LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Tenofovir versus Placebo to Prevent Perinatal Transmission of Hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND
Pregnant women with an elevated viral load of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have a risk of transmitting infection to their infants, despite the infants' receiving hepatitis B immune globulin.


METHODS
In this multicenter, double-blind clinical trial performed in Thailand, we randomly assigned hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive pregnant women with an alanine aminotransferase level of 60 IU or less per liter to receive tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or placebo from 28 weeks of gestation to 2 months post partum. Infants received hepatitis B immune globulin at birth and hepatitis B vaccine at birth and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 months. The primary end point was a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive status in the infant, confirmed by the HBV DNA level at 6 months of age. We calculated that a sample of 328 women would provide the trial with 90% power to detect a difference of at least 9 percentage points in the transmission rate (expected rate, 3% in the TDF group vs. 12% in the placebo group).


RESULTS
From January 2013 to August 2015, we enrolled 331 women; 168 women were randomly assigned to the TDF group and 163 to the placebo group. At enrollment, the median gestational age was 28.3 weeks, and the median HBV DNA level was 8.0 log10 IU per milliliter. Among 322 deliveries (97% of the participants), there were 319 singleton births, two twin pairs, and one stillborn infant. The median time from birth to administration of hepatitis B immune globulin was 1.3 hours, and the median time from birth to administration of hepatitis B vaccine was 1.2 hours. In the primary analysis, none of the 147 infants (0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0 to 2) in the TDF group were infected, as compared with 3 of 147 (2%; 95% CI, 0 to 6) in the placebo group (P=0.12). The rate of adverse events did not differ significantly between groups. The incidence of a maternal alanine aminotransferase level of more than 300 IU per liter after discontinuation of the trial regimen was 6% in the TDF group and 3% in the placebo group (P=0.29).


CONCLUSIONS
In a setting in which the rate of mother-to-child HBV transmission was low with the administration of hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to HBeAg-positive mothers, the additional maternal use of TDF did not result in a significantly lower rate of transmission. (Funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01745822 .).
Short-term results and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs.

OBJECTIVE
To determine short-term results and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs.


DESIGN
Prospective randomized study.


ANIMALS
775 cats and 1,213 dogs.


PROCEDURE
Animals undergoing gonadectomy were allotted into 3 groups on the basis of estimated age (group 1, < 12 weeks old; group 2, 12 to 23 weeks old; group 3, > or = 24 weeks old). Complications during anesthesia, surgery, and the immediate postoperative period (7 days) were recorded. Complications were classified as major (required treatment and resulted in an increase in morbidity or mortality) or minor (required little or no treatment and caused a minimal increase in morbidity). An ANOVA was used to detect differences among groups in age, weight, body temperature, and duration of surgery. To detect differences in complication rates among groups, chi 2 analysis was used.


RESULTS
Group 1 consisted of 723 animals, group 2 consisted of 532, and group 3 consisted of 733. Group-3 animals had a significantly higher overall complication rate (10.8%) than group-1 animals (6.5%), but did not differ from group-2 animals (8.8%). Differences were not detected among the 3 groups regarding major complications (2.9, 3.2, and 3.0% for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively), but group-3 animals had significantly more minor complications (7.8%) than group-1 animals (3.6%), but not group-2 animals (5.6%).


CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
In this study, prepubertal gonadectomy did not increase morbidity or mortality on a short-term basis, compared with gonadectomy performed on animals at the traditional age. These procedures may be performed safely in prepubertal animals, provided that appropriate attention is given to anesthetic and surgical techniques.
Cough receptor sensitivity to capsaicin does not change after allergen bronchoprovocation in allergic asthma.

BACKGROUND
The relationship between cough receptor sensitivity and eosinophilic inflammation of the airway in patients with asthma remains unclear.


METHODS
Eighteen patients with asthma sensitised to house dust mite (HDM) were enrolled in a randomised parallel group study. Patients with asthma whose main symptom was cough were not enrolled in the study. Half the patients were randomly assigned to inhale saline and the other half to inhale HDM allergen. Cough receptor sensitivity to capsaicin, airway responsiveness to histamine, and sputum eosinophils analysed with hypertonic saline inhalation were investigated before and 24 hours after saline or HDM allergen bronchoprovocation.


RESULTS
Patients inhaling saline showed no significant changes in sputum eosinophils (from 7.87% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.08 to 12.19) to 8.60% (95% CI 3.03 to 14.18); p=0.97), airway responsiveness to histamine (from 726.68 micro g/ml (95% CI 251.90 to 2096.36) to 773.01 micro g/ml (95% CI 251.36 to 2377.23); p=0.96), or capsaicin sensitivity (from 7.23 micro M (95% CI 2.45 to 21.31) to 7.24 micro M (95% CI 2.46 to 21.31); p=0.96). Early asthmatic response was induced in all patients, and late asthmatic response was observed in six of nine patients inhaling HDM allergen. Although there were significant increases in sputum eosinophils (from 9.83% (95% CI 6.78 to 14.27) to 21.00% (95% CI 13.85 to 28.15); p<0.01) and airway responsiveness to histamine (from 784.16 micro g/ml (95% CI 318.24 to 1932.24) to 377.81 micro g/ml (95% CI 118.43 to 1205.24); p<0.05) 24 hours after HDM allergen inhalation compared with baseline levels, capsaicin sensitivity did not change significantly (from 5.75 micro M (95% CI 1.91 to 17.30) to 6.20 micro M (95% CI 2.21 to 17.38); p=0.77).


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that cough receptor sensitivity to capsaicin is not associated with eosinophilic inflammation of the airway in patients with allergic asthma whose main symptoms are wheezing and dyspnoea but not cough.
Impact of the International Reference Pricing on Pharmaceutical Market Access

International reference pricing (IRP) is a process of cost comparison through external reference or cross-reference, which is used by many multinational pharmaceutical companies located in the States of the European Union. The IRP process has been reinforced through the process of mutual recognition of innovative drugs in 1975, the creation of an internal market in the European Union in 1992, and the institution of the European Medical Agency (EMA) in 1995 [1]. Compared to other models, which are based on the evaluation of costs, profits and effectiveness of drugs (value-based pricing), the IRP is a simple process [2].
Marist college token ring test network

Institutional Profile: Marist is a small liberal arts college located in Poughkeepsie, New York, on the banks of the Hudson River about 70 miles north of New York City. Marist currently enrolls near 2800 undergraduates and 500 graduate students. The Computer Center facilities support academic, library, and administrative areas. Our mainframe computer is an IBM 3090 model 200E. We have PC facilities with hardware induding IBM PCs, XTs, ATs. and the full family of PSRs. There are major PC and terminal labs in two academic buildings as well as one dormitory. The Computer Center is staffed by 17 full time analysts, programmers, technicians and professionals. We also employ over 60 part time student employees. Forty of these students make up the Student User Support Staff which is the front line of support for all users in the lab areas.
INFORMED CONSENT IN PSYCHIATRIC MEDICAL CARE: A PROSPECTIVE QUANTITATIVE STUDY.

UNLABELLED
Respecting fundamental ethics principles entails the process of obtaining an informed consent, which is a necessary requirement for offering good psychiatric medical care and conducting research studies on human subjects, who are regarded as the vulnerable population. Presently, in Romania, the informed consent regarding medical interventions is covered by the law of the patient's rights, Law 46/2003, chapter 3. The aim of this study is to evaluate the medical staff's perception of the need of the informed consent in the practice of psychiatric medical care.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
This is a quantitative, inquiry based study, with prospective evaluation, based on the responses of 217 medical staff members involved in treating patients with psychiatric disorders. The study unfolded between July 2012 and July 2013, and the questionnaires were answered by medical staff members (psychiatrists, general practitioners, other clinical specialists, psychologists) from Iasi, Botosani, Vaslui, Suceava counties.


RESULTS
The age group distribution of the medical staff involved in the medical care shows statistically significant differences between the groups questioned (χ2 = 227.14; df = 5; p = 0.001). Concerning the answers recorded at question no. 2, regarding informing the psychiatric patient, and comparing the studied groups of medical staff, a majority of affirmative answers was noted.


CONCLUSIONS
The medical staff members involved in the patient's treatment recognizes the necessity of a full informed consent when discussing about psychiatric medical care. In psychiatry, the variation of competence raises multiple ethics discussions.
Extraction, Identification and Antioxidative Properties of the Flavonoid-Rich Fractions from Leaves and Flowers of Cassia angustifolia

Flavonoids identification, total flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of the extracts from the leaves as well as flowers of Cassia angustifolia were determined. Five different extraction techniques were used for the extraction of flavonoids from leaves and flowers. Total flavonoid contents (TFC) in the extracts were determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Individual flavonoids were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS). It has been examined that aqueous ethanol (70%) fractions of C. angustifolia flowers and leaves are highly rich in flavonoids and microwave extraction is the best method for the extraction of individual flavanoid constituents (1 9) as well as total flavonoid contents. It was also found that compound 8 was absent in the leaves and compounds 2 and 5 could not be identified. The extracts of C. angustifolia flowers and leaves show strong antioxidant activity.
T(2)-weighted combined with diffusion-weighted images for evaluating prostatic transition zone tumors at 3 Tesla.

AIM
We hypothesize that the combination of T(2)-weighted (T(2)W) MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) methods provides a powerful clinical application for the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer and benign lesion in the prostatic transition zone (TZ).


METHODS
This retrospective study included 113 patients who were diagnosed with TZ lesions by MRI. The apparent diffusion coefficient values were compared between biopsy-proven benign and malignant lesions.


RESULTS
The apparent diffusion coefficient values for the malignant nodules were significantly lower than those of the benign nodules. The area under the curve values for T(2)W imaging combined with DWI and T(2)W imaging alone were 0.991 and 0.884, respectively.


CONCLUSION
T(2)W combined with DWI provides a powerful tool for noninvasive differentiation between malignant and benign prostatic hyperplasia nodules in the prostatic TZ.
[Profile of moral reasoning in persons with bipolar affective disorder].

AIM
The subject of the research presented in this paper was to analyze the relationships between bipolar disorder (BD) and the profile of moral reasoning according to the concept of James Rest.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
86 persons took part in the research, including 43 bipolar patients and 43 healthy individuals. To measure the severity of depression and mania symptoms the following scales were used: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Young Rating Scale for Mania (YMRS). Profile of moral reasoning was defined on the basis of the results obtained in the Defining Issue Test (DIT) by James Rest.


RESULTS
Statistical analysis showed that there is a relationship between bipolar disorder (and its phases) and the profile of moral reasoning: bipolar patients significantly less often than healthy individuals chose answers indicating the postconventional thinking (p = 0.000) - and more often - answers indicating stage 3 and those belonging to the anti-institutional thinking index (p = 0.000). There was also a relationship shown between the development of moral reasoning and the phase of bipolar disorder: patients in mania less often than persons in euthymia chose answers indicating the final stage of moral thinking (p = 0.050). There were no significant differences between the results of patients with a depressive episode and the results of patients in mania and between the results of patients with a depressive episode and the results of patients in euthymia.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that the psychological state of the individual may have an impact on the process of moral reasoning - bipolar disorder may to some extent influence the way of thinking about moral dilemmas. The collected data also seem to emphasize the specificity of the manic phase which is especially worth exploration when conducting further studies.
Trajectory optimization for target localization using small unmanned aerial vehicles

Small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with navigation and video capabilities can be used to perform target localization. Combining UAV state estimates with image data leads to bearing measurements of the target that can be processed to determine its position. This 3-D bearings-only estimation problem is nonlinear and traditional filtering methods are prone to biases, noisy estimates, and filter instabilities. The performance of the target localization is highly dependent on the vehicle trajectory, motivating the development of optimal UAV trajectories. This work presents methods for designing trajectories that increase the amount of information provided by the measurements and shows that these trajectories lead to enhanced estimation performance. The Fisher Information Matrix (FIM) is used to quantify the information provided by the measurements. Several objective functions based on the FIM are considered and the A-optimality criterion is shown to be the best suited for trajectory optimization in the 3-D bearings-only target localization problem. The resulting trajectories produce spirals, which increase the angular separation between measurements and reduce the range to the target, supporting geometric intuition. The problem of simultaneous target estimation and vehicle trajectory optimization is explored and the resulting algorithms produce vehicle trajectories that increase the information provided by the measurements, enhancing the target estimation performance by increasing accuracy, reducing uncertainty and improving filter convergence.
Pleiades Fractionated Space System Architecture and the Future of National Security Space

In recent years, national security space systems have been plagued by cost overruns, schedule slips, and requirements creep. Notable programs have received much coverage in the press after incurring multiple Nunn-McCurdy cost growth breaches (total program cost increase by greater than 25%) or being cancelled outright. While these programs are the most visible, they are merely examples of the widespread problems with the government’s and industry’s approach to military space. While a spacecraft that is never launched obviously provides a poor return on government investment, those spacecraft that have reached orbit may be equally bad investments if mission needs have changed or a critical component fails soon after launch. Recent studies suggest that fractionated space systems can produce a higher value return on investment than traditional monolithic systems. Rather than continuing to design large monolithic satellites with unrealizable and competing requirements for performance and lifetime, we plan to develop a fractionated space system architecture, informed by value-centric engineering, that enables rapid initial operational capability through staged deployment, flexibility to changing national security needs, and robustness against attack and failures. The Pleiades architecture implements fractionated space systems, where the system’s functionality is spread over multiple, heterogeneous spacecraft modules. Each spacecraft module is a free-flying entity that has its own set of typical spacecraft bus functions but carries a unique mission payload or a resource such as a mission data processor, solid state recorder or high bandwidth downlink. The spacecraft modules fly in a cluster, and communicate with each other through a shared wireless network. The Pleiades architecture allows for rapid response to operational needs, whether it be by launching new spacecraft modules to join a cluster or by retasking existing spacecraft resources. Modules carrying new payloads or resources are produced more quickly and at lower cost than traditional systems by using commercial space best practices, single string designs (system reliability is achieved through redundancy across spacecraft modules), and the benefits of economies of scale. This can lower the barrier to deploying space-based assets for agencies that cannot currently afford them. Also, the cluster is less vulnerable to attack, and can disperse itself when there is an incoming threat. When a failure does happen, the architecture provides for a smooth degradation in capability until a replacement can be launched and brought in to the cluster. The fundamental innovation of this architecture is that information integration, not physical decomposition, is the key to realizing fractionation. In current space systems, the main inhibitor to rapid evolution and adaptation is stovepiped architectures that inhibit movement of information between elements, including the ground, and prevent reconfiguration of information flow to meet evolving mission needs. A fractionated space
Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity.

BACKGROUND & AIMS
Changes in gut microbiota have been reported to alter signaling mechanisms, emotional behavior, and visceral nociceptive reflexes in rodents. However, alteration of the intestinal microbiota with antibiotics or probiotics has not been shown to produce these changes in humans. We investigated whether consumption of a fermented milk product with probiotic (FMPP) for 4 weeks by healthy women altered brain intrinsic connectivity or responses to emotional attention tasks.


METHODS
Healthy women with no gastrointestinal or psychiatric symptoms were randomly assigned to groups given FMPP (n = 12), a nonfermented milk product (n = 11, controls), or no intervention (n = 13) twice daily for 4 weeks. The FMPP contained Bifidobacterium animalis subsp Lactis, Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Lactococcus lactis subsp Lactis. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after the intervention to measure brain response to an emotional faces attention task and resting brain activity. Multivariate and region of interest analyses were performed.


RESULTS
FMPP intake was associated with reduced task-related response of a distributed functional network (49% cross-block covariance; P = .004) containing affective, viscerosensory, and somatosensory cortices. Alterations in intrinsic activity of resting brain indicated that ingestion of FMPP was associated with changes in midbrain connectivity, which could explain the observed differences in activity during the task.


CONCLUSIONS
Four-week intake of an FMPP by healthy women affected activity of brain regions that control central processing of emotion and sensation.
Effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on Depression in Patients With Myocardial Infarction (MI)

BACKGROUND
Coronary heart disease is the most important cause of death and inability in all communities. Depressive symptoms are frequent among post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients and may cause negative effects on cardiac prognosis. This study was conducted to identify efficacy of EMDR on depression of patients with MI.


METHODS
This study is a clinical trial. Sixty patients with MI were selected by simple sampling, and were separated randomly into experimental and control groups. To collect data, demographic questionnaire and Beck Depression Questionnaire were used. In experimental group, EMDR therapy were performed in three sessions alternate days for 45-90 minutes, during four months after their MI. Depression level of patients was measured before, and a week after EMDR therapy. Data were analyzed using paired -t- test, t-test, and Chi-square.


RESULTS
The mean depression level in experimental group 27.26±6.41 before intervention, and it was 11.76±3.71 after intervention. Hence, it showed a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). The mean depression level in control group was 24.53±5.81 before intervention, and it was 31.66±6.09 after intervention, so it showed statistically significant difference (P<0.001). The comparison of mean depression level at post treatment, in both groups showed statistically significant difference (P<0.001).


CONCLUSION
EMDR is an effective, useful, efficient, and non-invasive method for treatment and reducing depression in patients with MI.
The Third Millennium's Test Dilemma

The president and CEO of Credence Systems, Bill Bottoms, addressed the VLSI test symposium held last April in Monterey, California. His keynote covered some of the challenges test engineers must face in the future. Specifically, Bottoms focused on what's driving the increase in test cost and what the industry can do about it.
Physical Unclonable Functions for Device Authentication and Secret Key Generation

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are innovative circuit primitives that extract secrets from physical characteristics of integrated circuits (ICs). We present PUF designs that exploit inherent delay characteristics of wires and transistors that differ from chip to chip, and describe how PUFs can enable low-cost authentication of individual ICs and generate volatile secret keys for cryptographic operations.
Analysis of Customer Churn in Mobile Industry using Data Mining

Customer churn prediction in Mobile industry is a latest research topic in recent years. A huge amount of data is generated in Mobile industry every minute. Data mining techniques have also developed in various ways. Customer churn is considered as one of the major issues in Mobile industry. The research signifies that it is more expensive to gain a new customer than to retain an existing one. The knowledge extracted from Mobile industry helps to understand the reasons of customer churn and Telecom providers use the data to retain existing customers. This paper surveys the commonly used data mining techniques to identify customer churn patterns. Classification and association models are the two most commonly used models for data mining in Customer Relationship Management. This study focuses on data mining techniques for reducing customer churn and also likely to reduce error ratio. The recent literature in the area of predictive data mining techniques in customer churn behavior is reviewed and a discussion on the future research directions is offered. Keywords— Customer churn, Customer retention, Customer relationship management (CRM), Data mining, C4.5, Naive Bayes classifier.