LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Anomaly Detection in Data Mining : A Review

Anomaly detection is the new research topic to this new generation researcher in present time. Anomaly detection is a domain i.e., the key for the upcoming data mining. The term ‘data mining’ is referred for methods and algorithms that allow extracting and analyzing data so that find rules and patterns describing the characteristic properties of the information. Techniques of data mining can be applied to any type of data to learn more about hidden structures and connections. In the present world, vast amounts of data are kept and transported from one location to another. The data when transported or kept is informed exposed to attack. Though many techniques or applications are available to secure data, ambiguities exist. As a result to analyze data and to determine different type of attack data mining techniques have occurred to make it less open to attack. Anomaly detection is used the techniques of data mining to detect the surprising or unexpected behaviour hidden within data growing the chances of being intruded or attacked. This paper work focuses on Anomaly Detection in Data mining. The main goal is to detect the anomaly in time series data using machine learning techniques. Keywords— Anomaly Detection; Data Mining; Time Series Data; Machine Learning Techniques.
HIV-1 genital shedding in HIV-infected patients randomized to second-line lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy versus tenofovir/lamivudine/lopinavir/ritonavir.

BACKGROUND
HIV-1 shedding in genital secretions is associated with HIV transmission risk. Limited data exist on the effect of second-line lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy (mLPV/r) on genital secretion of HIV RNA.


METHODS
We measured HIV-1 in genital secretions of HIV-infected adults at time of failure from non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens and at 48 weeks after being randomized to second-line mLPV/r versus tenofovir/lamivudine/LPV/r (TDF/3TC/LPV/r). Plasma and genital secretion (semen, vaginal swab) HIV RNA was quantified by the CobasAmpliprep/TaqMan assay.


RESULTS
Forty enrolled (15 on mLPV/r and 25 on TDF/3TC/LPV/r). Median age was 37.8 years and 35% were male. Median baseline CD4(+) T-cell count was 222 cells/mm(3), plasma HIV RNA was 4.1 log10 copies/ml and genital secretion HIV RNA was 2.3 log10 copies/ml. At week 48, the proportion of patients with plasma HIV RNA<50 copies/ml was 13/15 (87%) in mLPV/r and 21/25 (84%) in TDF/3TC/LPV/r arms. Median genital HIV RNA was significantly decreased from baseline in both arms (P=0.009 in mLPV/r and P=0.001 in TDF/3TC/LPV/r). In subjects with suppressed plasma HIV RNA, 12/34 (35%; 6/13 [46%] in the mLPV/r and 6/21 [29%] in the TDF/3TC/LPV/r arms) had detectable HIV RNA (range 74-957 copies/ml) in the genital secretions (P=0.41). By multivariate analysis, the only predictor of having genital HIV RNA>50 copies/ml at week 48 was baseline genital secretion HIV RNA>50 copies/ml (P=0.049).


CONCLUSIONS
LPV/r either given alone or in combination with TDF/3TC as second-line treatment achieved high genital secretion HIV RNA suppression rate. Genital secretion HIV RNA remained detectable at low levels in one-third of patients with suppressed plasma viraemia.
Joint source and channel coding using turbo codes over rings

Turbo codes are a practical solution for achieving large coding gains. In this letter we present a new turbo coding scheme where the component codes are convolutional codes (CC’s) over the ring of integers moduloM , with M being the alphabet size of the source encoder. The a priori knowledge of the source statistics is used during the iterative decoding procedure for improved decoder performance. As an example of application, we examine differential pulse code modulation (DPCM)-encoded image transmission.
Corrosion behaviors and mechanisms of in-situ Ti-based MGMCs in chloride-containing and chloride-free solutions

Abstract The corrosion behavior of Ti 62 Zr 12 V 13 Cu 4 Be 9 metallic glass matrix composites (MGMCs) in chloride-containing (NaCl and HCl) and chloride-free (NaOH and H 2 SO 4 ) solutions was studied. As a result, Ti 62 Zr 12 V 13 Cu 4 Be 9 MGMCs exhibits better corrosion resistance in chloride-free solutions due to the formation of oxide layer. In comparison, the oxide layer formed in NaOH solution is superior to that formed in H 2 SO 4 solution according to the analysis results of XPS and EIS. The irregularity of elemental and phase distribution in this Ti-based MGMCs material is considered the driving force of the corrosion process. With the inclusion of other factors such as the different pH values and the cathodic reaction, rather reasonable interpretation about the difference of corrosion behaviors of Ti-based MGMCs samples in various media is proposed.
Electronic commerce in China: emerging success stories

Enterprises across the People’s Republic of China (China) seek to gain the benefits of electronic business, but very few of their electronic commerce (e-commerce) initiatives have been successful to date. A recent multiple case study examined some of the exceptions. This paper illustrates the distinctive nature of e-commerce with Chinese characteristics by profiling an online retailer, a traditional B2B intermediary, and an electronic marketplace or marketspace. Their key success factors were found to include the abilities to leverage core capabilities and to overcome institutional deficiencies through relationship building. The prospects for e-commerce in mainland China are related to the development of the rules and infrastructure that are fundamental to a modern market economy. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Updates and Uncertainty in CP-Nets

In this paper we present a two-fold generalization of conditional preference networks (CP-nets) that incorporates uncertainty. CP-nets are a formal tool to model qualitative conditional statements (cp-statements) about preferences over a set of objects. They are inherently static structures, both in their ability to capture dependencies between objects and in their expression of preferences over features of a particular object. Moreover, CP-nets do not provide the ability to express uncertainty over the preference statements. We present and study a generalization of CP-nets which supports changes and allows for encoding uncertainty, expressed in probabilistic terms, over the structure of the dependency links and over the individual preference relations.
A novel method to use fuzzy soft sets in decision making based on ambiguity measure and Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence: An application in medical diagnosis

OBJECTIVE
Recently, fuzzy soft sets-based decision making has attracted more and more interest. Although plenty of works have been done, they cannot provide the uncertainty or certainty of their results. To manage uncertainty is one of the most important and toughest tasks of decision making especially in medicine. In this study, we improve the performance of reducing uncertainty and raising the choice decision level in fuzzy soft set-based decision making.


METHODS AND MATERIAL
We make use of two appropriate tools (ambiguity measure and Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence) to improve fuzzy soft set-based decision making. Our proposed approach consists of three procedures: primarily, the uncertainty degree of each parameter is obtained by using ambiguity measure; next, the suitable basic probability assignment with respect to each parameter (or evidence) is constructed based on the uncertainty degree of each parameter obtained in the first step; in the end, the classical Dempster's combination rule is applied to aggregate independent evidences into the collective evidence, by which the candidate alternatives are ranked and the best alternative will be obtained.


RESULTS
We compare the results of our proposed method with the recent relative works. Through employing our presented approach, in Example 5, the belief measure of the uncertainty falls to 0.0051 from 0.0751; in Example 6, the belief measure of the uncertainty drops to 0.0086 from 0.0547; in Example 7, the belief measure of the uncertainty falls to 0.0847 from 0.1647; in application, the belief measure of the uncertainty drops 0.0001 from 0.0069.


CONCLUSION
Three numerical examples and an application in medical diagnosis are provided to demonstrate adequately that, on the one hand, our proposed method is feasible and efficient; on the other hand, our proposed method can reduce uncertainty caused by people's subjective cognition and raise the choice decision level with the best performance.
Persistent psychological distress in long-term survivors of pediatric sarcoma: the experience at a single institution.

BACKGROUND
The long-term psychological impact of pediatric sarcoma is largely unknown. As part of a cross-sectional study examining the late effects of pediatric sarcoma therapy, we examined whether psychological distress or posttraumatic stress symptoms are present in an adult cohort of pediatric sarcoma survivors.


METHOD
Thirty-four patients participated in the study, an average of 17 years after their treatment ended, each completing the SCID module for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Impact of Events Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic variables and psychosocial issues.


RESULTS
Significant persistent psychological distress characterized this cohort of patients. Seventy-seven percent scored in the clinical range on the BSI. Twelve percent met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Current psychological distress was associated with intrusive thoughts and avoidant behaviors, male gender, employment, difficulty readjusting to work/school after treatment, and enduring worries about health. No differences were found based on age, presence of metastatic disease or time since diagnosis.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first report of a clinical evaluation of psychological distress in a cohort of pediatric sarcoma survivors treated with intensive multimodal cancer therapy. The results suggest that survivors of pediatric sarcoma might be at high risk for adverse psychological outcomes. Appropriate interventions are proposed.
The Second Information Revolution

This article describes a future environment for information systems in which information replaces technology as the primary focus of firms' efforts. The scenario is provoked by an academic research finding, and thus the article also points to a way in which IS researchers might have a greater impact on practice. The contribution of the IT industry to the world economy is also a focus of this vision, in that decreased IT sales contribute to a global recession.
Exemestane for breast cancer prevention: a critical shift?

UNLABELLED
The Mammary Prevention 3 (MAP.3) placebo-controlled randomized trial in 4,560 high-risk postmenopausal women showed a 65% reduction in invasive breast cancer with the use of exemestane at 35 months median follow-up. Few differences in adverse events were observed between the arms, suggesting a promising risk:benefit balance with exemestane for use in chemoprevention. Yet, the MAP.3 design and implementation raise concerns regarding limited data maturity and not prospectively including key bone-related and other toxicities as study end points. Exemestane for prevention is juxtaposed against selective estrogen receptor modulators and the other aromatase inhibitors. Additional issues for prevention, including the influence of obesity, alternative dosing, and biomarker use in phase III trials, are addressed.


SIGNIFICANCE
The recently completed MAP.3 trial of exemestane for breast cancer prevention offers a potential new standard for pharmaceutical risk reduction in high-risk postmenopausal women. In addition to describing key findings from the publication of MAP.3 and related trials, our review undertakes a detailed analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of MAP.3 as well as the implications for future prevention research.
Development of a lower extremity exoskeleton for human performance enhancement

Exoskeletons for human performance augmentation are controlled and wearable devices or machines that can increase the speed, strength, and endurance of the operator. So far most researchers focus on the upper limb exoskeletons. To help those who need to travel long distances by feet with heavy loads such as infantry soldiers, this paper presents a control principle of a lower extremity exoskeleton. An exoskeleton foot is designed to measure the human and the exoskeleton's ZMP. Using the measured human ZMP as the reference together with the human leg position signals, the exoskeleton's ZMP is modified by trunk compensation. Test prototypes and initial experiment results are also demonstrated.
On Page Rank

In this paper the concept of page rank for the world wide web is discussed. The possibility of describing the distribution of page rank by an exponential law is considered. It is shown that the concept is essentially equal to that of status score, a centrality measure discussed already in 1953 by Katz. A structural classification of users in the web is given in terms of graph theoretical concepts.
RF, DC, and reliability characteristics of ALD HfO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laminate MIM capacitors for Si RF IC applications

High-performance metal-insulator-metal capacitors using atomic layer-deposited HfO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laminate are fabricated and characterized for RF and mixed-signal applications. The laminate capacitor can offer high capacitance density (12.8 fF//spl mu/m/sup 2/) up to 20 GHz, low leakage current of 4.9/spl times/10/sup -8/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 2 V and 125/spl deg/C, and small linear voltage coefficient of capacitance of 211 ppm/V at 1 MHz, which can easily satisfy RF capacitor requirements for year 2007 according to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. In addition, effects of constant voltage stress and temperature on leakage current and voltage linearity are comprehensively investigated, and dependences of quadratic voltage coefficient of capacitance (/spl alpha/) on frequency and thickness are also demonstrated. Meanwhile, the underlying mechanisms are also discussed.
Genetic Algorithms for the 0/1 Knapsack Problem

During the last twenty years genetic algorithms [6] and other evolutionary algorithms [11] have been applied to many hard problems with very good results. However, for many constrained problems the results were mixed. It seems, that (in general) there has not been any single accepted strategy to deal with constrained problems: most researchers used some ad-hoc methods for handling problem specific constraints. The reason for this phenomena might be that there is an experimental evidence [10] that incorporation of the problem specific knowledge (i.e., the problem's constraints) into the evolutionary algorithm (i.e., into its chromosomal structures and genetic operators) enhances its performance in a significant way. The constraint-handling techniques for evolutionary algorithms can be grouped into a few categories. One way of dealing with candidates that violate the constraints is to generate potential solutions without considering the constraints and then to penalize them by decreasing the "goodness" of the evaluation function. In other words, a constrained problem is transformed to an unconstrained one by associating a penalty with all constraint violations; these penalties are included in the function evaluation. Of course, there are a variety of possible penalty functions which can be applied. Some penalty functions assign a constant as a penalty measure. Other penalty functions depend on the degree of violation: the larger violation is, the greater penalty is imposed (however, the growth of the function can be logarithmic, linear, quadratic, exponential, etc. with respect to the size of the violation). Each of these categories of penalty functions has its own disadvantages; in [4] Davis wrote:
Dependency of the in vitro stabilization of differentiated functions in liver parenchymal cells on the type of cell line used for co-culture

The differentiation status in cultures of primary rat liver parenchymal cells was determined by measuring the activities of various xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Most enzyme activities dropped rather rapidly in monocultures of parenchymal cells. The protein content and the activities of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase, glutathione S-transferase, andα-naphthol UDP-glucuronosyl transferase were, however, well stabilized in 7-day-old co-cultures of parenchymal cells with two different lines of rat liver nonparenchymal epithelial cells (NEC1 and NEC2). Phenol sulfotransferase and microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity were reduced in this coculture system after 7 days to about 30 and 20% of the initial activity. Generally, higher enzyme activities were measured in co-cultures with one specific epithelial cell line (NEC2) as compared to those with the other line (NEC1). C3H 10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts supported the parenchymal cells even better than the two epithelial lines, because the activity of microsomal epoxide hydrolase was also stabilized. Glutathione transferase activity was increased over time in this co-culture system. Our results show that the differentiation status of liver parenchymal cells was much better stabilized in co-cultures than in monocultures but that, depending on the type of cells used for co-culture, great quantitative differences existed. The entire pattern of xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities could not be stabilized at the kind of levels found in freshly isolated parenchymal cells.
Models for Undergraduate Project Courses in Software Engineering

The software engineering course provides undergraduates with an opportunity to learn something about real-world software development. Since software engineering is far from being a mature engineering discipline, it is not possible to define a completely satisfactory syllabus. Content with a sound basis is in short supply, and the material most often taught is at high risk of becoming obsolete within a few years.
Do we need hundreds of classifiers to solve real world classification problems?

We evaluate 179 classifiers arising from 17 families (discriminant analysis, Bayesian, neural networks, support vector machines, decision trees, rule-based classifiers, boosting, bagging, stacking, random forests and other ensembles, generalized linear models, nearestneighbors, partial least squares and principal component regression, logistic and multinomial regression, multiple adaptive regression splines and other methods), implemented in Weka, R (with and without the caret package), C and Matlab, including all the relevant classifiers available today. We use 121 data sets, which represent the whole UCI data base (excluding the large-scale problems) and other own real problems, in order to achieve significant conclusions about the classifier behavior, not dependent on the data set collection. The classifiers most likely to be the bests are the random forest (RF) versions, the best of which (implemented in R and accessed via caret) achieves 94.1% of the maximum accuracy overcoming 90% in the 84.3% of the data sets. However, the difference is not statistically significant with the second best, the SVM with Gaussian kernel implemented in C using LibSVM, which achieves 92.3% of the maximum accuracy. A few models are clearly better than the remaining ones: random forest, SVM with Gaussian and polynomial kernels, extreme learning machine with Gaussian kernel, C5.0 and avNNet (a committee of multi-layer perceptrons implemented in R with the caret package). The random forest is clearly the best family of classifiers (3 out of 5 bests classifiers are RF), followed by SVM (4 classifiers in the top-10), neural networks and boosting ensembles (5 and 3 members in the top-20, respectively).
A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins

The human distal gut harbours a vast ensemble of microbes (the microbiota) that provide important metabolic capabilities, including the ability to extract energy from otherwise indigestible dietary polysaccharides. Studies of a few unrelated, healthy adults have revealed substantial diversity in their gut communities, as measured by sequencing 16S rRNA genes, yet how this diversity relates to function and to the rest of the genes in the collective genomes of the microbiota (the gut microbiome) remains obscure. Studies of lean and obese mice suggest that the gut microbiota affects energy balance by influencing the efficiency of calorie harvest from the diet, and how this harvested energy is used and stored. Here we characterize the faecal microbial communities of adult female monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs concordant for leanness or obesity, and their mothers, to address how host genotype, environmental exposure and host adiposity influence the gut microbiome. Analysis of 154 individuals yielded 9,920 near full-length and 1,937,461 partial bacterial 16S rRNA sequences, plus 2.14 gigabases from their microbiomes. The results reveal that the human gut microbiome is shared among family members, but that each person’s gut microbial community varies in the specific bacterial lineages present, with a comparable degree of co-variation between adult monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. However, there was a wide array of shared microbial genes among sampled individuals, comprising an extensive, identifiable ‘core microbiome’ at the gene, rather than at the organismal lineage, level. Obesity is associated with phylum-level changes in the microbiota, reduced bacterial diversity and altered representation of bacterial genes and metabolic pathways. These results demonstrate that a diversity of organismal assemblages can nonetheless yield a core microbiome at a functional level, and that deviations from this core are associated with different physiological states (obese compared with lean).
Prophylactic ibuprofen in premature infants: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

BACKGROUND
Ibuprofen is used for treatment and prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in low-birthweight infants. Its effects on regional circulations differ from those of indometacin. Because prophylactic indometacin reduces the frequency of severe intraventricular haemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus, we aimed to study the efficacy of early ibuprofen in reducing these outcomes in a double-blind, multicentre trial.


METHODS
Within 6 h after birth, 415 low-birthweight infants (gestational age <31 weeks) were randomly allocated ibuprofen-lysine (10 mg/kg then two doses of 5 mg/kg after 24 h and 48 h) or placebo intravenously. The primary outcome was occurrence of severe intraventricular haemorrhage; secondary outcomes were occurrence of patent ductus arteriosus and possible adverse effects of ibuprofen. Analysis was by intention to treat.


FINDINGS
17 (8%) of 205 infants assigned ibuprofen and 18 (9%) of 210 assigned placebo developed severe intraventricular haemorrhage (relative risk 0.97 [95% CI 0.51-1.82]). In 172 (84%) infants of the ibuprofen group, the ductus was closed on day 3 compared with 126 (60%) of the placebo group (relative risk 1.40 [1.23-1.59]). No important differences in other outcomes or side-effects were noted; however, urine production was significantly lower on day 1 and concentration of creatinine in serum was significantly higher on day 3 after ibuprofen.


INTERPRETATION
Ibuprofen prophylaxis in preterm infants does not reduce the frequency of intraventricular haemorrhage, but does decrease occurrence of patent ductus arteriosus.