LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Explanatory Relations Based on Mathematical Morphology

Using mathematical morphology on formulas introduced recently by Bloch and Lang (Proceedings of IPMU'2000) we define two new explanatory relations. Their logical behavior is analyzed. The results show that these natural ways for defining preferred explanations are robust because these relations satisfy almost all postulates of explanatory reasoning introduced by Pino-PErez and Uzcategui (Artifical Intelligence, 111:131-169, 1999). Actually, the first explanatory relation is Explanatory-Rational. The second one is not even Explanatory-Cumulative but it satisfies new weak postulates.
Big data algorithms beyond machine learning

The availability of big data sets in research, industry and society in general has opened up many possibilities of how to use this data. In many applications, however, it is not the data itself that is of interest but rather we want to answer some question about it. These answers may sometimes be phrased as solutions to an optimization problem. We survey some algorithmic methods that optimize over large-scale data sets, beyond the realm of machine learning.
Fundamentals of Computer Security

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Suicidal ideations and attempts among adolescents subjected to childhood sexual abuse and family conflict/violence: the mediating role of anger and depressed mood.

Based on a sample of 9085 16- to 19-year-old students attending all high schools in Iceland in 2004, the current study examines depressed mood and anger as potential mediators between family conflict/violence and sexual abuse, on the one hand, and suicidal ideations and suicide attempts on the other. Agnew's general strain theory provides the theoretical framework for the study. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was conducted allowing explicit modelling of both direct and mediating effects using observed and latent variables. The findings showed that both depressed mood and anger mediated the relationship between family conflict/violence and sexual abuse and suicidal attempts. However, when testing the mediating pathways between sexual abuse and family conflict/violence and suicidal ideations, only depressed mood but not anger turned out to be a significant mediator. The authors discuss how these finding may inform and facilitate the design and development of interventions to reduce the likelihood of suicide attempts among young people.
Building on Custom : Land Tenure Policy and Economic Development in Ghana

This Note addresses the intersection of customary and statutory land law in the land tenure policy of Ghana. It argues that improving the current land tenure policy demands integration of customary land law and customary authorities into the statutory system. After describing why and how customary property practices are central to the economic viability of any property system, the Note gives a brief overview of Ghana’s customary and statutory land law. The Note concludes with specific policy suggestions about how Ghana could better draw on the strength of its customary land sector.
Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), the goodness criteria and the grasp-ability test

This paper introduces the “grasp-ability test” as a “goodness” criteria by which to compare which explanation is more or less meaningful than others for users to understand the automated algorithmic data processing.
Resilience of naturally ventilated buildings to climate change: Advanced natural ventilation and hospital wards

Naturally ventilated buildings have a key role to play mitigating climate change. The predicted indoor temperatures in spaces with simple single-sided natural ventilation (SNV) are compared with those in spaces conditioned using a form of edge in, edge out advanced natural ventilation (ANV) for various UK locations. A criterion, for use in conjunction with the BSEN15251 adaptive thermal comfort method, is proposed for determining when the risk of overheating, both now and in the future, might be deemed unacceptable. The work is presented in the context building new, and refurbishing existing, healthcare buildings and in particular hospital wards. The spaces conditioned using the ANV strategy were much more resilient to increases in both internal heat gains and climatic warming than spaces with SNV. The ANV strategy used less energy, and emitted less CO2 than conventional, mechanically ventilated (MV) alternatives. In a warming world, the ‘life-expectancy’ of passively cooled buildings can be substantially influenced by the internal heat gains. Therefore, resilience to climate change, susceptibility to internal heat gains and the impact of future heat waves should be an integral part of any new building or building refurbishment design process.
Media-specific rate allocation in heterogeneous wireless networks

We address the problem of joint path selection and rate allocation in multipath wireless streaming, in order to optimize a media specific quality of service. We leverage on the existence of multiple parallel wireless services, in order to enhance the received video quality at a wireless client. An optimization problem is proposed, aimed at minimizing a video distortion metric based on sequence-dependent parameters, and transmission channel characteristics, for a given wireless network infrastructure. Even if joint optimal path selection and rate allocation is in general an NP complete problem, an in-depth analysis of the media distortion evolution allows defining a low complexity optimal streaming strategy, under reasonable network assumptions. In particular, we show that a greedy allocation of rates along paths with increasing error probability leads to an optimal solution. We argue that a network path should not be chosen for transmission, unless all other available paths with lower error probability have been chosen. Moreover, the chosen paths should be used at their maximum end-to-end bandwidth. These results are demonstrated for both independent network paths, and non-disjoint channel segments, in generic network topologies. Simulation results showed that the optimal rate allocation carefully trades off total encoding/transmission rate, with the end-to-end transmission error probability and the number of chosen paths. In many cases, the optimal rate allocation provides more than 20% improvement in received video quality, compared to heuristic-based algorithms.
Influence of a passive sonic irrigation system on the elimination of bacteria from root canal systems: a clinical study.

INTRODUCTION
The present investigation evaluated the ability of a new passive sonic irrigation (sonic group) system (EndoActivator) to eliminate cultivable bacteria from root canals in vivo and compared it with that of standard syringe irrigation (control group).


METHODS
Data were obtained by using bacteriologic sampling of root canals treated by endodontic residents. Sampling results from 1 session of treatment were then compared with results obtained after intervisit calcium hydroxide disinfection and a second session of treatment.


RESULTS
There was no significant difference in the ability of sonic group and control group to eliminate cultivable bacteria from root canals (P > .05). A second session and intervisit calcium hydroxide disinfection were able to eliminate cultivable bacteria from significantly more teeth than a single session of treatment (P < .05).


CONCLUSIONS
These in vivo results strengthen the case for a multi-visit approach to the treatment of apical periodontitis.
Platelet-Rich Plasma in Androgenic Alopecia: Indications, Technique, and Potential Benefits.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injected into the scalp for the management of androgenic alopecia.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature review was performed to evaluate the benefits of PRP in androgenic alopecia.


RESULTS
Hair restoration has been increasing. PRP's main components of platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor have the potential to stimulate hard and soft tissue wound healing. In general, PRP showed a benefit on patients with androgenic alopecia, including increased hair density and quality. Currently, different PRP preparations are being used with no standard technique.


CONCLUSION
This review found beneficial effects of PRP on androgenic alopecia. However, more rigorous study designs, including larger samples, quantitative measurements of effect, and longer follow-up periods, are needed to solidify the utility of PRP for treating patients with androgenic alopecia.
Deep Exemplar 2D-3D Detection by Adapting from Real to Rendered Views

This paper presents an end-to-end convolutional neural network (CNN) for 2D-3D exemplar detection. We demonstrate that the ability to adapt the features of natural images to better align with those of CAD rendered views is critical to the success of our technique. We show that the adaptation can be learned by compositing rendered views of textured object models on natural images. Our approach can be naturally incorporated into a CNN detection pipeline and extends the accuracy and speed benefits from recent advances in deep learning to 2D-3D exemplar detection. We applied our method to two tasks: instance detection, where we evaluated on the IKEA dataset [36], and object category detection, where we out-perform Aubry et al. [3] for "chair" detection on a subset of the Pascal VOC dataset.
Effects of an oral nutritional supplement containing eicosapentaenoic acid on nutritional and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: randomised trial.

BACKGROUND
Nutritional interventions have shown increased energy intake but not improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQL) or prognosis in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Eicosapentaenoic acid has been proposed to have anti-inflammatory, anticachectic and antitumoural effects.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the effect of an oral EPA enriched supplement with an isocaloric diet on nutritional, clinical and inflammatory parameters and HRQL in advanced NSCLC patients.


DESIGN
Patients with advanced NSCLC were randomized to receive diet plus oral nutritional supplement containing EPA (ONS-EPA) or only isocaloric diet (C). All patients received paclitaxel and cisplatin/carboplatin treatment. Weight, body composition, dietary intake, inflammatory parameters and HRQL were assessed at baseline and after the first and second cycles of chemotherapy. Response to chemotherapy and survival were evaluated.


RESULTS
Ninety two patients were analysed (46 ONS-EPA,46 C). ONS-EPA group had significantly greater energy (p < 0.001) and protein (p < 0.001) intake compared with control. Compared with baseline, patients receiving the ONS-EPA gained 1.6 ± 5 kg of lean body mass (LBM) compared with a loss of -2.0 ± 6 kg in the control (p = 0.01). Fatigue, loss of appetite and neuropathy decreased in the ONS-EPA group (p ≤ 0.05). There was no difference in response rate or overall survival between groups.


CONCLUSION
Patients with NSCLC receiving ONS-EPA significantly improves energy and protein intake, body composition. and decreased fatigue, loss of appetite and neuropathy. Registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01048970).
Interleukin-6 and Vitamin D Status during High-Intensity Resistance Training in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background. The aim of this study was to investigate IL-6 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) associations with muscle size and muscle function in dialysis patients. Methods. Patients were included in a 16-week control period followed by 16 weeks of high-intensity resistance training thrice weekly. IL-6 and 25-OH D were analysed after an over-night fast. Muscle fibre size was analysed in biopsies from m. vastus lateralis. Muscle power was tested using a Leg Extensor Power Rig. Results. Patients (n = 36) with IL-6 ≥ 6.49 pg/ml (median) were older and had decreased muscle power and a reduced protein intake (P < 0.05) compared with patients with IL-6 < 6.49 pg/ml. IL-6 was not associated with muscle fibre size. Vitamin D deficiency (25-OH D < 50 nmol/l) was present in 51% of the patients and not associated with muscle power. IL-6 remained unchanged during the training period, whilst muscle power increased by 20-23% (P < 0.001). Conclusion. Elevated IL-6 values were associated with decreased muscle power but not with decreased muscle fibre size. Half of the patients were suffering from vitamin D deficiency, which was not associated with muscle power. IL-6 was unchanged by high-intensity resistance training in dialysis patients in this study.
Personalized News Recommendation Using Twitter

Online news reading has become a popular way to read news articles from a huge collection of news sources around the globe. News recommender systems help users manage this flood by suggesting articles based on user interests rather than presenting articles in order of their occurrence. We present our research on developing personalized news recommendation system with the help of a popular micro-blogging service, "Twitter." News articles are ranked based on the popularity of the article identified with the help of the tweets from Twitter's public timeline. In addition, users construct profiles based on their interests and news articles are also ranked based on their match to the user profile. By combining these two approaches, we present a hybrid news recommendation model that recommends interesting news stories to the user based on their popularity as well as their relevance to the user profile.
Violent Video Games and Aggression: Causal Relationship or Byproduct of Family Violence and Intrinsic Violence Motivation?

Two studies examined the relationship between exposure to violent video games and aggression or violence in the laboratory and in real life. Study 1 participants were either randomized or allowed to choose to play a violent or nonviolent game. Although males were more aggressive than females, neither randomized exposure to violent-video-game conditions nor previous real-life exposure to violent video games caused any differences in aggression. Study 2 examined correlations between trait aggression, violent criminal acts, and exposure to both violent games and family violence. Results indicated that trait aggression, family violence, and male gender were predictive of violent crime, but exposure to violent games was not. Structural equation modeling suggested that family violence and innate aggression as predictors of violent crime were a better fit to the data than was exposure to video game violence. These results question the common belief that violent-video-game exposure causes violent acts.
Dynamic Wind Effects : A Comparative Study of Provisions in Codes and Standards with Wind Tunnel Data

An evaluation and comparison of seven of the world’s major building codes and standards is conducted in this study, with specific discussion of their estimations of the alongwind, acrosswind, and torsional response, where applicable, for a given building. The codes and standards highlighted by this study are those of the United States, Japan, Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, China, and Europe. In addition, the response predicted by using the measured power spectra of the alongwind, acrosswind, and torsional responses for several building shapes tested in a wind tunnel are presented, and a comparison between the response predicted by wind tunnel data and that estimated by some of the standards is conducted. This study serves not only as a comparison of the response estimates by international codes and standards, but also introduces a new set of wind tunnel data for validation of wind tunnel-based empirical expressions. 1.0 Introduction Under the influence of dynamic wind loads, typical high-rise buildings oscillate in the alongwind, acrosswind, and torsional directions. The alongwind motion primarily results from pressure fluctuations on the windward and leeward faces, which generally follows the fluctuations in the approach flow, at least in the low frequency range. Therefore, alongwind aerodynamic loads may be quantified analytically utilizing quasi-steady and strip theories, with dynamic effects customarily represented by a random-vibrationbased “Gust Factor Approach” (Davenport 1967, Vellozzi & Cohen 1968, Vickery 1970, Simiu 1976, Solari 1982, ESDU 1989, Gurley & Kareem 1993). However, the acrosswind motion is introduced by pressure fluctuations on the side faces which are influenced by fluctuations in the separated shear layers and wake dynamics (Kareem 1982). This renders the applicability of strip and quasi-steady theories rather doubtful. Similarly, the wind-induced torsional effects result from an imbalance in the instantaneous pressure distribution on the building surface. These load effects are further amplified in asymmetric buildings as a result of inertial coupling (Kareem 1985). Due to the complexity of the acrosswind and torsional responses, physical modeling of fluid-structure interactions remains the only viable means of obtaining information on wind loads, though recently, research in the area of computational fluid dynam1. Graduate Student & Corresponding Author, NatHaz Modeling Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556. e-mail: Tracy.L.Kijewski.1@nd.edu 2. Professor, NatHaz Modeling Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556
Controlled Bacterial Micro-actuation

The integration and exploitation of biological components onto micronanorobots and modern engineered microsystems such as Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), lab-on-a-chip, or Micro-Total-Analysis Systems (muTAS) offer new possibilities. In particular, the flagellar motor found in many bacteria is a compact and extremely effective biological micro-actuator that is presently impossible to match with modern engineering techniques while requiring no electrical power to operate, a significant advantage especially in the conception of untethered microsystems. Previously, because chemotaxis-based bacteria such as E. Coli have been used for the exploitation of the flagellar motor, the number of possible applications have been very limited due to the absence of an effective method to control the motion of the bacteria. Controlling the direction of propulsion of the flagellar motor with computer software is demonstrated by exploiting magnetotaxis inherent in Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB). The possibilities and advantages of this method are shown through a simple experiment where the controlled manipulation of microbeads is performed by MTB
Open-ended vs. close-ended questions in Web questionnaires

Two quite different reasons for using open-ended as opposed to closeended questions can be distinguished. One is to discover the responses that individuals give spontaneously; the other is to avoid the bias that may result from suggesting responses to individuals. However, open-ended questions also have disadvantages in comparison to close-ended, such as the need for extensive coding and larger item non-response. While this issue has already been well researched for traditional survey questionnaires, not much research has been devoted to it in recently used Web questionnaires. We therefore examine the differences between the open-ended and the closeended question form in Web questionnaires by means of experiments within the large-scale RIS 2001 Web survey. The question “What is the most important, critical problem the Internet is facing today?” was asked in an open-ended and two close-ended question forms in a split-ballot experiment. The results show that there were differences between question forms in univariate distributions, though no significant differences were found in the ranking of values. Close-ended questions in general yield higher percentages than open-ended question for answers that are identical in both question forms. It seems that respondents restricted themselves with apparent ease to the alternatives offered on the close-ended forms, whereas on the open-ended question they produced a much more diverse set of answers. In addition, our results suggest that open-ended questions produce more missing data than close-ended. Moreover, there were more inadequate answers for open-ended question. This suggests that open-ended questions should be more explicit in their wording (at least for Web surveys, as a self administered mode of data collection) than close-ended questions, which are more specified with given response alternatives. 1 Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Kardeljeva ploš ad 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. 160 Urša Reja et al.
Subcarrier allocation and power control for OFDMA

We study the problem of finding an optimal subcarrier and power allocation strategy for downlink communication to multiple users in an OFDM based wireless system. We formulate the problem of minimizing total power consumption with constraints on BER and transmission rate for users requiring different classes of service, and derive simple algorithms which perform well. We divide the larger problem of joint allocation into two steps. In the first step, the number of subcarriers that each user is determined based on the users' average SNR. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed low complexity algorithms offer comparable performance with an existing iterative algorithm.
High performance algorithm realization on FPGA for stepper motor controller

This paper focuses on studying the dynamic characteristics of stepper motors. Based on the relation of velocity and torque of stepper motors, a novel algorithm of velocity profile for stepper motor is proposed for straightforwardly realizing on field programmable gate array (FPGA). Missing steps have been a major issue while applying stepper motors on various critical situations. The reason of causing missing steps of stepper motors is due to the high velocity slewing. To alleviate this difficulty, a closed loop control may be applied, but introducing a complex design and more cost than open loop one. If open loop is chosen, the velocity profiles for various applications must be considered to avoid the missing step effect. There are three widespread used profiles: parabolic, trapezoidal, and S-curve profiles. For carrying out the operation of calculating the tedious profiles, a recursive velocity profile algorithm is presented along with a control parameter beta, where 0 < beta < 1, beta=1, and 1 < beta < 2, are corresponding to S-curve, trapezoidal, and parabolic profiles respectively, then this algorithm can be realized on a compact hardware. Thus, a high speed and high precision of stepper motor controller can be achieved by combining a system on chip (SOC) with this hardware.