LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Process Monitoring and Visualization Using Self-Organizing Maps

Analysis and control of complex nonlinear processes constitutes a diicult problem area. In complicated systems, as in chemical processes, it is not possible to predict all possible error types in advance. The self-organizing map algorithm can be used to investigate complex dependencies between various process parameters as well as input and output variables. It can also be utilised to create systems to monitor complicated, dynamical processes and to visualise the process development. 2. Introduction The self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm 8]]9] creates a mapping from input patterns to map units. The key point in the applicability of the SOM algorithm is the topological nature of the mapping; similar signal patterns are mapped to nearby locations on the map. Such a mapping can be applied to pattern sequence analysis by nding the mapping locations of subsequent patterns and observing the trajectory, that is the curve of the locations in time. The pattern sequence in multi-dimensional input space can in that way be transformed into a two dimensional trajectory which can be used, for example, in process monitoring applications. In the following, the use of the self-organizing map in process state monitoring is described. Some applications in visualisation of the process operation
Image tamper detection based on demosaicing artifacts

In this paper, we introduce tamper detection techniques based on artifacts created by Color Filter Array (CFA) processing in most digital cameras. The techniques are based on computing a single feature and a simple threshold based classifier. The efficacy of the approach was tested over thousands of authentic, tampered, and computer generated images. Experimental results demonstrate reasonably low error rates.
Effect of graded heart rate reduction with ivabradine on myocardial oxygen consumption and diastolic time in exercising dogs.

Lowering heart rate reduces myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and produces potent anti-ischemic effects. The development of selective heart rate-reducing agents represents an alternative approach to the use of beta-blockers. Therefore, our goal was to establish the dose-response curve of the effects of ivabradine (If channel inhibitor) on MVO2 and diastolic time. Seven conscious and chronically instrumented dogs were investigated during exercise at spontaneous and paced heart rate (250 beats/min) after administration of increasing doses of ivabradine (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg i.v.). During exercise, ivabradine dose dependently and significantly reduced the exercise-induced tachycardia (-17, -21, and -32% at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, respectively, versus saline) without altering myocardial contractility nor mean ejection wall stress. A linear relationship between heart rate (HR) and MVO2 was demonstrated (MVO2 = 0.044 x HR - 1.4; r = 0.987). These effects of ivabradine on MVO2 were abolished by atrial pacing. Similarly, ivabradine dose dependently increased diastolic time without altering the inverse and non linear relationship between diastolic time and heart rate observed with saline. In conclusion, selective heart rate reduction with ivabradine dose dependently increases diastolic time and reduces MVO2 with a linear relationship between heart rate and MVO2. The lack of "on-off" pharmacological profile will predict the possibility of using a wide range of dose regimen.
Identification of incident stroke in Norway: hospital discharge data compared with a population-based stroke register.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The validity of hospital discharge diagnoses is essential in improving stroke surveillance and estimating healthcare costs of stroke. The aim of this study was to assess sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of discharge diagnoses compared with a stroke register.


METHODS
A record linkage was made between a population-based stroke register and the discharge records of the hospital serving the population of the stroke register (n=70 000). The stroke register (including patients aged 15 and older and with no upper age limit), applied here as a "gold standard," was used to estimate sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of the discharge diagnoses classification. The length of stay in hospital by stroke patients was measured.


RESULTS
Identifying cerebrovascular diseases by hospital discharge diagnoses (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision [ICD-9], codes 430 to 438.9, first admission) lead to a substantial overestimation of stroke in the target population. Restricting the retrieval to acute stroke diagnoses (ICD-9 codes 430, 431, 434, and 436) gave an incidence estimate closer to the "true" incidence rate in the stroke register. Selecting ICD-9 codes 430 to 438 of cerebrovascular diseases gave the highest sensitivity (86%). The highest positive predictive value (68%) was achieved by selecting acute stroke diagnoses (ICD-9 codes 430, 431, 434, and 436), at the expense of a lower sensitivity (81%). Accuracy of ICD codes 430 to 438.9 (n=678) revealed the highest proportion of incident strokes identified by the acute stroke diagnoses (ICD-9 codes 430, 431, 434, and 436). Seventy-four percent of hospital discharge diagnoses classified as first-ever stroke kept the original diagnosis. Only 4.6% of the discharge diagnoses were classified as nonstroke diagnoses after validation. The estimation of length of stay in the hospital was improved by selection of acute stroke diagnoses from hospital discharge data (ICD-9 codes 430, 431, 434, and 436), which gave the same estimate of length of stay, a median of 8 days (2.5 percentile=0 and 97.5 percentile=56), compared with a median of 8 days (2.5 percentile=0 and 97.5 percentile=51) based on the stroke register.


CONCLUSIONS
Hospital discharge data may overestimate stroke incidence and underestimate the length of stay in the hospital, unless selection routines of hospital discharge diagnoses are restricted to acute stroke diagnoses (ICD-9 codes 430, 431, 434, and 436). If supplemented by a validation procedure, including estimates of sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy, hospital discharge data may provide valid information on hospital-based stroke incidence and lead to better allocation of health resources. Distinguishing subtypes of stroke from hospital discharge diagnoses should not be performed unless coding practices are improved.
Relationships among Motivation Orientations, Metacognitive Awareness and Proficiency in L2 Listening

This paper examines the relationships among motivation, metacognition, and proficiency in listening comprehension. Adolescent learners of French (N1⁄4 57) completed two questionnaires. A motivation questionnaire tapped student responses to three orientations related to motivation: amotivation, intrinsic, and extrinsic. A metacognitive awareness questionnaire tapped the metacognitive strategies students reported using when listening to authentic texts in French. Student responses on both instruments were correlated to determine any possible relationship between the three types of motivation and the metacognitive listening strategies. Responses to the motivation questionnaire were also correlated with listening proficiency, as determined by a listening comprehension test. As hypothesized, students reporting a greater use of metacognitive strategies also reported more motivational intensity, with some evidence of a self-determination continuum evident in the response patterns. Listening proficiency correlated negatively with amotivation; however, correlations with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were not as high as anticipated. The results of this study provide some empirical support for the hypothesized links between self-determination theory, self-regulated learning, learner autonomy, and metacognition.
A 5-microRNA signature for lung squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis and hsa-miR-31 for prognosis.

PURPOSE
Recent studies have suggested that microRNA biomarkers could be useful for stratifying lung cancer subtypes, but microRNA signatures varied between different populations. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one major subtype of lung cancer that urgently needs biomarkers to aid patient management. Here, we undertook the first comprehensive investigation on microRNA in Chinese SCC patients.


EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
MicroRNA expression was measured in cancerous and noncancerous tissue pairs strictly collected from Chinese SCC patients (stages I-III), who had not been treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy prior to surgery. The molecular targets of proposed microRNA were further examined.


RESULTS
We identified a 5-microRNA classifier (hsa-miR-210, hsa-miR-182, hsa-miR-486-5p, hsa-miR-30a, and hsa-miR-140-3p) that could distinguish SCC from normal lung tissues. The classifier had an accuracy of 94.1% in a training cohort (34 patients) and 96.2% in a test cohort (26 patients). We also showed that high expression of hsa-miR-31 was associated with poor survival in these 60 SCC patients by Kaplan-Meier analysis (P = 0.007), by univariate Cox analysis (P = 0.011), and by multivariate Cox analysis (P = 0.011). This association was independently validated in a separate cohort of 88 SCC patients (P = 0.008, 0.011, and 0.003 in Kaplan-Meier analysis, univariate Cox analysis, and multivariate Cox analysis, respectively). We then determined that the tumor suppressor DICER1 is a target of hsa-miR-31. Expression of hsa-miR-31 in a human lung cancer cell line repressed DICER1 activity but not PPP2R2A or LATS2.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results identified a new diagnostic microRNA classifier for SCC among Chinese patients and a new prognostic biomarker, hsa-miR-31.
Microorganisms and Nutritional Value of Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of North East India

Very few have realized that the North East India is the centre of the diverse food culture comprising fermented and nonfermented ethnic foods and alcoholic beverages. More than 250 different types of familiar and less-familiar ethnic fermented foods and alcoholic beverages are prepared and consumed by the different ethnic people of North East India, which include milk, vegetable, bamboo, soybean, meat, fish, cereal and alcoholic beverages. Diverse microorganisms ranging from filamentous fungi to enzyme and alcohol producing yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, bacilli and microccoci are associated with fermentation and production of ethnic foods and alcoholic drinks. Ethnic foods are fermented naturally, except the alcoholic beverages which are produced by using consortia of microorganisms in the form of dry, cereal-based starter. Diversity within the species of lactic acid bacteria and bacilli has created the ethnic foods with different sensory characteristics. It has demonstrated that functional microorganisms present in the ethnic fermented foods of North East have many biological functions enhancing the health-promoting benefits, bio-preservation of perishable foods, bio-enrichment of nutritional value, protective properties and therapeutic values.
Acute complications of Crohn's disease: comparison of multidetector-row computed tomographic enterography with magnetic resonance enterography.

OBJECTIVE
To compare multidetector-row computed tomographic (MDCT) enterography with magnetic resonance (MR) enterography performed upon acute exacerbation of Crohn's disease.


SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Fifty-seven patients (mean age 33.5) with proven Crohn's disease and symptoms suggesting acute exacerbation were prospectively included. After oral administration of 1-2 liters of 5% methylcellulose, MDCT and MR enterography were performed on each patient (mean delay <24 h). Three radiologists blindly and independently evaluated each examination for technical quality and in terms of 8 pathological features of Crohn's disease. Observers' agreement, sensitivity and specificity resulted from comparison with the reference standard [surgery (n = 24), endoscopy (n = 17) and long-term follow-up (n = 16)].


RESULTS
MDCT enterography demonstrated fewer artifacts than MR enterography (p < 0.0001). In 48 MDCT/MR enterography examinations, active disease was demonstrated: abscesses (n = 11), fistulas (n = 13), stenoses (n = 23) and/or intestinal inflammation (n = 38). Observers' agreement (range 0.56-0.87) was not significantly different between MDCT and MR enterography, neither in terms of sensitivity (range 58-95%) nor specificity (range 67-100%) for each of the 8 pathological features.


CONCLUSION
Statistically, MR enterography is of similar diagnostic value as MDCT enterography for acute complications of Crohn's disease. Since the typical Crohn's disease patient is young and will very likely undergo life-long imaging, and given concerns about radiation exposure with MDCT, MR enterography should be the preferred modality.
New aspects of the theory of ionic solvation and ion-ion interactions in solution

The theory a-f the ferrous—f erric electron exchange in solution leads to new insights and new questions about both ion—ion interactions and ian—solvent interactions.'
Performance Evaluation of Structured P2P over Wireless Multi-hop Networks

Internet connected wireless multi-hop networks are an interesting alternative for providing broadband wireless access. In order for the network to be transparent, the same services need to be available as in standard infrastructure wireless deployments. However, there is a significant challenge in providing services such as authentication, name resolution, VoIP over multi-hop mesh networks as dedicated servers implementing those services might be not available. Therefore, deploying overlay networks in the mesh to decentralize those services and move towards a Peer-to-Peer paradigm is an interesting approach. However, the multi-hop nature of wireless mesh networks and the restrictions in resource availability might cause problems when deploying overlay networks on top of such environments. In this paper, we investigate the overhead and trade-offs when deploying a structured overlay solution such as the Bamboo DHT over wireless multi-hop mesh networks. We provide various simulation results characterizing the overhead of management and control traffic and give recommendations for performance improvement.
A 5b 800MS/s 2mW asynchronous binary-search ADC in 65nm CMOS

Digital wireless communication applications such as UWB and WPAN necessitate low-power high-speed ADCs to convert RF/IF signals into digital form for subsequent baseband processing. Considering latency and conversion speed, flash ADCs are often the most preferred option. Generally, flash ADCs suffer from high power consumption and large area overhead. On the contrary, SAR ADCs have low power dissipation and occupy a small area. However, a SAR ADC needs several comparison cycles to complete one conversion, which limits its conversion speed. The highest single-channel operation speed of previously reported SAR ADCs is 625MS/s [1]. The ADC in [1] utilizes a 2b/step structure. For non-multi-bit/step SAR ADCs, the highest reported conversion rate is 300MS/s [2]. The structure of a comparator-based binary-search ADC is between that of flash and SAR ADCs [3]. Compared to a flash ADC (high speed, high power) and a SAR ADC (low speed, low power), a binary-search ADC achieves balance between operation speed and power consumption. This paper reports a 5b asynchronous binary-search ADC with reference-range prediction. The maximum conversion speed of this ADC is 800MS/s at a cost of 2mW power consumption.
Protected area needs in a changing climate

G lobal climate is now rapidly changing, with consequent geographic rearrangement of species and recent climate-related extinctions (Root et al. 2003; Pounds et al. 2006). Yet protected areas (including national parks, nature reserves, and multiple-use conservation areas) are still the mainstay of modern conservation efforts (Rodrigues et al. 2004). Protected areas are geographically fixed and increasingly isolated by habitat destruction, and are therefore poorly suited to accommodating species range shifts due to climate change (Peters and Myers 1991). Here, we ask the question: are protected areas a relevant conservation response in an era of rapid climate change? Evaluating the effectiveness of protected areas is a problem in conservation planning that is made more complicated by climate change. A major goal of systematic conservation planning is to ensure that all species are represented within the protected areas of a given geographic region (Margules and Pressey 2000). Completing an existing protected area system in a given region so that it represents all known species generally proceeds by assessing the species already protected and then systematically adding complementary areas until all species are represented. Multiple representations of populations or species occurrences are usually necessary to ensure the conservation of each species, so for large numbers of species the process can be quite complex. For this reason, computer-automated selection routines, known as " reserve selection algorithms " , have been developed (Pressey and Cowling 2001). The problem is more complex when species' ranges become dynamic as the result of climate change. One approach is to couple species distribution models and reserve selection algorithms (Araújo et al. 2004; Williams et al. 2005). Species distribution models use statistical or heuristic packages that simulate the present range of a species, based on relationships between known points of species' occurrence and climate at the time those points were recorded. A simulated present range is required because no species' distribution is perfectly known, while a simulation of future range is needed to account for the range shift likely to accompany changing climatic conditions. When such modeled ranges are available for large numbers of species (ideally hundreds or thousands), a reserve selection algorithm can be used to design a protected-areas system that represents all species, both in the present and in the future. This is most easily done by starting with existing protected areas and adding additional areas to complete species representation. One possible goal for such a process in …
Endoscopic submucosal dissection for cancers of the remnant stomach after distal gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of early gastric cancer is less invasive than surgical resection, and if technically feasible, it may result in less long-term morbidity than does incisional surgery. However, ESD is technically difficult in patients who have had a previous distal gastrectomy.


OBJECTIVE
Our purpose was to retrospectively assess the results of ESD of early gastric cancer in the remnant stomach.


DESIGN
Case series.


SETTING AND PATIENTS
A total of 31 lesions in 30 patients with early remnant gastric cancer were treated with ESD at Okayama University Hospital, Tsuyama Central Hospital, Hiroshima City Hospital, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, and Mitoyo General Hospital from March 2001 to January 2007.


INTERVENTION
ESD.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS
En bloc resection rate, complete resection rate, operation time, and complications.


RESULTS
En bloc resection and complete resection were achieved in 30 (97%) and in 23 (74%) lesions, respectively. The median operation time required for ESD in the remnant stomach was 113 minutes (range 45-450 minutes). Perforation occurred in 4 (13%). The incidence of delayed bleeding requiring blood transfusion was 0%.


LIMITATION
Short duration of follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
ESD is feasible in the remnant stomach but has a relatively high complication rate and should only be performed by experienced endoscopists.
Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND
Little is known about whether contemporary hormonal contraception is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.


METHODS
We assessed associations between the use of hormonal contraception and the risk of invasive breast cancer in a nationwide prospective cohort study involving all women in Denmark between 15 and 49 years of age who had not had cancer or venous thromboembolism and who had not received treatment for infertility. Nationwide registries provided individually updated information about the use of hormonal contraception, breast-cancer diagnoses, and potential confounders.


RESULTS
Among 1.8 million women who were followed on average for 10.9 years (a total of 19.6 million person-years), 11,517 cases of breast cancer occurred. As compared with women who had never used hormonal contraception, the relative risk of breast cancer among all current and recent users of hormonal contraception was 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 to 1.26). This risk increased from 1.09 (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.23) with less than 1 year of use to 1.38 (95% CI, 1.26 to 1.51) with more than 10 years of use (P=0.002). After discontinuation of hormonal contraception, the risk of breast cancer was still higher among the women who had used hormonal contraceptives for 5 years or more than among women who had not used hormonal contraceptives. Risk estimates associated with current or recent use of various oral combination (estrogen-progestin) contraceptives varied between 1.0 and 1.6. Women who currently or recently used the progestin-only intrauterine system also had a higher risk of breast cancer than women who had never used hormonal contraceptives (relative risk, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.33). The overall absolute increase in breast cancers diagnosed among current and recent users of any hormonal contraceptive was 13 (95% CI, 10 to 16) per 100,000 person-years, or approximately 1 extra breast cancer for every 7690 women using hormonal contraception for 1 year.


CONCLUSIONS
The risk of breast cancer was higher among women who currently or recently used contemporary hormonal contraceptives than among women who had never used hormonal contraceptives, and this risk increased with longer durations of use; however, absolute increases in risk were small. (Funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation.).
Effect of osmolality on erythrocyte rheology and perfusion of an artificial microvascular network.

Plasma sodium concentration is normally held within a narrow range. It may however vary greatly under pathophysiological conditions. Changes in osmolality lead to either swelling or shrinkage of red blood cells (RBCs). Here we investigated the influence of suspension osmolality on biophysical properties of RBCs and their ability to perfuse an artificial microvascular network (AMVN). Blood was drawn from healthy volunteers. RBC deformability was measured by osmotic gradient ektacytometry over a continuous range of osmolalities. Packed RBCs were suspended in NaCl solutions (0.45, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 g/dL), resulting in supernatant osmolalities of 179 ± 4, 213 ± 1, 283 ± 2, 354 ± 3, and 423 ± 5 mOsm/kg H2O. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined using centrifuged microhematocrit. RBC suspensions at constant cell numbers were used to measure viscosity at shear rates ranging from 0.11 to 69.5s(-1) and the perfusion rate of the AMVN. MCV was inversely and MCHC directly proportional to osmolality. RBC deformability was maximized at isosmotic conditions (290 mOsm/kg H2O) and markedly decreased by either hypo- or hyperosmolality. The optimum osmolality for RBC suspension viscosity was shifted toward hyperosmolality, while lower osmolalities increased suspension viscosity exponentially. However, the AMVN perfusion rate was maximized at 290 mOsm/kg H2O and changed by less than 10% over a wide range of osmolalities. These findings contribute to the basic understanding of blood flow in health and disease and may have significant implications for the management of osmotic homeostasis in clinical practice.