LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Statistical Learning of Syntax : The Role of Transitional Probability

Previous research has shown that, for learners to fully acquire a miniature phrase structure language, the language must contain cues to the phrases—for example, prosodic grouping or morphological agreement of the words within a phrase (Morgan, Meier, & Newport, 1987, 1989). Research on word segmentation has shown that learners can use transitional probabilities between syllables to segment speech into word-like units (Saffran, Aslin, & Newport, 1996). In the present research, we combine and extend these two sets of findings, asking whether learners can use transitional probabilities between words (or word classes) to segment sentences into phrases, and use this phrasal information to fully acquire the syntax of a miniature language. Adult subjects were exposed to sentences from a miniature language. A pattern in the transitional probabilities between words—high within phrases, low at phrase boundaries—was created by adding syntactic properties that are widespread in natural languages: optional phrases, repeated phrases, moved phrases, different-sized form classes, or all four properties combined. All conditions outperformed controls in learning the language. The best learning occurred with all properties combined, despite the fact that this language was the most complex. These data address the important question of how language learning is successful in the face of the massive complexity of natural languages. In our experiments, learning got better, not worse, when properly structured complexity was added to a language. The results also show that the same type of statistical computation useful in word segmentation might be used as well in learning syntax, suggesting that the range of statistics needed for acquiring various types of structure in natural languages might be suitably small. LANGUAGE LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT, 3(1), 1–42 Copyright © 2007, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Of lineage and legacy: the development of mammalian hematopoietic stem cells

The hematopoietic system is one of the first complex tissues to develop in the mammalian conceptus. Of particular interest in the field of developmental hematopoiesis is the origin of adult bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. Tracing their origin is complicated because blood is a mobile tissue and because hematopoietic cells emerge from many embryonic sites. The origin of the adult mammalian blood system remains a topic of lively discussion and intense research. Interest is also focused on developmental signals that induce the adult hematopoietic stem cell program, as these may prove useful for generating and expanding these clinically important cell populations ex vivo. This review presents a historical overview of and the most recent data on the developmental origins of hematopoiesis.
Effect of Group vs Individual Cognitive Processing Therapy in Active-Duty Military Seeking Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance
Cognitive processing therapy (CPT), an evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), has not been tested as an individual treatment among active-duty military. Group CPT may be an efficient way to deliver treatment.


Objective
To determine the effects of CPT on PTSD and co-occurring symptoms and whether they differ when administered in an individual or a group format.


Design, Setting, and Participants
In this randomized clinical trial, 268 active-duty servicemembers consented to assessment at an army medical center from March 8, 2012, to September 23, 2014, and were randomized to group or individual CPT. Inclusion criteria were PTSD after military deployment and stable medication therapy. Exclusion criteria consisted of suicidal or homicidal intent or psychosis. Data collection was completed on June 15, 2015. Analysis was based on intention to treat.


Interventions
Participants received CPT (the version excluding written accounts) in 90-minute group sessions of 8 to 10 participants (15 cohorts total; 133 participants) or 60-minute individual sessions (135 participants) twice weekly for 6 weeks. The 12 group and individual sessions were conducted concurrently.


Main Outcomes and Measures
Primary measures were scores on the Posttraumatic Symptom Scale-Interview Version (PSS-I) and the stressor-specific Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-S); secondary measures were scores on the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI). Assessments were completed by independent evaluators masked to treatment condition at baseline and 2 weeks and 6 months after treatment.


Results
Among the 268 participants (244 men [91.0%]; 24 women [9.0%]; mean [SD] age, 33.2 [7.4] years), improvement in PTSD severity at posttreatment was greater when CPT was administered individually compared with the group format (mean [SE] difference on the PSS-I, -3.7 [1.4]; Cohen d = 0.6; P = .006). Significant improvements were maintained with the individual (mean [SE] PSS-I, -7.8 [1.0]; Cohen d = 1.3; mean [SE] PCL-S, -12.6 [1.4]; Cohen d = 1.2) and group (mean [SE] PSS-I, -4.0 [0.97]; Cohen d = 0.7; mean [SE] PCL-S, -6.3 [1.4]; Cohen d = 0.6) formats, with no differences in remission or severity of PTSD at the 6-month follow-up. Symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation did not differ significantly between formats.


Conclusions and Relevance
Individual treatment resulted in greater improvement in PTSD severity than group treatment. Depression and suicidal ideation improved equally with both formats. However, even among those receiving individual CPT, approximately 50% still had PTSD and clinically significant symptoms. In the military population, improving existing treatments such as CPT or developing new treatments is needed.


Trial Registration
clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02173561.
Learning Explanations from Language Data

PatternAttribution is a recent method, introduced in the vision domain, that explains classifications of deep neural networks. We demonstrate that it also generates meaningful interpretations in the language domain.
After the promise: the STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges.

PURPOSE
To examine the effectiveness of virginity pledges in reducing STD infection rates among young adults (ages 18-24).


METHODS
Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally representative study of students enrolled in grades 7-12 in 1995. During a follow-up survey in 2001-2002, respondents provided urine samples, which were tested for Human Papilloma Virus, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Trichomoniasis. We report descriptive results for the relationship of pledge status and sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates as well as health behaviors commonly associated with STD infection.


RESULTS
Pledgers are consistently less likely to be exposed to risk factors across a wide range of indicators, but their STD infection rate does not differ from nonpledgers. Possible explanations are that pledgers are less likely than others to use condoms at sexual debut and to be tested and diagnosed with STDs.


CONCLUSIONS
Adopting virginity pledges as intervention may not be the optimal approach to preventing STD acquisition among young adults.
Multi-script Off-line Signature Verification: A Two Stage Approach

Signature identification and verification are of great importance in authentication systems. The purpose of this paper is to introduce an experimental contribution in the direction of multi-script off-line signature identification and verification using a novel technique involving off-line English, Hindi (Devnagari) and Bangla (Bengali) signatures. In the first evaluation stage of the proposed signature verification technique, the performance of a multi-script off-line signature verification system, considering a joint dataset of English, Hindi and Bangla signatures, was investigated. In the second stage of experimentation, multi-script signatures were identified based on the script type, and subsequently the verification task was explored separately for English, Hindi and Bangla signatures based on the identified script result. The gradient and chain code features were employed, and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) along with the Modified Quadratic Discriminate Function (MQDF) were considered in this scheme. From the experimental results achieved, it is noted that the verification accuracy obtained in the second stage of experiments (where a signature script identification method was introduced) is better than the verification accuracy produced following the first stage of experiments. Experimental results indicated that an average error rate of 20.80% and 16.40% were obtained for two different types of verification experiments. Keywords—Biometrics; off-line signature verification; multiscript signature identification.
The morphological approach to segmentation: the wa-tershed transformation

Segmentation is one of the key problems in image processing. ln fact, one should say segmentations because there exist as many techniques as there are specifie situations. Among them, gray-tone images segmentation is very important and the relative techniques may be divided into two groups: the techniques based on contour detection and those involving region growing. Many authors have tried to define general schemes of contour detection using low-level tools [1,2]. Unfortunately, because they work at a very primitive level, a great number of algorithms must be used to emphasize their results. An original method of segmentation based on the use of watershed lines has been developed in the framework of mathematical morphology. This technique, which may appear to be close to the region-growing methods, leads in fact to a general methodology of segmentation and has been applied with success in many different situations. ln this chapter, the principles of morphological segmentation will be presented and illustrated by means of examples, starting from the simplest ones and introducing step by step more complex segmentation tools. ln Section II, we shal! review briefly various morphologie al tools which are used throughout this chapter. These basic transformations are useful for the description of sorne algorithms used in morphological segmentation. We shall not introduce the basic notions of mathematical morphology; the reader not farniliar with them is invited to refer to [3,4].
Lingual thyroglossal duct cysts--a review.

OBJECTIVES
Lingual thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDC) are rare and liable to be missed in a cursory clinical examination. This study aimed to report the details of lingual TGDC from the authors' series and review existing literature on the entity.


METHODS
A 12 year retrospective survey of all cases of thyroglossal duct anomalies managed at a tertiary teaching hospital was conducted to identify those with lingual TGDC. Their clinical presentation, investigations, diagnosis and management were analysed. Case series from anecdotal published English literature were critically reviewed with particular regard to diagnosis and management.


RESULTS
Of 78 cases of thyroglossal duct anomalies, 3 were lingual TGDC. All were females. One neonate presented with feeding difficulty and was clinically misdiagnosed as a ranula. The two older children presented with a cyst at the foramen caecum. The varied imaging and diagnostic dilemma are presented. The older children had cysts abutting the hyoid and were managed with transoral excision and a Sistrunk procedure; the neonate was managed with transoral excision only. This report also reviews the sparse literature and discusses specific issues in their treatment. The differential diagnoses encompass a wide array of developmental and neoplastic entities. Specific anatomic imaging with USG/CT/MRI and functional evaluation with radionuclide thyroid scan are essential investigative modalities. Besides a classical Sistrunk procedure and simple transoral excision, newer less invasive treatment options including marsupialisation and alcohol ablation have been reported.


CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the diagnosis and management of lingual TGDC needs to be individualised depending on their presentation and anatomic location. The Sistrunk's procedure is ideal for those in close proximity to the hyoid; however complete cyst excision would suffice in the rest.
Constructivism in Education : An overview of contributions to the literature and to the

Constructivism in education has evolved over the past century due to the contributions of many individuals in the U. S. and abroad. This article provides an overview of the contributions of theorists, researchers, and educators most closely associated with its rise in the field of education. The article also provides an outline and guide to the annotated bibliography on constructivism in education on the JPACTe website. Introduction This article provides an overview of the development of constructivist theory in education. It traces the roots of constructivism in the areas of educational philosophy, cognitive theory, research on teaching, the “social curriculum,” professional development and brain research. The article also provides an annotated bibliography aligned with these topics. Defining Constructivism in Education Constructivism allows us as, as educators, the conceptual tools with which to view our students and how they learn in a way that is congruent with best practice. Until recently, “best practice” has been defined by traditional behaviorist definitions focused on student academic outcomes; constructivist “best” practice is a relatively new focus of research. “Constructivist best practice” in the past has been defined by practitioners and those observing them: by teacher anecdotal evidence, clinical observation, the success of affective and social teaching, and, increasingly, the positive relationship of constructivist teaching and academic success (Zins, Weissberg, Wang, & Walberg, 2004). Constructivism requires that we understand that “(M)eaning is not given to us in our encounters, but it is given by us, constructed by us, each in our own way, according to how our understanding is currently organized.” (Duckworth, 1987, p. 112) (emphasis
Saddle nose deformity reconstruction with a split calvarial bone L-shaped strut.

OBJECTIVE
To describe a technique for creation of a split calvarial bone L-shaped strut that provides dorsal support while increasing tip projection in patients with substantial septal saddle nose deformities from various underlying inflammatory conditions and surgical resection.


METHODS
Case series and review of the literature.


RESULTS
Fifteen patients underwent nasal reconstruction at our institution using the split calvarial bone L-shaped strut technique with postoperative follow-up to 36 months (range, 9-36 months). The causes of septal perforation leading to saddle nose deformity included cocaine use, infection, sarcoidosis, malignant lesion, iatrogenic causes, and Wegener granulomatosis. All cases resulted in an augmented, straightened nasal dorsum and increased tip projection. Results were maintained throughout follow-up with no evidence of graft infection, resorption, or migration.


CONCLUSIONS
The split calvarial bone L-shaped strut provides dual benefits of dorsal support and increased tip projection. Numerous techniques have been discussed for dorsal augmentation with varied success; however, the long-term maintenance of this graft in patients with severely compromised vascularity owing to underlying inflammatory conditions such as Wegener granulomatosis highlights its presumed advantages. The procedure can be performed using the external rhinoplasty approach, obviating the need for radix incisions for plating or intranasal mucosal incisions. These advantages make the L-shaped strut technique excellent for nasal reconstruction in patients with substantial septal saddle nose deformities regardless of cause and duration of defect.
A petri net modelling approach of intermodal terminals based on Metrocargo system

To cope with the growing demand of moving freight, an innovative system for easily and quickly manage containers moved by trains, named Metrocargoreg, has been designed. The leading idea of such a system is to speed up the operations of loading/unloading containers on/from trains, with the goal of assimilating goods to passengers in transportation, thus increasing the flexibility of the whole system and, possibly, optimising the space allocation inside each terminal. In this framework, whereas the performances of such a system appear to be promising, no models to evaluate them have been proposed yet. Then, to achieve this task, in the paper a model of Metrocargoreg intermodal terminals based on timed Petri nets is presented, which allows to easily define a modular, performance-evaluation oriented representation of the considered system
A finite-energy solution in Yang-Mills theory and quantum fluctuations

Abstract A finite-energy solution of the Yang-Mills theory with a nonstandard lagrangian is provided. Properties of these solution are studied and also a possible physical interpretation is given.
Tendências da produção do conhecimento na educação em saúde no Brasil

Trata-se de revisão de literatura cujo objetivo foi identificar o conceito de Educação em Saúde, utilizado por pesquisadores em Saúde Coletiva, apresentar as principais tendências e referenciais pedagógicos discutidos nessas pesquisas e exemplificar estudos construídos com o objetivo de promover a educação em saúde por meio de estratégias participativas com o envolvimento da comunidade. Após a leitura e análise de 22 artigos, levantados no Scientific Eletronic Library Online, que atendiam as questões norteadoras do estudo, foram construídas as seguintes categorias de análise: educação em saúde no Brasil aspectos conceituais, práticas pedagógicas em educação e saúde, educação em saúde aplicada à prática profissional. A educação em saúde é um campo imprescindível ao desenvolvimento de uma sociedade e práticas educativas são espaços de aplicação dos saberes destinados ao crescimento social. Percebe-se a importância de propostas educacionais baseadas na reflexão, crítica, envolvimento e conscientização, e a importância da implementação de novos programas educativos que atendam toda população.
Historical overview of image analysis and mathematical morphology

The paper consists in a survey of image analysis over the last fifty years, seen from the point of view of Mathematica Morphology.
Image Mosaicing and Super-resolution

Find loads of the image mosaicing and super resolution book catalogues in this site as the choice of you visiting this page. You can also join to the website book library that will show you numerous books from any types. Literature, science, politics, and many more catalogues are presented to offer you the best book to find. The book that really makes you feels satisfied. Or that's the book that will save you from your job deadline.
High-Frequency Noise of Modern MOSFETs: Compact Modeling and Measurement Issues

Compact modeling of the most important high-frequency (HF) noise sources of the MOSFET is presented in this paper, along with challenges in noise measurement and deembedding of future CMOS technologies. Several channel thermal noise models are reviewed and their ability to predict the channel noise of extremely small devices is discussed. The impact of technology scaling on noise performance of MOSFETs is also investigated by means of analytical expressions. It is shown that the gate tunneling current has a significant impact on MOSFETs noise parameters, especially at lower frequencies. Limitations of some commonly used noise models in predicting the HF noise parameters of modern MOSFETs are addressed and methods to alleviate some of the limitations are discussed
Outcomes of preterm infants following the introduction of room air resuscitation.

BACKGROUND
After 2006 most neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Canada stopped initiating newborn resuscitation with 100% oxygen.


METHODS
In this retrospective cohort study, we compared neonatal outcomes in infants born at ≤ 27 weeks gestation that received <100% oxygen (OXtitrate group, typically 21-40% oxygen) during delivery room resuscitation to infants that received 100% oxygen (OX100 group).


RESULTS
Data from 17 NICUs included 2326 infants, 1244 in the OXtitrate group and 1082 in the OX100 group. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for the primary outcome of severe neurologic injury or death was higher in the OXtitrate group compared with the OX100 group (AOR 1.36; 95% CI 1.11, 1.66). A similar increase was also noted when comparing infants initially resuscitated with room air to the OX100 group (AOR 1.33; 95% CI 1.04, 1.69). Infants in the OXtitrate group were less likely to have received either medical or surgical treatment for a patent ductus arteriosus (AOR 0.53; 95% CI 0.37, 0.74).


CONCLUSIONS
In Canadian NICUs, we observed a higher risk of severe neurologic injury or death among preterm infants of ≤ 27 weeks gestation following a change in practice to initiating resuscitation with either room air or an intermediate oxygen concentration.
Hyperectasis: the hyperinflated tympanic membrane: the middle ear as an actively controlled system.

OBJECTIVE
To describe and analyze a middle ear condition in which the steady state of the middle ear pressure is elevated above the atmospheric pressure. SETTING AND STUDY DESIGN: This is a long-term survey of 59 patients from a private clinic who were observed on routine examination to have a ballooned out (hyperinflated) tympanic membrane.


INTERVENTION
All patients underwent hearing tests, tympanometry, and Shullers (lateral) mastoid radiography.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
A hyperinflated tympanic membrane indicates a middle ear pressure that is higher than atmospheric pressure. The ballooned tympanic membrane returns to its physiological level after being punctured. This pressure situation is the reverse or opposite of atelectasis and is therefore termed hyperectasis. Hyperectasis, like atelectasis, is associated with a poorly pneumatized mastoid.


RESULTS
Fifty-nine hyperectatic ears persisted in their hyperinflated state for weeks, months, or even years. The hyperectasis was preceded by atelectasis, and both conditions occasionally changed one into the other. The ballooned part of the tympanic membrane is usually thin and "scarred." Hyperectasis is not a rare situation and, once recognized, can be readily encountered in an otologic clinic.


CONCLUSIONS
Like most biologic systems (e.g., blood pressure, temperature), the middle ear's central feature, i.e., pressure, also has a dynamic character vacillating up and down. It is conceivable that middle ear pressure is also actively regulated and controlled with the aid of a feedback mechanism. Passage of gas through the eustachian tube or absorption by diffusion-perfusion is also at least partly an active process. The up and down middle ear pressure vacillations are usually clinically benign and do not lead to any pathologic features as long as they are buffered by an accompanying normal mastoid pneumatization. It is the ear with a nonpneumatized mastoid that has limited ability to buffer pressure changes and that will present as an atelectasis, a retraction pocket, or (eventually a cholesteatoma) or their reverse, a hyperectatic tympanic membrane.