LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Fatigue resistance and crack propensity of large MOD composite resin restorations: direct versus CAD/CAM inlays.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the influence of material/technique selection (direct vs. CAD/CAM inlays) for large MOD composite adhesive restorations and its effect on the crack propensity and in vitro accelerated fatigue resistance.


METHODS
A standardized MOD slot-type tooth preparation was applied to 32 extracted maxillary molars (5mm depth and 5mm bucco-palatal width) including immediately sealed dentin for the inlay group. Fifteen teeth were restored with direct composite resin restoration (Miris2) and 17 teeth received milled inlays using Paradigm MZ100 block in the CEREC machine. All inlays were adhesively luted with a light curing composite resin (Filtek Z100). Enamel shrinkage-induced cracks were tracked with photography and transillumination. Cyclic isometric chewing (5 Hz) was simulated, starting with a load of 200 N (5000 cycles), followed by stages of 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 N at a maximum of 30,000 cycles each. Samples were loaded until fracture or to a maximum of 185,000 cycles.


RESULTS
Teeth restored with the direct technique fractured at an average load of 1213 N and two of them withstood all loading cycles (survival=13%); with inlays, the survival rate was 100%. Most failures with Miris2 occurred above the CEJ and were re-restorable (67%), but generated more shrinkage-induced cracks (47% of the specimen vs. 7% for inlays).


SIGNIFICANCE
CAD/CAM MZ100 inlays increased the accelerated fatigue resistance and decreased the crack propensity of large MOD restorations when compared to direct restorations. While both restorative techniques yielded excellent fatigue results at physiological masticatory loads, CAD/CAM inlays seem more indicated for high-load patients.
Developments on Balanced Scorecard : A Historical Review

Balanced Scorecard is considered as the world widely used Performance Management System by organizations. Around 57% organizations of the world are using the Balanced Scorecard tool for improving their Organizational Performance [1]. This technique of performance evaluation and management was coined by the Kaplan and Norton in 1992. From that date to 2012 a lot of work has been done by the academicians and practitioner on the Balanced Scorecard. This study is summarizing the major studies conducted on Balanced Scorecard from 1992 to 2012. Summing up all the criticism and appreciations on Balanced Scorecard, the study is suggesting some guidelines for improving the Balanced Scorecard in the light of previous researches conducted on Balanced
Varenicline for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND
Alcohol dependence is a devastating illness affecting a large population, and new pharmacological treatments with good efficacy are greatly needed. One potential candidate is varenicline, a smoking cessation agent with partial agonist action at α4 β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.


METHODS
A total of 160 subjects, 30 to 70 years of age, fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence without any serious physical or mental disorders, were recruited through advertisement at 3 university clinics in Sweden during March 2009 to January 2011. After a 2-week placebo run-in period, subjects received 2 mg varenicline daily (titrated from 0.5 mg during first week) or placebo for 12 weeks in a double-blind manner.


RESULTS
The primary outcome was the proportion of heavy drinking days, measured by self-reported alcohol consumption. Primary and secondary outcomes were calculated as a mean over the 10-week steady-state active treatment period. In the primary outcome analysis, no effect of varenicline over placebo was found (p = 0.73 for the intention to treat [ITT] and 0.92 for per protocol [PP]). Secondary outcome analysis found a significant reduction of specific alcohol marker phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in the blood in the varenicline group compared to placebo (p = 0.02 ITT). Craving (p = 0.048 PP) and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores (p = 0.015 ITT) were also reduced in the active treatment group. PEth more strongly correlated with self-reported alcohol consumption than carbohydrate-deficient ttransferrin and γ-glutamyl transferase, and correlation coefficients were higher in the varenicline group than in the placebo group for all markers.


CONCLUSIONS
Although the results of the main outcome of this study did not support an effect of varenicline in alcohol-dependent individuals, the secondary analyses of PEth, craving and AUDIT score support an effect of varenicline on alcohol consumption. The disclosure of a treatment effect and the lack of a clear placebo effect when using PEth as outcome variable, together with a nonsymmetric bias associated with self-reported data, strongly argue for using the specific biomarker PEth in studies of treatments of alcohol dependence.
From research to practice: experiences engineering a production metadata database for a scale out file system

HP’s StoreAll with Express Query is a scalable commercial file archiving product that offers sophisticated file metadata management and search capabilities [3]. A new REST API enables fast, efficient searching to find all files that meet a given set of metadata criteria and the ability to tag files with custom metadata fields. The product brings together two significant systems: a scale out file system and a metadata database based on LazyBase [10]. In designing and building the combined product, we identified several real-world issues in using a pipelined database system in a distributed environment, and overcame several interesting design challenges that were not contemplated by the original research prototype. This paper highlights our experiences.
Volume of milk obtained in relation to location and circumstances of expression in mothers of very low birth weight infants.

BACKGROUND
Given the importance of mother's milk for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, it would be helpful to know which circumstances are most favorable for milk expression.


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to estimate the volume of milk obtained by mothers of VLBW infants as a function of proximity to the infant and use of the kangaroo position during the actual expression.


METHODS
In this prospective cohort study, when the infant was stable and the mother had established a breastfeeding routine, she was given a notebook in which to record the location of expression and the amount of milk expressed for 10 consecutive days. Breast milk expression volumes were recorded and analyzed.


RESULTS
Data were collected on 26 mother-VLBW infant dyads and 1642 milk expressions. The first early morning expressions (n = 276, 17%) were conducted at home. Thereafter, 743 (45%) expressions were conducted far from the infant, either in a different room within the hospital or at home, and 623 (38%) were performed in proximity to the infant (beside the incubator, during kangaroo mother care [KMC], after KMC, or during kangaroo father care). The mean milk volume was significantly higher when expression was conducted in proximity to the infant. When only milk expressions conducted in proximity to the infant were considered, volumes obtained during KMC (107.7 mL, 91.8-123.5) and after KMC (117.7 mL, 99.0-136.5) were significantly higher than those obtained beside the incubator (96.9 mL, 79.9-113.9), respectively, P = .0030 and P = .0024.


CONCLUSION
Milk expression conducted in proximity to the infant, particularly during and immediately after KMC, is associated with higher milk volume.
Constrained clusters of gene expression profiles with pathological features

MOTIVATION
Gene expression profiles should be useful in distinguishing variations in disease, since they reflect accurately the status of cells. The primary clustering of gene expression reveals the genotypes that are responsible for the proximity of members within each cluster, while further clustering elucidates the pathological features of the individual members of each cluster. However, since the first clustering process and the second classification step, in which the features are associated with clusters, are performed independently, the initial set of clusters may omit genes that are associated with pathologically meaningful features. Therefore, it is important to devise a way of identifying gene expression clusters that are associated with pathological features.


RESULTS
We present the novel technique of 'itemset constrained clustering' (IC-Clustering), which computes the optimal cluster that maximizes the interclass variance of gene expression between groups, which are divided according to the restriction that only divisions that can be expressed using common features are allowed. This constraint automatically labels each cluster with a set of pathological features which characterize that cluster. When applied to liver cancer datasets, IC-Clustering revealed informative gene expression clusters, which could be annotated with various pathological features, such as 'tumor' and 'man', or 'except tumor' and 'normal liver function'. In contrast, the k-means method overlooked these clusters.
Rajyaguru Design and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System

In this paper, a MATLAB based simulation of Grid connected PV system is presented. The main components of this simulation are PV solar panel, Boost converter; Maximum Power Point Tracking System (MPPT) and Grid Connected PV inverter with closed loop control system is designed and simulated. A simulation studies is carried out in different solar radiation level.
Response to potent anti-HBV agents in chronic hepatitis B and combined effect of HBV reverse transcriptase mutations.

BACKGROUND AND AIM
Response to nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy against HBV infection depends on a number of factors. One of them is appearance of drug resistance mutations. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of ETV and TDF as anti-HBV agents and to analyze the role of HBV-RT mutations in reducing the efficacy of mentioned drugs.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sixty nine treatment naïve CHB patients (mean age 33.8 ± 11.9 years) were enrolled and treated with ETV or TDF for one year. Complete virological response (CVR) was defined as undetectable serum HBV DNA after 12 months of therapy. Amino acid and nucleotide sequence analyses of HBV-RT region were performed using Geno2pheno HBV drug resistance tool. The 3D model of HBV-RT protein was built by I-TASSER server and RMSD was calculated between wild type and mutated HBV-RT protein.


RESULTS
After 12 months of treatment, four CHB patients did not achieve CVR and all of them were with HBV genotype D. HBeAg seroconversion was achieved in 56% HBeAg positive patients after 12 months of antiviral therapy. The HBV-RT amino acid sequences from these four patients were used for in-silico analysis. It was found that the presence of many mutations in HBV-RT region of HBV isolated from these patients led to a high degree of variation in configuration of atoms of HBV-RT protein and also caused displacement of active site of this protein.


CONCLUSION
The efficacy of antiviral drugs in inhibiting HBV replication may be reduced by combined effect of many HBV-RT mutations; however, an in vitro study is needed to validate the findings.
A prospective observational study of treatment practice patterns in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in Europe.

BACKGROUND
The AntiPlatelet Therapy Observational Registry (APTOR) was a prospective observational study of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in France, Spain, and the UK.


AIMS
To evaluate patterns of ACS healthcare use, focusing on APTOR results from France.


METHODS
Consecutive presenting ACS patients requiring PCI were recruited between January and August 2007. Treatments and outcomes were recorded from the qualifying ACS event to 12 months follow-up.


RESULTS
In France, qualifying diagnosis was unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) in 255(53%) patients and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in 228(47%)patients. Ninety-six percent underwent PCI with stent implantation. Drug eluting stents were used less frequently in France(22%) than Spain (54%) or the UK (42%). In France, antiplatelets were more frequently received in the ambulance (21%); a 200-299mg aspirin-loading dose was most frequently received (50%) and more than a third of patients received a clopidogrel-loading dose of over 300mg (34%). At 12 months in France, 86% were still receiving aspirin, 75% clopidogrel, and 73% combination treatment.


CONCLUSION
There was considerable country-variation in ACS management. These results provide a benchmark of physician practice to compare with guidelines.
Optimization of point target tracking filters

We are investigating the potential for staring focal plane infrared (IR) arrays to carry out an Infrared Search and Track (IRST) mission [1]. As the centerpiece for such a function, modern staring IR technology promises passive day and night operation, high sensitivity, and high frame rate. The rapid frame rate increases the correlation in time of evolving clutter (such as clouds). Hence, temporal signal processing algorithms should offer superior clutter rejection to that of the standard spatial processing approaches [2]. The desire to maximize target detection range focuses attention on algorithms for detecting and tracking point targets. Targets of interest and current staring camera parameters, such as IFOV and frame rates, translate into point targets which move only fractions of a pixel per frame time. Our search for and development of the requisite temporal algorithms is closely guided by real-world data with airborne targets of opportunity. Such data has been acquired with on-hand, state of the art staring IR cameras. We have identified and reported a new class of temporal filters [3, 4] whose ease of hardware implementation and inherent lack of response to evolving cloud clutter offer great potential for the IRST application. A survey of the historical development of tracking point targets in the IR is presented in these earlier reports. We tested many of these approaches in our effort to implement a staring-based IRST. Our temporal filter approach is in the spirit of recent techniques which use multiple frames in retaining and updating target probability values for each pixel with no premature thresholding [5, 6]. This is achieved through a recursive implementation with a weighting of past history. The design and test of these filters has been closely controlled by real-world data which has dictated a somewhat empirical approach. The first reports [3, 4] of our temporal filters focused exclusively on the evolving cloud scenario and compared their performance with that of our initial approach: a bank of spatio-temporal velocity filters [7]. In later work [8], we concentrated on the temporal filters emphasizing issues and trade-offs in choosing their free parameters. We identified parametric variations with better signal to temporal noise (as contrasted with signal to cloud clutter) response which gave improved performance in clear sky scenes but showed increased cloud clutter leakage in other scenarios. Here we address a problem of increasing importance. As algorithms with parametric variations are used to process real data in real-time hardware, how can one systematically and effectively incorporate such data in the design (not just the test) of such
Improvements in the StArt tool to better support the systematic review process

Context: Systematic Review (SR) is a methodology used to find and aggregate relevant existing evidence about a specific research topic of interest. It can be very time-consuming depending on the number of gathered studies that need to be analyzed by researchers. One of the relevant tools found in the literature and preliminarily evaluated by researchers of SRs is StArt, which supports the whole SR process. It has been downloaded by users from more than twenty countries. Objective: To present new features available in StArt to support SR activities. Method: Based on users' feedback and the literature, new features were implemented and are available in the tool, like the SCAS strategy, snowballing techniques, the frequency of keywords and a word cloud for search string refining, collaboration among reviewers, and the StArt online community. Results: The new features, according to users' positive feedback, make the tool more robust to support the conduct of SRs. Conclusion: StArt is a tool that has been continuously developed such that new features are often available to improve the support for the SR process. The StArt online community can improve the interaction among users, facilitating the identification of improvements and new useful features.
Effects of inverse ratio ventilation versus positive end-expiratory pressure on gas exchange and gastric intramucosal PCO(2) and pH under constant mean airway pressure in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

BACKGROUND
In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, whether inverse ratio ventilation differs from high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) for gas exchange under a similar mean airway pressure has not been adequately examined. The authors used arterial oxygenation, gastric intramucosal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PiCO(2)), and pH (pHi) to assess whether pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation (PC-IRV) offers more benefits than pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) with PEEP.


METHODS
Seventeen acute respiratory distress syndrome patients were enrolled and underwent mechanical ventilation with a PCV inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio of 1:2, followed by PC-IRV 1:1 initially. Then, they were randomly assigned to receive PC-IRV 2:1, then 4:1 or 4:1, and then 2:1, alternately. The baseline setting of PCV 1:2 was repeated between the settings of PC-IRV 2:1 and 4:1. Mean airway pressure and tidal volume were kept constant by adjusting the levels of peak inspiratory pressure and applied PEEP. In each ventilatory mode, hemodynamics, pulmonary mechanics, arterial and mixed venous blood gas analysis, PiCO(2), and pHi were measured after a 1-h period of stabilization.


RESULTS
With a constant mean airway pressure, PC-IRV 2:1 and 4:1 decreased arterial and mixed venous oxygenation as compared with baseline PCV 1:2. Neither the global oxygenation indices with oxygen delivery and uptake nor PiCO(2) and pHi were improved by PC-IRV. During PC-IRV, applied PEEP was lower, and auto-PEEP was higher.


CONCLUSION
When substituting inverse ratio ventilation for applied PEEP to keep mean airway pressure constant, PC-IRV does not contribute more to better gas exchange and gastric intramucosal PiCO(2) and pHi than does PCV 1:2 for acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, regardless of the inspiratory-to-expiratory ratios.
Patient-controlled regional analgesia (PCRA) with ropivacaine after arthroscopic subacromial decompression.

BACKGROUND
The aim of the study was to evaluate postoperative analgesia and safety of wound instillation of ropivacaine either by a single dose or a patient-controlled regional anaesthesia (PCRA) technique.


METHODS
In 40 patients undergoing arthroscopic subacromial decompression the surgeon placed a catheter into the subacromial space at the end of the operation. In Phase I (10 patients), ropivacaine 250 mg was injected twice within 1 h. In Phase II, 30 patients were randomised into three groups: group prilocaine-ropivacaine (PR) = 20 ml of 1% prilocaine-epinephrine injected preoperatively into the subacromial bursa + 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine infused in the catheter postoperatively; group saline-ropivacaine (SR) = saline-epinephrine (20 ml) preoperatively + 0.5% ropivacaine as in group PR; group saline-saline (SS) = saline-epinephrine (20 ml) preoperatively + saline postoperatively. The PCRA pump was filled with local anaesthetic or saline to allow boluses of 10-ml each, maximum one bolus/h, via the catheter. Pain relief, side-effects and venous plasma concentration of ropivacaine were evaluated during a 24-h-test period.


RESULTS
The free plasma concentration of ropivacaine was 0.12 + 0.041 mg l-1 in Phase I. No adverse effects were seen. In Phase II pain at rest and on movement was lower in group PR than in group SS during the first 30 min postoperatively (P < 0.05). Group PR had the lowest morphine consumption (P < 0.05). Five to seven boluses were administered via the PCRA-pump, and 20 min after administration of the study solution, pain was lower in groups PR and SR compared with group SS (P < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Preoperative intrabursal prilocaine with epinephrine + postoperative subacromial administration of ropivacaine by PCRA-technique provided the most effective analgesia with no major side-effects. The free plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were far below toxic concentrations.
Natural Language is a Programming Language: Applying Natural Language Processing to Software Development

A powerful, but limited, way to view software is as source code alone. Treating a program as a sequence of instructions enables it to be formalized and makes it amenable to mathematical techniques such as abstract interpretation and model checking. A program consists of much more than a sequence of instructions. Developers make use of test cases, documentation, variable names, program structure, the version control repository, and more. I argue that it is time to take the blinders off of software analysis tools: tools should use all these artifacts to deduce more powerful and useful information about the program. Researchers are beginning to make progress towards this vision. This paper gives, as examples, four results that find bugs and generate code by applying natural language processing techniques to software artifacts. The four techniques use as input error messages, variable names, procedure documentation, and user questions. They use four different NLP techniques: document similarity, word semantics, parse trees, and neural networks. The initial results suggest that this is a promising avenue for future work. 1998 ACM Subject Classification D.2 Software Engineering, F.3.2 Semantics of Programming Languages, I.2.7 Natural Language Processing
Survey of Named Entity Recognition Systems with respect to Indian and Foreign Languages

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is sub task of Information Extraction that includes identification of named entities and classification of them into named entity classes such as person, location and organization etc. NER can be used to preprocess textual information and convert it into structured form that can be useful for Information Retrieval, Machine Translation, Question Answering System and Text Summarization. This paper presents a survey regarding NER research done for various Indian and non Indian languages. The study and observations related to approaches, techniques and features required to implement NER for various languages especially for Indian languages is reported.