LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
How risky are social networking sites? A comparison of places online where youth sexual solicitation and harassment occurs.

OBJECTIVE
Recently, public attention has focused on the possibility that social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook are being widely used to sexually solicit underage youth, consequently increasing their vulnerability to sexual victimization. Beyond anecdotal accounts, however, whether victimization is more commonly reported in social networking sites is unknown.


PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS
The Growing up With Media Survey is a national cross-sectional online survey of 1588 youth. Participants were 10- to 15-year-old youth who have used the Internet at least once in the last 6 months. The main outcome measures were unwanted sexual solicitation on the Internet, defined as unwanted requests to talk about sex, provide personal sexual information, and do something sexual, and Internet harassment, defined as rude or mean comments, or spreading of rumors.


RESULTS
Fifteen percent of all of the youth reported an unwanted sexual solicitation online in the last year; 4% reported an incident on a social networking site specifically. Thirty-three percent reported an online harassment in the last year; 9% reported an incident on a social networking site specifically. Among targeted youth, solicitations were more commonly reported via instant messaging (43%) and in chat rooms (32%), and harassment was more commonly reported in instant messaging (55%) than through social networking sites (27% and 28%, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
Broad claims of victimization risk, at least defined as unwanted sexual solicitation or harassment, associated with social networking sites do not seem justified. Prevention efforts may have a greater impact if they focus on the psychosocial problems of youth instead of a specific Internet application, including funding for online youth outreach programs, school antibullying programs, and online mental health services.
Semantic similarity in the biomedical domain: an evaluation across knowledge sources

Semantic similarity measures estimate the similarity between concepts, and play an important role in many text processing tasks. Approaches to semantic similarity in the biomedical domain can be roughly divided into knowledge based and distributional based methods. Knowledge based approaches utilize knowledge sources such as dictionaries, taxonomies, and semantic networks, and include path finding measures and intrinsic information content (IC) measures. Distributional measures utilize, in addition to a knowledge source, the distribution of concepts within a corpus to compute similarity; these include corpus IC and context vector methods. Prior evaluations of these measures in the biomedical domain showed that distributional measures outperform knowledge based path finding methods; but more recent studies suggested that intrinsic IC based measures exceed the accuracy of distributional approaches. Limitations of previous evaluations of similarity measures in the biomedical domain include their focus on the SNOMED CT ontology, and their reliance on small benchmarks not powered to detect significant differences between measure accuracy. There have been few evaluations of the relative performance of these measures on other biomedical knowledge sources such as the UMLS, and on larger, recently developed semantic similarity benchmarks. We evaluated knowledge based and corpus IC based semantic similarity measures derived from SNOMED CT, MeSH, and the UMLS on recently developed semantic similarity benchmarks. Semantic similarity measures based on the UMLS, which contains SNOMED CT and MeSH, significantly outperformed those based solely on SNOMED CT or MeSH across evaluations. Intrinsic IC based measures significantly outperformed path-based and distributional measures. We released all code required to reproduce our results and all tools developed as part of this study as open source, available under http://code.google.com/p/ytex . We provide a publicly-accessible web service to compute semantic similarity, available under http://informatics.med.yale.edu/ytex.web/ . Knowledge based semantic similarity measures are more practical to compute than distributional measures, as they do not require an external corpus. Furthermore, knowledge based measures significantly and meaningfully outperformed distributional measures on large semantic similarity benchmarks, suggesting that they are a practical alternative to distributional measures. Future evaluations of semantic similarity measures should utilize benchmarks powered to detect significant differences in measure accuracy.
Sedimentary facies and tectonic implications of Lower Mesozoic alluvial-fan conglomerates of the Newark Basin, northeastern United States

Abstract Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic conglomeratic sequences of the Passaic and succeeding formations along the northwest-bounding fault of the Newark Basin in eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York, have six relatively distinct lithofacies that record continental basin filling under arid to semi-arid conditions. Matrix-supported conglomerates represent debris flows: clast-supported conglomerates are hyperconcentrated steamflood deposits. Coarse pebbly sandstones represent a braided-stream channel facies, and medium-to-fine sandstones are interpreted as a sheetflood facies, deposits normally succeeded by thin mudstones of a waning-flood facies. Associated with such mudstones at Milford, New Jersey is a sixth, pedogenic facies: caliches that document pauses in deposition. Areal lithologic variations and analyses of vertical changes, including Markov analyses of facies transitions, document intermittent, cyclical debris flows and streamfloods on alluvial fans prograding into the basin. The intermittency is best accounted for by episodic, localized tectonic rejuvenation of fan provenance at the northwest bounding fault of the Newark Basin during the late Triassic to early Jurassic, the final phase of basin filling. Penecontemporaneity of tectonism and fan deposition is corroborated by deformation of some conglomerate clasts which transmitted tectonic stresses to each other before their enclosing matrices were completely lithified. Some pebbles and cobbles are shattered at points of contact, and clasts of relatively soft lithologies became pocked while grinding against harder fragments during post-depositional tectonic episodes.
Stress debriefing after childbirth: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
To test whether critical incident stress debriefing after childbirth reduces the incidence of postnatal psychological disorders.


DESIGN
Randomised single-blind controlled trial stratified for parity and delivery mode.


SETTING
Two large maternity hospitals in Perth.


PARTICIPANTS
1745 women who delivered healthy term infants between April 1996 and December 1997 (875 allocated to intervention and 870 to control group).


INTERVENTION
An individual, standardised debriefing session based on the principles of critical incident stress debriefing carried out within 72 hours of delivery.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Diagnosis of stress disorders or depression in the 12 months postpartum, using structured psychological interview and criteria of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition.


RESULTS
Follow-up information was available for 1730 women (99.1%), 482 of whom underwent psychological interview. There were no significant differences between control and intervention groups in scores on Impact of Events or Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scales at 2, 6 or 12 months postpartum, or in proportions of women who met diagnostic criteria for a stress disorder (intervention, 0.6% v control, 0.8%; P = 0.58) or major or minor depression (intervention, 17.8% v control, 18.2%; relative risk [95% CI], 0.99 [0.87-1.11]) during the postpartum year. Nor were there differences in median time to onset of depression (intervention, 6 [interquartile range, 4-9] weeks v control, 4 [3-8] weeks; P = 0.84), or duration of depression (intervention, 24 [12-46] weeks v control, 22 [10-52] weeks; P = 0.98).


CONCLUSIONS
There is a high prevalence of depression in women during the first year after childbirth. A session of midwife-led, critical incident stress debriefing was not effective in preventing postnatal psychological disorders, but had no adverse effects.
ANDROID BASED MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT and its SECURITY

In the advancing world of technology, Mobile applications are a rapidly growing segment of the global mobile market. Mobile applications are evolving at a meteor pace to give users a rich and fast user experience. In this paper, Android mobile platform for the mobile application development, layered approach and the details of security information for Android is discussed. Google released Android which is an open-source mobile phone operating system with Linux-based platform. It consists of the operating system, middleware, and user interface and application software. Certainly, Android is about to become the most widely used OS on mobile phones, but with Android comes a security vulnerability that few users take into account. On Android Market, where you can download thousands of applications for Android, anyone can upload their programs without having to submit them to careful security checks. This makes Android a prime target for computer criminals. In this paper, we discuss a layered approach for android application development where we can develop application which downloads data from the server. Also an Android Application Sandbox (AASandbox) which is able to perform both static and dynamic analysis on Android programs to automatically detect suspicious applications is also discussed. Keywords— Android, application framework, android runtime, layered approach, AASandbox
Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults.

BACKGROUND
Nutritional supplementation may be used to treat muscle loss with aging (sarcopenia). However, if physical activity does not increase, the elderly tend to compensate for the increased energy delivered by the supplements with reduced food intake, which results in a calorie substitution rather than supplementation. Thus, an effective supplement should stimulate muscle anabolism more efficiently than food or common protein supplements. We have shown that balanced amino acids stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly, but it is unknown whether all amino acids are necessary to achieve this effect.


OBJECTIVE
We assessed whether nonessential amino acids are required in a nutritional supplement to stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly.


DESIGN
We compared the response of muscle protein metabolism to either 18 g essential amino acids (EAA group: n = 6, age 69 +/- 2 y; +/- SD) or 40 g balanced amino acids (18 g essential amino acids + 22 g nonessential amino acids, BAA group; n = 8, age 71 +/- 2 y) given orally in small boluses every 10 min for 3 h to healthy elderly volunteers. Muscle protein metabolism was measured in the basal state and during amino acid administration via L-[ring-(2)H(5)]phenylalanine infusion, femoral arterial and venous catheterization, and muscle biopsies.


RESULTS
Phenylalanine net balance (in nmol x min(-1). 100 mL leg volume(-1)) increased from the basal state (P < 0.01), with no differences between groups (BAA: from -16 +/- 5 to 16 +/- 4; EAA: from -18 +/- 5 to 14 +/- 13) because of an increase (P < 0.01) in muscle protein synthesis and no change in breakdown.


CONCLUSION
Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid-induced stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in the elderly.
Enhancing decentralized service discovery in open service-oriented multi-agent systems

Service-oriented multi-agent systems are dynamic systems that are populated by heterogeneous agents. These agents model their functionality as services in order to allow heterogeneous agents or other entities to interact with each other in a standardized way. Furthermore, due to the large-scale and adaptative needs of the system, traditional directory facilitators or middle-agents are not suitable for the management of agent services. This article proposes the introduction of homophily in service-oriented multi-agent systems to create efficient decentralized and self-organized structures where agents have a greater probability of establishing links with similar agents than with dissimilar ones. This similarity is based on two social dimensions: the set of services that an agent provides and the organizational roles that it plays. A second contribution is an algorithm for service discovery that it is carried out taking into account the local information that is related to the homophily between agents. The experiments compare our proposal with other proposals in distributed environments. The results show that the proposed structure and algorithm offer desirable features for service discovery in decentralized environments. Specifically, these features provide short paths and a high success rate in the service discovery process and resilience under deliberate failures.
Dollar Funding and the Lending Behavior of Global Banks

A large share of dollar-denominated lending is done by non-U.S. banks, particularly European banks. We present a model in which such banks cut dollar lending more than euro lending in response to a shock to their credit quality. Because these banks rely on wholesale dollar funding, while raising more of their euro funding through insured retail deposits, the shock leads to a greater withdrawal of dollar funding. Banks can borrow in euros and swap into dollars to make up for the dollar shortfall, but this may lead to violations of covered interest parity (CIP) when there is limited capital to take the other side of the swap trade. In this case, synthetic dollar borrowing becomes expensive, which causes cuts in dollar lending. We test the model in the context of the Eurozone sovereign crisis, which escalated in the second half of 2011 and resulted in U.S. money-market funds sharply reducing the funding provided to European banks. Coincident with the contraction in dollar funding, there were significant violations of euro-dollar CIP. Moreover, dollar lending by Eurozone banks fell relative to their euro lending in both the U.S. and Europe; this was not the case for U.S. global banks. Finally, European banks that were more reliant on money funds experienced bigger declines in dollar lending. _____________________________________________________________________________________ *We are grateful for helpful comments from Michael Palumbo, and from seminar participants at Northwestern University (Kellogg), the Banque de France/OSEO Conference, and the 4 Paris Spring Corporate Finance Conference. We thank Peter Crane from Crane Data LLC for sharing money-marketfund data with us, Toomas Laarits and Chris Allen for research assistance, and the Division of Research at Harvard Business School for research support. The analysis and conclusions set forth are those of the authors and do not indicate concurrence by other members of the Board of Governors.
Financial fraud detection using social media crowdsourcing

Detecting financial fraud is a daunting challenge for banks and credit card companies due to massive amount of transaction data and wide diversity of user behaviors [1]. In recent years social media has demonstrated the capability of crowdsourcing in a broad range of applications, e.g., disseminating breaking news, launching marketing campaigns, and tracking the flu [2], [3], [4]. Inspired by these novel applications, this paper explores the benefits of social media crowdsourcing, in particularly the tweets, re-tweets and comments from Twitter online social network for effectively detecting financial fraud events.
Bamiphylline improves exercise-induced myocardial ischemia through a novel mechanism of action.

BACKGROUND
In patients with stable angina pectoris aminophylline, a nonselective antagonist of adenosine receptors, markedly improves exercise capacity. To establish the role played by A1 adenosine receptors in the anti-ischemic action of aminophylline, the effects of bamiphylline, a selective A1 antagonist, on exercise-induced ischemia were investigated in patients with stable angina pectoris.


METHODS AND RESULTS
In a single-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over trial in 18 patients, oral administration of 1200 mg bamiphylline increased both the time to 1-mm ST segment depression (from 524 +/- 177 to 664 +/- 192 seconds, P < .01) and the rate-pressure product at 1-mm ST segment depression (from 159 +/- 31 to 190 +/- 34 beats per minute per mm Hg/10(2) (P < .001). End-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volumes, left ventricular ejection fraction, and systolic septal and posterior wall thickening investigated by two-dimensional echocardiography in 12 of the 18 patients were not affected by oral administration of bamiphylline (124 +/- 22 versus 125 +/- 20 mL, P = NS; 49 +/- 12 versus 50 +/- 13 mL, P = NS; 60 +/- 8% versus 58 +/- 7%, P = NS; 35 +/- 6% versus 36 +/- 7%, P = NS; 32 +/- 6% versus 33 +/- 6%, P = NS, respectively). In 7 of the 18 patients, the intravenous infusion of bamiphylline (5 mg/kg in 15 minutes) during cardiac catheterization did not produce any significant change of heart rate (76 +/- 10 versus 75 +/- 13 beats per minute, P = NS), mean right atrial pressure (3.8 +/- 1.7 versus 3.7 +/- 1.7 mm Hg, P = NS), mean aortic pressure (102 +/- 12 versus 99 +/- 10 mm Hg, P = NS), or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (14 +/- 3 versus 14 +/- 4 mm Hg, P = NS) compared with baseline. Furthermore, after intravenous infusion of bamiphylline, the diameter of seven proximal and distal normal segments and of seven stenotic segments were similar to those measured at baseline (3.1 +/- 0.5 versus 3.1 +/- 0.5 mm, P = NS; 1.6 +/- 0.2 versus 1.7 +/- 0.2 mm, P = NS; 1.6 +/- 0.5 versus 1.6 +/- 0.5 mm, P = NS, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with stable angina pectoris, oral administration of bamiphylline improves exercise capacity. Its anti-ischemic action does not appear to be mediated by systemic hemodynamic effects or by stenosis dilation. Therefore, the improvement of myocardial ischemia caused by bamiphylline is probably due to redistribution of coronary blood flow toward the underperfused subendocardium. This novel anti-ischemic action would appear to be mediated by antagonism of A1 receptors.
Demonstrating the Use of High-Volume Electronic Medical Claims Data to Monitor Local and Regional Influenza Activity in the US

INTRODUCTION
Fine-grained influenza surveillance data are lacking in the US, hampering our ability to monitor disease spread at a local scale. Here we evaluate the performances of high-volume electronic medical claims data to assess local and regional influenza activity.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
We used electronic medical claims data compiled by IMS Health in 480 US locations to create weekly regional influenza-like-illness (ILI) time series during 2003-2010. IMS Health captured 62% of US outpatient visits in 2009. We studied the performances of IMS-ILI indicators against reference influenza surveillance datasets, including CDC-ILI outpatient and laboratory-confirmed influenza data. We estimated correlation in weekly incidences, peak timing and seasonal intensity across datasets, stratified by 10 regions and four age groups (<5, 5-29, 30-59, and 60+ years). To test IMS-Health performances at the city level, we compared IMS-ILI indicators to syndromic surveillance data for New York City. We also used control data on laboratory-confirmed Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) activity to test the specificity of IMS-ILI for influenza surveillance.


RESULTS
Regional IMS-ILI indicators were highly synchronous with CDC's reference influenza surveillance data (Pearson correlation coefficients rho≥0.89; range across regions, 0.80-0.97, P<0.001). Seasonal intensity estimates were weakly correlated across datasets in all age data (rho≤0.52), moderately correlated among adults (rho≥0.64) and uncorrelated among school-age children. IMS-ILI indicators were more correlated with reference influenza data than control RSV indicators (rho = 0.93 with influenza v. rho = 0.33 with RSV, P<0.05). City-level IMS-ILI indicators were highly consistent with reference syndromic data (rho≥0.86).


CONCLUSION
Medical claims-based ILI indicators accurately capture weekly fluctuations in influenza activity in all US regions during inter-pandemic and pandemic seasons, and can be broken down by age groups and fine geographical areas. Medical claims data provide more reliable and fine-grained indicators of influenza activity than other high-volume electronic algorithms and should be used to augment existing influenza surveillance systems.
Three ulcerative colitis susceptibility loci are associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and indicate a role for IL2, REL, and CARD9.

UNLABELLED
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the bile ducts. Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to its pathogenesis. To further clarify its genetic background, we investigated susceptibility loci recently identified for ulcerative colitis (UC) in a large cohort of 1,186 PSC patients and 1,748 controls. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging 13 UC susceptibility loci were initially genotyped in 854 PSC patients and 1,491 controls from Benelux (331 cases, 735 controls), Germany (265 cases, 368 controls), and Scandinavia (258 cases, 388 controls). Subsequently, a joint analysis was performed with an independent second Scandinavian cohort (332 cases, 257 controls). SNPs at chromosomes 2p16 (P-value 4.12 × 10(-4) ), 4q27 (P-value 4.10 × 10(-5) ), and 9q34 (P-value 8.41 × 10(-4) ) were associated with PSC in the joint analysis after correcting for multiple testing. In PSC patients without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), SNPs at 4q27 and 9q34 were nominally associated (P < 0.05). We applied additional in silico analyses to identify likely candidate genes at PSC susceptibility loci. To identify nonrandom, evidence-based links we used GRAIL (Gene Relationships Across Implicated Loci) analysis showing interconnectivity between genes in six out of in total nine PSC-associated regions. Expression quantitative trait analysis from 1,469 Dutch and UK individuals demonstrated that five out of nine SNPs had an effect on cis-gene expression. These analyses prioritized IL2, CARD9, and REL as novel candidates.


CONCLUSION
We have identified three UC susceptibility loci to be associated with PSC, harboring the putative candidate genes REL, IL2, and CARD9. These results add to the scarce knowledge on the genetic background of PSC and imply an important role for both innate and adaptive immunological factors.
A detailed complexity model for multiple constant multiplication and an algorithm to minimize the complexity

Multiple constant multiplication (MCM) has been an active research area for the last decade. Most work so far have only considered the number of additions to realize a number of constant multiplications with the same input. In this work, we consider the number of full and half adder cells required to realize those additions, and a novel complexity measure is proposed. The proposed complexity measure can be utilized for all types of constant operations based on shifts, additions and subtractions. Based on the proposed complexity measure a novel MCM algorithm is presented. Simulations show that compared with previous algorithms, the proposed MCM algorithm have a similar number of additions while the number of full adder cells are significantly reduced.