LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Race/ethnicity and economic differences in cost-related medication underuse among insured adults with diabetes: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes Study.

OBJECTIVE
To examine racial/ethnic and economic variation in cost-related medication underuse among insured adults with diabetes.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We surveyed 5,086 participants from the multicenter Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes Study. Respondents reported whether they used less medication because of cost in the past 12 months. We examined unadjusted and adjusted rates of cost-related medication underuse, using hierarchical regression, to determine whether race/ethnicity differences still existed after accounting for economic, health, and other demographic variables.


RESULTS
Participants were 48% white, 14% African American, 14% Latino, 15% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 8% other. Overall, 14% reported cost-related medication underuse. Unadjusted rates were highest for Latinos (23%) and African Americans (17%) compared with whites (13%), Asian/Pacific Islanders (11%), and others (15%). In multivariate analyses, race/ethnicity significantly predicted cost-related medication underuse (P = 0.048). However, adjusted rates were only slightly higher for Latinos (14%) than whites (10%) (P = 0.026) and were not significantly different for African Americans (11%), Asian/Pacific Islanders (7%), and others (11%). Income and out-of-pocket drug costs showed the greatest differences in adjusted rates of cost-related medication underuse (15 vs. 5% for participants with income <or=$25,000 vs. >$50,000 and 24 vs. 7% for participants with out-of-pocket costs >$150 per month vs. <or=$50 per month.


CONCLUSIONS
One in seven participants reported cost-related medication underuse. Rates were highest among African Americans and Latinos but were related to lower incomes and higher out-of-pocket drug costs in these groups. Interventions to decrease racial/ethnic disparities in cost-related medication underuse should focus on decreasing financial barriers to medications.
SMAS Fusion Zones Determine the Subfascial and Subcutaneous Anatomy of the Human Face: Fascial Spaces, Fat Compartments, and Models of Facial Aging.

BACKGROUND
Fusion zones between superficial fascia and deep fascia have been recognized by surgical anatomists since 1938. Anatomical dissection performed by the author suggested that additional superficial fascia fusion zones exist.


OBJECTIVES
A study was performed to evaluate and define fusion zones between the superficial and the deep fascia.


METHODS
Dissection of fresh and minimally preserved cadavers was performed using the accepted technique for defining anatomic spaces: dye injection combined with cross-sectional anatomical dissection.


RESULTS
This study identified bilaminar membranes traveling from deep to superficial fascia at consistent locations in all specimens. These membranes exist as fusion zones between superficial and deep fascia, and are referred to as SMAS fusion zones.


CONCLUSIONS
Nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics transition between the deep and superficial fascia of the face by traveling along and within these membranes, a construct that provides stability and minimizes shear. Bilaminar subfascial membranes continue into the subcutaneous tissues as unilaminar septa on their way to skin. This three-dimensional lattice of interlocking horizontal, vertical, and oblique membranes defines the anatomic boundaries of the fascial spaces as well as the deep and superficial fat compartments of the face. This information facilitates accurate volume augmentation; helps to avoid facial nerve injury; and provides the conceptual basis for understanding jowls as a manifestation of enlargement of the buccal space that occurs with age.
Analytic Error Modeling for Imprecise Arithmetic Circuits

hardware challenges the traditional notion that correctness is an immutable priority, by systematically trading off efficacy (precision) against efficiency (power, area, performance, and cost). Evaluating the impact of such tradeoffs on output quality using, e.g., Monte Carlo simulations is a time-consuming and non-deterministic process. This paper presents two analytic modeling techniques for evaluating error properties and output quality in imprecise arithmetic circuits, based on Interval Arithmetic and Affine Arithmetic. Experiments show that these techniques offer significant speedups over previous methods, as well as promising estimation accuracy. I. INTRODUCTION ower has become the limiting factor in digital systems. The demand for higher computing capacity continues to rise, but power has reached a limit due to thermal and delivery issues. Imprecise hardware (IHW), also known as stochastic computation [1, 2], or Better than Worst-Case Design [3], has been proposed as a solution to tackle this problem. Compared to traditional hardware designed to always compute correctly, IHW allows occasional computation errors but achieves higher performance and/or lower power. Any resulting errors can be relegated to dedicated error correction circuits and software, or even left uncorrected, given the error-tolerant nature of many applications. This paper focuses on deterministic arithmetic IHW, which alters the logic function of the performed computation either at design time, or dynamically at runtime. Examples include supporting only a subset of the input combinations [4, 5], voltage overscaling [1, 2], and data width reduction. The introduced errors can be uniquely determined by the input but the mapping function is not easy to determine. The benefits of IHW are largely determined by (1) the level of performance/power improvement offered by imprecise computation, and (2) the amount of output quality degradation caused by errors. Significant power reduction and performance increase from IHW have been reported [4, 5, 6], and new IHW techniques are being developed. However, the consequences of IHW on output quality require further investigation. Typically a system with IHW components is simulated with random inputs in order to obtain an output profile with acceptable quality. This is a time-consuming task, especially for complex systems. Imprecise hardware expands the design space by relaxing the correctness requirement, thus faster error estimation is crucial to the effective exploration of the space. Moreover, simulations are usually nondeterministic and unreliable as output profiles can be influenced by the size and scope of the simulations. This paper presents two methods that enable analytic modeling of the statistical …
Risk Uncertainty and Supply Chain Decisions: A Real Options Perspective

Supply chain risk uncertainty can create severe repercussions, thus it is not surprising that research interest in supply chain risk has been growing. While extant inquiry is informative, there is a lack of investigations that center on supply chain investment decisions when facing high levels of risk uncertainty. Given the potential dollar value involved in these decisions, an understanding of how these supply chain decisions are made is of significant theoretical and practical importance. Real options theory, with its focus on decision making under conditions of uncertainty, is an appealing theoretical lens for this endeavor. In essence, real options theory asserts that managerial decisions center on creating and then exercising or not exercising certain opportunities. To date, theorizing about and investigations of real options have used firms as their focus. Not yet examined are real options within supply chains that cross firm boundaries and drive much of the competitive activity in the modern economy. Accordingly, we extend real options theory to the supply chain context by examining how different types of options are approached relative to supply chain project investments. Specifically, we theorize how the options will be related to perceived value under conditions of high supply chain risk uncertainty. Overall, our investigation builds knowledge by extending real options theory to the supply chain context and by providing evidence suggesting some options operate differently in supply chains than they do in firms. Subject Areas: Postponement, Projects, Real Options Theory, Supply Chain Risk, Supply Chain Uncertainty, and Survey Research.
Metacognitive training for young subjects (MCT young version) in the early stages of psychosis: Is the duration of untreated psychosis a limiting factor?

OBJECTIVES
The treatment program 'Metacognitive training for patients with schizophrenia' (MCT) addresses cognitive biases assumed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of delusions (e.g., jumping to conclusions, theory of mind deficits). The aim of our study was to examine the effectiveness and the feasibility of this intervention targeted to early phases of psychosis (MCT young version).


DESIGN
An experimental design included two groups of subjects on the basis of their duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) 'short' (less or equal than 12 months) and 'long' DUP (longer than 12 months), assessed at baseline and after the 4-month intervention.


METHODS
Fifty-six young subjects affected by early psychosis were assessed on psychopathology, social functioning, neurocognitive, and metacognitive measures. The primary outcome was the reduction of psychopathology. Secondary outcomes included reduction of cognitive and emotional dysfunction and improvement of social functioning.


RESULTS
At the end of the 4-month MCT, both groups showed significant improvements in many variables: positive symptoms, cognitive functions, as verbal memory, attention and mental flexibility, and metacognitive functions, as cognitive insight. Significant and positive changes were found in theory of mind abilities and social perception.


CONCLUSIONS
The difference in DUP between the two groups of young subjects of our sample did not seem to influence the intervention outcomes, still taking into account that the average difference between the two groups in terms of DUP is 12.6 months.


PRACTITIONER POINTS
Metacognition refers to the general ability 'to think about thinking,' that is, the ability to think about one's mental state and the mental states of others. Persons with schizophrenia experience different metacognitive impairments. The metacognitive training for patients with schizophrenia - young version can be applied to young people affected by psychosis and seems to improve symptomatology, social functioning, cognitive, and metacognitive abilities, independently by their Duration of Untreated Psychosis over a 2-year period.
Modified transpose Jacobian control of robotic systems

The simplicity of Transpose Jacobian (TJ) control is a significant characteristic of this algorithm for controlling robotic manipulators. Nevertheless, a poor performance may result in tracking of fast trajectories, since it is not dynamics-based. Use of high gains can deteriorate performance seriously in the presence of feedback measurement noise. Another drawback is that there is no prescribed method of selecting its control gains. In this paper, based on feedback linearization approach a Modified TJ (MTJ) algorithm is presented which employs stored data of the control command in the previous time step, as a learning tool to yield improved performance. The gains of this new algorithm can be selected systematically, and do not need to be large, hence the noise rejection characteristics of the algorithm are improved. Based on Lyapunov’s theorems, it is shown that both the standard and the MTJ algorithms are asymptotically stable. Analysis of the required computational effort reveals the efficiency of the proposed MTJ law compared to the Model-based algorithms. Simulation results are presented which compare tracking performance of the MTJ algorithm to that of the TJ and Model-Based algorithms in various tasks. Results of these simulations show that performance of the new MTJ algorithm is comparable to that of Computed Torque algorithms, without requiring a priori knowledge of plant dynamics, and with reduced computational burden. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is well suited to most industrial applications where simple efficient algorithms are more appropriate than complicated theoretical ones with massive computational burden. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A family history of Type 1 alcoholism differentiates alcohol consumption in high cortisol responders to stress

BACKGROUND
The differentiation between high and low cortisol responders to stress is of interest in determining the risk factors which may, along with genetic vulnerability, influence alcohol intake.


STUDY 1



METHODS
Thirty-two healthy volunteers, family history positive to alcoholism (FHP, n = 16) and family history negative (FHN, n = 16) attended two laboratory sessions during which alcohol or placebo was offered.


RESULTS
There were no differences in consumption of alcohol or placebo between FHP and FHN subjects. STUDY 2:


METHODS
Fifty-eight healthy social drinkers, FHP (n = 27) and FHN (n = 31) attended two laboratory sessions. They were administered either alcohol or placebo in both sessions they attended. All subjects underwent either a stress task (the Trier Social Stress Test, TSST) or a stress-free period, at two separate occasions, before being offered beverage. After the salivary cortisol analysis, subjects in each group were divided into high (HCR) or low (LCR) cortisol responders.


RESULTS
After stress, subjects who were FHP-HCR consumed more alcohol than FHN-HCR. There were no differences in the placebo intake between FHP and FHN subjects regardless of their cortisol response.


CONCLUSIONS
This result indicates that stress promotes alcohol consumption only in subjects with a family history of Type 1 alcoholism who show an increase in cortisol response to stress. This behaviour is similar to that previously observed in alcohol dependent individuals after stress and thus could represent an endophenotype posing a risk for future development of alcohol use disorders.
General joint frailty model for recurrent event data with a dependent terminal event: Application to follicular lymphoma data.

Many biomedical studies focus on delaying disease relapses and on prolonging survival. Usual methods only consider one event, often the first recurrence or death. However, ignoring the other recurrences may lead to biased results. The whole history of the disease should be considered for each patient. In addition, some diseases involve recurrences that can increase the risk of death. In this case, the death time may be dependent on the recurrent event history. We propose a joint frailty model to analyze recurrences and death simultaneously. Two gamma-distributed frailties take into account both the inter-recurrences dependence and the dependence between the recurrences and the survival times. We estimate separate parameters for disease recurrent event times and survival times in the joint frailty model to distinguish treatment effects and prognostic factors on these two types of events. We show how maximum penalized likelihood estimation can be applied to semiparametric estimation of the continuous hazard functions in the proposed joint frailty model with right censoring. We also propose parametrical approach. We evaluate the model by simulation studies and illustrate through a study of patients with follicular lymphoma.
Antibacterial-coated tracheal tubes cleaned with the Mucus Shaver

To assess the long-term benefit from antibacterial coatings of the tracheal tube (ETT), and to keep clean the lumen of the ETT. Experimental animal study. USA National Institutes of Health. Twelve sheep. Twelve ETTs were internally dip-coated with a silver-sulfadiazine in polyurethane. We developed a concentric inflatable silicone rubber “razor”, the Mucus Shaver (MS), to shave the ETT lumen free of mucus. In a single pass, we cleaned all mucus from the internal surface of the ETT. Control group: Five intubated sheep were mechanically ventilated for 72 h. The ETT was suctioned every 6 h. Study group: Six sheep were intubated and mechanically ventilated for 72 h. The ETT was suctioned and cleaned with the MS every 6 h. An additional sheep was intubated and mechanically ventilated for 168 h. Bacteriologic studies and scanning electron microscopy were performed to assess bacterial colonization and thickness of secretions on the internal surface of the ETT. In the control group, the ETT was always heavily colonized: median debris thickness was 380 μm, range 270–550 μm. In the study group, there was no colonization and no secretions in the ETT, except for three ETT that were colonized solely at the very tip. Silver-based coating of ETT cleaned with the MS every 6 h significantly reduces accumulation of mucus/secretion and bacterial growth within the ETT following 72 h of mechanical ventilation.
Diode-pumped semiconductor disk laser with intracavity frequency doubling using lithium triborate (LBO)

Diode-pumped semiconductor disk lasers, also referred to as vertical external cavity surface-emitting lasers show excellent beam characteristics in combination with high output powers. In this letter, we present a diode-pumped semiconductor disk laser based on the InAlGaAs material system without any additional phosphorus containing layers for strain compensation. We have achieved a near-infrared /spl lambda//spl sim/972-nm laser output power of 0.25 W in the fundamental transverse mode. The disk laser beam has been coupled into a single-mode fiber with a coupling efficiency of >70%. Moreover, we have shown 490-nm blue-green light generation by intracavity frequency doubling using lithium triborate (LBO).
Internet and mobile phone text-messaging dependency: Factor structure and correlation with dysphoric mood among Japanese adults

Unhealthy use of the Internet and mobile phones is a health issue in Japan. We solicited participation in this questionnaire-based study from the employees of a city office in Kumamoto. A total of 92 men and 54 women filled in the Internet Addiction Questionnaire (IAQ), the Self-perception of Text-message Dependency Scale (STDS), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The prevalence of ‘‘light Internet addiction’’ and ‘‘severe Internet addiction’’ were 33.7% and 6.1% for men whereas they were 24.6% and 1.8% for women. The prevalence of ‘‘light mobile phone text-message addiction’’ was 3.1% for men and 5.4% for women. There were no cases of ‘‘sever text-message addiction’’. We found a two-factor structure for the IAQ and a three-factor structure for the STDS. We also performed an EFA of the IAQ and STDS subscales, and this revealed a two-factor structure – Internet Dependency and Text-message Dependency. An STDS subscale, Relationship Maintenance, showed a moderate factor loading of the factor that reflected unhealthy Internet use. In a path analysis, Depression was associated with both Internet Dependency and Text-message Dependency whereas Anxiety was associated negatively with Text-message Dependency. These results suggest applicability of the IAQ and STDS and that Internet and Text-message Dependences are factorially distinct. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Perioperative hepatic functional risk assessed with technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-galactosyl human serum albumin liver scintigraphy in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy complicated by obstructive jaundice.

CONCLUSION
Liver scintigraphy with technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-galactosyl human serum albumin (Tc-GSA) can be used to predict outcome of biliary drainage and hepatic function after pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with pancreatic, biliary, and ampullary carcinomas complicated by obstructive jaundice.


BACKGROUND
Preoperative obstructive jaundice has been reported as a crucial risk factor for serious postoperative complications in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Tc-GSA liver scintigraphy can assess hepatic functional risk in patients with pancreatic, biliary, and ampullary carcinomas complicated by obstructive jaundice.


METHODS
Liver scintigraphy was performed before biliary drainage in 18 patients with obstructive jaundice. The maximum removal rate of Tc-GSA (GSA-Rmax; standard normal value > or = 0.60) was calculated. These patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy with wide lymphadenectomy. The efficacy of preoperative biliary drainage was assessed with the decrease in serum bilirubin concentration in the first week after biliary drainage. Postoperative liver function was assessed with the increase in serum bilirubin concentration, which was the difference between the immediate preoperative and maximal postoperative bilirubin concentrations.


RESULTS
Serum bilirubin decreased more in the first week after biliary drainage in patients with GSA-Rmax > or = 0.60 (7.64 +/- 1.09 mg/Dl/wk) than in patients with GSA-Rmax < 0.60 (3.56 +/- 1.25 mg/DL/wk, p = 0.042). Postoperative bilirubin increased less in patients with GSA-Rmax > or = 0.60 (0.81 +/- 0.30 mg/dL) than in patients with GSA-Rmax < 0.60 (4.00 +/- 0.69 mg/DL, p = 0.0012). Multivariate analysis showed that GSA-Rmax significantly predicted the postoperative bilirubin increase (p = 0.020).
Noncontrast and perfusion CT provides accurate assessment of head deceleration injury.

AIM
To investigate the feasibility of noncontrast computed tomography (NcCT) and perfusion CT (PCT) in the assessment of head deceleration injury (HDI).


MATERIAL AND METHODS
A small animal HDI device was developed. A total of 20 healthy adult rabbits with frontal impacts resulting from a 3.5 m drop were included in this study. All subjects underwent NcCT and PCT scans 12 hours before injury and three to four hours after head injury. Brain injuries were evaluated by traditional macroscopic and microscopic examination after CT scans.


RESULTS
Microscopic examination revealed hemorrhagic cerebral contusions in 14 subjects and cerebral parenchyma hyperemia in 6 subjects. Contrecoup injuries were more severe than the coup injuries in this study. As verified by pathoanatomical observations, NcCT effectively revealed all of the calvarial fractures and basal skull fractures in 12 subjects. Furthermore, most rabbits suffered acute scalp contusions, subarachnoid hemorrhages and cerebral contusions. PCT analysis revealed much larger and more severe contusions when compared to those observed via NcCT.


CONCLUSION
The combination of NcCT and PCT could be an effective approach for detection of acute cerebral contusions, which can provide sufficient experimental evidence for accurate clinical diagnosis and prognosis of HDI.