LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Auditory Constraints on Motor Performance Depends on Stage of Recovery Post-Stroke

In order to develop evidence-based rehabilitation protocols post-stroke, one must first reconcile the vast heterogeneity in the post-stroke population and develop protocols to facilitate motor learning in the various subgroups. The main purpose of this study is to show that auditory constraints interact with the stage of recovery post-stroke to influence motor learning. We characterized the stages of upper limb recovery using task-based kinematic measures in 20 subjects with chronic hemiparesis. We used a bimanual wrist extension task, performed with a custom-made wrist trainer, to facilitate learning of wrist extension in the paretic hand under four auditory conditions: (1) without auditory cueing; (2) to non-musical happy sounds; (3) to self-selected music; and (4) to a metronome beat set at a comfortable tempo. Two bimanual trials (15 s each) were followed by one unimanual trial with the paretic hand over six cycles under each condition. Clinical metrics, wrist and arm kinematics, and electromyographic activity were recorded. Hierarchical cluster analysis with the Mahalanobis metric based on baseline speed and extent of wrist movement stratified subjects into three distinct groups, which reflected their stage of recovery: spastic paresis, spastic co-contraction, and minimal paresis. In spastic paresis, the metronome beat increased wrist extension, but also increased muscle co-activation across the wrist. In contrast, in spastic co-contraction, no auditory stimulation increased wrist extension and reduced co-activation. In minimal paresis, wrist extension did not improve under any condition. The results suggest that auditory task constraints interact with stage of recovery during motor learning after stroke, perhaps due to recruitment of distinct neural substrates over the course of recovery. The findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms of progression of motor recovery and lay the foundation for personalized treatment algorithms post-stroke.
Limits of viability: definition of the gray zone

Introduction:As survival and long-term morbidity of very preterm infants have improved over the past decade, the limits of infant viability, the level of maturity below which survival and/or acceptable neurodevelopmental outcome are extremely unlikely, have also decreased.Study Design:In an effort to define the current limits of infant viability, the data in the literature on survival and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in very preterm neonates have been reviewed.Result:The gestational age and birth weight below which infants are too immature to survive, and thus provision of intensive care is unreasonable, appears to be at <23 weeks and <500 g, respectively. Infants born at ⩾25 weeks' gestation and with a birth weight of ⩾600 g are mature enough to warrant initiation of intensive care, as the majority of these patients survive, and at least 50% do so without severe long-term disabilities. Finally, for infants born between 230/7 and 246/7 weeks' gestation and with a birth weight of 500 to 599 g, survival and outcome are extremely uncertain. For these infants born in the so-called ‘gray zone’ of infant viability, the line between patient autonomy and medical futility is blurred, and medical decision-making becomes even more complex and needs to embrace careful consideration of several factors. These factors include appraisal of prenatal data and the information obtained during consultations with the parents before delivery; evaluation of the patient's gestational age, birth weight and clinical condition upon delivery; ongoing reassessment of the patient's response to resuscitation and intensive care and continued involvement of the parents in the decision-making process after delivery.Conclusion:Based on these findings an algorithm is offered for consideration for neonatologists managing infants born in the ‘gray zone’ of infant viability. However, caution must be exercised when one considers incorporating this guideline into clinical practice because the algorithm is based on the analysis of the findings in the literature and the authors' experience rather than direct evidence.
Forbidden nature of multipolar contributions to second-harmonic generation in isotropic fluids.

Using a molecular theory of harmonic generation developed within the framework of quantum electrodynamics, we prove that second-harmonic generation is forbidden in isotropic fluids to all levels of multipolar approximation.
Applications and Challenges of Wearable Visual Lifeloggers

Advances in the manufacturing of miniaturized low-power embedded systems are paving the way for ultra-lightweight wearable cameras that can visually log the minute details of people's daily lives. This survey highlights the possible applications of wearable cameras, from industrial to personal, and outlines the main challenges in realizing their full potential.
Randomized clinical trial on enhanced recovery versus standard care following open liver resection.

BACKGROUND
Enhanced recovery programmes (ERPs) have been shown to reduce length of hospital stay (LOS) and complications in colorectal surgery. Whether ERPs have the same benefits in open liver resection surgery is unclear, and randomized clinical trials are lacking.


METHODS
Consecutive patients scheduled for open liver resection were randomized to an ERP group or standard care. Primary endpoints were time until medically fit for discharge (MFD) and LOS. Secondary endpoints were postoperative morbidity, pain scores, readmission rate, mortality, quality of life (QoL) and patient satisfaction. ERP elements included greater preoperative education, preoperative oral carbohydrate loading, postoperative goal-directed fluid therapy, early mobilization and physiotherapy. Both groups received standardized anaesthesia with epidural analgesia.


RESULTS
The analysis included 46 patients in the ERP group and 45 in the standard care group. Median MFD time was reduced in the ERP group (3 days versus 6 days with standard care; P < 0·001), as was LOS (4 days versus 7 days; P < 0·001). The ERP significantly reduced the rate of medical complications (7 versus 27 per cent; P = 0·020), but not surgical complications (15 versus 11 per cent; P = 0·612), readmissions (4 versus 0 per cent; P = 0·153) or mortality (both 2 per cent; P = 0·987). QoL over 28 days was significantly better in the ERP group (P = 0·002). There was no difference in patient satisfaction.


CONCLUSION
ERPs for open liver resection surgery are safe and effective. Patients treated in the ERP recovered faster, were discharged sooner, and had fewer medical-related complications and improved QoL.


REGISTRATION NUMBER
ISRCTN03274575 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
SAFER K-64: A Byte-Oriented Block-Ciphering Algorithm

A new non-proprietary secret-key block-enciphering algorithm, SAFER K64 (for Secure And Fast Encryption Routine with a Key of length 64 bits) is described. The blocklength is 64 bits (8 bytes) and only byte operations are used in the processes of encryption and decryption. New cryptographic features in SAFER K-64 include the use of an unorthodox linear transform, called the Pseudo-Hadamard Transform, to achieve the desired "diffusion" of small changes in the plaintext or the key over the resulting ciphertext and the use of additive key biases to eliminate the possibility of "weak keys". The design principles of K-64 are explained and a program is given, together with examples, to define the encryption algorithm precisely.
Shock Index and Decreased Level of Consciousness as Terminal Cancer Patients' Survival Time Predictors: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

CONTEXT
Predicting prognosis using noninvasive and objective tools may facilitate end-of-life decisions for terminal cancer patients, their families, and other health care professionals.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate if the shock index (SI), along with decreased level of consciousness (DLOC), is a reliable tool for predicting short-term survival time in terminal cancer patients.


METHODS
A two-part retrospective cohort study was performed on 670 consecutive adult hospice patients. Part 1 of the study was performed to investigate the reliability of SI and DLOC on admission and to make a simple tool for predicting survival time. Part 2 of the study was to validate the tool's reproducibility and analyze the correlation between SI, DLOC, and survival time.


RESULTS
In Part 1, multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses for all study patients revealed that SI ≥ 1.0 in patients with DLOC was a significant risk factor of death (hazard ratio 3.08; 95% CI 1.72-5.53; P = 0.000). Generalized additive models confirmed that DLOC patients with SI = 1.0 had 9.58 days of mean survival time (MST). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses of SI in patients with DLOC revealed that a survival time of less than three days was most reliably predicted. In Part 2, an increase in SI statistically decreased survival time. The upper 95% CIs of the calculated mean survival time for DLOC patients with SI ≥ 1.0 were less than one week. Bootstrap analyses revealed that the 95% CIs of the predicted survival time were 4.54-6.18 days in DLOC patients with SI = 1.0.


CONCLUSION
An SI ≥ 1.0 along with DLOC is a highly reliable tool for predicting short-term survival time in terminal cancer patients.
Distributed Algorithms for Energy-Efficient Cluster-head Election in Wireless Mobile Sensor Networks

The cluster-based architecture is an effective way to achieve the objective of energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. One of the critical issues in wireless sensor networks is data-gathering. In this paper, we consider the cluster-based protocol for data-gathering and explore how to elect the cluster heads with node mobility. Two efficient distributed algorithms for cluster-head election in terms of energy consumption are provided. The proposed algorithms will make each round have the same number of cluster-heads (except the final rounds) and guarantee that each round has at least one cluster-head elected . Two mobility models, Random Walk Mobility model and Random Direction Mobility model, are considered in this paper for node mobility. Last, we implement the algorithms and perform the experiments for evaluation. The experiment results show that our cluster-head election algorithms both outperform the cluster head election strategy used in LEACH and can make the system live longer. keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Mobility, DataGathering, Energy-Efficiency, Self-Organization.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Single and Multiple Luseogliflozin Dosing in Healthy Japanese Males: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

INTRODUCTION
Luseogliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, inhibits reabsorption of glucose in the proximal renal tubule. It was developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


METHODS
For this first human study of luseogliflozin, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose (1-25 mg) and multiple ascending dose (5 or 10 mg/day, 7 days) trials were conducted in healthy male Japanese subjects to investigate safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.


RESULTS
There were no serious adverse events, adverse events leading to discontinuation, or episodes of hypoglycemia. After administration of a single oral dose of luseogliflozin, its maximum plasma level (C max) and area under the concentration-time curve increased in a dose-dependent manner, and no food effects were observed on pharmacokinetics. The mean time taken to reach C max (T max) ranged from 0.667 to 2.25 h. The mean plasma half-life of luseogliflozin (T 1/2) after multiple dosing for 7 days ranged from 9.14 to 10.7 h, and no detectable accumulation of luseogliflozin was observed. Urinary glucose excretion increased in a dose-dependent manner, ranging from 18.9 to 70.9 g (single-dose study).


CONCLUSION
Luseogliflozin was well tolerated and showed favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles in healthy male Japanese subjects.
Role of Big Data Analytics in Rural Health Care-A Step Towards Svasth Bharath

Health care is one of the greatest concerns in India. While, those living in cities and big towns have access to high end health services, the millions of people living in rural India, particularly in the remote parts of the country face problems of inadequate facilities and poor access to healthcare. Many experts, including researchers, policy makers and practitioners identified that, there is a big gap in the knowledge about innovations in public and private health financing and delivery. The inefficiencies and inequities in the public health care access in India have pushed forward the need for creative thinking and innovative solutions to strengthen the same. The problems existing in the health care scenario provides apparent calls for the need to change the existing structure of the present health care services by applying big data analytics. This paper identifies the massive shortage of proper health care facilities and addresses how to provide greater access to primary health care services in rural India. Further, it also addresses the critical computing and analytical ability of Big Data in processing huge volumes of transactional data in real time situations to turn the dream of Svasth Bharath (Healthy India) into reality. The objective of this paper is to present the reforms in the health care sector and boosts the discussions on how government can harness innovations in the big data analytics to improve the rural health care system. Keywords— Big Data Analytics, HealthCare, Rural Health Care, e-Health Care, Tele Medicine, Svasth Bharath.
LAND, TREES, AND WOMEN: EVOLUTION OF LAND TENURE INSTITUTIONS IN WESTERN GHANA AND SUMATRA

Land, trees, and women : evolution of land tenure institutions in western Ghana and Sumatra / Agnes R. Quisumbing. .. [et al.]. Contents Tables v Figures vii Foreword ix Acknowledgments xi Summary xiii 1. Issues and Motivation for Policy Analysis 1 2. Tables 3.1. Land-use pattern, farm size, and person–land ratio in 1997 in selected villages in Ghana 27 3.2. Distribution of currently adopted inheritance rules by gender of head of household, Akan and non-Akan households in Ghana 27 3.3. Distribution of area under different land tenure regimes by gender of head of household, Akan and non-Akan households in Ghana 28 3.4. Index of individual land rights under different land tenure regimes by percentage of Akans in population in Ghana 29 3.5. Land-use pattern in 1995 and size of population in 1993 in selected villages in Sumatra 31 3.6. Distribution of area under different land tenure regimes by land-use type in Sumatra 32 3.7. Index of individual land rights under different land tenure regimes in Sumatra 32 4.1. Determinants of the proportion of areas under different land tenure institutions at the village level in Ghana: Tobit regression 35 4.2. Determinants of the proportion of village land area under different land tenure by land-use type in Sumatra: Tobit regression 36 4.3. Average year of land acquisition by land tenure type in Ghana and proportion of area planted to cocoa trees before acquisition and in 1997 38 4.4. Determinants of land acquisition at the household level in Ghana: Tobit regression with village fixed effects 39 4.5. Determinants of land acquisition and area planted to trees at the household level in Sumatra: Tobit regression with village fixed effects 42 5.1. Distribution and size of operational landholdings for all sample fields and selected sample fields by land-use type in Ghana 45 5.2. Distribution of all sample fields under different land tenure regimes by land-use type in Ghana 46 5.3. Distribution of land use before acquisition and in 1997 by land tenure type in Ghana 46 5.4. Gross revenue, paid-out costs, net revenue, and labor inputs for mature cocoa production at the field level, by average age of cocoa trees, in Ghana 47 5.5. Gross revenue, paid-out costs, net revenue, and labor inputs for young cocoa and pure food crop fields in Ghana 48 5.6. Distribution of sample plots by land use in upland area of villages in Sumatra 49 5.7. Land tenure distribution of …
On the assessment and analysis of variables in the health action process approach conducting an investigation

Introduction The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) is a social-cognition model of health behavior suggesting that health behavior change is a process that consists of a motivational phase and a volitional phase. The motivational phase is the process in which an individual forms an intention to either adopt a precautionary action or change risk behaviors in favor of others. The subsequent volitional phase covers the processes of implementing intentions into actual behaviors, that is,
Evolution of amphibolite-facies structural features and boundary conditions for deformation during exhumation of high- and ultrahigh-pressure rocks, Nordøyane, Western Gneiss Region, Norway: EXHUMATION OF HP AND UHP ROCKS, NORWAY

[1] Geologic mapping and structural analysis of Baltica basement and overlying thrust nappes have yielded a record of the late exhumation history of high-pressure rocks, where strain partitioning has preserved evidence for interpreting the evolution of late structural features. The earliest of these were extensional detachments juxtaposing eclogite-facies rocks against overlying amphibolite-facies rocks that show no evidence for eclogite-facies metamorphism. These early detachments are strongly overprinted and complexly folded, and they represent a phase of upper crustal extension that was active during continued convergence at deeper levels. Younger more localized mylonite zones formed synchronously with tubular, sheath, isoclinal, tight and open folding that shows a progression from WNW to ENE trends. The earliest mylonite zones, interpreted as originally subhorizontal, range in strike through a 20° angle from 110° to 90°. Later steeply dipping mylonite zones, formed under lower amphibolite-facies conditions, strike 75° and locally truncate earlier structures. The youngest mylonite zones, formed under lowest amphibolite conditions, strike 50° and truncate all earlier structures. Folds developed during this progression show the range in orientation from WNW to ENE reflected in the orientations of the mylonite zones that is interpreted to represent progressive evolution during top west shearing. These changes in orientation of the late structural features are interpreted to have been caused by changes in boundary conditions related to transtensional deformation during exhumation. L > S fabrics, absence of axial planar foliation, and chaotic orientations of axial surfaces of granulite to amphibolite-facies folds indicate formation in a constrictional strain field. This is also supported by estimates of the finite strain accumulated at ∼780°C and 45 km and similar observations by previous workers. Assuming a simple monoclinic deformation for transtension, strain estimates and structural measurements indicate apparent transtensional angles of 9–11° that increased to greater than 20° and then decreased to less than 20°. These changes in transtensional angle agree with changes in the orientation of the X-Y plane of strain during exhumation from 45 km to less than ∼20 km depth and appear to reflect changes in the boundary conditions of deformation. This upper crustal transtension is interpreted to have occurred during continued sinistral oblique convergence and provides a mechanism for syncollisional exhumation of HP and UHP metamorphic rocks.
High Medication Adherence During Periconception Periods Among HIV-1–Uninfected Women Participating in a Clinical Trial of Antiretroviral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis

INTRODUCTION
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may be an important safer conception strategy for HIV-1-uninfected women with HIV-1-infected partners. Understanding medication adherence in this population may inform whether PrEP is a feasible safer conception strategy.


METHODS
We evaluated predictors of pregnancy and adherence to study medication among HIV-1-uninfected women enrolled in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of PrEP among African HIV-1-serodiscordant couples. Participants were counseled on HIV-1 risk reduction, contraception, and adherence and tested for pregnancy at monthly study visits. Pill counts of dispensed drug were performed and, at a subset of visits, plasma was collected to measure active drug concentration.


RESULTS
Among 1785 women, pregnancy incidence was 10.2 per 100 person-years. Younger age, not using contraception, having an additional sexual partner, and reporting unprotected sex were associated with increased likelihood of pregnancy. Monthly clinic pill counts estimated that women experiencing pregnancy took 97% of prescribed doses overall, with at least 80% pill adherence for 98% of study months, and no difference in adherence in the periconception period compared with previous periods (P = 0.98). Tenofovir was detected in plasma at 71% of visits where pregnancy was discovered. By multiple measures, adherence was similar for women experiencing and not experiencing pregnancy (P ≥ 0.1).


CONCLUSIONS
In this clinical trial of PrEP, pregnancy incidence was 10% per year despite excellent access to effective contraception. Women experiencing pregnancy had high medication adherence, suggesting that PrEP may be an acceptable and feasible safer conception strategy for HIV-1-uninfected women with HIV-1-serodiscordant partners.
Shear failure characteristics of steel plate girders

A number of full-scale plate girders are modeled and analyzed to determine their shear failure mechanism characteristics. An objective of this numerical nonlinear large deflection elastoplastic finite element study is to clarify how, when, and why plastic hinges that emerge in experimental tests actually form. It is observed that shear-induced plastic hinges only develop in the end panels. These hinges are caused by the shear deformations near supports and not due to bending stresses arising from tension fields. Also, a comparison between the ultimate capacity of various plate girders and different codes and theories is presented. Finally, it is shown that simple shear panels, in the form of detached plates, do not accurately represent the failure mechanism of web plates. & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Logic models: a tool for telling your programs performance story

The Problem The Program Logic Model Building the Logic Model Stage 1. Collecting the Relevant Information Stage 2. Clearly defining the problem and its context Stage 3. Defining the Elements of the Logic Model Stage 4. Drawing the Logic Model Stage 5. Verifying the Logic Model with Stakeholders Measuring Performance Conclusion Acknowledgments References