LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Algorithms for Deterministic Incremental Dependency Parsing

Parsing algorithms that process the input from left to right and construct a single derivation have often been considered inadequate for natural language parsing because of the massive ambiguity typically found in natural language grammars. Nevertheless, it has been shown that such algorithms, combined with treebank-induced classifiers, can be used to build highly accurate disambiguating parsers, in particular for dependency-based syntactic representations. In this article, we first present a general framework for describing and analyzing algorithms for deterministic incremental dependency parsing, formalized as transition systems. We then describe and analyze two families of such algorithms: stack-based and list-based algorithms. In the former family, which is restricted to projective dependency structures, we describe an arc-eager and an arc-standard variant; in the latter family, we present a projective and a non-projective variant. For each of the four algorithms, we give proofs of correctness and complexity. In addition, we perform an experimental evaluation of all algorithms in combination with SVM classifiers for predicting the next parsing action, using data from thirteen languages. We show that all four algorithms give competitive accuracy, although the non-projective list-based algorithm generally outperforms the projective algorithms for languages with a non-negligible proportion of non-projective constructions. However, the projective algorithms often produce comparable results when combined with the technique known as pseudo-projective parsing. The linear time complexity of the stack-based algorithms gives them an advantage with respect to efficiency both in learning and in parsing, but the projective list-based algorithm turns out to be equally efficient in practice. Moreover, when the projective algorithms are used to implement pseudo-projective parsing, they sometimes become less efficient in parsing (but not in learning) than the non-projective list-based algorithm. Although most of the algorithms have been partially described in the literature before, this is the first comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the algorithms within a unified framework.
Effect of crop residue harvest on long-term crop yield, soil erosion and nutrient balance: trade-offs for a sustainable bioenergy feedstock

future science group www.future-science.com 1 10.4155/BFS.09.8 © 2010 Future Science Ltd As the role of renewable fuels increases in the US energy portfolio, bioenergy has garnered much attention as a low-carbon alternative to petroleum, particularly in the transportation sector. In recent years, there has been a dramatic expansion of biofuel production: in the USA, ethanol production increased by over a factor of six in the last decade (1998–2008) to 9 billion gallons per year (34 GL year) [101]. The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA), passed by the US Congress in 2007, mandates a further expansion to 36 billion gallons of biofuels per year (136 GL year) by 2022. Of this, 21 billion gallons per year (79 GL year) would be from so-called advanced biofuels – ethanol derived from sources other than corn starch, such as cellulosic ethanol. In addition to ethanol, biomass could also be combusted or cofired in power plants to produce electricity, displacing coal, or serve as chemical feedstock to replace natural gas. Alternatively, sequestered residue (e.g., in deep water) could present an option for reducing atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 [1]. Meeting the growing demand and legislated targets for increased production of bioenergy will require a dramatic increase in biomass feedstock supply and some have expressed concern over the potential negative impacts this would have. For example, the expansion of agriculture into natural areas could result in a loss of biodiversity [2,3] and may incur an insurmountable carbon debt from emissions from land conversion [4]. Intensive farming of land under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) or marginal lands could lead to deer [5] and bird [6] habitat destruction, increase water consumption [7], exacerbate soil loss [8] and increase nutrient run-off and eutrophication of riparian and aquatic systems [9]. Furthermore, economic analyses have suggested that competition for crops could increase food prices [10,11]. Some of these drawbacks can be mitigated by taking advantage of agricultural residues. Agricultural residues are already produced as a coproduct of food and fiber production and thus have a large potential as a bioenergy feedstock, requiring no new land or technology to produce. For these reasons, they are likely to be a much cheaper and a more immediately available source for biomass feedstocks than crops such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) or hybrid poplar (Populus spp.). However, it is unclear what effect different rates of residue biomass removal will have on soil erosion and crop yields. If large-scale exploitation of crop residues Biofuels (2010) 1(1), xxx–xxx Effect of crop residue harvest on long-term crop yield, soil erosion and nutrient balance: trade-offs for a sustainable bioenergy feedstock
Toward a New Generation of Virtual Humans for Interactive Experiences

and a civilian car. A seriously injured child lies on the ground, surrounded by a distraught woman and a medic from your team. You ask what happened and your sergeant reacts defensively. He casts an angry glance at the mother and says, “They rammed into us, sir. They just shot out from the side street and our driver couldn’t see them.” Before you can think, an urgent radio call breaks in: “This is Eagle1-6. Where are you guys? Things are heating up. We need you here now!” From the side street, a CNN camera team appears. What do you do now, lieutenant? Interactive virtual worlds provide a powerful medium for entertainment and experiential learning. Army lieutenants can gain valuable experience in decision-making in scenarios like the example above. Others can use the same technology for entertaining role-playing even if they never have to face such situations in real life. Similarly, students can learn about, say, ancient Greece by walking through its virtual streets, visiting its buildings, and interacting with its people. Scientists and science fiction fans alike can experience life in a colony on Mars long before the required infrastructure is in place. The range of worlds that people can explore and experience with virtual-world technology is unlimited, ranging from factual to fantasy and set in the past, present, or future. Our goal is to enrich such worlds with virtual humans—autonomous agents that support face-toface interaction with people in these environments in a variety of roles, such as the sergeant, medic, or even the distraught mother in the example above. Existing virtual worlds, such as military simulations and computer games, often incorporate virtual humans with varying degrees of intelligence. However, these characters’ability to interact with human users is usually very limited: Typically, users can shoot at them and they can shoot back. Those characters that support more collegial interactions, such as in children’s educational software, are usually very scripted and offer human users no ability to carry on a dialogue. In contrast, we envision virtual humans that cohabit virtual worlds with people and support face-to-face dialogues situated in those worlds, serving as guides, mentors, and teammates. Although our goals are ambitious, we argue here that many key building blocks are already in place. Early work on embodied conversational agents1 and animated pedagogical agents2 has laid the groundwork for face-to-face dialogues with users. Our prior work on Steve3,4 (see Figure 1) is particularly relevant. Steve is unique among interactive animated agents because it can collaborate with people in 3D virtual worlds as an instructor or teammate. Our goal with Steve is to integrate the latest advances from separate research communities into a single agent architecture. While we continue to add more sophistication, we have already implemented a core set of capabilities and applied it to the Army peacekeeping example described earlier. Virtual humans—
Evaluating the validity and applicability of automated essay scoring in two massive open online courses

The use of massive open online courses (MOOCs) to expand students’ access to higher education has raised questions regarding the extent to which this course model can provide and assess authentic, higher level student learning. In response to this need, MOOC platforms have begun utilizing automated essay scoring (AES) systems that allow students to engage in critical writing and free-response activities. However, there is a lack of research investigating the validity of such systems in MOOCs. This research examined the effectiveness of an AES tool to score writing assignments in two MOOCs. Results indicated that some significant differences existed between Instructor grading, AES-Holistic scores, and AES-Rubric Total scores within two MOOC courses. However, use of the AES system may still be useful given instructors’ assessment needs and intent. Findings from this research have implications for instructional technology administrators, educational designers, and instructors implementing AES learning activities in MOOC courses.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Patients with Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Background Eosinophilic esophagitis is among the causes of refractory reflux disease. Biopsy of esophagus is the gold standard for diagnosis. In this study we determined the frequency of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) in refractory reflux cases referred to Motility Department of Shahid Beheshti Research Center of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Tehran, Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 68 cases with refractory reflux disease underwent endoscopy and had biopsies taken. Specimens were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and two independent pathologists confirmed the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Results Mean (standard deviation, SD) age at diagnosis was 41.8 (10.94) years. All had allergy or atopy, and unknown dysphagia was noted for 66%. Endoscopic findings were as follows: esophagitis (33.3%), rings (33.3%), and whitish plaques (33.3%). Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis was 8.8% (N = 6; one man and five women). No statistical difference in demographic variables was found between eosinophilic esophagitis cases and others, except for history of atopy, food impaction, and endoscopic features (P value <0.005). Conclusion Eosinophilic esophagitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any cases with refractory reflux who complain of chronic unexplained dysphagia, with history of recurrent food impaction, and atopy or abnormal endoscopic features.
Ecological compatibility of GM crops and biological control

Insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified (GM) crops pervade many modern cropping systems (especially field-cropping systems), and present challenges and opportunities for developing biologically based pest-management programs. Interactions between biological control agents (insect predators, parasitoids, and pathogens) and GM crops exceed simple toxicological relationships, a priority for assessing risk of GM crops to non-target species. To determine the compatibility of biological control and insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant GM crop traits within integrated pest-management programs, this synthesis prioritizes understanding the bi-trophic and prey/host-mediated ecological pathways through which natural enemies interact within cropland communities, and how GM crops alter the agroecosystems in which natural enemies live. Insect-resistant crops can affect the quantity and quality of non-prey foods for natural enemies, as well as the availability and quality of both target and non-target pests that serve as prey/hosts. When they are used to locally eradicate weeds, herbicide-tolerant crops alter the agricultural landscape by reducing or changing the remaining vegetational diversity. This vegetational diversity is fundamental to biological control when it serves as a source of habitat and nutritional resources. Some inherent qualities of both biological control and GM crops provide opportunities to improve upon sustainable IPM systems. For example, biological control agents may delay the evolution of pest resistance to GM crops, and suppress outbreaks of secondary pests not targeted by GM plants, while herbicide-tolerant crops facilitate within-field management of vegetational diversity that can enhance the efficacy of biological control agents. By examining the ecological compatibility of biological control and GM crops, and employing them within an IPM framework, the sustainability and profitability of farming may be improved.
Do intrauterine or genetic influences explain the foetal origins of chronic disease? A novel experimental method for disentangling effects

BACKGROUND
There is much evidence to suggest that risk for common clinical disorders begins in foetal life. Exposure to environmental risk factors however is often not random. Many commonly used indices of prenatal adversity (e.g. maternal gestational stress, gestational diabetes, smoking in pregnancy) are influenced by maternal genes and genetically influenced maternal behaviour. As mother provides the baby with both genes and prenatal environment, associations between prenatal risk factors and offspring disease maybe attributable to true prenatal risk effects or to the "confounding" effects of genetic liability that are shared by mother and offspring. Cross-fostering designs, including those that involve embryo transfer have proved useful in animal studies. However disentangling these effects in humans poses significant problems for traditional genetic epidemiological research designs.


METHODS
We present a novel research strategy aimed at disentangling maternally provided pre-natal environmental and inherited genetic effects. Families of children aged 5 to 9 years born by assisted reproductive technologies, specifically homologous IVF, sperm donation, egg donation, embryo donation and gestational surrogacy were contacted through fertility clinics and mailed a package of questionnaires on health and mental health related risk factors and outcomes. Further data were obtained from antenatal records.


RESULTS
To date 741 families from 18 fertility clinics have participated. The degree of association between maternally provided prenatal risk factor and child outcome in the group of families where the woman undergoing pregnancy and offspring are genetically related (homologous IVF, sperm donation) is compared to association in the group where offspring are genetically unrelated to the woman who undergoes the pregnancy (egg donation, embryo donation, surrogacy). These comparisons can be then examined to infer the extent to which prenatal effects are genetically and environmentally mediated.


CONCLUSION
A study based on children born by IVF treatment and who differ in genetic relatedness to the woman undergoing the pregnancy is feasible. The present report outlines a novel experimental method that permits disaggregation of maternally provided inherited genetic and post-implantation prenatal effects.
Combined use of positron emission tomography and volume doubling time in lung cancer screening with low-dose CT scanning.

BACKGROUND
In lung cancer screening the ability to distinguish malignant from benign nodules is a key issue. This study evaluates the ability of positron emission tomography (PET) and volume doubling time (VDT) to discriminate between benign and malignant nodules.


METHODS
From the Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial, participants with indeterminate nodules who were referred for a 3-month rescan were investigated. Resected nodules and indolent nodules (ie, stable for at least 2 years) were included. Between the initial scan and the 3-month rescan, participants were referred for PET. Uptake on PET was categorised as most likely benign to malignant (grades I-IV). VDT was calculated from volume measurements on repeated CT scans using semiautomated pulmonary nodule evaluation software. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of PET and VDT.


RESULTS
A total of 54 nodules were included. The prevalence of lung cancer was 37%. In the multivariate model both PET (OR 2.63, p<0.01) and VDT (OR 2.69, p<0.01) were associated with lung cancer. The sensitivities and specificities of both PET and VDT were 71% and 91%, respectively. Cut-off points for malignancy were PET>II and VDT<1 year, respectively. Combining PET and VDT resulted in a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 82%; ROC cut-off point was either PET or VDT indicating malignancy.


CONCLUSION
PET and VDT predict lung cancer independently of each other. The use of both PET and VDT in combination is recommended when screening for lung cancer with low-dose CT.
The US Air Force R&M 2000 Initiative Special Introduction

IEEE Transactions on Reliability dedicated to the US Air are incorporated into a system from inception to producFo Transactionseon Reliability anddedilicted tM te UIition and deployment. The future operational effectiveness Force Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) 2000 Iniof our systems will be determined by how well we integrate tiative. For several years we have focused intense attention reliability and maintainability into the design process. To on improved combat readiness. At the very top of our list focus defense contractors on this goal, we have drastically of ways to accomplish this is improved reliability and altered acquisition priorities. Reliability, maintainability, maintainability. The rationale is compelling: broken and producibility now stand as the first items in the highest equipment and unusable systems don't deter war or prevail ranked areas for source selection. on the battle field. R&M improvements will translate hardIn the Air Force, R&M factors have come of age with ware on the ramp into improved sortie rates, increased priority equal to or greater than such traditional factors as mobility, decreased manpower and lower costs. All that performance, cost, and schedule. This R&M attention is adds up to more warfighting capability and, hence, more clear recognition that logistics is not just in the "nice to deterrence. have" category. Logistics is the essential prerequisite for deterrence. ~~~~~~~~and supporter of warfighting capability. Reliability and For the R&M initiative to be fully effective, it must be ain a ina modernlitic takdable. I understood and applied by all those involved in design, challenge all of you in the engineering and academic comresearch, development, acquisition, and management of munities to join me in this important initiative to build Air Force systems. R&M 2000 cuts across academic, insupportable Air Force capabilities. dustrial, and governmental lines to redefine system capability not only in terms of performance, but also in Manuscript TR8711 received 1986 December 15; revised 1987 April 21. terms of reliability, maintainability, and producibility. The IEEE Log Number 15946 4 TR >
Interpolation technique for encoder resolution improvement in permanent magnet synchronous motor drives

This paper presents an interpolation scheme for high-resolution rotor position estimation using data from a low-resolution encoder. The estimator is produced by incorporating a geometric polynomial equation into the rotor movement profile. The low and transient speed characteristics are examined and it is shown that the technique can produce effective resolution improvements by a factor of 16
Abnormal coronary flow velocity reserve after coronary intervention is associated with cardiac marker elevation.

BACKGROUND
Residual reduction of relative coronary flow velocity reserve (rCVR) after successful coronary intervention has been related to microvascular impairment. However, the incidence of cardiac enzyme elevation as a surrogate marker of an underlying embolic myocardial injury in these cases has not been studied.


METHODS AND RESULTS
A series of 55 consecutive patients with successful coronary stenting, periprocedural intracoronary Doppler analysis, and determination of creatine kinase (CK; upper limit of normal [ULN] for women 70 IU/L, for men 80 IU/L) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT; bedside test, threshold 0.1 ng/mL) before and 6, 12, and 24 hours after intervention were studied. Postprocedural rCVR was the only intracoronary Doppler parameter that independently correlated with cTnT (r=-0.498, P<0.001) and CK outcome (r=-0.406, P=0.002). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a postprocedural rCVR of 0.78 as the best discriminating value, with a sensitivity of 83.3% and 69.2% and a specificity of 79.1% and 76.2% for detection of cTnT and CK elevation, respectively. Stratified according to this cutoff value, the incidence of cTnT elevation was 52.6% in patients with (n=19) and 5.6% in patients without (n=36) a postprocedural rCVR <0.78 (P<0.001), associated with a CK elevation >1 times the ULN in 36.8% and 5.6% (P=0.005) of patients, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Cardiac marker elevation can frequently be found after coronary procedures that are associated with a persistent reduction of rCVR, indicating procedural embolization of atherothrombotic debris with microvascular impairment and myocardial injury as a potential underlying mechanism.
On complex event processing for sensor networks

Sensor networks have to cope with a high volume of events continuously. Conventional software architectures do not explicitly target the efficient processing of continuous event streams. Recently, event-driven architectures (EDA) have been proposed as a new paradigm for event-based applications. In this paper we propose a reference architecture for sensor-based networks, which enables the analysis and processing of complex event streams in real-time. Our approach is based on semantically rich event models using ontologies that allow representation of structural properties of event types and constraints between them. Then, we argue in favor of a declarative approach of complex event processing that draws upon rule languages such as Esper and JESS. Also, we illustrate our approach in the domain of road traffic management for the high-capacity road network in Bilbao, Spain.