LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A Geometric Approach to Lower Bounds for Approximate Near-Neighbor Search and Partial Match

This work investigates a geometric approach to proving cell probe lower bounds for data structure problems.We consider the {\em approximate nearest neighbor search problem} on the Boolean hypercube $(\bool^d,\onenorm{\cdot})$ with $d=\Theta(\log n)$. We show that any (randomized) data structure for the problem that answers $c$-approximate nearest neighbor search queries using $t$ probes must use space at least $n^{1+\Omega(1/ct)}$. In particular, our bound implies that any data structure that uses space $\tilde{O}(n)$ with polylogarithmic word size, and with constant probability gives a constant approximation to nearest neighbor search queries must be probed $\Omega(\log n/ \log\log n)$ times. This improves on the lower bound of $\Omega(\log\log d/\log\log\log d)$ probes shown by Chakrabarti and Regev~\cite{ChakrabartiR04} for any polynomial space data structure, and the $\Omega(\log\log d)$ lower bound in \Patrascu and Thorup~\cite{PatrascuT07} for linear space data structures.Our lower bound holds for the {\em near neighbor problem}, where the algorithm knows in advance a good approximation to the distance to the nearest neighbor.Additionally, it is an {\em average case} lower bound for the natural distribution for the problem. Our approach also gives the same bound for $(2-\frac{1}{c})$-approximation to the farthest neighbor problem.For the case of non-adaptive algorithms we can improve the bound slightly and show a $\Omega(\log n)$ lower bound on the time complexity of data structures with $O(n)$ space and logarithmic word size.We also show similar lower bounds for the partial match problem: any randomized $t$-probe data structure that solves the partial match problem on $\{0,1,\star\}^d$ for $d=\Theta(\log n)$ must use space $n^{1+\Omega(1/t)}$. This implies an $\Omega(\log n/\log\log n)$ lower bound for time complexity of near linear space data structures, slightly improving the $\Omega(\log n /(\log \log n)^2)$ lower bound from~\cite{PatrascuT06a},\cite{JayramKKR03} for this range of $d$. Recently and independently \Patrascu achieved similar bounds \cite{patrascu08}. Our results also generalize to approximate partial match, improving on the bounds of \cite{BarkolR02,PatrascuT06a}.
An open annotation ontology for science on web 3.0

BACKGROUND
There is currently a gap between the rich and expressive collection of published biomedical ontologies, and the natural language expression of biomedical papers consumed on a daily basis by scientific researchers. The purpose of this paper is to provide an open, shareable structure for dynamic integration of biomedical domain ontologies with the scientific document, in the form of an Annotation Ontology (AO), thus closing this gap and enabling application of formal biomedical ontologies directly to the literature as it emerges.


METHODS
Initial requirements for AO were elicited by analysis of integration needs between biomedical web communities, and of needs for representing and integrating results of biomedical text mining. Analysis of strengths and weaknesses of previous efforts in this area was also performed. A series of increasingly refined annotation tools were then developed along with a metadata model in OWL, and deployed for feedback and additional requirements the ontology to users at a major pharmaceutical company and a major academic center. Further requirements and critiques of the model were also elicited through discussions with many colleagues and incorporated into the work.


RESULTS
This paper presents Annotation Ontology (AO), an open ontology in OWL-DL for annotating scientific documents on the web. AO supports both human and algorithmic content annotation. It enables "stand-off" or independent metadata anchored to specific positions in a web document by any one of several methods. In AO, the document may be annotated but is not required to be under update control of the annotator. AO contains a provenance model to support versioning, and a set model for specifying groups and containers of annotation. AO is freely available under open source license at http://purl.org/ao/, and extensive documentation including screencasts is available on AO's Google Code page: http://code.google.com/p/annotation-ontology/ .


CONCLUSIONS
The Annotation Ontology meets critical requirements for an open, freely shareable model in OWL, of annotation metadata created against scientific documents on the Web. We believe AO can become a very useful common model for annotation metadata on Web documents, and will enable biomedical domain ontologies to be used quite widely to annotate the scientific literature. Potential collaborators and those with new relevant use cases are invited to contact the authors.
Stereotactic treatment of intracerebral hematoma by means of a plasminogen activator: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (SICHPA).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Treatment of intracerebral hematoma (ICH) is controversial. An advantage of neurosurgical intervention over conservative treatment of ICH has not been established. Recent reports suggest a favorable effect of stereotactic blood clot removal after liquefaction by means of a plasminogen activator. The SICHPA trial was aimed at investigating the efficacy of this treatment.


METHODS
A stereotactically placed catheter was used to instill urokinase to liquefy and drain the ICH in 6-hour intervals over 48 hours. From 1996 to 1999, 13 centers entered 71 patients into the study. Patients were randomized into a surgical group (n=36) and a nonsurgical group (n=35). Admission criteria were the following: age >45 years, spontaneous supratentorial ICH, Glasgow Eye Motor score ranging from 2 to 10, ICH volume >10 cm3, and treatment within 72 hours. The primary end point was death at 6 months. As secondary end points, ICH volume reduction and overall outcome measured by the modified Rankin scale were chosen. The trial was prematurely stopped as a result of slow patient accrual.


RESULTS
Seventy patients were analyzed. Overall mortality at day 180 after stroke was 57%; this included 20 of 36 patients (56%) in the surgical group and 20 of 34 patients (59%) in the nonsurgical group. A significant ICH volume reduction was achieved by the intervention (10% to 20%, P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated the possibility of efficacy for surgical treatment (odds ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 1.20; P=0.08). The odds ratio of mortality combined with modified Rankin scale score 5 at 180 days was also not statistically significant (odds ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.3; P=0.38).


CONCLUSIONS
Stereotactic aspiration can be performed safely and in a relatively uniform manner; it leads to a modest reduction of 18 mL of hematoma reduction over 7 days when compared with control, which has a 7-mL reduction, and therefore may improve prognosis.
On the origin of the notion of GW et cetera

The notion of gravitational wave (GW) came forth originally as a by-product of the linear approximation of general relativity (GR). Now, it can be proved that this approximation is quite inadequate to a proper study of the hypothetic GW's. The significant role of the approximations beyond the linear stage is emphasized.
On Evolution, Search, Optimization, Genetic Algorithms and Martial Arts towards Memetic Algorithms

Short abstract, isn't it?
R-CNN for Small Object Detection

Existing object detection literature focuses on detecting a big object covering a large part of an image. The problem of detecting a small object covering a small part of an image is largely ignored. As a result, the state-of-the-art object detection algorithm renders unsatisfactory performance as applied to detect small objects in images. In this paper, we dedicate an effort to bridge the gap. We first compose a benchmark dataset tailored for the small object detection problem to better evaluate the small object detection performance. We then augment the state-of-the-art R-CNN algorithm with a context model and a small region proposal generator to improve the small object detection performance. We conduct extensive experimental validations for studying various design choices. Experiment results show that the augmented R-CNN algorithm improves the mean average precision by 29.8% over the original R-CNN algorithm on detecting small objects. ACCV This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any commercial purpose. Permission to copy in whole or in part without payment of fee is granted for nonprofit educational and research purposes provided that all such whole or partial copies include the following: a notice that such copying is by permission of Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.; an acknowledgment of the authors and individual contributions to the work; and all applicable portions of the copyright notice. Copying, reproduction, or republishing for any other purpose shall require a license with payment of fee to Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright c © Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc., 2016 201 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
On the location dependence of convolutional neural network features

As the availability of geotagged imagery has increased, so has the interest in geolocation-related computer vision applications, ranging from wide-area image geolocalization to the extraction of environmental data from social network imagery. Encouraged by the recent success of deep convolutional networks for learning high-level features, we investigate the usefulness of deep learned features for such problems. We compare features extracted from various layers of convolutional neural networks and analyze their discriminative ability with regards to location. Our analysis spans several problem settings, including region identification, visualizing land cover in aerial imagery, and ground-image localization in regions without ground-image reference data (where we achieve state-of-the-art performance on a benchmark dataset). We present results on multiple datasets, including a new dataset we introduce containing hundreds of thousands of ground-level and aerial images in a large region centered around San Francisco.
Civility 2 . 0 : A comparative analysis of incivility in online political discussion

Online political discussion amongst citizens has often been labelled uncivil. Indeed, as online discussion allows participants to remain relatively anonymous, and by extension, unaccountable for their behaviour, citizens often engage in angry, hostile, and derogatory discussion, taking the opportunity to attack the beliefs and values of others without fear of retribution. Some commentators believe that this type of incivility, however, could soon be a thing of the past as citizens increasingly turn to online social network sites such as Facebook.com to discuss politics. Facebook requires users, when registering for an account, to do so using their real name, and encourages them to attach a photograph and other personal details to their profile. As a result, users are both identified with and accountable for the comments they make, presumably making them less likely to engage in uncivil discussion. This paper aims to test this assumption by analysing the occurrence of incivility in reader comments left in response to political news articles by the Washington Post. Specifically, it will quantitatively content analyse the comments, comparing the occurrence of incivility evident in comments left on the Washington Post website with comments left on the Washington Post’s Facebook page. Analysis suggests that, in line with the hypothesis, these online platforms differ significantly when it comes to incivility. Paper to be presented at the Elections, Public Opinion, and Parties (EPOP) Conference, September 13-15, 2013, University of Lancaster, UK. Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council [grant number ES/I902767/1].
Creating full view panoramic image mosaics and environment maps

This paper presents a novel approach to creating full view panoramic mosaics from image sequences. Unlike current panoramic stitching methods, which usually require pure horizontal camera panning, our system does not require any controlled motions or constraints on how the images are taken (as long as there is no strong motion parallax). For example, images taken from a hand-held digital camera can be stitched seamlessly into panoramic mosaics. Because we represent our image mosaics using a set of transforms, there are no singularity problems such as those existing at the top and bottom of cylindrical or spherical maps. Our algorithm is fast and robust because it directly recovers 3D rotations instead of general 8 parameter planar perspective transforms. Methods to recover camera focal length are also presented. We also present an algorithm for efficiently extracting environment maps from our image mosaics. By mapping the mosaic onto an artibrary texture-mapped polyhedron surrounding the origin, we can explore the virtual environment using standard 3D graphics viewers and hardware without requiring special-purpose players. CR
Intrinsic parameter calibration procedure for a (high-distortion) fish-eye lens camera with distortion model and accuracy estimation

-This paper presents a calibration procedure for a fish-eye lens (a high-distortion lens) mounted on a CCD TV camera. The method is designed to account for the differences in images acquired via a distortion-free lens camera setup and the images obtained by a fish-eye lens camera. The calibration procedure essentially defines a mapping between points in the world coordinate system and their corresponding point locations in the image plane. This step is important for applications in computer vision which involve quantitative measurements. The objective of this mapping is to estimate the internal parameters of the camera, including the effective focal length, one-pixel width on the image plane, image distortion center, and distortion coefficients. The number of parameters to be calibrated is reduced by using a calibration pattern with equally spaced dots and assuming a pin-hole model camera behavior for the image center, thus assuming negligible distortion at the image distortion center. Our method employs a non-finear transformation between points in the world coordinate system and their corresponding location on the image plane. A Lagrangian minimization method is used to determine the coefficients of the transformation. The validity and effectiveness of our calibration and distortion correction procedure are confirmed by application of this procedure on real images. Copyright © 1996 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. Camera calibration Lens distortion Intrinsic camera parameters Fish-eye lens Optimization
Randomized crossover comparison of proportional assist ventilation and patient-triggered ventilation in extremely low birth weight infants with evolving chronic lung disease.

BACKGROUND
Refinement of ventilatory techniques remains a challenge given the persistence of chronic lung disease of preterm infants.


METHODS
To test the hypothesis that proportional assist ventilation (PAV) will allow to lower the ventilator pressure at equivalent fractions of inspiratory oxygen (FiO(2)) and arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation in ventilator-dependent extremely low birth weight infants in comparison with standard patient-triggered ventilation (PTV).


DESIGN
Randomized crossover design.


SETTING
Two level-3 university perinatal centers.


PATIENTS
22 infants (mean (SD): birth weight, 705 g (215); gestational age, 25.6 weeks (2.0); age at study, 22.9 days (15.6)).


INTERVENTIONS
One 4-hour period of PAV was applied on each of 2 consecutive days and compared with epochs of standard PTV.


RESULTS
Mean airway pressure was 5.64 (SD, 0.81) cm H(2)O during PAV and 6.59 (SD, 1.26) cm H(2)O during PTV (p < 0.0001), the mean peak inspiratory pressure was 10.3 (SD, 2.48) cm H(2)O and 15.1 (SD, 3.64) cm H(2)O (p < 0.001), respectively. The FiO(2) (0.34 (0.13) vs. 0.34 (0.14)) and pulse oximetry readings were not significantly different. The incidence of arterial oxygen desaturations was not different (3.48 (3.2) vs. 3.34 (3.0) episodes/h) but desaturations lasted longer during PAV (2.60 (2.8) vs. 1.85 (2.2) min of desaturation/h, p = 0.049). PaCO(2) measured transcutaneously in a subgroup of 12 infants was similar. One infant met prespecified PAV failure criteria. No adverse events occurred during the 164 cumulative hours of PAV application.


CONCLUSIONS
PAV safely maintains gas exchange at lower mean airway pressures compared with PTV without adverse effects in this population. Backup conventional ventilation breaths must be provided to prevent apnea-related desaturations.
Evidence-based treatments for PTSD, new directions, and special challenges.

This paper provides a current review of existing evidence-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with a description of psychopharmacologic options, prolonged exposure therapy, cognitive processing therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, especially as they pertain to military populations. It further offers a brief summary of promising treatments with a developing evidence base, encompassing both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Finally, challenges to the treatment of PTSD are summarized and future directions suggested.
Exposure to Pornography and Acceptance of Rape Myths: A Research Summary Using Meta-Analysis.

A study quantitatively summarized the literature examining the association between acceptance of rape myths and exposure to pornography to address disputes in the academic community regarding the consistency of such research. The entire collection of "Psychological Abstracts" and "Sociological Abstracts" was manually searched for articles relevant to pornography. A total of 22 studies (with 3,434 subjects): (1) used a stimulus that met the definition of pornography; (2) involved the use of some type of rape myth acceptance; and (3) reported sufficient statistical information to permit an estimate of the association between exposure to pornography and acceptance of the rape myth. Results indicated that survey methodology shows almost no effect (exposure to pornography does not increase rape myth acceptance), while experimental studies show positive effect (exposure to pornography does increase rape myth acceptance). While the experimental studies demonstrate that violent pornography has more effect than nonviolent pornography, nonviolent pornography still generates a positive effect. Overall, while the results are mixed, there exists an association, for those studies using an experimental methodology, between exposure to sexually arousing material and acceptance of the rape myth. (Two tables of data are included. Contains 90 references.) (RS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** EXPOSURE TO PORNOGRAPHY AND ACCEPTANCE OF RAPE MYTHS: A RESEARCH SUMMARY USING META-ANALYSIS
The antiresorptive effects of a single dose of zoledronate persist for two years: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in osteopenic postmenopausal women.

CONTEXT
Annual iv administration of 5 mg zoledronate decreases fracture risk. The optimal dosing interval of 5 mg zoledronate is not known.


OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to determine the duration of antiresorptive action of a single 5-mg dose of iv zoledronate.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial over 2 yr at an academic research center, in a volunteer sample of 50 postmenopausal women with osteopenia.


INTERVENTION
Intervention included 5 mg zoledronate.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, proximal femur, and total body.


RESULTS
Compared with placebo, zoledronate treatment decreased mean levels of each of four markers of bone turnover by at least 38% (range 38-45%) for the duration of the study (P < 0.0001 for each marker). After 2 yr, bone mineral density was higher in the zoledronate group than the placebo group by an average of 5.7% (95% confidence interval = 4.0-7.4) at the lumbar spine, 3.9% (2.2-5.7) at the proximal femur, and 1.7% (0.8-2.5) at the total body (P < 0.0001 for each skeletal site). Between-groups differences in markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density were similar at 12 and 24 months. Mild secondary hyperparathyroidism was present throughout the study in the zoledronate group.


CONCLUSION
The antiresorptive effects of a single 5-mg dose of zoledronate are sustained for at least 2 yr. The magnitudes of the effects on markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density are comparable at 12 and 24 months. Administration of zoledronate at intervals of up to 2 yr may be associated with antifracture efficacy; clinical trials to investigate this possibility are justified.
Validation of the Regicor Short Physical Activity Questionnaire for the Adult Population

OBJECTIVE
To develop and validate a short questionnaire to estimate physical activity (PA) practice and sedentary behavior for the adult population.


METHODS
The short questionnaire was developed using data from a cross-sectional population-based survey (n = 6352) that included the Minnesota leisure-time PA questionnaire. Activities that explained a significant proportion of the variability of population PA practice were identified. Validation of the short questionnaire included a cross-sectional component to assess validity with respect to the data collected by accelerometers and a longitudinal component to assess reliability and sensitivity to detect changes (n = 114, aged 35 to 74 years).


RESULTS
Six types of activities that accounted for 87% of population variability in PA estimated with the Minnesota questionnaire were selected. The short questionnaire estimates energy expenditure in total PA and by intensity (light, moderate, vigorous), and includes 2 questions about sedentary behavior and a question about occupational PA. The short questionnaire showed high reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging between 0.79 to 0.95. The Spearman correlation coefficients between estimated energy expenditure obtained with the questionnaire and the number of steps detected by the accelerometer were as follows: 0.36 for total PA, 0.40 for moderate intensity, and 0.26 for vigorous intensity. The questionnaire was sensitive to detect changes in moderate and vigorous PA (correlation coefficients ranging from 0.26 to 0.34).


CONCLUSION
The REGICOR short questionnaire is reliable, valid, and sensitive to detect changes in moderate and vigorous PA. This questionnaire could be used in daily clinical practice and epidemiological studies.