LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON FREE-FLOW SPEED

The estimation of free-flow speed is an important part of the process of determining the capacity and level of service for a freeway. The Highway Capacity Manual notes that the free-flow speed depends on both the traffic and roadway conditions found on a given freeway facility. Particularly important are lane width, lateral clearance, number of lanes, interchange density, and vehicle stream composition. The draft chapter on freeway facilities, to be included as chapter 22 of the HCM 2000, notes that “adverse weather can affect not only capacity, but also reduces operating speeds significantly.” The chapter cites several studies that investigated the effects of rain, snow, and fog on both capacity and speed. The authors have studied the effects of a variety of weather-related environmental factors on driver speeds as part of an Intelligent Transportation Systems project that has been ongoing in Idaho since 1993. Visibility and roadway sensors were installed on a segment of I-84 in southeastern Idaho in 1995. This project has generated substantial data on traffic flow rates and driver speeds during periods of reduced visibility and other hazardous driving conditions. While capacity is not an issue along this section of rural interstate freeway, the sensor infrastructure now in place provides an opportunity to determine the effects of various factors on free-flow speed. This study reports on data collected during two winter periods, 1997–1998 and 1998–1999.
WME: towards a web for mathematics education

Reported is an approach for Web-based Mathematics Education (WME). The WME framework is a distributed system that aims to create a Web for mathematics education. Components of the WME framework include the Mathematics Education Markup Language (MeML) for page markup, regular Web servers to deliver pages, WME Page Processors to enable common Web browsers to receive MeML pages, and a variety of WME services (mathematical and educational) to supply power and interactivity to MeML pages. The MeML language supports the creation of efficient, effective, and dynamic mathematics education content. The WME architecture is designed so that mathematics education contents (static and/or dynamic) and remote WME services can be built independently, maintained independently, deployed easily, and still interoperate and reinforce one another on a global scale.
Intimate Partner Violence, HIV Status, and Sexual Risk Reduction

This study describes the risk of intimate partner violence for women in a low-income, urban setting and the impact of violence on condom use. Partner-specific data were used to link partner characteristics with the measures of both abuse and condom use. Using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2), we determined annual rates, chronicity, and types of intimate partner violence among 188 HIV-positive and 257 HIV-negative women. Of the total sample, 62% reported experiencing psychological, physical, and/or sexual abuse; 44% experienced frequent abuse (≥13 events); and 29% suffered an injury. Rates did not differ by women's HIV status. Women who experienced frequent abuse were significantly less likely to have used condoms with their intimate partner. Partner characteristics significantly associated with experiencing frequent abuse were his HIV status and substance use. Findings can help inform the development of programs and policies that promote women's health through integrated approaches to intimate partner violence and HIV prevention.
Homogeneous charge compression ignition of LPG and gasoline using variable valve timing in an engine

The combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in an engine were investigated under homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operation fueled with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and gasoline with regard to variable valve timing (VVT) and the addition of di-methyl ether (DME). LPG is a low carbon, high octane number fuel. These two features lead to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and later combustion in an LPG HCCI engine as compared to a gasoline HCCI engine. To investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the LPG HCCI engine, experimental results for the LPG HCCI engine are compared with those for the gasoline HCCI engine. LPG was injected at an intake port as the main fuel in a liquid phase using a liquefied injection system, while a small amount of DME was also injected directly into the cylinder during the intake stroke as an ignition promoter. Different intake valve timings and fuel injection amount were tested in order to identify their effects on exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics. Combustion pressure, heat release rate, and indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) were investigated to characterize the combustion performance. The optimal intake valve open (IVO) timing for the maximum IMEP was retarded as the kTOTAL was decreased. The start of combustion was affected by the IVO timing and the mixture strength (kTOTAL) due to the volumetric efficiency and latent heat of vaporization. At rich operating conditions, the h90–20 of the LPG HCCI engine was longer than that of the gasoline HCCI engine. Hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were increased as the IVO timing was retarded. However, CO2 was decreased as the IVO timing was retarded. CO2 emission of the LPG HCCI engine was lower than that of the gasoline HCCI engine. However, CO and HC emissions of the LPG HCCI engine were higher than those of the gasoline HCCI engine. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thoracolumbar tuberculosis: implications for appropriate management based on disease location and proposal of a novel scoring system

Objective: To identify factors indicating disease severity in patients with thoracolumbar tuberculosis requiring surgical intervention. 
Design: Medical charts of patients who underwent surgery for thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosis from 1990-2005 were reviewed. Patients with different levels of disease were compared in terms of neurological deficits, duration of symptoms, previous antituberculous therapy, nutritional status and associated co-morbids. 
Results: Ninety-three patients aged 7-77 years (mean age 40 years) were included. Thoracic spine was involved in 80% of operated patients, and lumbar spine in 20%. Severe neurological impairment (Frankel A to C) was present in 68% of patients with thoracic disease, as compared to 5% with lumbar disease (p<0.05). Postoperatively, complete neurological recovery occurred in 65% with thoracic versus 100% with lumbar disease (p<0.05). Based on the disease location and pertinent elements in clinical history, physical signs, radiographic and biochemical features, a scoring system was developed. 
Conclusion: In endemic areas with limited resources, strategies for cost-effective care are needed. By objectively outlining the treatment approach, the judicious use of surgery offers hope for enormous cost savings in countries endemic for tuberculosis, averting complications from disease progression.
Development and validation of a public attitudes toward epilepsy (PATE) scale

INTRODUCTION
A quantitative scale of public attitudes toward epilepsy is essential to determine the magnitude of social stigma against epilepsy. This study aims to develop and validate a cross-culturally applicable scale of public attitudes toward epilepsy.


METHODS
A set of questions was selected from questionnaires identified from a literature review, following which a panel review determined the final version, consisting of 18 items. A 1-5 Likert scale was used for scoring. Additional questions, related to perception of the productivity of people with epilepsy and of a modified epilepsy stigma scale, were added as part of construct validation. One hundred and thirty heterogeneous respondents were collected, consisting of various age groups, ethnicity and occupation status levels.


RESULTS
After item and factor analyses, the final version consisted of 14 items. Psychometric properties of the scale were first determined using factor analysis, which revealed a general and a personal domain, with good internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient 0.868 and 0.633, respectively). Construct validation was demonstrated. The mean score for the personal domain was higher than that for the general domain (2.72±0.56 and 2.09±0.59, respectively). The mean scores of those with tertiary education were significantly lower for the general domain, but not for the personal domain. Age was positively correlated with the mean scores in the personal domain, but not in the general domain.


CONCLUSION
This scale is a reliable and valid scale to assess public attitudes toward epilepsy, in both the general and personal domains.
Risk assessment in internal auditing: a neural network approach

Risk assessment is a systematic process for integrating professional judgments about relevant risk factors, their relative significance and probable adverse conditions and/or events leading to identification of auditable activities (IIA, 1995, SIAS No. 9). Internal auditors utilize risk measures to allocate critical audit resources to compliance, operational, or financial activities within the organization (Colbert, 1995). In information rich environments, risk assessment involves recognizing patterns in the data, such as complex data anomalies and discrepancies, that perhaps conceal one or more error or hazard conditions (e.g. Coakley and Brown, 1996; Bedard and Biggs, 1991; Libby, 1985). This research investigates whether neural networks can help enhance auditors’ risk assessments. Neural networks, an emerging artificial intelligence technology, are a powerful non-linear optimization and pattern recognition tool (Haykin, 1994; Bishop, 1995). Several successful, real-world business neural network application decision aids have already been built (Burger and Traver, 1996). Neural network modeling may prove invaluable in directing internal auditor attention to those aspects of financial, operating, and compliance data most informative of high-risk audit areas, thus enhancing audit efficiency and effectiveness. This paper defines risk in an internal auditing context, describes contemporary approaches to performing risk assessments, provides an overview of the backpropagation neural network architecture, outlines the methodology adopted for conducting this research project including a Delphi study and comparison with statistical approaches, and presents preliminary results, which indicate that internal auditors could benefit from using neural network technology for assessing risk. Copyright  1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of Support Vector Machines for Pattern Recognition: A Survey

In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on applications of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for pattern recognition. Since SVMs show good generalization performance on many real-life data and the approach is properly motivated theoretically, it has been applied to wide range of applications. This paper describes a brief introduction of SVMs and summarizes its numerous applications.
Food label education does not reduce sodium intake in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND
Sodium intake is high in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aim of this study was to investigate whether urinary sodium excretion can be reduced by educating people with T2DM to read food labels and choose low sodium products.


METHOD
In a 3 month randomised controlled trial, 78 men (n=49) and women (n=29) with T2DM were recruited from a Diabetes Centre at a University teaching hospital. The intervention group was educated in a single session to use the nutrition information panel on food labels to choose products which complied with the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) guideline of <120 mg sodium/100 g food. The control group continued on their usual diet. The primary outcome measure was 24h urinary sodium excretion which was performed at baseline and 3 months. Data was analysed using repeated measures analysis of variance, independent samples t-test and Pearson's correlations.


RESULTS
At 3 months mean urinary sodium excretion was unchanged in the intervention (174±13 mmol/24 h and 175±13 mmol/24 h) and control group (167±15mmol/24h and 161±13 mmol/24 h), and there was no between group difference (p>0.05).


CONCLUSION
Sodium excretion was not reduced following the label reading education provided to this group of people with T2DM.
Effect of drilling technique on the early integration of plateau root form endosteal implants: an experimental study in dogs.

PURPOSE
This study tested the hypothesis that early integration of plateau root form endosseous implants is significantly affected by surgical drilling technique.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty-four implants were bilaterally placed in the diaphysial radius of 8 beagles and remained 2 and 4 weeks in vivo. Half the implants had an alumina-blasted/acid-etched surface and the other half a surface coated with calcium phosphate. Half the implants with the 2 surface types were drilled at 50 rpm without saline irrigation and the other half were drilled at 900 rpm under abundant irrigation. After euthanasia, the implants in bone were nondecalcified and referred for histologic analysis. Bone-to-implant contact, bone area fraction occupancy, and the distance from the tip of the plateau to pristine cortical bone were measured. Statistical analyses were performed by analysis of variance at a 95% level of significance considering implant surface, time in vivo, and drilling speed as independent variables and bone-to-implant contact, bone area fraction occupancy, and distance from the tip of the plateau to pristine cortical bone as dependent variables.


RESULTS
The results showed that both techniques led to implant integration and intimate contact between bone and the 2 implant surfaces. A significant increase in bone-to-implant contact and bone area fraction occupancy was observed as time elapsed at 2 and 4 weeks and for the calcium phosphate-coated implant surface compared with the alumina-blasted/acid-etched surface.


CONCLUSIONS
Because the surgical drilling technique did not affect the early integration of plateau root form implants, the hypothesis was refuted.
Effects of high-intensity interval training on pulmonary function

To determine whether high-intensity interval training (HIT) would increase respiratory muscle strength and expiratory flow rates more than endurance training (ET), 15 physically active, healthy subjects (untrained) were randomly assigned to an ET group (n = 7) or a HIT group (n = 8). All subjects performed an incremental test to exhaustion (VO2max) on a cycle ergometer before and after training. Standard pulmonary function tests, maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax), maximum expiratory pressure (PEmax), and maximal flow volume loops were performed pre training and after each week of training. HIT subjects performed a 4-week training program, 3 days a week, on a cycle ergometer at 90% of their VO2max final workload, while the ET subjects performed exercise at 60–70% VO2max. The HIT group performed five 1-min bouts with 3-min recovery periods and the ET group cycled for 45 min continuously. A five-mile time trial (TT) was performed prior to, after 2 weeks, and after completion of training. Both groups showed improvements (P < 0.05) in VO2max (~8–10%) and TT (HIT 6.5 ± 1.3%, ET 4.4 ± 1.8%) following training with no difference (P > 0.05) between groups. Both groups increased (P < 0.05) PImax post training (ET ~ 25%, HIT ~ 43%) with values significantly higher for HIT than ET. There was no change (P > 0.05) in expiratory flow rates with training in either group. These data suggest that both whole-body exercise training and HIT are effective in increasing inspiratory muscle strength with HIT offering a time-efficient alternative to ET in improving aerobic capacity and performance.
Geometric entropy, wave functionals, and fermions

The authors develop techniques for calculating the ground state wave functional and the geometric entropy for some simple field theories. Special attention is devoted to fermions, which present special technical difficulties in this regard. Explicit calculations are carried through for free mass bosons and fermions in two dimensions, using an adaptation of Unruh`s technique to treat black-hole radiance. 15 refs.
Celebrity Endorsement : How It Works When a Celebrity Fits the Brand and Advertisement

Celebrities are admired, appreciated and imitated all over the world. As a natural result of this, today many brands choose to work with celebrities for their advertisements. It can be said that the more the brands include celebrities in their marketing communication strategies, the tougher the competition in this field becomes and they allocate a large portion of their marketing budget to this. Brands invest in celebrities who will represent them in order to build the image they want to create. This study aimed to bring under spotlight the perceptions of Turkish customers regarding the use of celebrities in advertisements and marketing communication and try to understand their possible effects on subsequent purchasing decisions. In addition, consumers’ reactions and perceptions were investigated in the context of the product-celebrity match, to what extent the celebrity conforms to the concept of the advertisement and the celebrity-target audience match. In order to achieve this purpose, a quantitative research was conducted as a case study concerning Mavi Jeans (textile company). Information was obtained through survey. The results from this case study are supported by relevant theories concerning the main subject. The most valuable result would be that instead of creating an advertisement around a celebrity in demand at the time, using a celebrity that fits the concept of the advertisement and feeds the concept rather than replaces it, that is celebrity endorsement, will lead to more striking and positive results. Keywords—Celebrity endorsement, product-celebrity match, advertising.
Interactions of glucose metabolism and chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND
We evaluated insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), and investigated a possible correlation of these metabolic parameters with specific biomarkers of heart failure. Additionally, we investigated the effects of two angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), namely telmisartan and candesartan, that were administered over a 5 month treatment period, as additional therapy to standard care.


METHODS AND RESULTS
The study group consisted of 94 CHF patients. Insulin sensitivity (OGIS index) and insulin secretion parameters were investigated by frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance tests and consecutive mathematical modelling. In total, 94.6 % of patients had clinically overt diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance at the time of enrolment HbA1c was found to correlate to NT-proBNP, MR-proADM, CT-proET-1, and MR-proANP, but not to Copeptin. NT-proBNP correlated inversely to OGIS. None of the metabolic parameters were altered significantly after candesartan or telmisartan treatment in either the patient or standard care group.


CONCLUSION
Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion are impaired in CHF and biomarkers of heart failure and atherosclerotic disease correlate to glucose metabolism.
Classifying the user intent of web queries using k-means clustering

Purpose – Web search engines are frequently used by people to locate information on the Internet. However, not all queries have an informational goal. Instead of information, some people may be looking for specific web sites or may wish to conduct transactions with web services. This paper aims to focus on automatically classifying the different user intents behind web queries. Design/methodology/approach – For the research reported in this paper, 130,000 web search engine queries are categorized as informational, navigational, or transactional using a k-means clustering approach based on a variety of query traits. Findings – The research findings show that more than 75 percent of web queries (clustered into eight classifications) are informational in nature, with about 12 percent each for navigational and transactional. Results also show that web queries fall into eight clusters, six primarily informational, and one each of primarily transactional and navigational. Research limitations/implications – This study provides an important contribution to web search literature because it provides information about the goals of searchers and a method for automatically classifying the intents of the user queries. Automatic classification of user intent can lead to improved web search engines by tailoring results to specific user needs. Practical implications – The paper discusses how web search engines can use automatically classified user queries to provide more targeted and relevant results in web searching by implementing a real time classification method as presented in this research. Originality/value – This research investigates a new application of a method for automatically classifying the intent of user queries. There has been limited research to date on automatically classifying the user intent of web queries, even though the pay-off for web search engines can be quite beneficial.
Ontology design patterns and semantic abstractions in ontology integration

This hackathon will bring together a number of ontologies, ontology design patterns and high level semantic abstractions to create an ontology around the area of accident and risk.
ARCHER: Effectively Spotting Data Races in Large OpenMP Applications

OpenMP plays a growing role as a portable programming model to harness on-node parallelism, yet, existing data race checkers for OpenMP have high overheads and generate many false positives. In this paper, we propose the first OpenMP data race checker, ARCHER, that achieves high accuracy, low overheads on large applications, and portability. ARCHER incorporates scalable happens-before tracking, exploits structured parallelism via combined static and dynamic analysis, and modularly interfaces with OpenMP runtimes. ARCHER significantly outperforms TSan and Intel® Inspector XE, while providing the same or better precision. It has helped detect critical data races in the Hypre library that is central to many projects at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and elsewhere.
A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

This review encompasses the fundamental aspects of electrophoretic deposition technique, factors influencing the deposition process, kinetic aspects, types of EPD, the driving forces, preparation of electrophoretic suspension, stability and control of suspension, mechanisms involved in EPD, multicomponent/composite deposition, drying of deposits obtained by EPD. Numerous applications including coatings, nanoscale assembly, micropatterned thin films, near shape ceramics and glasses, solid oxide fuel cells, laminated or graded materials, hybrid materials, infiltration in porous and woven fibre preforms for preparation of fibre reinforced ceramic matrix composites, etc. have been described. The use of mathematical modeling including kinetic equations for deposit formation and volumetric particle concentration in the suspension, together with brief description of discrete element modeling of EPD process is presented. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.