LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and control of pathologic bone loss in periodontitis.

The periodontal diseases range from the relatively benign form of periodontal disease known as gingivitis, to chronic and aggressive forms of periodontal disease, all of which not only threaten the dentition but may also be a threat to general health (72). All forms of inflammatory periodontal disease are associated with chronic inflammation, resulting in destruction of the periodontal ligament and bone. If left untreated, significant tissue damage occurs; the affected teeth can become loose and may be lost if the disease continues to be active. The periodontal diseases are very prevalent, with up to 90% of the adult population suffering from gingivitis, 60% having chronic periodontitis and 5–15% having aggressive periodontitis (72). Histologically and biochemically the periodontal lesions of patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis appear to be similar. While there may be some differences in the cellular infiltrate between these two diseases (discussed elsewhere in this edition of Periodontology 2000), the molecular mediators and pathologic processes are generally the same. The only differences between chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis with regard to tissue destruction appear to be perhaps the magnitude, sequelae and control of the response. Otherwise the mechanisms are remarkably similar. While a great deal of focus has been on managing the inflammation in the gingival tissues, advances in our understanding of bone metabolism are opening up new avenues of understanding regarding the pathologic bone loss in periodontitis. This knowledge, together with the development of novel drugs that can inhibit bone loss ⁄ destruction, provides us with opportunities to target not only soft tissue inflammation but also the destructive bone loss seen in periodontitis. This review aims to demonstrate that, in the future, periodontal treatments will not only target the inflammatory response but will also utilize adjunct agents to prevent alveolar bone loss associated with progressing periodontitis.
Research on the Construction and Filter Method of Stop-word List in Text Preprocessing

In the text preprocessing of text mining, a stop word list is constructed to filter the segment results of the text documents so that the dimensionality of the text feature space can be cut down primarily. This paper summarized the definition, extraction principles and method of stop-word, and constructed a customizing Chinese-English stop-word list with the classical stop-word list based on the difference of text documents' domain. Three different filter algorithms were designed and implemented in the process of the stop-word filter and their efficiency was compared emphatically. The experiment indicated that the hash-filter method was the fastest.
Less can be more: Targeted embolization of aneurysms associated with arteriovenous malformations unsuitable for surgical resection.

INTRODUCTION
To mitigate risks of hemorrhage, high-risk features of brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) can be targeted to reduce the risk of rupture. Previous investigation has examined embolization of a pedicle supplying a high-risk feature; this study examines embolization targeted specifically at aneurysms associated with BAVMs.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients with BAVMs treated at two high-volume neurointerventional services were retrospectively reviewed. Patients treated with intention to occlude only the associated aneurysm itself were analyzed. Demographic and lesion characteristics were identified, as were technical and clinical outcomes. Adverse events were defined as hemorrhage, new seizure, and death.


RESULTS
Thirty-two patients met inclusion criteria out of 1103 patients treated during the study period. Twenty-seven (84.4%) BAVMs were acutely ruptured, all with the aneurysm identified as the hemorrhage source. Twenty-four (75.0%) lesions involved eloquent territory. There were equal numbers of feeding artery and nidus aneurysms. Follow-up data were available for a total of 101.3 patient-years for a mean follow-up time of 2.9 years. One patient died; the remaining 31 patients had improved functional status at last contact. Annualized rate of hemorrhage after treatment was 1.0%; rate of adverse events after treatment was 3.0%. Excluding time after confirmed occlusion following radiosurgery, annualized rates were 1.4% and 4.8%, respectively.


CONCLUSION
In inoperable BAVMs, targeted embolization of associated aneurysms can be performed safely and effectively. This should be considered in high-risk lesions prior to radiosurgery or in cases when no other treatment options are available. Such intervention warrants further investigation.
Developing Targeted Health Service Interventions Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model: Two Australian Case Studies

Aims and Objectives. This paper provides an overview of the applicability of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model to the development of targeted nursing led chronic illness interventions. Background. Changing health care practice is a complex and dynamic process that requires consideration of social, political, economic, and organisational factors. An understanding of the characteristics of the target population, health professionals, and organizations plus identification of the determinants for change are also required. Synthesizing this data to guide the development of an effective intervention is a challenging process. The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model has been used in global health care settings to guide the identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation of various health improvement initiatives. Design. Using a reflective case study approach, this paper examines the applicability of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model to the development of targeted chronic care improvement interventions for two distinct Australian populations: a rapidly expanding and aging rural population with unmet palliative care needs and a disadvantaged urban community at higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Results. The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model approach demonstrated utility across diverse health settings in a systematic planning process. In environments characterized by increasing health care needs, limited resources, and growing community expectations, adopting planning tools such as PRECEDE-PROCEED Model at a local level can facilitate the development of the most effective interventions. Relevance to Clinical Practice. The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model is a strong theoretical model that guides the development of realistic nursing led interventions with the best chance of being successful in existing health care environments.
Levator trauma is associated with pelvic organ prolapse.

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the risk of prolapse associated with levator avulsion injury among a urogynaecological clinic population.


DESIGN
Retrospective observational study.


SETTING
Tertiary urogynaecological unit.


SAMPLE
A total of 934 women seen for interview, examination using the pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) staging system and imaging of the levator ani muscle by four-dimensional translabial ultrasound.


METHODS
Retrospective review of charts and stored imaging data.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Pelvic organ prolapse stage II and higher and presence of defects of the levator ani muscle.


RESULTS
After exclusion of 137 women with a history of anti-incontinence or prolapse surgery, and a further exclusion of 16 women in whom either examination or imaging was impossible, we compared prolapse and imaging data in 781 women. Mean age was 53 years (range 15-89 years), and median parity was 2 (range 0-12). Women reported stress incontinence (76%), urge incontinence (69%), frequency (47%), nocturia (49%) and symptoms of prolapse (38%). Significant prolapse (stage II or higher) was diagnosed in 415 (53%) women, and 181 (23%) women were found to have levator avulsion defects. Prolapse was seen in 150/181 (83%) women with avulsion and in 265/600 (44%) women without avulsion, giving a relative risk (RR) of 1.9 (95% CI 1.7-2.1). The association was strongest for cystocele (RR 2.3, 95% CI 2.0-2.7) and uterine prolapse (RR 4.0, 95% CI 2.5-6.5).


CONCLUSIONS
Women with levator avulsion defects were about twice as likely to show pelvic organ prolapse of stage II or higher than those without. This effect is mainly due to an increased risk of cystocele and uterine prolapse.
Does supporting multiple student strategies lead to greater learning and motivation? Investigating a source of complexity in the architecture of intelligent tutoring systems

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) support students in learning a complex problem-solving skill. One feature that makes an ITS architecturally complex, and hard to build, is support for strategy freedom, that is, the ability to let students pursue multiple solution strategies within a given problem. But does greater freedom mean that students learn more robustly? We developed three versions of the same ITS for solving linear algebraic equations that differed only in the amount of freedom given to students. One condition required students to strictly adhere to a standard strategy, the other two allowed minor and major variations, respectively. We conducted a study in two US middle schools with 57 students in grades 7 and 8. Overall, students’ algebra skills improved. Contrary to our hypotheses, the amount of freedom offered by the system did not affect students’ learning outcomes, nor did if affect their intrinsic motivation. Students tended to use only the standard strategy and its minor variations. Thus, the study suggests that in the early stages of problem-solving practice within a complex domain, an ITS should allow at least a small amount of freedom, validating, albeit to a limited degree, one source of complexity in ITS architectures. To help students develop strategic flexibility, a desirable outcome in many domains, more is needed than letting students chose their own solution strategy within a given problem. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Early Usability Evaluation in Model Driven Architecture Environments

Due to the increasing interest in the model driven architecture (MDA) paradigm, the conceptual models have become the backbone of the software development process. So far some methods exist to develop a user interface according to a MDA-compliant method, none of them explicitly connects usability to their process activities. In this paper, we present a framework which incorporates usability as part of a MDA development process. In particular, a usability model for early evaluation is proposed. Using this model, the usability of a software system is evaluated and improved at the platform independent model (PIM) level. It focuses on the correspondences between the abstract user interface elements and the final user interface elements in a specific platform (CM). This framework has been successfully applied to an industrial MDA tool
Building Rome on a Cloudless Day ( ECCV 2010 )

This paper introduces an approach for dense 3D reconstruc7 7 tion from unregistered Internet-scale photo collections with about 3 mil8 8 lion of images within the span of a day on a single PC (“cloudless”). Our 9 9 method advances image clustering, stereo, stereo fusion and structure 10 10 from motion to achieve high computational performance. We leverage 11 11 geometric and appearance constraints to obtain a highly parallel imple12 12 mentation on modern graphics processors and multi-core architectures. 13 13 This leads to two orders of magnitude higher performance on an order 14 14 of magnitude larger dataset than competing state-of-the-art approaches. 15 15
Development of vehicle driver drowsiness detection system using electrooculogram (EOG)

Driver drowsiness is one of the major causes of road accident. Various driver drowsiness detection systems have been designed to detect and warn the driver of impending drowsiness. Most available prototype and ongoing research have focused on video-based eye tracking system, which demands high computing power due to real time video processing. In our research, the use of electrooculogram (EOG) as an alternative to video-based systems in detecting eye activities caused by drowsiness is evaluated. The EOG, which is the electrical signal generated by eye movements, is acquired by a mobile biosignal acquisition module and are processed offline using personal computer. Digital signal differentiation and simple information fusion techniques are used to detect signs of drowsiness in the EOG signal. EOG signal is found to be a promising drowsiness detector, with detection rate of more than 80%. Based on the tested offline processing techniques, an online fatigue monitoring system prototype based on a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) has been designed to detect driver dozing off through EOG signal.
"Multivariate Approximation: Theory and Applications"

This introductory paper describes the main topics of this special issue, dedicated to Leonardo Traversoni, known at the international level as the promoter of the conference series ''Multivariate Approximation: Theory and Applications'', to celebrate his 60th birthday.
Prostate Cancer Screening - A Perspective on the Current State of the Evidence.

After a quarter century of extensive screening for prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the United States, and after the completion of two major trials examining the effects of such screening, the medical community is still divided with regard to its effectiveness and its benefits-to-harms ratio. Here, we review the current status of PSA screening and examine emerging trends. In 2012, after publication of the findings from the major randomized trials of PSA-based screening for prostate cancer — the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) — the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against PSA-based screening for prostate cancer (a recommendation that is currently undergoing routine review and updating).1 The 2012 statement applied to men in the general U.S. population (excluding specific high-risk groups, such as men with known BRCA mutations). Over the next several years, other organizations and professional societies in North America issued guidelines either recommending against PSA-based screening in average-risk men or recommending some form of shared decision making about screening2-7 (Table 1). With respect to shared decision making, for example, the American College of Physicians recommended discussing the benefits and harms of screening and ordering screening only when the patient expresses a clear preference for it. The above entities cited as the benefits of screening a reduction in prostate-specific mortality of approximately 1 death per 1000 men screened (the USPSTF cited a range of 0 to 1 per 1000). This rate comes from the ERSPC; specifically, a difference in prostate cancer–specific mortality of 1.3 deaths per 1000 men over 13 years of follow-up and a mean of approximately two PSA screens among men in the screening group.8 In contrast, the PLCO did not show a reduction in prostate cancer–specific mortality; in a recent update, the risk ratio was 1.04 for the screened group versus the control group after a
Impact of a nurse telephone intervention among high-cardiovascular-risk, health fair participants.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, yet most individuals remain unaware of their risk. Current health fair models assess individual risk factors but miss the opportunity to assess, counsel, and follow-up with participants regarding global CVD risk. Objectives of this nurse telephone intervention were to (1) describe high-CVD-risk participants' healthcare-seeking behavior after the health fair and following a nurse telephone intervention and (2) describe CVD risk-reducing therapies provided to high-risk participants after the health fair and following a nurse telephone intervention.


SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Five hundred twenty-nine of 4,489 health fair participants who completed an interactive Framingham risk assessment in 2006 were identified with high CVD risk. These participants received a nurse telephone intervention approximately 1 month after the health fair, during which the risk message was reinforced, principles of motivational interviewing were applied, and follow-up care was assessed. We evaluated the proportion of high-CVD-risk participants who obtained healthcare before and after intervention, and we compared the care received before and after intervention.


RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Among 447 contacted high-CVD-risk participants, 59% (n = 262) saw a healthcare provider, and 86% of those discussed CVD risk at their healthcare visit. A greater proportion of participants were started on a cardioprotective drug (41% vs 20%; P < .01), and more participants discussed "heart health" (96% vs 75%; P < .001) after receiving the nurse telephone intervention. Our findings suggest that a nurse intervention may improve individuals' CVD risk awareness as well as activate providers to implement CVD risk reduction strategies.
Arsenic and Other Metal Contamination of Groundwater in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

High levels of arsenic (As) contamination are found in the groundwater of Vietnam. To determine the distribution of arsenic and other metal contamination in the groundwater of the Mekong River Delta, we examined the contamination status of As and other metals in two regions, Tien Giang Province and Dong Thap Province. The concentration of total As in the groundwater, which is used for the drinking water supply, ranged from 0.9μg/l to 321μg/l, and 27% of the shallow-well water samples exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) provisional guideline of 10μg/l. Also, 91% and 27% of shallow-well water samples had higher concentrations of manganese (Mn) and barium (Ba) than those stated in the WHO drinking water guidelines, respectively. On the other hand, such contamination was not found in the deepwell water samples examined. These results suggest that pollution by As, Mn, and Ba is widely distributed in the shallow aquifer of the Mekong River Delta and thus the health of the people consuming shallow-well water in both provinces might be at considerable risk.
Physicochemical and biological characterization of SB2, a biosimilar of Remicade® (infliximab)

A biosimilar is a biological medicinal product that contains a version of the active substance of an already authorized original biological medicinal product. Biosimilarity to the reference product (RP) in terms of quality characteristics, such as physicochemical and biological properties, safety, and efficacy, based on a comprehensive comparability exercise needs to be established. SB2 (Flixabi® and Renflexis®) is a biosimilar to Remicade® (infliximab). The development of SB2 was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonisation, the European Medicines Agency, and the United States Food and Drug Administration. To determine whether critical quality attributes meet quality standards, an extensive characterization test was performed with more than 80 lots of EU- and US-sourced RP. The physicochemical characterization study results revealed that SB2 was similar to the RP. Although a few differences in physicochemical attributes were observed, the evidence from the related literature, structure-activity relationship studies, and comparative biological assays showed that these differences were unlikely to be clinically meaningful. The biological characterization results showed that SB2 was similar to the RP in terms of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) binding and TNF-α neutralization activities as a main mode of action. SB2 was also similar in Fc-related biological activities including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, neonatal Fc receptor binding, C1q binding, and Fc gamma receptor binding activities. These analytical findings support that SB2 is similar to the RP and also provide confidence of biosimilarity in terms of clinical safety and efficacy.
Using information to optimize medical outcomes.

AN IMPORTANT HEALTH CARE–RELATED DECISION OF the Obama administration is to reduce waste and harm by modernizing health care information technology systems. This decision would be met with more enthusiasm if the design of the final system were driven by the goal of improving the efficacy and efficiency of medical processes through a strategy of collecting meaningful data. Before spending billions creating and implementing such systems, careful consideration must be given to how this information will be integrated into medical decision making. Some of the current health care information technology systems seem to have been planned using a “ready, fire, aim” approach, with little or no concern for how the data will be used. Ideally, health care information technology systems should collect and use information to improve the probability that patients will receive optimal care. Optimized decision making is the essence of evidence-based medicine. However, collecting, organizing, and storing information is only the first step in this process. The systems must also be designed to facilitate data analysis. Information by itself is useless. Deming, a pioneer in datadriven optimization programs, acknowledged that many systems are drowning in information. Most physicians will agree. Deming argued that what is needed is knowledge. Knowledge is generated from analyzing information and finding the relevant patterns within the data set. These patterns are typically obscured by random noise, but once revealed, provide an understanding or mental model of the underlying processes. These models allow observations of past events to be transformed into future predictions. Although all attempts to predict the future are imperfect, predictions are useful because a series of failed predictions signals that mental models could be inaccurate. Once recognized, such errors prompt improvement in predictive models and can optimize future performance.
Degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons employing biosurfactant-producing Bacillus pumilus KS2

An efficient hydrocarbon-degrading native bacterial strain Bacillus pumilus KS2 (identified by partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing) was isolated from crude oil-contaminated soil collected from oil fields of Lakowa, Sivasagar district of Assam, India. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the efficiency of this biosurfactant-producing strain to degrade polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Quantification of the capacity of the biosurfactant to reduce the surface tension (ST) of the culture medium was used as a measure of biosurfactant production. In terms of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation, strain KS2 was able to degrade 80.44 % of the TPH by 4 weeks of incubation. It also demonstrated efficient degradation of PAHs, completely degrading nine of the 16 major PAHs present in the crude oil sample. Strain KS2 also produced biosurfactant which, based on biochemical and FTIR analyses, was glycolipid in nature. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the potential of a native strain of the North-East region of India for efficient degradation of TPH and PAHs and, consequently, in the remediation of hydrocarbons from contaminated sites.
Research Guides: Economics: Citing & Writing

Information on library resources, services and more to get you started on researching economics topics
Statistical Language Models for Information Retrieval

The past decade has seen a steady growth of interest in statistical language models for information retrieval, and much research work has been conducted on this subject. This book by ChengXiang Zhai summarizes most of this research. It opens with an introduction covering the basic concepts of information retrieval and statistical languagemodels, presenting the intuitions behind these concepts. This introduction is then followed by a chapter providing an overview of: