LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Adequacy of food spending is related to housing expenditures among lower-income Canadian households.

OBJECTIVES
A number of studies have pointed to the pressure that housing costs can exert on the resources available for food. The objectives of the present study were to characterise the relationship between the proportion of income absorbed by housing and the adequacy of household food expenditures across the Canadian population and within income quintiles; and to elucidate the impact of receipt of a housing subsidy on adequacy of food expenditures among low-income tenant households.


DESIGN
The 2001 Survey of Household Spending, conducted by Statistics Canada, was a national cross-sectional survey that collected detailed information on expenditures on goods and services. The adequacy of food spending was assessed in relation to the cost of a basic nutritious diet.


SETTING
Canada.


SUBJECTS
The person with primary responsibility for financial maintenance from 15 535 households from all provinces and territories.


RESULTS
As the proportion of income allocated to housing increased, food spending adequacy declined significantly among households in the three lowest income quintiles. After accounting for household income and composition, receipt of a housing subsidy was associated with an improvement in adequacy of food spending among low-income tenant households, but still mean food spending fell below the cost of a basic nutritious diet even among subsidised households.


CONCLUSIONS
This study indicates that housing costs compromise the food access of some low-income households and speaks to the need to re-examine policies related to housing affordability and income adequacy.
ON-ORBIT GEOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF THE ORBVIEW-3 HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGING SATELLITE

Current high resolution satellite design includes several sensor types such as: GPS receivers, star trackers, rate gyros and cameras. In order to produce high quality metric imagery, the on-orbit data from all of these sensors need to be combined in a calibration process to produce the geometric model parameters of the sensor system. The calibration process is also used to determine an on-orbit stochastic model for the sensors and the estimated calibration parameters. The OrbView-3 (OV-3) on-orbit geometric calibration is based on the mathematical modelling and estimation of calibration parameters incorporated into a rigorous and flexible self-calibration triangulation, Kalman filter software suite and orbit determination software. The principal components of the geometric model are: orbit determination, attitude determination and camera model. The satellite orbit determination is based on the GIPSY-OASIS software from Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL). The calibration of the attitude determination system uses an Alignment Kalman Filter to estimate the alignment angles and gyro scale factor calibration parameters associated with the star trackers and rate gyros. Medium scale aerial imagery is used to form the basis of a geometric camera calibration range. To reduce the collection time and improve the quality of the camera calibration solution, the calibration range imagery is combined with image correlation software techniques to automatically acquire tie points with the satellite imagery and to allow the assembly of an extremely dense collection of ground control points The operational geolocation accuracy performance of the OV-3 satellite is represented by the observed geolocation accuracy at several test sites.
Challenges and needs for China to eliminate rabies

In China, rabies is a significant public health concern where dogs remain the main reservoir of disease transmission to humans; rabies-related mortality ranks second in the world.We compiled all published articles and official documents on rabies in mainland China to examine challenges and needs to eliminate rabies in the country. The Chinese authorities have identified rabies as a priority, recognized rabies control in dogs as key to control rabies in humans and required intersectoral collaborations. Efforts have been made to respond effectively to the latest re-emergence of rabies, which peaked in 2007 with >3,300 cases. Despite these outcomes and the increasing volume of publications and regulations in the recent years, our review points to some major information gaps to improve rabies control activities and envisage elimination program. An emphasis on laboratory or pathogen-associated and basic epidemiology research in the literature has contrasted with the absence of information to monitor various systems in humans and animals (e.g. quality of surveillance, response and post-exposure prophylaxis). Information is also lacking to appropriately inform policymakers (e.g. economic disease burden, impact of policies) and assist program managers (e.g. comprehensive and strategic guidance for cost-effective prevention and control activities, public education and dog population management).In conclusion, strategic planning is needed to provide a sense of direction, demonstrate feasibility of elimination in China, and develop a research agenda, addressing country's operational needs and constraints. The planning should be a multisectoral effort.
Efficacy of Autologous Bone Marrow Concentrate for Knee Osteoarthritis with and without Adipose Graft

INTRODUCTION
We investigated the use of autologous bone marrow concentrate (BMC) with and without an adipose graft, for treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA).


METHODS
Treatment registry data for patients who underwent BMC procedures with and without an adipose graft were analyzed. Pre- and posttreatment outcomes of interest included the lower extremity functional scale (LEFS), the numerical pain scale (NPS), and a subjective percentage improvement rating. Multivariate analyses were performed to examine the effects of treatment type adjusting for potential confounding factors. The frequency and type of adverse events (AE) were also examined.


RESULTS
840 procedures were performed, 616 without and 224 with adipose graft. The mean LEFS score increased by 7.9 and 9.8 in the two groups (out of 80), respectively, and the mean NPS score decreased from 4 to 2.6 and from 4.3 to 3 in the two groups, respectively. AE rates were 6% and 8.9% in the two groups, respectively. Although pre- and posttreatment improvements were statistically significant, the differences between the groups were not.


CONCLUSION
BMC injections for knee OA showed encouraging outcomes and a low rate of AEs. Addition of an adipose graft to the BMC did not provide a detectible benefit over BMC alone.
The Scyther Tool: Verification, Falsification, and Analysis of Security Protocols

With the rise of the Internet and other open networks, a large number of security protocols have been developed and deployed in order to provide secure communication. The analysis of such security protocols has turned out to be extremely difficult for humans, as witnessed by the fact that many protocols were found to be flawed after deployment. This has driven the research in formal analysis of security protocols. Unfortunately, there are no effective approaches yet for constructing correct and efficient protocols, and work on concise formal logics that might allow one to easily prove that a protocol is correct in a formal model, is still ongoing. The most effective approach so far has been automated falsification or verification of such protocols with state-of-the-art tools such as ProVerif [1] or the Avispa tools [2]. These tools have shown to be effective at finding attacks on protocols (Avispa) or establishing correctness of protocols (ProVerif). In this paper we present a push-button tool, called Scyther, for the verification, the falsification, and the analysis of security protocols. Scyther can be freely downloaded, and provides a number of novel features not offered by other tools, as well as state-of-the-art performance. Novel features include the possibility of unbounded verification with guaranteed termination, analysis of infinite sets of traces in terms of patterns, and support for multi-protocol analysis. Scyther is based on a pattern refinement algorithm, providing concise representations of (infinite) sets of traces. This allows the tool to assist in the analysis of classes of attacks and possible protocol behaviours, or to prove correctness for an unbounded number of protocol sessions. The tool has been successfully applied in both research and teaching.
Deposition of boron doped diamond and carbon nanomaterials on graphite foam electrodes

Abstract Boron doped diamond (BDD) has remarkable physical and chemical properties, that makes it an attractive material for electrochemical applications. In this study, deposition process of BDD on porous carbon foam electrodes was performed by HFCVD method. After depositions, the substrates were not homogenously covered by the BDD thin film only. Depending on the deposition temperature, foam porosity and distance from heated filaments, different carbon nanomaterials were synthesized. The boron doped diamond, graphite nanosheets, carbon nanowalls and its composites occurred on the foams outer and inner surfaces. Two new observed types of carbon structures, the carbon nanowalls – boron doped diamond composite and graphite nanotips are analyzed and described. Analyses were made by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The influence of deposition conditions on the growth process is discussed.
Spatial and Cognitive Simulation with Multi-agent Systems

The simulation of human behavior in space is an extremely interesting and powerful research method to advance our understanding of human spatial cognition and the interaction of human beings with the environment. Multi -agent systems are an emerging computing paradigm for the construction of such simulations. During the last two years, we have used multi agent simulations for three different investigations of spatial and cognitive questions: use of signage in airports to guide travelers to the gate, communication with maps, linkage between physical reality and the cadastral (legal) system. In this paper we will report on these efforts. We first discuss the concept of multi -agent systems and explain the special type of multi -agent system used for simulation of cognitive and spatial situations. The following three sections each review one of the three simulations we have constructed. The last section identifies the similarities in these approaches and lists questions we hope to investigate in the future with this method.
Neural Machine Translation with Reconstruction

Although end-to-end Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has achieved remarkable progress in the past two years, it suffers from a major drawback: translations generated by NMT systems often lack of adequacy. It has been widely observed that NMT tends to repeatedly translate some source words while mistakenly ignoring other words. To alleviate this problem, we propose a novel encoder-decoder-reconstructor framework for NMT. The reconstructor, incorporated into the NMT model, manages to reconstruct the input source sentence from the hidden layer of the output target sentence, to ensure that the information in the source side is transformed to the target side as much as possible. Experiments show that the proposed framework significantly improves the adequacy of NMT output and achieves superior translation result over state-of-theart NMT and statistical MT systems. Introduction Past several years have observed a significant progress in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) (Kalchbrenner and Blunsom 2013; Cho et al. 2014; Sutskever, Vinyals, and Le 2014; Bahdanau, Cho, and Bengio 2015). Particularly, NMT has significantly enhanced the performance of translation between a language pair involving rich morphology prediction and/or significant word reordering (Luong and Manning 2015; Bentivogli et al. 2016). Long Short-Term Memory (Hochreiter and Schmidhuber 1997) enables NMT to conduct long-distance reordering, which is a significant challenge for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) (Brown et al. 1993; Koehn, Och, and Marcu 2003). Unlike SMT which employs a number of components, NMT adopts an end-to-end encoder-decoder framework to model the entire translation process. The role of encoder is to summarize the source sentence into a sequence of latent vectors, and the decoder acts as a language model to generate a target sentence word by word by selectively leveraging the information from the latent vectors at each step. In learning, NMT essentially estimates the likelihood of a target sentence given a source sentence. However, conventional NMT faces two main problems: 1 Translations generated by NMT systems often lack of adequacy. When generating target words, the decoder often Copyright © 2017, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. duoge jichang beipo guanbi . Many airports were forced to close . duoge jichang beipo guanbi . translation reconstruction
The Lived Experience of Nurses Working with Student Nurses in the Clinical Environment

One response to the nursing shortage is to increase promotion and retention in nursing programs: However, negative attitudes of nurses threaten student progression and retention. A phenomenological study explored the lived experience of nurses who worked with student nurses to discover what attitudes nurses had toward student nurses and how negative attitudes were developed. One time semi-structured informal audio taped interviews were conducted with six nurses. Data analysis identified the emerging themes as professional socialization attitudes, beliefs about nursing education, role expectations, and motivational deterrent, and communication factors. Findings suggest collaborative strategies to reduce negative attitudes and promote positive, professional socialization behaviours of nurses toward student nurses in the clinical environment.
Charging Li-ion Batteries for Maximum Run Times An understanding of battery-charging fundamentals and system requirements enable designers to choose a suitable linear or switch-mode charging topology and optimize battery performance in the application

An understanding of battery-charging fundamentals and system requirements enable designers to choose a suitable linear or switch-mode charging topology and optimize battery performance in the application. F ar too often, the battery-charging system is given low priority, especially in cost-sensitive applications. However, the quality of the charging system plays a key role in the life and reliability of the battery. To develop an optimized charging system for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, designers must be familiar with the fundamental requirements for charging these batteries. Designers also should be aware of the tradeoffs of linear versus switch-mode charging solutions. The rate of charge or discharge often is expressed in relation to the capacity of the battery. This rate is known as the Crate and equates to a charge or discharge current and is defined as: I=M C n ⋅ where I is the charge or discharge current, expressed in amperes (A); M is a multiple or fraction of C; C is a numerical value of rated capacity expressed in ampere-hour (Ah); and n is the time in hours at which C is declared. A battery discharging at a Crate of 1 will deliver its nominal-rated capacity in 1 hr. For example, if the rated capacity is 1000 mAh, a discharge rate of 1 C corresponds to a discharge current of 1000 mA. A rate of C/10 corresponds to a discharge current of 100 mA. Typically, manufacturers specify the capacity of a battery at a 5-hr rate, where n = 5. For example, the battery mentioned previously would provide 5 hr of operating time when discharged at a constant current of 200 mA. In theory, the battery would provide 1 hr of operating time when discharged at a constant current of 1000 mA. In practice, however, the operating time will be less than 1 hr because of inefficiencies in the discharge cycle. The preferred charge algorithm for Li-ion battery chem-istries is a constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) algorithm. The charge cycle can be broken up into four stages: trickle charge, constant current charge, constant voltage charge and charge termination (Fig. 1). In stage one, a trickle charge is employed to restore charge to deeply depleted cells. These are cells in which the cell voltage is below approximately 3 V. During this stage, the cell is charged with a constant current of 0.1 C maximum. After the cell voltage has risen above the trickle charge threshold, …
The short-term effects of high volume image guided injections in resistant non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy.

We investigated neovascularisation, tendon thickness and clinical function in chronic resistant Achilles tendinopathy following high volume image guided injections (HVIGI). The subjects involved 11 athletes (mean age 43.5 years+/-11.6, range 22-59) with resistant tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon for a mean of 51.4 months (+/-55.56, range 4-144) who failed to improve with an eccentric loading program (mean 11.8 months+/-2.6, range 8-16). The morphological features, neovascularisation and maximal tendon thickness were assessed with power Doppler ultrasound. Clinical function was measured with the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles tendon (VISA-A) questionnaire. All the tendinopathic Achilles tendons were injected with 10 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride, 25 mg of hydrocortisone acetate, and 40 mL of 0.9% NaCl saline solution under real time ultrasound guidance. All outcome measures were recorded at baseline and after a short-term follow-up (mean 2.9 weeks, range 2-4). The results showed a statistically significant difference between baseline and 3-week follow-up in all the outcome measures after HVIGI. The grade of neovascularisation reduced (3-1.1, p=0.003), the maximal tendon diameter decreased (8.7-7.6 mm, p<0.001), and the VISA-A scores improved (46.3-84.1, p<0.001). In conclusion, HVIGI for resistant tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon is effective to improve symptoms, reduce neovascularisation, and decrease maximal tendon thickness at short-term follow-up.
Winning Customers in the Era of Cloud Business Intelligence: ! Key Adoption Factors from a Small and Medium Enterprise perspective

Due to the fast development of new technologies, the Business Intelligence market is changing rapidly, forcing vendors to adapt their offerings to the customers’ needs. As the amount of data availa ...
Meeting the challenges of web application development: the web engineering approach

The Web has very rapidly become central to many applications in diverse areas. As our reliance on Web-based applications continues to increase and the Web systems supporting these applications become more complex, there is growing concern about the manner in which the Web-based systems/applications are created and their quality, integrity and maintainability. The development of Web-based systems has generally been ad hoc, resulting in poor quality and maintainability. In the recent times, there have been many failures of Web applications due to a variety of problems and causes. The way the developers address these problems is critical to deploying successful large-scale Web applications.This tutorial addresses these issues and offers a holistic approach to managing the complexity of development of Web-based systems and Web applications. It highlights the various real-world issues, challenges and considerations in development of large Web applications, compared to traditional software development, and recommends the Web engineering approach that Web/software developers could follow.Web engineering deals with systematic, disciplined and quantifiable approaches to development, operation, and maintenance of Web-based systems and applications [1-9]. It embodies engineering principles and practices to Web application and Web site development and draws on software engineering and a number of contributing disciplines.Specifically, the tutorial aims to:• Highlight the problems, complexity and challenges of Web application development relative to software development• Offer a holistic approach to development of Web applications• Present Web development methodologies and processes• Address the issues of scalability, maintainability, usability, configuration management and other non-technical aspects• Recommend suitable Web testing and quality assurance approaches• Discuss project management issues specific to Web developmentThis tutorial is specifically targeted to address the needs of a growing community of software practitioners, Web application developers, project managers IT and business professionals, ecommerce system implementers, academics, researchers and students.
Dental Occlusion in a Split Amazon Indigenous Population: Genetics Prevails over Environment

BACKGROUND
Studies examining human and nonhuman primates have supported the hypothesis that the recent increase in the occurrence of misalignment of teeth and/or incorrect relation of dental arches, named dental malocclusion, is mainly attributed to the availability of a more processed diet and the reduced need for powerful masticatory action. For the first time on live human populations, genetic and tooth wear influences on occlusal variation were examined in a split indigenous population. The Arara-Iriri people are descendants of a single couple expelled from a larger village. In the resultant village, expansion occurred through the mating of close relatives, resulting in marked genetic cohesion with substantial genetic differences.


METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Dental malocclusion, tooth wear and inbreeding coefficient were evaluated. The sample examined was composed of 176 individuals from both villages. Prevalence Ratio and descriptive differences in the outcomes frequency for each developmental stage of the dentition were considered. Statistical differences between the villages were examined using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact statistic. Tooth wear and the inbreeding coefficient (F) between the villages was tested with Mann-Whitney statistics. All the statistics were performed using two-tailed distribution at p≤0.05. The coefficient inbreeding (F) confirmed the frequent incestuous unions among the Arara-Iriri indigenous group. Despite the tooth wear similarities, we found a striking difference in occlusal patterns between the two Arara villages. In the original village, dental malocclusion was present in about one third of the population; whilst in the resultant village, the occurrence was almost doubled. Furthermore, the morphological characteristics of malocclusion were strongly different between the groups.


CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Our findings downplay the widespread influence of tooth wear, a direct evidence of what an individual ate in the past, on occlusal variation of living human populations. They also suggest that genetics plays the most important role on dental malocclusion etiology.
Automatic locomotion pattern generation for modular robots

Locomotion, one of the most basic robotic functions, has been widely studied for several types of robots. As for self-reconfigurable modular robots, there are two types of locomotion; one type is realized as a series of self-reconfiguration and the other is realized as a whole body motion such as walking and crawling. Even for the latter type of locomotion, designing control method is more difficult than ordinary robots. This is because the module configuration includes many degrees of freedom and there are a wide variety of possible configurations. We propose an offline method to generate a locomotion pattern automatically for a modular robot in an arbitrary module configuration, which utilizes a neural oscillator as a controller of the joint motor and evolutionary computation method for optimization of the neural oscillator network, which determines the performance of locomotion. We confirm the validity of the method by software simulation and hardware experiments.