LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Interventions to improve teamwork and communications among healthcare staff.

BACKGROUND
Concern over the frequency of unintended harm to patients has focused attention on the importance of teamwork and communication in avoiding errors. This has led to experiments with teamwork training programmes for clinical staff, mostly based on aviation models. These are widely assumed to be effective in improving patient safety, but the extent to which this assumption is justified by evidence remains unclear.


METHODS
A systematic literature review on the effects of teamwork training for clinical staff was performed. Information was sought on outcomes including staff attitudes, teamwork skills, technical performance, efficiency and clinical outcomes.


RESULTS
Of 1036 relevant abstracts identified, 14 articles were analysed in detail: four randomized trials and ten non-randomized studies. Overall study quality was poor, with particular problems over blinding, subjective measures and Hawthorne effects. Few studies reported on every outcome category. Most reported improved staff attitudes, and six of eight reported significantly better teamwork after training. Five of eight studies reported improved technical performance, improved efficiency or reduced errors. Three studies reported evidence of clinical benefit, but this was modest or of borderline significance in each case. Studies with a stronger intervention were more likely to report benefits than those providing less training. None of the randomized trials found evidence of technical or clinical benefit.


CONCLUSION
The evidence for technical or clinical benefit from teamwork training in medicine is weak. There is some evidence of benefit from studies with more intensive training programmes, but better quality research and cost-benefit analysis are needed.
Pesticide and antibiotic residues in freshwater aquaculture fish: Chemical risk assessment from farm to table

The qualitative chemical risk assessments of freshwater aquaculture fish from farms, markets and food premises have been carried out in six main production districts in Malaysia. Three species of fish were involved in this study [red tilapia (Oreachromis sp. red hybrids), keli (Clarias spp.) and patin (Pangasius sutchii)]. About 240 fresh fish (90 red tilapia, 60 keli and 90 patin) were randomly collected direct from their farms (earth ponds, floating net cages and exmining pools). Another 240 fish with the same ratios as farm fish samples were also randomly collected from various markets (wet markets, local markets called ‘pasar tani’ and night markets). The same number of samples with the same ratio of ready-to-eat fish from food premises (restaurants, food stalls and night market food stalls) were also collected. The fish were analyzed for chemical hazards, including pesticide residues and antibiotic residues. All data were then statistically analyzed. The results revealed that there were low chemical hazards in fresh water aquaculture fish. Pesticide and antibiotic residues were only detected in 2.9% and 5.8% of farm fish samples respectively.
The Effect of 10-K Restatements on Firm Value , Information Asymmetries , and Investors ’ Reliance on Earnings

Restating 10-Ks has become an increasingly common phenomenon in financial reporting. Restatements clearly signal that the firm’s prior financial statements were not credible and were of relatively lower “quality”. In this study, we examine the effect of restatements on investors’ and dealers’ perceptions of the firm. First, we examine the market returns and the bid-ask spread effects at the announcement of the accounting problem that leads to restatement. We find negative market returns for accounting problem announcements, and we find that the negative reaction is most pronounced for firms with revenue recognition issues. We also find an increase in spreads surrounding the announcement of revenue recognition problems. Second we examine returns and spreads from the announcement of the restatement to the filing of the restated financial statements. We find a significant negative market reaction and a larger negative reaction for firms with revenue recognition problems. We find no change in spreads from before the announcement of the accounting problem to after the restatement is filed. Finally, we examine the effect of the restatement on earnings response coefficients, and find that the market reacts less to earnings after a restatement than to earnings prior to a restatement. In general, these results indicate that investors and dealers react negatively to restatements and are more concerned with revenue recognition problems than with other financial reporting errors.
Interpreting and teaching the Bible in Latin America

Biblical interpretation among indigenous groups in Latin America bears a distinctive pedagogical orientation. To teach and understand the Bible as the word of God is to enable others to see, judge, and transform the world as the Book of Life.
Shaping smoking cessation in hard-to-treat smokers.

OBJECTIVE
Contingency management (CM) effectively treats addictions by providing abstinence incentives. However, CM fails for many who do not readily become abstinent and earn incentives. Shaping may improve outcomes in these hard-to-treat (HTT) individuals. Shaping sets intermediate criteria for incentive delivery between the present behavior and total abstinence. This should result in HTT individuals having improving, rather than poor, outcomes. We examined whether shaping improved outcomes in HTT smokers (never abstinent during a 10-visit baseline).


METHOD
Smokers were stratified into HTT (n = 96) and easier-to-treat (ETT [abstinent at least once during baseline]; n = 50) and randomly assigned to either CM or CM with shaping (CMS). CM provided incentives for breath carbon monoxide (CO) levels <4 ppm (approximately 1 day of abstinence). CMS shaped abstinence by providing incentives for COs lower than the 7th lowest of the participant's last 9 samples or <4 ppm. Interventions lasted for 60 successive weekday visits.


RESULTS
Cluster analysis identified 4 groups of participants: stable successes, improving, deteriorating, and poor outcomes. In comparison with ETT, HTT participants were more likely to belong to 1 of the 2 unsuccessful clusters (odds ratio [OR] = 8.1, 95% CI [3.1, 21]). This difference was greater with CM (OR = 42, 95% CI [5.9, 307]) than with CMS, in which the difference between HTT and ETT participants was not significant. Assignment to CMS predicted membership in the improving (p = .002) as compared with the poor outcomes cluster.


CONCLUSION
Shaping can increase CM's effectiveness for HTT smokers.
Piriformis syndrome: anatomic considerations, a new injection technique, and a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND
Piriformis syndrome can be caused by anatomic abnormalities. The treatments of piriformis syndrome include the injection of steroid into the piriformis muscle and near the area of the sciatic nerve. These techniques use either fluoroscopy and muscle electromyography to identify the piriformis muscle or a nerve stimulator to stimulate the sciatic nerve.


METHODS
The authors performed a cadaver study and noted anatomic variations of the piriformis muscle and sciatic nerve. To standardize their technique of injection, they also noted the distance from the lower border of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) to the sciatic nerve. They retrospectively reviewed the charts of 19 patients who had received piriformis muscle injections, noting the site of needle insertion in terms of the distance from the lower border of the SIJ and the depth of needle insertion at which the motor response of the foot was elicited. The authors tabulated the response of the patients to the injection, any associated diagnoses, and previous treatments that these patients had before the injection. Finally, they reviewed the literature on piriformis syndrome, a rare cause of buttock pain and sciatica.


RESULTS
In the cadavers, the distance from the lower border of the SIJ to the sciatic nerve was 2.9 +/- 0.6 (1.8-3.7) cm laterally and 0.7 +/- 0.7 (0.0-2.5) cm caudally. In 65 specimens, the sciatic nerve passed anterior and inferior to the piriformis. In one specimen, the muscle was bipartite and the two components of the sciatic nerve were separate, with the tibial nerve passing below the piriformis and the peroneal nerve passing between the two components of the muscle. In the patients who received the injections, the site of needle insertion was 1.5 +/- 0.8 (0.4-3.0) cm lateral and 1.2 +/- 0.6 (0.5-2.0) cm caudal to the lower border of the SIJ as seen on fluoroscopy. The needle was inserted at a depth of 9.2 +/- 1.5 (7.5-13.0) cm to stimulate the sciatic nerve. Patients had comorbid etiologies including herniated disc, failed back surgery syndrome, spinal stenosis, facet syndrome, SIJ dysfunction, and complex regional pain syndrome. Sixteen of the 19 patients responded to the injection, their improvements ranged from a few hours to 3 months.


CONCLUSIONS
Anatomic abnormalities causing piriformis syndrome are rare. The technique used in the current study was successful in injecting the medications near the area of the sciatic nerve and into the piriformis muscle.
The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) trial.

BACKGROUND
Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) can identify intracranial atherosclerosis but have not been rigorously validated against the gold standard, catheter angiography. The WASID trial (Warfarin Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease) required performance of angiography to verify the presence of intracranial stenosis, allowing for prospective evaluation of TCD and MRA. The aims of Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) trial were to define abnormalities on TCD/MRA to see how well they identify 50 to 99% intracranial stenosis of large proximal arteries on catheter angiography.


STUDY DESIGN
SONIA standardized the performance and interpretation of TCD, MRA, and angiography. Study-wide cutpoints defining positive TCD/MRA were used. Hard copy TCD/MRA were centrally read, blind to the results of angiography.


RESULTS
SONIA enrolled 407 patients at 46 sites in the United States. For prospectively tested noninvasive test cutpoints, positive predictive values (PPVs) and negative predictive values (NPVs) were TCD, PPV 36% (95% CI: 27 to 46); NPV, 86% (95% CI: 81 to 89); MRA, PPV 59% (95% CI: 54 to 65); NPV, 91% (95% CI: 89 to 93). For cutpoints modified to maximize PPV, they were TCD, PPV 50% (95% CI: 36 to 64), NPV 85% (95% CI: 81 to 88); MRA PPV 66% (95% CI: 58 to 73), NPV 87% (95% CI: 85 to 89). For each test, a characteristic performance curve showing how the predictive values vary with a changing test cutpoint was obtained.


CONCLUSIONS
Both transcranial Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography noninvasively identify 50 to 99% intracranial large vessel stenoses with substantial negative predictive value. The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis trial methods allow transcranial Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography to reliably exclude the presence of intracranial stenosis. Abnormal findings on transcranial Doppler ultrasound or magnetic resonance angiography require a confirmatory test such as angiography to reliably identify stenosis.
Local , Distortional , and Euler Buckling of Thin-Walled Columns

Open cross-section, thin-walled, cold-formed steel columns have at least three competing buckling modes: local, dis and Euler~i.e., flexural or flexural-torsional ! buckling. Closed-form prediction of the buckling stress in the local mode, includ interaction of the connected elements, and the distortional mode, including consideration of the elastic and geometric stiffne web/flange juncture, are provided and shown to agree well with numerical methods. Numerical analyses and experiments postbuckling capacity in the distortional mode is lower than in the local mode. Current North American design specificati cold-formed steel columns ignore local buckling interaction and do not provide an explicit check for distortional buckling. E experiments on cold-formed channel, zed, and rack columns indicate inconsistency and systematic error in current design me provide validation for alternative methods. A new method is proposed for design that explicitly incorporates local, distortional an buckling, does not require calculations of effective width and/or effective properties, gives reliable predictions devoid of systema and provides a means to introduce rational analysis for elastic buckling prediction into the design of thin-walled columns. DOI: 10.1061/ ~ASCE!0733-9445~2002!128:3~289! CE Database keywords: Thin-wall structures; Columns; Buckling; Cold-formed steel.
MULTIPLE JET IMPINGEMENT − A REVIEW

Jet impingement systems provide an effective means for the enhancement of convective processes due to the high heat and mass transfer rates that can be achieved. The range of industrial applications that impinging jets are being used in today is wide. In the annealing and tempering of materials, impinging jet systems are finding use in the cooling of hot metal, plastic, or glass sheets as well as in the drying of paper and fabric. Compact heat exchangers, with applications in the aeronautical or the automotive sector, often use multiple impinging jets in dense arrangements. Impingement systems in micro scale applications are commonly used for the cooling of electronic components, particularly electronic chips. In gas turbine applications (the focus of this investigation), jet impingement has been routinely used for a long time. Requirements are being imposed by demands for increased power output and efficiency as well as for reduced emissions. High thermal efficiency can be realized by increasing turbine inlet temperatures and compressor ratios. As a result of this, many gas turbine components, such as rotor disks, turbine vanes and blades, or combustion chamber walls, are operated at temperatures well above highest allowable material limits. In order to assure durability and long operating intervals, effective cooling concepts are required for these highly loaded components. Due to the complex geometry of turbine system coupled with high turbulence, the understanding of the flow and heat transfer characteristics remains a challenging subject [e.g. Han and Goldstein 2001, Son et al. 2001].
Prevalence of and risk factors for serum antibodies against Leptospira serovars in US veterinarians.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against Leptospira serovars among veterinarians and identify risk factors for seropositivity in veterinary care settings.


DESIGN
Seroepidemiologic survey.


STUDY POPULATION
Veterinarians attending the 2006 AVMA Annual Convention.


PROCEDURES
Blood samples were collected from 511 veterinarians, and serum was harvested for a microcapsule agglutination test (MAT) to detect antibodies against 6 serovars of Leptospira. Aggregate data analysis was performed to determine the ratio of the odds of a given exposure (eg, types of animals treated or biosafety practices) in seropositive individuals to the odds in seronegative individuals.


RESULTS
Evidence of previous leptospiral infection was detected in 2.5% of veterinarians. Most veterinarians reported multiple potential exposures to Leptospira spp and other pathogens in the previous 12 months, including unintentional needlestick injuries (379/511 [74.2%]), animal bites (345/511 [67.5%]), and animal scratches (451/511 [88.3%]). Treatment of a dog with an influenza-like illness within the past year was associated with seropositivity for antibodies against Leptospira spp.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Veterinarians are at risk for leptospirosis and should take measures to decrease potential exposure to infectious agents in general. Diagnostic tests for leptospirosis should be considered when veterinarians have febrile illnesses of unknown origin.
Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis.

BACKGROUND
Cryptococcal meningitis accounts for 20 to 25% of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related deaths in Africa. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is essential for survival; however, the question of when ART should be initiated after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis remains unanswered.


METHODS
We assessed survival at 26 weeks among 177 human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in Uganda and South Africa who had cryptococcal meningitis and had not previously received ART. We randomly assigned study participants to undergo either earlier ART initiation (1 to 2 weeks after diagnosis) or deferred ART initiation (5 weeks after diagnosis). Participants received amphotericin B (0.7 to 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) and fluconazole (800 mg per day) for 14 days, followed by consolidation therapy with fluconazole.


RESULTS
The 26-week mortality with earlier ART initiation was significantly higher than with deferred ART initiation (45% [40 of 88 patients] vs. 30% [27 of 89 patients]; hazard ratio for death, 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 2.82; P=0.03). The excess deaths associated with earlier ART initiation occurred 2 to 5 weeks after diagnosis (P=0.007 for the comparison between groups); mortality was similar in the two groups thereafter. Among patients with few white cells in their cerebrospinal fluid (<5 per cubic millimeter) at randomization, mortality was particularly elevated with earlier ART as compared with deferred ART (hazard ratio, 3.87; 95% CI, 1.41 to 10.58; P=0.008). The incidence of recognized cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome did not differ significantly between the earlier-ART group and the deferred-ART group (20% and 13%, respectively; P=0.32). All other clinical, immunologic, virologic, and microbiologic outcomes, as well as adverse events, were similar between the groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Deferring ART for 5 weeks after the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis was associated with significantly improved survival, as compared with initiating ART at 1 to 2 weeks, especially among patients with a paucity of white cells in cerebrospinal fluid. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; COAT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01075152.).
Entity recognition from clinical texts via recurrent neural network

BACKGROUND
Entity recognition is one of the most primary steps for text analysis and has long attracted considerable attention from researchers. In the clinical domain, various types of entities, such as clinical entities and protected health information (PHI), widely exist in clinical texts. Recognizing these entities has become a hot topic in clinical natural language processing (NLP), and a large number of traditional machine learning methods, such as support vector machine and conditional random field, have been deployed to recognize entities from clinical texts in the past few years. In recent years, recurrent neural network (RNN), one of deep learning methods that has shown great potential on many problems including named entity recognition, also has been gradually used for entity recognition from clinical texts.


METHODS
In this paper, we comprehensively investigate the performance of LSTM (long-short term memory), a representative variant of RNN, on clinical entity recognition and protected health information recognition. The LSTM model consists of three layers: input layer - generates representation of each word of a sentence; LSTM layer - outputs another word representation sequence that captures the context information of each word in this sentence; Inference layer - makes tagging decisions according to the output of LSTM layer, that is, outputting a label sequence.


RESULTS
Experiments conducted on corpora of the 2010, 2012 and 2014 i2b2 NLP challenges show that LSTM achieves highest micro-average F1-scores of 85.81% on the 2010 i2b2 medical concept extraction, 92.29% on the 2012 i2b2 clinical event detection, and 94.37% on the 2014 i2b2 de-identification, which is considerably competitive with other state-of-the-art systems.


CONCLUSIONS
LSTM that requires no hand-crafted feature has great potential on entity recognition from clinical texts. It outperforms traditional machine learning methods that suffer from fussy feature engineering. A possible future direction is how to integrate knowledge bases widely existing in the clinical domain into LSTM, which is a case of our future work. Moreover, how to use LSTM to recognize entities in specific formats is also another possible future direction.
Placebo-controlled evaluation of amphetamine mixture-dextroamphetamine salts and amphetamine salts (Adderall): efficacy rate and side effects.

OBJECTIVE
The primary objective of this study was to determine the efficacy rate of Adderall in children newly diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A secondary objective was to address the severity of side effects associated with Adderall treatment in children with ADHD using the Barkley Side Effects Questionnaire (BSEQ).


DESIGN
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.


SETTING
A large rural tertiary care clinic.


PATIENTS
Participants were prospectively recruited from children 5 to 18 years of age referred for academic and/or attention problems; 154 children who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for ADHD were enrolled. Interventions. Two doses of Adderall (0.15 mg/kg/dose and 0.3 mg/kg/dose) were compared with placebo in separate 2-week trials. Participants received each dosage regimen twice daily for 7 consecutive days.


MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Efficacy rates were determined by comparing Adderall with placebo during the low-dose crossover sequence and also during the high-dose crossover sequence. The criteria that defined a positive response to Adderall relative to placebo (with each patient serving as their own control) included an indication of response by at least 1 of 2 parent measures of children's behavior or at least 2 of 5 teacher measures of children's behavior. The Adderall efficacy rate was determined based on parent criteria alone, teacher criteria alone, and by a more stringent definition of response that required concurrence between parent and teacher criteria. The Adderall response rate in this study ranged from 59% when requiring concurrence between parent and teacher observers, to 82% when based on parent criteria alone. Overall, 137 of 154 participants (89%) showed a positive response by either the parent or teacher response criteria. Parents completed a modified version of the BSEQ during each week of the trial. Appetite, stomachaches, and insomnia were rated as worse by parents while children were receiving either dose of Adderall; headaches were rated as worse when children were receiving the higher dose of Adderall. Parents rated certain side effects, including staring/daydreaming, sadness, euphoria, and anxious/irritable, as worse during placebo regimens.


CONCLUSIONS
We found that Adderall is highly efficacious in our population of youth diagnosed with ADHD. In addition, Adderall is well-tolerated with a side effect profile similar to that reported for other psychostimulants.
Cosmology of nonlinear oscillations

Abstract The nonlinear oscillations of a scalar field are shown to have cosmological equations of state with w = p / ρ ranging from −1 w