LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Differences in seedling growth behaviour among species: trait correlations across species, and trait shifts along nutrient compared to rainfall gradients

0 Species!pairs from woody dicot lineages were chosen as phylogenetically inde! pendent contrasts "PICs# to represent evolutionary divergences along gradients of rainfall and nutrient stress\ and within particular habitat types\ in New South Wales\ Australia[ Seedlings were grown under controlled\ favourable conditions and measurements were made for various growth\ morphological and allocation traits[ 1 Trait correlations across all species were identi_ed\ particularly with respect to seedling relative growth rate "RGR# and speci_c leaf area "SLA#\ a fundamental measure of allocation strategy that re~ects the light!capture area deployed per unit of photosynthate invested in leaves[ 2 Across all species\ SLA\ speci_c root length "SRL# and seed reserve mass were the strongest predictors of seedling RGR[ That is\ a syndrome of leaf and root surface maximization and low seed mass was typical of high RGR plants[ This may be a high!risk strategy for individual seedlings\ but one presumably mitigated by a larger number of seedlings being produced\ increasing the chance that at least one will _nd itself in a favourable situation[ 3 Syndromes of repeated attribute divergence were identi_ed in the two sets of gradient PICs[ Species from lower resource habitats generally had lower SLA[ Thus\ in this important respect the two gradients appeared to be variants of a more general {stress| gradient[ 4 However\ trends in biomass allocation\ tissue density\ root morphology and seed reserve mass di}ered between gradients[ While SLA and RGR tended to shift together along gradients and in within!habitat PICs\ no single attribute emerged as the common\ primary factor driving RGR divergences within contrasts[ Within!habitat attribute shifts were of similar magnitude to those along gradients[
Organ printing: the future of bone regeneration?

In engineered bone grafts, the combined actions of bone-forming cells, matrix and bioactive stimuli determine the eventual performance of the implant. The current notion is that well-built 3D constructs include the biological elements that recapitulate native bone tissue structure to achieve bone formation once implanted. The relatively new technology of organ/tissue printing now enables the accurate 3D organization of the components that are important for bone formation and also addresses issues, such as graft porosity and vascularization. Bone printing is seen as a great promise, because it combines rapid prototyping technology to produce a scaffold of the desired shape and internal structure with incorporation of multiple living cell types that can form the bone tissue once implanted.
A geometric approach to saddle points of surfaces

We outline an alternative approach to the geometric notion of a saddle point for real-valued functions of two real variables. It is argued that our treatment is more natural than the usual treatment of this topic in standard texts on calculus.
Exploratory analyses of the association of MRI with clinical, laboratory and radiographic findings in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVES
Evaluate relationships between MRI and clinical/laboratory/radiographic findings in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).


METHODS
637 methotrexate-naive patients (GO-BEFORE) and 444 patients with active RA despite methotrexate (GO-FORWARD) were randomly assigned to subcutaneous placebo + methotrexate, golimumab 100mg + placebo, golimumab 50mg + methotrexate, or golimumab 100mg + methotrexate every-4-weeks. In GO-BEFORE(n=318) and GO-FORWARD(n=240) substudies, MRI of dominant wrist/metacarpophalangeal joints were scored for synovitis, bone oedema and bone erosion (RA MRI scoring (RAMRIS) system). Relationships between RAMRIS scores and serum C-reactive protein (CRP), 28-joint count disease activity score (DAS28-CRP) and van der Heijde modified Sharp (vdH-S) scores were assessed.


RESULTS
Baseline and weeks 24/28 DAS28-CRP, CRP, and vdH-S generally correlated well with baseline and week 24 RAMRIS synovitis, oedema and erosion scores. Early (week 4) CRP changes correlated with later (week 12) RAMRIS synovitis/oedema change scores; earlier (week 12) changes in some RAMRIS scores correlated with later (weeks 24/28) changes in vdH-S. Significant correlations between RAMRIS change scores and clinical/radiographic change scores were weak.


CONCLUSIONS
MRI and clinical/laboratory/radiographic measures generally correlated well. Associations between earlier changes in CRP and later changes in RAMRIS synovitis/osteitis were observed. Changes in MRI and clinical/radiographic measures did not correlate well, probably because MRI is more sensitive than radiographs and more objective than DAS28-CRP.
Graphene-on-silicon Schottky junction solar cells.

www.MaterialsViews.com C O M Graphene-On-Silicon Schottky Junction Solar Cells M U N I By Xinming Li , Hongwei Zhu , * Kunlin Wang , * Anyuan Cao , Jinquan Wei , Chunyan Li , Yi Jia , Zhen Li , Xiao Li , and Dehai Wu C A IO N Graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon hexagons, has stimulated a lot of research interest owing to its unique structure and fascinating properties. [ 1 ] Graphene has been produced in the form of ultrathin sheets consisting of one or a few atomic layers by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [ 2–4 ] or solution processing [ 5 , 6 ] and can be transferred to various substrates. The two-dimensionality and structural fl atness make graphene sheets ideal candidates for thin-fi lm devices and combination with other semiconductor materials such as silicon. These fi lms typically show sheet resistances on the order of several hundred ohm per square at about 80% optical transparency. [ 7 ] With modifi cation on the electronic properties and improvement of processing techniques, graphene fi lms show potential for use in conductive, fl exible electrodes, as an alternative for indium tin oxide (ITO). Graphene applications are just starting, and current investigations are on a number of areas such as fi llers for composites, nanoelectronics, and transparent electrodes. [ 8 ] For applications related to solar cells, graphene microsheets were dispersed into conjugated polymers to improve exciton dissociation and charge transport. [ 9–11 ] Also, solution-processed thin fi lms were used as conductive and transparent electrodes for organic [ 12 ] and dyesensitized [ 13 ] solar cells, although the cell effi ciency is still lower than those with ITO and fl uorine tin oxide (FTO) electrodes. Compared with carbon nanotube fi lms that have been extensively studied, graphene fi lms may have several advantages. A continuous single-layer graphene fi lm could retain high conductivity at very low (atomic) thickness, and avoid contact resistance that occurs in a carbon nanotube fi lm between interconnected nanotube bundles. In addition, graphene fi lms have minimum porosity and, in small areas, can provide an extremely fl at surface for molecule assembly and device integration. There are many opportunities in utilizing distinct properties of graphene and exploring novel applications. Bulk heterojunction structures based on carbon materials have attracted a great deal of interest for both scientifi c fundamentals and potential applications in various new optoelectronic devices,
Geometric Loss Functions for Camera Pose Regression with Deep Learning

Deep learning has shown to be effective for robust and real-time monocular image relocalisation. In particular, PoseNet [22] is a deep convolutional neural network which learns to regress the 6-DOF camera pose from a single image. It learns to localize using high level features and is robust to difficult lighting, motion blur and unknown camera intrinsics, where point based SIFT registration fails. However, it was trained using a naive loss function, with hyper-parameters which require expensive tuning. In this paper, we give the problem a more fundamental theoretical treatment. We explore a number of novel loss functions for learning camera pose which are based on geometry and scene reprojection error. Additionally we show how to automatically learn an optimal weighting to simultaneously regress position and orientation. By leveraging geometry, we demonstrate that our technique significantly improves PoseNets performance across datasets ranging from indoor rooms to a small city.
Experiences of African Immigrant Women Living with HIV in the U.K.: Implications for Health Professionals

In the U.K. immigrant women from Africa constitute an increasingly large proportion of newly diagnosed cases of HIV. A significant minority of these are refugees and asylum seekers. Very little is known about their experiences of living with HIV/AIDS, their psychosocial needs or their views of health care provision. This paper reports the results of a qualitative study that explored these issues by interviewing eight African women living with HIV in the British city of Nottingham. Women’s ability to live positively with HIV was found to be strongly shaped by their migration history, their legal status, their experience of AIDS-related stigma and their Christian faith. Significantly, health services were represented as a safe social space, and were highly valued as a source of advice and support. The findings indicate that non-judgemental, personalised health care plays a key role in encouraging migrant African women to access psychosocial support and appropriate HIV services.
Comparison of Regularization Methods for ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Large and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks achieve good results in image classification tasks, but they need methods to prevent overfitting. In this paper we compare performance of different regularization techniques on ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2013. We show empirically that Dropout works better than DropConnect on ImageNet dataset. © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of American Applied Science Research Institute
What Do America's 'Traditional' Forms of School Choice Teach Us About School Choice Reforms?

he majority of U.S. states are currently considering or have recently passed reforms that increase the ease with which parents can choose a school for their children (Tucker and Lauber 1995). At first view, these reforms seem to take elementary and secondary education into wholly unknown territory. Yet this view neglects the fact that choices made by American parents have traditionally been an important force in determining the education their children receive. Parents' ability to choose among fiscally independent public school districts (through residential decisions) and to choose private schools (by paying tuition) is such an established feature of American education that it is almost taken for granted. Yet, through these choices, American parents exercise more control over their children's schooling than do many of their European counterparts. Of course, American parents are not all equally able to exercise choice. High-income parents routinely exercise more choice because they have more school districts and private schools within their choice sets. In addition, there is significant variation in the degree of choice across different areas of the country. Some metropolitan areas, for instance, contain many independent school districts and/or a number of private schools. Other metropolitan areas are completely monopolized by one school district or have almost no private schooling. The purpose of this paper is to answer three related questions. First, what general facts can we learn by examining the traditional forms of school choice in the United States? In particular, we need to understand the general relationship between school choice and five factors: (1) student achievement, (2) student segregation (along lines of ability, income, and taste for education, as well as race and ethnicity), 1 (3) school efficiency, (4) teachers' salaries and teacher unionism, and (5) the degree to which parents are involved in and influence their children's Caroline M. Hoxby is an associate professor of economics at Harvard University and a faculty research fellow of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
The relationship between nomophobia and the distraction associated with smartphone use among nursing students in their clinical practicum

BACKGROUND
The increasing concern about the adverse effects of overuse of smartphones during clinical practicum implies the need for policies restricting smartphone use while attending to patients. It is important to educate health personnel about the potential risks that can arise from the associated distraction.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the level of nomophobia and the distraction associated with smartphone use among nursing students during their clinical practicum.


METHODS
A cross-sectional study was carried out on 304 nursing students. The nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q) and a questionnaire about smartphone use, the distraction associated with it, and opinions about phone restriction policies in hospitals were used.


RESULTS
A positive correlation between the use of smartphones and the total score of nomophobia was found. In the same way, there was a positive correlation between opinion about smartphone restriction polices with each of the dimensions of nomophobia and the total score of the questionnaire.


CONCLUSIONS
Nursing students who show high levels of nomophobia also regularly use their smartphones during their clinical practicum, although they also believe that the implementation of policies restricting smartphone use while working is necessary.
Closing complexity gaps for coloring problems on H-free graphs

If a graph G contains no subgraph isomorphic to some graph H, then G is called H-free. A coloring of a graph G = (V,E) is a mapping c : V → {1, 2, . . .} such that no two adjacent vertices have the same color, i.e., c(u) 6= c(v) if uv ∈ E; if |c(V )| ≤ k then c is a k-coloring. The Coloring problem is to test whether a graph has a coloring with at most k colors for some integer k. The Precoloring Extension problem is to decide whether a partial k-coloring of a graph can be extended to a k-coloring of the whole graph for some integer k. The List Coloring problem is to decide whether a graph allows a coloring, such that every vertex u receives a color from some given set L(u). By imposing an upper bound ` on the size of each L(u) we obtain the `-List Coloring problem. We first classify the Precoloring Extension problem and the `-List Coloring problem for H-free graphs. We then show that 3-List Coloring is NP-complete for n-vertex graphs of minimum degree n−2, i.e., for complete graphs minus a matching, whereas List Coloring is fixed-parameter tractable for this graph class when parameterized by the number of vertices of degree n− 2. Finally, for a fixed integer k > 0, the List k-Coloring problem is to decide whether a graph allows a coloring, such that every vertex u receives a color from some given set L(u) that must be a subset of {1, . . . , k}. We show that List 4-Coloring is NPcomplete for P6-free graphs, where P6 is the path on six vertices. This completes the classification of List k-Coloring for P6-free graphs.
Rehabilitation in patients with radically treated respiratory cancer: A randomised controlled trial comparing two training modalities.

INTRODUCTION
The evidence on the effectiveness of rehabilitation in lung cancer patients is limited. Whole body vibration (WBV) has been proposed as an alternative to conventional resistance training (CRT).


METHODS
We investigated the effect of radical treatment (RT) and of two rehabilitation programmes in lung cancer patients. The primary endpoint was a change in 6-min walking distance (6MWD) after rehabilitation. Patients were randomised after RT to either CRT, WBVT or standard follow-up (CON). Patients were evaluated before, after RT and after 12 weeks of intervention.


RESULTS
Of 121 included patients, 70 were randomised to either CON (24), CRT (24) or WBVT (22). After RT, 6MWD decreased with a mean of 38m (95% CI 22-54) and increased with a mean of 95m (95% CI 58-132) in CRT (p<0.0001), 37m (95% CI -1-76) in WBVT (p=0.06) and 1m (95% CI -34-36) in CON (p=0.95), respectively. Surgical treatment, magnitude of decrease in 6MWD by RT and allocation to either CRT or WBVT were prognostic for reaching the minimally clinically important difference of 54m increase in 6MWD after intervention.


CONCLUSIONS
RT of lung cancer significantly impairs patients' exercise capacity. CRT significantly improves and restores functional exercise capacity, whereas WBVT does not fully substitute for CRT.
Breast cancer detection using automated whole breast ultrasound and mammography in radiographically dense breasts

Mammography, the standard method of breast cancer screening, misses many cancers, especially in dense-breasted women. We compared the performance and diagnostic yield of mammography alone versus an automated whole breast ultrasound (AWBU) plus mammography in women with dense breasts and/or at elevated risk of breast cancer. AWBU screening was tested in 4,419 women having routine mammography (Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00649337). Cancers occurring during the study and subsequent 1-year follow-up were evaluated. Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of biopsy recommendation for mammography alone, AWBU and mammography with AWBU were calculated. Breast cancer detection doubled from 23 to 46 in 6,425 studies using AWBU with mammography, resulting in an increase in diagnostic yield from 3.6 per 1,000 with mammography alone to 7.2 per 1,000 by adding AWBU. PPV for biopsy based on mammography findings was 39.0% and for AWBU 38.4%. The number of detected invasive cancers 10 mm or less in size tripled from 7 to 21 when AWBU findings were added to mammography. AWBU resulted in significant cancer detection improvement compared with mammography alone. Additional detection and the smaller size of invasive cancers may justify this technology’s expense for women with dense breasts and/or at high risk for breast cancer.
Genetic malformations of cortical development

The malformations of the cerebral cortex represent a major cause of developmental disabilities, severe epilepsy and reproductive disadvantage. The advent of high-resolution MRI techniques has facilitated the in vivo identification of a large group of cortical malformation phenotypes. Several malformation syndromes caused by abnormal cortical development have been recognised and specific causative gene defects have been identified. Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a malformation of neuronal migration in which a subset of neurons fails to migrate into the developing cerebral cortex. X-linked PNH is mainly seen in females and is often associated with focal epilepsy. FLNA mutations have been reported in all familial cases and in about 25% of sporadic patients. A rare recessive form of PNH due ARGEF2 gene mutations has also been reported in children with microcephaly, severe delay and early seizures. Lissencephaly-pachygyria and subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) are disorders of neuronal migration and represent a malformative spectrum resulting from mutations of either LIS1 or DCX genes. LIS1 mutations cause a more severe malformation in the posterior brain regions. Most children have severe developmental delay and infantile spasms, but milder phenotypes are on record, including posterior SBH owing to mosaic mutations of LIS1. DCX mutations usually cause anteriorly predominant lissencephaly in males and SBH in female patients. Mutations of DCX have also been found in male patients with anterior SBH and in female relatives with normal brain magnetic resonance imaging. Autosomal recessive lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia, accompanied by severe delay, hypotonia, and seizures, has been associated with mutations of the reelin (RELN) gene. X-linked lissencephaly with corpus callosum agenesis and ambiguous genitalia in genotypic males is associated with mutations of the ARX gene. Affected boys have severe delay and seizures with suppression-burst EEG. Early death is frequent. Carrier female patients can have isolated corpus callosum agenesis. Among several syndromes featuring polymicrogyria, bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria shows genetic heterogeneity, including linkage to chromosome Xq28 in some pedigrees, autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance in others, and an association with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion in some patients. About 65% of patients have severe epilepsy. Recessive bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria has been associated with mutations of the GPR56 gene. Epilepsy is often present in patients with cortical malformations and tends to be severe, although its incidence and type vary in different malformations. It is estimated that up to 40% of children with drug-resistant epilepsy have a cortical malformation. However, the physiopathological mechanisms relating cortical malformations to epilepsy remain elusive.
Some questions in fuzzy metric spaces

The George and Veeramani’s fuzzy metric defined by M∗(x, y, t) = min{x,y}+t max{x,y}+t on [0,∞[ (the set of non-negative real numbers) has shown some advantages in front of classical metrics in the process of filtering images. In this paper we study from the mathematical point of view this fuzzy metric and other fuzzy metrics related to it. As a consequence of this study we introduce, throughout the paper, some questions relative to fuzzy metrics. Also, as another practical application, we show that this fuzzy metric is useful for measuring perceptual colour differences between colour samples.
State of the Art for the Biosorption Process—a Review

In recent years, biosorption process has become an economic and eco-friendly alternative treatment technology in the water and wastewater industry. In this light, a number of biosorbents were developed and are successfully employed for treating various pollutants including metals, dyes, phenols, fluoride, and pharmaceuticals in solutions (aqueous/oil). However, still there are few technical barriers in the biosorption process that impede its commercialization and thus to overcome these problems there has been a steadily growing interest in this research field. This resulted in large numbers of publications and patents each year. This review reports the state of the art in biosorption research. In this review, we provide a compendium of know-how in laboratory methodology, mathematical modeling of equilibrium and kinetics, identification of the biosorption mechanism. Various mathematical models of biosorption were discussed: the process in packed-bed column arrangement, as well as by suspended biomass. Particular attention was paid to patents in biosorption and pilot-scale systems. In addition, we provided future aspects in biosorption research.