LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Examining the impact of off-task multi-tasking with technology on real-time classroom learning

The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of multi-tasking with digital technologies while attempting to learn from real-time classroom lectures in a university setting. Four digitally-based multi-tasking activities (texting using a cell-phone, emailing, MSN messaging and Facebook ) were compared to 3 control groups (paper-and-pencil note-taking, word-processing note-taking and a natural use of technology condition) over three consecutive lectures. Comparisons indicated that participants in the Facebook and MSN conditions performed more poorly than those in the paper-and-pencil use control. Follow-up analyses were required to accommodate the substantial number of students who failed to comply with the limited use of technology specified by their assigned conditions. These analyses indicated that participants who did not use any technologies in the lectures outperformed students who used some form of technology. Consistent with the cognitive bottleneck theory of attention (Welford, 1967) and contrary to popular beliefs, attempting to attend to lectures and engage digital technologies for off-task activities can have a detrimental impact on learning. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The adherence of GPs to guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of lower urinary tract infections in women is poor.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the adherence of GPs to evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and management of lower urinary tract infection (UTI) in women.


METHODS
A cross-sectional study was performed from March to July 2009 in primary care offices. Physicians consecutively registered the first six UTI attended during an 8-week period. Age, days with symptoms, episode of infection, associated morbidity, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures performed, antibiotic prescription, allergies and referral or not were registered. The type of antibiotic course (short or long) and first-choice treatments were also taken into account.


RESULTS
Of 176 physicians invited to participate, 110 (62.5%) included 658 women with lower UTI. Urine dipstick was performed in 550 cases (83.6%) and urine culture was requested in 235 women (35.7%), with criteria for culture in 49.6% and without criteria in 32.8%. Antibiotic treatment was administered in 634 cases (96.4%). Short courses were given to 385 women (60.7%) and 75 of those with complicated UTI were treated with long courses (66.4%). First-choice antibiotics were administered as empiric treatment in only 92 women with uncomplicated UTI (17.7%).


CONCLUSIONS
These results highlight the poor adherence of GPs to the current recommendations of clinical practice guidelines with a high number of inappropriate urine cultures requested and a low utilization of first-choice antibiotics.
A minimal nonfinitely based semigroup whose variety is polynomially recognizable

We exhibit a 6-element semigroup that has no finite identity basis but nevertheless generates a variety whose finite membership problem admits a polynomial algorithm.
Impact of visit-to-visit glycemic variability on the risks of macrovascular and microvascular events and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes: the ADVANCE trial.

OBJECTIVE
There is no consensus on the importance of visit-to-visit glycemic variability in diabetes. Therefore, we assessed the effects of visit-to-visit variability (VVV) in HbA1c and fasting glucose on major outcomes in the ADVANCE (Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation) trial.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
ADVANCE was a factorial randomized controlled trial of intensive glucose control and blood pressure lowering in patients with type 2 diabetes. VVV in the intensive glucose treatment group was defined using the SD of five measurements of HbA1c and glucose taken 3-24 months after randomization. Outcomes were combined macro- and microvascular events and all-cause mortality occurring post 24 months. Sensitivity analyses were performed using other indices of variability and in the standard glucose treatment group.


RESULTS
Among 4,399 patients in the intensive group, an increase in VVV of HbA1c was associated with an increased risk of vascular events (P = 0.01) and with mortality (P < 0.001): highest versus lowest tenth hazard ratio (95% CI) 1.64 (1.05-2.55) and 3.31 (1.57-6.98), respectively, after multivariable adjustment. A clear association was also observed between VVV of fasting glucose and increased risk of vascular events (P < 0.001; 2.70 [1.65-4.42]). HbA1c variability was positively associated with the risk of macrovascular events (P = 0.02 for trend), whereas glucose variability was associated with both macro- and microvascular events (P = 0.005 and P < 0.001 for trend, respectively). Sensitivity analyses using other indices, and patients in the standard glucose treatment group, were broadly consistent with these results.


CONCLUSIONS
Consistency of glycemic control is important to reduce the risks of vascular events and death in type 2 diabetes.
Reading Strategies Used by Advanced Korean and Chinese ESL Graduate Students: A Case Study.

_______________________ Research in second language acquisition and reading in particular indicate that certain literacy skills transfer across languages. This study examines the reading strategies used by advanced Korean and Chinese ESL learners. Particular attention is devoted to how word recognition and processing skills developed in learners’ native languages (L1) may influence the type of strategies used in determining meanings of unfamiliar words when reading in English (L2). Given that Korean is an alphabetic language and Chinese is an ideographic language, we hypothesize that Korean ESL learners would generally use phonological processing strategies, while Chinese ESL learners would generally use visual-orthographic processing strategies. Six graduate-level students, three from each language background, were asked to read two different texts. Through oral recall, structured interviews, and questionnaire of reading strategies, we examine the kinds of strategies used and the level of comprehension achieved by the participants. Findings confirm the hypothesis that Korean ESL learners tend to rely on phonological, while Chinese ESL learners tend to rely on visualorthographic strategies when reading English texts. The learners’ English language proficiency, however, may be a more important factor contributing to the level of L2 reading comprehension achieved rather than the strategies used. ________________________ Introduction This study examines the reading strategies used by advanced Korean and Chinese ESL learners when reading academic texts. We focus on the kinds of strategies used by each group of learners and examine the characteristics of the strategies preferred by each group of students. We explore the possibility that certain strategy preferences are effects of the transfer of processing skills developed in L1 and that the differences in processing skills may lead to different levels of comprehension. Although scholars in the field have studied the effects of transfer on decoding skills with participants of different L1 backgrounds, relatively little research has examined the influence of transfer on reading comprehension, particularly the comparative effects of different L1s on comprehension. This study is an attempt to address this gap in the field.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - New Paradigm in Evolutionary Computation

The aim of this study is to develop a new evolutionary computation paradigm in terms of molecular biology. Standard genetic algorithms are heuristics inspired by the simplified model of natural evolution and genetics. The latest discoveries and innovations from molecular biology, related to the conventional central dogma of molecular biology, generate the necessity of updating the genetic algorithms, although successfully applied in various complex tasks. In this direction, the research in Evolutionary Computation requires a reconsideration of the concepts and theories underlying the development of these popular optimization techniques. Since the emergence of the new features is important in the evolution, the DNA code requires progress. Evolutionary Computation which is based on the mutation and the natural selection can be reconsidered in terms of protein synthesis and reverse transcription. From the computational perspective, a biological phenomenon might be interpreted in various forms in order to obtain reliable computational techniques.
A HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR MANAGING REQUIREMENTS OF DATA WAREHOUSE SYSTEMS

Quantitive evaluations show that many data warehouse projects fail at an alarming rate, wasting all the time, money, and effort spent on them. Cost overruns and schedule delays are attributed in large part, to problems associated with requirements. Therefore, a crucial success factor for the implementation of data warehouse systems is efficient requirements management. In this paper we introduce the easyREMOTE (easy Requirements Modeling Technique for Data WareHouses) requirements management approach, which facilitates an incremental and iterative development of complete, correct, feasible, necessary, prioritized, unambiguous, and verifiable data warehouse requirements. As a foundation we present a requirements specification template with consideration of different stakeholder perspectives and the typical characteristics of data warehouse systems. We discuss traditional requirements management activities (change control, version control, status tracking, requirements tracing) in the context of data warehouse environments and extend these traditional activities to support more efficient requirements documentation and visibility.
Hair breakage as a presenting sign of early or occult central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: clinicopathologic findings in 9 patients.

BACKGROUND
Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia is the most common form of cicatricial alopecia in African American women. Treatment options are limited and mostly aimed at halting further hair loss but rarely result in hair regrowth. Therefore, it is important to recognize early clinical signs, perform a confirmatory biopsy, and begin treatment promptly. We have observed that hair breakage may be a key sign of early central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, and this association is not clearly described in the literature.


OBSERVATIONS
Nine patients with hair breakage on the vertex with or without scalp symptoms underwent scalp biopsies as part of their evaluation. Of these, 8 had histologic samples adequate for complete interpretation: 5 specimens (63%) showed histologic changes typical of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, with 1 of these showing advanced end-stage changes of cicatricial alopecia. Two (25%) revealed premature desquamation of the inner root sheath as the sole finding suggestive of early central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia and 1 (13%) was normal.


CONCLUSIONS
Although hair breakage can have multiple causes, early central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia must be considered in the differential diagnosis, particularly in women of African ancestry. Histologic evaluation may reveal early or late findings that can help establish the diagnosis.
Benign lesions of larynx-A clinical study.

OBJECTIVE
A climical study was undertaken to analyze the age, sex distribution and symptomatology, sites of involvement and the prognosis of the common types of benign lesions of larynx.


STUDY DESIGN
A five year retrospective study from 1997 to 2002.


SETTING
KMC Hospital Attavar -A tertiary referral hospital.


PATIENTS
A total of 42 patients with benign laryngeal lesions were included based on symptomatology such as hoarseness of voice, foreign body sensation, throat pain, neck mass and cough and with positive clinical findings on indirect laryngoscopy and neck examination. The patients ranged from 7-80 years. All non-operative cases and malignant cases were excluded. Diagnostic hematological and radiological investigations and therapeutic microlyryngoscopic procedures were employed.


RESULTS
A male preponderance with M:F ratio of 3∶1 was observed. Majority of the patients were in the 30-40 age group. Vocal polyps were the commonest type of lesion. In our study, hoarseness of voice, cough, foreign body sensation and throat pain proved to be the commonest symptoms.


CONCLUSIONS
Micro laryngeal surgery and voice rest offer a cost effective, useful and safe method for management of benign laryngeal lesions.
Double-blind, randomized, prospective comparison of loading doses of 600 mg clopidogrel versus 60 mg prasugrel in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction scheduled for primary percutaneous intervention: the ETAMI trial (early thienopyridine treatment to improve primary PCI in 

OBJECTIVES
This study compared the timing of onset of antiplatelet action after treatment with clopidogrel and prasugrel at first medical contact in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) scheduled for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).


BACKGROUND
Little is known about the timing of onset of antiplatelet action after a pre-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) loading dose of clopidogrel or prasugrel in patients with STEMI.


METHODS
This double-blind, prospective study randomized 62 patients with STEMI scheduled for PPCI in the ambulance or the emergency department to 60 mg prasugrel (n = 31) or 600 mg clopidogrel (n = 31). The primary endpoint was the platelet reactivity index (PRI) measured with the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein assay 2 h after intake of the study medication. Secondary endpoints were PRI after 4 h, TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) patency of the infarct-related artery before and after PCI, and clinical events until day 30.


RESULTS
The PRI after 2 h (50.4 ± 32.7% vs. 66.3 ± 22.2%; p = 0.035) and after 4 h (39.1 ± 27.5% vs. 54.5 ± 49.3%; p = 0.038) were significantly lower with prasugrel compared with clopidogrel. In addition, the rate of patients with a PRI <50% tended to be higher with prasugrel compared with clopidogrel after 2 h (46.7% vs. 28.6%; p = 0.15) and after 4 h (63.0% vs. 38.9%; p = 0.06). There were no significant differences in TIMI 2/3 patency before PCI (39.2% vs. 31.0%; p = 0.43) and TIMI 3 patency after PCI (88.5% vs. 89.3%; p = 0.92).


CONCLUSIONS
The pre-PCI administration of prasugrel in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI was associated with a significant faster platelet inhibition compared with clopidogrel. Therefore, prasugrel should be preferred to clopidogrel in this setting. (ETAMI-Study: Early Thienopyridine Treatment to Improve Primary PCI in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction; NCT01327534).
Where is the study of population geography heading

The results are summarized of the 1991 Survey of the International Geographical Union undertaken by the Commission on Population Geography. Two divergent themes concerning the subdisciplines future are described. One involves focusing on the spatial distribution of population the other involves a broader approach that is practically indistinguishable from human geography in general. Most survey respondents feel that the distinction between population geography and demography should be preserved. (ANNOTATION)
Non-linear PCA: a missing data approach

MOTIVATION
Visualizing and analysing the potential non-linear structure of a dataset is becoming an important task in molecular biology. This is even more challenging when the data have missing values.


RESULTS
Here, we propose an inverse model that performs non-linear principal component analysis (NLPCA) from incomplete datasets. Missing values are ignored while optimizing the model, but can be estimated afterwards. Results are shown for both artificial and experimental datasets. In contrast to linear methods, non-linear methods were able to give better missing value estimations for non-linear structured data.


APPLICATION
We applied this technique to a time course of metabolite data from a cold stress experiment on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and could approximate the mapping function from any time point to the metabolite responses. Thus, the inverse NLPCA provides greatly improved information for better understanding the complex response to cold stress.


CONTACT
scholz@mpimp-golm.mpg.de.
Systematic Polar Coding

Polar codes were originally introduced as a class of non-systematic linear block codes. This paper gives encoding and decoding methods for systematic polar coding that preserve the low-complexity nature of non-systematic polar coding while guaranteeing the same frame error rate. Simulation results are given to show that systematic polar coding offers significant advantages in terms of bit error rate performance.
Primary User Emulation Attack in Cognitive Radio Networks : A Survey

Cognitive radio is a promising technology aiming to solve the spectrum scarcity problem by allocating the spectrum dynamically to unlicensed users. It uses the free spectrum bands which are not being used by the licensed users without causing interference to the incumbent transmission. So, spectrum sensing is the essential mechanism on which the entire communication depends. If the spectrum sensing result is violated, the entire networks activities will be disrupted. Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA) is one of the major threats to the spectrum sensing, which decreases the spectrum access probability. In this paper, our objectives are to give the various security issues in cognitive radio networks and then to discuss the PUEA with the existing techniques to mitigate it. Keywords-cognitive radio; spectrum sensing; PUEA
A Qualitative Study of Cancer Information Seeking Among English-as-a-Second-Language Older Chinese Immigrant Women to Canada: Sources, Barriers, and Strategies

Little is known about the cancer information seeking experiences of Chinese immigrants despite reported disparities in cancer burden and use of cancer screening. This research used semi-structured interviews to the explore cancer information seeking preferences and experiences of 50 English-as-a-second-language older Chinese immigrant women to Canada with different levels of health literacy. Directed content analysis was used to identify three main themes: sources of cancer information, barriers to cancer information seeking, and strategies used during information seeking. Health literacy did not distinguish the women on any of the major themes. The women expressed strong preferences for interpersonal and interactive cancer information from their physician and trusted others, such as friends and family. Barriers to cancer information seeking included language difficulties and limited time with physicians. The results emphasize the need for cancer information that reinforces cultural norms, language familiarity, and other values specific to cultural identities, such as interpersonally oriented values.
A comparison of the health status after percutaneous coronary intervention at a hospital with and without on-site cardiac surgical backup: a randomized trial in nonemergent patients.

BACKGROUND
Prospective randomized trials comparing the coronary artery disease-related health status outcomes (changes in symptom grade, physical functional capacity and health-related quality of life) after percutaneous coronary intervention at hospitals with and without on-site cardiac surgical backup have not been reported earlier.


METHODS
We randomly assigned 609 consecutive patients fulfilling pre-specified procedural low-risk criteria to undergo percutaneous coronary intervention at either a community hospital without or a regional hospital with on-site surgical backup. Five hundred and seventy-six patients completed the health status evaluation at baseline and at 6 months follow-up.


RESULTS
At baseline, 91.4% had symptoms, and the mean (standard deviation) Canadian Cardiovascular Society's classification was 2.5 (0.9). The procedural success rates and the changes in health status measures were similar at the two hospitals. Overall there was a substantial relief of symptoms with a reduction in Canadian Cardiovascular Society's classification of 1.9 (1.2), increase in exercise time [1.4 (1.9) min] and reduction in use of antianginal drugs [0.6 (0.9) less drugs] at follow-up compared with baseline (all P<0.001). Health-related quality of life was evaluated with the Short-Form 36 health survey. There were significant and similar improvements in nearly all multi-item and summary scores from baseline to follow-up at the two hospitals. The largest improvements were seen in items related to physical functioning [overall change in Physical Component Score from baseline to follow-up 6.9 (9.1) points, P<0.001] and lowest in the mental health domains [change in Mental Component Score 3.3 (10.7) points, P<0.001].


INTERPRETATION
This study shows that a substantial and comparable gain in coronary artery disease-related health status can be achieved at hospitals both with and without surgical backup.
Prolactin level during 5 years of risperidone treatment in patients with psychotic disorders.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate prolactin levels and related side effects in 128 men and 90 women initially treated with risperidone.


METHOD
Patients initially treated with risperidone were followed over 5 years, during which 45% were switched to other antipsychotic drugs.


RESULTS
Initially, prolactin levels were fivefold the norm in women, and threefold in men. Diagnosis did not affect the prolactin level if adjustment for sex, current age, and age at onset of psychosis was applied. Prolactin levels did not correlate significantly neither with any Positive and Negative Symptom Scale item or subscale, nor with side effects. Drugs other than risperidone were not associated with high prolactin levels. For patients on continuous monotherapy risperidone treatment, there was a marked linear reduction of prolactin level over all 5 years.


CONCLUSION
Risperidone induces a higher prolactin elevation than other atypical antipsychotics, but the effect adapts over time. Prolactin was not associated with expected side effects (e.g. sexual, mental, or weight gain).
Introduction to Modern Digital Holography: With Matlab

Get up to speed with digital holography with this concise and straightforward introduction to modern techniques and conventions. Building up from the basic principles of optics, this book describes key techniques in digital holography, such as phase-shifting holography, low-coherence holography, diffraction tomographic holography, and optical scanning holography. Practical applications are discussed, and accompanied by all the theory necessary to understand the underlying principles at work. A further chapter covers advanced techniques for producing computer-generated holograms. Extensive MATLAB code is integrated with the text throughout and is available for download online, illustrating both theoretical results and practical considerations such as aliasing, zero padding, and sampling. Accompanied by end-of-chapter problems, and an online solutions manual for instructors, this is an indispensable resource for students, researchers, and engineers in the fields of optical image processing and digital holography.