LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Online monitoring and control of the biogas process

The thesis is organised in two parts. The first part is a dissertation providing backgrounds for understanding the important aspects of the biogas process, and also an updated knowledge about monitoring and control of the biogas process. Moreover, an application of a novel online VFA monitoring system is presented, as well as the methods for improving biogas production. The second part consists of the following papers. An innovative online VFA monitoring system for the anaerobic process, based on headspace gas chromatography. Submitted. Effect of operating conditions and reactor configuration on efficiency of full-scale biogas plants. Effect of post digestion temperature on serial CSTR biogas reactors. Manuscript. ii Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude to those who have contributed to the completion of this thesis work for one way or another:  Associate professor Irini Angelidaki, my main supervisor, for giving me the opportunity to work at the Institute of Environment & Resources, and for supervising and supporting me through the whole study both during Master program and this Ph.D. project.  Dr. Damien John Batstone, my co-supervisor, for the technical supervision and great inspiration, especially for the great help during instrument design and construction.  Associate professor Hans Mosbaek, for the help with the GC setup.  Dr. Jean-Phillippe Steyer, for the supervision and the help with control implementation in the experiment. other technicians, for the technical help both during system construction and during the experiments. for an excellent secretarial assistance during the whole project period.  All my former and present colleagues and students for supporting, collaborating and sharing expertise, especially Christopher, for making me laugh even when facing problems; Henrik, for helping with the documents and danish language; Prasad, Larisa, Montira, Vilailak, Dawei and many other Ph.D. students, for sharing the pleasant working atmosphere.  All my friends in Denmark, for always being friendly and helpful, especially Lars-Geog for helping me with the danish summary. Abstract The demand for online monitoring and control of biogas process is increasing, since better monitoring and control system can improve process stability and enhance process performance for better economy of the biogas plants. A number of parameters in both the liquid and the gas phase have been suggested as process indicators. These include gas production, pH, alkalinity, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and hydrogen. Of these, VFA is the most widely recognised as a direct, relevant measure of stability. The individual, rather …
Racism as a determinant of social and emotional wellbeing for Aboriginal Australian youth.

OBJECTIVE
To explore the associations between self-reported racism and health and wellbeing outcomes for young Aboriginal Australian people.


DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
A cross-sectional study of 345 Aboriginal Australians aged 16-20 years who, as participants in the prospective Aboriginal Birth Cohort Study, were recruited at birth between 1987 and 1990 and followed up between 2006 and 2008.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Self-reported social and emotional wellbeing using a questionnaire validated as culturally appropriate for the study's participants; recorded body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio.


RESULTS
Self-reported racism was reported by 32% of study participants. Racism was significantly associated with anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 2.18 [95% CI, 1.37-3.46]); depression (OR, 2.16 [95% CI, 1.33-3.53]); suicide risk (OR, 2.32 [95% CI, 1.25-4.00]); and poor overall mental health (OR, 3.35 [95% CI, 2.04-5.51]). No significant associations were found between self-reported racism and resilience or any anthropometric measures.


CONCLUSIONS
Self-reported racism was associated with poor social and emotional wellbeing outcomes, including anxiety, depression, suicide risk and poor overall mental health.
The New Oil Sector and the Dutch Disease: the Case of Ghana

NCHOR DENNIS, KOLMAN PAVEL, STŘELEC LUBOŠ, DARKWAH SAMUEL ANTWI. 2015. The New Oil Sector and the Dutch Disease: the Case of Ghana. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 63(6): 2035–2041. This paper investigates the impact of the new oil sector on the economic performance of major traditional sectors of the Ghanaian economy. The discovery of resource booming sectors in most countries o en comes with several opportunities as well as challenges. Ghana discovered oil in 2007 and started subsequent commercial production and export in 2010. The results from the study show that, there is no clear case of declining performance of sectors in terms of output, growth and export earnings as a result of the oil production. The study could also not establish a sustained appreciation in the real eff ective exchange rate since commercial oil production commenced which is an indicator of the presence of the Dutch Disease phenomenon. The real eff ective exchange rate was also found to be highly infl uenced by oil production, oil prices, total exports and remittances. The study applied an autoregressive distributed lag model due to diff erences in the level of integration of variables. The data was obtained from the Bank of Ghana, the Ministry of Finance in Ghana and the Energy Information Administration.
Software Implementation of the NIST Elliptic Curves Over Prime Fields

This paper presents an extensive study of the software implementation on workstations of the NIST-recommended elliptic curves over prime fields. We present the results of our implementation in C and assembler on a Pentium II 400 MHz workstation. We also provide a comparison with the NIST-recommended curves over binary fields.
Robust fitting of mixtures using the trimmed likelihood estimator

The Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) has commonly been used to estimate the unknown parameters in a finite mixture of distributions. However, the MLE can be very sensitive to outliers in the data. In order to overcome this the Trimmed Likelihood Estimator (TLE) is proposed to estimate mixtures in a robust way. The superiority of this approach in comparison with the MLE is illustrated by examples and simulation studies. Moreover, as a prominent measure of robustness, the Breakdown Point (BDP) of the TLE for the mixture component parameters is characterized. The relationship of the TLE with various other approaches that have incorporated robustness in fitting mixtures and clustering are also discussed in this context.
The Next Generation Mobile Wireless Cellular Networks - 4G and Beyond

The demand of mobile user is ever increasing in this world of digital systems. Consumers demand more from their technology. Whether it is a television, cellular phone, Washing machine or refrigerator, the latest technology purchase must have new features. With the advent of the Internet, the most-wanted feature is better, faster access to information. The time not far away when access to all necessary information and the power of a personal computer, sits in the palm of one’s hand. To support such a powerful system, we need pervasive, highspeed wireless connectivity. The drawbacks of the current mobile communication technology have led the researchers to come up with more advanced and efficient technologies. 4G mobile technology is the outcome in this direction. 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will totally replace existing 3G networks. It is supposed to provide its customers with better speed and all IP based multimedia services. In the present scenario existing technologies are capable of performing functions like broadband data access, supporting voice traffic using voice over IP (VoIP), in mobile environment etc., but there is a great requirement of integrating all such technologies into a single combined system. 4G promises a solution to this problem by seamlessly integrating the terminals, networks and applications. This paper presents an overall study of the 4G systems, architecture, standard, benefits, challenges in implementation, design for the LTE and WiMAX technologies, Security issues and future scope of 4G
Analytical estimation of the electric currents in the elementary conductors of a Roebel bar

The paper presents a method for the calculus of the currents in the elementary conductors and the additional winding losses for high power a.c. machines. The accuracy method estimation and the results for a hydro-generator of 216 MW validate the proposed method for the design of the Roebel bars.
Measurement invariance with respect to ethnicity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).

BACKGROUND
The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) has been widely used in research and clinical settings. To be able to attribute differences in PHQ-9 scores between groups with different cultural backgrounds to differences in the level of depression, the instrument has to possess measurement invariance.


METHODS
Data from the Apollo-D study were used. We used two strongly contrasting cultural groups (n=1772). Measurement invariance was assessed by comparing four categorical single factor models with an increasing number of restrictions, representing an increasingly stronger measurement invariance assumption.


RESULTS
The PHQ-9 was measurement invariant for ethnicity in women and partially measurement invariant for ethnicity in men. The item 'psychomotor problems' seemed to be culturally biased in the Surinam Dutch males. It had a higher loading and threshold compared to Dutch males.


LIMITATIONS
The sample is restricted to high risk primary care patients, we did not include a gold standard measure of depression and the analyses pertain to a single cross cultural comparison.


CONCLUSIONS
The observed higher total depression score for females in the Surinam Dutch group can be attributed to a true difference in the latent trait depression. For Surinam Dutch and Dutch men some caution is warranted when comparing results obtained with the PHQ-9. In the former group the scores may be biased slightly downward. Future research is needed to examine how the item 'psychomotor problems' performs in different populations. These findings highlight the necessity of establishing measurement invariance before drawing conclusions based on observed scores.
Diffusion sign-error LMS algorithm: Formulation and stochastic behavior analysis

In the case where the measurement noise involves impulsive interference, distributed estimation algorithms based on the mean-square error (MSE) criterion may suffer from severely degraded convergence performance or divergence. To address this problem, we modify the adapt-then-combine (ATC) diffusion LMS (DLMS) algorithm by applying the sign operation to the error signals at all agents to develop a diffusion sign-error LMS (DSE-LMS) algorithm. Furthermore, the stochastic behavior of the DSE-LMS algorithm is analyzed for Gaussian inputs and contaminated Gaussian noise based on Price’s theorem. Simulation results show the robustness of the DSE-LMS algorithm against impulsive interference and validate the theoretical findings.
Estimating North American background ozone in U.S. surface air with two independent global models: Variability, uncertainties, and recommendations

Accurate estimates for North American background (NAB) ozone (O3) in surface air over the United States are needed for setting and implementing an attainable national O3 standard. These estimates rely on simulations with atmospheric chemistry-transport models that set North American anthropogenic emissions to zero, and to date have relied heavily on one global model. We examine NAB estimates for spring and summer 2006 with two independent global models (GEOS-Chem and GFDL AM3). We evaluate the base simulations, which include North American anthropogenic emissions, with midtropospheric O3 retrieved from space and ground-level O3 measurements. The models often bracket the observed values, implying value in developing a multi-model approach to estimate NAB O3. Consistent with earlier studies, the models robustly simulate the largest nation-wide NAB levels at highaltitude western U.S. sites (seasonal average maximum daily 8-h values of ~40e50 ppb in spring and ~25 e40 ppb in summer) where it correlates with observed O3. At these sites, a 27-year GFDL AM3 simulation simulates observed O3 events above 60 ppb and indicates that year-to-year variations in NAB O3 influence their annual frequency (with NAB contributing 50e60 ppb or more during individual events). During summer over the eastern United States (EUS), when photochemical production from regional anthropogenic emissions peaks, NAB is largely uncorrelated with observed values and it is lower than at high-altitude sites (average values of ~20e30 ppb). Four processes contribute substantially to model differences in specific regions and seasons: lightning NOx, biogenic isoprene emissions and chemistry, wildfires, and stratosphere-to-troposphere transport. Differences in the representations of these processes within the GFDL AM3 and GEOS-Chem models contribute more to uncertainty in NAB estimates, particularly in spring when NAB is highest, than the choice of horizontal resolution within a single model . Fiore), oberman.wisc@gmail.com (J.T. Oberman), meiyun.lin@noaa.gov (M.Y. Lin), zhanglg@pku.edu.cn (L. Zhang), .harvard.edu (D.J. Jacob), Vaishali.Naik@noaa.gov (V. Naik), larry.horowitz@noaa.gov (L.W. Horowitz), Pinto.Joseph@
Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone for Relapse Prevention and Control of Breakthrough Symptoms After a Recent First Episode of Schizophrenia. A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE
Long-acting, injectable, second-generation antipsychotic medication has tremendous potential to bring clinical stability to persons with schizophrenia. However, long-acting medications are rarely used following a first episode of schizophrenia.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the clinical efficacy of the long-acting injectable formulation of risperidone with the oral formulation in the early course of schizophrenia.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
A randomized clinical trial performed at a university-based research clinic, between 2005 and 2012. Eighty-six patients with recent onset of schizophrenia were randomized to receive long-acting injectable risperidone or oral risperidone. Half of each group was simultaneously randomized to receive cognitive remediation to improve cognitive functioning or healthy-behaviors training to improve lifestyle habits and well-being. An intent-to-treat analysis was performed between October 4, 2012, and November 12, 2014.


INTERVENTIONS
A 12-month trial comparing the long-acting injectable vs oral risperidone and cognitive remediation vs healthy-behaviors training.


MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Psychotic relapse and control of breakthrough psychotic symptoms.


RESULTS
Of the 86 patients randomized, 3 refused treatment in the long-acting injectable risperidone group. The psychotic exacerbation and/or relapse rate was lower for the long-acting risperidone group compared with the oral group (5% vs 33%; χ21 = 11.1; P < .001; relative risk reduction, 84.7%). Long-acting injectable risperidone better controlled mean levels of hallucinations and delusions throughout follow-up (β = -0.30; t68 = -2.6, P = .01). The cognitive remediation and healthy-behaviors training groups did not differ significantly regarding psychotic relapse, psychotic symptom control, or hospitalization rates, and there were no significant interactions between the 2 medications and the 2 psychosocial treatments. Discontinuations owing to inadequate clinical response were more common in the oral group than in the long-acting risperidone group (χ21 = 6.1; P = .01). Adherence to oral risperidone did not appear to differ before randomization but was better for the long-acting risperidone group compared with the oral group (t80 = 5.3; P < .001). Medication adherence was associated with prevention of exacerbation and/or relapse (χ21 =11.1; P = .003) and control of breakthrough psychotic symptoms (β = 0.2; t79 = 2.1; P = .04).


CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The use of long-acting injectable risperidone after a first episode of schizophrenia has notable advantages for clinical outcomes. The key clinical advantages are apparently owing to the more consistent administration of the long-acting injectable. Such formulations should be offered earlier in the course of illness.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00333177.
Resolution of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis after treatment with oral contraceptives.

OCP: oral contraceptive pill CASE REPORT A 20-year-old woman presented with a 6-year history of recurrent erythematous papules and plaques on the trunk. The eruption recurred cyclically, beginning 5 days before menses and resolving 1 to 2 days after the menstrual period. The lesions were asymptomatic, and there were no associated systemic symptoms. She had not previously sought treatment. Her medical history was unremarkable, and she was not taking any medications. Examination found widespread erythematous and edematous papules and nonscaly plaques, on the chest, back, and lower neck (Fig 1). Lesions were uniform in color, ranging in size from 3mm to 4 cm in diameter. A biopsy specimen was taken for histopathologic evaluation (Fig 2). Results of a punch biopsy of the skin showed dermal perivascular lymphohistiocytic inflammation, with rare eosinophils. An intradermal progesterone test read at 20 minutes was positive (progesterone, 50 mg/mL at a dilution of 1:10 in aqueous solution elicited a 10-mm wheal vs a 4-mm wheal for the glycerine control). The patient was started on levonorgestrel/ ethinyl estradiol, 0.1 mg to 20 g daily. There was a marked reduction in the number of lesions during her next menstrual period. By the third menstrual cycle, after beginning oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), no lesions appeared perimenstrually. The patient remained clear for another 4 months while taking Levonorgestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol 0.1 mg to 20 g. She then discontinued treatment because of the loss of health insurance. Despite discontinuing OCPs, lesions have not returned in the 8 months since the medication was stopped.
Evaluation of a brief treatment program of cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia in older adults.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy of a brief 4-w group-administered treatment program of cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) for older adults with sleep maintenance insomnia.


DESIGN
Randomized controlled trial of CBT-I compared to waitlist control with comparisons at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3-mo follow-up.


SETTING
Flinders University Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Research Laboratory, Adelaide, South Australia.


PARTICIPANTS
One-hundred eighteen adults with sleep maintenance insomnia (mean age = 63.76 y, standard deviation = 6.45 y, male = 55).


INTERVENTIONS
A 4-w, group-based treatment program of CBT-I including bedtime restriction therapy, sleep education, and cognitive restructuring.


MEASUREMENTS
Seven-day sleep diaries, actigraphy, and several self-report measures to assess perceived insomnia severity, daytime functioning, and confidence in and beliefs about sleep.


RESULTS
The brief group-administered CBT-I program produced improvements in the timing and quality of sleep including later bedtimes, earlier out-of-bed times, reduced wake after sleep onset, and improved sleep efficiency. Participants also reported a reduction of the Insomnia Severity Index, Flinders Fatigue Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Daytime Feeling and Functioning Scale, Sleep Anticipatory Anxiety Questionnaire, the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes Scale, and increased Sleep Self-Efficacy Scale.


CONCLUSIONS
The treatment program used in the current study has demonstrated potential for a brief, inexpensive, and effective treatment of sleep maintenance insomnia in the older adult population.
Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis: partial biliary diversion normalizes serum lipids and improves growth in noncirrhotic patients

OBJECTIVES:Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) usually presents with pruritus, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and growth failure. A group of PFIC is recognized by marked elevation of total serum bile acids, decreased serum apolipoprotein A-1, and high-density lipoprotein, but normal γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and cholesterol. Although medical therapy generally fails, partial external biliary diversion (DIV) has been used with promising results for cholestasis. However, little has been reported of its effect on linear growth, synthetic liver function, and lipid metabolism.METHODS:DIV was performed on six noncirrhotic children with PFIC, all suffering from severe pruritus and cholestasis, refractory to medical treatment. Stature was below −1 (median, −2.3) standard deviation score (SDS) for height in all cases. All patients had markedly enhanced bile acids (307 ± 72 μml/L), markedly decreased high-density lipoprotein (20 ± 7 mg/dl), and apolipoprotein A-1 (58 ± 37 mg/dl), but normal γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and cholesterol. In addition, cholinesterase activity, monoethylglycinexylidide test, and Fischer's ratio indicated a significantly reduced synthetic liver function in all children but the youngest.RESULTS:After DIV, all patients were consistently relieved of pruritus, and experienced normalization of all liver function tests, including cholinesterase activity, monoethylglycinexylidide test, and Fischer's ratio, as well as the serum lipid profile within 1 yr. In addition, a marked catch-up growth (median, +1.3 SDS) was evident after 1 yr in all cases.CONCLUSIONS:This report shows an excellent result of DIV in noncirrhotic PFIC patients and compares favorably with other reports. All patients experienced complete remission, including normalization of synthetic liver function and lipid metabolism. For the first time we have shown that DIV can also be associated with an accelerated growth in these patients.
Measurement of Dielectric Permittivity and Thickness of Snow and Ice on a Brackish Lagoon Using GPR

We examine the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) to simultaneously estimate snow and ice thickness. Since velocity is essential for depth inversion, we developed an automatic common mid-point (CMP) measurement system, which can work in an ultra-wide band. Envelope velocity spectrum, robust in reflection identification, is used to estimate the dielectric permittivity and layer thickness from CMP datasets. We tested our system on two 50-m-long test lines on a brackish lagoon, i.e., Lake Saroma, in Hokkaido, Japan, in February 2012. The first test line failed due to the existence of a radar-absorbing layer of a mixture of snow and seawater between the snow cover and sea ice. The estimated dielectric permittivity of both snow and ice on the second test line seems to be highly correlated with their surface temperature. Compared with the ground truth, the snow and ice thickness estimations possess a good accuracy, with a respective mean absolute error of about 2 cm (12%) and less than 2 cm (4%), which verifies the accuracy of their dielectric permittivity estimation. Then the estimated two-layer velocity model obtained by interpolation was used to continuously estimate the snow and ice thickness from the common-offset (CO) GPR profile acquired by a commercial GPR system. Our system and method appear capable of accurately measuring the dielectric permittivity and thickness of other layered media.
On the Dirac monopole ’ s concept

The Dirac monopole is discussed in view of the gauge invariance in Quantum Electrodynamics. It is shown the monopole existence implies the violation of the gauge invariance principle. The monopole field is essentially a longitudinal field and so a mass is naturally associated to it. Interpretation for the case the monopole charge is different from zero is addressed at the conclusion.