LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Trade Creation

The emergence of large trading blocs as a central feature of the world economy has led to renewed interest in customs unions and free trade areas. Analysis of preferential trading arrangements has traditionally focused on static trade creation and diversion. However, as world cap­ ital markets have become increasingly integrated, it is clear that the dynamic effects of trade policy are also of great significance. The analysis of preferential trading areas necessarily involves changes from a tariff-ridden equilibrium, so we are already in a world of the second best. Hence, it would not help further to muddy the analyti­ cal waters by assuming that the source of growth is some economy-wide externality. Thus we are drawn to the class of growth models studied by Jones and Manuelli (1990) and Rebelo (1991). Also, because we are interested in the effects of commercial policies across time, it is natural to assume that agents do not live forever. Thus, we maintain analytical simplicity by imposing the discipline of a strictly neoclassical framework with no increasing returns and no bequest motives. The burden of this discipline is that endogenous economic growth can occur only if the economy has at least two sectors.1 The most natural economy has a consumption sector, an investment sector, a
Eye-tracking verification of the strategy used to analyse algorithms expressed in a flowchart and pseudocode

Eye-tracking verification of the strategy used to analyse algorithms expressed in a flowchart and pseudocode Magdalena Andrzejewska, Anna Stolińska, Władysław Błasiak, Paweł Pęczkowski, Roman Rosiek, Bożena Rożek, Mirosława Sajka & Dariusz Wcisło To cite this article: Magdalena Andrzejewska, Anna Stolińska, Władysław Błasiak, Paweł Pęczkowski, Roman Rosiek, Bożena Rożek, Mirosława Sajka & Dariusz Wcisło (2015): Eyetracking verification of the strategy used to analyse algorithms expressed in a flowchart and pseudocode, Interactive Learning Environments, DOI: 10.1080/10494820.2015.1073746 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2015.1073746
Diagnostic criteria for essential tremor: a population perspective.

BACKGROUND
Prevalence estimates vary 2750-fold among the 20 studies of essential tremor (ET). It is not clear how the choice of diagnostic criteria affects research results.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the impact of alternative sets of diagnostic criteria on the diagnosis of ET.


METHODS
As part of the Washington Heights-Inwood Genetic Study of ET (WHIGET), a population-based study of ET, 285 subjects who include 36 case subjects with probable or definite ET, 34 case subjects with possible ET, and 215 normal subjects were interviewed and examined. All diagnoses in WHIGET were assigned by 2 neurologists. Ten of the 20 published prevalence studies of ET provided diagnostic criteria for ET. Criteria differed in terms of requirements for the distribution, duration, and severity of tremor. These 10 sets of criteria were then each separately applied to the subjects in the WHIGET cohort to determine their impact on the diagnosis of ET.


RESULTS
Depending on which diagnostic criteria were applied to the WHIGET cohort, the proportion of WHIGET case subjects with definite or probable ET who would have been diagnosed as having ET was as low as 14% and the proportion of WHIGET normal subjects who would have been diagnosed as having ET was as high as 51%. Diagnostic criteria that included a positive family history of ET or a lengthy duration of tremor would have classified many WHIGET case subjects with ET as normal, whereas criteria that did not specify a minimal tremor severity would have classified many WHIGET normal subjects as having ET.


CONCLUSIONS
Alternative sets of diagnostic criteria for ET greatly impact on the diagnosis of ET. For population-based studies, information on tremor type and severity rather than family history should be included in diagnostic criteria.
Family and the Risky Behaviors of High School Students

BACKGROUND
Family plays an important role in helping adolescent acquiring skills or strengthening their characters.


OBJECTIVES
We aimed to evaluate the influences of family factors, risky and protective, on adolescent health-risk behavior (HRB).


PATIENTS AND METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, students of high schools in Kerman, Iran at all levels participated, during November 2011 till December 2011. The research sample included 1024 students (588 females and 436 males) aged 15 to 19 years. A CTC (Communities That Care Youth Survey) questionnaire was designed in order to collect the profile of the students' risky behaviors. Stratified cluster sampling method was used to collect the data.


RESULTS
Using logistic regression, 7 variables enrolled; 4 of them were risk factors and 3 were protective factors. The risk factors were age, (linear effect, ORa = 1.20, P = 0.001), boys versus girls (ORa = 2.33, P = 0.001), family history of antisocial behavior (ORa = 2.29, P = 0.001), and parental attitudes favorable toward antisocial behavior (ORa = 1.72, P = 0.03). And, protective factors were family religiosity (ORa = 0.65, P = 0.001), father education (linear effect, ORa = 0.48, P = 0.001), and family attachment (ORa = 0.78, P = 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings showed that family has a very significant role in protecting students against risky behaviors. The education level of the father, family religiosity, and attachment were the most important factors.
Age estimation from clavicular epiphyseal union sequencing in a Northwest Indian population of the Chandigarh region.

Medial clavicular epiphysis is the long bone epiphysis to fuse last and therefore, is useful for estimating age in the post-pubertal period. Age estimation was done from clavicles obtained from 343 cadavers (252 males and 91 females) of known age. The data was subjected to statistical analysis to see whether the difference obtained in the various ages was significant or not. Commencement of fusion was seen as early as 18 years of age in both male and female clavicles. No clavicle showed complete fusion until the age of 22 years. Complete fusion of the medial end of the clavicle was seen latest at 32 years in the male clavicles while the same was observed at 31 years in the female bones, i.e., the medial epiphysis of female clavicles fused one year earlier than their male counterparts. Advanced stages of clavicular epiphyseal union were seen in most of the clavicles after 24 years of age in females and 23 years of age in males. No significant difference was noticed in both sexes for the right and left clavicles as regards to the occurrence of various stages of epiphyseal union.
Equiangular navigation and guidance of a wheeled mobile robot based on range-only measurements

We consider the problems of a wheeled mobile robot navigation and guidance towards an unknown stationary or maneuvering target using range-only measurements. We propose and study several methods for navigation and guidance termed Equiangular Navigation Guidance (ENG) laws. We give mathematically rigorous analysis of the proposed guidance laws. The performance is confirmed with computer simulations and experiments with ActivMedia Pioneer 3-DX wheeled robots. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Validity and reliability of the VOAA-DDD to assess spontaneous hand use with a video observation tool in children with spastic unilateral cerebral palsy

BACKGROUND
In 2003 new computer software, the VOAA (Video Observations Aarts and Aarts), was designed to score and evaluate two important aspects of spontaneous upper limb use, i.e. overall duration and frequency of specific behaviours. The aim of this study was to investigate the test-retest, interrater and intrarater reliability and the construct validity of a new module, the VOAA-DDD, to determine developmental disregard in children with spastic unilateral cerebral palsy (CP).


METHODS
A test-retest design with three raters for reliability and a two-group design for construct validity were used. Subjects were a total of 20 children with spastic unilateral CP equally divided in two age groups (2.5-5 and 5-8 years), and 56 healthy children of the same age groups. Overall duration and frequency of specific behaviours of the affected arm and hand were assessed during a task demanding ('stringing beads') and a task stimulating ('decorating a muffin') the use of both hands. Reliability was estimated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Construct validity was assessed by comparing children with CP to healthy children.


RESULTS
All ICCs exceeded 0.87. In contrast with healthy children, children with CP used their affected hand less during the 'muffin' task compared to the 'beads' task. Of the children with CP, 90% in the age group of 2.5-5 years and 50% in the age group of 5-8 years showed values exceeding the extreme values of healthy controls, respectively, indicating developmental disregard.


CONCLUSION
The VOAA-DDD is a reliable and valid instrument to assess spontaneous use of the affected arm and hand in order to determine developmental disregard in children with spastic unilateral CP.
Pulse pressure in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Germany and Austria.

BACKGROUND
Impaired blood pressure regulation contributes to the development of diabetic complications. The influence of systolic (SBP) vs.diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is still controversial. Peripheral pulse pressure(PP), the difference between SBP and DBP, is an indicator for arterial stiffness. Only little data are available for PP in children. Therefore, we studied PP regulation in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents.Methods: Blood pressure values of 46 737 patients with T1DM younger than 20 years are documented in the DPV database and were compared with the control populations of the '4th report on high blood pressure (4th report)’ and the German KIGGS study.


RESULTS
PP is increased in 63% (4th report) or 67% (KIGGS) of the patients,respectively. The rate of increased PP remains stable between 59 and 68%,irrespective of sex, age, and the control population. Absolute PP is elevated independently of the control population (PP T1DM 49.13±11.1 vs. 4th report 45.38 ± 3 vs. KIGGS 44.58 ± 4.6 mmHg; all p<0.0001, Wilcoxon test)and increases with age in both sexes. Age, male sex, diabetes duration, insulin dose, and body mass index (BMI) are independent factors contributing to elevated absolute PP levels and to the prevalence of wide PP. HbA1c is negligible negatively related to increased PP levels (multiple linear regression).


CONCLUSIONS
In T1DM increased PP is a marker for accelerated arterial stiffness and aging and should be considered as an additional risk factor in the treatment of diabetic children. Elevated PP in children with T1DM may contribute to the high risk for early development of atherosclerosis.
Management of deformational plagiocephaly: repositioning versus orthotic therapy.

OBJECTIVES
We compare positioning with orthotic therapy in 298 consecutive infants referred for correction of head asymmetry.


STUDY DESIGN
We evaluated 176 infants treated with repositioning, 159 treated with helmets, and 37 treated with initial repositioning followed by helmet therapy when treatment failed. We compared reductions in diagonal difference (RDD) between repositioning and cranial orthotic therapy. Helmets were routinely used for infants older than 6 months with DD >1 cm.


RESULTS
For infants treated with repositioning at a mean age of 4.8 months, the mean RDD was 0.55 cm (from an initial mean DD of 1.05 cm). For infants treated with cranial orthotics at a mean age of 6.6 months, the mean RDD was 0.71 cm (from an initial mean DD of 1.13 cm).


CONCLUSIONS
Infants treated with orthotics were older and required a longer length of treatment (4.2 vs 3.5 months). Infants treated with orthosis had a mean final DD closer to the DD in unaffected infants (0.3 +/- 0.1 cm), orthotic therapy was more effective than repositioning (61% decrease versus 52% decrease in DD), and early orthosis was significantly more effective than later orthosis (65% decrease versus 51% decrease in DD).
Quantum noise and radiation pressure effects in high power optical interferometers

In recent years, a variety of mechanical systems have been approaching quantum limits to their sensitivity of continuous position measurements imposed by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. Most notably, gravitational wave interferomters, such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (LIGO), operate within a factor of 10 of the standard quantum limit. Here we characterize and manipulate quantum noise in a variety of alternative topologies which may lead to higher sensitivity GW detectors, and also provide an excellent testbed for fundamental quantum mechanics. Techniques considered include injection and generation of non-classical (squeezed) states of light, and cooling and trapping of macroscopic mirror degrees of freedom by manipulation of the optomechanical coupling between radiation pressure and mirror motion. A computational tool is developed to model complex optomechanical systems in which these effects arise. The simulation tool is used to design an apparatus capable of demonstrating a variety of radiation pressure effects, most notably ponderomotive squeezing and the optical spring effect. A series of experiments were performed, designed to approach measurement of these effects. The experiments use a 1 gram mirror to show progressively stronger radiation pressure effects, but only in the classical regime. The most significant result of these experiments is that we use radiation pressure from two" optical fields to shift the mechanical resonant frequency of a suspended mirror from 172 Hz to 1.8 kHz, while simultaneously damping its motion. The technique could prove useful in advanced gravitational wave interferometers by easing control issues, and also has the side effect of effectively cooling the mirror by removing its thermal energy. We show that with improvements, the technique may allow the quantum ground state of the mirror to be approached. Finally, we discuss future prospects for approaching quantum effects in the experiments. Thesis Supervisor: Nergis Mavalvala Title: Associate Professor
Nature of the Precursors of Molecular Products in the Radiation Chemistry of Water

Research on radiation chemistry of water is reviewed with respect to the precursors of molecular hydrogen. Evidence is presented that the primary reducing species is the hydrated electron, H/sub 2/O-, and that molecular hydrogen is formed by two mechanisms, the major one being recombination of H/sub 2/O- and the minor one being recombination of H atoms formed by H/sup +/ reacting with H/sub 2/O-. (D.J.C.)
An Advanced Fast Steering Mirror for optical communication

I describe in this thesis the design, fabrication, assembly, and testing of an Advanced Fast Steering Mirror (AFSM) for precision optical platforms. The AFSM consists of a mirror driven in two rotational axes by normal force electromagnetic actuators, and controlled via position feedback loops. The dynamic performance is sufficient to provide high bandwidth (approximately 5 kHz) disturbance rejection of base motion, and as such the device is particularly suited to beam stabilization tasks in laser communication, lidar, and similar optical applications. In fact, work on the Mars Laser Communication Demonstration project at MIT Lincoln Laboratory provided the original impetus for developing the subject technology. My work on this project is divided into five distinct phases: Electromagnetic and mechanical design of the mirror itself; fabrication and assembly of the mechanical hardware; initial testing and dynamic model generation; design and fabrication of an electronic analog controller; and final closed loop performance demonstrations. I performed the first two phases on the MIT campus, and the final three phases at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Each project phase is described in detail herein. Ultimately, I demonstrate performance from the hardware and control electronics exceeding the original design goal of 5 kHz. As this original prototype is merely a testbed, I also describe possible evolutions of the design to optimize form factor, performance, and flightworthiness. I wish to thank the Advanced Concepts Committee at MIT Lincoln Laboratory for providing the sponsorship that made this project a success. Thesis Supervisor: David L. Trumper Title: Professor of Mechanical Engineering
Association of Mucosal Organisms with Patterns of Inflammation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

BACKGROUND
Chronic rhinosinusitis is a multifactorial process disease in which bacterial infection or colonization may play an important role in the initiation or persistence of inflammatory response. The association between mucosal bacteria presence and inflammatory patterns has only been partially explored.


OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate specific mucosal microorganisms possible association with inflammatory patterns.


METHODS
We collected nasal polyps or sinus tissues from a clinical selection of six patient groups with defined sinus disease using tissue biomarkers. In the tissues, we detected bacteria using peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH).


RESULTS
After reviewing a total of 115 samples (15-20 samples per group), the mucosal presence of Staphylococcus aureus was correlated with IL-5 and SE-IgE positive chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and nasal polyps from cystic fibrosis patients. Chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps with TNFα >20 pg/ml was associated with the mucosal presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


CONCLUSION
This study identifies the relationship between intramucosal microbes and inflammatory patterns, suggesting that bacteria may affect the type of inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis. Additional investigation is needed to further identify the nature of the relationship.
Patterns of management of atrial fibrillation complicating coronary artery bypass grafting: Results from the PRoject of Ex-vivo Vein graft ENgineering via Transfection IV (PREVENT-IV) Trial.

BACKGROUND
Current practice related to the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) complicating coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is uncertain.


METHODS
We examined management of post-CABG AF in the PREVENT-IV trial, and we explored patterns of use of postoperative rhythm versus rate control and anticoagulation for AF by geographic region and type of site. We also compared outcomes of patients who developed post-CABG AF (663) with those who did not (2,131).


RESULTS
The incidence of AF was 24%. Post-CABG AF was treated with a rhythm control strategy in 81% of patients and with warfarin in 23% of patients. Although there were significant variations across sites in the management of post-CABG AF, patterns of use of postoperative rhythm versus rate control and anticoagulation did not differ by geographic region or by whether or not the enrolling site was an academic institution. Mortality was higher in patients with post-CABG AF than patients without AF at 30 days (1.5% vs 0.7%, P = .01) but not at 3 years (6.9% vs 4.9%, P = .41). There was a trend toward a higher risk of mortality or stroke at 30 days in patients with AF (2.4% vs 1.9%, P = .08).


CONCLUSION
Although a rhythm control strategy was used in most of the patients in this trial and the overall rate of use of warfarin was low, the significance of these findings is uncertain because of the lack of data from randomized clinical trials. The substantial variations in the management of post-CABG AF across sites are likely because of definitive data on the most effective therapies, highlighting the need for clinical trials on rate versus rhythm control and on anticoagulation for AF in this setting.
Engaging Students in STEM Education through a Virtual Learning Lab

Rather than waiting for students to pursue STEM education, virtual worlds and games can be used to bring science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to the students through engaging and socially oriented activities. We are developing a virtual science museum and education center that provides virtual practice with basic engineering concepts and transforms an entertainment-based platform into a delivery vehicle for electrical engineering and computer science content. This approach offers students autonomy and immediate feedback, and is designed to attract diverse audiences to engineering and computer science. This paper reports preliminary results of this research study.
An evaluation of streaming digital video resources in on- and off-campus engineering management education

A recent television documentary on the Columbia space shuttle disaster was converted to streaming digital video format for educational use by onand off-campus students in an engineering management study unit examining issues in professional engineering ethics. An evaluation was conducted to assess the effectiveness of this new resource. Use of the video was optional, and about half of the class reported using the video, though usage was 90.0 percent for off-campus students. Most on-campus students accessed the video on-line, while all off-campus students accessed the video via CD-ROM. Offcampus students rated the educational value of the video higher than on-campus students, and were more likely to indicate that the video helped them understand the issues being studied. Most students were able to view the videos without any technical playback problems. * Corresponding author. Tel.: + 61 3 5227 2818; fax: + 61 3 5227 2167 E-mail address: spalm@deakin.edu.au (S. Palmer).
The business case for corporate social responsibility : A company-level measurement approach for CSR

r 200 6 eber@un a.de/csm Summary Although theoretical and empirical research often points to a positive relation between CSR and company competitiveness, approaches to measure the company-specific business impacts of CSR are missing in the current literature. However, such an approach could strengthen the overall CSR involvement and support rational decision-making in this area. This paper thus focuses on the question how to measure the business impact of CSR activities from a company perspective. Using a theoretical approach a multi-step measurement model is developed that allows managers to evaluate their company-specific business case for CSR. A case example illustrates the use of the model in practice. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Using pre-treatment EEG data to predict response to SSRI treatment for MDD

The problem of identifying in advance the most effective treatment agent for various psychiatric conditions remains an elusive goal. To address this challenge, we propose a machine learning (ML) methodology to predict the response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication in subjects suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD), using pre-treatment electroencephalograph (EEG) measurements. The proposed feature selection technique is a modification of the method of Peng et al [10] that is based on a Kullback-Leibler (KL) distance measure. The classifier was realized as a kernelized partial least squares regression procedure, whose output is the predicted response. A low-dimensional kernelized principal component representation of the feature space was used for the purposes of visualization and clustering analysis. The overall method was evaluated using an 11-fold nested cross-validation procedure for which over 85% average prediction performance is obtained. The results indicate that ML methods hold considerable promise in predicting the efficacy of SSRI antidepressant therapy for major depression.