LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The neurophysiology of brain injury

OBJECTIVE
This article reviews the mechanisms and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI).


METHODS
Research on the pathophysiology of diffuse and focal TBI is reviewed with an emphasis on damage that occurs at the cellular level. The mechanisms of injury are discussed in detail including the factors and time course associated with mild to severe diffuse injury as well as the pathophysiology of focal injuries. Examples of electrophysiologic procedures consistent with recent theory and research evidence are presented.


RESULTS
Acceleration/deceleration (A/D) forces rarely cause shearing of nervous tissue, but instead, initiate a pathophysiologic process with a well defined temporal progression. The injury foci are considered to be diffuse trauma to white matter with damage occurring at the superficial layers of the brain, and extending inward as A/D forces increase. Focal injuries result in primary injuries to neurons and the surrounding cerebrovasculature, with secondary damage occurring due to ischemia and a cytotoxic cascade. A subset of electrophysiologic procedures consistent with current TBI research is briefly reviewed.


CONCLUSIONS
The pathophysiology of TBI occurs over time, in a pattern consistent with the physics of injury. The development of electrophysiologic procedures designed to detect specific patterns of change related to TBI may be of most use to the neurophysiologist.


SIGNIFICANCE
This article provides an up-to-date review of the mechanisms and pathophysiology of TBI and attempts to address misconceptions in the existing literature.
Extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) monotherapy and quetiapine XR or lithium as add-on to antidepressants in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND
Patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) remain a common clinical challenge.


METHODS
This 6-week, randomised, open-label, rater-blinded trial evaluated once-daily extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR; 300 mg/day) as add-on to ongoing antidepressant and quetiapine XR monotherapy (300 mg/day) compared with add-on lithium (0.6-1.2 mmol/L) in patients with treatment-resistant MDD. Primary efficacy measure: change in Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score from randomisation to week 6 with a pre-specified non-inferiority limit of 3 points on the MADRS.


RESULTS
At week 6, both add-on quetiapine XR (n=231) and quetiapine XR monotherapy (n=228) were non-inferior to add-on lithium (n=229); least squares means (LSM) differences (97.5% CI) in MADRS total score changes were -2.32 (-4.6, -0.05) and -0.97 (-3.24, 1.31), respectively. LSM MADRS total score change was numerically greater at day 4 for both quetiapine XR groups (add-on and monotherapy; p<0.01) compared with add-on lithium. At week 6, the differences between groups for the secondary endpoints of MADRS response (≥ 50% reduction in total score), MADRS remission (total score ≤ 10, add-on quetiapine XR only) and Clinical Global Impressions ('much'/'very much' improved) were numerically similar. Overall tolerability was consistent with the known profiles of both treatments.


LIMITATIONS
Limitations included the open-label study design (although MADRS and laboratory measurements were performed by treatment-blinded raters) and relatively short study duration with no assessments in the continuation phase.


CONCLUSIONS
Add-on quetiapine XR (300 mg/day) and quetiapine XR monotherapy (300 mg/day) are non-inferior to add-on lithium in the management of patients with treatment-resistant MDD.
Effect of the Addition of A12O3 AND Ag2O on the Morphology and Superconductivity of YBa(2)Cu(3)3O(6+x) Ceramic Materials

Abstract : In order to produce YBa2CU306+x ceramic material with fine particle size and good superconducting properties, both A1203 and Ag20 were added to YBa2CU306+X during sintering. The results suggest that the addition of both A1203 and Ag20 does not decrease the average particle size of YBa2CU306+x; however, the superconducting properties degrade with an increase in the A1203 concentration. In composites containing high additive concentration, fine structure resembling that of fine pits are discernible on YBa2CU306+X particles.
Modeling of financial supply chain

The research work on supply-chain management has primarily focused on the study of materials flow and very little work has been done on the study of upstream flow of money. In this paper we study the flow of money in a supply chain from the viewpoint of a supply chain partner who receives money from the downstream partners and makes payments to the upstream partners. The objective is to schedule all payments within the constraints of the receipt of the money. A penalty is to be paid if payments are not made within the specified time. Any unused money in a given period can be invested to earn an interest. The problem is computationally complex and non-intuitive because of its dynamic nature. The incoming and outgoing monetary flows never stop and are sometimes unpredictable. For tractability purposes we first develop an integer programming model to represent the static problem, where monetary in-flows and out-flows are known before hand. We demonstrate that even the static problem is NP-Complete. First we develop a heuristic to solve this static problem. Next, the insights derived from the static problem analysis are used to develop two heuristics to solve the various level of dynamism of the problem. The performances of all these heuristics are measured and presented. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
High-speed machining of cast iron and alloy steels for die and mold manufacturing

This paper gives a brief overview of HSC technology and presents current progress in high performance machining of cast iron and alloy steels used in die and mold manufacturing. This work covers: (a) theoretical and experimental studies of tool failure and tool life in high-speed milling of hard materials, (b) optimization of CNC programs by adjusting spindle RPM and feed rate (program OPTIMILL) to maintain nearly constant chip load in machining sculptured surfaces, and (c) prediction of chip  ̄ow, stresses and temperatures in the cutting tool as well as residual stresses in the machine surface layer. Experimental studies are conducted using a 4-axis high-speed milling machine. Tool materials evaluated include carbides, coated carbides, and PCBN. Workpiece materials investigated include H-13 at 46 HRC, P-20 at 20±40 HRC and cast iron. # 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
A hybrid algorithm for high speed transmission line protection

A common method used in UHV transmission line protection is based on impedance measurement technique. The fault detection speed of impedance protection schemes cannot be improved without sacrificing the relay reach limit. Protection algorithms based on fault generated transient signals have shown promising results in improving the speed, but these methods have inherent reliability problems. This paper examines how the fault generated transient information can be used to achieve fast fault detection speeds in a distance protection scheme while maintaining a high reliability level.
A Discovery Procedure For Certain Phonological Rules

Acquisition of phonological systems can be insightfully studied in terms of discovery procedures. This paper describes a discovery procedure, implemented in Lisp, capable of determining a set of ordered phonological rules, which may be in opaque contexts~ from a set of surface forms arranged in paradigms. 1. INTRODUCTION For generative grammarians, such as Chomsky (1965), a primary problem of linguistics is to explain how the language learner can acquire the grammar of his or her language on the basis of the limited evidence available to him or her. Chomsky introduced the idealization of instantaneous acquisition, which 1 adopt here, in order to model the language acquisition device as a function from primary linguistic data to possible grammars , rather than as a process. Assuming that the set of possible human languages is small, rather than large, appears to make acquisition easier, since there are fewer possible grammars to choose from, and less data should be required to choose between them. Accordingly , generative linguists are interested in delimiting the class of possible human languages. This is done by looking for properties common to all human languages, or universals. Together, these universals form universal grammar, a set of principles that all human languages obey. Assuming that universal grammar is innate, the language learner can use it to restrict the number of possible grammars he or she must consider when learning a language. As part of universal grammar, the language learner is supposed to innately possess an evaluation metric, which is used to "decide" between two grammars when both are consistent with other principles of universal grammar and the available language data. 2. DISCOVERY PROCEDURES This approach deals with acquisition without reference to a specific discovery procedure, and so in some sense the results of such research are general~ in that in principle they apply to all discovery procedures. Still, I think that there is some utility in considering the problem of acquisition in terms of actual discovery procedures. Firstly, we can identify the parts of a grammar that are underspeeified with respect to the available data. Parts of a grammar or a rule are strongly data determined if they are fixed or uniquely determined by the data, given the requirement that overall grammar be empirically correct. By contrast, a part of a grammar or of a rule is weakly data determined if there is a large class of grammar or rule …
Terrorism as a Political Science Offering.

This article is a discussion of teaching courses in terrorism. The discussion includes a set of educational objectives for such a course, a review of some prominent literature in the field, and the results of a survey demonstrating the educational effects of instruction on the subject. The article concludes that terrorism is an important vehicle for teaching a variety of topics relevant to the study of political science.
Perceptual factors underlying user preferences toward product form of mobile phones

This study examined the relationship between user preference perception of mobile phones and their form design elements. Subjects were asked to judge 26 mobile phone designs by using a user preference rating scale for 11 image words. The determining factors for user preference, including image words for design trends and product design elements, were specified through the semantic differential method. It was found that users prefer mobile phone designs with soft and compact images. Design reference models composed of relative weights of design elements were then proposed for specific design trends. In accordance with the design reference model, optimal solutions for preference and design trends of ‘‘soft’’ and ‘‘compact’’ were obtained through a specific algorithm. Concrete examples were illustrated and verified. The user’s preference database can serve as the styling benchmark to help designers adopt a proper design and development perspective for the intended end users. Relevance to industry Important design elements and design trends related to the user’s preference for mobile phones were extracted from the study. The optimal design solutions obtained from the database can serve as the styling benchmark for designers and managers in making design strategy, by which the time and cost of product development can be reduced. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Workflow mining: A survey of issues and approaches

Many of today s information systems are driven by explicit process models. Workflow management systems, but also ERP, CRM, SCM, and B2B, are configured on the basis of a workflow model specifying the order in which tasks need to be executed. Creating a workflow design is a complicated time-consuming process and typically there are discrepancies between the actual workflow processes and the processes as perceived by the management. To support the design of workflows, we propose the use of workflow mining. Starting point for workflow mining is a so-called ‘‘workflow log’’ containing information about the workflow process as it is actually being executed. In this paper, we introduce the concept of workflow mining and present a common format for workflow logs. Then we discuss the most challenging problems and present some of the workflow mining approaches available today. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Arena Function: A Framework for Computing Capacity Bounds in Wireless Networks

Bounds on the capacity of wireless networks often rely on simplifying assumptions and are given in terms of coarse network parameters, such as the number of nodes. While useful due to their simplicity, such bounds can significantly overestimate the achievable capacity in real-world situations, ignoring actual network topology and traffic patterns. The results of this paper improve such analytical results on network capacity in several ways. At the heart of our methodology lies the concept of transmission arenas, which indicates the presence of active transmissions near any given location in the network. This novel space-based approach is well-suited to untangle the interactions of simultaneous transmissions. Avoiding a graph-based model of the network, it opens new avenues of studying capacities. For homogeneous networks, we recover classical bounds. However, our methodology applies to arbitrary networks and can, thus, inform placing and activating of nodes also in the presence of clustering. Our method works with all classical channel models and dimensions. It provides bounds on the transport capacity which involve only high-level knowledge of node locations, such as the length of Euclidean minimum spanning tree. As an additional novelty, we establish bounds on wireless unicast and multicast capacities.
Information overload

A report released last week by the US National Academies makes recommendations for tackling the issues surrounding the era of petabyte science.
mTORC1/C2 and pan-HDAC inhibitors synergistically impair breast cancer growth by convergent AKT and polysome inhibiting mechanisms

Resistance of breast cancers to targeted hormone receptor (HR) or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) inhibitors often occurs through dysregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase B/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway. Presently, no targeted therapies exist for breast cancers lacking HR and HER2 overexpression, many of which also exhibit PI3K/AKT/mTOR hyper-activation. Resistance of breast cancers to current therapeutics also results, in part, from aberrant epigenetic modifications including protein acetylation regulated by histone deacetylases (HDACs). We show that the investigational drug MLN0128, which inhibits both complexes of mTOR (mTORC1 and mTORC2), and the hydroxamic acid pan-HDAC inhibitor TSA synergistically inhibit the viability of a phenotypically diverse panel of five breast cancer cell lines (HR−/+, HER2−/+). The combination of MLN0128 and TSA induces apoptosis in most breast cancer cell lines tested, but not in the non-malignant MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells. In parallel, the MLN0128/TSA combination reduces phosphorylation of AKT at S473 more than single agents alone and more so in the 5 malignant breast cancer cell lines than in the non-malignant mammary epithelial cells. Examining polysome profiles from one of the most sensitive breast cancer cell lines (SKBR3), we demonstrate that this MLN0128/TSA treatment combination synergistically impairs polysome assembly in conjunction with enhanced inhibition of 4eBP1 phosphorylation at S65. Taken together, these data indicate that the synergistic growth inhibiting consequence of combining a mTORC1/C2 inhibitor like MLN0128 with a pan-HDAC inhibitor like TSA results from their mechanistic convergence onto the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, profoundly inhibiting both AKT S473 and 4eBP1 S65 phosphorylation, reducing polysome formation and cancer cell viability.
A Modular Architecture for Hybrid Planning with Theories

Planning technology has made huge strides, alongside other combinatorial optimisation solving technologies, over the past decade. Automated planning systems now exist for temporal and metric problems, including management of continuous time and concurrency, continuous numeric resources and action costs [3, 1, 2, 12, 7, 8, 11, 9]. There is an increasing interest in combining planners with specialised solvers, such as optimisation alogorithms, to achieve a hybrid form of planning. In this context, the relationship between planning and model-checking, planning and constraint-solving and planning and control are all being clarified. Synergies between different optimisation modelling and solving paradigms can be exploited to achieve new capabilities and improved performance of solvers. An example of this is recent work exploiting the developments in SAT solving, SAT Modulo Theories, in which atoms can be built from predicates, functions and constants whose interpretations are provided through external theory modules [10, 5]. In planning, extension to support external modules allows a much richer expression of preconditions and state variables. A motivation for exploring this idea is that the increased expressiveness can allow planners to work with models of application domains using specialised solvers, necessary for reasoning within those applications, alongside the generic solving cores developed in the planning community. Since this is a common requirement of planning applications, it is important to provide clean and well-understood methods for linking planners to external libraries, choosing heuristics and exchanging constraints. In this talk we present the Planning Modulo Theories paradigm, first proposed in 2012 [6], describing how the paradigm has been extended to incorporate the latest advances in temporal planning. We discuss how the use of constraint reasoning can provide an additional source of powerful solving capabilities within this framework. In general, constraint solvers prune choices from the search space by inference, while most modern planners focus on heuristic guidance of the search towards good choices. Complex interactions in resourceconstrained models can be obscure, making heuristic evaluation of states much more difficult, while at the same time offering more opportunity for leverage
Thinking in Context

The book Thinking, Fast and Slow is reviewed and shows what sociologists could learn from Daniel Kahneman’s work on behavioral economics by extending this knowledge to cover the study of social interactions.
Surgical adverse outcomes in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE
To validate the global features of postoperative adverse outcomes for surgical patients with schizophrenia.


BACKGROUND
Patients with schizophrenia were known to have a higher risk of complications during hospitalization. Quality of care has become the key factor in reducing their potential mortality afterwards.


METHODS
We present a population-based study of 8967 schizophrenic patients receiving major surgery from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database within the years 2004 and 2007 compared with 35,868 surgical patients without mental disorders. Eight major postoperative complications and mortality after complications were evaluated among schizophrenic patients with different severity.


RESULTS
Schizophrenic patients had significantly higher risk for postoperative complications, including acute renal failure, pneumonia, bleeding, septicemia, stroke, and 30-day postoperative mortality (adjusted OR = 2.70; 95% CI: 2.08-3.49), than surgical patients without mental disorders. Among surgical patients with 1 to 2, 3 to 18, 19 to 48, and more than 49 schizophrenia-related outpatient visits within 24-month period preoperatively, the adjusted ORs of 30-day mortality ranged from 1.95 (95% CI: 1.25-3.02) to 3.97 (95% CI: 2.66-5.92) in a frequency-dependent pattern when compared with controls. When compared with surgical patients with schizophrenia-related outpatient services only, OR of 30-day postoperative mortality increased from 2.54 (95% CI: 1.93-3.34) to 3.69 (95% CI: 2.25-6.03) in surgical patients with preoperative hospitalization or emergency visit because of schizophrenia.


CONCLUSIONS
Surgical patients with schizophrenia showed significantly higher postoperative adverse outcome rates with risk of 30-day mortality nearly threefold when compared with patients without mental disorders. Our findings suggest the urgency revising the protocol of postoperative care for this specific population.
Survey of low-power testing of VLSI circuits

The author reviews low-power testing techniques for VLSI circuits. He prefaces this with a discussion of power consumption that gives reasons for and consequences of increased power during test. He ends with a discussion of the opportunity to use such techniques in varying situations.
Show, Ask, Attend, and Answer: A Strong Baseline For Visual Question Answering

This paper presents a new baseline for visual question answering task. Given an image and a question in natural language, our model produces accurate answers according to the content of the image. Our model, while being architecturally simple and relatively small in terms of trainable parameters, sets a new state of the art on both unbalanced and balanced VQA benchmark. On VQA 1.0 [2] open ended challenge, our model achieves 64.6% accuracy on the teststandard set without using additional data, an improvement of 0.4% over state of the art, and on newly released VQA 2.0 [8], our model scores 59.7% on validation set outperforming best previously reported results by 0.5%. The results presented in this paper are especially interesting because very similar models have been tried before [32] but significantly lower performance were reported. In light of the new results we hope to see more meaningful research on visual question answering in the future.
Improving posttraumatic facial scars.

Posttraumatic soft-tissue injuries of the face are often the most lasting sequelae of facial trauma. The disfigurement of posttraumatic scarring lies in both their physical deformity and psychosocial ramifications. This review outlines a variety of techniques to improve facial scars and limit their lasting effects.
High-energy ion beam implantation of hydroxyapatite thin films grown on TiN and ZrO2 inter-layers by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Current drawbacks in the hydroxyapatite (HA) thin film production for applications in bone surgery are their poor mechanical strength and limited adherence. This paper presents the ion beam implantation technique as an efficient method to improve the mechanical characteristics of HA films. Crystalline films of HA were grown by pulsed laser deposition, using a KrF* excimer laser (λ=248 nm, τ⩾20 ns). The depositions were performed from pure HA targets on Ti–5Al–2.5Fe alloys coated with TiN or ZrO 2 buffer layers. Samples were then implanted with Ar + ions of high-energy (1.5 MeV) at a dose of 10 16 cm −2 . The as-deposited and implanted films were characterized by light microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The mechanical properties of films were studied by nanoindentation and nano-scratch techniques using a Berkovich indenter tip. Films become harder and exhibit a higher Young modulus after implantation. The best values (5 GPa hardness and 130 GPa Young modulus, respectively) were obtained for the implanted films grown on TiN. An influence of the buffer layer nature on the mechanical behavior of films was observed. Films grown on ZrO 2 are brittle and crack at moderate load (∼12 mN) during scratch while these ones deposited on TiN successfully withstand loading. Residual stresses occur into the HA/ZrO 2 structure during processing and ion bombardment.