LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Beach Profile Equilibrium and Patterns of Wave Decay and Energy Dissipation across the Surf Zone Elucidated in a Large-Scale Laboratory Experiment

WANG, P. and KRAUS, N.C., 2005. Beach profile equilibrium and patterns of wave decay and energy dissipation across the surf zone elucidated in a large-scale laboratory experiment. Journal of Coastal Research, 21(3), 522–534. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The widely accepted assumption that the equilibrium beach profile in the surf zone corresponds with uniform waveenergy dissipation per unit volume is directly examined in six cases from the large-scale SUPERTANK laboratory experiment. Under irregular waves, the pattern of wave-energy dissipation across a large portion of the surf zone became relatively uniform as the beach profile evolved toward equilibrium. Rates of wave-energy dissipation across a near-equilibrium profile calculated from wave decay in the surf zone support the prediction derived by DEAN (1977). Substantially different equilibrium beach-profile shapes and wave-energy dissipation rates and patterns were generated for regular waves as compared to irregular waves of similar statistical significant wave height and spectral peak period. Large deviation of wave-energy dissipation from the equilibrium rate occurred at areas on the beach profile with active net cross-shore sediment transport and substantial sedimentation and erosion. The rate of waveenergy dissipation was greater at the main breaker line and in the swash zone, as compared to middle of the surf zone. Based on analysis of the SUPERTANK data, a simple equation is developed for predicting the height of irregular waves in the surf zone on an equilibrium profile. The decay in wave height is proportional to the water depth to the one-half power, as opposed to values of unity or greater derived previously for regular waves. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Beach profile, equilibrium, cross-shore sediment transport, wave breaking, coastal morphology, SUPERTANK, physical modeling.
The generation of hexahedral meshes for assembly geometry : survey and progress †

The nite element method is being used today to model component assemblies in a wide variety of application areas, including structural mechanics, uid simulations, and others. Generating hexahedral meshes for these assemblies usually requires the use of geometry decomposition, with di erent meshing algorithms applied to di erent regions. While the primary motivation for this approach remains the lack of an automatic, reliable all-hexahedral meshing algorithm, requirements in mesh quality and mesh con guration for typical analyses are also factors. For these reasons, this approach is also sometimes required when producing other types of unstructured meshes. This paper will review progress to date in automating many parts of the hex meshing process, which has halved the time to produce all-hex meshes for large assemblies. Particular issues which have been exposed due to this progress will also be discussed, along with their applicability to the general unstructured meshing problem. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust miniature robot design for land/air hybrid locomotion

The utility of miniature ground robots has long been limited by reduced locomotion capabilities compared to larger robots. Many avenues of research have been pursued to improve ground locomotion to alleviate this issue. In this paper, another option is explored in which a small ground robot is equipped with the ability to fly, allowing it to move to previously unreachable areas if necessary.
Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and sexual abuse.

AIMS
The aetiology of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) is unknown. A series of 42 cases of this uncommon condition is reported. The aim of this study was to identify associations of LSA and document the association with sexual abuse.


METHODS
Information about the patients was obtained by retrospective case note review and some patients were contacted by telephone for further information.


RESULTS
In 12 cases there was evidence of sexual abuse. The abused group were slightly older than the non-abused group but were similar in all other respects. All three patients who presented over the age of 12 years had evidence of sexual abuse. Genital trauma was recalled by the patient or found at examination in 17 cases. Evidence of autoimmunity was present in five cases. Positive microbiological isolates were obtained in 18 cases. In only 11 cases were there no associated factors. The symptoms of LSA started between the ages of 3 and 7 years in most patients. The usual symptoms were related to genital skin involvement, and symptoms related to bladder and bowel function were common (50%).


CONCLUSION
In this large series of paediatric LSA, associations with trauma, autoimmunity, and infection were noted. There was a high rate of coexisting sexual abuse with LSA, possibly due to genital trauma.
Vague matrices in linear programming

This paper deals with so-called vague matrices, the columns of which are convex sets. A special “square” problem of the vague optimization is analysed. The results form a base for the subsequent outline of an algorithm for solving the LP-problem with a vague matrix. The paper is concluded by the discussion of possible types of degeneracy.
Toxicity, biotransformation, and mode of action of arsenic in two freshwater microalgae (Chlorella sp. and Monoraphidium arcuatum).

The toxicity of As(V) and As(III) to two axenic tropical freshwater microalgae, Chlorella sp. and Monoraphidium arcuatum, was determined using 72-h growth rate-inhibition bioassays. Both organisms were tolerant to As(III) (72-h concentration to cause 50% inhibition of growth rate [IC50], of 25 and 15 mg As[III]/L, respectively). Chlorella sp. also was tolerant to As(V) with no effect on growth rate over 72 h at concentrations up to 0.8 mg/L (72-h IC50 of 25 mg As[V]/L). Monoraphidium arcuatum was more sensitive to As(V) (72-h IC50 of 0.25 mg As[V]/L). An increase in phosphate in the growth medium (0.15-1.5 mg PO4(3-)/L) decreased toxicity, i.e., the 72-h IC50 value for M. arcuatum increased from 0.25 mg As(V)/L to 4.5 mg As(V)/L, while extracellular As and intracellular As decreased, indicating competition between arsenate and phosphate for cellular uptake. Both microalgae reduced As(V) to As(III) in the cell, with further biological transformation to methylated species (monomethyl arsonic acid and dimethyl arsinic acid) and phosphate arsenoriboside. Less than 0.01% of added As(V) was incorporated into algal cells, suggesting that bioaccumulation and subsequent methylation was not the primary mode of detoxification. When exposed to As(V), both species reduced As(V) to As(III); however, only M. arcuatum excreted As(III) into solution. Intracellular arsenic reduction may be coupled to thiol oxidation in both species. Arsenic toxicity most likely was due to arsenite accumulation in the cell, when the ability to excrete and/or methylate arsenite was overwhelmed at high arsenic concentrations. Arsenite may bind to intracellular thiols, such as glutathione, potentially disrupting the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione and, consequently, inhibiting cell division.
Prospective trial of high-frequency oscillation in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in adult patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and oxygenation failure.


DESIGN
Prospective, clinical study.


SETTING
Intensive care and burn units of two university teaching hospitals.


PATIENTS
Twenty-four adults (10 females, 14 males, aged 48.5 +/- 15.2 yrs, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score 21.5 +/- 6.9) with ARDS (lung injury score 3.4 +/- 0.6, Pao2/Fio2 98.8 +/- 39.0 mm Hg, and oxygenation index 32.5 +/- 19.6) who met one of the following criteria: Pao2 < or =65 mm Hg with Fio2 > or =0.6, or plateau pressure > or =35 cm H2O.


INTERVENTIONS
HFOV was initiated in patients with ARDS after varying periods of conventional ventilation (CV). Mean airway pressure (Paw) was initially set 5 cm H2O greater than Paw during CV, and was subsequently titrated to maintain oxygen saturation between 88% and 93% and Fio2 < or =0.60.


MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Fio2, Paw, pressure amplitude of oscillation, frequency, blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial blood gases were monitored during the transition from CV to HFOV, and every 8 hrs thereafter for 72 hrs. In 16 patients who had pulmonary artery catheters in place, cardiac hemodynamics were recorded at the same time intervals. Throughout the HFOV trial, Paw was significantly higher than that applied during CV. Within 8 hrs of HFOV application, and for the duration of the trial, Fio2 and Paco2 were lower, and Pao2/Fio2 was higher than baseline values during CV. Significant changes in hemodynamic variables following HFOV initiation included an increase in pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (at 8 and 40 hrs) and central venous pressure (at 16 and 40 hrs), and a reduction in cardiac output throughout the course of the study. There were no significant changes in systemic or pulmonary pressure associated with initiation and maintenance of HFOV. Complications occurring during HFOV included pneumothorax in two patients and desiccation of secretions in one patient. Survival at 30 days was 33%, with survivors having been mechanically ventilated for fewer days before institution of HFOV compared with nonsurvivors (1.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 7.8 +/- 5.8 days; p =.001).


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that HFOV has beneficial effects on oxygenation and ventilation, and may be a safe and effective rescue therapy for patients with severe oxygenation failure. In addition, early institution of HFOV may be advantageous.
Evidence-based target recall rates for screening mammography.

PURPOSE
To retrospectively identify target recall rates for screening mammography on the basis of how sensitivity shifts with recall rate.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study group included 1 872 687 subsequent and 171 104 first screening mammograms from 1996 to 2001 from 172 and 139 facilities, respectively, in six sites of the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained from each site. Informed consent requirements of the IRBs were followed. The study was HIPAA compliant. Recall rate was defined as the percentage of screening studies for which further work-up was recommended by the radiologist. Sensitivity was defined as the proportion of cancers that were detected at screening mammography. Piecewise linear regression was used to model sensitivity as a function of recall rate. This model allows detection of critical recall rates in which significant changes (shifts) occurred in the rates that sensitivity increased with increasing recall rate. Rates were interpreted as number of additional work-ups per additional cancer detected (AW/ACD) or, in other words, the estimated number of additional women needed to be recalled at a given rate to detect one additional cancer.


RESULTS
For first mammograms, a single shift in the estimated AW/ACD rate occurred at a recall rate of 10.0%, with the rate jumping dramatically from 35 to 172. For subsequent mammograms, four shifts were identified. At a recall rate of 6.7%, the estimated AW/ACD increased from 80 to 132, which rendered it the highest desirable target recall rate. At a recall rate of 12.3%, the estimated AW/ACD was 304, which suggests little benefit for any higher recall rate.


CONCLUSION
Recall rates of 10.0% for first and 6.7% for subsequent mammograms are recommended targets on the basis of their AW/ACD rates (less than 100).
Electromyographic analysis of specific exercises for scapular control in early phases of shoulder rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND
Restoration of control of dynamic scapular motion by specific activation of the serratus anterior and lower trapezius muscles is an important part of functional rehabilitation. This study evaluated activation of those muscles in specific exercises.


HYPOTHESIS
Specific exercises will activate key scapular-stabilizing muscles in clinically significant amplitudes and patterns.


STUDY DESIGN
Controlled laboratory study.


METHODS
Muscle activation amplitudes and patterns were evaluated in the serratus anterior, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, anterior deltoid, and posterior deltoid muscles with electromyography in symptomatic (n = 18) and asymptomatic (n = 21) subjects as they executed the low row, inferior glide, lawnmower, and robbery exercises.


RESULTS
There were no significant differences in muscle activation amplitude between groups. Muscle activation was moderate across all of the exercises and varied slightly with the specific exercise. The serratus anterior and lower trapezius were activated between 15% and 30% in all exercises. Upper trapezius activation was high (21%-36%) in the dynamic exercises (lawnmower and robbery). Serratus anterior was activated first in the low row and last in the lawnmower and robbery. The upper trapezius and lower trapezius were activated first in the lawnmower and robbery.


CONCLUSION
These specific exercises activate key scapular-stabilizing muscles at amplitudes that are known to increase muscle strength.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
These exercises can be used as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation program for restoration of shoulder function. They activate the serratus anterior and lower trapezius-key muscles in dynamic shoulder control-while variably activating the upper trapezius. Activation patterns depended on scapular position resulting in variability of amplitude and activation sequencing between exercises. Inferior glide and low row can be performed early in rehabilitation because of their limited range of motion, while lawnmower and robbery, which require larger movements, can be instituted later in the sequence.
Asthma-like symptoms prevalence in five Turkish urban centers.

BACKGROUND
Asthma, which is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells, is a common cause of morbidity in adults. It is almost the third leading cause of preventable hospitalization in the developed countries and accounts for approximately millions of visits to emergency departments.


METHODS
In this study, we aimed to determine asthma prevalence in five urban centers in Turkey. Three of the cities were located in the middle-west region of the Anatolia one of them as located across the Mediterranean cost and the last one was in the north part of the country. Data of totally 2353 participants was collected by the trained interviewers, who visited the households and administered the questionnaire to the household members at or over the age of 15 years.


RESULTS
The prevalence of asthma was found to be 6.6 % and the difference of asthma prevalence between the urban centers was statistically non-significant (p = 0.059).
Ethical considerations for short-term experiences by trainees in global health.

ACADEMIC GLOBAL HEALTH PROGRAMS ARE BURGEONing. According to a recent review of the Web sites of 129 accredited MD-granting US medical schools and their parent universities, almost half (60; 47%) have established initiatives, institutes, centers, or offices for global health. These programs announce goals that include reducing disparities in global health through a combination of research, education, and service. In part responding to student demand and enthusiasm, many programs provide short-term training and service experiences in resource-limited settings. Nevertheless, there are important ethical considerations inherent to sending individuals from resource-replete settings for training and service experiences in resource-limited settings. However, unlike clinical research conducted across international borders, which has attracted considerable attention in the lay and scholarly literature, much less attention has been given to ethical issues associated with education and service initiatives of global health programs. We describe some of these issues so they can be addressed explicitly by those engaged in global health education and service initiatives to facilitate the goals of providing medical students, residents, and other trainees in disciplines related to global health the opportunity for international experience while minimizing unintended adverse consequences.
I Spot a Bot : Building a binary classifier to detect bots on Twitter

It has been estimated that up to 50% of the activity on Twitter comes from bots [1]: algorithmically-automated accounts created to advertize products, distribute spam, or sway public opinion. It is perhaps this last intent that is most alarming; studies have found that up to 20% of the Twitter activity related to the 2016 U.S. presidential election came from suspected bot accounts, and there has been evidence of bots used to spread false rumors about French presidential candidate Emmanuel Macron and to escalate a recent conflict in Qatar [1]. Detecting bots is necessary in order to identify bad actors in the “Twitterverse” and protect genuine users from misinformation and malicious intents. This has been an area of research for several years, but current algorithms still lag in performance relative to humans [2]. Given a Twitter user’s profile and tweet history, our project was to build a binary classifier that identifies a given user as “bot” or “human.” The end-user application for a classifier such as this one would be a web plug-in for the browser that can score a given account in real-time (See page 5 for mock-ups). All of the raw inputs required to classify a public Twitter account via our algorithm are available for download from the Twitter API; in fact, our check_screenname.py program is a working prototype that uses the API to classify a given Twitter user handle within seconds. It is our opinion that a product like this is sorely needed for the average Twitter consumer.
A multilayer ontology-based hybrid recommendation model

We propose a novel hybrid recommendation model in which user preferences and item features are described in terms of semantic concepts defined in domain ontologies. The concept, item and user spaces are clustered in a coordinated way, and the resulting clusters are used to find similarities among individuals at multiple semantic layers. Such layers correspond to implicit Communities of Interest, and enable enhanced recommendations.
Disorders of the Cerebellum : Ataxia , Dysmetria of Thought , and the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome

From the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Address correspondence to Dr. Schmahmann, Department of Neurology, VBK 915, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114; jschmahmann@partners.org (E-mail). Copyright 2004 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Disorders of the Cerebellum: Ataxia, Dysmetria of Thought, and the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome
Aging , Obsolescence and Organizational Innovation

• • The order of authorship on this paper is random and contributions were equal. We would like to thank Ron Burt, Jim March and Mike Tushman for many helpful suggestions. Olav Sorenson provided particularly extensive comments on this paper. We would like to acknowledge the financial support of the University of Chicago, Graduate School of Business and a grant from the Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership. Clarifying the relationship between organizational aging and innovation processes is an important step in understanding the dynamics of high-technology industries, as well as for resolving debates in organizational theory about the effects of aging on organizational functioning. We argue that aging has two seemingly contradictory consequences for organizational innovation. First, we believe that aging is associated with increases in firms' rates of innovation. Simultaneously, however, we argue that the difficulties of keeping pace with incessant external developments causes firms' innovative outputs to become obsolete relative to the most current environmental demands. These seemingly contradictory outcomes are intimately related and reflect inherent trade-offs in organizational learning and innovation processes. Multiple longitudinal analyses of the relationship between firm age and patenting behavior in the semiconductor and biotechnology industries lend support to these arguments. Introduction In an increasingly knowledge-based economy, pinpointing the factors that shape the ability of organizations to produce influential ideas and innovations is a central issue for organizational studies. Among all organizational outputs, innovation is fundamental not only because of its direct impact on the viability of firms, but also because of its profound effects on the paths of social and economic change. In this paper, we focus on an ubiquitous organizational process-aging-and examine its multifaceted influence on organizational innovation. In so doing, we address an important unresolved issue in organizational theory, namely the nature of the relationship between aging and organizational behavior (Hannan 1998). Evidence clarifying the relationship between organizational aging and innovation promises to improve our understanding of the organizational dynamics of high-technology markets, and in particular the dynamics of technological leadership. For instance, consider the possibility that aging has uniformly positive consequences for innovative activity: on the foundation of accumulated experience, older firms innovate more frequently, and their innovations have greater significance than those of younger enterprises. In this scenario, technological change paradoxically may be associated with organizational stability, as incumbent organizations come to dominate the technological frontier and their preeminence only increases with their tenure. 1 Now consider the …
Conditional generative adversarial nets for convolutional face generation

We apply an extension of generative adversarial networks (GANs) [8] to a conditional setting. In the GAN framework, a “generator” network is tasked with fooling a “discriminator” network into believing that its own samples are real data. We add the capability for each network to condition on some arbitrary external data which describes the image being generated or discriminated. By varying the conditional information provided to this extended GAN, we can use the resulting generative model to generate faces with specific attributes from nothing but random noise. We evaluate the likelihood of real-world faces under the generative model, and examine how to deterministically control face attributes by modifying the conditional information provided to the model.