LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Nutrition knowledge, and use and understanding of nutrition information on food labels among consumers in the UK

Based on in-store observations in three major UK retailers, in-store interviews (2019) and questionnaires filled out at home and returned (921), use of nutrition information on food labels and its understanding were investigated. Respondents' nutrition knowledge was also measured, using a comprehensive instrument covering knowledge of expert recommendations, nutrient content in different food products, and calorie content in different food products. Across six product categories, 27% of shoppers were found to have looked at nutrition information on the label, with guideline daily amount (GDA) labels and the nutrition grid/table as the main sources consulted. Respondents' understanding of major front-of-pack nutrition labels was measured using a variety of tasks dealing with conceptual understanding, substantial understanding and health inferences. Understanding was high, with up to 87.5% of respondents being able to identify the healthiest product in a set of three. Differences between level of understanding and level of usage are explained by different causal mechanisms. Regression analysis showed that usage is mainly related to interest in healthy eating, whereas understanding of nutrition information on food labels is mainly related to nutrition knowledge. Both are in turn affected by demographic variables, but in different ways.
Cardiotocographic Diagnosis of Fetal Health based on Multiclass Morphologic Pattern Predictions using Deep Learning Classification

Medical complications of pregnancy and pregnancy-related deaths continue to remain a major global challenge today. Internationally, about 830 maternal deaths occur every day due to pregnancy-related or childbirth-related complications. In fact, almost 99% of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries. In this research, an alternative and enhanced artificial intelligence approach is proposed for cardiotocographic diagnosis of fetal assessment based on multiclass morphologic pattern predictions, including 10 target classes with imbalanced samples, using deep learning classification models. The developed model is used to distinguish and classify the presence or absence of multiclass morphologic patterns for outcome predictions of complications during pregnancy. The testing results showed that the developed deep neural network model achieved an accuracy of 88.02%, a recall of 84.30%, a precision of 85.01%, and an F-score of 0.8508 in average. Thus, the developed model can provide highly accurate and consistent diagnoses for fetal assessment regarding complications during pregnancy, thereby preventing and/or reducing fetal mortality rate as well as maternal mortality rate during and following pregnancy and childbirth, especially in lowresource settings and developing countries. Keywords—Activation function; deep learning; deep neural network; dropout; ensemble learning; multiclass; regularization; cardiotocography; complications during pregnancy; fetal heart rate
The Representation and Matching of Pictorial Structures

The primary problem dealt with in this paper is the following. Given some description of a visual object, find that object in an actual photograph. Part of the solution to this problem is the specification of a descriptive scheme, and a metric on which to base the decision of "goodness" of matching or detection.
PATHWAYS TO 40%-EFFICIENT CONCENTRATOR PHOTOVOLTAICS

Multijunction solar cells for terrestrial concentrator applications have reached the point at which the next set of technology improvements are likely to push cell efficiencies over 40%. This paper discusses the semiconductor device research paths being investigated with the aim of reaching this efficiency milestone. Latticematched (LM) GaInP/ GaInAs/ Ge 3-junction cells have achieved the highest independently confirmed efficiency for a photovoltaic device, at 39.0% at 236 suns, 25°C under the standard AM1.5D, low-AOD terrestrial spectrum. Lattice-mismatched, or metamorphic (MM), materials offer still higher potential efficiencies, if the crystal quality can be maintained. Theoretical efficiencies well over 50% are possible for a MM GaInP/ 1.17-eV GaInAs/ Ge 3junction cell limited by radiative recombination at 500 suns. The bandgap – open circuit voltage offset, (Eg/q) – Voc, is used as a valuable theoretical and experimental tool to characterize multijunction cells with subcell bandgaps ranging from 0.7 to 2.1 eV. Experimental results are presented for prototype 6-junction AlGaInP/ GaInP/ AlGaInAs/ GaInAs/ GaInNAs/ Ge cells employing an active ~1.1-eV dilute nitride GaInNAs subcell, with active-area efficiency greater than 23% and over 5.3 V open-circuit voltage under the 1-sun AM0 space spectrum. Such cell designs have theoretical efficiencies under the terrestrial spectrum at 500 suns concentration exceeding 55% efficiency, even for lattice-matched designs. Through a combination of device structure advances under investigation in research groups around the world, the goal of a practical 40%-efficient photovoltaic cell is near.
Effect of preoperative abstinence on poor postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers: randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the influence of preoperative abstinence on postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers with no symptoms who were drinking the equivalent of at least 60 g ethanol/day.


DESIGN
Randomised controlled trial.


SETTING
Copenhagen, Denmark.


SUBJECTS
42 alcoholic patients without liver disease admitted for elective colorectal surgery.


INTERVENTIONS
Withdrawal from alcohol consumption for 1 month before operation (disulfiram controlled) compared with continuous drinking.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Postoperative complications requiring treatment within the first month after surgery. Perioperative immunosuppression measured by delayed type hypersensitivity; myocardial ischaemia and arrhythmias measured by Holter tape recording; episodes of hypoxaemia measured by pulse oximetry. Response to stress during the operation were assessed by heart rate, blood pressure, serum concentration of cortisol, and plasma concentrations of glucose, interleukin 6, and catecholamines.


RESULTS
The intervention group developed significantly fewer postoperative complications than the continuous drinkers (31% v 74%, P=0.02). Delayed type hypersensitivity responses were better in the intervention group before (37 mm2 v 12 mm2, P=0.04), but not after surgery (3 mm2 v 3 mm2). Development of postoperative myocardial ischaemia (23% v 85%) and arrhythmias (33% v 86%) on the second postoperative day as well as nightly hypoxaemic episodes (4 v 18 on the second postoperative night) occurred significantly less often in the intervention group. Surgical stress responses were lower in the intervention group (P</=0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
One month of preoperative abstinence reduces postoperative morbidity in alcohol abusers. The mechanism is probably reduced preclinical organ dysfunction and reduction of the exaggerated response to surgical stress.
Issues in the credit risk modeling of retail markets

We survey the most recent BIS proposals for the credit risk measurement of retail credits in capital regulations. We also describe the recent trend away from relationship lending toward transactional lending in the small business loan arena. These trends create the opportunity to adopt more analytical, data-based approaches to credit risk measurement. We survey proprietary credit scoring models (such as Fair Isaac), as well as options-theoretic structural models (such as KMV and Moody’s RiskCalc), and reduced-form models (such as Credit Risk Plus). These models allow lenders and regulators to develop techniques that rely on portfolio aggregation to measure retail credit risk exposure. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: G21; G28
The European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour scale revised into a nine-item scale (EHFScB-9): a reliable and valid international instrument.

AIMS
Improved self-care is the goal of many heart failure (HF) management programmes. The 12-item European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale (EHFScB scale) was developed and tested to measure patient self-care behaviours. It is now available in 14 languages. The aim of this study was to further determine reliability and validity of the EHFScB scale.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Data from 2592 HF patients (mean age 73 years, 63% male) from six countries were analysed. Internal consistency was determined by Cronbach's alpha. Validity was established by (1) interviews with HF experts and with HF patients; (2) item analysis; (3) confirmatory factor analysis; and (4) analysing the relationship between the EHFScB scale and scales measuring quality of life and adherence. Internal consistency of the 12-item scale was 0.77 (0.71-0.85). After factor analyses and critical evaluation of both psychometric properties and content of separate items, a nine-item version was further evaluated. The reliability estimates for the total nine-item scale (EHFScB-9) was satisfactory (0.80) and Cronbach's alpha varied between 0.68 and 0.87 in the different countries. One reliable subscale was defined (consulting behaviour) with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.85. The EHFScB-9 measures a different construct than quality of life (r = 0.18) and adherence (r = 0.37).


CONCLUSION
The 12-item EHFScB scale was revised into the nine-item EHFScB-9, which can be used as an internally consistent and valid instrument to measure HF-related self-care behaviour.
Advances and perspectives of on-orbit geometric calibration for high-resolution optical satellites

On-orbit geometric calibration is a critical and essential step to guarantee the high geometric positioning accuracy of high-resolution optical satellite imagery. In this paper, we first review and summarize the on-orbit geometric calibration methods for high-resolution optical satellite and then analyze their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we present our perspective on on-board geometric calibration which can be implemented automatically in real time. With the overview of geometric calibration developed in the past decades, the two conclusions could be driven up: (1) the current on-orbit geometric calibration technology based on ground control points (GCPs) has been mature, which can largely improve the geometric positioning accuracy of satellite imagery; (2) new innovation method of on-board geometric calibration for real-time improvement of satellite imagery positioning accuracy is needed. In the end, this paper presents our technique frame of on-board geometric calibration system.
My Country and My People and Sydney Opera House: The missing link

Abstract It is known that Jorn Utzon (1918–2008), the principal architect for the Sydney Opera House project (1957–66), had a lifetime obsession for Chinese art and architecture. However, previous studies did not explore the relationship between Utzon and his venerated Chinese writer Lin Yutang (1895–1976). How Utzon represented the ideas and ideals he received from Lin Yutang׳s conceptualization of Chinese art and architecture in My Country and My People (1935) has not been systematically documented. To this end, this article examines the role of Lin Yutang׳s work in Utzon׳s architectural career generally and the architect׳s Sydney Opera House design in particular. It argues that My Country and My People nurtured young Utzon׳s own architectural philosophy, as reflected in his early manifestoes and design projects. Eventually, Lin Yutang׳s Chinese aesthetics encapsulated in calligraphy, painting and architecture helped Utzon to initiate, articulate and further communicate the design principles of his Sydney Opera House, as well as several other important architectural works before and after. Although Utzon never fully realized his Opera House due to forced resignation in 1966, the inspiration from Lin Yutang vividly remains in Utzon׳s yet to be finished masterpiece.
A Clinical Study of Pharyngolaryngectomy with Total Esophagectomy: Postoperative Complications, Countermeasures, and Prognoses.

OBJECTIVE
Patients with advanced hypopharyngeal or cervical esophageal cancer have a comparatively high risk of also developing thoracic esophageal cancer. Pharyngolaryngectomy with total esophagectomy is highly invasive, and few reports about it exist. We examined the postoperative complications and respective countermeasures and prognoses of patients who underwent pharyngolaryngectomy with total esophagectomy.


STUDY DESIGN
Case series with chart review.


SETTING
Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Japan.


SUBJECTS AND METHODS
We examined the postoperative complications and respective countermeasures and prognoses of 40 patients who underwent pharyngolaryngectomy with total esophagectomy in our hospital.


RESULTS
Postoperative complications were observed in 23 patients (57.5%) and consisted of 8 groups: tracheal region necrosis in 5 patients; neck abscess formation/wound infection in 5; fistula in 4; tracheostomy suture leakage in 2; ileus in 2; lymphorrhea in 2; pulmonary complications in 2; and other complications, including hemothorax, tracheoinnominate artery fistula, temporary cardiac arrest due to intraoperative mediastinum operation, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus enteritis, and sepsis, in 1 patient each. A lethal complication-brachiocephalic vein hemorrhage due to tracheostomy suture leakage and hemorrhagic shock due to tracheoinnominate artery fistula-occurred in 2 (5%) patients. The crude 5-year survival rate was 48.6%.


CONCLUSIONS
Serious postoperative complications were related to tracheostomaplasty. Although pharyngolaryngectomy with total esophagectomy is highly invasive, we believe that our outlined treatment method is the most appropriate for cases of advanced hypopharyngeal or cervical esophageal cancer that also requires concurrent surgery for esophageal cancer.
Resource Allocation in Multiuser OFDMA System: Feasibility and Optimization Study

This paper studies resource allocation problem in downlink multiuser Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) system. The problem is formulated as sumrate (cell throughput) maximization problem with strict data rate constraints imposed by the users and peak power constraint by the base station. We discuss the feasibility of the problem and propose two algorithms when the feasibility conditions are met. In the first algorithm subcarrier and power allocation decisions are made by jointly considering all the constraints. In the second algorithm subcarrier allocation decisions are based on data rate constraints and transmit power constraint is achieved on the allocated subcarrier set. The second algorithm although suboptimal has almost identical performance compared to the first algorithm. The reduction in complexity is huge compared to the first algorithm.
The Classic: Congenital Club Foot: The Results of Treatment

This Classic article is a reprint of the original work by Ignacio V. Ponseti and Eugene N. Smoley, Congenital Club Foot: The Results of Treatment. An accompanying biographical sketch on Ignacio V. Ponseti, MD, is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-0719-8 and a second Classic article is available at 10.1007/s11999-0090721-1. This article is 1963 by the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc., and is reprinted with permission from Ponseti IV, Smoley EN. Congenital Club Foot: The Results of Treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963;45:261–344. The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons 2009 Richard A. Brand MD & Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 1600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA e-mail: dick.brand@clinorthop.org Since 1948, a uniform system of treatment has been applied to all cases of congenital club foot on the Orthopedic Service of the State University of Iowa. Our aim has been to obtain a supple, well corrected foot in the shortest possible time. An end-result study of severe club-foot deformities in otherwise normal children treated initially in this department from 1948 to 1956, with a follow-up period from five to twelve years, is here presented. Three hundred and twenty-two patients with club-foot deformity were treated during this period. The following were not included in this study: One hundred and fortynine patients had been originally treated in other clinics and were referred to us for further correction. Ten patients had arthrogryposis; four had a complete or partial absence of the tibia; and eighteen had a myelomeningocele. The sacrum was absent in two and congenital constriction was present in the legs above the malleoli in two patients. In forty-six patients, the foot deformity was mild and was corrected by simple manipulations or the application of one to three plaster casts. Of the remaining ninety-one otherwise normal children with severe untreated club-foot deformities, twenty-four were lost to follow-up, usually at the end of the initial treatment. We were able to evaluate the results of treatment in only sixty-seven patients with a total of ninety-four club feet. All these deformities were severe, although many variations in the degree of rigidity of the feet were present. The age of the patient at the onset of treatment ranged from one week to six months, and the average age was one month. Of the sixty-seven patients studied, ten were female and fifty-seven were male. The deformity was, therefore, almost six times as prevalent in male as in female children. Forty patients had only one foot deformed (60 per cent) and twenty-seven patients had both feet deformed (40 per cent). In the patients with unilateral involvement, the right foot was deformed in eighteen and the left foot in twenty-two cases. Anteroposterior and lateral roentgenograms and photographs of the feet of all patients were made at the onset of treatment and again at the time of the final
Modeling and Reasoning about Preferences with CP-nets

Structured modeling of ceteris paribus qualitative preference statements, grounded in the notions of preferential independence, has tremendous potential to provide effective and efficient tools for modeling and reasoning about decision maker preferences in real-life applications. Within the AI and phylosophical logic communities, past work on qualitative preference representation has tended to emphasize the potential of modeling ceteris paribus preferences. However, the work of Boutilier, Brafman, Hoos, and Poole on CP-nets was the first serious attempt to exploit preferential independence for compactly and efficiently representing such preferential statements. In this work we discuss various decision theoretic tools for preference representation, and examine work done in artificial intelligence and philosophical logic in an effort to understand how to treat, model, and reason about the ceteris paribus preferential statements. We perform an extensive analysis of CP-nets, a somewhat unique graphical representation of qualitative conditional preferential statements. The first part of this work is dedicated to a computational analysis of various preferential queries in CP-nets. In particular, we analyze dominance queries (testing whether an outcome is preferred to another outcome) in binary-valued CP-nets. We investigate the concrete complexity of the algorithm by Boutiler et al. for answering dominance queries in binary-valued, tree-structured CP-nets, and show that time complexity of this problem is quadratic in the number of variables. Extending the class of tractable dominance queries, we design a polynomial time algorithm for answering dominance queries in binary-valued, polytree CP-nets. We show that answering dominance queries is np-complete for directed-path singly connected and for bounded connectivity CP-nets. In particular, these complexity results on dominance queries allow us to identify various computational properties of constraint-based outcome optimization in CP-nets. In addition, we con-
Enhanced cosmetic outcome with running horizontal mattress sutures.

BACKGROUND
Cutaneous sutures should provide good wound eversion, firm closure, and cosmetically elegant results. Simple running sutures are commonly employed in cutaneous surgery but may not always be effective in achieving wound eversion.


OBJECTIVE
We compared the cosmetic results of simple running nonabsorbable sutures with running horizontal mattress sutures in primary closures of facial defects.


METHODS
Fifty-five patients with facial Mohs surgery defects appropriate for primary multilayer repair were randomized into one of two arms. Either the superior or the inferior half of the wound was closed with a running horizontal mattress suture. The other half of the wound was closed with a traditional simple running suture. At 1 week, 6 weeks, and 6 months, the cosmetically superior half of the wound, if any, was blindly determined by the investigators.


RESULTS
The running horizontal mattress suture was significantly more cosmetically pleasing than the simple running suture. Forty-seven patients completed the study. At the 6-month follow-up, 25 patients did better with the horizontal suture and 5 did worse, and with 17 patients, there was no clinically perceptible difference. The 6-week scores predicted the outcome at 6 months, but the 1-week scores did not.


CONCLUSIONS
In primary closures of the face, the running horizontal mattress suture is a cosmetically elegant alternative to a traditional running cutaneous suture. The final scar appears smoother and flatter than those produced by traditional simple running sutures.
Repeatability intraexaminer and agreement in amplitude of accommodation measurements

Clinical measurement of the amplitude of accommodation (AA) provides an indication of maximum accommodative ability. To determine whether there has been a significant change in the AA, it is important to have a good idea of the repeatability of the measurement method used. The aim of the present study was to compare AA measurements made using three different subjective clinical methods: the push-up, push-down, and minus lens techniques. These methods differ in terms of the apparent size of the target, the end point used, or the components of the accommodation response stimulated. Our working hypothesis was that these methods are likely to show different degrees of repeatability such that they should not be used interchangeably. The AA of the right eye was measured on two separate occasions in 61 visually normal subjects of mean age 19.7 years (range 18 to 32). The repeatability of the tests and agreement between them was estimated by the Bland and Altman method. We determined the mean difference (MD) and the 95% limits of agreement for the repeatability study (COR) and for the agreement study (COA). The COR for the push-up, push-down, and minus lens techniques were ±4.76, ±4.00, and ±2.52D, respectively. Higher values of AA were obtained using the push-up procedure compared to the push-down and minus lens methods. The push-down method also yielded a larger mean AA than the negative-lens method. MD between the three methods were high in clinical terms, always over 1.75D, and the COA differed substantially by at least ±4.50D. The highest agreement interval was observed when we compared AA measurements made using minus lenses and the push-up method (±5.65D). The minus lens method exhibited the best repeatability, least MD (−0.08D) and the smallest COR. Agreement between the three techniques was poor.