LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The principal continuation and the killer heuristic

An algorithm is presented for obtaining the <italic>principal continuation</italic> in trees searched by two-person game playing programs based on the <italic>Alpha-Beta algorithm</italic>. Moves saved while determining the principal continuation are shown to be good candidates for killer moves when the <italic>killer heuristic</italic> supplements the Alpha-Beta search.
Joint DOA and TDOA estimation for 3D localization of reflective surfaces using eigenbeam MVDR and spherical microphone arrays

Methods of 3D direction of arrival (DOA) estimation, coherent source detection and reflective surface localization are studied, based on recordings by a spherical microphone array. First, the spherical harmonics domain minimum variance distortionless response (EB-MVDR) beamformer is employed for the localization of broadband coherent sources, which is characterized by simpler frequency focusing matrices than the corresponding element-space implementation, and by a higher resolution than conventional spherical array beamformers. After the DOA estimation step, the source signals are extracted by EB-MVDRs. Then, by computing the crosscorrelation functions between the extracted signals, the coherent sources are detected and their time differences of arrival (TDOA) are estimated. Given the positions of the array and the reference source, and the estimated DOA and TDOA of the coherent sources, the positions of the major reflectors can be inferred. Experimental results in a real room validate the proposed method.
Impact of neuromuscular fatigue on match exercise intensity and performance in elite Australian football.

This study aimed to quantify the influence of neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) via flight time to contraction time ratio (FT:CT) obtained from a countermovement jump (CMJ) on the relationships between yo-yo intermittent recovery (level 2) test (yo-yo IR2), match exercise intensity (high-intensity running [HIR] m·min(-1) and Load·min(-1)) and Australian football (AF) performance. Thirty-seven data sets were collected from 17 different players across 22 elite AF matches. Each data set comprised an athlete's yo-yo IR2 score before the start of the season, match exercise intensity via global positioning system and on-field performance rated by coaches' votes and number of ball disposals. Each data set was categorized as normal (>92% baseline FT:CT, n = 20) or fatigued (<92% baseline FT:CT, n = 17) from a single CMJ performed 96 hours after the previous match. Moderation-mediation analysis was completed with yo-yo IR2 (independent variable), match exercise intensity (mediator), and AF performance (dependent variable) with NMF status as the conditional variable. Isolated interactions between variables were analyzed by Pearson's correlation and effect size statistics. The Yo-yo IR2 score showed an indirect influence on the number of ball disposals via HIR m·min(-1) regardless of NMF status (normal FT:CT indirect effect = 0.019, p < 0.1, reduced FT:CT indirect effect = 0.022, p < 0.1). However, the yo-yo IR2 score only influenced coaches' votes via Load·min(-1) in the nonfatigued state (normal: FT:CT indirect effect = 0.007, p <0.1, reduced: FT:CT indirect effect = -0.001, p > 0.1). In isolation, NMF status also reduces relationships between yo-yo IR2 and load·min(-1), yo-yo IR2 and coaches votes, Load·min(-1) and coaches' votes (Δr > 0.1). Routinely testing yo-yo IR2 capacity, NMF via FT:CT and monitoring Load·min(-1) in conjunction with HIR m·min(-1) as exercise intensity measures in elite AF is recommended.
Ensemble Learning with Active Example Selection for Imbalanced Biomedical Data Classification

In biomedical data, the imbalanced data problem occurs frequently and causes poor prediction performance for minority classes. It is because the trained classifiers are mostly derived from the majority class. In this paper, we describe an ensemble learning method combined with active example selection to resolve the imbalanced data problem. Our method consists of three key components: 1) an active example selection algorithm to choose informative examples for training the classifier, 2) an ensemble learning method to combine variations of classifiers derived by active example selection, and 3) an incremental learning scheme to speed up the iterative training procedure for active example selection. We evaluate the method on six real-world imbalanced data sets in biomedical domains, showing that the proposed method outperforms both the random under sampling and the ensemble with under sampling methods. Compared to other approaches to solving the imbalanced data problem, our method excels by 0.03-0.15 points in AUC measure.
Randomized trial of liberal versus restrictive guidelines for red blood cell transfusion in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE
Although many centers have introduced more restrictive transfusion policies for preterm infants in recent years, the benefits and adverse consequences of allowing lower hematocrit levels have not been systematically evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine if restrictive guidelines for red blood cell (RBC) transfusions for preterm infants can reduce the number of transfusions without adverse consequences.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS
We enrolled 100 hospitalized preterm infants with birth weights of 500 to 1300 g into a randomized clinical trial comparing 2 levels of hematocrit threshold for RBC transfusion.


INTERVENTION
The infants were assigned randomly to either the liberal- or the restrictive-transfusion group. For each group, transfusions were given only when the hematocrit level fell below the assigned value. In each group, the transfusion threshold levels decreased with improving clinical status.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
We recorded the number of transfusions, the number of donor exposures, and various clinical and physiologic outcomes.


RESULTS
Infants in the liberal-transfusion group received more RBC transfusions (5.2 +/- 4.5 [mean +/- SD] vs 3.3 +/- 2.9 in the restrictive-transfusion group). However, the number of donors to whom the infants were exposed was not significantly different (2.8 +/- 2.5 vs 2.2 +/- 2.0). There was no difference between the groups in the percentage of infants who avoided transfusions altogether (12% in the liberal-transfusion group versus 10% in the restrictive-transfusion group). Infants in the restrictive-transfusion group were more likely to have intraparenchymal brain hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia, and they had more frequent episodes of apnea, including both mild and severe episodes.


CONCLUSIONS
Although both transfusion programs were well tolerated, our finding of more frequent major adverse neurologic events in the restrictive RBC-transfusion group suggests that the practice of restrictive transfusions may be harmful to preterm infants.
Recombinant human deoxyribonuclease for the treatment of acute asthma in children.

BACKGROUND
Airway obstruction in acute asthma is the result of airway smooth muscle contraction, inflammation and mucus plugging. Case reports suggest that mucolytic therapy might be beneficial in acute asthma. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of the mucolytic drug recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) in addition to standard treatment at the emergency department in children with an asthma exacerbation.


METHODS
In a multicentre randomised double-blind controlled clinical trial, 121 children brought to the emergency room for a moderate to severe asthma exacerbation were randomly assigned to receive either a single dose of 5 mg nebulised rhDNase or placebo following the second dose of bronchodilators. An asthma score (scale 5-15) was assessed at baseline and at 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h. The primary outcome variable was the asthma score 1 h after the study medication.


RESULTS
One hour after the study medication the asthma score in the rhDNase group showed an adjusted mean decrease from baseline of 1.0 (95% CI 0.5 to 1.6) points compared with 0.7 (95% CI 0.3 to 1.2) points in the placebo group (mean difference 0.4 (95% CI -0.2 to 1.0) points; p = 0.23). The asthma score over the study period of 24 h also did not differ significantly between the rhDNase and placebo group (mean difference 0.2 (95% CI -0.3 to 0.7) points, p = 0.40). The duration of oxygen supplementation and number of bronchodilator treatments in the first 24 h were similar in both groups.


CONCLUSION
Adding a single dose of nebulised rhDNase to standard treatment in the emergency room has no beneficial effects in children with moderate to severe acute asthma.
Development of 2.4GHz one-sided directional planar antenna with quarter wavelength top metal

For mobile communication systems, small size and low profile antennas are necessary. Planar printed antennas such as slot antenna and microstrip antenna are attractive for their use in mobile and wireless communication systems due to their low profile compact size [1], [2]. However, because of the electro-magnetic interference, radiation of omni directional antenna such as the slot antenna is remarkably deteriorated if the metal block of RFIC (radio frequency integrated circuit) or body of a car approaches to the back of the antenna. Patch antenna is one of the solutions to overcome these problems [3]. However, radiation efficiency and bandwidth of a patch antenna decreases rapidly as the thickness of the substrate decreases, and also one-sided directional patch antenna has large ground plane. Therefore, miniaturized antennas on thinner substrate are necessary for future 3-dimension packaging techniques in integrating with RF-chips. In our previous works, we presented the design theory of the one-sided directional electrically small antenna (ESA) composed of an impedance matching circuit, a half wavelength (λ/2) top metal and a bottom floating metal layer for IMS (@2.4GHz) application [4].
The Topsfield Foundation: Fostering Democratic Community Building through Face-to-Face Dialogue.

The authors interview Paul Aicher, founder of the Topsfield Foundation, Inc., and Martha McCoy, executive director of the Study Circles Resource Center, about the challenges of creating an effective, replicable model for citizen engagement through communitywide study circle programs.
Psychological factors and delayed healing in chronic wounds.

OBJECTIVE
Studies have shown that stress can delay the healing of experimental punch biopsy wounds. This study examined the relationship between the healing of natural wounds and anxiety and depression.


METHODS
Fifty-three subjects (31 women and 22 men) were studied. Wound healing was rated using a five-point Likert scale. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), a well-validated psychometric questionnaire. Psychological and clinical wound assessments were each conducted with raters and subjects blinded to the results of the other assessment.


RESULTS
Delayed healing was associated with a higher mean HAD score (p = .0348). Higher HAD anxiety and depression scores (indicating "caseness") were also associated with delayed healing (p = .0476 and p = .0311, respectively). Patients scoring in the top 50% of total HAD scores were four times more likely to have delayed healing than those scoring in the bottom 50% (confidence interval = 1.06-15.08).


CONCLUSIONS
The relationship between healing of chronic wounds and anxiety and depression as measured by the HAD was statistically significant. Further research in the form of a longitudinal study and/or an interventional study is proposed.
Simply Typed Lambda-Calculus Modulo Type Isomorphisms

We define a simply typed, non-deterministic lambda-calculus where isomorphic types are equated. To this end, an equivalence relation is settled at the term level. We then provide a proof of strong normalisation modulo equivalence. Such a proof is a non-trivial adaptation of the reducibility method.
Determinants of Effective Information Technology Governance : A Study of IT Intensity

Recent increases in the importance of information technology (IT), as a strategic factor for organisations in achieving their objectives, have raised the concern of organisations in establishing and implementing effective IT governance. This study seeks to examine empirically the individual IT governance mechanisms that influence the overall effectiveness of IT governance, by taking into account the level of IT intensity within organisations. Obtaining the sample data by using web based survey from 176 members of ISACA (Information Systems and Audit Control Association) Australia, this study examined the influences of six proposed IT governance mechanisms on the overall effectiveness of IT governance. Using Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression techniques, this study found significant positive relationships between the overall level of effective IT governance and the following four IT governance mechanisms: an IT strategy committee, the involvement of senior management in IT, the existence of ethics/ culture of compliance in IT, and corporate communication systems.
Adolescent daily cigarette smoking: is rural residency a risk factor?

INTRODUCTION
Daily cigarette smoking among US adolescents remains a significant public health problem. Understanding risk is important in order to develop strategies to reduce this type of tobacco use.


PURPOSE
The primary objective of this research was to examine whether rural residency is an independent risk factor for being a daily smoker among adolescents ages 12 to 18 years.


METHODS
This is a cross-sectional study where univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed on a merged 1997-2003 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System dataset to determine whether rural residence was a significant risk factor for daily cigarette smoking, after adjusting for demographic factors.


RESULTS
Using daily smoking as the dependent variable, initial multivariate analyses revealed that adolescents who lived either in suburban (OR=.34, CI=.32, .36) or urban (OR=.33, CI=.31, .35) locales were less likely to become daily smokers than adolescents living in rural locales. Subsequent logistic regression analysis yielded that rural youths who became daily smokers were more likely to: have used smokeless tobacco products in the past 12 months (OR=1.25, CI=1.04,1.51); be female (OR=1.42, CI=1.23, 1.64); be Caucasian (OR=1.53, CI=1.28, 1.84); have first smoked a whole cigarette when they were 12 years of age or younger (OR=2.08, CI=1.82, 2.38); and have smoked at school in the past 30 days (OR=14.52, CI=11.97, 17.60).


CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that rural residency is a risk factor for tobacco use among US youth.
Identification of patient-reported distress by clinical nurse specialists in routine oncology practice: a multicentre UK study.

BACKGROUND
There is uncertainty regarding how well clinical nurse specialists are able to identify distress in cancer settings.


METHODS
We examined recognition of patient-reported distress by nurse specialists across three sites in the East Midlands (UK). Clinicians were asked to report on their clinical opinion regarding the presence of distress or any mental health complication after routine assessment of 401 mixed cancer patients. Patient-reported distress was defined by the distress thermometer at a cut-off of 4 or higher.


RESULTS
We found that the prevalence of patient-reported distress was 45.4%. The rates for mild, moderate and severe distress were: 23.4, 13.7 and 8.2, respectively. When looking for distress (or any mental health complication) nurse practitioners had a detection sensitivity of 50.5% and specificity 80.0%. Cohen's kappa suggested fair agreement between staff and patients. Examining predictors of distress, clinicians were better able to recognise higher severities of distress (adjusted R(2) =0.87 P=0.001). There was lower sensitivity in palliative stages but no differences according to the type of cancer. There was also higher sensitivity but lower specificity in those clinicians with high self-rated confidence.


CONCLUSIONS
Nurses working in cancer settings have difficulty identifying distress using their routine clinical judgement and tend to make more false-negative than false-positive errors. Evidence-based strategies that improve detection of mild and moderate distress are required in routine cancer care.
Lung biopsy using harmonic scalpel: a randomised single institute study.

OBJECTIVE
Applicability of harmonic scalpel in lung biopsy was investigated in a randomised single institute study.


METHODS
Safety of the method, morbidity, drainage duration and in-hospital stays were compared in two randomised groups of patients in which either ultrasonic harmonic scalpel (n:20) or endostapler (n:20) were used for pulmonary biopsies during VATS.


RESULTS
An advantage of 16min in average operation time was found in favour of the harmonic scalpel (30.75 vs 46.9min) which was significant. There were no differences in average drainage duration (40.2 vs 30.6h) and pleural fluid volume (258 vs 232ml). Minor complication rates (3 vs 3) were identical and in-hospital stays (7.6 vs 7.2 days) were also similar.


CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the vibration transmission method was shown not to be inferior to the standard endostapling technique. A safe new method offers an alternative technique for peripherial lung biopsy.
Diffusion-weighted imaging and cognition in the leukoariosis and disability in the elderly study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The mechanisms by which leukoariosis impacts on clinical and cognitive functions are not yet fully understood. We hypothesized that ultrastructural abnormalities of the normal-appearing brain tissue (NABT) assessed by diffusion-weighted imaging played a major and independent role.


METHODS
In addition to a comprehensive clinical, neuropsychologic, and imaging work-up, diffusion-weighted imaging was performed in 340 participants of the multicenter leukoariosis and disability study examining the impact of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on 65- to 85-year old individuals without previous disability. WMH severity was rated according to the Fazekas score. Multivariate regression analysis served to assess correlations of histogram metrics of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of whole-brain tissue, NABT, and of the mean ADC of WMH with cognitive functions.


RESULTS
Increasing WMH scores were associated with a higher frequency of hypertension, a greater WMH volume, more brain atrophy, worse overall cognitive performance, and changes in ADC. We found strong associations between the peak height of the ADC histogram of whole-brain tissue and NABT with memory performance, executive dysfunction, and speed, which remained after adjustment for WMH lesion volume and brain atrophy and were consistent among centers. No such association was seen with the mean ADC of WMH.


CONCLUSIONS
Ultrastructural abnormalities of NABT increase with WMH severity and have a strong and independent effect on cognitive functions, whereas diffusion-weighted imaging metrics within WMH have no direct impact. This should be considered when defining outcome measures for trials that attempt to ameliorate the consequences of WMH progression.
Development of student teachers' understanding of conditions for life, cycles of matter and energy flow in an aquatic ecosystem - a case study

Development of student teachers' understanding of conditions for life, cycles of matter and energy flow in an aquatic ecosystem - a case study
A pilot study of the use of EEG-based synchronized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (sTMS) for treatment of Major Depression

BACKGROUND
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and is based upon delivery of focal high-energy pulses of electromagnetic stimulation. We postulated that delivery of rTMS at the subject's individual alpha frequency (synchronized TMS, or sTMS) would achieve efficacy with lower energy of stimulation. We developed a device that rotates neodymium cylindrical magnets at three locations along the midline above the subject's scalp to impart low-energy, sinusoidal-waveform magnetic brain stimulation over a broad area, and performed this efficacy study.


METHOD
Fifty-two subjects with MDD were enrolled in a randomized, sham controlled, double-blind treatment study (Trial Registration: NCT01683019). Forty-six subjects were included in the final analysis. Most subjects received concurrent antidepressant medications that remained unchanged during the study. Subjects were randomized to three treatment groups: 1) active sTMS with a fixed frequency at the subject's alpha frequency; 2) active sTMS with a random stimulus frequency that varied between 8 Hz and 13 Hz; and, 3) sham sTMS. 20 half-hour sTMS sessions were administered 5 days per week for 4 weeks.


RESULTS
Subjects with either fixed or random frequency active sTMS had statistically significantly greater percentage reduction in depression severity compared to sham (48.5% vs. 19.3%, respectively; p = 0.001). No significant difference was found between fixed and random groups (p = 0.30). No significant side effects were reported.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that sTMS may be an effective treatment for MDD.
French literature, thought and culture in the nineteenth century : a material world : essays in honour of D.G. Charlton

List of Illustrations - Preface - Notes on the Contributors - A Tribute to Donald Geoffrey Charlton and a Bibliography of his Writings C.W.Thompson - Romanticism and the Material World: Mind, Nature and Analogy C.Crossley - Materialism in Nineteenth-Century France M.Kelly - Managing Democratic Change: the Politics of Materialism in the Work of Alexis de Tocqueville D.Hanley - Producing, Retailing, Consuming: France 1830-70 R.Magraw - Things, Distinction and Decay in Nineteenth-Century French Literature B.Rigby - From Neo-Classical to Romantic Aesthetics: The Status of the Material World in Nineteenth-Century French Drama W.D.Howarth - Towards the Materiality of the Sign: Aesthetics and Poetics in Nineteenth-Century France D.Scott - No Object too Humble? Still Life Painting in French Art Criticism during the Second Empire J.Kearns - Unstable Objects: acropole and barbarie in Rimbaud's Villes I M.Treharne - Immaterial Views? Science, Intransigence and the Female Spectator of Modern French Art in 1879 A.Callen - Object Choices: Taste and Fetichism in Flaubert's L'Education sentimentale D.Knight - Bibliography - Index
Monetary and Capital Markets Department What Determines Government Spending Multipliers ? Prepared by

This paper studies how the effects of government spending vary with the economic environment. Using a panel of OECD countries, we identify fiscal shocks as residuals from an estimated spending rule and trace their macroeconomic impact under different conditions regarding the exchange rate regime, public indebtedness, and health of the financial system. The unconditional responses to a positive spending shock broadly confirm earlier findings. However, conditional responses differ systematically across exchange rate regimes, as real appreciation and external deficits occur mainly under currency pegs. We also find output and consumption multipliers to be unusually high during times of financial crisis. JEL Classification Numbers: E62, E63, F41