LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC) data collection process for nodule detection and annotation

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES
The Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC) is developing a publicly available database of thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans as a medical imaging research resource to promote the development of computer-aided detection or characterization of pulmonary nodules. To obtain the best estimate of the location and spatial extent of lung nodules, expert thoracic radiologists reviewed and annotated each scan. Because a consensus panel approach was neither feasible nor desirable, a unique two-phase, multicenter data collection process was developed to allow multiple radiologists at different centers to asynchronously review and annotate each CT scan. This data collection process was also intended to capture the variability among readers.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Four radiologists reviewed each scan using the following process. In the first or "blinded" phase, each radiologist reviewed the CT scan independently. In the second or "unblinded" review phase, results from all four blinded reviews were compiled and presented to each radiologist for a second review, allowing the radiologists to review their own annotations together with the annotations of the other radiologists. The results of each radiologist's unblinded review were compiled to form the final unblinded review. An XML-based message system was developed to communicate the results of each reading.


RESULTS
This two-phase data collection process was designed, tested, and implemented across the LIDC. More than 500 CT scans have been read and annotated using this method by four expert readers; these scans either are currently publicly available at http://ncia.nci.nih.gov or will be in the near future.


CONCLUSIONS
A unique data collection process was developed, tested, and implemented that allowed multiple readers at distributed sites to asynchronously review CT scans multiple times. This process captured the opinions of each reader regarding the location and spatial extent of lung nodules.
Diuretic response in acute heart failure-an analysis from ASCEND-HF.

BACKGROUND
Diuretic unresponsiveness often occurs during hospital admission for acute heart failure (AHF) and is associated with adverse outcome. This study aims to investigate determinants, clinical outcome, and the effects of nesiritide on diuretic response early after admission for AHF.


METHODS
Diuretic response, defined as weight loss per 40 mg of furosemide or equivalent, was examined from hospital admission to 48 hours in 4,379 patients from the ASCEND-HF trial. As an additional analysis, a urinary diuretic response metric was investigated in 5,268 patients using urine volume from hospital admission to 24 hours per 40 mg of furosemide or equivalent.


RESULTS
Mean diuretic response was -0.42 kg/40 mg of furosemide (interquartile range -1.0, -0.05). Poor responders had lower blood pressure, more frequent diabetes, long-term use of loop diuretics, poorer baseline renal function, and lower urine output (all P < .01). Randomized nesiritide treatment was not associated with diuretic response (P = .987). Good diuretic response was independently associated with a significantly decreased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality or heart failure rehospitalization (odds ratio 0.44, 95% CI 0.29-0.65, highest vs lowest quintile, P < .001). Diuretic response based on urine output per 40 mg of furosemide showed similar results in terms of clinical predictors, association with outcome, and the absence of an effect of nesiritide.


CONCLUSIONS
Poor diuretic response early after hospital admission for AHF is associated with low blood pressure, renal impairment, low urine output, and an increased risk of death or rehospitalization early after discharge. Nesiritide had a neutral effect on diuretic response.
THE INFLUENCE OF CONSUMERS ’ PERCEPTION OF GREEN PRODUCTS ON GREEN PURCHASE INTENTION

Green consumerism has increasingly received attention since the increased level of consumer awareness towards green products. Therefore, the aim of this paper had been to examine the influence of consumer perception of green products on green purchase intention. In this study, perception of green products was conceptualized as a multidimensional variable comprised of green corporate perception, eco-label, green advertising, green packaging, and green product value. By using a survey, a total of 159 questionnaires from respondents aged above 18 in Sabah were collected. The results demonstrated that within consumer perception; green corporate perception, eco-label, and green product value had positive significant influences on green purchase intention. The findings also revealed that eco-label and green product value made the largest contribution in influencing green purchase intention among consumers. In contrast, both green advertising and green packaging had no significant impact on consumer intention to purchase green products. © 2014 AESS Publications. All Rights Reserved. International Journal of Asian Social Science ISSN(e): 2224-4441/ISSN(p): 2226-5139 journal homepage: http://www.aessweb.com/journals/5007 International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2014, 4(8): 924-939 © 2014 AESS Publications. All Rights Reserved. 925
Characterization of Porous Silicon Using Terahertz Differential Time-Domain Spectroscopy

Porous silicon (PS) films of different porosities are investigated using Terahertz Differential Time-Domain spectroscopy (THz-DTDS). Preliminary measurements indicate a power law type of behavior in the PS conductivity response.
A tem study of oxides formed on ultrafine Fe, Cr and FeCr particles

Abstract High resolution electron microscopy (HREM), electron diffraction (ED) and energy dispersie X-ray analysis (EDX) are used to analyze surface oxides on ultrafine Fe, Cr and FeCr particles. The following oxides are observed: Fe 3 O 4 on Fe particles, CrO 2 on Cr particles, FeCr 2 O 4 or γ-Fe 2 O 3 on FeCr particles depending on the oxidation process. FeCr 2 O 4 is only observed when the particles are thoroughly passivated and no further oxidation is possible. Some passivated FeCr alloy particles show the σ-phase. When a very strong oxidation occurs, i.e. the particles burn, holes are observed in the interior of the FeCr particles.
Probability Estimates for Multi-class Classification by Pairwise Coupling

Pairwise coupling is a popular multi-class classification method that combines together all pairwise comparisons for each pair of classes. This paper presents two approaches for obtaining class probabilities. Both methods can be reduced to linear systems and are easy to implement. We show conceptually and experimentally that the proposed approaches are more stable than two existing popular methods: voting and [3].
Positive attitude in cancer: patients' perspectives.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To describe what being positive means for patients undergoing treatment for cancer.


RESEARCH APPROACH
Qualitative, descriptive approach.


SETTING
Specialist cancer clinic in a large metropolitan hospital in Sydney, Australia.


PARTICIPANTS
11 patients with cancer currently being treated at a cancer clinic for a variety of cancers.


METHODOLOGIC APPROACH
Semistructured interviews that were audiotaped, transcribed, and thematically analyzed for content related to being positive.


MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Patients' definitions of positive and negative attitude, their perceptions of the importance of attitude during their cancer journey, and any factors that influenced their perceived attitude.


FINDINGS
For patients, positive attitude was defined as optimism for the day and getting though everyday events of the journey by taking control rather than focusing on the future. Factors that affected patients' positive attitude were their relationships with their specialists, people around them being positive and supportive, and having a pleasant environment at home and at the treatment center. Patients found expectations of them to be positive as being detrimental.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with cancer must be positive for the present rather than the future.


INTERPRETATION
Nurses need to inspire and support patients' positivity while undergoing treatment for cancer. Nurses should not force their own value system on them nor treat them differently if they do not conform to societal expectations to be positive and optimistic for the future.
Circadian Adaptation to Night Shift Work Influences Sleep, Performance, Mood and the Autonomic Modulation of the Heart

Our aim was to investigate how circadian adaptation to night shift work affects psychomotor performance, sleep, subjective alertness and mood, melatonin levels, and heart rate variability (HRV). Fifteen healthy police officers on patrol working rotating shifts participated to a bright light intervention study with 2 participants studied under two conditions. The participants entered the laboratory for 48 h before and after a series of 7 consecutive night shifts in the field. The nighttime and daytime sleep periods were scheduled during the first and second laboratory visit, respectively. The subjects were considered "adapted" to night shifts if their peak salivary melatonin occurred during their daytime sleep period during the second visit. The sleep duration and quality were comparable between laboratory visits in the adapted group, whereas they were reduced during visit 2 in the non-adapted group. Reaction speed was higher at the end of the waking period during the second laboratory visit in the adapted compared to the non-adapted group. Sleep onset latency (SOL) and subjective mood levels were significantly reduced and the LF∶HF ratio during daytime sleep was significantly increased in the non-adapted group compared to the adapted group. Circadian adaptation to night shift work led to better performance, alertness and mood levels, longer daytime sleep, and lower sympathetic dominance during daytime sleep. These results suggest that the degree of circadian adaptation to night shift work is associated to different health indices. Longitudinal studies are required to investigate long-term clinical implications of circadian misalignment to atypical work schedules.
Consequences of changing biodiversity

Human alteration of the global environment has triggered the sixth major extinction event in the history of life and caused widespread changes in the global distribution of organisms. These changes in biodiversity alter ecosystem processes and change the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change. This has profound consequences for services that humans derive from ecosystems. The large ecological and societal consequences of changing biodiversity should be minimized to preserve options for future solutions to global environmental problems.
Acupuncture for Cancer-Induced Bone Pain?

Bone pain is the most common type of pain in cancer. Bony metastases are common in advanced cancers, particularly in multiple myeloma, breast, prostate or lung cancer. Current pain-relieving strategies include the use of opioid-based analgesia, bisphosphonates and radiotherapy. Although patients experience some pain relief, these interventions may produce unacceptable side-effects which inevitably affect the quality of life. Acupuncture may represent a potentially valuable adjunct to existing strategies for pain relief and it is known to be relatively free of harmful side-effects. Although acupuncture is used in palliative care settings for all types of cancer pain the evidence-base is sparse and inconclusive and there is very little evidence to show its effectiveness in relieving cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP). The aim of this critical review is to consider the known physiological effects of acupuncture and discuss these in the context of the pathophysiology of malignant bone pain. The aim of future research should be to produce an effective protocol for treating CIBP with acupuncture based on a sound, evidence-based rationale. The physiological mechanisms presented in this review suggest that this is a realistic objective.
Developmetrics A checklist for testing measurement invariance

The analysis of measurement invariance of latent constructs is important in research across groups, or across time. By establishing whether factor loadings, intercepts and residual variances are equivalent in a factor model that measures a latent concept, we can assure that comparisons that are made on the latent variable are valid across groups or time. Establishing measurement invariance involves running a set of increasingly constrained Structural Equation Models, and testing whether differences between these models are significant. This paper provides a step-by-step guide in analyzing Measurement Invariance.
Adenovirus-mediated Foxp3 expression in lung epithelial cells ameliorates acute radiation-induced pneumonitis in mice

Forkhead transcription factor 3 (Foxp3) has a critical role in regulatory T cells (Treg). There are an increasing number of researches concerning the functions of Foxp3 in other cells, including lung epithelial cells besides Treg. However, the roles of Foxp3 in lung epithelial cells remain poorly understood. To examine the potential therapeutic benefits of Foxp3 for lung inflammation, this study investigates the effect of adenovirus-mediated Foxp3 overexpression in a radiation-induced lung damage model. Foxp3-EGFP expressing adenovirus was administered by intratracheal injection three times over 14 days after focal X-ray irradiation. To evaluate effects of Foxp3 overexpression in radiation-induced lung inflammation, immune cell profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were analyzed. Foxp3 gene-delivered mice showed significant inhibition of immune cell infiltration, such as eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils in BAL fluid. Histopathological analysis also showed that Foxp3 overexpression inhibits inflammatory cell recruitment and collagen deposition in lung tissues. In addition, expression of inflammatory and fibrosis-related genes was decreased in the Foxp3 expression adenovirus-infected group. These results suggest that Foxp3 expression in lungs holds considerable therapeutic potential for attenuating inflammation and fibrosis in radiation-induced lung injury.
My hands shake--classification and treatment of tremor.

BACKGROUND
Tremor is the most common movement disorder in the community and is defined as a rhythmic oscillatory movement of a body part. Classification of tremors is helpful for accurate diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Most tremors can be separated according to the state in which they occur, that is, during rest or action. Other clinical features, including frequency, amplitude and associated neurological signs, further define tremor.


OBJECTIVE
This article describes some of the important clinical clues that reliably separate tremors, including the rest tremors of Parkinson disease and vascular midbrain lesions, or the action tremors of enhanced physiological tremor, essential tremor and dystonic tremor.


DISCUSSION
Numerous treatment strategies exist for tremor, but focused, selective use of appropriate medications requires accurate clinical diagnosis. Diagnostic certainty is essential as functional neurosurgery (deep brain stimulation) offers a realistic treatment option for many patients with severe tremor.
How much ambiguity aversion?: Finding indifferences between Ellsberg's risky and ambiguous bets

Experimental results on the Ellsberg paradox typically reveal behavior that is commonly interpreted as ambiguity aversion. The experiments reported in the current paper find the objective probabilities for drawing a red ball that make subjects indifferent between various risky and uncertain Ellsberg bets. They allow us to examine the predictive power of alternative principles of choice under uncertainty, including the objective maximin and Hurwicz criteria, the sure-thing principle, and the principle of insufficient reason. Contrary to our expectations, the principle Parts of the experimental data were gathered while Lisa Stewart was a researcher in the Harvard Psychology Department and Alex Voorhoeve was a Faculty Fellow at Harvard’s Safra Center for Ethics. We thank the Decision Science Laboratory at Harvard and the ELSE laboratory at University College London for the use of their facilities, and the Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD) for financial support. Ken Binmore thanks the British Economic and Social Research Council through the Centre for Economic Learning and Social Evolution (ELSE), the British Arts and Humanities Research Council through grant AH/F017502 and the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant 295449. Alex Voorhoeve thanks the Safra Center for Ethics for its Faculty Fellowship and the British Arts and Humanities Research Council through grant AH/J006033/1. Results were presented at Bristol University, the European University Institute in Florence, Harvard University, the LSE, the University of Siena, and the University of York (UK). We thank Richard Bradley, Barbara Fasolo, Joshua Greene, Glenn Harrison, Jimmy Martinez, Katie Steele, Joe Swierzbinski, Peter Wakker, the Editors of and an anonymous referee for the JRU, and those present at our seminars for their comments. K. Binmore Economics Department, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK L. Stewart Psychology Department, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia A. Voorhoeve ( ) Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics, London, WC2E 2AE, UK e-mail: a.e.voorhoeve@lse.ac.uk 216 J Risk Uncertain (2012) 45:215–238 of insufficient reason performed substantially better than rival theories in our experiment, with ambiguity aversion appearing only as a secondary phenomenon.
Sources of growth. The entrepreneurial versus the managed economy

The purpose of this paper is to suggest that a fundamental shift in Europe, along with the other OECD countries, is taking place. This shift is from the managed economy to the entrepreneurial economy. While politicians and policy makers have made a plea for guidance in the era of entrepreneurship, scholars have been slow to respond. The purpose of this paper is to make a first step identifying and articulating these differences. We do this by contrasting the most fundamental elements of the newly emerging entrepreneurial economy with those of the managed economy. We identify fifteen trade-offs confronting these two polar worlds. The common thread throughout these trade-offs is the increased role of new and small enterprises in the entrepreneurial economy. A particular emphasis is placed on changes in economic policy demanded by the entrepreneurial economy vis-à-vis the managed economy. We then explore whether restructuring towards the entrepreneurial economy has been conducive to economic growth and job creation. Our empirical analysis links the stage of the transition towards an entrepreneurial economy to the growth rates of European countries over a recent period. We find that those countries which have introduced a greater element of entrepreneurship have been rewarded with additional growth. JEL Classification: O0, L0
Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 2: A review of prevention programs aimed to modify risk factors and to reduce injury rates

Soccer is the most commonly played sport in the world, with an estimated 265 million active soccer players participating in the game as on 2006. Inherent to this sport is the higher risk of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) relative to other sports. ACL injury causes a significant loss of time from competition in soccer, which has served as the strong impetus to conduct research that focuses to determine the risk factors for injury, and more importantly, to identify and teach techniques to reduce this injury in the sport. This research emphasis has afforded a rapid influx of literature aimed to report the effects of neuromuscular training on the risk factors and the incidence of non-contact ACL injury in high-risk soccer populations. The purpose of the current review is to sequence the most recent literature relating the effects of prevention programs that were developed to alter risk factors associated with non-contact ACL injuries and to reduce the rate of non-contact ACL injuries in soccer players. To date there is no standardized intervention program established for soccer to prevent non-contact ACL injuries. Multi-component programs show better results than single-component preventive programs to reduce the risk and incidence of non-contact ACL injuries in soccer players. Lower extremity plyometrics, dynamic balance and strength, stretching, body awareness and decision-making, and targeted core and trunk control appear to be successful training components to reduce non-contact ACL injury risk factors (decrease landing forces, decrease varus/valgus moments, and increase effective muscle activation) and prevent non-contact ACL injuries in soccer players, especially in female athletes. Pre-season injury prevention combined with an in-season maintenance program may be advocated to prevent injury. Compliance may in fact be the limiting factor to the overall success of ACL injury interventions targeted to soccer players regardless of gender. Thus, interventional research must also consider techniques to improve compliance especially at the elite levels which will likely influence trickle down effects to sub-elite levels. Future research is also needed for male soccer athletes to help determine the most effective intervention to reduce the non-contact ACL injury risk factors and to prevent non-contact ACL injuries.
ATLAS: A Small but Complete SQL Extension for Data Mining and Data Streams

DBMSs have long suffered from SQL’s lack of power and extensibility. We have implemented ATLaS [1], a powerful database language and system that enables users to develop complete data-intensive applications in SQL—by writing new aggregates and table functions in SQL, rather than in procedural languages as in current Object-Relational systems. As a result, ATLaS’ SQL is Turing-complete [7], and is very suitable for advanced data-intensive applications, such as data mining and stream queries. The ATLaS system is now available for download along with a suite of applications [1] including various data mining functions, that have been coded in ATLaS’ SQL, and execute with a modest (20–40%) performance overhead with respect to the same applications written in C/C++. Our proposed demo will illustrate the key features and applications of ATLaS. In particular, we will demonstrate:
PIRAT - A System for Quantitative Sewer Pipe Assessment

Sewers are aging, expensive assets that attract public attention only when they fail. Sewer operators are under increasing pressure to minimise their maintenance costs, while preventing sewer failures. Inspection can give early warning of failures and allow economical repair under noncrisis conditions. Current inspection techniques are subjective and detect only gross defects reliably. They cannot provide the data needed to confidently plan long-term maintenance. This paper describes PIRAT, a quantitative technique for sewer inspection. PIRAT measures the internal geometry of the sewer and then analyses these data to detect, classify, and rate defects automatically using artificial intelligence techniques. We describe the measuring system and present and discuss geometry results for different types of sewers. The defect analysis techniques are outlined and a sample defect report presented. PIRAT’s defect reports are compared with reports from the conventional technique and the discrepancies discussed. We relate PIRAT to other work in sewer robotics. KEY WORDS—sewer inspection robot, sewer condition assessment, neural network