LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy in HIV Clinical Trials in Sub Saharan Africa: Failure of Consent or Contraception?

OBJECTIVE
Higher than expected pregnancy rates have been observed in HIV related clinical trials in Sub-Saharan Africa. We designed a qualitative study to explore the factors contributing to high pregnancy rates among participants in two HIV clinical trials in Sub-Saharan Africa.


METHODS
Female and male participants enrolled in one of two clinical HIV trials in south-west Uganda were approached. The trials were a phase III microbicide efficacy trial among HIV negative women using vaginal gel (MDP); and a trial of primary prevention prophylaxis for invasive cryptococcal disease using fluconazole among HIV infected men and women in Uganda (CRYPTOPRO). 14 focus group discussions and 8 in-depth interviews were conducted with HIV positive and negative women and their male partners over a six month period. Areas explored were their experiences about why and when one should get pregnant, factors affecting use of contraceptives, HIV status disclosure and trial product use.


RESULTS
All respondents acknowledged being advised of the importance of avoiding pregnancy during the trial. Factors reported to contribute to pregnancy included; trust that the investigational product (oral capsules/vaginal gel) would not harm the baby, need for children, side effects that led to inconsistent contraceptive use, low acceptance of condom use among male partners. Attitudes towards getting pregnant are fluid within couples over time and the trials often last for more than a year. Researchers need to account for high pregnancy rates in their sample size calculations, and consider lesser used female initiated contraceptive options e.g. diaphragm or female condoms. In long clinical trials where there is a high fetal or maternal risk due to investigational product, researchers and ethics committees should consider a review of participants contraceptive needs/pregnancy desire review after a fixed period, as need for children, partners and health status of participants may alter over time.
The Value of Pig Manure as a Source of Nutrients for Semi-Intensive Culture of Nile Tilapia in Ponds ( A Review )

Growing global needs for food call for substantial increases in protein production in coming years, and for diligent conservation efforts. Manures from farm animals have been viewed both as a resource and as a waste product, but they are critically important sources of nutrients for organic and integrated farming and for traditional Asian aquaculture. Given constraints on livestock production and capture fisheries, careful development of the aquaculture industry is a necessity. The production volume and market share of tilapia are advancing extremely rapidly, and so too is the proliferation of misinformation and controversy. Culture and feeding practices differ widely, but feeding is usually recognized as the single largest cost to producers. Traditional Asian integrated farming practices involve the use of manures and other farm wastes to promote algae and zooplankton production, serving as a sole or supplemental nutrient source to the food chain that supports tilapia growout. Tilapia also ingest manures. The efficient use of nutrients from manures can have multiple benefits to integrated terrestrial agriculture and aquaculture, as long as product safety and quality are not compromised. With efficient use, handling of manures is simplified, fish production costs are reduced, fish nutrition can be improved, and potentially polluting materials are cycled constructively on integrated farms. Consumer and press reactions to the use of farm manures in food production can be highly polarized. Published responses cover a range of extremes, from enthusiastic endorsement to volatile reactions and outright rejection; in some areas this practice is considered to be more of a “PR (Public Relations) problem” than a health hazard. The perception in online public media that tilapia coming from ponds fertilized with manure are Corresponding author.
Sternohyoid muscle syndrome.

OBJECTIVES
Patients presenting with neck mass are challenging for many otolaryngologists. If a mass on the lower lateral neck exists with swallowing and disappears after swallowing, it has been diagnosed as an omohyoid syndrome in most literature. The mechanism of sternohyoid syndrome has not been proven or investigated before. We investigated sternohyoid syndrome, commonly misdiagnosed as an omohyoid syndrome.


METHODS AND PATIENTS
Two patients were investigated. Outpatient photography, computed tomography and operating findings were reviewed. We found that the sternohyoid muscle was inserted at an abnormal site, the midportion of the clavicle. There was no abnormality of other muscles. We also reviewed all literature that previously diagnosed this condition as an omohyoid syndrome.


RESULTS
There was no literature about sternohyoid syndrome. We found that the abnormal muscle is a sternohyoid muscle and not omohyoid muscle. The color of the left sternohyoid muscle was dark red, and the fascia covering the muscle was denuded. The muscle had lost elasticity and moved abnormally.


CONCLUSION
Our patients did not have omohyoid syndrome. The symptoms of omohyoid syndrome are the same as sternohyoid syndrome but the problematic muscle is different. This is the first known report diagnosing sternohyoid syndrome, and should be a consideration in the diagnosis of a lateral neck mass.
Comparison of symptoms in Japanese and American depressed primary care patients.

BACKGROUND
Depression is a highly prevalent, worldwide problem with multiple social and health consequences. It often presents in primary care with physical symptoms. Little research has been done on cross-cultural expression of depression in primary care. This paper examines the hypothesis that depressed Japanese patients present with more and with more distinct somatic complaints than depressed American patients.


METHODS
Data were collected by chart audit for patients with a diagnosis of depression at two sites: Minamikawachi Tochigi, Japan and Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Patient demographics and type and number of presenting symptoms in the two populations were compared. Logistic regression was used to determine whether there were differences between countries in physical symptoms and to adjust for relevant demographic characteristics.


RESULTS
Japanese family physicians charted more somatic complaints from patients diagnosed as depressed than did American family physicians. Specific physical symptoms differed by country: Japanese patients had more abdominal distress, headaches, and neck pain. These symptoms have strong cultural significance for Japanese patients.


CONCLUSIONS
This study clearly indicates the prominence and importance of physical symptoms in the presentation of depression in Japanese primary care patients. Their physicians must be alerted to the possibility of depression, especially when patient complaints include abdominal, neck or head pain.
Pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation: functional characterization, evolution, and influence of the ablation strategy.

BACKGROUND
Pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis is a complication of ablation for atrial fibrillation. The impact of different ablation strategies on the incidence of PV stenosis and its functional characterization has not been described.


METHODS AND RESULTS
PV isolation was performed in 608 patients. An electroanatomic approach was used in 71 and circular mapping in 537 (distal isolation, 25; ostial isolation based on PV angiography, 102; guided by intracardiac echocardiography, 140; with energy delivery based on visualization of microbubbles, 270). Severe (> or =70%) narrowing was detected in 21 patients (3.4%), and moderate (50% to 69%) and mild (<50%) narrowing occurred in 27 (4.4%) and 47 (7.7%), respectively. Severe stenosis occurred in 15.5%, 20%, 2.9%, 1.4%, and 0%, respectively. Development of symptoms was correlated with involvement of >1 PV with severe narrowing (P=0.01), whereas all patients with mild and moderate narrowing were asymptomatic. In the latter group, lung perfusion (V/Q) scans were normal in all but 4 patients. All patients with severe stenosis had abnormal perfusion scans.


CONCLUSIONS
V/Q scans are useful to assess the functional significance of PV stenosis. Mild and moderate degrees of PV narrowing are not associated with development of symptoms and seem to have no or minimal detrimental effect on pulmonary flow. The incidence of severe PV stenosis seems to be declining with better imaging techniques to ensure ostial isolation and to guide power titration. Mild narrowing 3 months after ablation does not preclude future development of severe stenosis and should be assessed with repeat imaging studies.
What Drives the Helpfulness of Online Product Reviews? From Stars to Facts and Emotions

For consumers, online product reviews have become an important source for product-related information. Furthermore, they represent a beneficial addition to online retailers’ websites. Due to the increasing amount of available product reviews, identifying the most helpful product reviews represents an important task in order to reduce information overload. Therefore, the factors influencing review helpfulness have to be identified. Thus, in order to explain review helpfulness, we build upon and extend review diagnosticity theory with concepts from marketing research and propose a research model that includes product quality, review sentiment and review uncertainty. Based on a sample of amazon.com product reviews, we evaluate our research model and find that statements about product quality positively influence review helpfulness. Furthermore, we identify that sentiment as well as uncertainty expressed in product reviews have an impact on review helpfulness. Finally, we confirm that the product category has a moderating effect on these relationships.
Utilization of Utilization of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) and Influencing Factors Among Mothers and Care Takers of Preterm/Low Birth Weight Babies in Yirgalem Town, Southern, Ethiopia

Background: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a universally available method of care particularly, for premature babies for maintaining their body temperature. However, its prevalence is very low in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was intended to assess utilization of kangaroo mother care (KMC) and factors influencing among mothers and care takers of preterm /low birth weight babies in Yirgalem town, southern, Ethiopia Materials and Method: A community based cross sectional study was conducted from of February to March, 2017 among 215 mothers of preterm/low birth weight (LBW) infants in Yirgalem town. Mothers of preterm/LBW infant of age less than 36 months were included in study. Data was collected by using interviewer administered questionnaire that is adapted from relevant literatures and standardized accordingly. Data analyses ere accomplished using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the association of different variables. Results: A total of 215 mothers with their preterm infants ranged 1-36 months of age voluntarily participated, with response rate of 100%. A hundred ninety (88.4%) of the mothers had normal vaginal delivery, and 11.6% had cesarean section. Among all study subjects 90(41.9%) practice KMC. Of these, 31(14.4%) started KMC immediately after birth as the infant had been stabilized, and 59(27.4%) practice it after 24 hours. However, only sixty of the infants showed improvement after they used continuous KMC at home compared to those infants that did not use KMC. It was found that some variables were statistically associated with the utilization of KMC. Respondents who gave birth spontaneously were 4.3 times more likely to practice KMC than those had caesarean section delivery [(AOR 4.341) 95%CI(1.435, 13.130)] and mothers who delivered at governmental hospital were 20.4 times more likely to practice KMC than those who gave birth at home [(AOR (20.458) 95%CI(2.644, 158.299))]. Conclusion: In this study only very low mothers initiated KMC immediately after birth and were practiced continuously KMC at home. Thus, it is recommended to promote KMC at home and develop studies on acceptability and applicability of the KMC and affecting factors that prevent the use of KMC at home method in Ethiopian context.
Using objects to handle complexity in finite element software

Engineering software is becoming ever more complex. Finite element programs have sophisticated graphical input and output facilities, and are increasingly required to be linked to other software such as CAD or databases. The paper shows how an object oriented approach to finite element programming can be used to handle this complexity. This requires an approach that is very different from that adopted in more traditional programming. A foundation finite element class system is developed. This represents the essential data structure of the main finite element classes. It is then shown how this system can be used in a graphical model of two dimensional structures. The finite element system imposed no constraints on the development of the graphical model, yet could still be used easily. An important feature is that the nodes and elements are distributed around the graphical model, rather than being held centrally. For instance nodes may belong to points or lines of the graphical model. This means that the data structure used in the program more closely matches the way that the user of the program is likely to think.
Exposure Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Loima Sub-County of Turkana County, Kenya

Background: Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) is a serious disease caused by species of the parasitic protists Leishmania. It can affect humans living in parts of the tropics and sub-tropics and is transmitted by Phlebotomus sandflies. It is classified as a neglected disease yet it is a public health problem, a debilitating disease causing an estimated 500,000 new cases each year, and a tenth of these patients will die in the predisposed areas. Objective: To assess the exposure factors associated with kala-azar in Loima sub-county of Turkana County, Kenya. Methods: Descriptive crosssectional research design was employed and the study was conducted between October, 2015 and June, 2016. Cluster random sampling technique was used to identify study subjects in the purposively selected Loima Sub-county. A sample size of 341 respondents who were household heads or adult members and health facility workers were randomly sampled. Data collection was done using pretested structured questionaires, interviews, focus group discussions and observations; entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 for analysis. Presentation of data was done using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Results: The key exposure factors to the disease in the community include: Age, gender, educational level, socio-economic status, housing, presence of large amount of termite mounds all over the area 60.1%(n=205),inaccessibility to health services, varying health-seeking behaviour and lack of proper knowledge on transmission of disease. Also, human activities such as deforestation and hunting 52%(n=32), resting or sitting near termite mounds 70%(n=191) and dancing at night (Edong’a 64.8%(n=167), when the sand flies are active. There was a significant association between age ((OR=0.7; 95%CI= (0.4-1.1), p=0.135) and exposure to kala-azar, gender (OR=0.6; 95%CI= (0.4-0.9), p=0.012),education level (OR=1.2; 95%CI= (0.1-1.4), p=0.0501)), housing (OR=1.8; 95%CI= (1.0-3.1), p=0.029 ),presence of large amount of termite mounds (OR=0.6; 95%CI= (0.2-2.0), p=0.0045) and resting or sitting near termite-mounds (OR=0.6; 95%CI= (0.1-2.1), p=0.0043)).Conclusion: The study concludes that kala-azar is prevalent in the area and though the community is aware of its existence, the residents have different beliefs about transmission. The study recommends the need for enhanced general health education and awareness on the transmission cycle of kala-azar. Community empowerment and participation should be emphasized as well as structural development plans that include sand fly management strategies and control methods that would ensure the removal of breeding and resting sites of the vectors within human habitation. In addition, integrated disease surveillance and response to be implemented to avert the disease situation.
A personalized approach to exercise promotion in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

PURPOSE
This exploratory study tested the feasibility of conducting a novel, personalized exercise intervention based upon the current fitness levels of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). The relationships of perceptions of benefits and barriers to exercise, exercise self-efficacy and family support to exercise adherence and changes in cardiovascular (CV) fitness, quality of life (QOL), and glycemic control were studied.


METHODS
Adolescents who were sedentary received a graded exercise test to determine their current fitness level (VO(2peak)). A 16-wk personalized exercise program was developed for each adolescent based upon individual fitness level and exercise preferences. Pretest and posttest measures of exercise self-efficacy, benefits and barriers to exercise, family support, and diabetes QOL were completed. A1c levels were obtained using the DCA2000. Adherence to exercise was measured using the Actigraph Accelerometer.


RESULTS
Twelve adolescents completed the study. Accelerometry data revealed adherence to 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day for a mean of 45.5 (SD = 23.9)% of the days the accelerometer was worn. Adolescents' perceptions of family support for exercise improved following the intervention (p = 0.03). Adolescents who had more daily bouts of exercise lasting 60 min increased their CV fitness (r = 0.59, p = 0.04). A1c remained unchanged.


CONCLUSIONS
Encouraging 60 min of accumulated exercise bouts/d can improve fitness levels in adolescents with T1DM, minimizing future CV risks. Although physical activity increased in adolescents, family based strategies are required to promote current physical activity recommendations.
Highly accurate calculation of rotating neutron stars

A new spectral code for constructing general–relativistic models of rapidly rotating stars with an unprecedented accuracy is presented. As a first application, we reexamine uniformly rotating homogeneous stars and compare our results with those obtained by several previous codes. Moreover, representative relativistic examples corresponding to highly flattened rotating bodies are given.
Validation of the French Version of the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index: Psychometric Properties in French Speaking School-Aged Children

BACKGROUND
Although the reliable and valid Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTS-RI) is a widely used measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in children, it has not been validated in French-speaking populations. The present study aims to assess the psychometric properties of the CPTS-RI in three samples of French-speaking school-children.


METHODS
Data was obtained from three samples. Sample 1 was composed of 106 children (mean (SD) age = 11.7(0.7), 50% females) victims of an industrial disaster. Sample 2 was composed of 50 children (mean (SD) age = 10.8(2.6), 44% females) who had received an orthopaedic surgical procedure after an accident. Sample 3 was composed of 106 children (mean (SD) age = 11.7(2.2), 44% females) admitted to an emergency department after a road traffic accident. We tested internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. We examined test-retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient. In order to assess the convergent validity of the French version of the CPTS-RI and the Clinician Administered PTS Scale-Child and Adolescent (CAPS-CA), spearman-correlation coefficient was computed. To verify the validity of the cut-off scores, a ROC curve was constructed which evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of each score compared to the diagnosis with the CAPS-CA. We also used principal components analysis with varimax rotation to study the structure of the French version of the CPTS-RI.


RESULTS
Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.87 for the French version of the CPTS-RI. Two-week test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient (n = 30) was 0.67. The French version of the CPTS-RI was well correlated with the CAPS-CA (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). Taking the CAPS-CA as the diagnostic reference, with a diagnostic cut-off of >24 for the CPTS-RI, the sensitivity and specificities were 100% and 62.6%, respectively. The French version of the CPTS-RI demonstrated a three-factor structure.


CONCLUSIONS
The CPTS-RI is reliable and valid in French-speaking children.
Hybrid Text Mining for Finding Abbreviations and their Definitions

We present a hybrid text mining method for finding abbreviations and their definitions in free format texts. To deal with the problem, this method employs pattern-based abbreviation rules in addition to text markers and cue words. The pattern-based rules describe how abbreviations are formed from definitions. Rules can be generated automatically and/or manually and can be augmented when the system processes new documents. The proposed method has the advantages of high accuracy, high flexibility, wide coverage, and fast recognition.
Altering gait by way of stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot: the immediate effect of wearing textured insoles in older fallers

BACKGROUND
Evidence suggests that textured insoles can alter gait and standing balance by way of enhanced plantar tactile stimulation. However, to date, this has not been explored in older people at risk of falling. This study investigated the immediate effect of wearing textured insoles on gait and double-limb standing balance in older fallers.


METHODS
Thirty older adults >65 years (21 women, mean [SD] age 79.0 [7.1]), with self-reported history of ≥2 falls in the previous year, conducted tests of level-ground walking over 10 m (GAITRite system), and double-limb standing with eyes open and eyes closed over 30 seconds (Kistler force platform) under two conditions: wearing textured insoles (intervention) and smooth (control) insoles in their usual footwear.


RESULTS
Wearing textured insoles caused significantly lower gait velocity (P = 0.02), step length (P = 0.04) and stride length (P = 0.03) compared with wearing smooth insoles. No significant differences were found in any of the balance parameters (P > 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
A textured insole worn by older adults with a history of falls significantly lowers gait velocity, step length and stride length, suggesting that this population may not have an immediate benefit from this type of intervention. The effects of prolonged wear remain to be investigated.