LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Directional fractal signature methods for trabecular bone texture in hand radiographs: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

PURPOSE
To develop directional fractal signature methods for the analysis of trabecular bone (TB) texture in hand radiographs. Problems associated with the small size of hand bones and the orientation of fingers were addressed.


METHODS
An augmented variance orientation transform (AVOT) and a quadrant rotating grid (QRG) methods were developed. The methods calculate fractal signatures (FSs) in different directions. Unlike other methods they have the search region adjusted according to the size of bone region of interest (ROI) to be analyzed and they produce FSs defined with respect to any chosen reference direction, i.e., they work for arbitrary orientation of fingers. Five parameters at scales ranging from 2 to 14 pixels (depending on image size and method) were derived from rose plots of Hurst coefficients, i.e., FS in dominating roughness (FSSta), vertical (FSV) and horizontal (FSH) directions, aspect ratio (StrS), and direction signatures (StdS), respectively. The accuracy in measuring surface roughness and isotropy/anisotropy was evaluated using 3600 isotropic and 800 anisotropic fractal surface images of sizes between 20 × 20 and 64 × 64 pixels. The isotropic surfaces had FDs ranging from 2.1 to 2.9 in steps of 0.1, and the anisotropic surfaces had two dominating directions of 30° and 120°. The methods were used to find differences in hand TB textures between 20 matched pairs of subjects with (cases: approximate Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade ≥ 2) and without (controls: approximate KL grade <2) radiographic hand osteoarthritis (OA). The OA Initiative public database was used and 20 × 20 pixel bone ROIs were selected on 5th distal and middle phalanges. The performance of the AVOT and QRG methods was compared against a variance orientation transform (VOT) method developed earlier [M. Wolski, P. Podsiadlo, and G. W. Stachowiak, "Directional fractal signature analysis of trabecular bone: evaluation of different methods to detect early osteoarthritis in knee radiographs," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H 223, 211-236 (2009)].


RESULTS
The AVOT method correctly quantified the isotropic and anisotropic surfaces for all image sizes and scales. Values of FSSta were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the isotropic surfaces. Using the VOT and QRG methods no differences were found at large scales for the isotropic surfaces that are smaller than 64 × 64 and 48 × 48 pixels, respectively, and at some scales for the anisotropic surfaces with size 48 × 48 pixels. Compared to controls, using the AVOT and QRG methods the authors found that OA TB textures were less rough (P < 0.05) in the dominating and horizontal directions (i.e., lower FSSta and FSH), rougher in the vertical direction (i.e., higher FSV) and less anisotropic (i.e., higher StrS) than controls. No differences were found using the VOT method.


CONCLUSIONS
The AVOT method is well suited for the analysis of bone texture in hand radiographs and it could be potentially useful for early detection and prediction of hand OA.
Interactions of λ3-ScFe2 and λ2-ScFe1.8 with hydrogen

Abstract The interactions of λ 3 -ScFe 2 (MgNi 2 -type structure) and λ 2 -ScFe 1.8 (MgCu 2 -type structure) with hydrogen were studied using the following methods: differential thermal analysis in a hydrogen atmosphere, calorimetry and desorption isotherm measurements. The thermodynamic characteristics of hydrogen absorption and desorption were obtained. Different polymorphic modifications of ScFe 2 were found to have different absorption properties.
Experiencing NFC-based touch for home healthcare

Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) aims to enhance quality of life of elder and impaired people. Thanks to the advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and medical technologies, it is now possible to support new home healthcare services to improve their quality of life. In particular, Near Field Communication Technology (NFC) seems to play an important role in elderly homecare.
 In this paper, a health monitoring system is shown where users can identify themselves by simple touch with an NFC-enabled device and different health information can be wirelessly collected and associated with the identified user. Furthermore, this system enables caregivers or physicians to monitor these health readings and patient actions at home. This system was tested with 17 users that led us to a better understanding of usability and effectiveness of this health system and user needs, and showed their preferences for a certain NFC-enabled device to be used in user identification.
Bioactivity of Fungal Endophytes as a Function of Endophyte Taxonomy and the Taxonomy and Distribution of Their Host Plants

Fungal endophytes--fungi that grow within plant tissues without causing immediate signs of disease--are abundant and diverse producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. Endophytes associated with leaves of tropical plants are an especially exciting and relatively untapped source of novel compounds. However, one major challenge in drug discovery lies in developing strategies to efficiently recover highly bioactive strains. As part of a 15-year drug discovery project, foliar endophytes were isolated from 3198 plant samples (51 orders, 105 families and at least 232 genera of angiosperms and ferns) collected in nine geographically distinct regions of Panama. Extracts from culture supernatants of >2700 isolates were tested for bioactivity (in vitro percent inhibition of growth, % IG) against a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and the causative agents of malaria, leishmaniasis, and Chagas' disease. Overall, 32.7% of endophyte isolates were highly active in at least one bioassay, including representatives of diverse fungal lineages, host lineages, and collection sites. Up to 17% of isolates tested per assay were highly active. Most bioactive strains were active in only one assay. Fungal lineages differed in the incidence and degree of bioactivity, as did fungi from particular plant taxa, and greater bioactivity was observed in endophytes isolated from plants in cloud forests vs. lowland forests. Our results suggest that using host taxonomy and forest type to tailor plant collections, and selecting endophytes from specific orders or families for cultivation, will markedly increase the efficiency and efficacy of discovering bioactive metabolites for particular pharmaceutical targets.
A Unified Method of Evaluating Electoral Systems and Redistricting Plans

We derive a unified statistical method with which one can produce substantially improved definitions and estimates of almost any feature of two-party electoral systems that can be defined based on district vote shares. Our single method enables one to calculate more efficient estimates, with more trustworthy assessments of their uncertainty, than each of the separate multifarious existing measures of partisan bias, electoral responsiveness, seats-votes curves, expected or predicted vote in each district in a legislature, the probability that a given party will win the seat in each district, the proportion of incumbents or others who will lose their seats, the proportion of women or minority candidates to be elected, the incumbency advantage and other causal effects, the likely effects on the electoral system and district votes of proposed electoral reforms such as term limitations, campaign spending limits, and drawing majority-minority districts, and numerous others. To illustrate, we estimate the partisan bias and electoral responsiveness of the U.S. House of Representatives since 1900 and evaluate the fairness of competing redistricting plans for the 1992 Ohio state legislature.
LEADERSHIP, MORAL DEVELOPMENT, AND CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

This paper suggests that different styles of leadership arouse different sorts of normative motivation among followers, and these diverse motivational sources in tum are associated with different forms of participant contribution to organizational success. Three interrelated clusters of leadership styles, normative motivation of followers, and organizational citizenship behavior are described. Leadership that appeals exclusively to followers' self-interests is associated with preconventional moral development and dependable task performance. Leadership styles focusing on interpersonal relationships and social networks are associated with followers' conventional moral development and work group collaboration. Transforming leadership that both models and nurtures servant leadership abilities is associated with post-conventional moral development and responsible participation in organizational govemance. I constructive contributions from participants in collective entities and enterprises has long been a concern of political philosophers and organizational scholars. The role leaders potentially play in inspiring or otherwise motivating the behavior of followers has received special attention. Building on the observations of Burns (1978) and Greenleaf (1977) that leaders have the potential of enhancing the moral development of followers, this paper proposes theoretical linkages between a range of well-known styles of leadership behavior, three paradigmatic levels of moral reasoning, and three forms of participant contribution, also called organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The first section ofthe paper offers brief overviews of research on varieties of OCB and levels of moral development. In the second section these typologies are related to each other and also to a range of styles of leadership. The paper concludes with an assessment of the contradictory potential of charismatic leadership. Theoretical Background Varieties of Participant Contribution Over the long term, successful organizations benefit from a variety of forms of participant contribution which vary in motivational impetus (Katz, 1964; Organ, 1990). Three distinctive types of contribution—displayed in Figure 1— are dependable task accomplishment, work group collaboration, and civic virtue (Graham, 1991a). ©1995. Business Ethics Quarterly, Volume 5, Issue 1 ISSN 1052-150X. 0043-0054 44 BUSINESS ETHICS QUARTERLY
‘The subjective inside us can turn into the objective outside’: Vernon Lee’s Psychological Aesthetics

This essay argues that Vernon Lee’s psychological aesthetics importantly illuminate a transition between Victorian and Modernist ideas about the experience of beauty. It traces Lee’s discovery and adoption of the term ‘empathy’ as the key mechanism of aesthetic feeling, and her gradual and never quite certain decision that it must be understood as primarily a mental rather than a physical process.
Efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and feasibility of optimizing preventive strategies in patients at high cardiovascular risk: rationale, design and baseline characteristics of the Rischio and Prevenzione study, a large randomised trial in general practice

BACKGROUND
The optimization of preventive strategies in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events and the evaluation of bottlenecks and limitations of transferring current guidelines to the real world of clinical practice are important limiting steps to cardiovascular prevention. Treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improves prognosis after myocardial infarction, but evidence of this benefit is lacking in patients at high cardiovascular risk, but without a history of myocardial infarction.


METHODS/DESIGN
Patients were eligible if their general practitioner (GP) considered them at high cardiovascular risk because of a cardiovascular disease other than myocardial infarction, or multiple risk factors (at least four major risk factors in non-diabetic patients and one in diabetics).Patients were randomly allocated to treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1 g daily) or placebo in a double-blind study and followed up for five years by their GPs to assess the efficacy of the treatment in preventing cardiovascular mortality (including sudden death) and hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons. The secondary, epidemiological, aim of the study is to assess whether it is feasible to adopt current guidelines in everyday clinical practice, with a view to optimizing all the available preventive strategies in people at high cardiovascular risk.A nation-wide network of 860 GPs admitted 12,513 patients to the study between February 2004 and March 2007. The mean age was 64 years and 62% were males. Diabetes mellitus plus one or more cardiovascular risk factors was the main inclusion criterion (47%). About 30% of patients were included because of a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, 21% for four or more risk factors, and less than 1% for other reasons.


DISCUSSION
The Rischio and Prevenzione (R&P) project provides a feasible model to test the efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy in patients at high cardiovascular risk with no history of myocardial infarction, and to assess how to implement recommended preventive strategies in general practice.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00317707.
N=2 SCFT and M theory on AdS(4) x Q(1,1,1)

Abstract Coincident M2 branes at a conical singularity are related to M theory on AdS 4 × X 7 for an appropriate 7 dimensional Sasaki-Einstein manifold X 7 . For X 7 = Q 1,1,1 =( SU (2)× SU (2)× SU (2))/( U (1)× U (1)) which was found sometime ago, the infrared limit of the theory on N M2 branes was constructed recently. It is the SU ( N )× SU ( N )× SU ( N ) gauge theories with three series of chiral fields A i , i =1,2 transforming in the (N, N ,1) representation, B j , j =1,2 transforming in the (1,N, N ) representation and C k , k =1,2 transforming in the ( N ,1,N) representation. From the scalar Laplacian of X 7 on the supergravity side, we discuss the spectrum of chiral primary operators of dual N =2 superconformal field theory in 3 dimensions. We study M5 branes wrapped over 5-cycle of X 7 which were identified as (three types of) baryon like operators made out of N chiral fields recently. We consider M5 brane wrapped over 3-cycle of X 7 which plays the role of domain wall in AdS 4 . The new aspect arises when baryon like operators (M5 branes wrapped over 5-cycle) cross a domain wall (M5 brane wrapped over 3-cycle), M2 brane between them must be created.
Unsupervised Object Discovery and Segmentation in Videos

Unsupervised object discovery is the task of finding recurring objects over an unsorted set of images without any human supervision, which becomes more and more important as the amount of visual data grows exponentially. Existing approaches typically build on still images and rely on different prior knowledge to yield accurate results. In contrast, we propose a novel video-based approach, allowing also for exploiting motion information, which is a strong and physically valid indicator for foreground objects, thus, tremendously easing the task. In particular, we show how to integrate motion information in parallel with appearance cues into a common conditional random field formulation to automatically discover object categories from videos. In the experiments, we show that our system can successfully extract, group, and segment most foreground objects and is also able to discover stationary objects in the given videos. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the unsupervised learned appearance models also yield reasonable results for object detection on still images.
Anemia during treatment with peginterferon Alfa-2b/ribavirin and boceprevir: Analysis from the serine protease inhibitor therapy 2 (SPRINT-2) trial.

UNLABELLED
Boceprevir (BOC) added to peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIFN) and ribavirin (RBV) significantly increases sustained virologic response (SVR) rates over PegIFN/RBV alone in previously untreated adults with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1. We evaluate the relationship of incident anemia with triple therapy. A total of 1,097 patients received a 4-week lead-in of PegIFN/RBV followed by: (1) placebo plus PegIFN/RBV for 44 weeks (PR48); (2) BOC plus PegIFN/RBV using response-guided therapy (BOC/RGT); and (3) BOC plus PegIFN/RBV for 44 weeks (BOC/PR48). The management of anemia (hemoglobin [Hb]<10 g/dL) included RBV dose reduction and/or erythropoietin (EPO) use. A total of 1,080 patients had ≥1 Hb measurement during treatment. The incidence of anemia was 50% in the BOC arms combined (363/726) and 31% in the PR48 arm (108/354, P<0.001). Among BOC recipients, lower baseline Hb and creatinine clearance were associated with incident anemia. In the BOC-containing arms, anemia was managed by the site investigators as follows: EPO without RBV dose reduction, 38%; RBV dose reduction without EPO, 8%; EPO with RBV dose reduction, 40%; and neither RBV dose reduction nor EPO, 14%. SVR rates were not significantly affected by management strategy (70%-74%), and overall patients with anemia had higher rates of SVR than those who did not develop anemia (58%). Serious and life-threatening adverse events (AEs) and discontinuations due to AEs among BOC-treated patients did not differ by EPO use.


CONCLUSION
With BOC/PR therapy, SVR rates in patients with incident anemia were higher than nonanemic patients and did not vary significantly according to the investigator-selected approach for anemia management. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this observation.
A new deep field-weakening strategy of IPM machines based on single current regulator and voltage angle control

Field-weakening control is an important issue of wide speed range motor control. In order to achieve higher speed range above base speed, this paper proposes a new field-weakening strategy based on single current regulator (SCR) and voltage angle control (VAC). Some critical problems of existing SCR algorithm are resolved by the new method and a speed range of 8∶1 is achieved in the experiment.
Emotion Detection using EPOC EEG Device

Due to the growing need for computer applications capable of detecting the emotional state of the users [1], studying emotions in informatics has increased. The direct options of detecting the emotions are inquiries and questionnaires with specific questions which participants answer on the Likert scale. Because of the fact that every participant has to answer all the questions and those need to be manually evaluated, it is not a very efficient method. That is the reason for inventing new methods for classifying emotions for example through physiological responses. Motivated by every day interaction among humans, a great part of the research in this area has explored detecting emotions from facial and voice information. One of the available software solutions is Noldus FaceReader, which can recognize six emotional states: joy, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, and a neutral state. However, it depends on good light conditions and the accuracy could be also decreased by an object covering part of a participant’s face, e.g., glasses. In order to address these shortcomings, other approaches to detect emotions have been proposed which focus on different physiological information, such as heart rate, skin conductance, and pupil dilation [2]. A still relatively new field of research in affective brain-computer interaction attempts to detect emotions using electroencephalograms (EEGs) [3]. In our approach, we aim to evaluate EEG devices Emotiv EPOC and Emotiv Insight and classify emotions from the data captured by this devices. Our method is based on the method was used by the psychologists. In order to represent emotions we use dimensional approach [4] which is based on the fact that all subjective feelings could be projected into the 3D space where dimensions are: (i) arousal – positive/negative emotion, (ii) valence – strong/weak emotion, and (iii) tension – tensed/relieved emotion. We omit the third dimension due to the difficulty of determining the amount of tension. When classifying emotions by this method, respondents identify how positive (valence) and how strong (arousal) was their emotion. These values are projected to 2D space, called Valence–Arousal model, which could be divided to four quadrants: strong-
Functional outcome after repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures using the endobutton technique.

HYPOTHESIS
The purpose of this study is to report the functional outcome of the repair of a distal biceps tendon rupture by the use of the endobutton technique. We hypothesized that the endobutton provides excellent strength and clinical results after repair of distal biceps tendon rupture.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-six patients underwent repair of biceps tendon ruptures by use of an endobutton for fixation of the biceps tendon stump to the radial tuberosity. There were 20 men and three women. The mean age was 52 years (39-75). The dominant side was involved in 11 patients. A partial rupture of the biceps tendon was found in four patients. The average delay in diagnosis was 16 days, with four patients presenting at six weeks or more after trauma.


RESULTS
At an average follow-up of 16 months (6-48), 23 of 26 patients were available for follow-up and were examined clinically, radiologically, and by isokinetic testing. The average postoperative Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was 94 points. The average Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain was 1.5. Patients regained an almost full range of motion. Average flexion strength recovery was 80% and corresponding recovery of supination strength was 91%. Two patients developed asymptomatic heterotopic ossification seen on standard radiographs. In three patients, the endobutton had apparently disengaged without important difference in functional outcome. In one case, the endobutton had to be removed. There were no neurological complications.


CONCLUSION
This study shows that a distal biceps tendon can be safely reattached to the radius by using the endobutton technique, yielding excellent and reproducible results.


LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 4; Retrospective case series, no control group.
Motivation for and commitment to social values : The roles of age and gender

The primary aim of this study was to examine how motives and commitment to social values influence well-being in men and women of different ages. College students and older adults in the community reported on their motivational orientation (intrinsic vs. extrinsic), behavioral commitment to idiographic social values, and their current well-being (satisfaction with life, positive and negative affect). We tested a series of path models with motivational orientation mediating the relationship between commitment to values and well-being. Consistent with self-determination theory, we found that behavioral commitment to intrinsically motivating social values was related to greater life satisfaction and positive affect, whereas being committed to extrinsically motivating values was related to greater negative affect. While age and gender did not moderate these relationships, meaningful age and gender differences emerged across value-based motivations, commitment, and indices of well-being. This work adds to our understanding of how values are a guiding influence for successful navigation of one’s social world.
Every bordered Riemann surface is a complete conformal minimal surface bounded by Jordan curves

In this paper we find approximate solutions of certain Riemann-Hilbert boundary value problems for minimal surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and null holomorphic curves in $\mathbb{C}^n$ for any $n\ge 3$. With this tool in hand we construct complete conformally immersed minimal surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^n$ which are normalized by any given bordered Riemann surface and have Jordan boundaries. We also furnish complete conformal proper minimal immersions from any given bordered Riemann surface to any smoothly bounded, strictly convex domain of $\mathbb{R}^n$ which extend continuously up to the boundary; for $n\ge 5$ we find embeddings with these properties.