Multiplier-free feedforward networks

A feedforward network is proposed which lends itself to cost-effective implementations in digital hardware and has a fast forward-pass capability. It differs from the conventional model in restricting its synapses to the set {−1, 0, 1} while allowing unrestricted offsets. Simulation results on the ‘onset of diabetes’ data set and a handwritten numeral recognition database indicate that the new network, despite having strong constraints on its synapses, has a generalization performance similar to that of its conventional counterpart. I. Hardware Implementation Ease of hardware implementation is the key feature that distinguishes the feedforward network from competing statistical and machine learning techniques. The most distinctive characteristic of the graph of that network is its homogeneous modularity. Because of its modular architecture, the natural implementation of this network is a parallel one, whether in software or in hardware. The digital, electronic implementation holds considerable interest – the modular architecture of the feedforward network is well matched with VLSI design tools and therefore lends itself to cost-effective mass production. There is, however, a hitch which makes this union between the feedforward network and digital hardware far from ideal: the network parameters (weights) and its internal functions (dot product, activation functions) are inherently analog. It is too much to expect a network trained in an analog (or high-resolution digital) environment to behave satisfactorily when transplanted into typically low-resolution hardware. Use of the digital approximation of a continuous activation function, and/or range-limiting of weights should, in general, lead to an unsatisfactory approximation. The solution to this problem may lie in a bottom-up approach – instead of trying to fit a trained, but inherently analog network in digital hardware, train the network in such a way that it is suitable for direct digital implementation after training. This approach is the basis of the network proposed here. This network, with synapses from {−1, 0, 1} and continuous offsets, can be formed without using a conventional multiplier. This reduction in complexity, plus the fact that all synapses require no more than a single bit each for storage, makes these networks very attractive. It is possible that the severity of the {−1, 0, 1} restric1Offsets are also known as thresholds as well as biases. 2A zero-valued synapse indicates the absence of a synapse! tion may weaken the approximation capability of this network, however our experiments on classification tasks indicate otherwise. Comfort is also provided by a result on approximation in C(R) [4]. That result, the Multiplier-Free Network (MFN) existence theorem, guarantees that networks with input-layer synapses from the set {−1, 1}, no output-layer synapses, unrestricted offsets, and a single hidden layer of neurons requiring only sign adjustment, addition, and hyperbolic tangent activation functions, can approximate all functions of one variable with any desired accuracy. The constraints placed upon the network weights may result in an increase in the necessary number of hidden neurons required to achieve a given degree of accuracy on most learning tasks. It should also be noted that the hardware implementation benefits are valid only when the MFN has been trained, as the learning task still requires high-resolution arithmetic. This makes the MFN unsuitable for in-situ learning. Moreover, high-resolution offsets and activation function are required during training and for the trained network. II. Approximation in C(R) Consider the function f̂ :