LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic evolution of damaged carbons of a mechanically polished diamond surface in low-temperature annealing

Abstract To clarify the anisotropic evolution of damaged carbons on a mechanically polished diamond surface under low-temperature (473 K) annealing, molecular dynamics simulation is performed in this work to represent the mechanical polishing and low-temperature annealing coupled treatment on the {100} and {110} crystal planes. Coordination number, atomic density and atomic structure analyses are employed to reveal the variation laws, and a new algorithm is further developed to extract well-arranged sp 2 carbon atoms from damaged carbon atoms. The results show that more sp 2 hybridizations appear on the {110} plane after polishing, yielding a defect density of more than 1 × 10 22  vac/cm 3 , which is the atomic origin for the graphitization in the followed low-temperature annealing. Raman spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy analyses confirm that the graphite is only detectable on the polished {110} plane. In annealing of the polished {110} plane, graphitization is a visible evolution for the damaged carbons in the topmost surface layer, and the ordered sp 2 and sp 3 hybridizations increase monotonously. Resultantly, the atomic density of damaged surface layer decreases from 3.21 g/cm 3 to 2.47 g/cm 3 , which is close to the density of graphite, 2.25 g/cm 3 . On the polished {100} plane, the ordered sp 2 and sp 3 hybridizations and atomic density of damaged surface layer change hardly upon annealing. In contrast, the amorphous sp 2 phases increase considerably. In the deeper surface layer, the amorphous sp 3 carbons grow back to the tetrahedral structures at the interface between diamond cubic and ordered sp 2 structures, which has no anisotropy in annealing.
Sports massage after eccentric exercise.

BACKGROUND
The use of sports massage is very common in the athletic community. However, only a few studies have shown any therapeutic effect of massage.


HYPOTHESIS
Sports massage can improve the recovery after eccentric exercise.


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective randomized clinical trial.


METHODS
Sixteen subjects performed 300 maximal eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscle bilaterally. Massage was given to 1 leg, whereas the other leg served as a control. Subjects were treated once daily for 3 days. Maximal strength was tested on a Kin-Com dynamometer, and functional tests were based on 1-leg long jumps. Pain was evaluated using a visual analog scale.


RESULTS
There was a marked loss of strength and function of the quadriceps directly after exercise and on the third day after exercise. The massage treatment did not affect the level or duration of pain or the loss of strength or function following exercise.


CONCLUSION
Sports massage could not improve the recovery after eccentric exercise.
Dealing with Dutch disease

The recent boom in primary commodity prices has once more stimulated interest in the issue of “Dutch disease.” This term refers to changes in the structure of production that are predicted to occur in the wake of a favorable shock, such as discovery of a large natural resource or a rise in the international price of an exportable commodity that is perceived to be permanent. Such structural changes are expected to include, in particular, a contraction or stagnation of other tradable sectors of the economy; and to be accompanied by an appreciation of the country’s real exchange rate (Gelb and Associates 1988). Where the booming sector is oil or minerals, the declining tradable sectors would include manufacturing and agriculture, according to the theory. In principle, such changes in the structure of production should be welfare improving, reflecting changes in demand associated with an improvement in national income. They may, however, be a matter of concern for policy makers if the declining sectors are thought to have some special characteristics that would stimulate growth and welfare in the long term— such as increasing returns to scale, learning by doing, or positive technological externalities. Concerns about Dutch disease may also arise in the context of large, sustained private capital or foreign aid inflows (Auty 2001). This note lays out a basic model of Dutch disease, following Corden and Neary (1982), and considers channels through which natural resource wealth can affect the economy; it focuses on the development implications of Dutch disease, particularly the potential negative effects related to productivity dynamics and volatility; and it concludes with a summary of possible policy responses, including the mix of fiscal, exchange rate, and structural reform policies.
Energy-efficient scheduling in manufacturing companies: A review and research framework

Because sustainable scheduling is attracting increasing amounts of attention from many manufacturing companies and energy is a central concern regarding sustainability, the purpose of this paper is to develop a research framework for “energy-efficient scheduling” (EES). EES approaches are scheduling approaches that have the objective of improving energy efficiency. Based on an iterative methodology, we review, analyze, and synthesize the current state of the literature and propose a completely new research framework to structure the research field. In doing so, the three dimensions “energetic coverage”, “energy supply”, and “energy demand” are introduced and used to classify the literature. Each of these dimensions contains categories and attributes to specify energy-related characteristics that are relevant for EES. We further provide an empirical analysis of the reviewed literature and emphasize the benefits that can be achieved by EES in practice.
Matroid Secretary Problem in the Random Assignment Model

In the Matroid Secretary Problem, introduced by Babaioff et al. [5], the elements of a given matroid are presented to an online algorithm in random order. When an element is revealed, the algorithm learns its weight and decides whether or not to select it. The objective is to return a maximum weight independent set of the matroid. There are different variants for this problem depending on the information known about the weights beforehand.
 In the random assignment model, a hidden list of weights is randomly assigned to the matroid ground set, independently from the random order they are revealed to the algorithm. Our main result is the first constant competitive algorithm for this version of the problem, solving an open question of Babaioff et al. Our algorithm achieves a competitive ratio of 2e2/(e − 1). It exploits the notion of principal partition of a matroid, its decomposition into uniformly dense minors, and a 2e-competitive algorithm for uniformly dense matroids we also develop.
 We also present constant competitive algorithms in the standard model where the weights are assigned adversarially, for various classes of matroids including cographic, low density, k-column sparse linear matroids and the case when every element is in a small cocircuit. In the same model, we give a new O(log r)-competitive algorithm for matroids of rank r which only uses the relative order of the weights seen and not their actual values, as previously needed.
Design, strategies, and issues towards an augmented reality-based construction training platform

This paper provides information on Augmented Reality (AR) and their potential applications in heavy construction equipment operator training. Augmented Reality involves the use of special display and tracking technology that are capable of seamlessly merging digital (virtual) contents into real environments. Augmented Reality technology has been applied in many application domains outside construction (e.g., medical applications and surgeries, military training and warfare, manufacturing assembly and maintenance, design and modeling, precinct specific instant information, and various forms of entertainment) and the ever-increasing power of hardware rendering systems and tracking technology should motivate the creation of AR-based systems to benefit construction industry. This paper discusses the potentials of AR in construction equipment operation and operator training. A construction application for AR technology focused in this paper is an AR-based real world Training System (ARTS) that trains the novice operators in a real worksite environment populated with virtual materials and instructions. This paper focuses on the conceptual design and development of mechanisms/strategies for the ARTS in the context of certain identified application scenarios. Discussion of limitations of Augmented Reality technology for construction applications include mature of technology, data resource, technology transfer, social attitude, etc., is also presented.
Echocardiographic parameters are independently associated with increased cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Echocardiographic measures of heart structure and function have been reported to predict adverse CV outcomes in various pathologic conditions. The aim of this study is to assess whether echocardiographic parameters are independently associated with increased CV events in patients with CKD Stages 3-5.


METHODS
We consecutively enrolled 505 CKD patients from our outpatient department of internal medicine. CV events were defined as CV death, hospitalization for unstable angina, non-fatal myocardial infarction, sustained ventricular arrhythmia, hospitalization for congestive heart failure, transient ischemia attack and stroke. The relative CV events' risk was analyzed by Cox regression methods.


RESULTS
In the multivariate analysis, old age, the presence of diabetes, coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation; decreased serum albumin and hematocrit levels; left atrial diameter (LAD) >4.7 cm [hazard ratio (HR), 2.141; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.155-3.971, P = 0.016]; increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (HR, 1.006; 95% CI, 1.002 to 1.010, P = 0.003) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <55% (HR, 2.007; 95% CI, 1.007-3.743, P = 0.028) were independently associated with increased CV events.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings show that LAD >4.7 cm, increased LVMI and LVEF <55% are independently associated with adverse CV outcomes in CKD patients. Screening CKD patients by means of echocardiography may help identify a high-risk group of poor CV prognosis.
High Frequency Modeling of a Converter with an RF-EMI Filter

Integrated transmission-line filters were previously proposed to attenuate conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) produced by high-frequency switching power converters. This paper investigates how a filter, fabricated using planar processing technologies, and power converters are modeled to accurately predict the EMI characteristics of the system. Experimental results are provided for the first time with a front-end single-phase power factor correction converter switching at 400 kHz. Simulated models are compared to the measured results where 20-50 dBmuB attenuation was realized between 100 kHz and 100 MHz
Pander to ponder

Ponder means "to weigh in the mind with thoroughness and care" [31]. Pander means "to cater to the weaknesses and base desires of others" [31]. We report on a course we have designed and delivered over a six year period. The course was originally designed as a technical writing course for majors, but has evolved into a non-major's version whose enrollment ranks it as one of the three most highly-enrolled and thus arguably most popular courses for undergraduates at our university. We have worked diligently to ensure that students ponder the topics and problems that comprise the material for the course --- and the material is deeply technical at many levels. We have also pandered to student needs in meeting curriculum requirements, offering the course at a time convenient for athletes and others, and using popular media when possible. We started with the goal of engendering interest and passion for computer science and how it affects the world. We report on our efforts to attain this goal while keeping material appropriately technical. We claim our students are engaged in a different type of computational thinking than that espoused in [32, 5, 15]. For the purposes of this paper and discussion we call our approach pander-to-ponder. We provide examples and illustrations of the material we cover, relate it to similar courses at other institutions, and show how we use problems to motivate learning. In the work we report on here the learning is specific to understanding how contributions from computer science are changing the world.
UnMask: Utilizing neighbor monitoring for attack mitigation in multihop wireless sensor networks

Sensor networks enable a wide range of applications in both military and civilian domains. However, the deployment scenarios, the functionality requirements, and the limited capabilities of these networks expose them to a wide-range of attacks against control traffic (such as wormholes, rushing, Sybil attacks, etc) and data traffic (such as selective forwarding). In this paper we propose a framework called UNMASK that mitigates such attacks by detecting, diagnosing, and isolating the malicious nodes. UNMASK uses as a fundamental building block the ability of a node to oversee its neighboring nodes’ communication. On top of UNMASK, we build a secure routing protocol, LSR, that provides additional protection against malicious nodes by supporting multiple node-disjoint paths. We analyze the security guarantees of UNMASK and use ns-2 simulations to show its effectiveness against representative control and data attacks. The overhead analysis we present shows that UNMASK is a lightweight protocol appropriate for securing resource constrained sensor networks.
Resilience, ecology and adaptation in the experimental city

In the face of global urbanisation and climate change, scientists are increasingly using cities to experiment with more resilient forms of urban infrastructure. Experimentation represents the practical dimension of adaptation; it is what happens in practice when policymakers, researchers, businesses and communities are charged with finding new paths. This paper traces one particular lineage of experimentation to resilience ecology, which rejects the possibility of external control over a system, casting planning and administrative functions, and even scientists themselves, as part of a Social-Ecological System. Using insights from political ecology, laboratory studies and urban studies, the paper explores how ecologists involved with the Long Term Ecological Research Programme in the USA are embedding adaptive experiments into urban governance. Discussion focuses on the role of place in adaptive science, considering the political implications of ecologising urban governance and rendering it experimental.
Long-term (4 years) efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy for maintenance of HIV suppression.

OBJECTIVES
Data are scarce on the long-term efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy for the maintenance of HIV suppression. Four years of results of patients randomized to monotherapy in the Only Kaletra (OK) pilot clinical trial are presented.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Twenty-one HIV-infected patients with suppressed HIV replication (<50 copies/mL) for at least 6 months and without previous failure while receiving a protease inhibitor-based regimen started lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy. Follow-up was performed within the OK pilot clinical trial during the first 2 years and according to routine clinical practice during the 3rd and 4th years.


RESULTS
Fourteen patients (67%) remain on monotherapy and with RNA <50 copies/mL (intention-to-treat analysis, with missing patients scored as failures). Five patients (24%) had virological rebound and all of them were successfully re-suppressed by adding two nucleosides. No major protease inhibitor mutations were found.


CONCLUSIONS
Our data support the long-term efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy for the maintenance of HIV suppression, a finding that must be confirmed in larger studies.
Potential cardiac arrest – an observational study of pre-hospital medical response

OBJECTIVES
A previous study showed that Norwegian GPs on call attended around 40% of out-of-hospital medical emergencies. We wanted to investigate the alarms of prehospital medical resources and the doctors' responses in situations of potential cardiac arrests.


DESIGN AND SETTING
A three-month prospective data collection was undertaken from three emergency medical communication centres, covering a population of 816,000 residents. From all emergency medical events, a sub-group of patients who received resuscitation, or who were later pronounced dead at site, was selected for further analysis.


RESULTS
5,105 medical emergencies involving 5,180 patients were included, of which 193 met the inclusion criteria. The GP on call was alarmed in 59 %, and an anaesthesiologist in 43 % of the cases. When alarmed, a GP attended in 84 % and an anaesthesiologist in 87 % of the cases. Among the patients who died, the GP on call was alarmed most frequently.


CONCLUSION
Events involving patients in need of resuscitation are rare, but medical response in the form of the attendance of prehospital personnel is significant. Norwegian GPs have a higher call-out rate for patients in severe situations where resuscitation was an option of treatment, compared with other "red-response" situations. Key points This study investigates alarms of and call-outs among GPs and anaesthesiologists on call, in the most acute clinical situations: Medical emergencies involving patients in need of resuscitation were rare. The health care contribution by pre-hospital personnel being called out was significant. Compared with other acute situations, the GP had a higher attendance rate to patients in life-threatening situations.
UCB Exploration via Q-Ensembles

We show how an ensemble of Q-functions can be leveraged for more effective exploration in deep reinforcement learning. We build on well established algorithms from the bandit setting, and adapt them to the Q-learning setting. We propose an exploration strategy based on upper-confidence bounds (UCB). Our experiments show significant gains on the Atari benchmark.
Measuring mindfulness — the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory ( FMI )

Mindfulness, a concept originally derived from Buddhist psychology, is essential for some well-known clinical interventions. Therefore an instrument for measuring mindfulness is useful. We report here on two studies constructing and validating the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) including a short form. A preliminary questionnaire was constructed through expert interviews and extensive literature analysis and tested in 115 subjects attending mindfulness meditation retreats. This psychometrically sound 30-item scale with an internal consistency of Cronbach alpha = .93 was able to significantly demonstrate the increase in mindfulness after the retreat and to discriminate between experienced and novice meditators. In a second study we broadened the scope of the concept to 86 subjects without meditation experience, 117 subjects with clinical problems, and 54 participants from retreats. Reducing the scale to a short form with 14 items resulted in a semantically robust and psychometrically stable (alpha = .86) form. Correlation 0191-8869/$ see front matter 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.025 * Corresponding author. Address: University of Northampton, School of Social Sciences, Division of Psychology and Samueli Institute—European Office, Boughton Green Road, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK. E-mail address: harald.walach@northampton.ac.uk (H. Walach). www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Personality and Individual Differences 40 (2006) 1543–1555 with other relevant constructs (self-awareness, dissociation, global severity index, meditation experience in years) was significant in the medium to low range of correlations and lends construct validity to the scale. Principal Component Analysis suggests one common factor. This short scale is sensitive to change and can be used also with subjects without previous meditation experience. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Multi-task TSK fuzzy system modeling using inter-task correlation information

Article history: Received 29 December 2013 Received in revised form 29 November 2014 Accepted 3 December 2014 Available online 11 December 2014
Schema Profiling of Document Stores

In document stores, schema is a soft concept and the documents in a collection can have different schemata; this gives designers and implementers augmented flexibility but requires an extra effort to understand the rules that drove the use of alternative schemata when heterogeneous documents are to be analyzed or integrated. In this paper we outline a technique, called schema profiling, to explain the schema variants within a collection in document stores by capturing the hidden rules explaining the use of these variants; we express these rules in the form of a decision tree, called schema profile, whose main feature is the coexistence of value-based and schema-based conditions. Consistently with the requirements we elicited from real users, we aim at creating explicative, precise, and concise schema profiles; to quantitatively assess these qualities we introduce a novel measure of entropy. Keywords: NoSQL, Schema Discovery, Decision Trees 1 Motivation and Outline Recent years have witnessed an erosion of the relational DBMS predominance to the benefit of DBMSs based on alternative representation models (e.g., documentoriented and graph-based) which adopt a schemaless representation for data. Schemaless databases are preferred to relational ones for storing heterogeneous data with variable schemata and structural forms; typical schema variants within a collection consist in missing or additional attributes, in different names or types for an attribute, and in different structures for instances. The absence of a unique schema grants flexibility to operational applications but adds complexity to analytical applications, in which a single analysis often involves large sets of data with different schemata. Dealing with this complexity requires a notable effort to understand the rules that drove the use of alternative schemata, plus an integration activity to identify a common schema to be adopted for analysis —which is quite hard when no documentation is available. In this paper we outline a technique to explain the schema variants within a collection in document stores by capturing the hidden rules explaining the use of these variants. We call this activity schema profiling. Schema profiling can be used for instance when trying to decode the behavior of an undocumented application that manages a document-base, or to support analytical applications ? This work was partly supported by the EU-funded project TOREADOR (contract n. H2020-688797). {	  	  "Ac&vityType"	  :	  "Walk", "User"	  : {	  	  "UserID"	  :	  23, "Age"	  :	  42 } } Ac&vityType
Transformative Learning : Theory to Practice

A defining condition of being human is that we have to understand the meaning of our experience. For some, any uncritically assimilated explanation by an authority figure will suffice. But in contemporary societies we must learn to make our own interpretations rather than act on the purposes, beliefs, judgments, and feelings of others. Facilitating such understanding is the cardinal goal of adult education. Transformative learning develops autonomous thinking.