LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Teacher Turnover and Non-Pecuniary Factors.

This paper studies teacher mobility using matched employee-employer panel data from Norwegian primary and lower secondary schools. The Norwegian institutional set-up with completely centralized wage setting for teachers is ideal to analyze the effect of non-pecuniary job attributes on quit decisions. We find that teachers tend to leave schools with high share of minority students and high share of students with special needs. In addition, the composition of teachers and the school size affect the propensity to quit. These results are robust across different econometric specifications and sub-samples. JEL classification: I29; J44; J45; J63
Android Malware Detection & Protection: A Survey

Android has become the most popular smartphone operating system. This rapidly increasing adoption of Android has resulted in significant increase in the number of malwares when compared with previous years. There exist lots of antimalware programs which are designed to effectively protect the users’ sensitive data in mobile systems from such attacks. In this paper, our contribution is twofold. Firstly, we have analyzed the Android malwares and their penetration techniques used for attacking the systems and antivirus programs that act against malwares to protect Android systems. We categorize many of the most recent antimalware techniques on the basis of their detection methods. We aim to provide an easy and concise view of the malware detection and protection mechanisms and deduce their benefits and limitations. Secondly, we have forecast Android market trends for the year up to 2018 and provide a unique hybrid security solution and take into account both the static and dynamic analysis an android application. Keywords—Android; Permissions; Signature
Coupling level set/VOF/ghost fluid methods: Validation and application to 3D simulation of the primary break-up of a liquid jet

Numerical simulations are carried out to describe the dense zone of a spray where very little information is available, either from experimental or theoretical approaches. Interface tracking is ensured by the level set method and the ghost fluid method (GFM) is used to capture accurately sharp discontinuities for pressure, density and viscosity. The level set method is coupled with the VOF method for mass conservation. The level set–VOF coupling is validated on 2D and 3D test cases. The level set–ghost fluid method is applied to the Rayleigh instability of a liquid jet. Preliminary results are then presented for 3D simulation of the primary break-up of a turbulent liquid jet with the level set–VOF–ghost fluid method. 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Substrate- and species-dependent inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated transport: implications for predicting in vivo drug interactions.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-based drug interactions are a major concern in the clinic and in preclinical drug development, especially with respect to the intestinal absorption of drugs and distribution of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. Thus, there is significant interest in developing in vitro (e.g., cell culture) and in vivo models (e.g., rodents) to predict such interactions. In order to generate accurate predictions from these models, however, an understanding of the magnitude of substrate- and species-dependent differences in P-gp inhibition is required. We have used a sensitive flow cytometry assay to measure the ability of various drugs to inhibit the initial rate of accumulation of two fluorescent drug analogs (probe substrates), 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s -indacene (BODIPY)-verapamil and BODIPY-prazosin, into Lewis lung carcinoma-porcine kidney 1 (LLC-PK1) cells expressing human or rat P-gp. The inhibition of P-gp-mediated efflux of these two fluorescent substrates by several drugs, including quinidine and itraconazole, was found to be substrate- and/or species-dependent. These data suggest that to provide accurate prediction of clinically significant P-gp drug interactions, multiple P-gp substrates will need to be used in both in vitro and in vivo (including human) drug interaction studies. In addition, extrapolation of P-gp-based drug interaction in rodents to humans must be conducted with caution.
Integrin-linked kinase modulates longevity and thermotolerance in C. elegans through neuronal control of HSF-1

Integrin-signaling complexes play important roles in cytoskeletal organization and cell adhesion in many species. Components of the integrin-signaling complex have been linked to aging in both Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, but the mechanism underlying this function is unknown. Here, we investigated the role of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a key component of the integrin-signaling complex, in lifespan determination. We report that genetic reduction of ILK in both C. elegans and Drosophila increased resistance to heat stress, and led to lifespan extension in C. elegans without majorly affecting cytoskeletal integrity. In C. elegans, longevity and thermotolerance induced by ILK depletion was mediated by heat-shock factor-1 (HSF-1), a major transcriptional regulator of the heat-shock response (HSR). Reduction in ILK levels increased hsf-1 transcription and activation, and led to enhanced expression of a subset of genes with roles in the HSR. Moreover, induction of HSR-related genes, longevity and thermotolerance caused by ILK reduction required the thermosensory neurons AFD and interneurons AIY, which are known to play a critical role in the canonical HSR. Notably, ILK was expressed in neighboring neurons, but not in AFD or AIY, implying that ILK reduction initiates cell nonautonomous signaling through thermosensory neurons to elicit a noncanonical HSR. Our results thus identify HSF-1 as a novel effector of the organismal response to reduced ILK levels and show that ILK inhibition regulates HSF-1 in a cell nonautonomous fashion to enhance stress resistance and lifespan in C. elegans.
How interaction between roles shapes the communication structure in requirements-driven collaboration

Requirements engineering involves collaboration among many project team members. Driven by coordination needs, this collaboration relies on communication and knowledge that members have of their colleagues and related activities. Ineffective coordination with those who work on requirements dependencies may result in project failure. In this paper, we report on a study of roles and communication structures in the collaboration driven by interdependent requirements in a software team. Through on-site observations, interviews with the developers and application of social network analysis, we found that there was significant communication between diverse roles in the project, and identified what were the reasons for communication between the different roles. We also found that these interactions typically involved a core of requirements analysts and testers in close communication, that most often they involved critical members whose absence, whether temporary or permanent, would disrupt the information flow if removed from the project, as well as that new hires were mostly isolated from the team collaboration. Most interestingly we found that the emergent communication structure between the different roles in the project did not conform to the planned communication structure prescribed by the organization. These findings further our knowledge about collaboration driven by requirements, and provide some useful implications for research and development of collaborative tools to support the effective coordination of cross-functional teams in software development.
On the foundations of analytical dynamics

In this paper, we present the general structure for the explicit equations of motion for general mechanical systems subjected to holonomic and non-holonomic equality constraints. The constraints considered here need not satisfy D’Alembert’s principle, and our derivation is not based on the principle of virtual work. Therefore, the equations obtained here have general applicability. They show that in the presence of such constraints, the constraint force acting on the system can always be viewed as made up of the sum of two components. The explicit form for each of the two components is provided. The 5rst of these components is the constraint force that would have existed, were all the constraints ideal; the second is caused by the non-ideal nature of the constraints, and though it needs speci5cation by the mechanician and depends on the particular situation at hand, this component nonetheless has a speci5c form. The paper also provides a generalized form of D’Alembert’s principle which is then used to obtain the explicit equations of motion for constrained mechanical systems where the constraints may be non-ideal. We show an example where the new general, explicit equations of motion obtained in this paper are used to directly write the equations of motion for describing a non-holonomically constrained system with non-ideal constraints. Lastly, we provide a geometrical description of constrained motion and thereby exhibit the simplicity with which Nature seems to operate. ? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Management of thyroglossal duct cysts in children.

BACKGROUND
The recurrence rate of thyroglossal duct cysts removed by Sistrunk or other procedures is 4% and 50%, respectively. The aim of the present study was to explain the reasons for recurrence and misdiagnosis.


METHODS
Twenty-seven children underwent surgery for thyroglossal cysts and fistulas during 1989-2000. Age, sex, length of history, presentation, preoperative investigations, operative findings, histopathology of the lesion and length of excised hyoid bone, postoperative complications and length of follow-up were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test with a significance level of P < 0.05.


RESULTS
Twenty-three patients were primary referrals and four were secondary referrals having had previous surgery with misdiagnosis. The recurrence rate after a Sistrunk procedure was similar to the rate indicated in the literature (3.7%); however, no related special features could be identified such as inflammation (n = 12), perforation at surgery (n = 7), presentation with fistula (n = 4) or previous drainage of abscess (n = 5) (P > 0.05).


CONCLUSION
Misdiagnosis is the most common cause of inadequate and inappropriate surgery, leading to recurrence of the lesion. The authors recommend a Sistrunk procedure for all cases of suspected thyroglossal duct cysts.
The potential of phototherapy to reduce body fat, insulin resistance and "metabolic inflexibility" related to obesity in women undergoing weight loss treatment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
The metabolic flexibility is often impaired in diseases associated with obesity, and many studies are based on the hypothesis that dysfunction in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue represent the etiology of development of metabolic inflexibility. Experimental evidence shows that the use of phototherapy combined with exercise was effective in controlling the lipid profile, reducing the mass of adipose tissue, suggesting increased metabolic activity and changes in lipid metabolism. However, we found few data in the literature involving the use of phototherapy in association to physical training in the obese population. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effects of exercise training (aerobic plus resistance exercises) plus phototherapy (laser, 808 nm) on metabolic profile and adiponectinemia in obese women.


STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty-four obese women (BMI 30-40 kg/m2 , age between 20 and 40 years old) were randomly assigned in two groups: Exercise Training plus SHAM group (ET-SHAM, n = 32) and Exercise Training plus Phototherapy group (ET-PHOTO, n = 32). The treatment consisted in physical exercise intervention and the individual application of phototherapy immediately after the end of the training session. However, in the ET-SHAM group the device was turned off simulating the phototherapy application (placebo effect). The study protocol lasted for 20 weeks and comprised of three weekly sessions of aerobic plus resistance training and application of phototherapy (when applicable). The body composition and metabolic parameters were assessed (HOMA, adiponectin, insulin, glucose).


RESULTS
Comparing the magnitude of effects between groups (ET-PHOTO vs. ET-SHAM), we observed that physical training plus phototherapy was more effective than physical training in reducing the delta of percentage of fat mass (%; -5.60 ± 1.59 vs. -4.33 ± 1.5; P < 0.04); fat mass (kg; -11.26 ± 2.82 vs. -5.80 ± 2.82; P < 0.0002); HOMA-IR index (-38.08 ± 9.23 vs. -20.91 ± 14.42; P < 0.0001). In addition, we observed an increase in delta (%) of total skeletal muscle mass (kg; 0.60 ± 1.09 vs. -1.38 ± 1.70; P < 0.003), adiponectin concentration (ng/ml; 1.08 (0.04-3.62) vs. -0.42 (-3.15 to 2.26); P < 0.03) in the same comparison.


CONCLUSION
Our results demonstrated for the first time that phototherapy enhances the physical exercise effects in obese women undergoing weight loss treatment promoting significant changes in inflexibility metabolic profile.
Elimination of Spurious Ambiguity in Transition-Based Dependency Parsing

We present a novel technique to remove spurious ambiguity fr om t ansition systems for dependency parsing. Our technique chooses a canonical sequence of transition opera tions (computation) for a given dependency tree. Our technique can be applied to a large class of bottom-up transi io systems, including for instance Nivre [2004] and Attardi [2006].
One shot learning gesture recognition from RGBD images

We present a system to classify the gesture from only one learning example. The inputs are duo-modality, i.e. RGB and depth sensor from Kinect. Our system performs morphological denoising on depth images and automatically segments the temporal boundaries. Features are extracted based on Extended-Motion-History-Image (Extended-MHI) and the Multi-view Spectral Embedding (MSE) algorithm is used to fuse duo modalities in a physically meaningful manner. Our approach achieves less than 0.3 in Levenshtein distance in CHALEARN Gesture Challenge validation batches [1].
Evaluation of the engineering aspects of Whirlwind I

The Whirlwind system is an expanding one now adding terminal equipment such as magnetic tapes, drums, and scopes. The core of the system including control, memory, and arithmetic element now has been running long enough to make an engineering evaluation of its performance, so the following comments will apply mainly to these three sections.
Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse events associated with antipsychotic treatment in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE
To identify factors associated with incident cardiovascular events and metabolic disturbance in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotics.


DESIGN
A retrospective cohort design evaluating Medicaid medical and pharmacy claims.


SETTING
South Carolina's Medicaid program covering outpatient and inpatient medical services and medication prescriptions from January 1, 1996, through December 31, 2005.


PARTICIPANTS
A treatment cohort of 4140 children and adolescents prescribed 1 of 5 atypical or 2 conventional antipsychotics, and a random sample of 4500 children not treated with psychotropic medications. Main Exposure Antipsychotics.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Incidence/prevalence rates for obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular events, cerebrovascular events, hypertension, and orthostatic hypotension.


RESULTS
Compared with the control sample, the treated cohort had a higher prevalence of obesity (odds ratio [OR], 2.13), type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR, 3.23), cardiovascular conditions (OR, 2.70), and orthostatic hypotension (OR, 1.64). In the treated cohort, patients exposed to multiple antipsychotics were at significantly higher risk for incident obesity/weight gain (OR, 2.28), type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.36), and dyslipidemia (OR, 5.26). Incident cardiovascular events were more likely with the use of conventional (OR, 4.34) or multiple (OR, 1.57) antipsychotics and mood stabilizers (OR, 1.31). Incident orthostatic hypotension was more prevalent in those coprescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (OR, 1.77) and mood stabilizers (OR, 1.35).


CONCLUSION
Antipsychotics are associated with several metabolic and cardiovascular-related adverse events in pediatric populations, especially when multiple antipsychotics or classes of psychotropic medications are coprescribed, controlling for individual risk factors.
Long-term gastric pH monitoring for determining optimal dose of ranitidine for critically ill preterm and term neonates.

AIM
To determine the optimal doses of ranitidine for both preterm and term infants.


METHOD
The effect of ranitidine treatment was measured from the long-term intraluminal gastric pH in 16 preterm (gestational age under 37 weeks) and term infants treated in neonatal intensive care. The infants received three different bolus doses of ranitidine: 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, and 1.5 mg per kilogram of body weight to keep the intraluminal gastric pH above 4 on a 24 hour basis.


RESULTS
Critically ill neonates, including very low birth weight infants, were capable of gastric acid formation, and ranitidine treatment increased the intraluminal gastric pH. The effect of a single dose lasted longer in preterm than in term infants. The time needed for reaching the maximum gastric pH was significantly longer in preterm than in term infants. The ranitidine given correlated with the duration of increased gastric pH in a dose dependent manner both in preterm and term infants.


CONCLUSION
Preterm infants need significantly smaller doses of ranitidine than term neonates to keep their intraluminal gastric pH over 4. The required optimal dose of ranitidine for preterm infants is 0.5 mg/kg/body weight twice a day and that for term infants 1.5 mg/kg body weight three times a day.
A multifaceted strategy using mobile technology to assist rural primary healthcare doctors and frontline health workers in cardiovascular disease risk management: protocol for the SMARTHealth India cluster randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND
Blood Pressure related disease affected 118 million people in India in the year 2000; this figure will double by 2025. Around one in four adults in rural India have hypertension, and of those, only a minority are accessing appropriate care. Health systems in India face substantial challenges to meet these gaps in care, and innovative solutions are needed.


METHODS
We hypothesise that a multifaceted intervention involving capacity strengthening of primary healthcare doctors and non-physician healthcare workers through use of a mobile device-based clinical decision support system will result in improved blood pressure control for individuals at high risk of a cardiovascular disease event when compared with usual healthcare. This intervention will be implemented as a stepped wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial in 18 primary health centres and 54 villages in rural Andhra Pradesh involving adults aged ≥40 years at high cardiovascular disease event risk (approximately 15,000 people). Cardiovascular disease event risk will be calculated based on World Health Organisation/International Society of Hypertension's region-specific risk charts. Cluster randomisation will occur at the level of the primary health centres. Outcome analyses will be conducted blinded to intervention allocation.


EXPECTED OUTCOMES
The primary study outcome is the difference in the proportion of people meeting guideline-recommended blood pressure targets in the intervention period vs. the control period. Secondary outcomes include mean reduction in blood pressure levels; change in other cardiovascular disease risk factors, including body mass index, current smoking, reported healthy eating habits, and reported physical activity levels; self-reported use of blood pressure and other cardiovascular medicines; quality of life (using the EQ-5D); and cardiovascular disease events (using hospitalisation data). Trial outcomes will be accompanied by detailed process and economic evaluations.


SIGNIFICANCE
The findings are likely to inform policy on a scalable strategy to overcome entrenched inequities in access to effective healthcare for under-served populations in low and middle income country settings.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinical Trial Registry India CTRI/2013/06/003753.
The Electoral Sweet Spot: Low-Magnitude Proportional Electoral Systems

Can electoral rules be designed to achieve political ideals such as accurate representation of voter preferences and accountable governments? The academic literature commonly divides electoral systems into two types, majoritarian and proportional, and implies a straightforward trade-off by which having more of an ideal that a majoritarian system provides means giving up an equal measure of what proportional representation (PR) delivers. We posit that these trade-offs are better characterized as nonlinear and that one can gain most of the advantages attributed to PR, while sacrificing less of those attributed to majoritarian elections, by maintaining district magnitudes in the low to moderate range. We test this intuition against data from 609 elections in 81 countries between 1945 and 2006. Electoral systems that use low-magnitude multimember districts produce disproportionality indices almost on par with those of pure PR systems while limiting party system fragmentation and producing simpler government coalitions.
Verifying and validating simulation models

This paper discusses verification and validation of simulation models. The different approaches to deciding model validity am presented; how model verification and validation relate to the model development process are discussed; various validation techniques are defined, conceptual model validity, model verification, operational validity, and data validity are described; ways to document results are given; and a recommended procedure is presented.