LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Quantization-based hashing: a general framework for scalable image and video retrieval

Nowadays, due to the exponential growth of user generated images and videos, there is an increasing interest in learning-based hashing methods. In computer vision, the hash functions are learned in such a way that the hash codes can preserve essential properties of the original space (or label information). Then the Hamming distance of the hash codes can approximate the data similarity. On the other hand, vector quantization methods quantize the data into different clusters based on the criteria of minimal quantization error, and then perform the search using look-up tables. While hashing methods using Hamming distance can achieve faster search speed, their accuracy is often outperformed by quantization methods with the same code length, due to the low quantization error and more flexible distance lookups. To improve the effectiveness of the hashing methods, in this work, we propose Quantization-based Hashing (QBH), a general framework which incorporates the advantages of quantization error reduction methods into conventional property preserving hashing methods. The learned hash codes simultaneously preserve the properties in the original space and reduce the quantization error, and thus can achieve better performance. Furthermore, the hash functions and a quantizer can be jointly learned and iteratively updated in a unified framework, which can be readily used to generate hash codes or quantize new data points. Importantly, QBH is a generic framework that can be integrated to different property preserving hashing methods and quantization strategies, and we apply QBH to both unsupervised and supervised hashing models as showcases in this paper. Experimental results on three large-scale unlabeled datasets (i.e., SIFT1M, GIST1M, and SIFT1B), three labeled datastes (i.e., ESPGAME, IAPRTC and MIRFLICKR) and one video dataset (UQ VIDEO) demonstrate the superior performance of our QBH over existing unsupervised and supervised hashing methods. 1Jingkuan Song and Lianli Gao (lianli.gao@gmail.com, corresponding author) are with the Department of Computer Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China, 611731. Xiaofeng Zhu is with Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-source Information Mining and Security, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi, China, 541004. Liu. Li is with University of East Anglia, UK. Nicu Sebe is with the Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy, 38100 Preprint submitted to Journal of Pattern Recognition March 29, 2017
The legalization of recreational marijuana: how likely is the worst-case scenario?

Last fall, voters in Colorado and Washington approved measures legalizing the recreational use of marijuana. In the near future, residents of these states who are 21 years of age and older will be able to purchase marijuana at retail stores (Donlan, 2013). Although it can be challenging to predict future behavior, Mark Kleiman, a prominent drug policy expert, described what might be characterized as the worstcase scenario. According to Kleiman, this scenario would involve three elements: more heavy drinking, “carnage on our highways,” and a “massive” increase in the use of marijuana by minors (Livingston, 2013). Below, we discuss the likely effects of legalizing marijuana for recreational use on alcohol consumption, traffic fatalities, substance use among high school students, and other outcomes of interest to policymakers and the public. Our discussion draws heavily on studies that have examined the legalization of medical marijuana. These studies are relevant because, in states such as California, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington, the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes approaches de facto legalization of marijuana for recreational purposes. One of the key unknowns in the debate over legalization concerns the relationship between alcohol and marijuana use. Researchers have attempted to produce causal estimates of this relationship by exploiting cross-sectional policy and price variation (Pacula, 1998; Williams et al., 2004). We note that these estimates could easily be spurious and that more reliable estimates based on clearly defined natural experiments show that alcohol and marijuana are substitutes. Because the social costs associated with the consumption of alcohol clearly outweigh those associated with the consumption of marijuana, we conclude that legalizing the recreational use of marijuana is likely to improve public health, although plenty of unanswered questions remain.
Hesitant fuzzy sets

Several extensions and generalizations of fuzzy sets have been introduced in the literature, for example, Atanassov’s intuitionistic fuzzy sets, type 2 fuzzy sets, and fuzzy multisets. In this paper, we propose hesitant fuzzy sets. Although from a formal point of view, they can be seen as fuzzy multisets, we will show that their interpretation differs from the two existing approaches for fuzzy multisets. Because of this, together with their definition, we also introduce some basic operations. In addition, we also study their relationship with intuitionistic fuzzy sets. We prove that the envelope of the hesitant fuzzy sets is an intuitionistic fuzzy set. We prove also that the operations we propose are consistent with the ones of intuitionistic fuzzy sets when applied to the envelope of the hesitant fuzzy sets. C © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stock Market Prediction with Backpropagation Networks

In this paper we evaluate the performance of backpropagation neural networks applied to the problem of predicting stock market prices. The neural networks are trained to approximate the mathematical function generating the semi-chaotic timeseries which represents the history of stock market prices in order to predict the values for the future. In contrast to previous investigations, the training data used in our experiments is not exclusively based on stock market prices, but also incorporates a variety of other economical factors. The prediction quality obtained is illustrated by presenting several simulation results. 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n The stock market is affected by a large number of highly interrelated economical, political and psychological factors which interact with each other in a complex fashion. Since most of these relationships seem to be probabilistic and therefore cannot be expressed as deterministic rules, financial analysis is one of the most well suited and promising applications of artificial neural networks. SeverM proposals have been made to use neural network models for prediction and forecasting problems in the financial area, such as locating sources of forecast uncertainty in a recurrent gas market model [11], corporate bond rating [1], mortgage delinquency prediction [3], chaotic timeseries prediction [10], prediction of IBM daily stock prices [12], prediction of three selected German stock prices [9] and prediction of the weekly Standard Poor 500 index [5]. In some of these proposals, the neural networks performed better than regression techniques [1, 9] or as good as the Box-Jenkins technique [10], while in others the results were disappointing [3, 12]. In this paper, we apply several variants of the backpropagation neural network to the problem of predicting the weekly price of the FAZ-Index, which is calculated on the basis of 100 major German stocks and may be regarded as one of the German equivalents of the Dow-Jones-Index in the USA. The basic idea is to let the network learn an approximation of the mapping between the input and output data in order to discover the implicit rules governing the price movement of the FAZ-Index. The trained network is then used to predict the weekly closing prices for the future. Our work differs from previous stock price predictions with neural techniques [5, 9, 12] in the data presented to the networks. While in other approaches the input data was exclusively based on stock prices, we also consider other important economical factors, namely a subset of those considered in the fundamental and technical analysis methods used by human analysts to make their investment decisions. Thus, although
Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water

Water is essential to life, but many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water and many die of waterborne bacterial infections. In this review a general characterization of the most important bacterial diseases transmitted through water-cholera, typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery-is presented, focusing on the biology and ecology of the causal agents and on the diseases' characteristics and their life cycles in the environment. The importance of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and emerging pathogens in drinking water-transmitted diseases is also briefly discussed. Microbiological water analysis is mainly based on the concept of fecal indicator bacteria. The main bacteria present in human and animal feces (focusing on their behavior in their hosts and in the environment) and the most important fecal indicator bacteria are presented and discussed (focusing on the advantages and limitations of their use as markers). Important sources of bacterial fecal pollution of environmental waters are also briefly indicated. In the last topic it is discussed which indicators of fecal pollution should be used in current drinking water microbiological analysis. It was concluded that safe drinking water for all is one of the major challenges of the 21st century and that microbiological control of drinking water should be the norm everywhere. Routine basic microbiological analysis of drinking water should be carried out by assaying the presence of Escherichia coli by culture methods. Whenever financial resources are available, fecal coliform determinations should be complemented with the quantification of enterococci. More studies are needed in order to check if ammonia is reliable for a preliminary screening for emergency fecal pollution outbreaks. Financial resources should be devoted to a better understanding of the ecology and behavior of human and animal fecal bacteria in environmental waters.
The influence of gender and atopy in the relationship between obesity and asthma in childhood.

BACKGROUND
The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between asthma and overweight-obesity in Spanish children and adolescents and to determine whether this relationship was affected by gender and atopy.


METHODS
The study involves 8607 Spanish children and adolescents from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood phase III. Unconditional logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between asthma symptoms and overweight-obesity in the two groups. Afterwards, it was stratified by sex and rhinoconjunctivitis.


RESULTS
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in 6-7-year-old children was 18.6% and 5.2% respectively and in 13-14 year-old teenagers was 11.4% and 1.1% respectively. Only the obese children, not the overweight children, of the 6-7 year old group had a higher risk of any asthma symptoms (wheezing ever: OR 1.68 [1.15-2.47], asthma ever: OR 2.29 [1.43-3.68], current asthma 2.56 [1.54-4.28], severe asthma 3.18 [1.50-6.73], exercise-induced asthma 2.71 [1.45-5.05]). The obese girls had an increased risk of suffering any asthma symptoms (wheezing ever: OR 1.73 [1.05-2.91], asthma ever: OR 3.12 [1.67-5.82], current asthma 3.20 [1.65-6.19], severe asthma 4.83[1.94-12.04], exercise-induced asthma 3.68 [1.67-8.08]). The obese children without rhinoconjunctivitis had a higher risk of asthma symptoms.


CONCLUSIONS
Obesity and asthma symptoms were associated in 6-7 year-old children but not in 13-14 year-old teenagers. The association was stronger in non-atopic children and obese girls.
An End-to-End Neural Architecture for Reading Comprehension

Machine reading comprehension is an on-going area of research in both industry and academia. In this paper, we present an end-to-end model combining elements of state-of-the-art question answering systems trained on the Stanford QuestionAnswering Dataset (SQuAD). Using this architecture, we achieve an F1 of 61.5% and an EM of 48.3%.
A Decommodified Experience? Exploring Aesthetic, Economic and Ethical Values for Volunteer Ecotourism in Costa Rica

Volunteer ecotourism has been described as an ’ideal’ form of decommodified ecotourism that overcomes problems associated with tourism in general, and ecotourism specifically. Using a case study of volunteer ecotourism and sea turtle conservation in Costa Rica, this paper interrogates this ideal. Perceptions of volunteer ecotourism were explored through in-depth interviews with 36 stakeholders, including hosts, NGO staff, government employees, local ‘cabineros’ (families who provide accommodation) and guests (volunteers). Results show that while all stakeholder groups share similarly positive views of volunteer ecotourism, subtle but important differences exist. We analyse these differences in terms of aesthetic, economic, and ethical values, and situate the results in existing theories about the moralisation and decommodification of ecotourism.
Developing a tool to assess quality of stroke care across European populations: the EROS Quality Assessment Tool.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
There are significant differences in the provision of care and outcome after stroke across countries. The European Registers of Stroke study aimed to develop, test, and refine a tool to assess quality of care.


METHODS
We used a systematic review and grading of evidence for stroke care across the clinical pathway and developed and field-tested a quality tool that was delivered by post and later by site visit at 7 centers. Items were refined by using an algorithm that took into account the level of evidence, measurement properties, and consensus of opinion obtained using, the Delphi techniques.


RESULTS
The tool included 251 items across 11 domains, of which 214 items could be categorized by any level of evidence. Overall agreement between postal and site visit modes of delivery was acceptable (κ=0.77), with most items having a κ>0.5. The refinement process resulted in 2 practical versions of the tool (93 items and 22 items). Positive responses to items in the tool indicated implementation of evidence-based stroke care. In field testing, the proportion of positive responses to evidence-based items ranged from 43% to 79% across populations. Proportions of different types of evidence being implemented were similar: high quality 62%, limited quality 72%, and expert opinion 54% across the populations. More than half (4 of 7) of the centers provided stroke unit care and thrombolysis, but availability and access to inpatient rehabilitation varied significantly, with poor access to community follow-up for rehabilitation and medical management.


CONCLUSIONS
The European Registers of Stroke Quality Assessment Tool has potential to be used as a framework to compare services and promote increased implementation of evidence-based care.
Stepped care vs. matched care for mood and anxiety disorders: a randomized trial in routine practice.

OBJECTIVE
The effectiveness of two versions of stepped care [with either brief therapy (BT) or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as a first step] is studied in comparison with the traditional matched care approach (CAU) for patients with mood and anxiety disorders.


METHOD
A randomized trial was performed in routine mental health care in 12 settings, including 702 patients. Patients were interviewed once in 3 months for 18-24 months (response rate 69%).


RESULTS
Overall, patients' health improved significantly over time: 51% had achieved recovery from the DSM-IV disorder(s) after 1 year and 66% at the end of the study. Respectively, 50% and 60% had 'normal' SCL90 and SF36 scores. Cognitive behavioural therapy and BT patients achieved recovery more often than CAU patients (ORs between 1.26 and 1.48), although these results were not statistically significant.


CONCLUSION
Stepped care, with BT or CBT as a first step, is at least as effective as matched care.
Dynamics of the transition process towards partnership thinking in centralized public procurement

Abstract This research paper seeks to increase the knowledge of the transition process from transactional arm's length tendering towards partnership thinking in centralized public procurement. In centralized public procurement, the professional public purchaser forms a triadic partnership relationship with the public unit managing the procurement implementation and the private organization. A triadic partnership relationship in a home nursing procurement setting is investigated to further the understanding of the relationship dynamics related to the transitioning of public and private actors towards partnership thinking. The research shows how transactional procurement logic hinders the transition to partnering by establishing challenges for initiating and nurturing public–private partnerships (PPPs) and how partnership thinking changes this procurement logic. It illustrates the transactional procurement logic of single actor and the logic underlying the relationship of two actors to engender and intensify the problems of triad in the centralized public procurement process and vice versa; that is, a shared understanding from jointly agreed procurement goals between two actors is identified as promoting triadic partnering. Managerial implications are given for those public and private organizations engaging in PPPs and seeking to understand the ways of managing them in the context of centralized public procurement, particularly during the transition towards partnership thinking.
Gene therapy targeting haematopoietic stem cells for inherited diseases: progress and challenges

Pioneering gene therapy trials have shown that the genetic engineering of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells can be an alternative to allogeneic transplantation in the treatment of primary immunodeficiencies. Early trials also highlighted the risk of insertional mutagenesis and oncogene transactivation associated with the first generation of gammaretroviral vectors. These events prompted the development of safer, self-inactivating lentiviral or gammaretroviral vectors. These lentiviral vectors have been successfully used to treat over 200 patients with 10 different haematological disorders (including primary immunodeficiencies, haemoglobinopathies and metabolic disorders) and for the generation of chimeric antigen receptor-T cells for cancer therapy. However, several challenges, such as effective reconstitution during inflammation, remain if gene therapy is to be extended to more complex diseases in which haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells can be altered by the disease environment. We discuss the progress made and future challenges for gene therapy and contrast gene therapy with gene-editing strategies. Advances in the design of vectors based on retroviruses, such as lentiviruses and gammaretroviruses, have led to improvements in the safety and stability of gene therapies directed at haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In this Review, Cavazzana and colleagues discuss the results from recent clinical trials of retroviral vectors for the treatment of genetic disorders, including severe combined immunodeficiencies and β-haemoglobinopathies (β-thalassaemia and sickle cell disease). They highlight the progress made and the remaining challenges in applying gene therapies more broadly.
Type theories, toposes and constructive set theory: predicative aspects of AST

Abstract We introduce a predicative version of topos (stratified pseudotopos) based on the notion of small maps in algebraic set theory, developed by Joyal and one of the authors. Examples of stratified pseudotoposes can be constructed in Martin-Lof type theory, which is a predicative theory. A stratified pseudotopos admits construction of the internal category of sheaves, which is again a stratified pseudotopos. We also show how to build models of Aczel-Myhill constructive set theory using this categorical structure.
Effect of thumb joint mobilization on pressure pain threshold in elderly patients with thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated the effects of Maitland's passive accessory mobilization on local hypoalgesia and strength in thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis (TCOA).


METHODS
Twenty-eight patients between 70 and 90 years old with secondary TCOA were randomized into glide mobilization and sham groups. This study was designed as a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Therapy consisted of Maitland's passive accessory mobilization of the dominant hand during 4 sessions over 2 weeks. We measured pressure pain threshold (PPT) at the trapeziometacarpal joint (TMJ), the tubercle of the scaphoid bone, and the unciform apophysis of the hamate bone by algometry. The tip and tripod pinch strength was also measured. Grip strength was measured by a grip dynamometer. Measurements were taken before treatment and after 1 week (first follow-up [FU]) and 2 weeks (second FU).


RESULTS
All values in sham group remained unchanged along the treatment period. In the treated group, the PPT in the TMJ was 3.85 ± 0.35 kg/cm(2), which increased after treatment to 3.99 ± 0.37 and was maintained at the same level during the first FU 3.94 ± 0.39 and second FU 4.74 ± 0.40. In contrast, we found no differences in PPT in the other studied structures after treatment. Similarly, tip, tripod pinch, and grip strength remained without change after treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
Passive accessory mobilization increased PPT in the TMJ; however, it did not increase motor function in patients with TCOA.
Validation of the FOUR Score (Spanish Version) in acute stroke: an interobserver variability study.

BACKGROUND
Methods to assess impaired consciousness in acute stroke typically include the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), but the verbal component has limitations in aphasic or intubated patients. The FOUR (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness) score, a new coma scale, evaluates 4 components: eye and motor responses, brainstem reflexes and respiration. We aimed to study the interobserver variability of the FOUR score in acute stroke patients.


METHODS
We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients with acute stroke admitted from February to July 2008 to the stroke unit of our Neurology Department. Patients were evaluated by neurology residents and nurses using the FOUR score and the GCS. For both scales, we obtained paired and total weighted kappa values (Kw) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). NIH stroke scale was also recorded on admission.


RESULTS
We obtained a total of 75 paired evaluations in 60 patients (41 cerebral infarctions, 15 cerebral hemorrhages and 4 transient ischemic attacks). Thirty-three (55%) patients were alert, 17 (28.3%) drowsy and 10 (16.7%) stuporous or comatose. The overall rater agreement was excellent in the FOUR score (Kw 0.93; 95% CI 0.89-0.97) with an ICC of 0.94 (95% CI 0.91-0.96) and in the GCS (Kw 0.96; 95% CI 0.94-0.98) with an ICC of 0.96 (95% CI 0.93-0.97). A good correlation was found between the FOUR score and the GCS (rho 0.83; p < 0.01) and between the FOUR score and the NIH stroke scale (rho -0.78; p < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
The FOUR score is a reliable scale for evaluating the level of consciousness in acute stroke patients, showing a good correlation with the GCS and the NIH stroke scale.