LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Multi-agent influence diagrams for representing and solving games

The traditional representations of games using the extensive form or the strategic form obscure much of the structure of real-world games. In this paper, we propose a graphical representation for noncooperative games — multi-agent influence diagrams (MAIDs). The basic elements in the MAID representation are variables, allowing an explicit representation of dependence, or relevance, relationships among variables. We define a decision variable D as strategically relevant to D if, to optimize the decision rule at D, the decision maker needs to consider the decision rule at D. We provide a sound and complete graphical criterion for determining strategic relevance. We then show how strategic relevance can be used to decompose large games into a set of interacting smaller games, which can be solved in sequence. We show that this decomposition can lead to substantial savings in the computational cost of finding Nash equilibria in these games. JEL Classification Numbers: C72 (Noncooperative Games); D82 (Asymmetric and Private Information)
Disease Control Rate at 8 Weeks Predicts Subsequent Survival in Platinum-Treated Extensive Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Results From the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) Database.

BACKGROUND
Overall response rate is frequently used as an end point in phase 2 trials of platinum-treated extensive stage (ES) small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). We hypothesized that disease control rate (DCR) would be a superior surrogate for subsequent survival outcomes.


METHODS
Updated patient-level data from Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) trials in second- and/or third-line ES-SCLC patients were pooled. Landmark analysis was performed among patients alive at 8 weeks for overall survival (OS) measured from the 8-week landmark. Association of clinical prognostic factors with DCR was assessed using logistic regression. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the associations between DCR at the landmark time and subsequent OS, adjusted for prognostic factors.


RESULTS
Of the 319 ES-SCLC patients, 263 were alive at the 8-week landmark and constituted the pooled study population. Only 8 patients had a response. Disease control at 8 weeks was seen in 98 patients. Bivariate analysis of OS from the 8-week landmark revealed that DCR (hazard ratio [HR], 0.47; P < .0001) and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (HR, 1.70; P = .0004) were significantly associated with OS. In multivariable analysis, DCR remained an independent predictor of subsequent survival from the 8-week landmark (HR, 0.50; P < .0001).


CONCLUSION
In this large second- and third-line ES-SCLC database, DCR at 8 weeks was found to be a significant predictor of subsequent survival in patients receiving investigational therapy. These results have critical implications in the selection of surrogate end points in future prospective ES-SCLC trials.
Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

BACKGROUND
It is controversial whether maternal hyperglycemia less severe than that in diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.


METHODS
A total of 25,505 pregnant women at 15 centers in nine countries underwent 75-g oral glucose-tolerance testing at 24 to 32 weeks of gestation. Data remained blinded if the fasting plasma glucose level was 105 mg per deciliter (5.8 mmol per liter) or less and the 2-hour plasma glucose level was 200 mg per deciliter (11.1 mmol per liter) or less. Primary outcomes were birth weight above the 90th percentile for gestational age, primary cesarean delivery, clinically diagnosed neonatal hypoglycemia, and cord-blood serum C-peptide level above the 90th percentile. Secondary outcomes were delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, shoulder dystocia or birth injury, need for intensive neonatal care, hyperbilirubinemia, and preeclampsia.


RESULTS
For the 23,316 participants with blinded data, we calculated adjusted odds ratios for adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with an increase in the fasting plasma glucose level of 1 SD (6.9 mg per deciliter [0.4 mmol per liter]), an increase in the 1-hour plasma glucose level of 1 SD (30.9 mg per deciliter [1.7 mmol per liter]), and an increase in the 2-hour plasma glucose level of 1 SD (23.5 mg per deciliter [1.3 mmol per liter]). For birth weight above the 90th percentile, the odds ratios were 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32 to 1.44), 1.46 (1.39 to 1.53), and 1.38 (1.32 to 1.44), respectively; for cord-blood serum C-peptide level above the 90th percentile, 1.55 (95% CI, 1.47 to 1.64), 1.46 (1.38 to 1.54), and 1.37 (1.30 to 1.44); for primary cesarean delivery, 1.11 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.15), 1.10 (1.06 to 1.15), and 1.08 (1.03 to 1.12); and for neonatal hypoglycemia, 1.08 (95% CI, 0.98 to 1.19), 1.13 (1.03 to 1.26), and 1.10 (1.00 to 1.12). There were no obvious thresholds at which risks increased. Significant associations were also observed for secondary outcomes, although these tended to be weaker.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate strong, continuous associations of maternal glucose levels below those diagnostic of diabetes with increased birth weight and increased cord-blood serum C-peptide levels.
A survey of fault localization techniques in computer networks

Fault localization, a central aspect of network fault management, is a process of deducing the exact source of a failure from a set of observed failure indications. It has been a focus of research activity since the advent of modern comm unication systems, which produced numerous fault localization techniques. Howeve r, ascommunication systems evolved becoming more complex and offering new capabilities, the requirements imposed on fault localization techniques have changed as well. It is fair to say that despite this research effort, fault localization in complex communication systems remains an open research problem. This paper discusses the challenges of fault localization in complex communication systems and presents an overview of solutions proposed in the course of the last t en years, while discussing their advantages and shortcomings. The survey is followed by the presenta tion of potential directions for future research in this area. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mitochondrial proliferation, DNA depletion and adipocyte differentiation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of HIV-positive HAART recipients.

OBJECTIVES
To examine the in vivo effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens on adipose tissue mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion, mitochondrial organellar proliferation, and markers of adipocyte differentiation and phenotype.


DESIGN AND METHODS
DNA and mRNA quantification using real-time PCR methods was performed on adipose tissue samples from 31 HIV-infected individuals, of whom 11 were treatment-naive and 20 were receiving HAART. mtDNA depletion was measured as mtDNA copies/cell, and mitochondrial proliferation by quantification of mitochondrial protein mass. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis was assessed by NRF-1 and mtTFA mRNA. PPARgamma, UCP2 and UCP1 mRNA expression was used to assess adipocyte differentiation and phenotype.


RESULTS
Stavudine-based HAART recipients (n=10) displayed significant mtDNA depletion (12.8% of control, P<0.001), mildly increased mitochondrial protein mass (2.6-fold of control, P=0.032) and decreased expression of PPARgamma (53.9% of control, P=0.021), UCP2 (62.2% of control, P=0.024) and UCP3 (51.8% of control, P=0.047) mRNA compared with controls. Zidovudine-based HAART recipients (n=7) also displayed significant mtDNA depletion (34.45% of control, P=0.031), increased mitochondrial protein mass (5.7-fold of control, P=0.009), and markedly increased UCP1 (18-fold of control, P=0.009) mRNA. Elevated UCP1 mRNA expression was found to be associated with non-stavudine (zidovudine or abacavir), protease inhibitor (PI)-containing HAART (95-fold of non-stavudine, non-PI-containing HAART, P=0.006).


CONCLUSION
Differential effects of stavudine and zidovudine therapy on mtDNA depletion and expression of adipocyte differentiation markers PPARgamma and UCP2 were observed, consistent with increased adipose tissue toxicity associated with stavudine therapy. Increased UCP1 mRNA, a marker of brown adipose tissue phenotype, was associated with non-stavudine, PI-containing HAART, and may represent an adaptive response to the increased fatty acid flux associated with PI therapy, and may contribute to the increased resting energy expenditure reported in such patients.
Interacting Conceptual Spaces

We propose applying the categorical compositional scheme of [6] to conceptual space models of cognition. In order to do this we introduce the category of convex relations as a new setting for categorical compositional semantics, emphasizing the convex structure important to conceptual space applications. We show how conceptual spaces for composite types such as adjectives and verbs can be constructed. We illustrate this new model on detailed examples.
An Efficient Parallel Data Clustering Algorithm Using Isoperimetric Number of Trees

We propose a parallel graph-based data clustering algorithm using CUDA GPU, based on exact clustering of the minimum spanning tree in terms of a minimum isoperimetric criteria. We also provide a comparative performance analysis of our algorithm with other related ones which demonstrates the general superiority of this parallel algorithm over other competing algorithms in terms of accuracy and speed.
Relativistic generalization and extension to the non-Abelian gauge theory of Feynman's proof of the Maxwell equations

R.P. Feynman showed F.J. Dyson a proof of the Lorentz force law and the homogeneous Maxwell equations, which he obtained starting from Newton’s law of motion and the commutation relations between position and velocity for a single nonrelativistic particle. We formulate both a special relativistic and a general relativistic versions of Feynman’s derivation. Especially in the general relativistic version we prove that the only possible fields that can consistently act on a quantum mechanical particle are scalar, gauge and gravitational fields. We also extend Feynman’s scheme to the case of non-Abelian gauge theory in the special relativistic context. †This article has been published in Annals of Physics 220(1992), 229-247. ‡e-mail address : tanimura@eken.phys.nagoya-u.ac.jp
Real Function Differentiability 1

The terminology and notation used here have been introduced in the following articles: [11], [2], [8], [3], [4], [1], [5], [6], [7], [10], and [9]. For simplicity we follow the rules: x, x0, r, p will be real numbers, n will be a natural number, Y will be a subset of , Z will be a real open subset, X will be a set, s1 will be a sequence of real numbers, and f , f1, f2 will be partial functions from to . We now state the proposition (1) For every r holds r ∈ Y if and only if r ∈ if and only if Y = . A sequence of real numbers is called a real sequence convergent to 0 if: it is non-zero and it is convergent and lim it = 0. The following proposition is true (2) For every s1 holds s1 is a real sequence convergent to 0 if and only if s1 is non-zero and s1 is convergent and lim s1 = 0. A sequence of real numbers is called a constant real sequence if: it is constant. We now state the proposition (3) For every s1 holds s1 is a constant real sequence if and only if s1 is constant. In the sequel h will be a real sequence convergent to 0 and c will be a constant real sequence. A partial function from to is called a rest if:
Performance of 1-${\hbox {mm}}^{2}$  Silicon Photomultiplier

A silicon photomultiplier (SPM) is a large area detector consisting of a parallel array of photon counting microcells. Each microcell consists of a Geiger Mode photodiode with an integrated quenching element. Each microcell is then connected to a common output. The microcells have a uniform gain of up to 10 and provide an identical charge output signal for each photon detected. Under illumination the summed output of the detector is proportional to the number of Geiger pulses and hence proportional to the incident photon flux. This combination gives extremely high performance comparable to that of a conventional photomultiplier tube (PMT). We report on the characterization of two different 1 mm2 SPM detector designs with 620 and 920 microcells at room temperature (20 deg) and down to . We assess detection efficiency, breakdown voltage, gain, dark rate, crosstalk, timing jitter and dynamic range. The SPM detector operates over the visible region of the spectrum, characterized here from 400 to 800 nm. The peak photon detection efficiency of 15% occurs at 500 nm with a cooled () dark rate of 600 at a bias voltage of 31 V. In a test for positron emission tomography (PET), an energy resolution of 25% was recorded for the detection of 511 keV gamma radiation using 1 mm1 mm15 mm LYSO scintillator crystal. The SPM has many applications such as medical imaging, microscopy, high-energy physics, and homeland security.
Clinical Spectrum of Vulva Metastatic Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic granulomatous disorder that may involve any segment of the gastrointestinal tract. Extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn’s disease such as erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum are well recognized and appreciated. However, metastatic Crohn’s disease (MCD), defined as the same granulomatous inflammation seen in Crohn’s disease but at a skin site distant to the gastrointestinal tract, is less well recognized. We report three cases of MCD involving the perianal and vulvar skin that initially presented with vulvar pain.
Design and crime : and other diatribes

"In the first half of this compelling collection of essays Hal Foster surveys our new "political economy of design," exploring the marketing of culture and the branding of identity, the development of spectacle-architecture and the rise of global cities. In the second series of texts, he examines the historical relations of modern art and the modern museum, the conceptual vicissitudes of art history and visual studies, the recent travails of art criticism, and the double aftermath of modernism and postmodernism." - p. [4] of cover.
Representation Learning for Answer Selection with LSTM-Based Importance Weighting

We present an approach to non-factoid answer selection with a separate component based on BiLSTM to determine the importance of segments in the input. In contrast to other recently proposed attention-based models within the same area, we determine the importance while assuming the independence of questions and candidate answers. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our approach, which outperforms several state-of-the-art attention-based models on the recent non-factoid answer selection datasets InsuranceQA v1 and v2. We show that it is possible to perform effective importance weighting for answer selection without relying on the relatedness of questions and answers. The source code of our experiments is publicly available.1
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transfer Suppresses Airway Remodeling in a Toluene Diisocyanate-Induced Murine Asthma Model

PURPOSE
Severe asthma is characterized by high medication requirements to maintain good disease control or by persistent symptoms despite high medication use. The transfer of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMDMSCs) to the injured lungs is a possible treatment for severe asthma. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of BMDMSCs in airway remodeling and inflammation in an experimental toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma animal model of severe asthma.


METHODS
BMDMSCs were transferred into rats after TDI inhalation. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell profiles, histological changes including an inflammatory index and goblet cell hyperplasia, and the airway response to methacholine using plethysmography were analyzed. Smooth muscle actin (SMA) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression were observed in lung tissue using immunohistochemical staining. The collagen content was measured in lung tissue sections and lung extracts using Masson's trichrome staining and an immunoassay kit.


RESULTS
The numbers of inflammatory cells in BAL fluid, histological inflammatory index, airway response to methacholine, number of goblet cells, and amount of collagen were increased in TDI-treated rats compared with sham rats (P=0.05-0.002). BMDMSC transfer significantly reduced the TDI-induced increase in the inflammatory index and numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils in BAL fluid to levels seen in sham-treated rats (P<0.05). BMDMSC transfer significantly reduced the number of goblet cells, collagen deposition, and immune staining for SMA and PCNA with concomitant normalization of the airway response to methacholine.


CONCLUSIONS
The systemic transfer of BMDMSCs effectively reduced experimental TDI-induced airway inflammation and remodeling and airway hyperreactivity.
‘Risk and need assessment in British probation: the contribution of LSI-R’ in R. Bull ed. Forensic Psychology, Benchmarks in Psychology series,

From 1996 until about 2000 the Canadian Level of Service Inventory Revised (LSI-R) was in use in a number of probation services in England and Wales, and it is still in use in the Jersey Probation and After-Care Service. This article reviews what has been learned about risk and need assessment in British probation through the use of LSI-R, drawing on data collected for a Home Office study and for evaluative research in Jersey. Particular areas of interest are accuracy, differences between male and female offenders, the comparative effectiveness of probation and community service, the apparent counterproductive impact of probation on low-risk offenders, and the efficacy of risk-related change measurement. The conclusion points out the wide-ranging advantages of risk/need assessment for probation services, and discusses why services in England and Wales have been slow to benefit from this.
Tactile Displays: Guidance for Their Design and Application

OBJECTIVE
This article provides an overview of tactile displays. Its goal is to assist human factors practitioners in deciding when and how to employ the sense of touch for the purpose of information representation. The article also identifies important research needs in this area.


BACKGROUND
First attempts to utilize the sense of touch as a medium for communication date back to the late 1950s. For the next 35 years progress in this area was relatively slow, but recent years have seen a surge in the interest and development of tactile displays and the integration of tactile signals in multimodal interfaces. A thorough understanding of the properties of this sensory channel and its interaction with other modalities is needed to ensure the effective and robust use of tactile displays.


METHODS
First, an overview of vibrotactile perception is provided. Next, the design of tactile displays is discussed with respect to available technologies. The potential benefit of including tactile cues in multimodal interfaces is discussed. Finally, research needs in the area of tactile information presentation are highlighted.


RESULTS
This review provides human factors researchers and interface designers with the requisite knowledge for creating effective tactile interfaces. It describes both potential benefits and limitations of this approach to information presentation.


CONCLUSION
The sense of touch represents a promising means of supporting communication and coordination in human-human and human-machine systems.


APPLICATION
Tactile interfaces can support numerous functions, including spatial orientation and guidance, attention management, and sensory substitution, in a wide range of domains.
A survey of palmprint recognition

Forensic and Security Laboratory School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798 Biometrics Research Centre Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, Hong Kong Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Research Group Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Ontario, Canada
Superficial femoral artery plaque, the ankle-brachial index, and leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease: the walking and leg circulation study (WALCS) III.

BACKGROUND
The clinical significance of magnetic resonance-imaged plaque characteristics in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) is not well established. We studied associations of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and leg symptoms with MRI-measured plaque area and percent lumen area in the SFA in participants with and without lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD).


METHODS AND RESULTS
Four hundred twenty-seven participants (393 with PAD) underwent plaque imaging of the first 30 mm of the SFA. Twelve 2.5-mm cross-sectional images of the SFA were obtained. Outcomes were normalized plaque area, adjusted for artery size (0 to 1 scale, 1=greatest plaque), and lumen area, expressed as a percent of the total artery area. Adjusting for age, sex, race, smoking, statins, cholesterol, and other covariates, lower ABI values were associated with higher normalized mean plaque area (ABI <0.50:0.79; ABI 0.50 to 0.69:0.73; ABI 0.70 to 0.89:0.65; ABI 0.90 to 0.99:0.62; ABI 1.00 to 1.09:0.48; ABI 1.10 to 1.30:0.47 (P trend <0.001)) and smaller mean percent lumen area (P trend <0.001). Compared with PAD participants with intermittent claudication, asymptomatic PAD participants had lower normalized mean plaque area (0.72 versus 0.65, P=0.005) and larger mean percent lumen area (0.30 versus 0.36, P=0.01), adjusting for the ABI and other confounders.


CONCLUSIONS
Lower ABI values are associated with greater MRI-measured plaque burden and smaller lumen area in the first 30 mm of the SFA. Compared with PAD participants with claudication, asymptomatic PAD participants have smaller plaque area and larger lumen area in the SFA. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00520312.
Clinical experience of strain imaging using DENSE for detecting infarcted cardiac segments

BACKGROUND
We hypothesised that myocardial deformation determined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will detect myocardial scar.


METHODS
Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE) was used to calculate left ventricular strain in 125 patients (29 women and 96 men) with suspected coronary artery disease. The patients also underwent cine imaging and late gadolinium enhancement. 57 patients had a scar area >1% in at least one segment, 23 were considered free from coronary artery disease (control group) and 45 had pathological findings but no scar (mixed group). Peak strain was calculated in eight combinations: radial and circumferential strain in transmural, subendocardial and epicardial layers derived from short axis acquisition, and transmural longitudinal and radial strain derived from long axis acquisitions. In addition, the difference between strain in affected segments and reference segments, "differential strain", from the control group was analysed.


RESULTS
In receiver-operator-characteristic analysis for the detection of 50% transmurality, circumferential strain performed best with area-under-curve (AUC) of 0.94. Using a cut-off value of -17%, sensitivity was 95% at a specificity of 80%. AUC did not further improve with differential strain. There were significant differences between the control group and global strain circumferential direction (-17% versus -12%) and in the longitudinal direction (-13% versus -10%). Interobserver and scan-rescan reproducibility was high with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) >0.93.


CONCLUSIONS
DENSE-derived circumferential strain may be used for the detection of myocardial segments with >50 % scar area. The repeatability of strain is satisfactory. DENSE-derived global strain agrees with other global measures of left ventricular ejection fraction.