LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
WITH GREATER POWER COMES GREATER RESPONSIBILITY ? TAKEOVER PROTECTION AND CORPORATE ATTENTION TO STAKEHOLDERS

Using takeover protection as an indicator of corporate governance, this study examines how an exogenous shift in power from shareholders to managers affects corporate attention to nonshareholding stakeholders. Two competing hypotheses are entertained. The shareholder view predicts that stronger takeover protection will lead to a decrease in corporate attention to shareholders and non-shareholding stakeholders alike, as managers divert resources from shareholders to the pursuit of their private interests. The stakeholder view, in contrast, predicts that stronger takeover protection will increase corporate attention to non-shareholding stakeholders. Because catering to non-shareholding stakeholders contributes to the long-term value of the firm, managers will be more likely to attend to those stakeholders when relieved from shorttermism triggered by the threat of hostile takeovers. Using a sample of 878 U.S. firms from 1991 to 2002, the study finds that an exogenous increase in takeover protection leads to higher corporate attention to community and the natural environment, but has no impact on corporate attention to employees, minorities, and customers. Additional analyses show that firms that increase their attention to stakeholders experience an increase in long-term shareholder value. These findings provide additional evidence that relief from short-termism is a likely source of the increase in corporate attention to non-shareholding stakeholders following the increase in takeover protection. Copyright  2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making a rational choice between ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy in the dog: a discussion of the benefits of either technique.

OBJECTIVE
To determine if ovariectomy (OVE) is a safe alternative to ovariohysterectomy (OVH) for canine gonadectomy.


STUDY DESIGN
Literature review.


METHODS
An on-line bibliographic search in MEDLINE and PubMed was performed in December 2004, covering the period 1969-2004. Relevant studies were compared and evaluated with regard to study design, surgical technique, and both short-term and long-term follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
OVH is technically more complicated, time consuming, and is probably associated with greater morbidity (larger incision, more intraoperative trauma, increased discomfort) compared with OVE. No significant differences between techniques were observed for incidence of long-term urogenital problems, including endometritis/pyometra and urinary incontinence, making OVE the preferred method of gonadectomy in the healthy bitch.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Canine OVE can replace OVH as the procedure of choice for routine neutering of healthy female dogs.
Pharmacotherapy and family-focused treatment for adolescents with bipolar I and II disorders: a 2-year randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE
Previous studies have found that family-focused treatment is an effective adjunct to pharmacotherapy in stabilizing symptoms in adult bipolar disorder. The authors examined whether pharmacotherapy and family-focused treatment for adolescents with bipolar disorder was more effective than pharmacotherapy and brief psychoeducation (enhanced care) in decreasing time to recovery from a mood episode, increasing time to recurrence, and reducing symptom severity over 2 years.


METHOD
A total of 145 adolescents (mean age, 15.6 years) with bipolar I or II disorder and a DSM-IV-TR manic, hypomanic, depressive, or mixed episode in the previous 3 months were randomly assigned, with family members, either to pharmacotherapy and family-focused treatment, consisting of psychoeducation (i.e., recognition and early intervention with prodromal symptoms), communication enhancement training, and problem-solving skills training, delivered in 21 sessions over 9 months; or to pharmacotherapy and three weekly sessions of enhanced care (family psychoeducation). Independent evaluators assessed participants at baseline, every 3 months during year 1, and every 6 months during year 2, using weekly ratings of mood.


RESULTS
Twenty-two participants (15.2%) withdrew shortly after randomization. Time to recovery or recurrence and proportion of weeks ill did not differ between the two treatment groups. Secondary analyses revealed that participants in family-focused treatment had less severe manic symptoms during year 2 than did those in enhanced care.


CONCLUSIONS
After an illness episode, intensive psychotherapy combined with best-practice pharmacotherapy does not appear to confer advantages over brief psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in hastening recovery or delaying recurrence among adolescents with bipolar disorder.
"Finding our time": Predicting students' time management in online collaborative groupwork

The aim of this study is to propose and empirically examine multilevel models of students’ time management in online collaborative groupwork. Studentand group-level predictors of groupwork time management were analyzed in a survey of 204 graduate students from 61 groups in the Southeast of U.S. Results from the multilevel analyses revealed that most of the variance in time management occurred at the student level, with peer-oriented reasons being the only significant predictor at the group level. Results further revealed that groupwork time management was positively related to feedback and students’ efforts in arranging the study environment. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Disgust, contempt, and anger and the stereotypes of obese people.

PURPOSE
Emotions form an important part of stereotyping and prejudice, but little is known about how intergroup emotions are associated with anti-fat prejudice. This study examined the relation between negative intergroup emotions (disgust, contempt, and anger) and the stereotypes of obese people.


METHOD
A community sample (n = 380) and an undergraduate sample (n = 96) rated obese people on common obesity stereotypes (e.g., lazy, sloppy), and also indicated the extent to which they felt disgust, contempt, and anger toward obese people.


RESULTS
In both samples, participants reported feeling more disgust and contempt than anger toward obese people. Furthermore, regression analyses indicated that disgust was a significant positive predictor of obesity stereotypes, but contempt and anger were not.


CONCLUSION
Overall, these findings provide further evidence that disgust plays an important role in prejudice toward obese people.
Time-frequency packing for linear modulations: spectral efficiency and practical detection schemes

We investigate the spectral efficiency, achievable by a low-complexity symbol-by-symbol receiver, when linear modulations based on the superposition of uniformly time- and frequency-shifted replicas of a base pulse are employed. Although orthogonal signaling with Gaussian inputs achieves capacity on the additive white Gaussian noise channel, we show that, when finite-order constellations are employed, by giving up the orthogonality condition (thus accepting interference among adjacent signals) we can considerably improve the performance, even when a symbol-by-symbol receiver is used. We also optimize the spacing between adjacent signals to maximize the achievable spectral efficiency. Moreover, we propose a more involved transmission scheme, consisting of the superposition of two independent signals with suitable power allocation and a two-stage receiver, showing that it allows a further increase of the spectral efficiency. Finally, we show that a more involved equalization algorithm, based on soft interference cancellation, allows to achieve an excellent bit-error-rate performance, even when error-correcting codes designed for the Gaussian-noise limited channel are employed, and thus does not require a complete redesign of the coding scheme.
Revisiting the empirical linkages between stock returns and trading volume

This paper investigates whether the empirical linkages bet we n stock returns and trading volume differ over the fluctuations of stock markets, i.e., w hether the return–volume relation is asymmetric in bull and bear stock markets. Using monthly dat a for the S&P 500 price index and trading volume from 1973M2 to 2008M10, strong evidence o f asymmetry in contemporaneous correlation is found. As for a dynamic (causal) relati on, t is found that the stock return is capable of predicting trading volume in both bear and bull markets. However, the evidence for trade volume predicting returns is weaker. JEL classification:G10; C22
Nature adventure rehabilitation for combat-related posttraumatic chronic stress disorder: A randomized control trial

Chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CR-PTSD) is a condition with many treatment barriers. Nature Adventure Rehabilitation (NAR) as a second line or as a supplemental intervention has the potential to overcome some of these barriers and incorporate aspects of successful treatment modalities for PTSD within an experiential learning paradigm. In a pre-post controlled trial, CR-PTSD veterans (n=22) underwent a 1-year NAR intervention compared to a waiting list (WL) control group (n=20). Posttraumatic symptoms (PTS), depression, functional problems, quality of life, perceived control over illness (PCI) and hope were measured by self report measures. PTS, emotional and social quality of life, PCI, hope and functioning improved significantly. Change in PTS was contingent upon change in PCI. The current study is the first to present NAR as a promising supplemental intervention for chronic CR-PTSD. NAR seems to work through a process of behavioral activation, desensitization, gradual exposure to anxiety evoking situations and gaining control over symptomatology.
The partial positive allosteric GABA(A) receptor modulator EVT 201 is efficacious and safe in the treatment of adult primary insomnia patients.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate polysomnographic (PSG) and self-reported measures of the efficacy and safety of EVT 201 in patients with primary insomnia.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Following clinical and PSG screening, 75 patients (mean age: 45.1+/-11.2 y; 50 f, 25 m) meeting DSM-IV criteria for primary insomnia entered this crossover study and were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment sequences of 1.5 mg or 2.5 mg EVT 201, or placebo using a balanced Latin square design. For each study condition study medication was administered on two consecutive nights and PSG and self-reported data were collected. Safety assessments included physical examination, clinical laboratory measures, electrocardiogram, documentation of adverse events, and the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) and self-reported sleepiness/alertness ratings to detect residual sedation. Data were collected at five US sleep laboratories. Efficacy analyses were performed for the 67 patients completing the study. Safety analyses included all 75 randomized patients.


RESULTS
On PSG measures compared to placebo, EVT 201 1.5 mg and 2.5 mg increased total sleep time (TST; 33.1, 45.0 min; both p<0.0001), reduced wake after sleep onset (WASO; -16.7, -25.7 min; both p<0.0001), reduced latency to persistent sleep (LPS; -17.0, -20.7 min; both p<0.0001), and reduced the number of awakenings (-1.2, -2.6; both p<0.0001). Significant reduction of wake time was seen with 1.5 mg during each of the first three quarters of the night (p<0.0001-0.002), and with 2.5 mg in all four quarters (p<0.0001-0.0005). Both doses also improved all key self-reported measures of sleep including total sleep time (rTST; 51.9, 51.1 min; both p<0.0001), wake after sleep onset (rWASO; -29.3, -29.6 min; both p<0.0001), sleep latency (rSL; -24.0 min, p<0.004; -25.1 min, p<0.0002), and number of awakenings (rNAW; -1.1, -1.2; both p<0.0001). Sleep quality was also improved by both doses. Self-rated sleepiness in the morning did not differ from placebo for either dose; however, there was a small negative effect on the DSST for both doses. Both doses had similar effects on sleep architecture including an increase in Stage 2 sleep and REM latency and a small, but significant decrease in REM (REM -5.7, -8.3 min; p=0.0175, p=0.0006). No effect on other sleep architecture parameters, including SWS, was seen. EVT 201 was well tolerated. No serious or unexpected adverse events were reported.


CONCLUSION
This first study of EVT 201 in adult patients with primary insomnia demonstrated improved measures of sleep onset and sleep maintenance, including during the third and fourth quarters of the night. Adverse events were infrequent and all were mild to moderate in severity.
Security challenges for medical devices

Implantable devices, often dependent on software, save countless lives. But how secure are they?
Clopidogrel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics vary widely despite exclusion or control of polymorphisms (CYP2C19, ABCB1, PON1), noncompliance, diet, smoking, co-medications (including proton pump inhibitors), and pre-existent variability in platelet function.

OBJECTIVES
This study sought to determine whether known genetic, drug, dietary, compliance, and lifestyle factors affecting clopidogrel absorption and metabolism fully account for the variability in clopidogrel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.


BACKGROUND
Platelet inhibition by clopidogrel is highly variable. Patients with reduced inhibition have increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events. Identification of factors contributing to clopidogrel's variable response is needed to improve platelet inhibition and reduce risk for cardiovascular events.


METHODS
Healthy subjects (n = 160; ages 20 to 53 years; homozygous CYP2C19 extensive metabolizer genotype; no nicotine for 6 weeks, prescription drugs for 4 weeks, over-the-counter drugs for 2 weeks, and no caffeine or alcohol for 72 h; confined; restricted diet) received clopidogrel 75 mg/day for 9 days, at which time clopidogrel pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic endpoints were measured.


RESULTS
At steady-state, clopidogrel active metabolite (clopidogrel(AM)) pharmacokinetics varied widely between subjects (coefficients of variation [CVs] 33.8% and 40.2% for clopidogrel(AM) area under the time-concentration curve and peak plasma concentration, respectively). On-treatment vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein P2Y(12) platelet reactivity index (PRI), maximal platelet aggregation (MPA) to adenosine phosphate, and VerifyNow P2Y12 platelet response units (PRU) also varied widely (CVs 32% to 53%). All identified factors together accounted for only 18% of intersubject variation in pharmacokinetic parameters and 32% to 64% of intersubject variation in PRI, MPA, and PRU. High on-treatment platelet reactivity was present in 45% of subjects.


CONCLUSIONS
Clopidogrel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics vary widely despite rigorous exclusion or control of known disease, polymorphisms (CYP2C19, CYP3A5, ABCB1, PON1), noncompliance, co-medications, diet, smoking, alcohol, demographics, and pre-treatment platelet hyperreactivity. Thus, as yet unidentified factors contribute to high on-treatment platelet reactivity with its known increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. (A Study of the Effects of Multiple Doses of Dexiansoprazole, Lansoprazole, Omeprazole or Esomeprazole on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Clopidogrel in Healthy Participants: NCT00942175).
Privatization, competition, and corruption: how characteristics of bribe takers and payers affect bribes to utilities

Many recent studies have looked at the macroeconomic, cultural and institutional determinants of corruption at the cross-national level. Using enterprise-level data on bribes paid to utilities in 21 transition economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, we examine how characteristics of the utilities taking bribes and the firms paying bribes affect the equilibrium level of corruption in the sector. Bribe takers (utility employees) are more likely to take bribes in countries with greater constraints on utility capacity, lower levels of competition in the utility sector, and where utilities are state-owned. Bribe payers (enterprises) are more likely to pay bribes when they are more profitable, have greater overdue payment to utilities, and are de novo private firms. Our study has several advantages over most existing studies. First, it uses an objective measure of corruption, rather than a subjective measure. Second, the large firm-level sample, which includes firms from multiple countries, allows us to examine both firm-level and national factors that might affect corruption. Finally, we are able to examine the behavior of both bribe takers and bribe payers.
Randomized double-blind crossover study of the efficacy of a tart cherry juice blend in treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy of tart cherry juice in treating pain and other features of knee osteoarthritis (OA).


METHODS
58 non-diabetic patients with Kellgren grade 2-3 OA were randomized to begin treatment with cherry juice or placebo. Two 8 oz bottles of tart cherry juice or placebo were consumed daily for 6 weeks with a 1 week washout period before switching treatments (crossover design). Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores and walking times were recorded prior to and after each treatment period. Additionally, plasma urate, creatinine and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were recorded at baseline, after the first treatment period and after the second treatment period. Acetaminophen was allowed as a rescue drug and self reported after each treatment period. Treatment effect was examined with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) using an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis.


RESULTS
There were five withdrawals during the cherry juice treatment (four adverse events (AEs)) and seven withdrawals during the placebo treatment (three AEs). WOMAC scores decreased significantly (P < 0.01) after the cherry juice treatment but not after the placebo treatment (P = 0.46); differences between treatments were not significant (P = 0.16). hsCRP declined during the cherry juice treatment vs placebo (P < 0.01). The decline in hsCRP was associated with WOMAC improvement (P < 0.01). Walking time, acetaminophen use, plasma urate and creatinine were unaffected by treatments.


CONCLUSIONS
Tart cherry juice provided symptom relief for patients with mild to moderate knee OA, but this effect was not significantly greater than placebo. Tart cherry juice lowered hsCRP levels and this effect was associated with improved WOMAC scores.
The effect of the menstrual cycle on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in normal, healthy eumenorrheic females

  Objective: Hormonal fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone in eumenorrheic women may be capable of altering the pharmacokinetics of certain agents. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the luteal, ovulatory and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine, a low clearance, flow-independent drug. Methods: Subjects were ten healthy, non-smoking, eumenorrheic females who were not pregnant and had not used oral contraceptives for a minimum of 3 months prior to the study. Blood samples were collected during one menstrual cycle for the determination of estradiol and progesterone concentrations during the follicular (days 2–6 post-onset of menses), ovulatory (days 13–16 post-onset of menses) and luteal (days 22–26 post-onset of menses) phases. Caffeine was administered over a single menstrual cycle during the follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases. Each subject was administered a single oral dose of caffeine (300 mg) in 100 ml of lemonade during each phase of the menstrual cycle. A venous catheter was used to collect blood samples at pre-dose and at the following time points: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h. Plasma caffeine concentrations were determined using a validated ultraviolet high-performance liquid chromatography method. Results: There were no significant (P < 0.05) differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of caffeine across the menstrual cycle phases. The average area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUCinf) was 93.01 mg l−1.h and the absorption rate constant (k a) was 2.88 h−1 during the ovulatory phase, 83.0 mg l−1 h and 2.06 h−1, respectively, during the luteal phase and 84.7 mg l−1.h and 1.84 h−1, respectively, during the follicular phase. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the menstrual cycle does not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of caffeine.
Different Approaches of Mining Web Navigation Pattern: Survey

Understanding the navigational behavior of website visitors is a significant factor of success in the emerging business models of electronic commerce and even mobile commerce. In this paper, we describe the different approaches of mining web navigation pattern.
Binge eating, purging, or both: eating disorder psychopathology findings from an internet community survey.

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to compare bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and purging disorder (PD) on clinically significant variables and examine the utility of once versus twice-weekly diagnostic thresholds for disturbed eating behaviors.


METHOD
234 women with BN, BED, or PD were identified through self-report measures via an online survey and categorized based on either once-weekly or twice-weekly disturbed eating behaviors.


RESULTS
BN emerged as a more severe disorder than BED and PD. The three groups differed significantly in self-reported restraint and disinhibition and the BN and BED groups reported higher levels of depression than PD. For BN, those engaging in behaviors twice-weekly versus once-weekly were more symptomatic.


DISCUSSION
The BN, BED, and PD groups differed in clinically meaningful ways. Future research need to clarify the relationship between mood disturbances and eating behaviors. Reducing the twice-weekly behavior threshold for BN would capture individuals with clinically significant eating disorders, though the twice-weekly threshold may provide important information about disorder severity for both BN and BED.
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE-BASED TRAFFIC ANALYSIS : A 1 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR AUTOMATED MULTI-VEHICLE 2 TRAJECTORY EXTRACTION

1
Enhancement of Student Learning in Experimental Design Using a Virtual Laboratory

This paper describes the instructional design, implementation, and assessment of a virtual laboratory based on a numerical simulation of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, the virtual CVD laboratory. The virtual CVD laboratory provides a capstone experience in which students synthesize engineering science and statistics principles and have the opportunity to apply experimental design in the context similar to that of a practicing engineer in industry with a wider design space than is typically seen in the undergraduate laboratory. The simulation of the reactor is based on fundamental principles of mass transfer and chemical reaction, obscured by added ldquonoise.rdquo The software application contains a 3-D student client that simulates a cleanroom environment, an instructor Web interface with integrated assessment tools, and a database server. As opposed to being constructed as a direct one-to-one replacement, this virtual laboratory is intended to complement the physical laboratories in the curriculum so that certain specific elements of student learning can be enhanced. Implementation in four classes is described. Assessment demonstrates students are using an iterative experimental design process reflective of practicing engineers and correlates success in this project to higher order thinking skills. Student surveys indicate that students perceived the virtual CVD laboratory as the most effective learning medium used, even above physical laboratories.