LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Conceptual metaphor theory meets the data: a corpus-based human annotation study

Metaphor makes our thoughts more vivid and fills our communication with richer imagery. Furthermore, according to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) of [30], metaphor also plays an important structural role in the organization and processing of conceptual knowledge. According to this account, the phenomenon of metaphor is not restricted to similarity-based extensions of meanings of individual words, but instead involves activating fixed mappings that reconceptualize one whole area of experience in terms of another. CMT produced a significant resonance in the fields of philosophy, linEkaterina Shutova Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, William Gates Building, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK. Tel.: +44 1223 763736 E-mail: Ekaterina.Shutova@cl.cam.ac.uk Barry Devereux Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge. E-mail: barry@csl.psychol.cam.ac.uk Anna Korhonen Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, William Gates Building, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK. E-mail: Anna.Korhonen@cl.cam.ac.uk 2 Ekaterina Shutova et al. guistics, cognitive science and artificial intelligence and still underlies a large proportion of modern research on metaphor. However, there has to date been no comprehensive corpus-based study of conceptual metaphor, which would provide an empirical basis for evaluating the CMT using real-world linguistic data. The annotation scheme and the empirical study we present in this paper is a step towards filling this gap. We test our annotation procedure in an experimental setting involving multiple annotators and estimate their agreement on the task. The goal of the study is to investigate (1) how intuitive the conceptual metaphor explanation of linguistic metaphors is for human annotators and whether it is possible to consistently annotate interconceptual mappings; (2) what are the main difficulties that the annotators experience during the annotation process; (3) whether one conceptual metaphor is sufficient to explain a linguistic metaphor or whether a chain of conceptual metaphors is needed. The resulting corpus annotated for conceptual mappings provides a new, valuable dataset for linguistic, computational and cognitive experiments on metaphor.
The effect of different nutritional feeds on the postprandial glucose response in healthy volunteers and patients with type II diabetes

Objective: Assessment of postprandial glycaemic response to four nutritional feeds with different macronutrient and fibre composition.Design: A randomized, double-blind, crossover study.Setting: University of Maastricht, the Netherlands.Subjects: A total of 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with type II diabetes.Interventions: Subjects received 200 kcal of four enteral nutrition products (two standard products and two diabetes-specific products). Fasting and postprandial plasma glucose were measured for 2 h. Peak glucose level and area under the curve were calculated.Results: In healthy volunteers and diabetic patients, the feed with a low carbohydrate (CHO), high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and high fibre content significantly decreased peak glucose concentration and area under the curve compared to the feeds with standard composition.Conclusions: Special feeds with a low CHO, high MUFA and high fibre content improve glycaemic balance and therefore should be considered in diabetic patients who are in need of nutritional support.Sponsorship: Numico Research BV, The Netherlands.
A novel true random number generator based on a stochastic diffusive memristor

The intrinsic variability of switching behavior in memristors has been a major obstacle to their adoption as the next generation of universal memory. On the other hand, this natural stochasticity can be valuable for hardware security applications. Here we propose and demonstrate a novel true random number generator utilizing the stochastic delay time of threshold switching in a Ag:SiO2 diffusive memristor, which exhibits evident advantages in scalability, circuit complexity, and power consumption. The random bits generated by the diffusive memristor true random number generator pass all 15 NIST randomness tests without any post-processing, a first for memristive-switching true random number generators. Based on nanoparticle dynamic simulation and analytical estimates, we attribute the stochasticity in delay time to the probabilistic process by which Ag particles detach from a Ag reservoir. This work paves the way for memristors in hardware security applications for the era of the Internet of Things. Memristors can switch between high and low electrical-resistance states, but the switching behaviour can be unpredictable. Here, the authors harness this unpredictability to develop a memristor-based true random number generator that uses the stochastic delay time of threshold switching
Lens arrays for a three-dimensional imaging system

This paper describes optical components developed for a three-dimensional imaging system based on integral photography. A variety of lens arrays with differing specifications were required and, by suitable choices and refinements to manufacturing techniques, lens arrays were developed specifically for various stages of the imaging system. Major achievements include an image transfer screen 300 mm × 300 mm with 125 μm pitch lenses formed in photoresist and high-quality replica arrays with a 100% fill factor and pitch value of 850 μm moulded from diamond-machined masters.
Sampling Algorithms to Handle Nuisances in Large-Scale Recognition

OF THE DISSERTATION Sampling Algorithms to Handle Nuisances in Large-Scale Recognition
A metabolic imaging severity rating scale for the assessment of cognitive impairment.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to validate a simple scoring system for evaluating fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomographic (PET) scans that can be used routinely in patients undergoing the clinical assessment of cognitive impairment.


METHODS
The FDG-PET scans of 106 patients with cognitive impairment (65 with Alzheimer disease, 16 with frontal lobe dementia, and 25 atypical cases) were acquired using the PENN-PET scanner 40 minutes after the intravenous administration of 8 mCi FDG. Metabolic activity in various anatomic structures of the brain was scored using the following qualitative scale: 4 = normal; 3 = mildly decreased; 2 = moderately decreased; 1 = severely decreased; and 0 = no activity. Regions of interest were also placed over these regions to obtain a quantitative value. Two distinct scores were obtained. Values for visual and sensorimotor cortices, thalami, basal ganglia, and cerebellum comprised score I. Score II consisted of the values for the frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices. The qualitative metabolic imaging severity rating scale (MISRS) was compared with a quantitative MISRS (obtained from the region-of-interest analysis of the same structures). The MISRS was then compared with the results from the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and the Dementia Severity Rating Score (DSRS).


RESULTS
In all patients, the qualitative MISRS scores correlated significantly with the quantitative MISRS (r = 0.73, P < 0.0001). In all patients with cognitive impairment, the qualitative and quantitative MISRS scores correlated significantly with the DSRS and the MMSE (P < 0.001). In patients with Alzheimer disease, the qualitative and quantitative MISRS significantly correlated with the DSRS and MMSE.


CONCLUSION
A simple and practical rating scale can be used to assess the severity of cognitive impairment in patients with different types of dementing illnesses.
Diameters of retinal blood vessels in a healthy cohort as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE
To describe a method for measuring the diameters of large retinal blood vessels by means of spectral domain optical coherence tomography.


METHODS
Prospective cohort study of 29 healthy subjects (58 eyes) who underwent a spectral domain optical coherence tomography examination. Two cubes of horizontal scans were placed at the superior and inferior borders of the disk to include the large temporal retinal vessels. Vessels diameters were measured, and an artery-to-vein ratio was calculated at 10 measurement points (480-1440 μm superiorly and inferiorly from the optic disk border).


RESULTS
The mean age of the study subjects was 41.45 ± 15.53 years. Patients had no ocular or systemic pathologies. The mean diameter of the retinal artery was 135.73 ± 15.64 μm and of the vein 151.32 ± 15.22 μm at the measurement point of 480 μm, with a gradual decrease to 123.01 ± 13.43 μm and 137.69 ± 13.84 μm, respectively, at 1440 μm. The artery-to-vein ratio was ≈ 0.9 at all points of measurement.


CONCLUSION
This is a new noninvasive method for retinal blood vessels diameter measurement using the spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging modality. This method may aid in evaluation of retinal and systemic vascular diseases.
Practical Attack Scenarios on Secure Element-Enabled Mobile Devices

Near Field Communication's card emulation mode is a way to put virtual smart cards into mobile phones. A recently launched application is Google Wallet. Google Wallet turns a phone into a credit card, a prepaid card and a tool to collect gift certificates and discounts. Card emulation mode uses dedicated smart card chips, which are considered to fulfill high security standards. Therefore, card emulation mode is also considered to be safe and secure. However, an NFC-enabled mobile phone introduces a significantly different threat vector. Especially a mobile phone's permanent connectivity to a global network and the possibility to install arbitrary applications onto smart phones open up for several new attack scenarios. This paper gives an overview of the new risks imposed by mobile connectivity and untrusted mobile phone applications. The various APIs for secure element access on different mobile phone platforms and their access control mechanisms are analyzed. The security aspects of mobile phones are explained. Finally, two practical attack scenarios, a method to perform a denial of service (DoS) attack against a secure element and a method to remotely use the applications on a victims secure element without the victim's knowledge, are highlighted.
On Identifying Cited Texts for Citances and Classifying Their Discourse Facets by Classification Techniques

1 †This paper is an extended version of the ICSCA 2017 paper “Reference scope identification for citances by classification with text similarity measures” [55]. This work is supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan (Grant number: MOST 104-2221-E-178-001). *Corresponding author. Tel: +886 4 23226940728; fax: +886 4 23222621. On Identifying Cited Texts for Citances and Classifying Their Discourse Facets by Classification Techniques
Linking the Klein-Bell Activities of Daily Living Scale to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this study was to link the Klein-Bell activities of daily living (KB) Scale to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), in order to validate the KB Scale content-wise.


DESIGN
A qualitative approach was used with directed content analysis.


METHODS
Concepts in the KB Scale items were linked to ICF categories according to established rules. This was followed by 4 analyses: examination of the linked categories' frequency distribution; comparison of these categories with core sets for spinal cord injury (SCI) and occupational therapists; calculation of content density, content diversity and range of linked categories; and calculation of agreement between two independent linkage versions.


RESULTS
All except one identified KB Scale concept could be linked to ICF categories. The occupational therapists Core Sets were most consistent with linked categories in the KB Scale. Content density, content diversity and range varied between the different KB Scale dimensions. Agreement was reliable for the whole KB Scale and for 5 of 6 dimensions.


CONCLUSION
The ICF has provided a valuable reference to identify and quantify the concepts in the KB Scale. Furthermore, comparison between the KB Scale and ICF Core Sets provides insights into areas covered by these instruments.
A neurocomputational account of reward and novelty processing and effects of psychostimulants in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Computational models of reinforcement learning have helped dissect discrete components of reward-related function and characterize neurocognitive deficits in psychiatric illnesses. Stimulus novelty biases decision-making, even when unrelated to choice outcome, acting as if possessing intrinsic reward value to guide decisions toward uncertain options. Heightened novelty seeking is characteristic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, yet how this influences reward-related decision-making is computationally encoded, or is altered by stimulant medication, is currently uncertain. Here we used an established reinforcement-learning task to model effects of novelty on reward-related behaviour during functional MRI in 30 adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 30 age-, sex- and IQ-matched control subjects. Each participant was tested on two separate occasions, once ON and once OFF stimulant medication. OFF medication, patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder showed significantly impaired task performance (P = 0.027), and greater selection of novel options (P = 0.004). Moreover, persistence in selecting novel options predicted impaired task performance (P = 0.025). These behavioural deficits were accompanied by a significantly lower learning rate (P = 0.011) and heightened novelty signalling within the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (family-wise error corrected P < 0.05). Compared to effects in controls, stimulant medication improved attention deficit hyperactivity disorder participants' overall task performance (P = 0.011), increased reward-learning rates (P = 0.046) and enhanced their ability to differentiate optimal from non-optimal novel choices (P = 0.032). It also reduced substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area responses to novelty. Preliminary cross-sectional evidence additionally suggested an association between long-term stimulant treatment and a reduction in the rewarding value of novelty. These data suggest that aberrant substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area novelty processing plays an important role in the suboptimal reward-related decision-making characteristic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Compared to effects in controls, abnormalities in novelty processing and reward-related learning were improved by stimulant medication, suggesting that they may be disorder-specific targets for the pharmacological management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms.
Fiscal Adjustments and Their Effects during the Transition to the EMU

1 Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of General Economics, Ghent University, Hoveniersberg 24, 9000 Gent, Belgium 2 LICOS and Faculty of Economics, Catholic University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 34, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and Department of Applied Economics, University of Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, the Netherlands. We thank Joseph Plasmans for valuable comments on an earlier version of this paper. The second author acknowledges the financial support from F.W.O. (Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen).
Combination alpha-interferon and lamivudine therapy for alpha-interferon-resistant chronic hepatitis B infection: results of a pilot study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS
Alpha-interferon achieves seroconversion in about one third of naive patients. Attempts to achieve seroconversion in patients who have previously failed alpha-interferon have proved disappointing. Combination chemotherapy (alpha-interferon with a nucleoside analogue) might provide a treatment alternative for these patients. We have undertaken a phase 2 study in 20 patients who had previously failed at least one course of alpha-interferon. The study was designed to assess the safety, tolerability and efficacy of the combination.


METHODS
All patients were treated for 16 weeks with alpha-interferon in combination with 12 or 16 weeks of Lamivudine (3'TC). Patients were followed for 16 weeks post-treatment. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed to identify/exclude significant pharmacokinetic drug interaction.


RESULTS
The combination was well tolerated, and side-effects of the combination were indistinguishable from the recognised side-effects of alpha-interferon. Pharmacokinetic studies performed on days 1 and 29 did not show any significant interaction. All patients achieved HBV DNA clearance during treatment, but 19 relapsed at the end of treatment. HBeAg/anti-HBe seroconversion was observed for four patients, but was sustained for a single patient (who also had sustained DNA clearance).


CONCLUSIONS
Combination therapy with alpha-interferon and lamivudine given for 16 weeks appears safe and is well tolerated. However, for this group of patients who had previously failed interferon monotherapy, the efficacy of combination interferon/lamivudine therapy appears disappointing, and other treatment strategies should be investigated.
Bridging the banking sector with the real economy: a financial stability perspective

This paper builds a macro-prudential tool designed to assess whether the banking sector is adequately prepared to orderly withstand losses resulting from normal or stressed macroeconomic and microeconomic scenarios. The link between the banking sector and the real sector is established via the corporate sector channel. The macro-prudential tool consists of a two-step approach. In the first step, we build a model for the probability of default (PD) in the corporate sector, so as to quantify oneyear ahead developments in the quality of banks' corporate loans. The framework is established using micro data, with a bottom-up approach. The second step consists of bridging the PD model with a macroeconomic module in order to capture the feedback effects from the macroeconomic stance into the banking sector, via the corporate sector channel. The macro-prudential tool is tested on the Romanian economy. JEL Classification: G32, G21, E17
Diagnosing Coronary Heart Disease using Ensemble Machine Learning

Globally, heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. One in every four people is afflicted with and dies of heart disease. Early and accurate diagnoses of heart disease thus are crucial in improving the chances of longterm survival for patients and saving millions of lives. In this research, an advanced ensemble machine learning technology, utilizing an adaptive Boosting algorithm, is developed for accurate coronary heart disease diagnosis and outcome predictions. The developed ensemble learning classification and prediction models were applied to 4 different data sets for coronary heart disease diagnosis, including patients diagnosed with heart disease from Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF), Hungarian Institute of Cardiology (HIC), Long Beach Medical Center (LBMC), and Switzerland University Hospital (SUH). The testing results showed that the developed ensemble learning classification and prediction models achieved model accuracies of 80.14% for CCF, 89.12% for HIC, 77.78% for LBMC, and 96.72% for SUH, exceeding the accuracies of previously published research. Therefore, coronary heart disease diagnoses derived from the developed ensemble learning classification and prediction models are reliable and clinically useful, and can aid patients globally, especially those from developing countries and areas where there are few heart disease diagnostic specialists. Keywords—accuracy; adaptive Boosting algorithm; AUC; classifier; classification error; coronary heart disease; diagnosis; ensemble learning; F-score; K-S measure; machine learning; precision; prediction; recall; ROC; sensitivity; specificity
Perspective: Atomic Parity Violation and the Nuclear Anapole Moment

I discuss in qualitative terms the implications of the recent measurement by C. S. Wood et al. of the hyperfine dependence of atomic parity violation in 133Cs. The derived anapole moment constrains the strength of hadronic parity violation.
Medical informatics: Past, present, future

OBJECTIVE
To reflect about medical informatics as a discipline. To suggest significant future research directions with the purpose of stimulating further discussion.


METHODS
Exploring and discussing important developments in medical informatics from the past and in the present by way of examples. Reflecting on the role of IMIA, the International Medical Informatics Association, in influencing the discipline.


RESULTS
Medical informatics as a discipline is still young. Today, as a cross-sectional discipline, it forms one of the bases for medicine and health care. As a consequence considerable responsibility rests on medical informatics for improving the health of people, through its contributions to high-quality, efficient health care and to innovative research in biomedicine and related health and computer sciences. Current major research fields can be grouped according to the organization, application, and evaluation of health information systems, to medical knowledge representation, and to the underlying signal and data analyses and interpretations. Yet, given the fluid nature of many of the driving forces behind progress in information processing methods and their technologies, progress in medicine and health care, and the rapidly changing needs, requirements and expectations of human societies, we can expect many changes in future medical informatics research. Future research fields might range from seamless interactivity with automated data capture and storage, via informatics diagnostics and therapeutics, to living labs with data analysis methodology, involving sensor-enhanced ambient environments. The role of IMIA, the International Medical Informatics Association, for building a cooperative, strongly connected, and research-driven medical informatics community worldwide can hardly be underestimated.


CONCLUSIONS
Health care continuously changes as the underlying science and practice of health are in continuous transformation. Medical informatics as a discipline is strongly affected by these changes and is in a position to be a key, active contributor in these changes.
Incentives in the Public Sector: Evidence from a Government Agency

Incentives in the Public Sector: Evidence from a Government Agency This paper addresses a lack of evidence on the impact of performance pay in the public sector by evaluating a pilot scheme of incentives in a major government agency. The incentive scheme was based on teams and covered quantity and quality targets, measured with varying degrees of precision. We use data from the agency’s performance management system and personnel records plus matched labour market data. We focus on three main issues: whether performance pay matters for public service worker productivity, what the team basis of the scheme implies, and the impact of the differential measurement precision. We show that the use of performance pay had no impact at the mean, but that there was significant heterogeneity of response. This heterogeneity was patterned as one would expect from a free rider versus peer monitoring perspective. We found that the incentive scheme had a substantial positive effect in small teams, and a negative response in large teams. We found little impact of the scheme on quality measures, which we interpret as due to the differential measurement technology. We show that the scheme in small teams had nontrivial effects on output, and our estimates suggest that the use of incentive pay is much more cost effective than a general pay rise. JEL Classification: J33, J45, D23