LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
NO RETREAT NO SURRENDER CONFLICT FOR SURVIVAL BETWEEN FULANI PASTORALISTS AND FARMERS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

Our herd is our life because to every nomad life is worthless without his cattle. What do you expect from us when our source of existence is threatened? The encroachment of grazing fields and routes by farmers is a call to war (HameSaidu, a Pastoralist, Wuse, 2009-IRIN, 2009). The continuing Fulani Pastoralists’ militancy for the survival of their cattle makes fierce struggle and violent conflicts with farmers inevitable. As Farmers continuously encroach into the grazing routes, they leave the Fulani with no alternative to neither retreat nor surrender. The traditional practices that focus on the close integration between raising of livestock and enhanced farming have posed serious dialectics in the dynamic relationships between pastoralists and farmers in Northern Nigeria. Northern Nigeria is a plural society with the potential for conflict. However, the conflicts between Fulani pastoralists and farmers in Northern Nigeria are essentially economic in nature, irrespective of the religious, cultural and political colourations that might be diluted to advance certain objectives. Migrant pastoralists in Nigeria are made up of many ethnic groups and the largest being the Fulbe or Fulani; constituting over 90%. The Fulani are well integrated amongst the sedentary Hausa farmers, who emigrated into Northern Nigeria from the Senegambia Valley several centuries ago (Adebayo, 1995). The availability of ecological, economic, environmental as well as social factors explain the need for posture, market proximity and the reciprocal social relationship with the host community. A combination of these factors increases the potential for conflicts in northern Nigeria (Blench, 1994, Tolnab, 2001, Fabusoro, 2006).
Identification of factors which affect the tendency towards and attitudes of emergency unit nurses to make medical errors.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To determine individual and professional factors affecting the tendency of emergency unit nurses to make medical errors and their attitudes towards these errors in Turkey.


BACKGROUND
Compared with other units, the emergency unit is an environment where there is an increased tendency for making medical errors due to its intensive and rapid pace, noise and complex and dynamic structure.


DESIGN
A descriptive cross-sectional study.


METHODS
The study was carried out from 25 July 2014-16 September 2015 with the participation of 284 nurses who volunteered to take part in the study. Data were gathered using the data collection survey for nurses, the Medical Error Tendency Scale and the Medical Error Attitude Scale.


RESULTS
It was determined that 40.1% of the nurses previously witnessed medical errors, 19.4% made a medical error in the last year, 17.6% of medical errors were caused by medication errors where the wrong medication was administered in the wrong dose, and none of the nurses filled out a case report form about the medical errors they made. Regarding the factors that caused medical errors in the emergency unit, 91.2% of the nurses stated excessive workload as a cause; 85.1% stated an insufficient number of nurses; and 75.4% stated fatigue, exhaustion and burnout.


CONCLUSIONS
The study showed that nurses who loved their job were satisfied with their unit and who always worked during day shifts had a lower medical error tendency.


RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
It is suggested to consider the following actions: increase awareness about medical errors, organise training to reduce errors in medication administration, develop procedures and protocols specific to the emergency unit health care and create an environment which is not punitive wherein nurses can safely report medical errors.
Students' perceptions of ICT-related support in teaching placements

Recent research has shown that students’ use of information and communications technology (ICT) on teaching practice is necessary for effective future use of ICT in the classroom. However, this paper reports that there are a number of factors affecting the use of ICT by studentteachers in their school placements. All 110 student-teachers attending one university’s eight Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) courses completed a questionnaire on their attitudes to ICT in learning and teaching and their initial experiences of the application of ICT in schools. In-depth interviews with the student-teachers, as well as university tutors and teachers, revealed a range of issues that reflected how student-teachers perceive their school-based ICT training and what they think could improve their experiences. Recommendations are offered for the improvement of the ICT school experiences for student-teachers until teacher training is completed and improved ICT infrastructure is in place in schools. The overriding conclusion is that schools must be supported and resourced properly, and teachers must have effective ICT training, before improvements in school-based ICT development for studentteachers can be achieved.
Control flow analysis

Any static, global analysis of the expression and data relationships in a program requires a knowledge of the control flow of the program. Since one of the primary reasons for doing such a global analysis in a compiler is to produce optimized programs, control flow analysis has been embedded in many compilers and has been described in several papers. An early paper by Prosser [5] described the use of Boolean matrices (or, more particularly, connectivity matrices) in flow analysis. The use of “dominance” relationships in flow analysis was first introduced by Prosser and much expanded by Lowry and Medlock [6]. References [6,8,9] describe compilers which use various forms of control flow analysis for optimization. Some recent developments in the area are reported in [4] and in [7].
 The underlying motivation in all the different types of control flow analysis is the need to codify the flow relationships in the program. The codification may be in connectivity matrices, in predecessor-successor tables, in dominance lists, etc. Whatever the form, the purpose is to facilitate determining what the flow relationships are; in other words to facilitate answering such questions as: is this an inner loop?, if an expression is removed from the loop where can it be correctly and profitably placed?, which variable definitions can affect this use?
 In this paper the basic control flow relationships are expressed in a directed graph. Various graph constructs are then found and shown to codify interesting global relationships.
Cell Penetrating Peptides: Intracellular Pathways and Pharmaceutical Perspectives

Cell penetrating peptides, generally categorized as amphipathic or cationic depending on their sequence, are increasingly drawing attention as a non-invasive delivery technology for macromolecules. Delivery of a diverse set of cargo in terms of size and nature ranging from small molecules to particulate cargo has been attempted using different types of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) in vitro and in vivo. However, the internalization mechanism of CPPs is an unresolved issue to date, with dramatic changes in view regarding the involvement of endocytosis as a pathway of internalization. A key reason for the lack of consensus on the mechanism can be attributed to the methodology in deciphering the internalization mechanism. In this review, we highlight some of the methodology concerns, focus more on the internalization pathway and also provide a novel perspective about the intracellular processing of CPPs, which is a crucial aspect to consider when selecting a cell penetrating peptide as a drug delivery system. In addition, recent applications of cell penetrating peptides for the delivery of small molecules, peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, nanoparticles and liposomes have been reviewed.
senceless, stigmatik, ballad Balderdash : the political construction of Sir John Suckling as Cavalier poet

1
EFFECT ON THE DURATION OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION OF IDENTIFYING PATIENTS CAPABLE OF BREATHING SPONTANEOUSLY

A BSTRACT Background Prompt recognition of the reversal of respiratory failure may permit earlier discontinuation of mechanical ventilation, without harm to the patient. Methods We conducted a randomized, controlled trial in 300 adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation in medical and coronary intensive care units. In the intervention group, patients underwent daily screening of respiratory function by physicians, respiratory therapists, and nurses to identify those possibly capable of breathing spontaneously; successful tests were followed by two-hour trials of spontaneous breathing in those who met the criteria. Physicians were notified when their patients successfully completed the trials of spontaneous breathing. The control subjects had daily screening but no other interventions. In both groups, all clinical decisions, including the decision to discontinue mechanical ventilation, were made by the attending physicians. Results Although the 149 patients randomly assigned to the intervention group had more severe disease, they received mechanical ventilation for a median of 4.5 days, as compared with 6 days in the 151 patients in the control group (P 0.003). The median interval between the time a patient met the screening criteria and the discontinuation of mechanical ventilation was one day in the intervention group and three days in the control group (P 0.001). Complications — removal of the breathing tube by the patient, reintubation, tracheostomy, and mechanical ventilation for more than 21 days — occurred in 20 percent of the intervention group and 41 percent of the control group (P 0.001). The number of days of intensive care and hospital care was similar in the two groups. Total costs for the intensive care unit were lower in the intervention group (median, $15,740, vs. $20,890 in the controls; P 0.03); hospital costs were lower, though not significantly so (median, $26,229 and $29,048, respectively; P 0.3). Conclusions Daily screening of the respiratory function of adults receiving mechanical ventilation, followed by trials of spontaneous breathing in appropriate patients and notification of their physicians when the trials were successful, can reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation and the cost of intensive care and is associated with fewer complications than usual care. (N Engl J Med 1996;335:1864-9.)
CMOS-Compatible Hybrid Plasmonic Slot Waveguide for On-Chip Photonic Circuits

For development of on-chip photonic circuits, a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible hybrid plasmonic slot waveguide is proposed. The characteristics of its guided hybrid modes at a wavelength of 1.55 μm are investigated by the finite-element method. The combination of a Si gate and metallic features of a CMOS electronic device provides both subwavelength light confinement and long propagation length with high power intensity. The characteristics of the guided hybrid mode are improved by optimizing the configurations of the Si core. The proposed hybrid plasmonic slot waveguide is compatible not only with the silicon electronics fabrication processes but also with the metallic features of CMOS electronic devices.
Deep Query Ranking for Question Answering over Knowledge Bases

We study question answering systems over knowledge graphs which map an input natural language question into candidate formal queries. Often, a ranking mechanism is used to discern the queries with higher similarity to the given question. Considering the intrinsic complexity of the natural language, finding the most accurate formal counter-part is a challenging task. In our recent paper [1], we leveraged Tree-LSTM to exploit the syntactical structure of input question as well as the candidate formal queries to compute the similarities. An empirical study shows that taking the structural information of the input question and candidate query into account enhances the performance, when compared to the baseline system.
Internet of People, Things and Services - The Convergence of Secur ity, Trust and Pr ivacy

Abstr act. The Future Internet will consist of billions of people, things and services having the potential to interact with each other and their environment. This highly interconnected global network structure presents new types of challenges from a security, trust and privacy perspective. An example of such a challenge is the handling of an access request to obtain a blood pressure reading: from a monitor (thing) attached to a person (people); supported by a mobile health clinic (service). Furthermore, the patient may request that his/her health data should exclude his/her biographical details and may be released only to trustable health organizations. The IoPTS(security,trust,privacy) structure presented in this paper is a first attempt in simplifying this complex integration of security, trust and privacy issues.
Genetic association and brain morphology studies and the chromosome 8p22 pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1) gene in susceptibility to schizophrenia.

CONTEXT
There is evidence of linkage to a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on chromosome 8p21-22 found by several family linkage studies.


OBJECTIVES
To fine map and identify a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia on chromosome 8p22 and to investigate the effect of this genetic susceptibility on an endophenotype of abnormal brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging.


DESIGN
Fine mapping and identification of a chromosome 8p22 susceptibility gene was carried out by finding linkage disequilibrium between genetic markers and schizophrenia in multiply affected families, a case-control sample, and a trio sample. Variation in brain morphology associated with pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1) alleles was examined using voxel-based morphometry and statistical parametric mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. Setting and Patients A family sample of 13 large families multiply affected with schizophrenia, 2 schizophrenia case-control samples from the United Kingdom and Scotland, and a sample of schizophrenic trios from the United States containing parents and 1 affected child with schizophrenia.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Tests of transmission disequilibrium between PCM1 locus polymorphisms and schizophrenia using a family sample and tests of allelic association in case-control and trio samples. Voxel-based morphometry using statistical parametric mapping.


RESULTS
The family and trio samples both showed significant transmission disequilibrium between marker D85261 in the PCM1 gene locus and schizophrenia. The case-control sample from the United Kingdom also found significant allelic association between PCM1 gene markers and schizophrenia. Voxel-based morphometry of cases who had inherited a PCM1 genetic susceptibility showed a significant relative reduction in the volume of orbitofrontal cortex gray matter in comparison with patients with non-PCM1-associated schizophrenia, who, by contrast, showed gray matter volume reduction in the temporal pole, hippocampus, and inferior temporal cortex.


CONCLUSIONS
The PCM1 gene is implicated in susceptibility to schizophrenia and is associated with orbitofrontal gray matter volumetric deficits.
Frontomaxillary and mandibulomaxillary facial angles at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks in fetuses with trisomy 18.

OBJECTIVE
To define the relative position of the maxilla and mandible in fetuses with trisomy 18 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation.


METHODS
A three-dimensional (3D) volume of the fetal head was obtained before karyotyping at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation in 36 fetuses subsequently found to have trisomy 18, and 200 chromosomally normal fetuses. The frontomaxillary facial (FMF) angle and the mandibulomaxillary facial (MMF) angle were measured in a mid-sagittal view of the fetal face.


RESULTS
In the chromosomally normal group both the FMF and MMF angles decreased significantly with crown-rump length (CRL). In the trisomy 18 fetuses the FMF angle was significantly greater and the angle was above the 95(th) centile of the normal range in 21 (58.3%) cases. In contrast, in trisomy 18 fetuses the MMF angle was significantly smaller than that in normal fetuses and the angle was below the 5(th) centile of the normal range in 12 (33.3%) cases.


CONCLUSIONS
Trisomy 18 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation is associated with both mid-facial hypoplasia and micrognathia or retrognathia that can be documented by measurement of the FMF angle and MMF angle, respectively.
Multirate digital filters, filter banks, polyphase networks, and applications: a tutorial

A Tutorial Multirate digital filters and filter banks find application in communications , speech processing, image compression, antenna systems , analog voice privacy systems, and in the digital audio industry. During the last several years there has been substantial progress in multirate system research. This includes design of decimation and interpolation filters, analysis/synthesis filter banks (also called quadrature mirror filters, or QMFJ, and the development of new sampling theorems. First, the basic concepts and building blocks in multirate digital signal processing (DSPJ, including the digital polyphase representation, are reviewed. Next, recent progress as reported by several authors in this area is discussed. Several applications are described, including the following: subband coding of waveforms, voice privacy systems, integral and fractional sampling rate conversion (such as in digital audio), digital crossover networks , and multirate coding of narrow-band filter coefficients. The M-band QMF bank is discussed in considerable detail, including an analysis of various errors and imperfections. Recent techniques for perfect signal reconstruction in such systems are reviewed. The connection between QMF banks and other related topics, such as block digital filtering and periodically time-varying systems, based on a pseudo-circulant matrix framework, is covered. Unconven-tional applications of the polyphase concept are discussed.
Effects of hippotherapy on postural stability, in persons with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effectiveness of hippotherapy as an intervention for the treatment of postural instability in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS).


SUBJECTS
A sample of convenience of 15 individuals with MS (24-72 years) were recruited from support groups and assessed for balance deficits.


METHODS
This study was a nonequivalent pretest-posttest comparison group design. Nine individuals (4 males, 5 females) received weekly hippotherapy intervention for 14 weeks. The other 6 individuals (2 males, 4 females) served as a comparison group. All participants were assessed with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) at 0, 7, and 14 weeks.


RESULTS
The group receiving hippotherapy showed statistically significant improvement from pretest (0 week) to posttest (14 week) on the BBS (mean increase 9.15 points (x (2) = 8.82, p = 0.012)) and POMA scores (mean increase 5.13 (x (2) = 10.38, p = 0.006)). The comparison group had no significant changes on the BBS (mean increase 0.73 (x (2) = 0.40, p = 0.819)) or POMA (mean decrease 0.13 (x (2) = 1.41, p = 0.494)). A statistically significant difference was also found between the groups' final BBS scores (treatment group median = 55.0, comparison group median 41.0), U = 7, r = -0.49.


DISCUSSION
Hippotherapy shows promise for the treatment of balance disorders in persons with MS. Further research is needed to refine protocols and selection criteria.
Adaptation into Spanish of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) and preliminary validation in a student sample

There is growing interest in the assessment of positive mental health as a global indicator of societal wealth. We aimed to adapt the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being scale (WEMWBS) into Spanish and to perform a preliminary evaluation of its metric properties. Forward and back-translations and cognitive debriefing were carried out. University students (n = 148) were recruited to evaluate the final Spanish version, following the UK original study. Distribution of WEMWBS responses, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, construct validity, and factor structure were assessed. Only 4 (out of 14) items of the initial Spanish version were not rated as conceptually and linguistically equivalent to the original and were modified. The final version was clear and comprehensible. Global score’s Cronbach’s alpha (0.90), item-total score correlations (0.44–0.76), and test–retest ICC (0.84) were all satisfactory. Moderate to high correlations (r = 0.45–0.70) were observed between the WEMWBS and validity scales. Preliminary confirmatory factor analyses did not support the hypothesis of a single factor. A conceptually equivalent Spanish version of the WEMWBS was obtained with high internal consistency, good test–retest reliability, and similar construct validity as the original instrument. Further validity and factorial studies are necessary in larger and more heterogeneous samples.
Serial casting versus positioning for the treatment of elbow contractures in adults with traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of serial casting with positioning for 1 hour per day for the treatment of elbow flexion contracture in adults with traumatic brain injury.


DESIGN
Pragmatic randomized controlled trial with concealed allocation and assessor blinding.


SETTING
Four brain injury rehabilitation units.


SUBJECTS
Twenty-six adults with elbow flexion contracture after traumatic brain injury participating in multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation.


INTERVENTIONS
Subjects were randomized to receive either serial casting or positioning for two weeks. In the subsequent four weeks subjects could be positioned for up to 1 hour/day.


MAIN MEASURES
Torque-controlled passive elbow extension was measured at baseline, post-intervention (two weeks), post-intervention plus one day, and at follow-up (four weeks post-intervention).


RESULTS
All 26 subjects completed the study. Post-intervention, serial casting reduced contracture by an average of 22 degrees (95% confidence interval (CI) 13 to 31; P <0.001) compared with the positioning group. One day later this effect had decreased to 11 degrees (95% CI 0 to 21 degrees; P= 0.052). The effect had almost completely disappeared at the four-week follow-up (mean 2 degrees, 95% CI -13 to 17; P= 0.782).


CONCLUSIONS
Serial casting induces transient increases in range of motion. These effects are not maintained.
Biofunctionalization of Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy surface by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Part II

Abstract The surface of Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy was modified in 0.1 M calcium hypophosphite (Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 ) solutions via the addition of tricalcium phosphate, wollastonite or silica powders using a plasma electrolytic oxidation process. Depending on the anodizing bath chemical composition and applied voltage, various oxide layers were formed on the substrate. The morphology, cross-section and chemical composition of the Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy surface were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (TL-XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The surface roughness of the oxide layers was also measured. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was examined using potentiodynamic polarization in Ringer's solution. The surface modification improved their corrosion resistance in physiological fluid.