LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Glass Ceiling or Sticky Floor? Exploring the Australian Gender Pay Gap

Using the HILDA survey, this paper analyses Australian gender wage gaps in both public and private sectors across the wage distribution. Quantile Regression (QR) techniques are used to control for various characteristics at different points of the wage distributions. Counterfactual decomposition analysis, adjusted for the QR framework, is utilised to examine if the gap is attributed to differences in gender characteristic, or differing returns between genders. The main finding is that a strong glass ceiling effect is detected only in the private sector. Secondly, the acceleration in the gender gap across the distribution does not vanish even after extensive controls. This suggests that the observed wage gap is a result of differences in returns to genders. By focussing only on the mean gender wage gap, substantial variations of the gap will be hidden.
Bayesian Statistics and Marketing

Bayesian methods have become widespread in marketing literature. We review the essence of the Bayesian approach and explain why it is particularly useful for marketing problems. While the appeal of the Bayesian approach has long been noted by researchers, recent developments in computational methods and expanded availability of detailed marketplace data has fueled the growth in application of Bayesian methods in marketing. We emphasize the modularity and flexibility of modern Bayesian approaches. The usefulness of Bayesian methods in situations in which there is limited information about a large number of units or where the information comes from different sources is noted. We include an extensive discussion of open issues and directions for future research. (Bayesian Statistics; Decision Theory; Marketing Models; Critical Review)
Comparison of lidocaine and bronchodilator inhalation treatments for cough suppression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND
This study aimed to assess and compare the effectiveness of lidocaine and bronchodilator inhalation treatments for rapid cough suppression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


METHODS
Prospective comparison study carried out in a tertiary emergency department. Consecutive COPD patients presenting with intractable cough were randomly assigned to receive lidocaine or terbutaline inhalation treatments for cough suppression. Patients with dyspnoea, unstable vital signs, and pneumonia or neoplasm on chest x ray were excluded. A subjective, 10 point questionnaire based cough severity score was used for assessing the outcome.


RESULTS
The final study sample included 127 patients (mean (SD) age, 69.2 (12.1) years; 33.1% women) of whom 62 received nebulised lidocaine and 65 nebulised bronchodilator. The cough severity score was significantly reduced one hour after inhalation treatment with both lidocaine and bronchodilator, with no significant difference in efficacy. Common but mild side effects in the lidocaine group included oropharyngeal numbness and bitter taste, and, in the bronchodilator group, tremor and palpitation. Dyspnoea, dizziness, and nausea and vomiting were equally uncommon in both groups. None of these problems caused any of the patients to discontinue their treatments and no allergic reactions were reported.


CONCLUSIONS
Both lidocaine and bronchodilator inhalation treatments are equally effective for short term cough suppression in patients with COPD.
Randomised, placebo controlled trial of nebulised furosemide for breathlessness in patients with cancer.

BACKGROUND
Breathlessness is a common and difficult symptom to treat in patients with cancer. Case reports suggest that nebulised furosemide can relieve breathlessness in such patients but few data are available.


METHOD
Patients with primary or secondary lung cancer and a Dyspnoea Exertion Scale score of >or=3 were recruited. Following familiarisation, patients received either nebulised furosemide 40 mg or nebulised 0.9% saline under double blind conditions or no treatment, in random order on 3 consecutive days. Patients undertook number reading and arm exercise tests to assess breathlessness and its impact, and were asked to report subjective benefit and any preference between nebulised treatments.


RESULTS
15 patients took part. There were no differences between furosemide, saline and no treatment in the outcomes of the number reading test (eg, mean number read per breath was 6.7, 6.4 and 6.7, respectively) or arm exercise test (eg, mean Borg score at maximum equivalent workload was 2.3, 2.5 and 2.7, respectively). No adverse effects were reported, although there was a small fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity following saline. Six patients considered that their breathlessness improved with nebulised treatment, three preferring saline, one furosemide and two reporting they were of equal benefit.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings do not support a beneficial effect from nebulised furosemide in patients with cancer related breathlessness. Listed on the National Research Register (N0170118249) and the UK Clinical Research Network Portfolio Database (1428).
Using Wikipedia knowledge to improve text classification

Text classification has been widely used to assist users with the discovery of useful information from the Internet. However, traditional classification methods are based on the “Bag of Words” (BOW) representation, which only accounts for term frequency in the documents, and ignores important semantic relationships between key terms. To overcome this problem, previous work attempted to enrich text representation by means of manual intervention or automatic document expansion. The achieved improvement is unfortunately very limited, due to the poor coverage capability of the dictionary, and to the ineffectiveness of term expansion. In this paper, we automatically construct a thesaurus of concepts from Wikipedia. We then introduce a unified framework to expand the BOW representation with semantic relations (synonymy, hyponymy, and associative relations), and demonstrate its efficacy in enhancing previous approaches for text classification. Experimental results on several data sets show that the proposed approach, integrated with the thesaurus built from Wikipedia, can achieve significant improvements with respect to the baseline algorithm.
Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation

We present a model of the effects of legal protection of minority shareholders and of cash-f low ownership by a controlling shareholder on the valuation of firms. We then test this model using a sample of 539 large firms from 27 wealthy economies. Consistent with the model, we find evidence of higher valuation of firms in countries with better protection of minority shareholders and in firms with higher cashf low ownership by the controlling shareholder. RECENT RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT THE EXTENT of legal protection of investors in a country is an important determinant of the development of its financial markets. Where laws are protective of outside investors and well enforced, investors are willing to finance firms, and financial markets are both broader and more valuable. In contrast, where laws are unprotective of investors, the development of financial markets is stunted. Moreover, systematic differences among countries in the structure of laws and their enforcement, such as the historical origin of their laws, account for the differences in financial development ~La Porta et al. ~1997, 1998!!. How does better protection of outside investors ~both shareholders and creditors! promote financial market development? When their rights are better protected by the law, outside investors are willing to pay more for financial assets such as equity and debt. They pay more because they recognize that, with better legal protection, more of the firm’s profits would come back to them as interest or dividends as opposed to being expropriated by the entrepreneur who controls the firm. By limiting expropriation, the law raises the price that securities fetch in the marketplace. In turn, this enables more entrepreneurs to finance their investments externally, leading to the expansion of financial markets. Although the ultimate benefit of legal investor protection for financial development has now been well documented, the effect of protection on valuation has received less attention. In this paper, we present a theoretical and empirical analysis of this effect. * La Porta and Shleifer are from Harvard University, Lopez-de-Silanes from Yale University, and Vishny from the University of Chicago. We thank Altan Sert and Ekaterina Trizlova for research assistance, Malcolm Baker, Simeon Djankov, Edward Glaeser, Simon Johnson, René Stulz, Daniel Wolfenzon, Jeff Wurgler, Luigi Zingales, and three anonymous referees for comments, the NSF for support of this research. THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE • VOL. LVII, NO. 3 • JUNE 2002
Programming by demonstration: dual-arm manipulation tasks for humanoid robots

This paper deals with easy programming methods of dual-arm manipulation tasks for humanoid robots. Hereby a programming by demonstration system is used in order to observe, learn and generalize tasks performed by humans. A classification for dual-arm manipulations is introduced, enabling a segmentation of tasks into adequate subtasks. Further it is shown how the generated programs are mapped on and executed by a humanoid robot.
Exploring differential item functioning in the SF-36 by demographic, clinical, psychological and social factors in an osteoarthritis population

BACKGROUND
The SF-36 is a very commonly used generic measure of health outcome in osteoarthritis (OA). An important, but frequently overlooked, aspect of validating health outcome measures is to establish if items work in the same way across subgroup of a population. That is, if respondents have the same 'true' level of outcome, does the item give the same score in different subgroups or is it biased towards one subgroup or another. Differential item functioning (DIF) can identify items that may be biased for one group or another and has been applied to measuring patient reported outcomes. Items may show DIF for different conditions and between cultures, however the SF-36 has not been specifically examined in an osteoarthritis population nor in a UK population. Hence, the aim of the study was to apply the DIF method to the SF-36 for a UK OA population.


METHODS
The sample comprised a community sample of 763 people with OA who participated in the Somerset and Avon Survey of Health. The SF-36 was explored for DIF with respect to demographic, social, clinical and psychological factors. Well developed ordinal regression models were used to identify DIF items.


RESULTS
DIF items were found by age (6 items), employment status (6 items), social class (2 items), mood (2 items), hip v knee (2 items), social deprivation (1 item) and body mass index (1 item). Although the impact of the DIF items rarely had a significant effect on the conclusions of group comparisons, in most cases there was a significant change in effect size.


CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the SF-36 performed well with only a small number of DIF items identified, a reassuring finding in view of the frequent use of the SF-36 in OA. Nevertheless, where DIF items were identified it would be advisable to analyse data taking account of DIF items, especially when age effects are the focus of interest.
Blood–brain barrier impairment in dementia: Current and future in vivo assessments

Increasing evidence indicates that blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment may play a role in the pathophysiology of cognitive decline and dementia. In vivo imaging studies are needed to quantify and localize the BBB defects during life, contemplating the circulatory properties. We reviewed the literature for imaging studies investigating BBB impairment in patients suffering from dementia. After selection, 11 imaging studies were included, of which 6 used contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 2 used contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), and 3 positron emission tomography (PET). Primarily the MRI studies hint at a subtle increasing permeability of the BBB, particularly in patients already exhibiting cerebrovascular pathology. More elaborate studies are required to provide convincing evidence on BBB impairment in patients with various stages of dementia with and without obvious cerebrovascular pathology. In the future, dynamic contrast enhanced MRI techniques and transport specific imaging using PET may further detail the research on the molecular nature of BBB defects.
The cardiovascular effects of upper-limb aerobic exercise in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND
Aerobic exercise is broadly recommended as a helpful adjunct to obtain blood pressure control in hypertension. Several hypertensive patients, however, are limited by musculoskeletal complaints or vascular occlusive disease from lower-limb exercise such as jogging or cycling. In the present randomized-controlled study, we evaluate whether an aerobic arm-cycling program provides a measurable cardiovascular benefit.


METHODS
Twenty-four probands were randomly assigned to sedentary activity or a heart rate controlled 12 week exercise program, consisting of arm-cycling at target lactate concentrations of 2.0 +/- 0.5 mmol/l. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. Augmentation index and large/small artery compliance (C(1) and C(2)) were measured by computerized pulse-wave analysis of the radial artery.


RESULTS
The exercise program led to a significant reduction in systolic (134.0 +/- 20.0 to 127.0 +/- 16.4 mmHg; P = 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (73.0 +/- 21.6 to 67.1 +/- 8.2 mmHg; P = 0.02) accompanied by a significant improvement in C(2) (3.5 +/- 1.6 to 4.8 +/- 2.0 ml/mmHg x 100; P = 0.004). Flow-mediated dilation, augmentation index, and C(2) were not significantly affected (P > 0.05). Physical performance as derived from lactate and heart rate curves of lower-limb stress tests was unchanged, whereas maximal workload in an upper-limb ergometry significantly increased (P = 0.005). Blood pressure and vascular parameters remained unchanged in the control group.


CONCLUSION
Regular arm aerobic exercise leads to a marked reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and an improvement in small artery compliance. Arm-cycling is a reasonable option for hypertensive patients who want to support blood pressure control by sports despite having coxarthrosis, gonarthrosis, or intermittent claudication.
Antireflux surgery for non-erosive and erosive reflux disease in community practice.

BACKGROUND
Antireflux surgery has been mainly evaluated in tertiary referral centres. Data regarding post-operative outcome in non-erosive reflux disease are lacking.


AIM
To assess long-term outcome after antireflux surgery performed in a community practice setting.


METHODS
We selected consecutively 60 non-erosive reflux disease patients and 61 erosive oesophagitis patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. After surgery, each subject answered a validated disease-specific health-related quality of life questionnaire and another questionnaire focusing on symptoms, late morbidity and drug use.


RESULTS
After a 43-month median follow-up, an excellent outcome was reported by less than two-thirds of patients. Quality of life scores were lower in the non-erosive reflux disease group, especially in female patients. Non-erosive reflux disease patients reported more daily symptoms and more reflux-related symptoms (P = 0.04). Proton-pump inhibitor use was higher in non-erosive reflux disease patients (P < 0.005). Multivariate analysis identified four independent predictive factors associated with better outcome, namely male gender, abnormal preoperative acid exposure, a long duration of symptoms and surgical expertise.


CONCLUSIONS
In community practice, the results of antireflux surgery are inferior to those reported by tertiary centres. Outcome seems poorer in non-erosive reflux disease especially in female patients. Nearly one-third of the non-erosive reflux disease patients continue to take proton-pump inhibitors. These results highlight the need for careful selection of patients before antireflux surgery.
User satisfaction with psychosocial healthcare services, Southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate user satisfaction with psychosocial healthcare services.


METHODS
Qualitative and quantitative study conducted in psychosocial healthcare services in the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, in 2006. The study combined quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative epidemiological data from a cross-sectional study including 1,162 users of 30 psychosocial healthcare services was used. The instrument used to evaluate users' satisfaction was the Brazilian version of the WHO Users' Satisfaction Scale (SATIS-BR), a 1 to 5-point scale. Qualitative data was collected from five case studies using a fourth generation approach. Information was obtained from field observations and interviews (between ten and 13 users in each field, totaling 57 users) and presented to users in validation and negotiation workshops.


RESULTS
The SATIS-BR scale showed that users positively evaluated all items, overall mean 4.4 (SD=0.4). Communication and relationship with psychosocial healthcare services staff had mean 4.5 (SD=0.5), and access to information through staff had mean 4.8. Satisfaction with care service was the lowest, mean 4.1, and general service infrastructure had mean 3.9. The qualitative study revealed that, according to users, the quality of treatment provided was good and the outcome was satisfactory. Their new status, better access to services, ending of their physical and social isolation, response to their demands and helping them reorganize their lives - all contributed to users' satisfaction.


CONCLUSIONS
The complementary results of both study approaches showed that users are satisfied with care provided at the psychosocial healthcare services studied.
Isotopic exchange of hydrogen atoms of benzenechromium tricarbonyl

1. 
 
The reaction of isotopic exchange of hydrogen of benzenechromium tricarbonyl was carried out for the first time. 
 
 
 
 
2. 
 
The kinetics of this reaction were studied in deuteroethanol, in the presence of sodium ethylate.
Locally Densest Subgraph Discovery

Mining dense subgraphs from a large graph is a fundamental graph mining task and can be widely applied in a variety of application domains such as network science, biology, graph database, web mining, graph compression, and micro-blogging systems. Here a dense subgraph is defined as a subgraph with high density (#.edge / #.node). Existing studies of this problem either focus on finding the densest subgraph or identifying an optimal clique-like dense subgraph, and they adopt a simple greedy approach to find the top-k dense subgraphs. However, their identified subgraphs cannot be used to represent the dense regions of the graph. Intuitively, to represent a dense region, the subgraph identified should be the subgraph with highest density in its local region in the graph. However, it is non-trivial to formally model a locally densest subgraph. In this paper, we aim to discover top-k such representative locally densest subgraphs of a graph. We provide an elegant parameter-free definition of a locally densest subgraph. The definition not only fits well with the intuition, but is also associated with several nice structural properties. We show that the set of locally densest subgraphs in a graph can be computed in polynomial time. We further propose three novel pruning strategies to largely reduce the search space of the algorithm. In our experiments, we use several real datasets with various graph properties to evaluate the effectiveness of our model using four quality measures and a case study. We also test our algorithms on several real web-scale graphs, one of which contains 118.14 million nodes and 1.02 billion edges, to demonstrate the high efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
Analyzing Parallelism and Domain Similarities in the MAREC Patent Corpus

Statistical machine translation of patents requires large amounts of sentence-parallel data. Translations of patent text often exist for parts of the patent document, namely title, abstract and claims. However, there are no direct translations of the largest part of the document, the description or background of the invention. We document a twofold approach for extracting parallel data from all patent document sections from a large multilingual patent corpus. Since language and style differ depending on document section (title, abstract, description, claims) and patent topic (according to the International Patent Classification), we sort the processed data into subdomains in order to enable its use in domain-oriented translation, e.g. when applying multi-task learning. We investigate several similarity metrics and apply them to the domains of patent topic and patent document sections. Product of our research is a corpus of 23 million parallel German-English sentences extracted from the MAREC patent corpus and a descriptive analysis of its subdomains.
Motion characteristics of women's college soccer matches: Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM) study.

PURPOSE
To quantify the locomotor demands of college female soccer matches and compare the relative proportion of distances in specified velocity bands between players completing an entire half with substitutes.


METHODS
College female soccer players (n = 113) were assessed during a regular-season match using global positioning system technology. An ANCOVA was used to compare the locomotor characteristics for positions and substitutes, adjusting for duration played. Paired t tests compared the proportion of distances for players substituted out and back into the second half.


RESULTS
Defenders covered less total absolute distance than midfielders (first half) and midfielders and forwards (second half) with concomitantly lower work rates. Moderate- and high-intensity running were similar between positions within each half. Midfielders substituted into the match had a lower proportion of moderate-intensity running than those substituted out (15% ± 1.8% vs 19% ± 0.9%), and defenders completing an entire first half had a lower proportion of high-intensity running than defenders substituted in or out (6% ± 1.0% vs 11% ± 1.0% and 16% ± 2.8%). There were no differences in the proportion of distances covered within each velocity band for any position in the second half or for the players substituted out and then back in during the second half.


CONCLUSIONS
The current findings provide novel insight linking the developmental progression between youth and high-level matches for overall demands and work rates. Moderate- and high-intensity distances cumulatively range from 2100 to 2600 m (26-28% total distance) in female college matches. The high amount of consistency observed for the proportions of distance covered suggest that substitution patterns have little impact on locomotor distribution.