LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Clustering More than Two Million Biomedical Publications: Comparing the Accuracies of Nine Text-Based Similarity Approaches

BACKGROUND
We investigate the accuracy of different similarity approaches for clustering over two million biomedical documents. Clustering large sets of text documents is important for a variety of information needs and applications such as collection management and navigation, summary and analysis. The few comparisons of clustering results from different similarity approaches have focused on small literature sets and have given conflicting results. Our study was designed to seek a robust answer to the question of which similarity approach would generate the most coherent clusters of a biomedical literature set of over two million documents.


METHODOLOGY
We used a corpus of 2.15 million recent (2004-2008) records from MEDLINE, and generated nine different document-document similarity matrices from information extracted from their bibliographic records, including titles, abstracts and subject headings. The nine approaches were comprised of five different analytical techniques with two data sources. The five analytical techniques are cosine similarity using term frequency-inverse document frequency vectors (tf-idf cosine), latent semantic analysis (LSA), topic modeling, and two Poisson-based language models--BM25 and PMRA (PubMed Related Articles). The two data sources were a) MeSH subject headings, and b) words from titles and abstracts. Each similarity matrix was filtered to keep the top-n highest similarities per document and then clustered using a combination of graph layout and average-link clustering. Cluster results from the nine similarity approaches were compared using (1) within-cluster textual coherence based on the Jensen-Shannon divergence, and (2) two concentration measures based on grant-to-article linkages indexed in MEDLINE.


CONCLUSIONS
PubMed's own related article approach (PMRA) generated the most coherent and most concentrated cluster solution of the nine text-based similarity approaches tested, followed closely by the BM25 approach using titles and abstracts. Approaches using only MeSH subject headings were not competitive with those based on titles and abstracts.
AGENT-BASED SIMULATION TUTORIAL-SIMULATION OF EMERGENT BEHAVIOR AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AGENT-BASED SIMULATION AND DISCRETE-EVENT SIMULATION

This tutorial demonstrates the use of agent-based simulation (ABS) in modeling emergent behaviors. We first introduce key concepts of ABS by using two simple examples: the Game of Life and the Boids models. We illustrate agent-based modeling issues and simulation of emergent behaviors by using examples in social networks, auction-type markets, emergency evacuation, crowd behavior under normal situations, biology, material science, chemistry, and archaeology. Finally, we discuss the relationship between ABS and other simulation methodologies and outline some research challenges in ABS.
ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification version 3.3

Status of This Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Permission is granted to copy and distribute this document for any purpose and without charge, including translations into other languages and incorporation into compilations, provided that the copyright notice and this notice are preserved, and that any substantive changes or deletions from the original are clearly marked. Abstract This specification defines a lossless compressed data format. The data can be produced or consumed, even for an arbitrarily long sequentially presented input data stream, using only an a priori bounded amount of intermediate storage. The format presently uses the DEFLATE compression method but can be easily extended to use other compression methods. It can be implemented readily in a manner not covered by patents. This specification also defines the ADLER-32 checksum (an extension and improvement of the Fletcher checksum), used for detection of data corruption, and provides an algorithm for computing it.
Adulterations in Some Edible Oils and Fats and Their Detection Methods

Vegetable oils and fats have a big contribution in our diet as cooking or frying oil, salad oil or in food products formulation. They are important from nutritional and economical point of views. Their authenticity is a serious issue since old time. Some edible oils and fats such as olive oil, cocoa butter and milk fat are so expensive which makes tempting to adulterate them with other lower price vegetable oils and fats to achieve more profit. The need for authentication is a necessity of the food industry. Today, adulterations are more sophisticated. Therefore, it is necessary to use advanced and suitable methods to detect adulteration. Adulteration can cause several problems in edible oils application and industry. To detect edible oils and fats adulteration, it is possible to use both major and minor components as detection tool. Since each oil and fat may have an especial component at a known level, their presence and amounts should be considered as a detection tool. This paper is a brief review on adulteration of edible oils and fats and their detection methods. Several methods have been used to check the purity of edible oils and fats. There is a necessity for food related organization to develop and utilize reliable methods to detect such adulterations, which can make consumers and markets more certain on authenticity and purity of edible oils and fats.
ISAR Imaging via Sparse Probing Frequencies

Based on compressive sampling theory, a novel method for high-resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging is presented in this letter by transmitting sparse probing frequencies. In this method, only a few measurements in the range frequency and cross-range time domains are needed to reconstruct the target scene by solving an inverse problem through either a linear program or a greedy pursuit. By transmitting merely a few probe frequencies instead of wideband signals, the proposed method can obtain an unambiguous ISAR image with superresolution. The validity of the proposed approach is also confirmed using numerical simulations and real data.
Invariant Image Recognition by Zernike Moments

This correspondence addresses the problem of rotation, scale, and translation invariant recognition of images. A new set of Manuscript received August 29, 1988; revised October 13, 1989. Recommended for acceptance by C. Y. Suen. This work was supported in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under Grant MDAA. Khotanzad is with the Image Processing and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275. Y. H. Hong was with the Image Processing and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275. He is now with Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas, TX . 903-86-C-0182. IEEE Log Number 8933763. __
SCUT-FBP5500: A Diverse Benchmark Dataset for Multi-Paradigm Facial Beauty Prediction

Facial beauty prediction (FBP) is a significant visual recognition problem to make assessment of facial attractiveness that is consistent to human perception. To tackle this problem, various data-driven models, especially state-of-the-art deep learning techniques, were introduced, and benchmark dataset become one of the essential elements to achieve FBP. Previous works have formulated the recognition of facial beauty as a specific supervised learning problem of classification, regression or ranking, which indicates that FBP is intrinsically a computation problem with multiple paradigms. However, most of FBP benchmark datasets were built under specific computation constrains, which limits the performance and flexibility of the computational model trained on the dataset. In this paper, we argue that FBP is a multi-paradigm computation problem, and propose a new diverse benchmark dataset, called SCUT-FBP5500, to achieve multi-paradigm facial beauty prediction. The SCUT-FBP5500 dataset has totally 5500 frontal faces with diverse properties (male/female, Asian/Caucasian, ages) and diverse labels (face landmarks, beauty scores within [1], [5], beauty score distribution), which allows different computational models with different FBP paradigms, such as appearance-based/shape-based facial beauty classification/regression model for male/female of Asian/Caucasian. We evaluated the SCUT-FBP5500 dataset for FBP using different combinations of feature and predictor, and various deep learning methods. The results indicates the improvement of FBP and the potential applications based on the SCUT-FBP5500.
Survival Analysis Approach For Early Prediction Of Student Dropout

SURVIVAL ANALYSIS APPROACH FOR EARLY PREDICTION OF STUDENT DROPOUT by SATTAR AMERI December 2015 Advisor: Dr. Chandan Reddy Major: Computer Science Degree: Master of Science Retention of students at colleges and universities has long been a concern for educators for many decades. The consequences of student attrition are significant for both students, academic staffs and the overall institution. Thus, increasing student retention is a long term goal of any academic institution. The most vulnerable students at all institutions of higher education are the freshman students, who are at the highest risk of dropping out at the beginning of their study. Consequently, the early identification of “at-risk” students is a crucial task that needs to be addressed precisely. In this thesis, we develop a framework for early prediction of student success using survival analysis approach. We propose time-dependent Cox (TD-Cox), which is based on the Cox proportional hazard regression model and also captures time-varying factors to address the challenge of predicting dropout students as well as the semester that the dropout will occur, to enable proactive interventions. This is critical in student retention problem because not only correctly classifying whether student is going to dropout is important but also when this is going to happen is crucial to investigate. We evaluate our method on real student data collected at Wayne State University. The results show that the proposed Cox-based framework can predict the student dropout and the semester of dropout with high accuracy and precision compared to the other alternative state-of-the-art methods.
20 $\mu$ A to 100 mA DC–DC Converter With 2.8-4.2 V Battery Supply for Portable Applications in 45 nm CMOS

A DC-DC buck converter capable of handling loads from 20 μA to 100 mA and operating off a 2.8-4.2 V battery is implemented in a 45 nm CMOS process. In order to handle high battery voltages in this deeply scaled technology, multiple transistors are stacked in the power train. Switched-Capacitor DC-DC converters are used for internal rail generation for stacking and supplies for control circuits. An I-C DAC pulse width modulator with sleep mode control is proposed which is both area and power-efficient as compared with previously published pulse width modulator schemes. Both pulse frequency modulation (PFM) and pulse width modulation (PWM) modes of control are employed for the wide load range. The converter achieves a peak efficiency of 75% at 20 μA, 87.4% at 12 mA in PFM, and 87.2% at 53 mA in PWM.
Effects of twinning on the subsequent reproductive performance and productive lifespan of high-producing dairy cows.

This study was designed to determine the effects of twinning on the subsequent reproductive performance and productive lifespan of high milk-producing dairy cows. The data analyzed were taken from complete reproductive records for 4861 Holstein Friesian cows comprising a commercial herd, including data for 12 587 calving events from April 1, 2001 to March 31, 2012. The twinning rate was 5.6%, and 9.6% of the cows delivered twins at least once during their life. Conception rates before Days 90, 120, and 300 postpartum were 20.8%, 36.9%, and 74.5%, and 34.2%, 51.8%, and 85.0% for cows delivering twins and singletons, respectively. Cox regression analysis revealed that twinning reduced the chances of conception before Day 90 by a factor of 0.76. Also, the median calving to conception interval was significantly longer for cows calving twins (134 ± 4.5 days) than for cows delivering singletons (108 ± 0.8 days; P < 0.001). Moreover, in cows in which conception was successful, the risk of abortion was higher for cows that calved twins than for those calving singletons (13.7% vs. 10.3%, respectively; P = 0.01). Culling rates before Days 90, 120, and 300 postpartum were 15.6%, 16.1%, and 28.6%, and 7.6%, 8.7%, and 15.9% for cows calving twins and singletons, respectively. Cox regression analysis of the factors affecting the culling rate before Day 300 postpartum revealed a 1.41 times greater hazard ratio of culling for cows calving twins than cows calving singletons. Further, mean productive lifespan was almost 300 days shorter for primiparous twinners (N = 48, 602 ± 493 days) than for nontwinners (N = 2592; 899 ± 581 days; P < 0.01), and 200 days shorter for secundiparous twinners (N = 126, 914 ± 429 days) than for nontwinners undergoing at least two lactations (N = 1936, 1101 ± 522 days; P < 0.01). Kaplan-Meier survival curves for productive lifespan differed between primiparous twinners and non-twinners (P < 0.001), and between secundiparous twinners and nontwinners having at least two lactations (P = 0.017). Differences in culling patterns for twinners and nontwinners were not restricted to the subsequent lactation but continued as long as 800 days after first calving, strongly suggesting long-term negative effects of twinning. As an economic implication of our findings, we suggest that twin embryo reduction at the moment of pregnancy diagnosis could be a profitable strategy to cut twinning rates and abolish their detrimental effects on subsequent reproductive performance and productive lifespan.
Random Body Movement Cancellation in Doppler Radar Vital Sign Detection

The complex signal demodulation and the arctangent demodulation are studied for random body movement cancellation in quadrature Doppler radar noncontact vital sign detection. This technique can be used in sleep apnea monitor, lie detector, and baby monitor to eliminate the false alarm caused by random body movement. It is shown that if the dc offset of the baseband signal is accurately calibrated, both demodulation techniques can be used for random body movement cancellation. While the complex signal demodulation is less likely to be affected by a dc offset, the arctangent demodulation has the advantage of eliminating harmonic and intermodulation interference at high carrier frequencies. When the dc offset cannot be accurately calibrated, the complex signal demodulation is more favorable. Ray-tracing model is used to show the effects of constellation deformation and optimum/null detection ambiguity caused by the phase offset due to finite antenna directivity. Experiments have been performed using 4-7 GHz radar to verify the theory.
Autonomous car following: A learning-based approach

We propose a learning-based method for the longitudinal control of an autonomous vehicle on the highway. We use a driver model to generate acceleration inputs which are used as a reference by a model predictive controller. The driver model is trained using real driving data, so that it can reproduce the driver's behavior. We show the system's ability to reproduce different driving styles from different drivers. By solving a constrained optimization problem, the model predictive controller ensures that the control inputs applied to the vehicle satisfy some safety criteria. This is demonstrated on a vehicle by artificially creating potentially dangerous situations with virtual obstacles.
Note on representing attribute reduction and concepts in concept lattice using graphs

Mao (Soft Computing 21(24):7293–7311, 2017) claims to make contributions to the study of reduction in attributes in concept lattices by using graph theory. Some of her results could affect development of formal concept analysis; in particular, her three new algorithms for formal concept enumeration promise a lesser time complexity. Unfortunately, as we show, all the three algorithms are incorrect.
Boundary Conditions for Acoustic Eigenmode Computations in Gas Turbine Combustion Chambers

Understanding and predicting acoustic instabilities in gas turbine combustion chambers requires the knowledge of the acoustic behaviour of all the elements feeding the combustion chamber (characterized by their impedance). Inlets and outlets of chambers are often represented as one-dimensional ducts and existing methods to evaluate impedances of choked and unchoked nozzles are described: (1) analytical formulae, (2) numerical methods using the linearized Euler equations and a finite-difference solver in Fourier space and (3) full spacetime solver where the response of the nozzle is studied by forcing its inlet (or outlet) and measuring its response in the time domain. These three methods are compared in reference cases (a straight duct and a subsonic distributor). Practical implications for gas turbines are then discussed: in such cases, if the diffusers and distributors connected to the chamber are not choked, it is shown that solving the acoustic problem becomes very difficult as compressors and turbines impedances are usually not known. This paper finally shows how these impedances control the acoustic oscillations of a combustion chamber by presenting an example of acoustic eigenmode calculations in a realistic gas turbine, using a Helmholtz solver and various impedances for the inlet and outlet of the combustor.
Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor PF-734200 added to metformin in Type 2 diabetes.

AIMS
  PF-734200 is a potent and selective oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of PF-734200 at dose rates of 20 and 30 mg/day in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy.


METHODS
  This was a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, multicentre, 12 week study. Subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus were eligible if screening glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c) ) was 7-11% (53.0-96.7 mmol/mol) and they had been receiving metformin monotherapy for ≥2 months. Subjects receiving metformin and an insulin secretagogue or metformin and thiazolidinedione needed to have a screening HbA(1c) of 6.5-9.5% (47.5-80.3 mmol/mol), measured prior to discontinuing the insulin secretagogue or thiazolidinedione. The primary end-point of the study was a change from baseline to week 12 in HbA(1c) levels.


RESULTS
  Baseline characteristics for 289 subjects randomized to PF-734200 or placebo groups were similar (mean age 56.5 years, mean body mass index 32.2 kg/m(2) and mean HbA(1c) 8.2%, 66.1 mmol/mol). In the predefined per protocol data set, least-squares mean HbA(1c) at week 12 was reduced by 0.79 (8.6 mmol/mol 95% confidence interval -1.10 to -0.49, -12.0 to -5.4 mmol/mol) and 0.92% (10.1 mmol/mol; -1.23 to -0.61, -13.4 to -6.7 mmol/mol) in the 20 and 30 mg groups, respectively, compared with placebo. Differences from placebo were statistically significant (P<0.0001), but the differences between the 20 and 30 mg groups were not. The intent-to-treat analysis yielded similar findings.


CONCLUSIONS
  The HbA(1c) was significantly and meaningfully reduced by both doses of PF-734200, but 20 mg appears to be the more appropriate therapeutic dose for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, contingent upon confirmation by long-term controlled studies.
Comparative Effectiveness of Long-Acting Beta2 -Agonist Combined with a Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist or Inhaled Corticosteroid in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

INTRODUCTION
Several dual bronchodilator fixed-dose inhaler medications were recently approved for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These products combine a long-acting β2 -agonist (LABA) and long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA). In clinical trials, the separate mechanisms of the bronchodilators resulted in improved lung function. COPD treatment guidelines currently recommend combination LABA/LAMA as alternative therapy to combination LABA/inhaled corticosteroid (ICS). Evidence is limited on the comparative effectiveness of LABA/LAMA and LABA/ICS in COPD. The objective of this study was to compare real-world COPD exacerbation rates among patients treated with LABA/LAMA with those treated with LABA/ICS.


METHODS
This was a retrospective observational study of COPD patients in the United States treated with LABA/LAMA or LABA/ICS combination. Insurance claims from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2014, were used as the data source. Patients were required to have greater than one prescription filled for the combination medications, and they were followed from 30 days after drug initiation. Individuals were censored if they discontinued a study medication, initiated medication from the opposite cohort (LAMA or ICS), lost enrollment eligibility, or at the study period end. Exacerbation rates were compared using Poisson regression.


RESULTS
There were 5384 patients in the LABA/LAMA cohort and 473,388 patients in the LABA/ICS cohort. The LABA/LAMA cohort was older, had more comorbidities, and more severe COPD. Unadjusted annual exacerbation rates were 2.87 events per person-year (standard deviation [SD] 5.14) in the LABA/LAMA cohort and 1.68 (SD 9.82) in the LABA/ICS cohort. The adjusted incidence rate ratio was 0.98 (95% confidence interval 0.95-1.01) for LABA/LAMA compared with LABA/ICS.


CONCLUSIONS
The LABA/LAMA combination had similar effectiveness to LABA/ICS as measured by exacerbation rates in COPD patients. As a result, characteristics other than effectiveness, such as symptom control, cost, patient preferences, and adverse events, may be important in selecting between the two regimens.
Social marketing: an approach to planned social change.


 This article examines the applicability of marketing concepts to social causes and social change. Social marketing is defined as the design, implementation, and control of programs calculated to influence the acceptability of social ideas and involving considerations of product planning, pricing, communication, distribution and marketing research. Wiebe examined four social advertising campaigns and concluded that their effectiveness depended on the presence of adequate force, direction, adequate and compatible social mechanism, and distance (the "cost" of the new attitude as seen by message's message"s recepient). A marketing planning approach is not a guarantee for the achievement of social objectives; yet, it represents a bridging mechanism linking the knowledge of the behavioral scientist with the socially useful implementation of that knowledge.