LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Origin of intrafusal muscle fibers in the rat

The expression of several isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MHC) by intrafusal and extrafusal fibers of the rat soleus muscle at different stages of development was compared by immunocytochemistry. The first intrafusal myotube to form, the bag2 fiber, expressed a slow-twitch MHC isoform identical to that expressed by the primary extrafusal myotubes. The second intrafusal myotube to form, the bag1 fiber, expressed a fast-twitch MHC similar to that initially expressed by the secondary extrafusal myotubes. At subsequent stages of development, the equatorial and juxtaequatorial regions of bag2 and bag1 intrafusal myofibers began to express a slow-tonic myosin isoform not expressed by extrafusal fibers, and ceased to express some of the MHC isoforms present initially. Myotubes which eventually matured into chain fibers expressed initially both the slow-twitch and fast-twitch MHC isoforms similar to some secondary extrafusal myotubes. In contrast, adult chain fibers expressed the fast-twitch MHC isoform only. Hence intrafusal myotubes initially expressed no unique MHCs, but rather expressed MHCs similar to those expressed by extrafusal myotubes at the same chronological stage of muscle development. These observations suggest that both intrafusal and extrafusal fibers develop from common pools of bipotential myotubes. Differences in MHC expression observed between intrafusal and extrafusal fibers of rat muscle might then result from a morphogenetic effect of afferent innervation on intrafusal myotubes.
The Tobacco Status Project (TSP): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a Facebook smoking cessation intervention for young adults

BACKGROUND
Tobacco use remains the leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality in the United States. Young adults are less successful at quitting, use cessation treatment less often than smokers of other ages, and can be a challenge to retain in treatment. Social media, integrated into the lives of many young adults, represents a promising strategy to deliver evidence-based smoking cessation treatment to a large, diverse audience. The goal of this trial is to test the efficacy of a stage-based smoking cessation intervention on Facebook for young adults age 18 to 25 on smoking abstinence, reduction in cigarettes smoked, and thoughts about smoking abstinence.


METHODS/DESIGN
This is a randomized controlled trial. Young adult smokers throughout the United States are recruited online and randomized to either the 3 month Tobacco Status Project intervention on Facebook or a referral to a smoking cessation website. The intervention consists of assignment to a secret Facebook group tailored to readiness to quit smoking (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation), daily Facebook contacts tailored to readiness to quit smoking, weekly live counseling sessions, and for those in preparation, weekly Cognitive Behavioral Therapy counseling sessions on Facebook. Primary outcome measure is biochemically-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking at posttreatment (3 months), 6, and 12 months. Secondary outcome measures are reduction of 50 % or more in cigarettes smoked, 24 h quit attempts, and commitment to abstinence at each time point. A secondary aim is to test, within the TSP condition, the effect of a monetary incentive at increasing engagement in the intervention.


DISCUSSION
This randomized controlled trial is testing a novel Facebook intervention for treating young adults' tobacco use. If efficacious, the social media intervention could be disseminated widely and expanded to address additional health risks.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02207036 , May 13, 2014.
Machine Learning Approaches for the Neuroimaging Study of Alzheimer's Disease

Machine learning tools aid many Alzheimer's disease-related investigations by enabling multisource data fusion and biomarker identification as well as analysis of functional brain connectivity.
Priority inheritance in soft real-time databases

Due to resource sharing among tasks, priority inversion can occur during priority-driven preemptive scheduling. In this work, we investigate solutions to the priority inversion problem in a soft real-time database environment where two-phhse locking is employed for concurrency control. We examine two basic schemes for addressing the priority inversion problem, one based on priority inheritance and the other based on priority abort. We also study a new scheme, called conditional priority inheritance, which attempts to capitalize on the advantages of each of the two basic schemes. In contrast with previous results obtained in real-time operating systems, our performance studies, conducted on an actual real-time database testbed, indicate that the basic priority inheritance protocol is inappropriate for solving the priority inversion problem in real-time database systems. We identify the reasons for this performance. We also show that the conditional priority inheritance scheme and the priority abort scheme perform well for a wide range of system workloads.
Efficacy and safety of fenofibrate as an add-on in patients with elevated triglyceride despite receiving statin treatment.

BACKGROUND
Since the withdrawal of cerivastatin, statin-fibrate combination therapy has been questioned in China due to safety concern. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of fenofibrate as an add-on in patients with dyslipidemia despite receiving statin therapy.


METHODS
This was a prospective, multi-center, single-arm, open-label study conducted in Chinese dyslipidemia patients with high CV risk. Fenofibrate (200mg daily) was added to the existing statin treatment for 8weeks. Lipid profile and safety parameters were measured and compared between baseline and after the treatment. Five hundred and six subjects were enrolled from 28 sites from 14 cities nationwide across China.


RESULTS
After 8weeks of fenofibrate treatment, the mean blood triglyceride level decreased to 1.77mmol/L (38.1% reduction vs. 3.00mmol/L at the baseline; p<0.01). Mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (high density lipoprotein cholesterol) was increased to 1.22mmol/L (by 17.4% from 1.07mmol/L at the baseline; p<0.01). No case of severe muscle damage (defined as elevated creatine kinase over 5 times of upper limit of normal (ULN) or rhabdomyolysis was observed.


CONCLUSION
In statin-treated patients with high CV risk who had elevated triglyceride, adding fenofibrate could improve lipid profile with acceptable safety profiles.
Recent Developments in Radiotherapy.

Copyright © 2017 Massachusetts Medical Society. It is estimated that 470,000 patients receive radiotherapy each year in the United States.1 As many as half of patients with cancer will receive radiotherapy.2 Improvements in diagnosis, therapy, and supportive care have led to increasing numbers of cancer survivors.3 In response, the emphasis of radiation oncology has expanded beyond cure to include reducing side effects, particularly late effects, which may substantially affect a patient’s quality of life. Radiotherapy is used to treat benign and malignant diseases and can be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy, surgery, or both. For primary tumors or metastatic deposits, palliative radiotherapy is often used to reduce pain or mass effect (due to spinal cord compression, brain metastases, or airway obstruction). Therapeutic radiation can be delivered from outside the patient, known as external-beam radiation therapy, or EBRT (see the Glossary in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org), by implanting radioactive sources in cavities or tissues (brachytherapy), or through systemic administration of radiopharmaceutical agents. Multiple technological and biologic advances have fundamentally altered the field of radiation oncology since it was last reviewed in the Journal.4
A Tensor Network Kalman filter with an application in recursive MIMO Volterra system identification

This article introduces a Tensor Network Kalman filter, which can estimate state vectors that are exponentially large without ever having to explicitly construct them. The Tensor Network Kalman filter also easily accommodates the case where several different state vectors need to be estimated simultaneously. The key lies in rewriting the standard Kalman equations as tensor equations and then implementing them using Tensor Networks, which effectively transforms the exponential storage cost and computational complexity into a linear one. We showcase the power of the proposed framework through an application in recursive nonlinear system identification of high-order discrete-time multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)Volterra systems. The identification problem is transformed into a linear state estimationproblem wherein the state vector contains all Volterra kernel coefficients and is estimated using the Tensor Network Kalman filter. The accuracy and robustness of the scheme are demonstrated via numerical experiments, which show that updating the Kalman filter estimate of a state vector of length 109 and its covariance matrix takes about 0.007 s on a standard desktop computer in Matlab. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biomechanics of the deformity of septal L-Struts.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS
A septal L-strut is often preserved or created during septoplasty. The main intention is to provide structural stability and to straighten the nasal septum. Deformity or excessive deformation of the L-strut might cause functional or aesthetic complications. The objectives were to examine the effects of material properties, the boundary conditions, the nasal tip support, and the geometry of the L-struts on the deformity of septal L-struts.


STUDY DESIGN
Computer-aided modeling was used to create a spring-supported nasal tip and free nasal tip L strut septal cartilage models upon which simulation was performed to analyse the deformation patterns.


METHODS
A five-sided septum model was first created from the computed tomography scan of a human subject. Several models with various combinations of wider or narrower dorsal struts as well as arc of cartilage were then constructed from this septum model. The edges connected to bony supports were assumed to be fixed, and the nasal tip was assumed to be spring supported. Finite element analyses were carried out to determine the deformation and stress distribution in the septal strut for different combinations of material properties and nasal tip spring support.


RESULTS
The spring-supported nasal tip model provides a more accurate representation of the boundary conditions in the nose. In both the free and spring-supported nasal tips-the BC junction and the nasal spine are found to be the consistent points of maximum stress regardless of material properties. The preservation of an arc of cartilage and a wider dorsal strut increase the stability of the structure.


CONCLUSIONS
The introduction of a spring-supported nasal tip model provided a more accurate representation of the boundary conditions in the nose. The bony-cartilaginous junction and the nasal spine were found to be the consistent points of maximum stress, regardless of material properties. The preservation of an arc of cartilage and a wider dorsal strut increased the stability of the structure.
Palm Vein Verification Using Multiple Features and Locality Preserving Projections

Biometrics is defined as identifying people by their physiological characteristic, such as iris pattern, fingerprint, and face, or by some aspects of their behavior, such as voice, signature, and gesture. Considerable attention has been drawn on these issues during the last several decades. And many biometric systems for commercial applications have been successfully developed. Recently, the vein pattern biometric becomes increasingly attractive for its uniqueness, stability, and noninvasiveness. A vein pattern is the physical distribution structure of the blood vessels underneath a person's skin. The palm vein pattern is very ganglion and it shows a huge number of vessels. The attitude of the palm vein vessels stays in the same location for the whole life and its pattern is definitely unique. In our work, the matching filter method is proposed for the palm vein image enhancement. New palm vein features extraction methods, global feature extracted based on wavelet coefficients and locality preserving projections (WLPP), and local feature based on local binary pattern variance and locality preserving projections (LBPV_LPP) have been proposed. Finally, the nearest neighbour matching method has been proposed that verified the test palm vein images. The experimental result shows that the EER to the proposed method is 0.1378%.
Bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone in elderly patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: a multicenter, open label phase 1/2 study.

BACKGROUND
In elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM), the addition of bortezomib to standard, combined oral melphalan and prednisone (MP) significantly increases the response rate and event-free survival compared with MP alone.


METHODS
In this phase 1/2 trial, the authors assessed the dosing, efficacy, and safety of a lower dose-intensity MP schedule plus weekly bortezomib as salvage treatment for elderly patients with MM. To assess the maximum tolerated dose, 19 patients who had relapsed/refractory MM after 1 or 2 lines of treatment entered the first phase of the study. They received melphalan at a dose of 24 mg for 28 days; bortezomib 1.3 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; and prednisone at a dose of 50 mg every other day of a 28-day cycle for a total of 9 cycles. At the end of the first phase, based on the good efficacy and acceptable toxicity of this combination, an additional 23 patients were enrolled.


RESULTS
After a median follow-up of 21 months, of 42 patients who relapsed, 24 (57%) obtained at least a partial response, 4 had stable disease, and 11 had progressive disease. The median time to progression was 18 months, and the median overall survival was 30 months. Grade 3 and 4 toxicity was observed in 16 of 42 patients (38%) and was more frequent during the early cycles.


CONCLUSIONS
A weekly infusion of bortezomib associated with lower dose-intensity MP induced a high proportion of responses and was well tolerated in elderly patients with relapsed/refractory MM.
Aromatase Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Survival among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease in a Sex-Specific Manner

INTRODUCTION
CYP19A1 encodes aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens, and may play a role in variation in outcomes among men and women with cardiovascular disease. We sought to examine genetic variation in CYP19A1 for its potential role in sex differences in cardiovascular disease outcomes.


METHODS
Caucasian individuals from two independent populations were assessed: 1) a prospective cohort of patients with acute coronary syndromes with 3-year mortality follow-up (n = 568) and 2) a nested case-control study from a randomized, controlled trial of hypertension patients with stable coronary disease in which the primary outcome was death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) or nonfatal stroke (n = 619). Six CYP19A1 SNPs were genotyped (-81371 C>T, -45965 G>C, M201T, R264C, 80 A>G, and +32226 G>A). The sex*genotype interaction term was assessed for the primary outcome and compared by genotype in men and women when a significant interaction term was identified.


RESULTS
We identified a significant interaction between -81371 C>T and sex (p = 0.025) in the ACS population. The variant allele was associated with a 78% increase in mortality in men (HR 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-2.94) and a nonsignificant 42% decrease in mortality among women (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.22-1.54). We identified a similar association in the hypertensive CAD group, the -81371 C>T*sex interaction term was p<0.0001, with an associated 65% increase in death, MI, or stroke (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.00-2.73) in men and a 69% decrease (HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.16-0.6) in women.


CONCLUSIONS
Using two independent populations, this study is the first to document a significant interaction between CYP19A1 genotype and sex on cardiovascular outcomes. These findings could illuminate potential mechanisms of sex differences in cardiovascular disease outcomes.
Association between muscle function and low back pain in relation to pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association of muscle function and subgroups of low back pain (no low back pain, pelvic girdle pain, lumbar pain and combined pelvic girdle pain and lumbar pain) in relation to pregnancy.


DESIGN
Prospective cohort study.


SUBJECTS
Consecutively enrolled pregnant women seen in gestational weeks 12-18 (n = 301) and 3 months postpartum (n = 262).


METHODS
Classification into subgroups by means of mechanical assessment of the lumbar spine, pelvic pain provocation tests, standard history and a pain drawing. Trunk muscle endurance, hip muscle strength (dynamometer) and gait speed were investigated.


RESULTS
In pregnancy 116 women had no low back pain, 33% (n = 99) had pelvic girdle pain, 11% (n = 32) had lumbar pain and 18% (n = 54) had combined pelvic girdle pain and lumbar pain. The prevalence of pelvic girdle pain/combined pelvic girdle pain and lumbar pain decreased postpartum, whereas the prevalence of lumbar pain remained stable. Women with pelvic girdle pain and/or combined pelvic girdle pain and lumbar pain had lower values for trunk muscle endurance, hip extension and gait speed as compared to women without low back pain in pregnancy and postpartum (p < 0.001-0.04). Women with pelvic girdle pain throughout the study had lower values of back flexor endurance compared with women without low back pain.


CONCLUSION
Muscle dysfunction was associated with pelvic girdle pain, which should be taken into consideration when developing treatment strategies and preventive measures.
A Data Mining Framework for Constructing Features and Models for Intrusion Detection Systems

A Data Mining Framework for Constructing Features and Models for Intrusion Detection Systems
Nature's guide for mentors

The Nature awards for creative mentoring in science were created on the premise that the mentorship of young researchers — although fully deserving of recognition — is perhaps the least remarked on of all the activities that take place in the lab. Indeed, there is no established definition of what constitutes good scientific mentoring. This article attempts to remedy that situation, drawing on the evidence from competitions for Nature’s awards. These are held on a national or regional basis, with the most recent taking place last year, when the focus was on Australasia. Previous competitions have been held in the United Kingdom, and the next competition will be in South Africa (see www.nature.com/nature/ mentoringawards/southafrica/index.html). The response to the competition in Australasia was remarkable, with more than 70 groups of ‘mentees’ submitting their achievements and the reasons why they believed their mentor excelled, with each of the nominated mentors giving a personal view of how they approach mentoring. The quality of applications was outstanding and the panel, all experienced in refereeing papers and grant applications, commented that this was one of the hardest evaluative tasks they had ever undertaken. However, there could be only two winners and they have been lauded elsewhere (see Nature 444, 966–968; 2006). Having been involved in judging the awards — whether in Australia or in the United Kingdom — we realized that within the pages of the applications was an immense resource that could provide a basis for reflection on what comprises good mentoring. These reflections are presented here, with examples of just a few of the hundreds of quotable quotes included in the nominations supporting the mentors. The attributes that we highlight represent a distillation of the opinion of more than 350 scientists writing as nominated mentor or their nominating mentees (and it was the latter whose comments were all-important for the judges). We hope that this material will be especially useful to younger scientists as they start out on their careers as mentors — be it PhD supervisor or scientific team leader. But others stand to benefit from it too. Indeed, we challenge readers who are established leaders of groups and supervisors of young scientists to look at the evidence of what comprises good mentoring, reflect on your practices and determine whether there are lessons here that could see you alter your approach. Such changes could be to the ultimate benefit of those under your charge and, given the lasting and broad influence of good mentors highlighted by the competition, to science as a whole. All the quotes included here were taken word-for-word from the applications, either from proposing mentees or the mentors themselves. For obvious reasons they have been depersonalized and are unattributed.
Catchment classification: Empirical analysis of hydrologic similarity based on catchment function in the eastern USA

Hydrologic similarity between catchments, derived from similarity in how catchments respond to precipitation input, is the basis for catchment classification, for transferability of information, for generalization of our hydrologic understanding and also for understanding the potential impacts of environmental change. An important question in this context is, how far can widely available hydrologic information (precipitation-temperature-streamflow data and generally available physical descriptors) be used to create a first order grouping of hydrologically similar catchments? We utilize a heterogeneous dataset of 280 catchments located in the Eastern US to understand hydrologic similarity in a 6-dimensional signature space across a region with strong environmental gradients. Signatures are defined as hydrologic response characteristics that provide insight into the hydrologic function of catchments. A Bayesian clustering scheme is used to separate the catchments into 9 homogeneous classes, which enable us to interpret hydrologic similarity with respect to similarity in climatic and landscape attributes across this region. We finally derive several hypotheses regarding controls on individual signatures from the analysis performed here. Correspondence to: K. Sawicz (kas666@psu.edu)