copenhagen General Population Study (2003-2013), of whom 6857 were genotyped for FGB -455 (rs1800790, G>A) and FGB -448 (rs4220, G>A) and had plasma fibrinogen measured. Furthermore, 13,405 individuals were genotyped for the SERPINA1 S-allele (rs17580) and the Z-allele (rs28929474) and had measurements of plasma α1-antitrypsin. Exacerbations were defined as hospital admissions or treatments with systemic corticosteroids. We studied observational associations between plasma measurements and exacerbations in Cox regression analyses, associations between genotypes and exacerbations in logistic regression analyses and associations between genetically determined plasma levels and exacerbations in instrumental variable analyses.


RESULTS
Elevated fibrinogen and α1-antitrypsin levels were associated with increased risk of exacerbations in COPD, HR=1.14 (1.07 to 1.22, p<0.001) and 1.18 (1.11 to 1.25, p<0.001), respectively, per SD increase. Presence of the Z-allele was associated with increased odds of exacerbations, OR=1.25 (1.05 to 1.48, p=0.01), as was α1-antitrypsin level genetically lowered by the Z-allele, OR=1.07 (1.02 to 1.13, p=0.004), per SD decrease. Fibrinogen elevating genotypes, FGB -455 (AA) and FGB -448 (AA), were not associated with exacerbations, OR=0.96 (0.73 to 1.25, p=0.77) and OR=1.01 (0.75 to 1.33, p=0.90), respectively, and neither was genetically elevated fibrinogen level, OR=1.11 (0.76 to 1.63, p=0.58) per SD increase.


CONCLUSIONS
Fibrinogen and α1-antitrypsin were observationally associated with increased risk of exacerbations. However, genetically, fibrinogen per se was not associated with exacerbations, while lowered α1-antitrypsin was associated with increased odds of exacerbations.
Development of a slotless tubular linear interior permanent magnet micro motor for robotic applications

This paper presents the development of a slotless tubular linear interior permanent magnet (TLIPM) micro motor for drive application in micro robots. Important design criteria are established based on the results of both analytical and numerical methods. The flux density distribution in the air gap, the electromagnetic force, and the motor inductance etc. are analysed and predicted by the finite element analysis (FEA).
Enhancement of oral bioavailability of fenofibrate by solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems.

A solid form of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (Solid SMEDDS) was developed by spray-drying with dextran as the inert solid carrier, to improve the oral bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug, fenofibrate. The optimized liquid SMEDDS, composed of Labrafil M 1944 CS/Labrasol/Capryol PGMC (15/75/10%v/v) with 10% w/v fenofibrate gave a z-average diameter of around 240 nm. There was no significant difference in the mean droplet size and size distribution of the emulsions obtained from the liquid and solid forms of SMEDDS. Solid state characterizations of solid SMEDDS showed that the crystal state of fenofibrate in solid SMEDDS was converted from crystalline to amorphous form. Solid SMEDDS had significantly higher dissolution rates than the drug powder, due to its fast self-emulsification in the dissolution media. Furthermore, the AUC value of solid SMEDDS was twofold greater than that of the powder, indicating this formulation greatly improved the oral bioavailability of drug in rats. Thus, these results suggest that solid SMEDDS could be used as an effective oral solid dosage form to improve dissolution and oral bioavailability of fenofibrate.
Hypertension Improvement Project (HIP): study protocol and implementation challenges

BackgroundHypertension affects 29% of the adult U.S. population and is a leading cause of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Despite numerous effective treatments, only 53% of people with hypertension are at goal blood pressure. The chronic care model suggests that blood pressure control can be achieved by improving how patients and physicians address patient self-care.Methods and designThis paper describes the protocol of a nested 2 × 2 randomized controlled trial to test the separate and combined effects on systolic blood pressure of a behavioral intervention for patients and a quality improvement-type intervention for physicians. Primary care practices were randomly assigned to the physician intervention or to the physician control condition. Physician randomization occurred at the clinic level. The physician intervention included training and performance monitoring. The training comprised 2 internet-based modules detailing both the JNC-7 hypertension guidelines and lifestyle modifications for hypertension. Performance data were collected for 18 months, and feedback was provided to physicians every 3 months. Patient participants in both intervention and control clinics were individually randomized to the patient intervention or to usual care. The patient intervention consisted of a 6-month behavioral intervention conducted by trained interventionists in 20 group sessions, followed by 12 monthly phone contacts by community health advisors. Follow-up measurements were performed at 6 and 18 months. The primary outcome was the mean change in systolic blood pressure at 6 months. Secondary outcomes were diastolic blood pressure and the proportion of patients with adequate blood pressure control at 6 and 18 months.DiscussionOverall, 8 practices (4 per treatment group), 32 physicians (4 per practice; 16 per treatment group), and 574 patients (289 control and 285 intervention) were enrolled. Baseline characteristics of patients and providers and the challenges faced during study implementation are presented. The HIP interventions may improve blood pressure control and lower cardiovascular disease risk in a primary care practice setting by addressing key components of the chronic care model. The study design allows an assessment of the effectiveness and cost of physician and patient interventions separately, so that health care organizations can make informed decisions about implementation of 1 or both interventions in the context of local resources.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00201136
Defining Digital Forensic Examination and Analysis Tool Using Abstraction Layers

This paper uses the theory of abstraction layers to describe the purpose and goals of digital forensic analysis tools. Using abstraction layers, we identify where tools can introduce errors and provide requirements that the tools must follow. Categories of forensic analysis types are also defined based on the abstraction layers. Abstraction layers are not a new concept, but their usage in digital forensic analysis is not well documented.