LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The environment needs cryptogovernance

Today’s modes of governance are prone to corruption and are unable to steer humanity towards sustainability, despite the ongoing global environmental crisis. A technological innovation triggered by another crisis — the 2008 financial meltdown — offers radical solutions. Bitcoin, an open-source virtual currency, or ‘cryptocurrency’, was launched by an anonymous developer in 2008 as a way to trade without banks, which were failing. Bitcoin’s total market worth exceeds US$28 billion — greater than large companies such as Renault. The Bitcoin currency is completely secure because it uses a digital protocol that relies on cryptography: the blockchain. This ledger keeps track of all Bitcoin transactions. No central authority controls the blockchain — its operation is distributed across many computer platforms around the world. Bitcoin’s strength l ies in how it approaches trust. Instead of checking the trustworthiness of each party, the system assumes that everyone behaves selfishly. No matter how greedily traders act, the blockchain retains integrity and can be trusted even if the parties cannot. Bitcoin demonstrates that banks and governments are unnecessary to ensure a financial system’s reliability, security and auditability. The arrival of the blockchain has been compared to the invention of double -entry book-keeping (first described in print in the fifteenth century by Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli), which enabled the modern economy. I think that its implications reach far beyond finance, to governance and sustainability. The environment needs cryptogovernance
Anchor text mining for translation of Web queries: A transitive translation approach

To discover translation knowledge in diverse data resources on the Web, this article proposes an effective approach to finding translation equivalents of query terms and constructing multilingual lexicons through the mining of Web anchor texts and link structures. Although Web anchor texts are wide-scoped hypertext resources, not every particular pair of languages contains sufficient anchor texts for effective extraction of translations for Web queries. For more generalized applications, the approach is designed based on a transitive translation model. The translation equivalents of a query term can be extracted via its translation in an intermediate language. To reduce interference from translation errors, the approach further integrates a competitive linking algorithm into the process of determining the most probable translation. A series of experiments has been conducted, including performance tests on term translation extraction, cross-language information retrieval, and translation suggestions for practical Web search services, respectively. The obtained experimental results have shown that the proposed approach is effective in extracting translations of unknown queries, is easy to combine with the probabilistic retrieval model to improve the cross-language retrieval performance, and is very useful when the considered language pairs lack a sufficient number of anchor texts. Based on the approach, an experimental system called LiveTrans has been developed for English--Chinese cross-language Web search.
Nipype: A Flexible, Lightweight and Extensible Neuroimaging Data Processing Framework in Python

Current neuroimaging software offer users an incredible opportunity to analyze their data in different ways, with different underlying assumptions. Several sophisticated software packages (e.g., AFNI, BrainVoyager, FSL, FreeSurfer, Nipy, R, SPM) are used to process and analyze large and often diverse (highly multi-dimensional) data. However, this heterogeneous collection of specialized applications creates several issues that hinder replicable, efficient, and optimal use of neuroimaging analysis approaches: (1) No uniform access to neuroimaging analysis software and usage information; (2) No framework for comparative algorithm development and dissemination; (3) Personnel turnover in laboratories often limits methodological continuity and training new personnel takes time; (4) Neuroimaging software packages do not address computational efficiency; and (5) Methods sections in journal articles are inadequate for reproducing results. To address these issues, we present Nipype (Neuroimaging in Python: Pipelines and Interfaces; http://nipy.org/nipype), an open-source, community-developed, software package, and scriptable library. Nipype solves the issues by providing Interfaces to existing neuroimaging software with uniform usage semantics and by facilitating interaction between these packages using Workflows. Nipype provides an environment that encourages interactive exploration of algorithms, eases the design of Workflows within and between packages, allows rapid comparative development of algorithms and reduces the learning curve necessary to use different packages. Nipype supports both local and remote execution on multi-core machines and clusters, without additional scripting. Nipype is Berkeley Software Distribution licensed, allowing anyone unrestricted usage. An open, community-driven development philosophy allows the software to quickly adapt and address the varied needs of the evolving neuroimaging community, especially in the context of increasing demand for reproducible research.
Association of perioperative risk factors and cumulative duration of low bispectral index with intermediate-term mortality after cardiac surgery in the B-Unaware Trial.

BACKGROUND
Current data suggest that mortality after noncardiac surgery may be associated with persistent hypotension and the cumulative duration of low processed electroencephalogram-based bispectral index (BIS). This study assessed the relationships among cumulative duration of low BIS (BIS < 45), intermediate-term mortality, and anesthetic dose after cardiac surgery.


METHODS
The authors studied 460 patients (mean age, 63.0 +/- 13.1 yr; 287 men) who underwent cardiac surgery between September 2005 and October 2006 at Washington University Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri. By using multivariable Cox regression analysis, perioperative factors were evaluated for their potential association with intermediate-term all-cause mortality.


RESULTS
A total of 82 patients (17.8%) died during a median follow-up of 3 yr (interquartile range, 2.7-3.3 yr). Comparing patients who died with those who survived, there was no statistically significant difference in the relationship between end-tidal anesthetic gas concentrations during the anesthetic maintenance phase and the BIS. Cumulative duration of low BIS was independently associated with intermediate-term mortality. The 1.29 adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI, 1.12-1.49) for intermediate-term mortality with cumulative duration of low BIS translated into a 29% increased risk of death for every cumulative hour spent with a BIS less than 45. The final multivariable Cox regression model showed a good discriminative ability (c-index of 0.78).


CONCLUSIONS
This study found an association between cumulative duration of low BIS and mortality in the setting of cardiac surgery. Notably, this association was independent of both volatile anesthetic concentration and duration of anesthesia, suggesting that intermediate-term mortality after cardiac surgery was not causally related to excessive anesthetic dose.
A 3-DoF Experimental Test-Bed for Integrated Attitude Dynamics and Control Research

This article presents the details of a newly constructed 3-dof experimental spacecraft simulator facility at the School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The main component of the facility is a cylindrical platform located on a hemi-spherical air bearing that allows friction-free rotation about three axes. The facility includes a variety of actuators and sensors: gas thrusters, variable-speed controlled momentum gyros (which can operate solely in a reaction wheel (RW) or in a control momentum gyro (CMG) mode), a two-axial sun sensor, a high-precision three-axial rate gyro, a three-axial magnetometer, and a complementary inertial measurement unit. The facility offers a truly integrated attitude control system (IACS) for experimental testing of advanced attitude determination and control algorithms.
Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging of crossmodal binding in the human heteromodal cortex

BACKGROUND
Integrating information from the different senses markedly enhances the detection and identification of external stimuli. Compared with unimodal inputs, semantically and/or spatially congruent multisensory cues speed discrimination and improve reaction times. Discordant inputs have the opposite effect, reducing performance and slowing responses. These behavioural features of crossmodal processing appear to have parallels in the response properties of multisensory cells in the superior colliculi and cerebral cortex of non-human mammals. Although spatially concordant multisensory inputs can produce a dramatic, often multiplicative, increase in cellular activity, spatially disparate cues tend to induce a profound response depression.


RESULTS
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated whether similar indices of crossmodal integration are detectable in human cerebral cortex, and for the synthesis of complex inputs relating to stimulus identity. Ten human subjects were exposed to varying epochs of semantically congruent and incongruent audio-visual speech and to each modality in isolation. Brain activations to matched and mismatched audio-visual inputs were contrasted with the combined response to both unimodal conditions. This strategy identified an area of heteromodal cortex in the left superior temporal sulcus that exhibited significant supra-additive response enhancement to matched audio-visual inputs and a corresponding sub-additive response to mismatched inputs.


CONCLUSIONS
The data provide fMRI evidence of crossmodal binding by convergence in the human heteromodal cortex. They further suggest that response enhancement and depression may be a general property of multisensory integration operating at different levels of the neuroaxis and irrespective of the purpose for which sensory inputs are combined.
Factors influencing adherence in CML and ways to improvement: Results of a patient-driven survey of 2546 patients in 63 countries

Optimal adherence to CML therapy is of key importance to maximize treatment effectiveness. Two clinical studies (ADAGIO and Hammersmith) have proven a clear correlation between adherence and achieving optimal treatment response and have revealed that non-adherence is common in CML patients (Marin et al. in J Clin Oncol 28(24):2381–2388, 2010, Noens et al. in Haematologica 99(33):437–447, 2014). The aim of this study is to assess the extent of suboptimal adherence and to investigate motivations and behavioural patterns of adherence in a worldwide patient sample. Questionnaires were provided by the CML Advocates Network and were filled in by patients online and offline. Patient characteristics, treatment and motivations were collected. Adherence was assessed by the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence scale. Logistic regression models were fitted to investigate the influence of different factors on adherence. Overall, 2 546 questionnaires from 63 countries and 79 CML patient organisations were evaluable. 32.7% of participants were highly adherent, 46.5% were in the medium and 20.7% in the low adherence group. Factors increasing the probability of being in the high adherence group are older age, male sex, management of side effects, only one tablet per day and feeling well informed about CML by the doctor. More than 2 years since diagnosis were significantly lowering the chance as was the use of reminding tools. Living arrangements, multiple medication and personal payment obligations increased the probability to be at least in the medium adherent group. This is the most comprehensive study conducted to date to gain knowledge about factors causing non-adherence in CML. Better information on the disease, medication and management of side effects, supported by haematologists, is key to improve adherence.
Enhanced solubility of proteins and peptides in nonpolar solvents through hydrophobic ion pairing

A new technique for enhancing the solubility of peptides and proteins in organic solvents is described. Complexation of polypeptides with stoichiometric amounts of an anionic detergent, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), produces diminished aqueous solubility, but enhanced solubility in organic solvents. Consequently, the partitioning of a polypeptide into a nonpolar solvent can be increased by two to four orders of magnitude. In the case of an insulin–SDS complex, the solubility in 1-octanol is more than tenfold greater than in water. In 1-octanol, the native structure of insulin remains intact, as determined by CD spectroscopy, and the thermal denaturation temperature (Tm) is increased by approximately 50°C relative to unfolding in water. Finally, peptides and proteins can be extracted back into an aqueous phase provided the chloride concentration is sufficient to displace bound detergent molecules. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Does business planning facilitate the development of new ventures

Many prior researchers have criticized business planning, arguing that it interferes with the efforts of firm founders to undertake more valuable actions to develop their fledgling enterprises. In this paper, we challenge this negative view of business planning, arguing that business planning is an important precursor to action in new ventures. By helping firm founders to make decisions, to balance resource supply and demand, and to turn abstract goals into concrete operational steps, business planning reduces the likelihood of venture disbanding and accelerates product development and venture organizing activity. Empirically, we examine 223 new ventures initiated in the first 9 months of 1998 by a random sample of Swedish firm founders and provide support for our hypotheses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Future Applications of Electronic-Nose Technologies in Healthcare and Biomedicine

The development and utilization of many new electronic-nose (e-nose) applications in the healthcare and biomedical fields have continued to rapidly accelerate over the past 20 years. Innovative e-nose technologies are providing unique solutions to a diversity of complex problems in biomedicine that are now coming to fruition. A wide range of electronic-nose instrument types, based on different operating principles and mechanisms, has facilitated the creation of different types and categories of medical applications that take advantage of the unique strengths and advantages of specific sensor types and sensor arrays of different individual instruments. Electronic-nose applications have been developed for a wide range of healthcare sectors including diagnostics, immunology, pathology, patient recovery, pharmacology, physical therapy, physiology, preventative medicine, remote healthcare, and wound and graft healing. E-nose biomedical applications range from biochemical testing, blood compatibility, disease diagnoses, drug purity, monitoring metabolic levels, organ dysfunction, and telemedicine. This review summarizes some of the key technological developments of electronic-nose technologies, arising from past and recent biomedical research, and identifies a variety of future e-nose applications currently under development which have great potential to advance the effectiveness and efficiency of biomedical treatments and healthcare services for many years. A concise synthesis of the major electronic-nose technologies developed for healthcare and medical applications since the 1980s is provided along with a detailed assessment and analysis of future potential advances in electronic aroma detection (EAD) technologies that will provide effective solutions to newly-emerging problems in the healthcare industry. These new e-nose solutions will provide greatly improved quality controls for healthcare decisions and diagnoses as well as badly needed final confirmations of appropriate patient treatments. The purpose of this chapter is to provide some detailed insights into current and future e-nose applications that will yield a variety of new solutions to detection-related tasks and difficult problems in the fields of healthcare and biomedicine. The uses of electronic-noses for quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) issues, associated with numerous diagnostictesting activities conducted within the medical field, also are discussed.
Lane following and lane departure using a linear-parabolic model

This paper proposes a technique for unwanted lane departure detection. Initially, lane boundaries are detected using a combination of the edge distribution function and a modified Hough transform. In the tracking stage, a linear-parabolic lane model is used: in the near vision field, a linear model is used to obtain robust information about lane orientation; in the far field, a quadratic function is used, so that curved parts of the road can be efficiently tracked. For lane departure detection, orientations of both lane boundaries are used to compute a lane departure measure at each frame, and an alarm is triggered when such measure exceeds a threshold. Experimental results indicate that the proposed system can fit lane boundaries in the presence of several image artifacts, such as sparse shadows, lighting changes and bad conditions of road painting, being able to detect in advance involuntary lane crossings. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
A fully automated correction method of EOG artifacts in EEG recordings

OBJECTIVE
A fully automated method for reducing EOG artifacts is presented and validated.


METHODS
The correction method is based on regression analysis and was applied to 18 recordings with 22 channels and approx. 6 min each. Two independent experts scored the original and corrected EEG in a blinded evaluation.


RESULTS
The expert scorers identified in 5.9% of the raw data some EOG artifacts; 4.7% were corrected. After applying the EOG correction, the expert scorers identified in another 1.9% of the data some EOG artifacts, which were not recognized in the uncorrected data.


CONCLUSIONS
The advantage of a fully automated reduction of EOG artifacts justifies the small additional effort of the proposed method and is a viable option for reducing EOG artifacts. The method has been implemented for offline and online analysis and is available through BioSig, an open source software library for biomedical signal processing.


SIGNIFICANCE
Visual identification and rejection of EOG-contaminated EEG segments can miss many EOG artifacts, and is therefore not sufficient for removing EOG artifacts. The proposed method was able to reduce EOG artifacts by 80%.
Integration of problem-solving entities and processing entities in a coherent model; basis of a method of application (abstract only)

WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?: *Artificial Intelligence in Large Scale Systems (LSS) is a very important stake *Lss integrate problem-solving entities and processing entities. *Expert-systems (problem-solving entities) design is currently driven independently of Information systems (processing entities) design in LSS applications. The GOAL of this paper is to present, for LSS applications, a coherent model integrating problem-solving entities and processing entities, and the basis of a method for application. THE MAIN THREE IDEAS of this model: I)-Problem-solving entities can be cooperative or antagonistic (at the difference of many researchers on distributed problem-solving network who consider only cooperative problem-solving entities). 2)-Problem-solving entities are integrated in closed loop feedback (FBI control circuits constituted with problem-solving entities and processing entities. 3)-using the same structure as biological distributed systems: Lower FB are included in higher ones of which goals are to regulate production at a higher level. Certain FB are inner ones, other ones are partly imbricated, other ones are superimposed. Positive and negative FBs are imbricated, they function as antagonistic entities at different levels. The final level of production of the network is regulated by a "balance" between antagonistic entities at different levels, this results to a permanent adjusted production of the global system, at all levels. These ideas were highlighted from biological distributed systems in an epistemological approach (Huet 85). The COHERENCE of this distributed network is studied through global approach and local approach: "As early as 1965, it was demonstrated that a closed loop negative FB control circuit can be described by a set of differential equations, later simulation on computer of dynamical behaviour highLighted oscillations with damping, oscillations without damping (according conditions). * Mathematical studies involve essentially differential equations and various mathematical analysis (Popov criterion, Lyapunov method, Hopf bifurcation theorem, graph, boolean analysis). A METHOD able to drive in coordination Expert-Systems (problem-solving entities) design and Information Systems (processing entities) design is necessary TO IMPLEMENT this model in LSS. The functional basis of such a method are theoretical arguments and experimental ones (Huet 86a). Premisses for this method have to consider four subproblems (Huet 86b): l)-The problem-solving-entities design method (PSEDM): two basic points have to be solved:-what concepts to represent?-how to represent these concepts? 2)-The processing entities design method, many good operational methods are available (IFIP 83); it is necessary to select the methods which are best suited by PSEDMs. 3)-The communication problem between the two types of entities; 4)-The problem of …
A foundation for flow-based program matching: using temporal logic and model checking

Reasoning about program control-flow paths is an important functionality of a number of recent program matching languages and associated searching and transformation tools. Temporal logic provides a well-defined means of expressing properties of control-flow paths in programs, and indeed an extension of the temporal logic CTL has been applied to the problem of specifying and verifying the transformations commonly performed by optimizing compilers. Nevertheless, in developing the Coccinelle program transformation tool for performing Linux collateral evolutions in systems code, we have found that existing variants of CTL do not adequately support rules that transform subterms other than the ones matching an entire formula. Being able to transform any of the subterms of a matched term seems essential in the domain targeted by Coccinelle.
 In this paper, we propose an extension to CTL named CTLVW (CTL with variables and witnesses) that is a suitable basis for the semantics and implementation of the Coccinelles program matching language. Our extension to CTL includes existential quantification over program fragments, which allows metavariables in the program matching language to range over different values within different control-flow paths, and a notion of witnesses that record such existential bindings for use in the subsequent program transformation process. We formalize CTL-VW and describe its use in the context of Coccinelle. We then assess the performance of the approach in practice, using a transformation rule that fixes several reference count bugs in Linux code.