LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Economic Assessment of Flyover – A Case Study of Rajkot City Mr .

The term flyover had become a by word and elicited different reaction to common people. Some people showed indignation because they cannot foresee that by putting up this kind of structure may not ease the traffic congestion within an intersection but instead it complicates the traffic problem. This research study therefore, would be part of extensive studies that was undertaken to determine effects of flyover construction to the way of life of the motorists and commuters, and in general travelling public. In addition, this is to make them aware of the advantages and dis-advantages that it may bring to their everyday life of activity. To reduce traffic congestion at an at-grade intersection near a big city, one method is construction a flyover bridge at the old junction in two directions on one of the main roads. The flyover facilitates the traffic flow in the directions of the bridge, but the infrastructure cannot fully solve all of the problems especially on the secondary road. Under the bridge, although it relieves the traffic congestion at the intersection, traffic signal can be considered as one of the solution.
The Columbia gazetteer of the world

With over 170,000 entries, the Columbia Gazetteer of the World is an authoritative A to Z encyclopedia of geographical places and features. Whether you're looking for the ten highest mountain peaks in North America, the major commercial crops in Brazil's economy, all the rivers in Southeast Asia, the former name of the city of Yangon, or the natural resources available in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Gazetteer is the one-stop resource for all your information needs. First published in 1998, the Gazetteer now features new entries and extensive revisions to reflect recent administrative divisions in countries around the world. It also contains new maps, population figures, and an expanded glossary of geographical and geological terms. With its long history of accuracy and authority, there is no other encyclopedia like Gazetteer. The Columbia Gazetteer covers: * The political world-countries, provinces, regions, states, counties, capitals, cities, towns, villages, and neighborhoods. * The physical world-continents, oceans, seas, lakes, lagoons, rivers, bays, inlets, channels, and streams, along with islands, archipelagos, peninsulas, atolls, mountains, mountain ranges, canyons, deserts, valleys, and volcanoes. * And special places-national parks and monuments, historic and archaeological sites, harbors, ports, airports, nuclear plants, canals, and destinations of interest.
LN2, CD10, and Ezrin Do Not Distinguish Between Atypical Fibroxanthoma and Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma or Predict Clinical Outcome.

BACKGROUND
Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a rare cutaneous spindled cell neoplasm. For both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, it is important to distinguish AFX from other poorly differentiated tumors, including undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS).


OBJECTIVE
The authors aimed to identify the clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical expression of LN2, ezrin, and CD10 in AFX and UPS tumors.


METHODS AND MATERIALS
The authors retrospectively examined the charts of patients with AFX and UPS treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) at 2 academic institutions. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and clinical course data were collected. Immunohistochemical stains were performed on primary and recurrent AFX and UPS tumors with monoclonal antibodies against the B-cell marker LN2 (CD74), CD10, and ezrin.


RESULTS
In the series of 169 patients with AFX included in this study, local recurrence was rare at 3%. In contrast, the seven patients with UPS had an aggressive clinical course with 1 local recurrence and 2 distant metastases. Immunohistochemistry staining for ezrin, LN2, and CD10 were similar in AFX and UPS tumors.


CONCLUSION
AFX can be treated with MMS with rare instances of recurrence. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma has a more aggressive clinical course with increased risk for recurrence and metastasis. Staining with ezrin, LN2, and CD10 did not differentiate AFX or UPS tumors.
Diagnosis, management, and long-term outcomes of rectovaginal endometriosis

Rectovaginal endometriosis is the most severe form of endometriosis. Clinically, it presents with a number of symptoms including chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, dyschezia, and rectal bleeding. The gold standard for diagnosis is laparoscopy with histological confirmation; however, there are a number of options for presurgical diagnosis, including clinical examination, transvaginal/transrectal ultrasound, magnetic resonance imagining, colonoscopy, and computed tomography colonography. Treatment can be medical or surgical. Medical therapies include birth control pills, oral progestins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, danazol, and injectable progestins. Analgesics are often used as well. Surgery improves up to 70% of symptoms. Surgery is either ablative or excisional, and is conducted via transvaginal, laparoscopic, laparotomy, or combined approaches. Common surgical techniques involve shaving of the superficial rectal lesion, laparoscopic anterior discoid resection, and low anterior bowel resection and reanastomosis. Outcomes are generally favorable, but postoperative complications may include intra-abdominal bleeding, anastomotic leaks, rectovaginal fistulas, strictures, chronic constipation, and the need for reoperation. Recurrence of rectal endometriosis is a possibility as well. Other outcomes are improved pain-related symptoms and fertility. Long-term outcomes vary according to the management strategy used. This review will provide the most recent approaches and techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of rectovaginal endometriosis.
Sleep, School Performance, and a School-Based Intervention among School-Aged Children: A Sleep Series Study in China

BACKGROUND
Sufficient sleep during childhood is essential to ensure a transition into a healthy adulthood. However, chronic sleep loss continues to increase worldwide. In this context, it is imperative to make sleep a high-priority and take action to promote sleep health among children. The present series of studies aimed to shed light on sleep patterns, on the longitudinal association of sleep with school performance, and on practical intervention strategy for Chinese school-aged children.


METHODS AND FINDINGS
A serial sleep researches, including a national cross-sectional survey, a prospective cohort study, and a school-based sleep intervention, were conducted in China from November 2005 through December 2009. The national cross-sectional survey was conducted in 8 cities and a random sample of 20,778 children aged 9.0±1.61 years participated in the survey. The five-year prospective cohort study included 612 children aged 6.8±0.31 years. The comparative cross-sectional study (baseline: n = 525, aged 10.80±0.41; post-intervention follow-up: n = 553, aged 10.81±0.33) was undertaken in 6 primary schools in Shanghai. A battery of parent and teacher reported questionnaires were used to collect information on children's sleep behaviors, school performance, and sociodemographic characteristics. The mean sleep duration was 9.35±0.77 hours. The prevalence of daytime sleepiness was 64.4% (sometimes: 37.50%; frequently: 26.94%). Daytime sleepiness was significantly associated with impaired attention, learning motivation, and particularly, academic achievement. By contrast, short sleep duration only related to impaired academic achievement. After delaying school start time 30 minutes and 60 minutes, respectively, sleep duration correspondingly increased by 15.6 minutes and 22.8 minutes, respectively. Moreover, intervention significantly improved the sleep duration and daytime sleepiness.


CONCLUSIONS
Insufficient sleep and daytime sleepiness commonly existed and positively associated with the impairment of school performance, especially academic achievement, among Chinese school-aged children. The effectiveness of delaying school staring time emphasized the benefits of optimal school schedule regulation to children's sleep health.
From Pictorial Structures to deformable structures

Pictorial Structures (PS) define a probabilistic model of 2D articulated objects in images. Typical PS models assume an object can be represented by a set of rigid parts connected with pairwise constraints that define the prior probability of part configurations. These models are widely used to represent non-rigid articulated objects such as humans and animals despite the fact that such objects have parts that deform non-rigidly. Here we define a new Deformable Structures (DS) model that is a natural extension of previous PS models and that captures the non-rigid shape deformation of the parts. Each part in a DS model is represented by a low-dimensional shape deformation space and pairwise potentials between parts capture how the shape varies with pose and the shape of neighboring parts. A key advantage of such a model is that it more accurately models object boundaries. This enables image likelihood models that are more discriminative than previous PS likelihoods. This likelihood is learned using training imagery annotated using a DS “puppet.” We focus on a human DS model learned from 2D projections of a realistic 3D human body model and use it to infer human poses in images using a form of non-parametric belief propagation.
Intraplatelet calcium levels in patients with acute renal failure before and after the administration of loop diuretics.

BACKGROUND
Intracellular calcium [Ca](i) has been found to be elevated in hypoxic cells in vitro and in erythrocytes and lymphocytes from patients who are septic. Loop diuretics decrease [Ca](i) in platelets from patients with hypertension and in red blood cells from normal volunteers. We report the results of a study designed to measure [Ca](i) in platelets from patients with acute renal failure (ARF) before and after the administration of loop diuretics.


METHODS
Sixteen healthy adults and seven patients with ARF were enrolled into the study. Intraplatelet calcium was measured using a fluorescent probe (quin2). Patients with ARF all received intravenous (i.v.) dopamine, 2 microg/kg body weight, and 20% mannitol, 100 ml every 6 h and, in double-blind manner, either torasemide, frusemide, or placebo, 3 mg/kg body weight i.v. every 6 h. Data from subjects given either frusemide or torasemide have been considered together and termed the diuretic group.


RESULTS
Basal levels of [Ca](i) in platelets from patients with ARF were significantly higher than in controls (126.9 +/-3 5.7 nmol/l vs 85.7 +/- 22.2 nmol/l, P = 0.02), but were not affected by the administration of loop diuretic (126.9 +/- 35.7 nmol/l vs 165.9 +/- 49.7 nmol/l, P = 0.09, pre- vs post-diuretic).


CONCLUSIONS
Intraplatelet calcium is raised in patients with ARF. Loop diuretics have no significant effect on intraplatelet calcium in these patients.
[Assessment of the French surgical checklist: the experience of 17 French cancer centres].

INTRODUCTION
The use of WHO checklist has been associated to a decrease of complication incidence and mortality. This control is mandatory since January the 1st 2010. Evaluation of the quality of documentation is important and includes filling rate, which is a reflexion of participant adhesion and analysis of the circumstances where the team answers "no" during the control.


METHODS
This study concerned 17 among 20 French cancer centres. Percentage of documented checklist, exhaustivity of the answers in each checklist and "no" answers have been compared during two periods: January 2010 and October 2010.


RESULTS
Rate of filled document is satisfactory and stable during the two periods (95.5% versus 95.8%). Exhaustivity was slightly better during the second period (64 and 68%, P=0,039). Nevertheless, variability between centres was large; one centre improved and four centres worsened their scores. Rate of "no" answers was low and increased during the second period (1.5% in January 1.9% in October P<0.001). They mainly concerned antibiotic administration and at a lesser degree bleeding risk, the name of the procedure, equipment problem to be addressed and postoperative management.


DISCUSSION
There is a large discrepancy between centres and for a given centre in reporting quality. Significant progress should be expected using target improvement. This approach implies multiple critical analysis of checklist content in each hospital and in multicentre enquiries.
The inferior radiolucent area within the cardiac silhouette: validation as a landmark for coronary sinus catheterization.

BACKGROUND
Catheterization of the coronary sinus (CS) plays a preponderant role in device implantation and electrophysiology. Nevertheless, catheterization of this structure can be time-consuming and is related to operator experience. An inferior radiolucent area of the cardiac right anterior oblique (RAO) view has been suggested as a landmark to guide CS catheterization. However, the true relationship of this area with the CS ostium (CSO) has not been studied.


METHODS
Thirty-five consecutive patients who underwent right coronary angiography were prospectively enrolled in the study. Fluoroscopic images of the heart in the right anterior oblique, both immediately before and during the venous phase of right coronary angiography, were recorded and digitally stored. Postprocedure measurements of the inferior radiolucent area within the cardiac silhouette and, subsequently, the distance of this area to the CSO, were performed by two independent observers.


RESULTS
A radiolucent area of 9.5 +/- 3.0 x 11.0 +/- 3.4 mm was identified in the inferior annulus by the two evaluators in all patients. No significant differences in the dimensions of this area were found between the two observers. The CSO was 9.6 +/- 7.2 mm superior and 0.1 +/- 9.0 mm posterior to the radiolucent area and no statistically significant differences were found between the two observers.


CONCLUSION
An inferior radiolucent area can be identified within the cardiac silhouette in most patients in the RAO view. This area is slightly anterior and inferior to the CSO and can be used for catheterization guidance of this latter structure.
Heavy Metal Pollution, Fractionation, and Potential Ecological Risks in Sediments from Lake Chaohu (Eastern China) and the Surrounding Rivers

Heavy metal (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) pollution, fractionation, and ecological risks in the sediments of Lake Chaohu (Eastern China), its eleven inflowing rivers and its only outflowing river were studied. An improved BCR (proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure was applied to fractionate heavy metals within sediments, a geoaccumulation index was used to assess the extent of heavy metal pollution, and a risk assessment code was applied to evaluate potential ecological risks. Heavy metals in the Shuangqiao and Nanfei Rivers were generally higher than the other studied sites. Of the three Lake Chaohu sites, the highest concentrations were identified in western Chaohu. Heavy metal pollution and ecological risks in the lake's only outflowing river were similar to those in the eastern region of the lake, to which the river is connected. Heavy metal concentrations occurred in the following order: Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb ≈ Ni ≈ Cr. Cr, Ni, and Cu made up the largest proportion of the residual fraction, while Cd was the most prominent metal in the exchangeable and carbonate-included fraction. Cd posed the greatest potential ecological risk; the heavy metals generally posed risks in the following order: Cd > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr.
Extracting Semantic Video Objects

roducing large amounts of digital media data every day requires fast transmission, efficient storage, flexible manipulation, and reuse of visual content. To achieve this goal, the ISO Moving Picture Expert Group's MPEG-4 standard provides a content based framework. For video, it lets users transmit, retrieve, download, store, and reuse arbitrarily shaped semantic video objects (SVOs) efficiently and also interact with media sources. However, MPEG-4 doesn't provide concrete techniques for SVO extraction. Nonetheless, it's an indispensable process for many digital video applications. Unfortunately, it's difficult to extract an SVO because: 1. A unique definition of an SVO doesn't exist. Anything that represents a meaningful entity in the world— for instance, a human body, a table, a building, an aircraft, and so on—could be classified as an SVO. 2. SVO extraction is basically a segmentation process, which researchers consider one of the most difficult problems in computer vision and image processing. 3. Traditional low-level visual homogeneity criteria (like color, texture, intensity, and so on) for seg-mentation don't lead to regions that immediately correspond to meaningful objects in the real world. More sophisticated, semantic, meaningful homogeneity criteria must be employed if possible. However , what's a good homogeneity criterion for a certain semantic meaning? Does it really exist? Since an SVO usually has different motion features from the background and from other SVOs, most existing automatic SVO extraction schemes use motion information in video sequences as an important cue to produce semantic objects. Based on how the motion information is used, we can divide most current methods into three categories: 1. temporal segmentation, 2. spatial segmentation and temporal tracking, and 3. spatio-temporal segmentation. Temporal segmentation only uses motion information deduced from consecutive frames and doesn't consider spatial information. For instance, Wang and Adelson 1 employed the motion estimation, motion segmentation, and temporal integration to obtain video objects. Neri et al. 2 used the higher order statistics-based significance test to separate moving objects from the background. Since spatial information is neglected, extracted video objects aren't accurate at the boundaries. To improve accuracy, we must consider spatial seg-mentation based on color, texture, and so on. One way is to perform spatial segmentation for the initial frame and temporal tracking for the successive frames. Wang 3 developed an algorithm using this two-stage technique to track fast moving objects and detect the appearance or disappearance of objects. However, his approach didn't consider complex motion and moving cameras. …
Has this prepubertal girl been sexually abused?

CONTEXT
The legal and social sequelae of interpreting genital findings as indicative of sexual abuse are significant. While the absence of genital trauma does not rule out sexual abuse, the physical examination can identify genital findings compatible with sexual abuse.


OBJECTIVES
To determine the diagnostic utility of the genital examination in prepubertal girls for identifying nonacute sexual abuse.


DATA SOURCES
Published articles (1966-October 2008) that appeared in the MEDLINE database and were indexed under the search terms of child abuse, sexual or child abuse and either physical examination; genitalia; female, diagnosis; or sensitivity and specificity; and bibliographies of retrieved articles and textbooks.


STUDY SELECTION
Three of the authors independently reviewed titles of articles obtained from MEDLINE and selected articles for full-text review.


DATA EXTRACTION
Two authors independently abstracted data to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for the diagnosis of nonacute genital trauma caused by sexual abuse in prepubertal girls.


RESULTS
Data were not pooled due to study heterogeneity. The presence of vaginal discharge (positive likelihood ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.0) indicates an increased likelihood of sexual abuse. In the posterior hymen, hymenal transections, deep notches, and perforations prompt concerns for genital trauma from sexual abuse, but the sensitivity is unknown. Without a history of genital trauma from sexual abuse, the majority of prepubertal girls will not have a hymenal transection (specificity close to 100%).


CONCLUSIONS
Vaginal discharge as well as posterior hymenal transections, deep notches, and perforations raise the suspicion for sexual abuse in a prepubertal girl, but the findings do not independently confirm the diagnosis. Given the broad 95% confidence intervals around the likelihood ratios for the presence of findings along with the low or unknown sensitivity of all physical examination findings evaluated, the physical examination cannot independently confirm or exclude nonacute sexual abuse as the cause of genital trauma in prepubertal girls.
Identification of the products of oxidation of quercetin by air oxygen at ambient temperature.

Oxidation of quercetin by air oxygen takes place in water and aqueous ethanol solutions under mild conditions, namely in moderately-basic media (pH approximately 8-10) at ambient temperature and in the absence of any radical initiators, without enzymatic catalysis or irradiation of the reaction media by light. The principal reaction products are typical of other oxidative degradation processes of quercetin, namely 3,4-dihydroxy-benzoic (proto-catechuic) and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic (phloroglucinic) acids, as well as the decarboxylation product of the latter--1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene (phloroglucinol). In accordance with the literature data, this process involves the cleavage of the gamma-pyrone fragment (ring C) of the quercetin molecule by oxygen, with primary formation of 4,6-dihydroxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)benzoic acid (depside). However under such mild conditions the accepted mechanism of this reaction (oxidative decarbonylation with formation of carbon monoxide, CO) should be reconsidered as preferably an oxidative decarboxylation with formation of carbon dioxide, CO2. Direct head-space analysis of the gaseous components formed during quercetin oxidation in aqueous solution at ambient temperature indicates that the ratio of carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide in the gas phase after acidification of the reaction media is ca. 96:4%. Oxidation under these mild conditions is typical for other flavonols having OH groups at C3 (e.g., kaempferol), but it is completely suppressed if this hydroxyl group is substituted by a glycoside fragment (as in rutin), or a methyl substituent. An alternative oxidation mechanism involving the direct cleavage of the C2-C3 bond in the diketo-tautomer of quercetin is proposed.
Xface open source project and smil-agent scripting language for creating and animating embodied conversational agents

Xface is a set of open source tools for creation of embodied conversational agents (ECAs) using MPEG4 and keyframe based rendering driven by SMIL-Agent scripting language. Xface Toolkit, coupled with SMIL-Agent scripting serves as a full 3D facial animation authoring package. Xface project is initiated by Cognitive and Communication Technologies (TCC) division of FBK-irst (formerly ITC-irst). The toolkit is written in ANSI C++, and is open source and platform independent.