LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of High Capacity SVC and STATCOM in Real Power Grid

Both SVC (Static Var Compensator) and STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) are important equipment of reactive compensation, which are compared in voltage supporting, improving the transient stability and transmission limit, and damping low frequency oscillation. Simulation results are presented as high capacity static var system for SVC or STATCOM is placed on transmission path of power system. Firstly, single SVC and STATCOM are limited in voltage supporting after fault occurrence, but STATCOM is little better than SVC. Secondly, STATCOM is much better than SVC in improving the transient stability and transmission limit. Thirdly, on the damping low frequency oscillation, STATCOM is much better than SVC as SVC and STATCOM have the same capacity, and performs similarly with SVC as the two have the same controllable capacity. Lastly, the results also indicate that dynamical response speed effects the control result little though STATCOM responses much faster than SVC.
Real-time particle monitor calibration factors and PM2.5 emission factors for multiple indoor sources.

Indoor sources can greatly contribute to personal exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). To accurately assess PM2.5 mass emission factors and concentrations, real-time particle monitors must be calibrated for individual sources. Sixty-six experiments were conducted with a common, real-time laser photometer (TSI SidePak™ Model AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor) and a filter-based PM2.5 gravimetric sampler to quantify the monitor calibration factors (CFs), and to estimate emission factors for common indoor sources including cigarettes, incense, cooking, candles, and fireplaces. Calibration factors for these indoor sources were all significantly less than the factory-set CF of 1.0, ranging from 0.32 (cigarette smoke) to 0.70 (hamburger). Stick incense had a CF of 0.35, while fireplace emissions ranged from 0.44-0.47. Cooking source CFs ranged from 0.41 (fried bacon) to 0.65-0.70 (fried pork chops, salmon, and hamburger). The CFs of combined sources (e.g., cooking and cigarette emissions mixed) were linear combinations of the CFs of the component sources. The highest PM2.5 emission factors per time period were from burned foods and fireplaces (15-16 mg min(-1)), and the lowest from cooking foods such as pizza and ground beef (0.1-0.2 mg min(-1)).
Software defined environments: An introduction

environments: An introduction C.-S. Li B. L. Brech S. Crowder D. M. Dias H. Franke M. Hogstrom D. Lindquist G. Pacifici S. Pappe B. Rajaraman J. Rao R. P. Ratnaparkhi R. A. Smith M. D. Williams During the past few years, enterprises have been increasingly aggressive in moving mission-critical and performance-sensitive applications to the cloud, while at the same time many new mobile, social, and analytics applications are directly developed and operated on cloud computing platforms. These two movements are encouraging the shift of the value proposition of cloud computing from cost reduction to simultaneous agility and optimization. These requirements (agility and optimization) are driving the recent disruptive trend of software defined computing, for which the entire computing infrastructureVcompute, storage and networkVis becoming software defined and dynamically programmable. The key elements within software defined environments include capability-based resource abstraction, goal-based and policy-based workload definition, and outcome-based continuous mapping of the workload to the available resources. Furthermore, software defined environments provide the tooling and capabilities to compose workloads from existing components that are then continuously and autonomously mapped onto the underlying programmable infrastructure. These elements enable software defined environments to achieve agility, efficiency, and continuous outcome-optimized provisioning and management, plus continuous assurance for resiliency and security. This paper provides an overview and introduction to the key elements and challenges of software defined environments.
Knowledge of prostate cancer among males attending a urology clinic, a South African study

BACKGROUND
In South Africa, the rate of histologically diagnosed prostate cancer is 40.1 per 100 000 in whites and 14 per 100 000 in blacks. However, blacks have limited access to diagnostic facilities and present late with an advanced disease. Knowledge about prostate cancer in the South African male population is necessary in order to increase the acceptance of early prostate cancer screening.


OBJECTIVE
This study assessed the knowledge of prostate cancer among men attending the urology outpatient clinic at a tertiary hospital in South Africa.


METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2010. A structured questionnaire was administered to participants using consecutive sampling of eligible patients and consisted of sections on sociodemographic details and knowledge about prostate cancer. A total of 346 males, 35 years of age and older, participated in the study.


RESULTS
The majority of the respondents (n = 258; 75.0%) were black, married (n = 220; 64.0%), from the Free State Province (n = 320; 92.8%), and had access to television (n = 248; 71.7%). Only 38 (11.0%) knew the three main symptoms and signs associated with prostate cancer. Level of school education, race and language were statistically significantly associated with level of knowledge whereas age and marital status were not.


CONCLUSION
More than half (54.4%) of the respondents had not heard of prostate cancer. The majority of men who had heard of prostate cancer had a moderate level of knowledge. The factors significantly associated with level of knowledge need to be considered in educational campaigns, prostate cancer screening and treatment.
Automated hierarchical mixtures of probabilistic principal component analyzers

Many clustering algorithms fail when dealing with high dimensional data. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular dimensionality reduction algorithm. However, it assumes a single multivariate Gaussian model, which provides a global linear projection of the data. Mixture of probabilistic principal component analyzers (PPCA) provides a better model to the clustering paradigm. It provides a local linear PCA projection for each multivariate Gaussian cluster component. We extend this model to build hierarchical mixtures of PPCA. Hierarchical clustering provides a flexible representation showing relationships among clusters in various perceptual levels. We introduce an automated hierarchical mixture of PPCA algorithm, which utilizes the integrated classification likelihood as a criterion for splitting and stopping the addition of hierarchical levels. An automated approach requires automated methods for initialization, determining the number of principal component dimensions, and determining when to split clusters. We address each of these in the paper. This automated approach results in a coarse to fine local component model with varying projections and with different number of dimensions for each cluster.
Accuracy of Colposcopically Directed Biopsy: Results from an Online Quality Assurance Programme for Colposcopy in a Population-Based Cervical Screening Setting in Italy

PURPOSE
To report the accuracy of colposcopically directed biopsy in an internet-based colposcopy quality assurance programme in northern Italy.


METHODS
A web application was made accessible on the website of the regional Administration. Fifty-nine colposcopists out of the registered 65 logged in, viewed a posted set of 50 digital colpophotographs, classified them for colposcopic impression and need for biopsy, and indicated the most appropriate site for biopsy with a left-button mouse click on the image.


RESULTS
Total biopsy failure rate, comprising both nonbiopsy and incorrect selection of biopsy site, was 0.20 in CIN1, 0.11 in CIN2, 0.09 in CIN3, and 0.02 in carcinoma. Errors in the selection of biopsy site were stable between 0.08 and 0.09 in the three grades of CIN while decreasing to 0.01 in carcinoma. In multivariate analysis, the risk of incorrect selection of biopsy site was 1.97 for CIN2, 2.52 for CIN3, and 0.29 for carcinoma versus CIN1.


CONCLUSIONS
Although total biopsy failure rate decreased regularly with increasing severity of histological diagnosis, the rate of incorrect selection of biopsy site was stable up to CIN3. In multivariate analysis, CIN2 and CIN3 had an independently increased risk of incorrect selection of biopsy site.
Rare decays: theory vs. experiments

We present an overview of rare K, D and B decays. Particular attention is devoted to those flavour-changing neutral-current processes of K and B mesons that offer the possibility of new significant tests of the Standard Model. The sensitivity of these modes to physics beyond the Standard Model and the status of their experimental study are also discussed.
[Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis: spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings].

PURPOSE
Through a case presentation of Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis (ARPE) we highlight the role of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in the management of this rare entity.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A 29-year-old woman presented for reduced visual acuity in the right eye occurring one week after a viral episode. Fundus examination showed zones of macular hyperpigmentation surrounded by yellowish hypopigmented haloes. Fluorescein angiography noted early hyperfluorescence of the hypopigmented lesions. ICG angiography revealed central hyperfluorescence surrounded by a hypofluorescent halo. SD-OCT showed a linear disruption between the photoreceptor inner/outer segments (IS/OS) and an accumulation of material in the photoreceptor outer segments and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Spontaneous normalization of visual acuity was noted after 10 weeks. SD-OCT revealed restored and continuous inner segment and outer segment layers and some persistent deposits in the photoreceptor layer.


RESULTS
SD-OCT findings suggest that the initial lesion in ARPE is located at the junction between the photoreceptor outer segments and the apical side of the RPE cells. It would correspond to an accumulation of photoreceptor outer segment debris secondary to RPE dysfunction, which can occur as a post-viral reaction.


CONCLUSION
SD-OCT provides very specific information about the topography of retinal lesions during ARPE, allowing a better understanding of its pathogenesis.
Analysis of Archery Shooting Techniques by Means of Electromyography

The interaction between the processes of excitation and inhibition plays a major role in the mechanisms of motor coordination. In the inhibitory phenomenon, from Hoffmann (1920) cited in Hoff et al. (1934) to Abraham et al. (1987), it has been shown that an electromyographic silent period is evident just before the voluntary movement following the preparatory phase, The present authors (Nishizono et al. 1984, Nishizono et al. 1987) demonstrated the inhibition prior to skilled voluntary movement. In the movement of shooting an arrow, there is a large amount of neuromuscular involvement in the «simple act». Neurophysiologically, the movement of shooting an arrow is the stable posture in a typical tonic neck reflex. To get a good record in an archery competition, one requires a well-balanced and highly reproducible release during the shooting. The stages for archery shooting, such as Bow Hold, Drawing, Full Draw, Aiming, Release and Follow-Through, are the stable sequence of movements and are suitable for studying the motor control and skill-aquiring processes of the voluntary movement. In the present study, first, the shooting techniques of world class archers were analysed compared with middle-class and beginner archers
Primary penile cancer organ sparing treatment

INTRODUCTION
Surgical treatment of penile cancer is usually associated with mutilation; alterations in self-esteem and body image; affecting sexual and urinary functions; and declined health-related quality of life. Recently, organ sparing treatment has appeared and led to limiting these complications.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
An extensive review of the literature concerning penile-preserving strategies was conducted. The focus was put on indications, general principles of management, surgical options and reconstructive techniques, the most common complications, as well as functional and oncological outcomes.


RESULTS
Analyzed methods, e.g.: topical chemotherapy, laser ablation therapy, radiotherapy, Moh's microscopic surgery, circumcision, wide local excision, glans resurfacing and glansectomy are indicated in low-stage tumors (Tis, Ta-T2). After glansectomy, reconstruction is also possible.


CONCLUSIONS
Organ sparing techniques may achieve good anatomical, functional, and psychological outcomes without compromising local cancer control, which depends on early diagnosis and treatment. Penile sparing strategies are acceptable treatment approaches in selected patients with low-stage penile cancer after establishing disease-risk and should be considered in this population.
Modeling how students learn to program

Despite the potential wealth of educational indicators expressed in a student's approach to homework assignments, how students arrive at their final solution is largely overlooked in university courses. In this paper we present a methodology which uses machine learning techniques to autonomously create a graphical model of how students in an introductory programming course progress through a homework assignment. We subsequently show that this model is predictive of which students will struggle with material presented later in the class.
VC Dimension of Neural Networks

This paper presents a brief introduction to Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) dimension, a quantity which characterizes the difficulty of distribution-independent learning. The paper establishes various elementary results, and discusses how to estimate the VC dimension in several examples of interest in neural network theory.
Adaptive Source Separation With Uniform Performance

This paper presents a family of adaptive algorithms for the blind separation of independent signals. Source separation consists in recovering a set of independent signals from some linear mixtures of them, the coeecients of the mixtures being unknown. In the noiseless case, thèhardness' of the blind source separation problem does not depend on the mixing matrix (see the companion paper 1]). It is then reasonable to expect adaptive algorithms to exhibit convergence and stability properties that would also be independent of the mixing matrix. We show that this desirable uniform performance feature is simply achieved by considering`serial updating' of the separating matrix. Next, generalizing from the gradient of a standard cumulant-based contrast function, we present a family of adaptive algorithms called`PFS', based on the idea of serial updating. The stability condition and the theoretical asymptotic separation levels are given in closed form and, as expected, depend only on the distributions of the sources. Performance is also illustrated by some numerical experiments. 1. Blind source separation Consider an array of m sensors receiving signals emitted by n statistically independent sources. The array output at time t is a m 1 vector x(t) modelled as x(t) = A s(t); (1) where the mn matrix A is called thèmixing' matrix and where the n source signals are collected in a n 1 vector denoted s(t). In the complex case, this is the familiar linear model used in narrow band array processing. Adaptive source separation consists in updating a nm matrix B(t), called the separating matrix, such that y(t) def = B(t) x(t) (2) is an estimate of the source signals, hence the terminology`source separation'. s(t)-A m n x(t)-B(t) n m-y(t) = ^ s(t) Figure 1. Blind source separation model We emphasize that B(t) should be updated without resorting to any information about the spatial mixing matrix A. This is in sharp contrast tòstandard' array processing and beamforming techniques where the columns of A or their dependence on the location of the sources is assumed to be known. Matrix A is supposed to be a xed matrix with full column rank but no other assumptions are made. The crucial property source separation relies on is the mutual statistical independence of the source signals. Note that under these assumptions, the n n global system matrix C(t) def = B(t) A (3) may only be identiied up to the product of a permutation and a diagonal …
Inhibition of interleukin-1 by anakinra improves vascular and left ventricular function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND
Interleukin-1 increases nitrooxidative stress. We investigated the effects of a human recombinant interleukin-1a receptor antagonist (anakinra) on nitrooxidative stress and vascular and left ventricular function.


METHODS AND RESULTS
In an acute, double-blind trial, 23 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were randomized to receive a single injection of anakinra (150 mg s.c.) or placebo and, after 48 hours, the alternative treatment. At baseline and 3 hours after the injection, we assessed (1) coronary flow reserve, aortic distensibility, systolic and diastolic (Em) velocity of the mitral annulus, and E to Em ratio (E/Em) using echocardiography; (2) flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent dilation of the brachial artery; and (3) malondialdehyde, nitrotyrosine, interleukin-6, endothelin-1, and C-reactive protein. In a chronic, nonrandomized trial, 23 patients received anakinra and 19 received prednisolone for 30 days, after which all indices were reassessed. Compared with baseline, there was a greater reduction in malondialdehyde, nitrotyrosine, interleukin-6, and endothelin-1 and a greater increase in flow-mediated dilation, coronary flow reserve, aortic distensibility, systolic velocity of mitral annulus, and E/Em after anakinra than after placebo (malondialdehyde -25% versus 9%; nitrotyrosine -38% versus -11%; interleukin-6 -29% versus 0.9%; endothelin-1 -36% versus -11%; flow-mediated dilation 45% versus -9%; coronary flow reserve 29% versus 4%; and aortic distensibility 45% versus 2%; P<0.05 for all comparisons). After 30 days of treatment, the improvement in biomarkers and in vascular and left ventricular function was greater in the anakinra group than in the prednisolone group (P<0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Interleukin-1 inhibition improves vascular and left ventricular function and is associated with reduction of nitrooxidative stress and endothelin.
Pulmonary function and fuel use: A population survey

BACKGROUND
In the backdrop of conflicting reports (some studies reported adverse outcomes of biomass fuel use whereas few studies reported absence of any association between adverse health effect and fuel use, may be due to presence of large number of confounding variables) on the respiratory health effects of biomass fuel use, this cross sectional survey was undertaken to understand the role of fuel use on pulmonary function.


METHOD
This study was conducted in a village of western India involving 369 randomly selected adult subjects (165 male and 204 female). All the subjects were interviewed and were subjected to pulmonary function test. Analysis of covariance was performed to compare the levels of different pulmonary function test parameters in relation to different fuel use taking care of the role of possible confounding factors.


RESULTS
This study showed that biomass fuel use (especially wood) is an important factor for deterioration of pulmonary function (particularly in female). FEV1 (p < .05), FEV1% (p < .01), PEFR (p < .05) and FEF(25-75) (p < .01) values were significantly lower in biomass fuel using females than nonusers. Comparison of only biomass fuel use vs. only LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) use and only wood vs. only LPG use has showed that LPG is a safer fuel so far as deterioration of pulmonary function is concerned. This study observes some deterioration of pulmonary function in the male subjects also, who came from biomass fuel using families.


CONCLUSION
This study concluded that traditional biomass fuels like wood have adverse effects on pulmonary function.
Local energy-based shape histogram feature extraction technique for breast cancer diagnosis

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Article history: Available online xxxx
Legalizing and Regulating Marijuana in Canada: Review of Potential Economic, Social, and Health Impacts.

Notwithstanding a century of prohibition, marijuana is the most widely used illicit substance in Canada. Due to the growing public acceptance of recreational marijuana use and ineffectiveness of the existing control system in Canada, the issue surrounding legalizing this illicit drug has received considerable public and political attentions in recent years. Consequently, the newly elected Liberal Government has formally announced that Canada will introduce legislation in the spring of 2017 to start legalizing and regulating marijuana. This editorial aims to provide a brief overview on potential economic, social, and public health impacts of legal marijuana in Canada. The legalization could increase tax revenue through the taxation levied on marijuana products and could also allow the Government to save citizens' tax dollars currently being spent on prohibition enforcement. Moreover, legalization could also remove the criminal element from marijuana market and reduce the size of Canada's black market and its consequences for the society. Nevertheless, it may also lead to some public health problems, including increasing in the uptake of the drug, accidents and injuries. The legalization should be accompanied with comprehensive strategies to keep the drug out of the hands of minors while increasing awareness and knowledge on harmful effects of the drug. In order to get better insights on how to develop an appropriate framework to legalize marijuana, Canada should closely watch the development in the neighboring country, the United States, where some of its states viz, Colorado, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska have already legalized recreational use of marijuana.
A comparison of atomoxetine administered as once versus twice daily dosing on the school and home functioning of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE
This secondary analysis examined the efficacy and tolerability of atomoxetine (ATX) dosed once (QD) versus twice (BID) daily in 55 children aged 6-12 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).


METHODS
The original 8-week trial was designed to assess the benefits of adding behavioral therapy to ATX. In it, all subjects were treated openly with ATX, with 50% randomly assigned to additional behavioral treatments. Every subject was started on QD dosing with a target dose of 1.2 mg/kg per day. A switch to BID dosing was allowed at study midpoint to improve tolerability and efficacy. Subjects not responding to ATX at midpoint were also given the option of 0.6 mg/kg dose increase. ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, global functioning, side effects, and classroom performance were measured weekly.


RESULTS
There were 22 subjects (40%) who switched to BID dosing at midpoint (mean dose = 1.56 mg/kg per day) with the other 33 remaining on QD dosing (mean dose = 1.33 mg/kg per day). The BID group did not display any improvement in parent-rated ODD symptoms during the first 4 weeks of the study on QD dosing, but there was a significant improvement seen after the addition of the second ATX dose (p < 0.05). However, BID dosing was not associated with differential rates of change for parent-rated ADHD symptoms or impairment, teacher ratings, or other measures of classroom functioning. BID dosing was associated with decreased rates of stomachaches (p < 0.05) but more persistent appetite loss than QD dosing. The degree of improvement observed during the first half of the study in ratings of global impairment and ODD but not ADHD symptoms predicted a switch to BID dosing at midpoint (p < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
The addition of an afternoon dose of ATX was associated with improved control of ODD symptoms at home, with no change in school functioning.