LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Paracetamol on Core Body Temperature in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomised, Controlled Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND
Strategies to prevent pyrexia in patients with acute neurological injury may reduce secondary neuronal damage. The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of the routine administration of 6 grams/day of intravenous paracetamol in reducing body temperature following severe traumatic brain injury, compared to placebo.


METHODS
A multicentre, randomised, blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in adult patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Patients were randomised to receive an intravenous infusion of either 1g of paracetamol or 0.9% sodium chloride (saline) every 4 hours for 72 hours. The primary outcome was the mean difference in core temperature during the study intervention period.


RESULTS
Forty-one patients were included in this study: 21 were allocated to paracetamol and 20 to saline. The median (interquartile range) number of doses of study drug was 18 (17-18) in the paracetamol group and 18 (16-18) in the saline group (P = 0.85). From randomisation until 4 hours after the last dose of study treatment, there were 2798 temperature measurements (median 73 [67-76] per patient). The mean ± standard deviation temperature was 37.4±0.5°C in the paracetamol group and 37.7±0.4°C in the saline group (absolute difference -0.3°C; 95% confidence interval -0.6 to 0.0; P = 0.09). There were no significant differences in the use of physical cooling, or episodes of hypotension or hepatic abnormalities, between the two groups.


CONCLUSION
The routine administration of 6g/day of intravenous paracetamol did not significantly reduce core body temperature in patients with TBI.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12609000444280.
Influence of new antiretrovirals on hematological toxicity in HIV-exposed uninfected infants

Maternal combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) successfully prevents HIV mother-to-child transmission but also causes hematological toxicity in the HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infant. We performed a single-center prospective observational study. Hematological toxicity during the first year of life (at 3 and 6 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months) was compared between HEU infants born in two different time periods: P1 (2000–2001) and P2 (2007–2013). Mother-infant pairs in P1 (n = 55) and P2 (n = 48) mainly differed in maternal ethnic origin, HIV route of transmission, and cART regimens. Anemia and neutropenia were both less common in P2 than P1, albeit not significantly. Earlier normalization of red blood cell mean corpuscular volume levels in P2 infants suggests that current cART maternal regimens and shorter neonatal prophylaxis are less toxic. Leukocyte, lymphocyte, and platelet counts remained within normal values during follow-up, without differences between groups. Conclusion: New cART regimens have had very little impact on the hematological toxicity in HEU infants. What is Known: • Antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and the neonatal period very effectively prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. • Hematological toxicity has been widely reported among HIV-exposed uninfected children. What is New: • In HIV-exposed uninfected children, hematological toxicity is still mainly caused by exposure to zidovudine. • New antiretroviral drugs have very little impact on hematological toxicity among HIV-exposed uninfected children.
Pancreas transplant alone.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The present article aims to review the current state of diabetes, including its treatment options, and highlight current issues in pancreas transplantation.


RECENT FINDINGS
Compared with other areas of transplantation, pancreas transplant/transplantation alone in the absence of kidney disease remains a relatively small field. As a consequence, reported new research articles are few in number, and often data regarding pancreas transplant/transplantation alone are mixed in with simultaneous kidney-pancreas and pancreas after kidney transplantation, which are covered separately. The prevalence of diabetes is reaching epidemic levels and continues to increase. New developments in diabetes care include the bionic pancreas and immunotherapy. Persistent efforts at gene and stem cell therapies are ongoing. Pancreas transplantation outcomes are improving, yet numbers are declining, even though pancreas transplantation still offers the most optimal glycemic control.


SUMMARY
Pancreas transplantation has improving outcomes but stands in competition with other diabetes management options.
Premature cardiovascular disease following a history of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.

BACKGROUND
Following an episode of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) women have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease over their lifetime. At the time of acute coronary syndrome we compared clinical information between women with and without a history of hypertension in pregnancy to gain further insight into the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in this population.


METHODS
GENESIS-PRAXY (GENdEr and Sex determInantS of cardiovascular disease: from bench to beyond-PRemature Acute Coronary SYdrome) is a prospective multicenter study, with recruitment between January 2009 and April 2013, including 242 parous women with premature acute coronary syndrome.


RESULTS
The median age was 50years (IQR 6) and HDP was common; 43 (17.8%) women had prior gestational hypertension, 33 (13.6%) preeclampsia and 166 (68.6%) a prior normotensive pregnancy. Women with a history of HDP commonly had chronic hypertension and diabetes and those presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction were more likely to have a history of preeclampsia (aOR 3.12, 95% CI 1.22-8.01) than were women with prior normotensive pregnancies. Neither gestational hypertension (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 0.60-3.26) nor preeclampsia (aOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.23-1.74) was associated with a higher composite risk of three-vessel, left main or proximal left anterior descending coronary disease.


CONCLUSION
In this study of women with premature cardiovascular disease, ST-elevation myocardial infarction was associated with a history of preeclampsia possibly because of persistent endothelial dysfunction. High-risk coronary lesions on angiography did not appear to have an association with preeclampsia or gestational hypertension despite a high burden of traditional risk factors.
Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUND
Patients with heart failure who receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention (i.e., prevention of a first life-threatening arrhythmic event) may later receive therapeutic shocks from the ICD. Information about long-term prognosis after ICD therapy in such patients is limited.


METHODS
Of 829 patients with heart failure who were randomly assigned to ICD therapy, we implanted the ICD in 811. ICD shocks that followed the onset of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation were considered to be appropriate. All other ICD shocks were considered to be inappropriate.


RESULTS
Over a median follow-up period of 45.5 months, 269 patients (33.2%) received at least one ICD shock, with 128 patients receiving only appropriate shocks, 87 receiving only inappropriate shocks, and 54 receiving both types of shock. In a Cox proportional-hazards model adjusted for baseline prognostic factors, an appropriate ICD shock, as compared with no appropriate shock, was associated with a significant increase in the subsequent risk of death from all causes (hazard ratio, 5.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.97 to 8.12; P<0.001). An inappropriate ICD shock, as compared with no inappropriate shock, was also associated with a significant increase in the risk of death (hazard ratio, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.29 to 3.05; P=0.002). For patients who survived longer than 24 hours after an appropriate ICD shock, the risk of death remained elevated (hazard ratio, 2.99; 95% CI, 2.04 to 4.37; P<0.001). The most common cause of death among patients who received any ICD shock was progressive heart failure.


CONCLUSIONS
Among patients with heart failure in whom an ICD is implanted for primary prevention, those who receive shocks for any arrhythmia have a substantially higher risk of death than similar patients who do not receive such shocks.
The Neural Bases of Emotion Regulation: Reappraisal and Suppression of Negative Emotion

BACKGROUND
Emotion regulation strategies are thought to differ in when and how they influence the emotion-generative process. However, no study to date has directly probed the neural bases of two contrasting (e.g., cognitive versus behavioral) emotion regulation strategies. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine cognitive reappraisal (a cognitive strategy thought to have its impact early in the emotion-generative process) and expressive suppression (a behavioral strategy thought to have its impact later in the emotion-generative process).


METHODS
Seventeen women viewed 15 sec neutral and negative emotion-eliciting films under four conditions--watch-neutral, watch-negative, reappraise-negative, and suppress-negative--while providing emotion experience ratings and having their facial expressions videotaped.


RESULTS
Reappraisal resulted in early (0-4.5 sec) prefrontal cortex (PFC) responses, decreased negative emotion experience, and decreased amygdala and insular responses. Suppression produced late (10.5-15 sec) PFC responses, decreased negative emotion behavior and experience, but increased amygdala and insular responses.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings demonstrate the differential efficacy of reappraisal and suppression on emotional experience, facial behavior, and neural response and highlight intriguing differences in the temporal dynamics of these two emotion regulation strategies.
Near-infrared optical absorption enhanced in black silicon via Ag nanoparticle-induced localized surface plasmon

UNLABELLED
Due to the localized surface plasmon (LSP) effect induced by Ag nanoparticles inside black silicon, the optical absorption of black silicon is enhanced dramatically in near-infrared range (1,100 to 2,500 nm). The black silicon with Ag nanoparticles shows much higher absorption than black silicon fabricated by chemical etching or reactive ion etching over ultraviolet to near-infrared (UV-VIS-NIR, 250 to 2,500 nm). The maximum absorption even increased up to 93.6% in the NIR range (820 to 2,500 nm). The high absorption in NIR range makes LSP-enhanced black silicon a potential material used for NIR-sensitive optoelectronic device.


PACS
78.67.Bf; 78.30.Fs; 78.40.-q; 42.70.Gi.
Crohn's disease. Introduction.

Inflammatory bowel disease encompasses two idiopathic, chronic, inflammatory diseases: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are disorders of unknown cause, involving genetic and immunological influence on the gastrointestinal tract's ability to distinguish foreign from self-antigens. They share many overlapping epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic characteristics. In some patients it is not possible to distinguish which form of inflammatory bowel disease is present (Figure 2). Figure 2. Inflammatory bowel disease subsets. There are, however, important pathological and clinical differences that distinguish these inflammatory disease processes. Clinically, Crohn's disease tends to present more frequently with abdominal pain and perianal disease, whereas ulcerative colitis is more often characterized by gastrointestinal bleeding. Cobblestoning mucosa and aphthous or linear ulcers characterize the endoscopic appearance of Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis presents with diffuse continuous involvement of the mucosa. Radiographic studies of patients with Crohn's disease characteristically show fistulae, asymmetry, and ileal involvement. In contrast, radiographic studies of patients with ulcerative colitis show continuous disease without fistulizing or ileal disease. Pathologically, Crohn's disease features mucosal discontinuity, transmural involvement, and granulomas, whereas ulcerative colitis does not. Crypt abscesses and granulomas are present only in Crohn's disease. Figure 3 compares the anatomic distribution of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Figure 3. Anatomic distribution of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease. The term Crohn's disease has replaced older terms, which included regional enteritis, regional or terminal ileitis, and granulomatous colitis. Although the terminal ileum and the right colon are the most commonly involved sites, a similar pathological and clinical disorder can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the perianal area. Only one third of patients with Crohn's disease have granulomatous inflammation. The broad term Crohn's disease does not imply any one cause, site, or pathological response. Crohn's is a chronic illness that requires expensive medications, often hospitalization and/or surgery, and results in a heavy social and economic toll.
Effect of kinesio taping on standing balance in subjects with multiple sclerosis: A pilot study\m{1}.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Kinesio Taping on body stability in subjects with MS.


STUDY DESIGN
Non controlled intervention study in a Rehabilitation Unit.


INTERVENTION
A consecutive convenience sample of 15 individuals with multiple sclerosis was assessed. Kinesio Tex Tape was applied directly to the skin of both calves and kept for the next two days.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Clinical and stabilometric assessments were performed at baseline, immediately after application of the tape and the day after its removal. To control for learning effect 10 subject with multiple sclerosis were tested repeatedly under the same conditions without tape.


RESULTS
No statistically or clinically relevant differences were observed among conditions in the mediolateral plane. In the AP plane Friedman's ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between baseline and taping condition with respect to length of sway. A trend towards statistically relevant differences were found also with respect to mean sway and velocity of sway. No learning effect was found for repeated testing within the no treated group.


CONCLUSIONS
These preliminary results suggest that the use of ankle taping may be useful in immediately stabilising body posture.
Measuring patient satisfaction with exercise therapy for knee osteoarthritis: evaluating the utility of the physiotherapy outpatient survey.

OBJECTIVES
To assess patient satisfaction with exercise for knee osteoarthritis (OA).


METHODS
A convenience sample of 27 patients recruited to a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain exercises for knee OA were reassessed at nine months post-randomization. Clinical outcomes included self-report and physical performance measures of function and pain severity. Patients also completed the Physiotherapy Outpatient Survey (POPS), which is a multi-dimensional measure of patient satisfaction with physiotherapy.


RESULTS
There was no significant difference in satisfaction between the two intervention groups. Overall mean satisfaction for the entire cohort was 4.07 of a maximum score of 5 (standard deviation (SD) = 0.52). Lower levels of satisfaction with outcome (mean = 3.56, SD = 0.8) were reported compared with other domains of expectations, communication, organization and the therapist (mean = 3.79-4.49; SDs = 0.42-0.92). Both intervention groups improved from baseline on clinical outcomes of pain, self-report function and walking distance, with no significant differences between the two groups.


CONCLUSIONS
High levels of satisfaction were reported in this subsample of knee OA patients participating in an RCT evaluating the effects of different exercise approaches for knee OA. Satisfaction varied depending on the satisfaction domain, with lower satisfaction with outcome compared with other aspects of care. The POPS questionnaire can be used to measure the multi-dimensional aspects of satisfaction with physiotherapy.
Integration of genetic fuzzy systems and artificial neural networks for stock price forecasting

Stock market prediction is regarded as a challenging task in financial time-series forecasting. The central idea to successful stock market prediction is achieving best results using minimum required input data and the least complex stock market model. To achieve these purposes this article presents an integrated approach based on genetic fuzzy systems (GFS) and artificial neural networks (ANN) for constructing a stock price forecasting expert system. At first, we use stepwise regression analysis (SRA) to determine factors which have most influence on stock prices. At the next stage we divide our raw data into k clusters by means of self-organizing map (SOM) neural networks. Finally, all clusters will be fed into independent GFS models with the ability of rule base extraction and data base tuning. We evaluate capability of the proposed approach by applying it on stock price data gathered from IT and Airlines sectors, and compare the outcomes with previous stock price forecasting methods using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Results show that the proposed approach outperforms all previous methods, so it can be considered as a suitable tool for stock price forecasting problems. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Association of breakfast intake with obesity, dietary and physical activity behavior among urban school-aged adolescents in Delhi, India: results of a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND
In developed countries, regular breakfast consumption is inversely associated with excess weight and directly associated with better dietary and improved physical activity behaviors. Our objective was to describe the frequency of breakfast consumption among school-going adolescents in Delhi and evaluate its association with overweight and obesity as well as other dietary, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors.


METHODS



DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.


SETTING
Eight schools (Private and Government) of Delhi in the year 2006.


PARTICIPANTS
1814 students from 8th and 10th grades; response rate was 87.2%; 55% were 8th graders, 60% were boys and 52% attended Private schools.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Body mass index, self-reported breakfast consumption, diet and physical activity related behaviors, and psychosocial factors.


DATA ANALYSIS
Mixed effects regression models were employed, adjusting for age, gender, grade level and school type (SES).


RESULTS
Significantly more Government school (lower SES) students consumed breakfast daily as compared to Private school (higher SES) students (73.8% vs. 66.3%; p<0.01). More 8th graders consumed breakfast daily vs.10th graders (72.3% vs. 67.0%; p<0.05). A dose-response relationship was observed such that overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents who consumed breakfast daily (14.6%) was significantly lower vs. those who only sometimes (15.2%) or never (22.9%) consumed breakfast (p<0.05 for trend). This relationship was statistically significant for boys (15.4 % vs. 16.5% vs. 26.0; p<0.05 for trend) but not for girls. Intake of dairy products, fruits and vegetables was 5.5 (95% CI 2.4-12.5), 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.5) and 2.2 (95% CI 1.3-3.5) times higher among those who consumed breakfast daily vs. those who never consumed breakfast. Breakfast consumption was associated with greater physical activity vs. those who never consumed breakfast. Positive values and beliefs about healthy eating; body image satisfaction; and positive peer and parental influence were positively associated with daily breakfast consumption, while depression was negatively associated.


CONCLUSION
Daily breakfast consumption is associated with less overweight and obesity and with healthier dietary- and physical activity-related behaviors among urban Indian students. Although prospective studies should confirm the present results, intervention programs to prevent or treat childhood obesity in India should consider emphasizing regular breakfast consumption.
Prevalence and simultaneous occurrence of periodontitis and dental caries.

AIM
The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and simultaneous occurrence of periodontal disease and dental caries in Finnish adults.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was performed as part of the nationally representative Health 2000 Survey. The study population was 5255 subjects aged 30 years and older. Probing pocket depth (PPD) and untreated dentinal caries were recorded by tooth. Teeth with PPD 4mm and deeper indicated periodontal disease, and teeth with PPD 6mm and deeper indicated a severe periodontal disease.


RESULTS
Sixty-four percent of persons had periodontal disease, 21% had a severe periodontal disease, and 29% had dental caries. Persons having periodontal disease had significantly more often dental caries (33%) compared with those without periodontal disease (23%). This was even more evident in persons having severe periodontal disease (44%). Accordingly, persons having dental caries had significantly more often severe periodontal disease (31%) compared with those without dental caries (16%). The mean number of teeth with dental caries or periodontal disease per person was greater when the mean number of teeth with the other disease was also greater.


CONCLUSIONS
These data indicate that especially severe periodontal disease and dental caries tend to accumulate in the same subjects.
Dietary factors and risk of pancreatic cancer: a multi-centre case-control study in China.

BACKGROUND
Pancreatic cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer death with an increasing trend in China. Dietary intake is believed to play an important role in pancreatic cancer carcinogenesis. The aim of this paper was to evaluate associations between some dietary factors and risk of pancreatic cancer in a multi-centre case-control study conducted in China.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cases (n=323) were ascertained from four provincial cancer hospitals. Controls (n=323) were randomly selected from the family members of patients without pancreatic cancer in the same hospitals, 1:1 matched to cases by gender, age and study center. Data were collected with a questionnaire by personal interview. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression.


RESULTS
Tea intake (OR =0.49; 95%CI: 0.30-0.80) was associated with a half reduction in risk of pancreatic cancer. Reduced vegetable consumption (P trend: 0.04) was significant related to pancreatic cancer. Although no significant association was found for meat and fruit, ORs were all above or below the reference group. A protective effect was found for fruit (OR=1.73 for consumption of 1-2 times/week vs more than 3 times/week; 95%CI: 1.05-2.86). A high intake of meat was associated to a higher risk of pancreatic cancer (OR=0.59 for consumption of 1-2 times /week vs. more than 3 times /week; 95%CI: 0.35-0.97).


CONCLUSIONS
The present study supports fruit consumption to reduce pancreatic cancer risk and indicates that high consumption of meat is related to an elevated risk. Direct inverse relations with tea and vegetable intake were also confirmed.