LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Dorsal Striatal–midbrain Connectivity in Humans Predicts How Reinforcements Are Used to Guide Decisions

It has been suggested that the target areas of dopaminergic midbrain neurons, the dorsal (DS) and ventral striatum (VS), are differently involved in reinforcement learning especially as actor and critic. Whereas the critic learns to predict rewards, the actor maintains action values to guide future decisions. The different midbrain connections to the DS and the VS seem to play a critical role in this functional distinction. Here, subjects performed a dynamic, reward-based decision-making task during fMRI acquisition. A computational model of reinforcement learning was used to estimate the different effects of positive and negative reinforcements on future decisions for each subject individually. We found that activity in both the DS and the VS correlated with reward prediction errors. Using functional connectivity, we show that the DS and the VS are differentially connected to different midbrain regions (possibly corresponding to the substantia nigra [SN] and the ventral tegmental area [VTA], respectively). However, only functional connectivity between the DS and the putative SN predicted the impact of different reinforcement types on future behavior. These results suggest that connections between the putative SN and the DS are critical for modulating action values in the DS according to both positive and negative reinforcements to guide future decision making.
Tool path smoothing of a redundant machine: Application to Automated Fiber Placement

Automated Tape Laying and Fiber Placement of composite materials are the two principal automated processes used for fabrication of large composite structures in aeronautical industry. The aluminum parts produced by High Speed Machining tend to be replaced by carbon fiber composite parts realized with these processes. However, structural parts present reinforcement zones which disturb the tool path follow-up and generate an increase of the manufacturing time. Thus, this paper deals with the optimization of tool paths of a 7-axis machine tool of Fiber Placement with the objective of reducing the manufacturing time while ensuring the requested quality of the final part. In this paper, two complementary methods are detailed. The first method takes advantage of the degree of redundancy of the machine tool to decrease the kinematic loads of the control joints. The second method aims to smooth the orientation of the machine head along the tool path while ensuring quality constraints. These twomethods are then applied on a test tool path and bring to a significant decrease of the manufacturing time (32.9%). © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
On the Endogeneity of International Trade Flows and Free Trade Agreements

For 40 years, the gravity equation has been a workhorse for cross-country empirical analyses of international trade flows and – in particular – the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) on trade flows. However, the gravity equation is subject to the same econometric critique as early cross-industry studies of U.S. tariff and nontariff barriers and U.S. multilateral imports: trade policy is not exogenous. The potential endogeneity of FTA binary right-hand-side variables motivates developing a theory of FTA determination compatible with the theory of international trade flows. Allowing econometrically for the FTA variable’s potential endogeneity yields striking empirical results: the effect of FTAs on trade flows is quadrupled. Moreover, in the context of our estimation framework which accounts for selection bias, the results suggest that countries that select into FTAs have “chosen well.”
Carboxymethylation of alkali extracted xylan for preparation of bio-based packaging films.

This study describes the synthesis of carboxymethylxylan (CMX) and investigates its suitability as a film for packaging applications. High-purity polymeric xylan was extracted from commercial bleached birch kraft pulp and converted to CMX with three different degrees of substitution (DSs). The water vapor sorption, mechanical, and barrier properties of the films prepared from CMX were tested. Increasing DS of CMX films resulted in an increase in elongation at break and a decrease in tensile strength and Young's modulus. The DS also affected the barrier properties of the films. CMX films with higher DS showed improved (reduced) oxygen permeability (OP), and the water vapor permeability (WVP) increased with DS. It was demonstrated that the carboxymethylation of xylan recovered from industrial side-streams and its conversion to packaging films could be a viable option to valorize xylan.
Differentiating between self and others: an ALE meta-analysis of fMRI studies of self-recognition and theory of mind

The perception of self and others is a key aspect of social cognition. In order to investigate the neurobiological basis of this distinction we reviewed two classes of task that study self-awareness and awareness of others (theory of mind, ToM). A reliable task to measure self-awareness is the recognition of one’s own face in contrast to the recognition of others’ faces. False-belief tasks are widely used to identify neural correlates of ToM as a measure of awareness of others. We performed an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis, using the fMRI literature on self-face recognition and false-belief tasks. The brain areas involved in performing false-belief tasks were the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), bilateral temporo-parietal junction, precuneus, and the bilateral middle temporal gyrus. Distinct self-face recognition regions were the right superior temporal gyrus, the right parahippocampal gyrus, the right inferior frontal gyrus/anterior cingulate cortex, and the left inferior parietal lobe. Overlapping brain areas were the superior temporal gyrus, and the more ventral parts of the MPFC. We confirmed that self-recognition in contrast to recognition of others’ faces, and awareness of others involves a network that consists of separate, distinct neural pathways, but also includes overlapping regions of higher order prefrontal cortex where these processes may be combined. Insights derived from the neurobiology of disorders such as autism and schizophrenia are consistent with this notion.
Food Security During Infancy: Implications for Attachment and Mental Proficiency in Toddlerhood

Objective This study examined the associations between household food security (access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food) during infancy and attachment and mental proficiency in toddlerhood. Methods Data from a longitudinal nationally representative sample of infants and toddlers (n = 8944) from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—9-month (2001–2002) and 24-month (2003–2004) surveys were used. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the direct and indirect associations between food insecurity at 9 months, and attachment and mental proficiency at 24 months. Results Food insecurity worked indirectly through depression and parenting practices to influence security of attachment and mental proficiency in toddlerhood. Conclusions Social policies that address the adequacy and predictability of food supplies in families with infants have the potential to affect parental depression and parenting behavior, and thereby attachment and cognitive development at very early ages.
Assistive, Rehabilitation, and Surgical Robots from the Perspective of Medical and Healthcare Professionals

The presence of robots in the medical and healthcare fields is increasing. Commercially available medical and healthcare robots are in use by hospitals and nursing homes. Many more assistive, rehabilitation, and surgical robots are being developed at research institutions. In this paper, we examine the awareness of medical and healthcare professionals with respect to robotic applications and the social and psychological impacts of human-robot interaction.
Applying Explanatory Style to Academic Procrastination

To better understand procrastination, researchers have sought to identify cognitive personality factors associated with it. The study reported here attempts to extend previous research by exploring the application of explanatory style to academic procrastination. Findings of the study are discussed from the perspective of employers of this new generation.
The ApolloScape Open Dataset for Autonomous Driving and its Application

Autonomous driving has attracted tremendous attention especially in the past few years. The key techniques for a self-driving car include solving tasks like 3D map construction, self-localization, parsing the driving road and understanding objects, which enable vehicles to reason and act. However, large scale data set for training and system evaluation is still a bottleneck for developing robust perception models. In this paper, we present the ApolloScape dataset [1] and its applications for autonomous driving. Compared with existing public datasets from real scenes, e.g. KITTI [2] or Cityscapes [3], ApolloScape contains much large and richer labelling including holistic semantic dense point cloud for each site, stereo, per-pixel semantic labelling, lanemark labelling, instance segmentation, 3D car instance, high accurate location for every frame in various driving videos from multiple sites, cities and daytimes. For each task, it contains at lease 15x larger amount of images than SOTA datasets. To label such a complete dataset, we develop various tools and algorithms specified for each task to accelerate the labelling process, such as 3D-2D segment labeling tools, active labelling in videos etc. Depend on ApolloScape, we are able to develop algorithms jointly consider the learning and inference of multiple tasks. In this paper, we provide a sensor fusion scheme integrating camera videos, consumer-grade motion sensors (GPS/IMU), and a 3D semantic map in order to achieve robust self-localization and semantic segmentation for autonomous driving. We show that practically, sensor fusion and joint learning of multiple tasks are beneficial to achieve a more robust and accurate system. We expect our dataset and proposed relevant algorithms can support and motivate researchers for further development of multi-sensor fusion and multi-task learning in the field of computer vision.
A Problem Based Learning Meta Analysis: Differences Across Problem Types, Implementation Types, Disciplines, and Assessment Levels

Problem based learning (PBL) in its most current form originated in Medical Education but has since been used in a variety of disciplines (Savery & Duff y, 1995) at a variety of educational levels (Savery, 2006). Although recent meta analyses have been conducted (Dochy, Segers, Van den Bossche, & Gijbels, 2003; Gijbels, Dochy, Van den Bossche, & Segers, 2005) that attempted to go beyond medical education, they found only one study in economics and were unable to explain large portions of the variance across results. This work builds upon their eff orts as a meta-analysis that crosses disciplines as well as categorizes the types of problems used (Jonassen, 2000), the PBL approach employed (Barrows, 1986), and the level of assessment (Gijbels et al., 2005; Sugrue, 1993, 1995). Across 82 studies and 201 outcomes the fi ndings favor PBL (dw = 0.13, +/.025) with a lack of homogeneity (Q = 954.27) that warrants a closer examination of moderating factors.
Systems-based safety intervention: reducing falls with injury and total falls on an orthopaedic ward.

BACKGROUND
In-hospital falls can result in substantial morbidity and mortality and were declared "never events" by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in 2008. Interventions that were intended to reduce the incidence of falls based on patient risk factors have not been successful in the acute inpatient setting. We hypothesized that a systems-based fall-prevention program targeting high-risk situations would result in fewer falls with injury.


METHODS
Falls that occurred in the prospective postintervention period were reviewed in real time with use of a clinical database that could be accessed by all physicians, nurses, aides, and therapists. Analysis of the hospital setting, patient factors, and circumstances associated with all falls occurring on the hospital's orthopaedic ward were evaluated during the preintervention study period. On the basis of the findings from this audit, four systems-based interventions were implemented. Prospective analysis of these interventions was then conducted. All falls were tracked by means of the clinical database and reviewed by the study investigators. The rates of falls with injury and total falls in the preintervention and postintervention periods were compared.


RESULTS
The preintervention study period (May 1, 2007, to September 28, 2008) represented 11,082 patient days, during which time the fall with injury rate and total fall rate were 1.17 and 4.24, respectively, per 1000 patient days. The postintervention study period (September 29, 2008, to May 1, 2010) represented 12,267 patient days, during which time the fall with injury rate and the total fall rate were 0.41 and 2.53, respectively, per 1000 patient days. The reductions in the rates of falls with injury (p = 0.036) and total falls (p = 0.024) were significant.


CONCLUSION
Utilization of a continuous quality improvement model to develop a systems-based fall-prevention program can be effective in reducing falls with injury and total falls in an acute inpatient setting. Despite a thoughtful, multidisciplinary, intensive approach to the problem, falls did occur. We believe that it is unrealistic to consider all falls to be preventable.
Brain processing of audiovisual sexual stimuli inducing penile erection: a positron emission tomography study.

PURPOSE
Penile erection is dependent on commands from the central nervous system. Although basic studies of animals and neuroimaging studies of humans have been conducted to identify key brain regions associated with sexual arousal, to our knowledge no reliable studies of the first excitation phase of sexual arousal leading to penile erection have been reported.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
We used H(2)(15)O-positron emission tomography to analyze regional cerebral blood flow just before penile erection in heterosexual volunteers. The subjects viewed 3 different types of audiovisual materials-sexually explicit clips, nonsexual neutral clips and dynamic mosaic image control clips-presented in random order, and penile rigidity was monitored in real time with a RigiScan(R) Plus device. Positron emission tomography scanning was initiated simultaneously when each clip was started, and images obtained when the subjects showed appropriate penile response were analyzed and compared.


RESULTS
The advanced audiovisual cortices and cerebellar vermis in the right hemisphere were activated for sexually explicit-dynamic mosaic image control clip contrast, and only the right middle frontal gyrus was activated for sexually explicit- nonsexual neutral clip contrast. Several primary visual and audio regions were activated for dynamic mosaic image control-sexually explicit clip contrast and nonsexual neutral-sexually explicit clip contrast.


CONCLUSIONS
We speculate that advanced audiovisual activity with imagination, not primary visual and audio activity, occurs when men experience sexual arousal inducing penile erection. Furthermore, the cerebellar vermis may be a key region for induction of penile erection in humans.
Dopaminergic Contributions to Vocal Learning.

UNLABELLED
Although the brain relies on auditory information to calibrate vocal behavior, the neural substrates of vocal learning remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that lesions of the dopaminergic inputs to a basal ganglia nucleus in a songbird species (Bengalese finches, Lonchura striata var. domestica) greatly reduced the magnitude of vocal learning driven by disruptive auditory feedback in a negative reinforcement task. These lesions produced no measureable effects on the quality of vocal performance or the amount of song produced. Our results suggest that dopaminergic inputs to the basal ganglia selectively mediate reinforcement-driven vocal plasticity. In contrast, dopaminergic lesions produced no measurable effects on the birds' ability to restore song acoustics to baseline following the cessation of reinforcement training, suggesting that different forms of vocal plasticity may use different neural mechanisms.


SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
During skill learning, the brain relies on sensory feedback to improve motor performance. However, the neural basis of sensorimotor learning is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in regulating vocal learning in the Bengalese finch, a songbird with an extremely precise singing behavior that can nevertheless be reshaped dramatically by auditory feedback. Our findings show that reduction of dopamine inputs to a region of the songbird basal ganglia greatly impairs vocal learning but has no detectable effect on vocal performance. These results suggest a specific role for dopamine in regulating vocal plasticity.
The montage principle : Eisenstein in new cultural and critical contexts

Acknowledgements Foreword Geoffrey NOWELL-SMITH: Eisenstein's Aesthetics: Eisenstein in the 21st Century Introduction i. Jean ANTOINE-DUNNE: Introducing Eisenstein's Theory ii. Jean ANTOINE-DUNNE and Paul QUIGLEY: General Introduction 1. Richard TAYLOR: Sergei Eisenstein: The Life and Times of a Boy from Riga 2. Arthur MCCULLOUGH: Eisenstein's Regenerative Aesthetics: From Montage to Mimesis 3. Debbie GING: The Politics of Sound and Image: Eisenstein, Artifice and Acoustic Montage in Contemporary Feminist Cinema 4. Anne SHERIDAN: Healing the Rupture: The Influence of Eisenstein on the Work of Ritwik Ghatak 5. Jean-Antoine DUNNE: Time and Space in Their Indissoluble Connection: Towards an Audio-Visual Caribbean Aesthetic 6. Paula QUIGLEY: Eisenstein, Montage, and 'filmic writing' 7. Paul WILLEMEN: Reflections on Eisenstein and Digital Imagery: Of Mice and Men 8. Jean ANTOINE-DUNNE: Beckett, Eisenstein and the Image: Making an Inside an Outside Index
Identifying Speakers and Listeners of Quoted Speech in Literary Works

We present the first study that evaluates both speaker and listener identification for direct speech in literary texts. Our approach consists of two steps: identification of speakers and listeners near the quotes, and dialogue chain segmentation. Evaluation results show that this approach outperforms a rule-based approach that is stateof-the-art on a corpus of literary texts.
Orthogonal and nearly orthogonal designs for computer experiments

We introduce a method for constructing a rich class of designs that are suitable for use in computer experiments. The designs include Latin hypercube designs and two-level fractional factorial designs as special cases and fill the vast vacuum between these two familiar classes of designs. The basic construction method is simple, building a series of larger designs based on a given small design. If the base design is orthogonal, the resulting designs are orthogonal; likewise, if the base design is nearly orthogonal, the resulting designs are nearly orthogonal. We present two generalizations of our basic construction method. The first generalization improves the projection properties of the basic method; the second generalization gives rise to designs that have smaller correlations. Sample constructions are presented and properties of these designs are discussed.
A Statistical Model for Scientific Readability

In this paper, we present a new method of using statistical models to estimate readability [1]. Language Model is used to capture the content information. It is combined with linguistic feature model by a linear form. Experiments show that this new method has a better performance than the widely used Flesch-Kincaid readability formula.
Social Structure of Facebook Networks

We study the social structure of Facebook “friendship” networks at one hundred American colleges and universities at a single point in time, and we examine the roles of user attributes—gender, class year, major, high school, and residence—at these institutions. We investigate the influence of common attributes at the dyad level in terms of assortativity coefficients and regression models. We then examine larger-scale groupings by detecting communities algorithmically and comparing them to network partitions based on the user characteristics. We thereby compare the relative importances of different characteristics at different institutions, finding for example that common high school is more important to the social organization of large institutions and that the importance of common major varies significantly between institutions. Our calculations illustrate how microscopic and macroscopic perspectives give complementary insights on the social organization at universities and suggest future studies to investigate such phenomena further. Preprint submitted to Social Networks February 11, 2011
Class-E RF power amplifier with a flat-top transistor-voltage waveform

This paper shows a Class-E RF power amplifier designed to obtain a flat-top transistor-voltage waveform whose peak value is 81% of the peak value of the voltage of a “Classical” Class-E amplifier.
Thigh muscle attenuation measured by computed tomography was associated with the risk of low bone density in community-dwelling elderly population.

OBJECTIVES
Although muscle mass has been shown to be positively related with bone mineral density (BMD), there are only a few studies that investigated the association between muscle strength or muscle quality and BMD. We investigated the effects of muscle strength and muscle fat infiltration, as a measure of muscle quality, adjusted for muscle mass on femoral neck BMD in Korean elderly cohort.


METHODS
We recruited 242 men and 231 women aged over 65 years who participated in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Ageing. Leg muscle mass and femoral neck BMD were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Isokinetic strength of knee extensors was measured as a peak torque value by an isokinetic device. Computed tomography scan of the mid-thigh measured the mean Hounsfield unit (HU) of the lean tissue. Low bone density was defined as femoral neck T-score ≤-2·0.


RESULTS
Leg muscle mass, knee extensor strength and thigh muscle HU values were significantly positively correlated with femoral neck BMD in both men and women. However, muscle strength was not a significant determinant for the presence of low bone mass after adjusting for muscle mass in multiple logistic regression analyses. Notably, thigh muscle HU values were strong and independent determinant for the risk of low bone density.


CONCLUSION
Decreased thigh muscle HU values, a measure of fatty infiltration of muscle, were independently associated with increased risk of low bone density in the elderly population.
Induced crystallization and physical properties of Li2O-CaF2-P2O5:TiO2 glass system Part I. Characterization, spectroscopic and elastic properties

Abstract Li 2 O–CaF 2 –P 2 O 5 glasses mixed with different concentrations of TiO 2 (ranging from 0 to 0.8 mol%) were crystallized at 500 °C. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and differential thermal analysis techniques. Spectroscopic properties (IR and Raman) and elastic properties (viz., Young's modulus E , shear modulus G and micro-hardness H ) at room temperature are studied. The X-ray diffraction and the scanning electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of lithium phosphate, lithium titanium phosphate and titanium phosphate crystal phases. The differential thermal analysis traces of these samples exhibit three crystalline temperatures. The IR and Raman spectra of these samples have exhibited bands due to TiO 4 and TiO 6 structural units in addition to the conventional bands due to various phosphate structural groups. The analysis of these results indicated that the sample crystallized with 0.6 mol% of TiO 2 possesses the highest density, high mechanical strength and more compact network.