LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Treatment with bovine surfactant in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome in children: a randomized multicenter study

 Objective. To determine whether bovine surfactant given in cases of severe pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) improves oxygenation. Design. Single-center study with 19 patients, followed by a multicenter randomized comparison of surfactant with a standardized treatment algorithm. Primary endpoint PaO2/FIO2 at 48 h, secondary endpoints: PaO2/FIO2 at 2, 4, 12, and 24 h, survival, survival without rescue, days on ventilator, subgroups analyzed by analysis of variance to identify patients who might benefit from surfactant Setting. Multicenter study in 19 reference centers for ARDS. Patients. Children after the 44th postconceptional week and under 14 years old, admitted for at least 4 h, ventilated for 12–120 h, and without heart failure or chronic lung disease. In the multicenter study 35 patients were recruited; 20 were randomized to the surfactant group and 15 to the nonsurfactant group. Decreasing recruitment of patients led to a preliminary end of this study. Interventions. Administration of 100 mg/kg bovine surfactant intratracheally under continuous ventilation and PEEP, as soon as the PaO2/FIO2 ratio dropped to less than 100 for 2 h (in the pilot study increments of 50 mg/kg as long as the PaO2/FIO2 did not increase by 20%). A second equivalent dose within 48 h was permitted. Results. In the pilot study the PaO2/FIO2 increased by a mean of 100 at 48 h (n=19). A higher PaO2/FIO2 ratio was observed in the surfactant group 2 h after the first dose (58 from baseline vs. 9), at 48 h there was a trend towards a higher ratio (38 from baseline vs. 22). The rate of rescue therapy was significantly lower in the surfactant group. Outcome criteria were not affected by a second surfactant dose (n=11). A significant difference in PaO2/FIO2 in favor of surfactant at 48 h was found in the subgroup with an initial PaO2/FIO2 ratio higher than 65 and in patients without pneumonia. Conclusions. Surfactant therapy in severe ARDS improves oxygenation immediately after administration. This improvement is sustained only in the subgroup of patients without pneumonia and that with an initial PaO2/FIO2 ratio higher than 65
Focal brain glucose hypometabolism in patients with neuropsychologic deficits after diffuse axonal injury.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Neuropsychologic deficits are well-known sequelae of traumatic brain injury. However, the cerebral correlates of these deficits are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the regions of cerebral dysfunction correlated with such neuropsychologic deficits after traumatic brain injury.


METHODS
Sets of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET) images in the resting state were obtained from 12 patients with neuropsychologic deficits after diffuse axonal injury and from 32 healthy volunteers. The cortical metabolic activity of each subject's PET image sets was extracted using 3D stereotactic surface projection (3D-SSP). A "normal" data base was created using the extracted datasets of the healthy subjects. The patients' datasets were compared with the normal data base by calculating a statistical Z-score on a pixel-by-pixel basis in searches for focal metabolic abnormalities.


RESULTS
Group comparisons revealed hypometabolism in the cingulate gyrus with additional involvement of the lingual gyrus and cuneus. Individual case-by-case analyses disclosed differences in the site and extent of the hypometabolism in the cingulate gyrus of each case. Predominant hypometabolism was found in the anterior cingulate gyrus of 6 patients, the middle cingulate gyrus of 2 patients, and the posterior cingulate gyrus of 4 patients.


CONCLUSION
Interpretation of FDG-PET using 3D-SSP facilitates the identification of regional hypometabolism in the cerebral cortex of patients after diffuse axonal injury. Dysfunction of the cingulate gyrus, lingual gyrus, and cuneus may play a crucial role in neuropsychologic deficits after traumatic brain injury.
Effect of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae sow vaccination on piglet colonization at weaning

Materials and methods: A weekly production group of sows from an 800-sow commercial herd was randomly divided into two treatment groups. One group received a commercial vaccine (Respisure; Pfizer, New York) 5 and 3 weeks prior to farrowing, and the other group was unvaccinated (controls). Blood samples were collected from each sow prior to vaccination and at farrowing. Additionally, blood samples were collected at weaning and 2 weeks post weaning from four piglets from each sow. Samples were tested for antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by Tween-20 ELISA. Nasal swabs collected at farrowing from each sow and at weaning from each piglet were tested for M hyopneumoniae by nested polymerase chain reaction (NPCR). The herd was not vaccinated for M hyopneumoniae before the study began, and no antibiotics effective against M hyopneumoniae were used during the study. Two replicates were performed using sows and litters in 2 consecutive weeks of production.
The relationship between capital structure and firm performance: evidence from Jordan

The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the relationship between capital structure and firm performance across different industries using a sample of Jordanian manufacturing firms in Jordan. The annual financial statements of 45 manufacturing companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange were used for this study which covers a period of five (5) years from 2005-2009. Multiple regression analysis was applied on performance indicators such as Return on Asset (ROA) and Profit Margin (PM) as well as Short-term debt to Total assets (STDTA), Long term debt to Total assets (LTDTA) and Total debt to Equity (TDE) as capital structure variables. The results show that there is a negative and insignificant relationship between STDTA and LTDTA, and ROA and PM; while TDE is positively related with ROA and negatively related with PM. STDTA is significant using ROA while LTDTA is significant using PM. The study concludes that statistically, capital structure is not a major determinant of firm performance. It recommends that managers of manufacturing companies should exercise caution while choosing the amount of debt to use in their capital structure as it affects their performance negatively.
Vocal Expression and Perception of Emotion

53 The speech stream is a highly complex and variable signal that is most directly studied by analyzing its acoustic properties, or sound patterns. We know from everyday experience that talkers provide information about their emotional states through the acoustic properties of their speech. For instance, many of us have experienced talking in an unwittingly loud voice when feeling gleeful, speaking in an uncharacteristically high-pitched voice when greeting a sexually desirable person, or talking with marked vocal tremor while giving a public speech. In turn, listeners are seemingly adept at making accurate evaluations of emotional states—even in the absence of visual cues, as routinely occurs during telephone conversations. Production and perception phenomena are both facets of a broad research area concerned with understanding the ways in which speech acoustics provide personal information about talkers, such as gender and individual identity, independent of linguistic content. This article provides an overview of the links between speech acoustics and emotions (for more detailed reviews, see Pittam & Scherer, 1993, and Scherer, 1989). Some limitations of traditional approaches to this research area, and alternative ways of thinking about enduring problems, are also discussed. (1998). Production and perception of " ver-bosity " in younger and older adults. (1997). The role of reader age and focus of attention in creating situation models from narratives. (1990). Younger and older adults' use of mental models as representations for text materials. Three components of understanding a programmer's manual: Verbatim, propositional, and situa-tional representations. press). Stereotyping against your will: The role of inhibitory ability in stereotyping and prejudice among the elderly. Abstract Speech is an acoustically rich signal that provides considerable personal information about talkers. The expression of emotions in speech sounds and corresponding abilities to perceive such emotions are both fundamental aspects of human communication. Findings from studies seeking to characterize the acoustic properties of emotional speech indicate that speech acoustics provide an external cue to the level of nonspecific arousal associated with emotional processes and, to a lesser extent, the relative pleasantness of experienced emotions. Outcomes from perceptual tests show that listeners are able to accurately judge emotions from speech at rates far greater than expected by chance. More detailed characterizations of these production and perception aspects of vocal communication will necessarily involve knowledge about differences among talkers, such as those components of speech that provide comparatively stable cues to individual talk-ers' identities.
The impact of primary school teachers' educational beliefs on the classroom use of computers

For many years, researchers have searched for the factors affecting the use of computers in the classroom. In studying the antecedents of educational computer use, many studies adopt a rather limited view because only technology-related variables, such as attitudes to computers and computer experience were taken into account. The present study centres on teachers’ educational beliefs (constructivist beliefs, traditional beliefs) as antecedent of computer use, while controlling for the impact of technology-related variables (computer experience, general computer attitudes) and demographical variables (sex, age). In order to identify differences in determinants of computer use in the classroom, multilevel modelling was used (N = 525). For measuring primary teachers’ use of computers to support the leaching or learning process a modified version of the ‘Class Use of Computers’ scale of van Braak et al. [van Braak, J., Tondeur, J., & Valcke, M. (2004). Explaining different types of computer use among primary school teachers. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 19(4), 407–422] was used. The present article supports the hypothesis that teacher beliefs are significant determinants in explaining why teachers adopt computers in the classroom. Next to the impact of computer experience, general computer attitudes and gender, the results show a positive effect of constructivist beliefs on the classroom use of computers. Traditional beliefs have a negative impact on the classroom use of computers. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A case study of computer gaming for math: Engaged learning from gameplay?

Employing mixed-method approach, this case study examined the in situ use of educational computer games in a summer math program to facilitate 4th and 5th graders’ cognitive math achievement, metacognitive awareness, and positive attitudes toward math learning. The results indicated that students developed more positive attitudes toward math learning through five-week computer math gaming, but there was no significant effect of computer gaming on students’ cognitive test performance or metacognitive awareness development. The in-field observation and students’ think-aloud protocol informed that not every computer math drill game would engage children in committed learning. The study findings have highlighted the value of situating learning activities within the game story, making games pleasantly challenging, scaffolding reflections, and designing suitable off-computer activities. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Socioeconomic indicators of health inequalities and female mortality: a nested cohort study within the United Kingdom Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS)

BACKGROUND
Evidence is mounting that area-level socioeconomic indicators are important tools for predicting health outcomes. However, few studies have examined these alongside individual-level education. This nested cohort study within the control arm of the United Kingdom Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS) assesses the association of mutually adjusted individual (education) and area-level (Index of Multiple Deprivation-IMD 2007) socioeconomic status indicators and all-cause female mortality.


METHODS
Participants resident in England who had completed both baseline (Wave 1) and follow up (Wave 2) questionnaires were included. Follow-up was through the Health and Social Care Information Centre with deaths censored on 31st December 2012. IMD, education and a range of covariates were explored. Cox regression models adjusted for all covariates were used. Sensitivity analysis using imputation was performed (1) including those with missing data and (2) on the entire cohort who had completed the baseline questionnaire.


RESULTS
Of the 54,539 women resident in England who completed both Wave 1 and Wave 2 questionnaires, 4,510 had missing data. The remaining 50,029 women were included in the primary analysis. Area-level IMD was positively associated with all-cause mortality for the most deprived group compared to the least deprived (HR=1.42, CI=1.14-1.78) after adjusting for all potential confounders. Sensitivity analyses showed similar results with stronger associations in the entire cohort (HR=1.90, CI=1.68-2.16). The less educated an individual, the higher the mortality risk (test for trend p=<0.001). However, the crude effect on mortality of having no formal education compared to college/university education disappeared when adjusted for IMD rank (HR=1.08, CI=0.93-1.26).


CONCLUSION
Women living in more deprived areas continue to have higher mortality even in this less deprived cohort and after adjustment for a range of potential confounders.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
This study is registered as an International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN22488978.
Optimal Damping of Multistage EMI Filters

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter is an integral part of most switching power converter design. An EMI filter must be sufficiently damped in order to avoid undesirable interactions with the converter input impedance or source output impedance, which otherwise may lead to instability and degraded control performance. Optimal damping of single-stage LC filters that achieves maximal damping effects with minimal damping component size and power loss has been reported. Multistage EMI filters are preferred over single-stage designs when high attenuation is required. This paper presents an optimal damper design method for multistage EMI filters that separates the optimization of the blocking capacitor or bypassing inductor from that of the damping resistor. Such separation simplifies the optimization problem and reduces the required solution time. More importantly, it provides much more insight into the operation of different damping circuits and how their design is affected by system damping requirements. Several design examples and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the design process and the effects of optimization.
ARMaDA: An Adaptive Application-sensitive Partitioning Framework for SAMR Applications

Distributed implementations of dynamic adaptive mesh refinement techniques offer the potential for accurate solutions of physically realistic models of complex physical phenomena. However, configuring and managing the execution of these applications presents significant challenges in resource allocation, data-distribution and loadbalancing, communication and coordination, and runtime management. This paper presents the design and evaluation of the ARMaDA framework for adaptive applicationsensitive partitioning of dynamic structured adaptive mesh refinement applications. The ARMaDA framework has three components: application state characterization component, octant-partitioner mapping policy-base, and adaptive meta-partitioner component that dynamically selects and configures partitioning strategies at runtime based on current application state. Experimental results show that adaptive application-sensitive partitioning using the ARMaDA framework can improve application performance as compared to non-adaptive partitioning.
Sediment Trap Fluxes and Benthic Recycling of Organic Carbon, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Polychlorobiphenyl Congeners in Lake Superior

w Sediment trap fluxes of solids, organic carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in Lake Superior in 1984 and 1985. Mass fluxes from surface waters ranged from 0.14 to 1.1 g/m2.day and increased near the lake floor due to resuspension of surficial sediment and horizontal transport in the benthic nepheloid layer. Organic matter fluxes from surface waters ranged from 60 to 90 mg of C/m2.day, with -5% of organic carbon settling from surface waters accumulating in bottom sediments. Concentrations of PCBs and PAHs are enriched 10-100 times on settling particles relative to those on suspended particles, Resultant settling fluxes are 10-100 times greater for several PCB and PAH compounds than net accumulation rates in bottom sediments, indicating the effective and rapid recycling in the benthic region. Biological packaging of organic pollutants into rapidly settling particles is an efficient pathway for the transport of contaminants from surface waters to benthic regions of large lakes.
Gewetenloze kapitalisten, handige fiscalisten, strategische huisvaders of gedisciplineerde calvinisten? De Nederlandse Republiek als casestudy

J. Glete, War and the state in early modern Europe. Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as fiscal-military states, 1500-1660 L. Greenfeld, The spirit of capitalism. Nationalism and economic growth Ph.S. Gorski, The disciplinary revolution. Calvinism and the rise of the state in early modern Europe J. Adams, The familial state. Ruling families and merchant capitalism in early modern Europe. Marjolein ’t Hart, Ruthless capitalists, skilful fiscalists, strategic fathers or disciplined Calvinists? The Dutch Republic as a case study This article discusses four recent works by historical sociologists that use the Dutch Republic as a case-study in their comparative work. In studying large-scale processes such as state formation, economic growth and military development they highlight the importance of the interaction between central and local levels of government. The ‘bottom-up’ approach adopted by Adams (familial networks), Gorski (church disciplining), Greenfeld (orientation of entrepreneurs) and Glete (interests of local elites and organizations) is once again placed high of the research agenda. The Dutch Republic serves quite well as an interesting case from a comparative perspective.
High Sensitivity, Miniature, Full 2-D Anemometer Based on MEMS Hot-Film Sensors

High-resolution airflow monitoring in urban environments requires deployment of a large number of anemometers with precise measurement capability of both wind speed and direction in two or three dimensions. Existing sensors are too expensive and/or bulky for this application. It is known that microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor-based anemometers can be low in cost for mass production. And due to its ultra-thin filaments and fine structure, a MEMS-based hot-film sensor also has the potential to outperform traditional hot-wire or hot-film sensors. Existing MEMS-based anemometers that integrate multiple sensing elements on a chip for detection of airflow speed and direction show low sensitivity due to their in-plane structure, which cannot harvest wind energy efficiently. In this paper, we develop an anemometer having a probe structure mounted with three MEMS-based hot-film sensor chips, which can detect both airflow speed and direction with high sensitivity while keeping a compact size for the probe (6-mm diameter). The prototype anemometer is calibrated for detection of wind speed with accuracy of 3.6% [relative root mean square (RMS) error] in a range of 0.1-10 m/s, and wind direction from 0° to 360°, with an accuracy of 1.20 degree (RMS error). We field-test the MEMS based 2-D anemometer at urban wind monitoring points and the results agree well with monitoring data of nearby commercial 2-D ultrasonic anemometers.
How important are forest elephants to the survival of woody plant species in Upper Guinean forests

Elephant populations have declined greatly in the rain forests of Upper Guinea (Africa, west of the Dahomey Gap). Elephants have a number of well-known influences on vegetation, both detrimental and beneficial to trees. They are dispersers of a large number of woody forest species, giving rise to concerns that without elephants the plant diversity of Upper Guinean forest plant communities will not be maintained. This prospect was examined with respect to four sources of inventory and research data from Ghana, covering nearly all (more than 2000) species of forest plant. Evidence supporting the hypothesis that plant populations are collapsing without elephants is conspicuously absent in these datasets, although Balanites wilsoniana is likely to suffer dramatically on a centennial scale in the absence of forest elephants. A few other species are likely to decline, although at an even slower rate. In the context of other processes current in these forests, loss of elephants is an insignificant concern for plant biodiversity. Elephant damage of forests can be very significant in Africa, but loss of this influence is more than compensated for by human disturbance. Elephants have played a significant part in the shaping of West African rain forest vegetation. However, it is the conservation of elephants that should be of primary concern. Tree populations should be managed to promote them, rather than vice versa.
Modal identification of simple structures with high-speed video using motion magnification

Video cameras offer the unique capability of collecting high density spatial data from a distant scene of interest. They can be employed as remote monitoring or inspection sensors for structures because of their commonplace availability, simplicity, and potentially low cost. An issue is that video data is difficult to interpret into a format familiar to developed for visualizing exaggerated versions of small displacements with an extension of the methodology to obtain the optical flow to measure displacements. In this paper, these methods are extended to modal identification in structures and the measurement of structural vibrations. Camera-based measurements of displacement are compared against laser vibrometer and accelerometer measurements for verification. The methodology is demonstrated on simple structures, a cantilever beam and a pipe, to identify and visualize the operational deflection shapes. Suggestions for applications of this methodology and challenges in real-world implementation are given. & 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of OCPP and IEC 61850 for smart charging electric vehicles

Interoperability of charging infrastructures is a key success factor for E-Mobility. Standards like ISO/IEC 15118 and IEC 61851-1 are developed to ensure base level interoperability of front-end communication and signaling processes for smart charging between electric vehicles and charge spots. With the Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) a forum of European industry members also moves towards a common back-end protocol for charge spots intending to reduce and secure overall investment costs. However, in the current form OCPP lacks means for enabling grid services based on smart charging. In this paper the authors provide a review of today's state of the art in ISO/IEC standardization of the V2G Interface and furthermore detail how OCPP could leverage existing standardization efforts for grid automation from IEC 61850 in order to overcome its shortcomings.