LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Failure of Carbon Fiber Yacht Mast in Heavy Weather

For many years Round the World racers and leading yacht owners have appreciated the benefit of carbon. Carbon fiber spars are around 50% lighter and considerably stronger than traditional aluminum masts. The result is increased speed, and the lighter mast also gives the boat a lower centre of gravity and so heeling and pitching is reduced. The recent spate of carbon mast failures has left concerns amongst the general yachting public about the reliability of the concept and ultimately the material itself. The lack of knowledge about loads acting on the mast prevents designers from coming with an optimum design. But a new program, the "Smart Mast" program, developed by two of Britain's leading marine companies, has been able to monitor loads acting on a mast in real-time with an optical fiber system. This improvement could possibly be a revolution in the design of racing yachts carbon masts and fill the design data shortage. Some other evolutions in the rigging design also appeared to be of interest, like for example the free-standing mast or a video system helping the helmsman to use its sails at their maximum. Thesis supervisor: Jerome J. Connor Title: Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Genetic Algorithms: Theory and Applications

FLLL 2 Preface This is a printed collection of the contents of the lecture " Genetic Algorithms: Theory and Applications " which I gave first in the winter semester 1999/2000 at the Johannes Kepler University in Linz. The reader should be aware that this manuscript is subject to further reconsideration and improvement. Corrections, complaints, and suggestions are cordially welcome. The sources were manifold: Chapters 1 and 2 were written originally for these lecture notes. All examples were implemented from scratch. The third chapter is a distillation of the books of Goldberg [13] and Hoffmann [15] and a handwritten manuscript of the preceding lecture on genetic algorithms which was given by Andreas Stöckl in 1993 at the Johannes Kepler University. Chapters 4, 5, and 7 contain recent adaptations of previously published material from my own master thesis and a series of lectures which was given by Francisco Herrera and myself at the Second Summer School on Advanced Control at the Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, in summer 1997 [4]. Chapter 6 was written originally, however, strongly influenced by A. Geyer-Schulz's works and H. Hörner's paper on his C++ GP kernel [18]. I would like to thank all the students attending the first GA lecture in Winter 1999/2000, for remaining loyal throughout the whole term and for contributing much to these lecture notes with their vivid, interesting, and stimulating questions, objections, and discussions. Last but not least, I want to express my sincere gratitude to Sabine Lumpi and Susanne Saminger for support in organizational matters, and Pe-ter Bauer for proofreading .
Ventral intraspinal fluid-filled collection secondary to CSF leak presenting as bibrachial amyotrophy.

COLLECTION SECONDARY TO CSF LEAK PRESENTING AS BIBRACHIAL AMYOTROPHY MRI has identified a broader clinical spectrum of CSF leaks than what was initially recognized. Although headache, particularly orthostatic, is the most common manifestation, most patients display additional symptoms, and some have no headaches.1,2 Other manifestations include cochleovestibular and oculomotor disturbances, cognitive impairment, interscapular pain, and imbalance.1,2 This report draws attention to yet another manifestation of CSF leaks: segmental amyotrophy related to cervical cord compromise from an intraspinal ventral epidural fluid-filled collection in communication with the subarachnoid space. The 3 reported patients showed clinical improvement after dural defect repair; imaging resolution of the intraspinal fluid-filled collection was demonstrated in all.
A Single-centre Early Phase Randomised Controlled Three-arm Trial of Open, Robotic, and Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy (CORAL).

BACKGROUND
Laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) and robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) are increasingly popular, but high-level evidence for these techniques remains lacking.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the outcomes of patients undergoing open radical cystectomy (ORC), RARC, and LRC.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
From March 2009 to July 2012, 164 patients requiring radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer or high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer were invited to participate, with an aim of recruiting 47 patients into each arm. Overall, 93 were suitable for trial inclusion; 60 (65%) agreed and 33 (35%) declined.


INTERVENTION
ORC, RARC, or LRC with extracorporeal urinary diversion.


OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Primary end points were 30- and 90-d complication rates. Secondary end points were perioperative clinical, pathologic, and oncologic outcomes, and quality of life (QoL). The Fisher exact test and analysis of variance were used for statistical analyses.


RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS
The 30-d complication rates (classified by the Clavien-Dindo system) varied significantly between the three arms (ORC: 70%; RARC: 55%; LRC: 26%; p=0.024). ORC complication rates were significantly higher than LRC (p<0.01). The 90-d complication rates did not differ significantly between the three arms (ORC: 70%; RARC: 55%; LRC 32%; p=0.068). Mean operative time was significantly longer in RARC compared with ORC or LRC. ORC resulted in a slower return to oral solids than RARC or LRC. There were no significant differences in QoL measures. Major limitations are the small sample size and potential surgeon bias.


CONCLUSIONS
The 30-d complication rates varied by type of surgery and were significantly higher in the ORC arm than the LRC arm. There was no significant difference in 90-d Clavien-graded complication rates between the three arms.


PATIENT SUMMARY
We compared patients having open, robotic, or laparoscopic bladder removal surgery for bladder cancer and found no difference in Clavien-graded complication rates at 90 d.
A randomized trial of late reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction-6 Study Group.

BACKGROUND
Experimental and observational clinical studies of acute coronary occlusion have suggested that late reperfusion prevents infarct expansion and facilitates myocardial healing. The purpose of this trial was to assess whether infarct vessel patency could be achieved in late-entry patients and what benefit, if any, can be demonstrated.


METHODS AND RESULTS
In a double-blind fashion, 197 patients with 6 to 24 hours of symptoms and ECG ST elevation were randomly assigned to tissue-type plasminogen activator (100 mg over 2 hours) or placebo. Coronary angiography within 24 hours was used to determine infarct vessel patency status. Patients with infarct-related occluded arteries were then eligible for a second randomization to either angioplasty (34 patients) or no angioplasty (37 patients). Ventricular function and cavity size were reassessed at 1 month by gated blood pool scintigraphy and at 6 months by repeat cardiac catheterization. The primary end point, infarct vessel patency, was 65% for plasminogen activator patients compared with 27% in the placebo group (p less than 0.0001). There were no differences between these groups in ejection fraction or infarct zone regional wall motion at 1 or 6 months. At 6 months, infarct vessel patency was 59% in both groups. In the placebo group, there was a significant increase in end-diastolic volume from acute phase of 127 ml to 159 ml at 6-month follow-up (p = 0.006) but no increase in cavity size for the plasminogen activator group patients. Coronary angioplasty was associated with an initial 81% recanalization success and improved ventricular function at 1 month, but by late follow-up no advantage could be demonstrated for this procedure, and there was a 38% spontaneous recanalization rate in the patients assigned to no angioplasty.


CONCLUSIONS
The study demonstrates that it is possible to achieve infarct vessel recanalization in the majority of late-entry patients with either thrombolytic therapy or angioplasty. Thrombolytic intervention had a favorable effect on prevention of cavity dilatation and left ventricular remodeling, but there are no late benefits on systolic function after thrombolysis or coronary angioplasty. The conclusions concerning overall potential benefit of applying late reperfusion therapy will require data from large-scale trials designed to assess mortality reduction.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation coregistered with MRI: a comparison of a guided versus blind stimulation technique and its effect on evoked compound muscle action potentials

INTRODUCTION AND METHODS
Compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are characterized by enormous variability, even when attempts are made to stimulate the same scalp location. This report describes the results of a comparison of the spatial errors in coil placement and resulting CMAP characteristics using a guided and blind TMS stimulation technique. The former uses a coregistration system, which displays the intersection of the peak TMS induced electric field with the cortical surface. The latter consists of the conventional placement of the TMS coil on the optimal scalp position for activation of the first dorsal interossei (FDI) muscle.


RESULTS
Guided stimulation resulted in significantly improved spatial precision for exciting the corticospinal projection to the FDI compared to blind stimulation. This improved precision of coil placement was associated with a significantly increased probability of eliciting FDI responses. Although these responses tended to have larger amplitudes and areas, the coefficient of variation between guided and blind stimulation induced CMAPs did not significantly differ.


CONCLUSION
The results of this study demonstrate that guided stimulation improves the ability to precisely revisit previously stimulated cortical loci as well as increasing the probability of eliciting TMS induced CMAPs. Response variability, however, is due to factors other than coil placement.
The anti-ischemic mechanism of action of ranolazine in stable ischemic heart disease.

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this explanatory analysis was to investigate the relationship between ST-segment depression and the rate-pressure product (RPP) during exercise to determine whether ranolazine's mechanism of action was related to a reduction in myocardial oxygen demand or preservation of myocardial oxygen supply.


BACKGROUND
In patients with stable ischemic heart disease, ranolazine increases exercise duration and reduces maximal ST-segment depression while exerting minimal effects on heart rate and blood pressure, although its mechanism of action during exercise has not been investigated.


METHODS
Patients with stable ischemic heart disease (n = 191) were randomly allocated to a 4-period, double-blind, balanced Latin square crossover study to receive placebo, and ranolazine 500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg twice daily (bid) for 1 week each. Exercise treadmill tests were performed at baseline and at the end of each treatment period. The RPP and ST-segment depression were assessed before starting exercise, at each stage of exercise, and at maximal exercise.


RESULTS
Compared with placebo, ranolazine produced a dose-dependent reduction in ST-segment depression that became more marked as exercise-induced ischemia became more pronounced, associated with clinically minor decreases in heart rate and blood pressure. At 12-min exercise, the amount of ST-segment depression compared with placebo and controlled for RPP was reduced by 22.3% on ranolazine 500 mg bid (p = 0.137), by 35.4% on 1,000 mg bid (p = 0.005), and by 45.8% on 1,500 mg bid (p < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
The progressive magnitude of ischemia reduction on ranolazine was proportionally more substantial than the minor reductions in heart rate or RPP, suggesting that ranolazine's beneficial mechanism of action is most likely primarily due to an improvement in regional coronary blood flow in areas of myocardial ischemia.
Neural Architectures for Fine-grained Entity Type Classification

In this work, we investigate several neural network architectures for fine-grained entity type classification and make three key contributions. Despite being a natural comparison and addition, previous work on attentive neural architectures have not considered hand-crafted features and we combine these with learnt features and establish that they complement each other. Additionally, through quantitative analysis we establish that the attention mechanism learns to attend over syntactic heads and the phrase containing the mention, both of which are known to be strong hand-crafted features for our task. We introduce parameter sharing between labels through a hierarchical encoding method, that in lowdimensional projections show clear clusters for each type hierarchy. Lastly, despite using the same evaluation dataset, the literature frequently compare models trained using different data. We demonstrate that the choice of training data has a drastic impact on performance, which decreases by as much as 9.85% loose micro F1 score for a previously proposed method. Despite this discrepancy, our best model achieves state-of-the-art results with 75.36% loose micro F1 score on the well-established FIGER (GOLD) dataset and we report the best results for models trained using publicly available data for the OntoNotes dataset with 64.93% loose micro F1 score. a	  	  	  match	  	  	  series	  	  	  	  against	  	  	  New	  	  	  	  Zealand	  	  	  	  	  	  is	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  held	  	  	  	  	  on	  	  	  	  	  Monday Output Word Embeddings LSTM Layers A9en:ons Context	  Representa:on Men:on	  Representa:on /organiza)on,	  	  /organiza)on/sports_team Figure 1: An illustration of the attentive encoder neural model predicting fine-grained semantic types for the mention “New Zealand” in the expression “a match series against New Zealand is held on Monday”.
Map of North America.

Map shows political boundaries, major cities, population statistics, length of rivers, and distances by sea; Mexico encompassing the Southwest; coloration encompassing Texas as part of the United States, with boundary lines present for independent Texas; areas of Indian habitation; Russian "possessions," British America, Greenland, Guatimala, and the West Indies. Includes explanation and notes. Scale [ca. 1:31,700,000].
If it looks like a spammer and behaves like a spammer, it must be a spammer: analysis and detection of microblogging spam accounts

Spam in online social networks (OSNs) is a systemic problem that imposes a threat to these services in terms of undermining their value to advertisers and potential investors, as well as negatively affecting users’ engagement. As spammers continuously keep creating newer accounts and evasive techniques upon being caught, a deeper understanding of their spamming strategies is vital to the design of future social media defense mechanisms. In this work, we present a unique analysis of spam accounts in OSNs viewed through the lens of their behavioral characteristics. Our analysis includes over 100 million messages collected from Twitter over the course of 1 month. We show that there exist two behaviorally distinct categories of spammers and that they employ different spamming strategies. Then, we illustrate how users in these two categories demonstrate different individual properties as well as social interaction patterns. Finally, we analyze the detectability of spam accounts with respect to three categories of features, namely content attributes, social interactions, and profile properties.
Understanding the patient perspective - results of the Rheumatoid Arthritis: Insights, Strategies & Expectations (RAISE) patient needs survey.

OBJECTIVES
To gain insight into the management and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from the perspective of patients with moderate to severe disease.


METHODS
We recruited patients with moderate-to-severe, active RA who were either biologic naïve or biologic experienced (i.e. receiving biologic therapy) and then surveyed their perceptions of their disease and its management through a questionnaire. The survey was administered by computer-assisted telephone interview of patients in 9 countries (n=586) and covered diagnosis, treatment, physician interaction, and lifestyle with RA. Mean age at onset of RA symptoms was 41 years, with an average time to diagnosis of 3 years.


RESULTS
Most physician-patient communication centered on symptoms and treatment rather than the impact of RA on quality of life (QoL). Biologic users had significantly more 'good' days per month than biologic-naïve patients (71% vs. 61%). Of all patients, 22% reported high levels of pain on the day of the interview. A majority of patients considered their lives to be controlled by RA, despite the fact that they were receiving the current standard of care. Although potentially eligible for biologic therapy, as defined by a broad set of criteria for this investigation, 62% of biologic-naïve patients were not aware of biologic therapies.


CONCLUSIONS
The Rheumatoid Arthritis: Insights, Strategies & Expectations (RAISE) survey describes how patients with moderate to severe RA view their disease and which issues are critically important to them. Despite substantial impact on QoL and emotional health, a minority of patients discuss these issues with their physician. Also, despite improvements afforded by biologic therapy, continuing symptoms and pain occur in a proportion of RA patients.
A prototype for assessing information security awareness

Due to the intensified need for improved information security, many organisations have established information security awareness programs to ensure that their employees are informed and aware of security risks, thereby protecting themselves and their profitability. In order for a security awareness program to add value to an organisation and at the same time make a contribution to the field of information security, it is necessary to have a set of methods to study and measure its effect. The objective of this paper is to report on the development of a prototype model for measuring information security awareness in an international mining company. Following a description of the model, a brief discussion of the application results is presented. a 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effects of methylphenidate on prepulse inhibition during attended and ignored prestimuli among boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Rationale and objectives. The present study investigated attentional modification of prepulse inhibition of startle among boys with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Two hypotheses were tested: (1) whether ADHD is associated with diminished prepulse inhibition during attended prestimuli, but not ignored prestimuli, and (2) whether methylphenidate selectively increases prepulse inhibition to attended prestimuli among boys with ADHD. Methods. Participants were 17 boys with ADHD and 14 controls. Participants completed a tone discrimination task in each of two sessions separated by 1 week. ADHD boys were administered methylphenidate (0.3 mg/kg) in one session and placebo in the other session in a randomized, double-blind fashion. During each series of 72 tones (75 dB; half 1200-Hz, half 400-Hz), participants were paid to attend to one pitch and ignore the other. Bilateral eyeblink electromyogram startle responses were recorded in response to acoustic probes (50-ms, 102-dB white noise) presented following the onset of two-thirds of tones, and during one-third of intertrial intervals. Results. Relative to controls, boys with ADHD exhibited diminished prepulse inhibition 120 ms after onset of attended but not ignored prestimuli following placebo administration. Methylphenidate selectively increased prepulse inhibition to attended prestimuli at 120 ms among boys with ADHD to a level comparable to that of controls, who did not receive methylphenidate. Conclusions. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ADHD involves diminished selective attention and suggest that methylphenidate ameliorates the symptoms of ADHD, at least in part, by altering an early attentional mechanism.
Consequence of cerebral embolism after transcatheter aortic valve implantation compared with contemporary surgical aortic valve replacement: effect on health-related quality of life.

BACKGROUND
Incidence of cerebral microinfarcts is higher after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) compared with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). It is unknown whether these lesions persist and what direct impact they have on health-related quality of life. The objective was to identify predictors of cerebral microinfarction and measure their effect on health-related quality of life during 6 months after TAVI when compared with SAVR.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Cerebral MRI was conducted at baseline, post procedure, and 6 months using diffusion-weighted imaging. Health-related quality of life was measured at baseline, 30 days, and 6 months with short form-12 health outcomes and EuroQol 5 dimensions questionnaires. One hundred eleven patients (TAVI, n=71; SAVR, n=40) were studied. The incidence (54 [77%] versus 17 [43%]; P=0.001) and number (3.4±4.9 versus 1.2±1.8; P=0.001) of new microinfarcts were greater after TAVI than after SAVR. The total volume per microinfarct was smaller in TAVI than in SAVR (0.23±0.24 versus 0.76±1.8 mL; P=0.04). The strongest associations for microinfarction were: TAVI (arch atheroma grade: r=0.46; P=0.0001) and SAVR (concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting: r=-0.33; P=0.03). Physical component score in TAVI increased after 30 days (32.1±6.6 versus 38.9±7.0; P<0.0001) and 6 months (40.4±9.3; P<0.0001); the improvement occurred later in SAVR (baseline: 34.9±10.6; 30 days: 35.9±10.2; 6 months: 42.8±11.2; P<0.001). After TAVI, there were no differences in the short form-12 health outcome scores according to the presence or size of new cerebral infarction.


CONCLUSIONS
Cerebral microinfarctions are more common after TAVI compared with SAVR but seem to have no negative effect on early (30 days) or medium term (6 months) health-related quality of life. Aortic atheroma (TAVI) and concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (SAVR) are independent risk factors for cerebral microinfarction.