LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
You can run—or you can hide: optimal strategies for cryptic prey against pursuit predators

We consider the optimal behavior of a cryptic prey individual as it is approached by a predator searching for prey. Although the predator has not yet discovered the prey, it has an increasing likelihood of doing so as it gets closer to the prey. Further, the closer the predator is to the prey when it discovers it, the more likely the predator will be to capture the prey. These arguments suggest that the prey should flee before the predator discovers it. However, the act of fleeing will alert the predator to the presence of the prey and trigger an attack that might not have occurred otherwise. We capture these conflicting outcomes in a mathematical model, which we then use to predict the optimal behavior of the prey and predator. We argue that the optimal strategy for the prey is either to run as soon as they detect a predator approaching or to only flee in response to having been detected by the predator. Running as soon as the predator is detected is associated with low predator search speeds, a low nonpredation cost to running, a large advantage to the prey in initiating chases rather than reacting, limited ability to spot the predator at distance, a high ability to spot prey by the predator, and a high probability that chases will be successful. The optimal strategy for the predator depends on whether its current trajectory is taking it closer to or further from the prey. In the latter case, the predator should attack immediately on discovering the prey; in the former case, it should delay its attack until it reaches the point on its current trajectory where distance to the prey is minimized.
Rates of basin-wide rockwall retreat in the K2 region of the Central Karakoram defined by terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide 10Be

Article history: Basin-wide rockwall retreat Received 27 June 2008 Accepted 22 December 2008 Available online xxxx
Can gene therapy overcome the problem of hypoxia in radiotherapy?

Radioresistance/Gene delivery/HRE/GDEPT/Bioreductive drugs Studies have shown that reduced oxygen tension (hypoxia) in solid tumours adversely affects the outcome of radiotherapy. Despite being an independent prognostic marker of poor treatment outcome, hypoxia represents a physiological difference that can be utilised for selective cancer treatment. Since severe hypoxia (pO2< 0.3%; 2.5 mmHg) does not occur in normal tissue, it may be exploited for therapeutic gain. Accurate targeting of oxygen-deprived cells within a tumour mass may be achieved using hypoxia-targeted gene therapy. For gene therapy three separate issues need to be considered: 1) delivery of a gene to the tumour, 2) regulation of gene expression and 3) therapeutic efficacy. Each of these aspects is outlined here, with a view to gene therapy of the hypoxic tumour environment. It is proposed that by combining hypoxia-selective gene delivery with hypoxia-specific gene expression and oxygensensitive prodrug activation, radioresistant hypoxic tumour tissues may be effectively targeted.
Functional independence and health-related functional status following spinal cord injury: a prospective study of the association with physical capacity.

OBJECTIVE
To determine changes in functional independence following spinal cord injury and to evaluate the association between functional independence and physical capacity.


DESIGN
Multi-centre prospective cohort study.


SUBJECTS
Patients with spinal cord injury admitted for initial rehabilitation.


METHODS
The motor Functional Independence Measure (FIMmotor) was determined at the start of rehabilitation (n = 176), 3 months later (n = 124), at discharge (n = 160) and one year after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation (n = 133). One year after discharge, physical and social dimensions of health-related functional status (Sickness Impact Profile 68; SIP68) were determined. On each occasion, physical capacity was established by measuring arm muscle strength, peak power output and peak oxygen uptake.


RESULTS
Multi-level random coefficient analyses revealed that FIMmotor improved during inpatient rehabilitation, but stabilized thereafter. Changes in FIMmotor were associated with peak power output. Multiple regression models showed that FIMmotor and peak power output at discharge were associated with FIMmotor one year after discharge (R2 = 0.85), and that peak power output at discharge was associated with the social dimension of the SIP68 (R2 = 0.18) one year after discharge.


CONCLUSION
Functional independence improves during inpatient rehabilitation, and functional independence is positively associated with peak power output.
Long-Term Stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Third Edition among Students with Disabilities.

Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-ITI) was investigated for children with specific learning disability (SLD), serious emotional disability (SED). and mental retardation (MR). Participants were 522 students from 33 states TWice evaluated for special education eligibility over a mean test-retest interval of 2.87 years. There were no differential effects of disability groups on long-term stability coefficients. Stability coefficients for Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores were acceptable for all three disability gmups. Of the global IQ and Index scores, only the Freedom from Distractability Index, Processing Speed Index. and Verbal IQ-Performance IQ discrepancy score stability coefficients were inadequate. Subtest stability was also inadequate. Mean changes from first testing to second testing for IQ and Index scores were not significant and the two significant sublest changes were not clinically meaningful due to small effect sizes. Individual change scores revealed that only the FSIQ was sufficiently stable for use with individual students with SLD, SED, or MR. Results extended those of Canivez and Watkins (1998. 1999) supporting long-term stability for the WISC-ilL Intelligence is a psychological construct presumed to be stable over time; thus, intelligence tests must produce similar scores from one time to another (Moffitt. Caspi. Harkness. & Silva. 1993). Correlation coefficients obtained in studies investigating temporal change are appropriately referred to as stability coefficients (Jensen. 1980); however. they only indicate the rank order of scores at different times. McDermott (1988) emphasized the need to examine mean changes to supplement cor·relational analyses in order to investigate level as well as panem (rank order) of relationships. Additionally. individual score cbanges from one testing session to another also have been utilized by researchers as another indicator of stability (Canivez & Watkins, 1998. 1999; Elliott et al .• 1985; Stavroll. 1990). The Wechsler Scales are the most frequently used measures of cognitive abilities This research was supported. in part. by a 1995-1996 Eastern Dlinois University Faculty Development Grant and a 1995-1996 Pennsylvania State University College of Education Alumni Society Faculty Research Initiation Grant. The authors wish to express their gratitude to the 145 school psychologists who generously responded to our request for WIse-III data. They also thank Tim Runge, Lisa Samuels. and Daniel Heupel for assistance in data entry. Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Gary L. Canivez, Ph.D .• Department ofPsychology, 600 Lincoln Avenue, Charleston, IL61920-3099. Dr. Canivez may also be contacted via E-mail at cfglc@eiu.edu or the World Wide Web at http://www.uxl .eiu.edul-cfglc. Copyright 200 I by the National Association of School Psychologists, ISSN 0279-6015
Knowledge Transfer in Multinational Companies – Evidence from Hungary

The article has the aim to contribute to the understanding of knowledge transfer features of multinational organizations. The framework for the research is provided by the Central and Eastern European International Research Team (CEEIRT), which consists of researchers from universities in Central and Eastern Europe and which is studying the changing human resource management practices in this region. The paper first analyses some of the critical issues of knowledge transfer at multinational companies, based on international human resource management research. After the review of literature, knowledge sharing is studied with the help of a research project conducted with the participation of the authors of this paper. Using data on 74 Hungarian subsidiaries of multinational enterprises, this paper analyses knowledge transfer aspects in the HR practice and compares them with international research results. It finds that Hungarian subsidiaries are important places of HR-related learning, the success of which is highly dependent on the ability and on the motivation of people to knowledge transfer.
Repeatability of diffusion-weighted imaging in rectal cancer.

PURPOSE
Serial diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) measurements of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of rectal tumors are used for rectal cancer response evaluation after neo-adjuvant treatment. In this study, we determined the repeatability of DW-MRI to distinguish therapy-related response from measurement variations.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
In 18 patients with rectal cancer on five consecutive days, 1.5 Tesla (T) MR imaging was performed including two identical DW-MRI sequences. The repeatability of the tumor ADC measurements and the intraobserver ADC variation were depicted in a Bland-Altman plot. The repeatability coefficient was calculated as the range of ADC values of two identical DWI measurements for 95% of subjects. It was expressed as percentage of the mean ADC value.


RESULTS
Three females and 15 males were included. The mean tumor ADC value was 1.15 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s (SD 0.07 × 10(-3) mm(2)). The repeatability coefficient of the ADC value was 9.8% and for the intraobserver repeatability 4.7%.


CONCLUSION
In serial DW-MRI for rectal cancer treatment response evaluation, a repeatability coefficient of 9.8% has to be considered to account for measurement variations in rectal tumor ADC. These variations represent observer judgement and patient and MR spectrometer induced variations.
Examining the influence of modularity and knowledge management (KM) on dynamic capabilities: Insights from a call center

Modularity in organizations can facilitate the creation and development of dynamic capabilities. Paradoxically, however, modular management can also stifle the strategic potential of such capabilities by conflicting with the horizontal integration of units. We address these issues through an examination of how modular management of information technology (IT), project teams and front-line personnel in concert with knowledge management (KM) interventions influence the creation and development of dynamic capabilities at a large Asia-based call center. Our findings suggest that a full capitalization of the efficiencies created by modularity may be closely linked to the strategic sense making abilities of senior managers to assess the long-term business value of the dominant designs available in the market. Drawing on our analysis we build a modular management-KM-dynamic capabilities model, which highlights the evolution of three different levels of dynamic capabilities and also suggests an inherent complementarity between modular and integrated approaches. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Scarce programs: From power engineering and electromagnetics to telecommunications and instrumentation, specialized programs are in short supply

A collection of short articles describes seven programs that are either missing or in short supply. These are: power engineering, electromagnetics, instrumentation, telecommunications, manufacturing, communicating (oral, written, and visual), and societal awareness.
The Hidden Geometry of Deformed Grids

or, why space syntax works when it looks as though it shouldn't 0 Abstract A common objection to the space syntax analysis of cities is that even in its own terms the technique of using a non-uniform line representation of space and analysing it by measures that are essentially topological, ignores too much geometric and metric detail to be credible. In this paper it is argued that far from ignoring geometric and metric properties the 'line-graph' internalises them into the structure of the graph and in doing so allows the graph analysis to pick up the nonlocal, or extrinsic, properties of spaces that are critical to the movement dynamics through which a city evolves its essential structures. Nonlocal properties are those which are defined by the relation of elements to all others in the system, rather than intrinsic to the element itself. The method also leads to a powerful analysis of urban structures because cities are essentially nonlocal systems. 1 Preliminaries 1.1 The critique of line graphs Space syntax is a family of techniques for representing and analysing spatial layouts of all kinds. A spatial representation is first chosen according to how space is defined for the purposes of the research-rooms, convex spaces, lines, convex isovists, and so on-and then one or more measures of 'configuration' are selected to analyse the patterns formed by that representation. Prior to the researcher setting up the research question, no one representation or measure is privileged over others. Part of the researcher's task is to discover which representation and which measure captures the logic of a particular system, as shown by observation of its functioning. In the study of cities, one representation and one type of measure has proved more consistently fruitful than others: the representation of urban space as a matrix of the 'longest and fewest' lines, the 'axial map', and the analysis of this by translating the line matrix into a graph, and the use of the various versions of the 'topological' (i.e. nonmetric) measure of patterns of line connectivity called 'integration'. (Hillier et al 1982, Steadman 1983, Hillier & Hanson 1984) This 'line graph' approach has proved quite unexpectedly successful. It has generated not only models for predicting urban et al 1998), but also strong theoretical results on urban structure, and even a general theory of the dynamics linking the urban grid, movement, land uses and building densities in 'organic' cities …
Benthic community responses to pulses in pelagic food supply: North Pacific subtropical gyre.

Time-series measurements of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate nitrogen (PN) fluxes, sediment community composition, and sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC) were made at the Hawaii Ocean Time-series station (Sta. ALOHA, 4730 m depth) between December 1997 and January 1999. POC and PN fluxes, estimated from sediment trap collections made at 4000m depth (730m above bottom), peaked in late August and early September 1998. SCOC was measured in situ using a free vehicle grab respirometer that also recovered sediments for chemical and biological analyses on six cruises during the 1-year study. Surface sediment organic carbon, total nitrogen and phaeopigments significantly increased in September, corresponding to the pulses in particulate matter fluxes. Bacterial abundance in the surface sediment was highest in September with a subsurface high in November. Sediment macrofauna were numerically dominated by agglutinating Foraminifera fragments with highest density in September. Metazoan abundance, dominated by nematodes was also highest in September. SCOC significantly increased from a low in February to a high in September. POC and PN fluxes at 730 m above bottom were significantly correlated with SCOC with a lag time of p14 days, linking pelagic food supply with benthic processes in the oligotrophic North Pacific gyre. The annual supply of POC into the abyss compared to the estimated annual demand by the sediment community (POC:SCOC) indicates that only 65% of the food demand is met by the supply of organic carbon. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Enhancing Detection of SSVEPs for a High-Speed Brain Speller Using Task-Related Component Analysis

Objective: This study proposes and evaluates a novel data-driven spatial filtering approach for enhancing steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) detection toward a high-speed brain-computer interface (BCI) speller. Methods: Task-related component analysis (TRCA), which can enhance reproducibility of SSVEPs across multiple trials, was employed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of SSVEP signals by removing background electroencephalographic (EEG) activities. An ensemble method was further developed to integrate TRCA filters corresponding to multiple stimulation frequencies. This study conducted a comparison of BCI performance between the proposed TRCA-based method and an extended canonical correlation analysis (CCA)-based method using a 40-class SSVEP dataset recorded from 12 subjects. An online BCI speller was further implemented using a cue-guided target selection task with 20 subjects and a free-spelling task with 10 of the subjects. Results: The offline comparison results indicate that the proposed TRCA-based approach can significantly improve the classification accuracy compared with the extended CCA-based method. Furthermore, the online BCI speller achieved averaged information transfer rates (ITRs) of 325.33 ± 38.17 bits/min with the cue-guided task and 198.67 ± 50.48 bits/min with the free-spelling task. Conclusion: This study validated the efficiency of the proposed TRCA-based method in implementing a high-speed SSVEP-based BCI. Significance: The high-speed SSVEP-based BCIs using the TRCA method have great potential for various applications in communication and control.
SparSpec: a new method for fitting multiple sinusoids with irregularly sampled data

Context. The location of pure frequencies in the spectrum of an irregularly sampled time series is an important topic in astrophysical data analysis. Especially in the domain of asteroseismology, a highly precise and unambiguous study of frequencies in photometric light or radial velocity curves is required. Aims. Due to sampling irregularities and large observational gaps, the classic methods for frequency estimation (prewhitening techniques, clean, cleanest, etc.) sometimes suffer false detections. We propose a new framework for this problem that allows a more precise and unambiguous frequency location. Methods. Multisine fitting is addressed as the sparse representation of the data in an overcomplete dictionary of frequencies, hence the name SparSpec for the method. We model the data as the sum of an arbitrarily large number of pure frequencies, discretised on a fixed grid. Among all the many representations fitting the data, we seek the one with the fewest non-zero amplitudes. This solution can be computed by minimising a convex criterion with no local minima. A computationally efficient and convergent optimisation strategy is derived and a user-friendly software implementing SparSpec is provided online at http://www.ast.obs-mip.fr/Softwares. Results. The method is first illustrated on a simple test example where SparSpec correctly locates the frequencies while classic methods fail. Then, simulations on more realistic artificial time series reveal the interest of this new methodology in terms of robustness toward sampling aliases. An application to the radial velocity curve of the pre-main sequence Herbig Ae star HD 104237 is finally presented, where the method is able to determine oscillation frequencies even in the presence of strong low-frequency perturbations such as orbital movements. While SparSpec mainly confirms previously published studies for the four more important frequencies, it suggests some ambiguity about the position of a fifth frequency. Additional simulations show that the SparSpec results are more plausible.
Metal endoclips for the closure of the appendiceal stump in laparoscopic appendectomy

Closure of the appendiceal stump in laparoscopic appendectomy is the most crucial part of the procedure. In this retrospective clinical study, we describe a technique for laparoscopic appendectomy, in which the appendiceal stump is secured by metal endoclips. Medical data of the patients who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis between January 2005 and January 2011 at our institution were reviewed. The patients who had their appendiceal stump secured by metal endoclips were recruited for the study. The outcome measures were the rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications, operative time, and the length of hospital stay. A total of 233 patients were included to the study. The rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications, the mean operative time, and median length of hospital stay were 3 and 4%, 31.1 (15–75) min, and 18 (8–96) h, respectively. The closure of the appendiceal stump with metal endoclips in laparoscopic appendectomy is simple, quick, and safe with outcomes comparable to those of other methods.
Patients' preferences in anticoagulant therapy: discrete choice experiment.

BACKGROUND
With proliferating treatment options for anticoagulant therapy, physicians and patients must choose among them based on their benefits and risks. Using a Discrete Choice Experiment, we elicited patients' relative preferences for specific benefits and risks of anticoagulant therapy.


METHODS AND RESULTS
We selected a sample of US patients with cardiovascular disease from an online panel and elicited their preferences for benefits and risks of anticoagulant therapy: nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death, minor bleeding, major bleeding, bleeding death, and need for monitoring. These attributes were used to design scenarios describing hypothetical treatments that were labeled as new drug, old drug, or no drug. Latent class analysis was used to identify groups of patients with similar preferences. A total of 341 patients completed all Discrete Choice Experiment questions. On average, patients valued a 1% increased risk of a fatal bleeding event the same as a 2% increase in nonfatal myocardial infarction, a 3% increase in nonfatal stroke, a 3% increase in cardiovascular death, a 6% increase in major bleeding, and a 16% increase in minor bleeding. The odds of choosing no drug or old drug versus new drug were 0.72 (95% confidence interval, 0.61-0.84) and 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.93), respectively. Previous stroke or myocardial infarction was associated with membership in the class with larger negative preferences for these outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients' preferences for various outcomes of anticoagulant therapy vary and depend on their previous experiences with myocardial infarction or stroke. Incorporating these preferences into benefit risk calculation and treatment decisions can enhance patient-centered care.