LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Wildlife-community conflicts in conservation areas in Kenya

Kenya is rich in biological diversity to which wildlife resources contribute a significant proportion. Many of the regions with abundant and diverse wildlife communities remaining in East Africa are occupied by pastoralists. Recent studies show that the majority of the local people around protected areas have negative feelings about state policies and conservation programmes. The alienation of grazing land for the exclusive use of wildlife and tourists has a very direct impact upon the pastoralist communities, and prompts them to raise questions about African wildlife policy – as if it leads to a ‘people versus animals’ conflict. Nevertheless, large areas of pastoral rangelands have been expropriated for exclusive wildlife conservation use. This has commonly been justified by the argument that pastoralists overstock, overgraze and damage their range while wild animals are seen as existing in harmony with their surroundings. Wildlifehuman conflicts, therefore, are a consequence of the problem of resource * Dr Roselyne N. Okech is a visiting lecturer at the University of KwaZulu-Natal from the Sir Wilfred Grenfell College Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada. Research was undertaken at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
Prognostic significance of expression levels of stem cell regulators MSI2 and NUMB in acute myeloid leukemia

Deregulation of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment represents a hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently, in vivo screening for genes that are involved in the regulation of HSCs has led to the discovery of Musashi-2 (MSI2) as a key regulator of HSCs and as a suppressor of NUMB. In order to analyze the prognostic importance of MSI2 and NUMB expression in AML, MSI2 and NUMB transcript levels from 454 AML patients treated in multicenter trials AML SHG 0199 (ClinicalTrials Identifier NCT00209833) and 0295, and 38 healthy volunteers were analyzed by reverse transcriptase PCR in the context of other molecular markers (NPM1, FLT3, CEBPA, IDH1/IDH2, DNMT3A, NRAS, WT1, KIT, MN1, BAALC, ERG, and WT1). In AML, patients with high MSI2 expression were more likely to be FLT3-ITD positive (P < .001), NPM1 (P < .001), and DNMT3A (P = .003) mutated. Overall survival (OS) was shorter in AML patients with high MSI2 expression (hazard ratio, 1.48; 95 % confidence interval, 1.13–1.95, P = .005). However, relapse-free survival (RFS, P = .15) and complete remission (CR, P = .39) rates were not influenced by MSI2 expression. In multivariate analysis, MSI2 expression remained an independent prognostic factor for OS (P = .03). NUMB expression had no impact on survival (OS, P = .47; RFS, P = .59) and CR rate (P = .39). MSI2 but not NUMB is associated with shorter OS in AML patients and may indicate a more aggressive form of AML.
Determining fault's type and accurate location in distribution systems with DG using MLP Neural networks

Finding and designing new methods for determining type and exact location of faults in power system has been a major subject for power system protection engineers in recent years. Fault locating in transmission networks is not very hard and complicated due to low impedance of faults. This job is usually done by distance relays. But, in distribution networks, because of high impedance of fault and its vast variety and also simplicity of protective devices, determining the exact location of faults is very complicated. On the other hand, penetration of distribution generation into distribution networks reinforces the necessity of designing new protection systems for these networks. One of the main capabilities that can improve the efficiency of new protection relays in distribution systems is exact fault locating. In this paper, a new approach for determining the exact fault type and location in distribution systems including distributed generation using MLP neural networks is presented. In the suggested method, after determining the fault type, by normalizing the fault current of the main source, the corresponding trained neural network has been activated and the exact location of occurred fault has been derived. The presented method has been implemented on a sample distribution network, simulated by DIgSILENT Power Factory 13.2, and its performance has been tested. The simulation results show high performance and accuracy of the method and substantiate that it can be used in modern heuristic protection schemes in distribution systems.
A randomized controlled trial of 6-week Chlorella vulgaris supplementation in patients with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a widespread psychiatric disorder with incapacitating symptoms. Oxidative stress has been identified to play a role in the pathophysiology of MDD.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of a chemically defined and antioxidant-rich Chlorella vulgaris extract (CVE) as adjunct to standard treatment in patients suffering from MDD.


METHODS
Subjects with MDD diagnosis according to DSM-IV criteria who were receiving standard antidepressant therapy were assigned to add-on therapy with CVE (1800 mg/day; n=42), or continued standard antidepressant therapy alone (n=50) for a period of 6 weeks. Changes in the frequency of depressive symptoms were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) scale.


RESULTS
There were significant reductions in total and subscale BDI-II and HADS scores in both CVE and control groups by the end of trial. The magnitude of reductions in total BDI-II score [-4.14 (-5.30 to -2.97)] as well as physical [-2.34 (-2.84 to -1.84)] and cognitive [-1.12 (-1.62 to -0.61)] subscales were significantly greater in the CVE versus control group, however, reduction of the affective symptoms was greater in the control compared with the CVE group [0.95 (0.18-0.72)]. Total HADS [-3.71 (-4.44 to -2.98)] as well as individual subscales of depression [-1.46 (-2.02 to -0.90)] and anxiety [-2.25 (-2.74 to -1.76)] were reduced to a greater degree in the CVE group. CVE was well tolerated and no serious adverse event was reported.


CONCLUSION
This pilot exploratory trial provides the first clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of adjunctive therapy with CVE in improving physical and cognitive symptoms of depression as well as anxiety symptoms in patients who are receiving standard antidepressant therapy.
Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: An Open Trial.

1077 © 2 Publ Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Group Therapy (MAGT) for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is based largely on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes et al., 1999), with enhanced mindfulness mostly from Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT; Segal et al., 2002). The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and initial effectiveness of MAGT for the treatment of SAD. Forty-two SAD patients were invited to take part in an open trial of MAGT. Participants completed measures of social anxiety, mindfulness and acceptance, depression, and rumination at pretreatment, midtreatment (6 weeks), posttreatment (12 weeks), and at a 3-month follow-up session. Twenty-nine participants completed the treatment and these participants reported that the treatment was helpful. Effect sizes for treatment completers ranged from 1.00 to 1.17 for the social anxiety symptom measures at follow-up. Intent-totreat analyses revealed significant reductions in social anxiety, depression, and rumination and significant increases in mindfulness and acceptance, with effect sizes ranging from .65 to .76 on the social anxiety measures. This study demonstrates that MAGT is feasible and acceptable to SAD patients and provides further support for the use of mindfulness and acceptance-based interventions for the treatment of SAD.
Nurse-led ward rounds: a valuable contribution to acute stroke care.

Stroke is a devastating condition. The Royal College of Physicians (2008) highlights that integrated stroke care can improve patient care. Nurses are an integral part of the multidisciplinary team, providing 24/7 stroke care from planning and implementing care to the evaluation of the patient's condition. To improve the way nurses manage stroke patients in an acute setting, a nurse-led ward round was initiated to look at essential nursing care. The Imperial College Healthcare Trust stroke senior nursing team, consisting of a clinical nurse specialist, a ward manager, and a charge nurse, have organised a weekly stroke nurse-led ward round. The team takes rounds to each stroke patient in the ward to examine and evaluate the essentials of nursing care (e.g. oral care, skin integrity, continence, bowel and bladder management), and current stroke outcome measures. During the rounds, the team address nursing issues, make appropriate nursing goals, and discuss their plans with the nurses and other members of the team. A nurse-led ward round has addressed nursing issues in a timely proactive fashion. The initiative has been successful in improving clinical communication between nurses and patient involvement in their care planning. It has also empowered nurses to make decisions within their professional arena, and its contribution has had an impact on patient care and safety through early detection and prevention of stroke complications.
Designing new interfaces for digital interactive television usable by older adults

The adoption of digital television (DTV), if appropriately designed, could be particularly attractive for older people, who tend to be overlooked when new services and applications are introduced, and remain a marginalized segment of the television broadcasting population. This article explores a range of methodologies and interactive approaches designed to support older people who have difficulties in using current interface models for DTV. Following an extensive requirements-gathering exercise, four different navigational layouts with a simplified remote control were tested and evaluated with older users to assess their ease of use. The results demonstrated the expected difficulties in understanding some of the terminology and interactive concepts utilized in "traditional" DTV design. Aspects of the experimental layouts suggest promising new directions in the development of visualization and navigation metaphors for user-led activities on DTV for older adults.
Bone Mineral Density Changes among HIV-Uninfected Young Adults in a Randomised Trial of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis with Tenofovir-Emtricitabine or Placebo in Botswana

BACKGROUND
Tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been found to be effective for prevention of HIV infection in several clinical trials. Two studies of TDF PrEP among men who have sex with men showed slight bone mineral density (BMD) loss. We investigated the effect of TDF and the interaction of TDF and hormonal contraception on BMD among HIV-uninfected African men and women.


METHOD
We evaluated the effects on BMD of using daily oral TDF-FTC compared to placebo among heterosexual men and women aged 18-29 years enrolled in the Botswana TDF2 PrEP study. Participants had BMD measurements at baseline and thereafter at 6-month intervals with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans at the hip, spine, and forearm.


RESULTS
A total of 220 participants (108 TDF-FTC, 112 placebo) had baseline DXA BMD measurements at three anatomic sites. Fifteen (6.8%) participants had low baseline BMD (z-score of <-2.0 at any anatomic site), including 3/114 women (2.6%) and 12/106 men (11.3%) (p = 0.02). Low baseline BMD was associated with being underweight (p = 0.02), having high blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.02) or high alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.03), and low creatinine clearance (p = 0.04). BMD losses of >3.0% at any anatomic site at any time after baseline were significantly greater for the TDF-FTC treatment group [34/68 (50.0%) TDF-FTC vs. 26/79 (32.9%) placebo; p = 0.04]. There was a small but significant difference in the mean percent change in BMD from baseline for TDF-FTC versus placebo at all three sites at month 30 [forearm -0.84% (p = 0.01), spine -1.62% (p = 0.0002), hip -1.51% (p = 0.003)].


CONCLUSION
Use of TDF-FTC was associated with a small but statistically significant decrease in BMD at the forearm, hip and lumbar spine. A high percentage (6.8%) of healthy Batswana young adults had abnormal baseline BMD Further evaluation is needed of the longer-term use of TDF in HIV-uninfected persons.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00448669.
Breaking the memory secrecy assumption

Many countermeasures exist that attempt to protect against buffer overflow attacks on applications written in C and C++. The most widely deployed countermeasures rely on artificially introducing randomness in the memory image of the application. StackGuard and similar systems, for instance, will insert a random value before the return address on the stack, and Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) will make the location of stack and/or heap less predictable for an attacker.
 A critical assumption in these probabilistic countermeasures is that attackers cannot read the contents of memory. In this paper we show that this assumption is not always justified. We identify a new class of vulnerabilities -- buffer overreads -- that occur in practice and that can be exploited to read parts of the memory contents of a process running a vulnerable application. We describe in detail how to exploit an application protected by both ASLR and stack canaries, if the application contains both a buffer overread and a buffer overflow vulnerability.
 We also provide a detailed discussion of how this vulnerability affects other, less widely deployed probabilistic countermeasures such as memory obfuscation and instruction set randomization.
Wavelet Transform Based Steganography Technique to Hide Audio Signals in Image

Information security is one of the most important factors to be considered when secret information has to be communicated between two parties. Cryptography and steganography are the two techniques used for this purpose. Cryptography scrambles the information, but it reveals the existence of the information. Steganography hides the actual existence of the information so that anyone else other than the sender and the recipient cannot recognize the transmission. In steganography the secret information to be communicated is hidden in some other carrier in such a way that the secret information is invisible. In this paper an image steganography technique is proposed to hide audio signal in image in the transform domain using wavelet transform. The audio signal in any format (MP3 or WAV or any other type) is encrypted and carried by the image without revealing the existence to anybody. When the secret information is hidden in the carrier the result is the stego signal. In this work, the results show good quality stego signal and the stego signal is analyzed for different attacks. It is found that the technique is robust and it can withstand the attacks. The quality of the stego image is measured by Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM), Universal Image Quality Index (UIQI). The quality of extracted secret audio signal is measured by Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Squared Pearson Correlation Coefficient (SPCC). The results show good values for these metrics. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the Graph Algorithms, High Performance Implementations and Applications (ICGHIA2014).
Breastfeeding duration and cognitive, language and motor development at 18 months of age: Rhea mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece.

BACKGROUND
Breast feeding duration has been associated with improved cognitive development in children. However, few population-based prospective studies have evaluated dose-response relationships of breastfeeding duration with language and motor development at early ages, and results are discrepant.


METHODS
The study uses data from the prospective mother-child cohort ('Rhea' study) in Crete, Greece. 540 mother-child pairs were included in the present analysis. Information about parental and child characteristics and breastfeeding practices was obtained by interview-administered questionnaires. Trained psychologists assessed cognitive, language and motor development by using the Bayley Scales of Infant Toddler Development (3rd edition) at the age of 18 months.


RESULTS
Duration of breast feeding was linearly positively associated with all the Bayley scales, except of gross motor. The association persisted after adjustment for potential confounders with an increase of 0.28 points in the scale of cognitive development (β=0.28; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.55), 0.29 points in the scale of receptive communication (β=0.29; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.54), 0.30 points in the scale of expressive communication (β=0.30; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.57) and 0.29 points in the scale of fine motor development (β=0.29; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.56) per accumulated month of breast feeding. Children who were breast fed longer than 6 months had a 4.44-point increase in the scale of fine motor development (β=4.44; 95% CI 0.06 to 8.82) compared with those never breast fed.


CONCLUSIONS
Longer duration of breast feeding was associated with increased scores in cognitive, language and motor development at 18 months of age, independently from a wide range of parental and infant characteristics. Additional longitudinal studies and trials are needed to confirm these results.
Thirty-Day Mortality After Lobectomy in Elderly Patients Eligible for Lung Cancer Screening.

BACKGROUND
Whether US surgeons have been able to replicate the low mortality rate of 1% after lobectomy experienced by patients treated in the National Lung Screening Trial is unknown.


METHODS
To determine current operative 30-day mortality rates after lobectomy, we analyzed American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data files from 2005 to 2012.


RESULTS
Of the 2,690 patients analyzed, 1,595 underwent open thoracotomy lobectomy and 1,095 underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy. Sixty-three postoperative deaths occurred among the 2,690 patients (2.34% overall). The mortality rate for open lobectomy was 3.13% (50 cases) and that for video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy was 1.19% (13 cases [odds ratio 2.69, 95% confidence interval: 1.43 to 5.43, p < 0.05). Evaluation of mortality rates between surgical approaches (open versus video-assisted thoracoscopic) was performed by age group: group 1, aged 65 to 69 years (odds ratio 2.72, 95% confidence interval: 1 to 9.4, p < 0.05); group 2, aged 70 to 74 years (odds ratio 4.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.28 to 23.4, p < 0.05); and group 3, aged 75 to 80 years (no difference was found in group 3, p = 0.45).


CONCLUSIONS
Among the hospitals participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, operative mortality rates after lobectomy are comparable to the operative mortality rates in the National Lung Screening Trial.
Short Survey on Static Hand Gesture Recognition

This paper presents a survey of methods which have been recently proposed for recognizing static hand gestures. These approaches are first summarized and then are assessed based on a common dataset. Because mentioned methods employ different types of input, the survey focuses on stages of feature extraction and classification. Other former steps, such as pre-processing and hand segmentation, are slightly modified. In experiments, this work does not only consider the recognition accuracy but also suggests suitable scenarios for each method according to its advantages and limitations. Keywords—Hand gesture; rank-order correlation matrix, Gabor filter; block; centroid distance; Fourier transform
Design and implementation of smart movable road divider using IOT

Road Divider is generically used for dividing the Road for ongoing and incoming traffic. This helps keeping the flow of traffic. Generally, there is equal number of lanes for both ongoing and incoming traffic. For example, in any city, there is industrial area or shopping area where the traffic generally flows in one direction in the morning or evening. The other side of Road divider is mostly either empty or under-utilized. This is true for peak morning and evening hours. This results in loss of time for the car owners, traffic jams as well as underutilization of available resources. Our idea is to formulate a mechanism of automated movable road divider that can shift lanes, so that we can have more number of lanes in the direction of the rush. The cumulative impact of the time and fuel that can be saved by adding even one extra lane to the direction of the rush will be significant. With the smart application proposed below, we will also eliminate the dependency on manual intervention and manual traffic coordination so that we can have a smarter traffic all over the city. An Automated movable road divider can provide a solution to the above-mentioned problem effectively. This is possible through IOT. IOT refers to Internet of Things where the actual digitalization comes into picture. Here sensors play a major role. We can achieve this using Arduino board. The sensors placed on the dividers sense the flow of traffic whether flow of traffic is smooth or not? If the flow is smooth on either side then there is nothing to worry but the lane which is having more traffic, the divider is moved to a certain distance to the smoother lane in order to smoothen the busy lane.
A C++ implementation of CLP

We have implemented a C++ library, called ILOG SOLVER, that embodies Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) concepts such as logical variables, incremental constraint satisfaction and backtracking. This library combines Object Oriented Programming (OOP) with CLP. This has two advantages. First of all, everything is an object in SOLVER: variables, constraints and search algorithms (goals). Thus, SOLVER is easily extendable by de ning new classes. Second, objects can be used for modeling the real problem that has to be solved, which is a great software engineering advantage. In particular, SOLVER provides for the de nition of class constraints, that are inherited by all the objects of that class.