LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Opportunities for active stock-out management in online stores : The impact of the stock-out policy on online stock-out reactions

a Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Marketing, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands b Faculty of Economics and Applied Economics, Department of Marketing, Catholic University Leuven, Naamsestraat 69, 3000 Leuven, Belgium c Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Marketing, University of Tilburg, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
On similarity and entropy of neutrosophic sets

In this paper we have introduced the notion of distance between two single valued neutrosophic sets and studied its properties. We have also defined several similarity measures between them and investigated their characteristics. A measure of entropy of a single valued neutrosophic set has also been introduced.
Social anxiety disorder: questions and answers for the DSM-V.

BACKGROUND
This review evaluates the DSM-IV criteria of social anxiety disorder (SAD), with a focus on the generalized specifier and alternative specifiers, the considerable overlap between the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for SAD and avoidant personality disorder, and developmental issues.


METHOD
A literature review was conducted, using the validators provided by the DSM-V Spectrum Study Group. This review presents a number of options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V.


RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS
Little supporting evidence was found for the current specifier, generalized SAD. Rather, the symptoms of individuals with SAD appear to fall along a continuum of severity based on the number of fears. Available evidence suggested the utility of a specifier indicating a "predominantly performance" variety of SAD. A specifier based on "fear of showing anxiety symptoms" (e.g., blushing) was considered. However, a tendency to show anxiety symptoms is a core fear in SAD, similar to acting or appearing in a certain way. More research is needed before considering subtyping SAD based on core fears. SAD was found to be a valid diagnosis in children and adolescents. Selective mutism could be considered in part as a young child's avoidance response to social fears. Pervasive test anxiety may belong not only to SAD, but also to generalized anxiety disorder. The data are equivocal regarding whether to consider avoidant personality disorder simply a severe form of SAD. Secondary data analyses, field trials, and validity tests are needed to investigate the recommendations and options.
Can a lifestyle intervention programme improve physical behaviour among adolescents and young adults with spastic cerebral palsy? A randomized controlled trial.

AIM
Optimal physical behaviour is important, as physical inactivity contributes to functional deterioration and reduced social participation. Nevertheless, research showed that persons with cerebral palsy (CP) have low physical activity levels. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention programme on physical behaviour.


METHOD
Fifty-seven persons (36 completed the total study) with spastic CP (age range 16 to 25y; 27 males, 30 females), classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-IV were included in this randomized controlled trial. Twenty-nine participants had a unilateral CP and 27 had a bilateral CP. A 6-month lifestyle intervention consisting of fitness training and counselling on physical behaviour and sports participation was evaluated. Physical behaviour was objectively measured using ambulatory activity monitors. Self-reported physical activity was determined using the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities.


RESULTS
The intervention did not affect the objectively measured physical activity during the intervention (beta=0.34, CI=-1.70 to 2.37) or at follow-up (beta=0.30, CI=-1.99 to 2.59). Self-reported physical activity was positively affected during the intervention period (beta=7.61, CI=0.17-15.05); however, this effect was not present at follow-up (beta=3.65, CI=-3.05 to 10.36).


INTERPRETATION
The lifestyle intervention was ineffective in eliciting a behavioural change towards more favourable physical behaviour in adolescents and young adults with spastic CP.
Measles Outbreak Response Immunization Is Context-Specific: Insight from the Recent Experience of Médecins Sans Frontières

Andrea Minetti and colleagues compare measles outbreak responses from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Malawi and argue that outbreak response strategies should be tailored to local measles epidemiology. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Initial multicenter experience with double nucleoside therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE
To study maternal and neonatal effects of combination nucleoside analog therapy administered to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women for maternal indications.


METHODS
A multicenter, prospective observational study was undertaken at six perinatal centers in the United States and Canada that supported regional referral programs for the treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women. Demographic, laboratory, and pregnancy outcome data were collected for 39 women whose antiretroviral treatment regimens were expanded to include more than one nucleoside analog for maternal indications. The 40 newborns were monitored at pediatric referral centers through at least three months of age to ascertain their HIV infection status.


RESULTS
For all 39 women, zidovudine (ZDV) therapy was instituted at 13.4 +/- 8.2 weeks, with a second agent (lamivudine [3TC] in 85% of cases) being added at a mean gestational age of 17.6 weeks. Duration of therapy with two agents was 20.6 +/- 10.4 weeks overall, with no women stopping medications because of side effects or toxicity. No significant changes in maternal laboratory values were seen, except for an increase in mean corpuscular volume, over the course of pregnancy. No clinically significant adverse neonatal outcomes were noted, with all but the three preterm newborns leaving hospital with their mothers. Neonatal anemia (hematocrit < 50%) was seen in 62% of newborns, with no children needing transfusion; mild elevations of liver function tests, primarily aspartate aminotransferase, were noted in 58% of newborns tested, though none were clinically jaundiced. Overall rate of neonatal HIV infection was 2.5% (95% confidence interval: 0.1-13.2%).


CONCLUSION
Combination antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy with two nucleoside analogs was well-tolerated by mothers and newborns, with no significant short-term toxicities or side effects noted. Surveillance of exposed newborns' hematologic and liver function appears warranted.
Structure and electrochemical properties for complexes of nitrocompounds with inorganic ions: A theoretical approach

Reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions are widely used for removal of nitrocompounds from contaminated soil and water. Structures and redox properties for complexes of nitrocompounds, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO), with common inorganic ions (Na(+) , Cl(-) , NO3-) were investigated at the SMD(Pauling)/PCM(Pauling)/MPWB1K/TZVP level of theory. Atoms in molecules (AIM) theory was applied to analyze the topological properties of the bond critical points involved in the interactions between the nitrocompounds and the ions. Topological analyses show that intermolecular interactions of the types O(N)…Na(+) , C-H…Cl(-) ( ONO2-), and C…Cl(-) ( ONO2-) may be discussed as noncovalent closed-shell interactions, while N-H···Cl(-) ( ONO2-) hydrogen bonds are partially covalent in nature. Complexation causes significant decrease of redox activity of the nitrocompounds. Analysis of the reduction potentials of the complexes obtained through application of the Pourbaix diagram of an iron/water system revealed that sodium complexes of NTO might be reduced by metallic iron. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Yoga on the Autonomic Nervous System : Clinical Implications in the Management of Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, is seen in approximately 1.5% of the U.S. population [1] and results in substantial morbidity and mortality [2]. One of the largest U.S. epidemiological studies, the Framingham Heart Study, predicted that AF prevalence doubles with each advancing decade of age, from 0.5% at age 50-59 years to almost 9% at age 80-89 years, independent of the increasing prevalence of known predisposing conditions [2]. Although medical treatment involving radiofrequency catheter ablation has become the well-accepted management strategy for AF [3] failure of this therapy is common, with only two-thirds or less of the patients treated remaining free of AF on long-term followup [3]. Early recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia, usually defined as arrhythmia recurrence within the first 3 months following ablation, is frequently associated with late recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia [4,5]. Acute myocardial injury and the subsequent inflammatory response, as well as modifications of the cardiac autonomic nervous system, provide an early and potentially reversible pro-arrhythmic substrate because of altered atrial myocardial conduction and refractoriness [3]. Research has shown that psychological stressors and imbalance in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are the most common triggers for paroxysmal AF [6,7]. The mind-body therapy yoga has been shown to reduce stress and maintain autonomic nervous system balance [8]: hence, use of complementary health
Network-Coding-Based Energy Management for Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks

Network coding (NC) has emerged as a promising solution to achieve higher throughput and energy efficiency in communication networks. In this paper, we propose an NC-based energy management mechanism for next-generation passive optical networks (NG-PONs). The principle and signaling process of NC in NG-PONs are discussed and an experimental emulation of NC in an Ethernet PON (EPON) is presented by using NetFPGAs and an IEEE 802.3ah EPON network. To achieve energy efficiency at both optical line terminal and optical network units (ONUs) and exploit the benefits of NC on energy efficiency and performance in NG-PONs, we propose a downstream-bandwidth-reservation-based accurate ONU sleep control scheme and extend it by introducing NC. The benefits of NC on the energy efficiency and network performance are discussed and simulation results show that by introducing NC into NG-PONs, better energy efficiency can be achieved and the performance penalty caused by energy saving can be mitigated.
Pre-injury Comorbidities Are Associated With Functional Impairment and Post-concussive Symptoms at 3- and 6-Months After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A TRACK-TBI Study

Introduction: Over 70% of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are classified as mild (mTBI), which present heterogeneously. Associations between pre-injury comorbidities and outcomes are not well-understood, and understanding their status as risk factors may improve mTBI management and prognostication. Methods: mTBI subjects (GCS 13-15) from TRACK-TBI Pilot completing 3- and 6-month functional [Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE)] and post-concussive outcomes [Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE) physical/cognitive/sleep/emotional subdomains] were extracted. Pre-injury comorbidities >10% incidence were included in regressions for functional disability (GOSE ≤ 6) and post-concussive symptoms by subdomain. Odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (B) were reported. Significance was assessed at p < 0.0083 (Bonferroni correction). Results: In 260 subjects sustaining blunt mTBI, mean age was 44.0-years and 70.4% were male. Baseline comorbidities >10% incidence included psychiatric-30.0%, cardiac (hypertension)-23.8%, cardiac (structural/valvular/ischemic)-20.4%, gastrointestinal-15.8%, pulmonary-15.0%, and headache/migraine-11.5%. At 3- and 6-months separately, 30.8% had GOSE ≤ 6. At 3-months, psychiatric (GOSE ≤ 6: OR = 2.75, 95% CI [1.44-5.27]; ACE-physical: B = 1.06 [0.38-1.73]; ACE-cognitive: B = 0.72 [0.26-1.17]; ACE-sleep: B = 0.46 [0.17-0.75]; ACE-emotional: B = 0.64 [0.25-1.03]), headache/migraine (GOSE ≤ 6: OR = 4.10 [1.67-10.07]; ACE-sleep: B = 0.57 [0.15-1.00]; ACE-emotional: B = 0.92 [0.35-1.49]), and gastrointestinal history (ACE-physical: B = 1.25 [0.41-2.10]) were multivariable predictors of worse outcomes. At 6-months, psychiatric (GOSE ≤ 6: OR = 2.57 [1.38-4.77]; ACE-physical: B = 1.38 [0.68-2.09]; ACE-cognitive: B = 0.74 [0.28-1.20]; ACE-sleep: B = 0.51 [0.20-0.83]; ACE-emotional: B = 0.93 [0.53-1.33]), and headache/migraine history (ACE-physical: B = 1.81 [0.79-2.84]) predicted worse outcomes. Conclusions: Pre-injury psychiatric and pre-injury headache/migraine symptoms are risk factors for worse functional and post-concussive outcomes at 3- and 6-months post-mTBI. mTBI patients presenting to acute care should be evaluated for psychiatric and headache/migraine history, with lower thresholds for providing TBI education/resources, surveillance, and follow-up/referrals. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01565551.
Understanding Creativity: A Case-Based Approach

Dissatisfaction with existing standard case-based reasoning (CBR) systems has prompted us to investigate how we can make these systems more creative and, more broadly, what would it mean for them to be more creative. This paper discusses three research goals: understanding creative processes better, investigating the role of cases and CBR in creative problem solving, and understanding the framework that supports this more interesting kind of case-based reasoning. In addition, it discusses methodological issues in the study of creativity and, in particular, the use of CBR as a research paradigm for exploring creativity.
Capital Structure Decisions in Family Firms - Empirical Evidence from a Bank-Based Economy

This study examines how family firm characteristics affect capital structure decisions. In our analysis we disentangle the influence of three distinct components of a family firm: ownership, supervisory and management board activities by the founding family. Thereby, we use a unique panel dataset of 660 publicly listed companies (5,135 firm years) in the broadest German stock index CDAX from 1995 to 2006. This paper is motivated by hitherto inconclusive empirical findings on capital structure decisions in family firms from AngloSaxon countries. We provide new evidence for a bank-based economy. In this sense, Germany provides a very fruitful research environment as it (i) traditionally has a bank-based financial system and (ii) family firms are considered to be the backbone of the economy. We find that family firms have significantly lower leverage ratios than non-family firms, independent of the definition of leverage applied. Among the three dimensions of a family firm, management board involvement by the founding family has a consistently negative influence on leverage across all our models. In contrast, the influence of ownership and supervisory board representation is insignificant in almost all of our models. In line with agency theory, we can show that the leverage level is the lowest if the founding family is simultaneously a large shareholder with monitoring incentives and involved in firm management with convergence-of-interest effects. Finally, we detect that the presence of a founder CEO in firm management has a significant negative effect on the leverage ratio. Our results prove to be stable against a battery of robustness tests including a matching estimator technique to demonstrate causal effects. JEL Classification: G 32, G 34
Failure to Demonstrate That Playing Violent Video Games Diminishes Prosocial Behavior

BACKGROUND
Past research has found that playing a classic prosocial video game resulted in heightened prosocial behavior when compared to a control group, whereas playing a classic violent video game had no effect. Given purported links between violent video games and poor social behavior, this result is surprising. Here our aim was to assess whether this finding may be due to the specific games used. That is, modern games are experienced differently from classic games (more immersion in virtual environments, more connection with characters, etc.) and it may be that playing violent video games impacts prosocial behavior only when contemporary versions are used.


METHODS AND FINDINGS
Experiments 1 and 2 explored the effects of playing contemporary violent, non-violent, and prosocial video games on prosocial behavior, as measured by the pen-drop task. We found that slight contextual changes in the delivery of the pen-drop task led to different rates of helping but that the type of game played had little effect. Experiment 3 explored this further by using classic games. Again, we found no effect.


CONCLUSIONS
We failed to find evidence that playing video games affects prosocial behavior. Research on the effects of video game play is of significant public interest. It is therefore important that speculation be rigorously tested and findings replicated. Here we fail to substantiate conjecture that playing contemporary violent video games will lead to diminished prosocial behavior.
VariScan: Analysis of evolutionary patterns from large-scale DNA sequence polymorphism data

SUMMARY
VeriScan is a software package for the analysis of DNA sequence polymorphisms at the whole genome scale. Among other features, the software (1) can conduct many population genetic analyses; (2) incorporates a multiresolution wavelet transform-based method that allows capturing relevant information from DNA polymorphism data; (3) facilitates the visualization of the results in the most commonly used genome browsers.
Safety and efficacy of ezetimibe monotherapy in 1624 primary hypercholesterolaemic patients for up to 2 years.

AIMS
This report examined the safety and efficacy of treatment for up to 2 years with the cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe (EZE).


METHODS
Two identical, randomised, double-blind trials (starting with 827 and 892 patients), evaluated the efficacy and safety of EZE 10 mg/day vs. placebo for 12 weeks in patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia [low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 3.3-5.1 mmol/l]. Upon completion of these base studies, patients were offered a 2-year, open-label extension study. Adverse event (AE) reports for EZE monotherapy-treated patients were summarised for 3-month intervals to allow for comparison with the placebo group of the 3-month base studies. The primary end-point for this analysis was the evaluation of the long-term safety and tolerability of EZE 10 mg monotherapy dosed daily for up to 24 months.


RESULTS
The incidences of new AEs, treatment-related (TR) AEs, serious AEs (SAEs), TRSAEs and discontinuations as a result of AEs during any 3-month interval were comparable with the respective observations in the placebo group of the base studies. The incidences of AEs, TRAEs, SAEs, TRSAEs and discontinuations as a result of AEs decreased in almost every interval compared with earlier intervals throughout the 2-year study. In addition, the incidences of > or = 3-fold consecutive elevations of liver transaminases (0.7%) or > or = 10-fold increases in creatine phosphokinase (0.4%) for the entire 2-year treatment period were comparable with those of the placebo group (0.7% and 0.2% respectively). LDL-C reductions of approximately 18% were maintained throughout the study.


CONCLUSIONS
Compared with placebo, treatment with EZE for up to 2 years in 1624 patients showed no evidence of increased incidence of AEs with increased treatment duration, while showing sustained effects on LDL-C reduction.
A hybrid clamped multilevel inverter topology with neutral point voltage balancing ability

A multilevel inverter topology clamped together by active and passive devices is proposed in this paper, which is based on the analysis of the existing three types of multilevel converter topologies. The new topology can balance DC link capacitor voltages by itself without additional circuit and separated DC voltage sources, regardless of load characteristics. It can be used in real power and reactive power conversion applications. The topology structure, operating principle and self-voltage balancing ability are analyzed. Finally, the validity is confirmed by simulations and experiments based on a five-level inverter.
Altered Dopamine Activity after Recovery from Restricting-Type Anorexia Nervosa

When ill, women with eating disorders have disturbances of mood and behavior and alterations of catecholamine activity. It is not known whether these alterations are cause or consequence of pathological eating behaviors. To avoid confounding effects of pathologic eating behavior, we studied women who were recovered (>1 year, normal weight, regular menstrual cycles, no restricting eating pattern, no bingeing or purging) from anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) compared to healthy control women. Recovered AN women had significantly lower height-adjusted weight than did recovered BN women. CSF HVA (pmol/ml ± SD), a major metabolite of dopamine, was significantly lower (p < .02) in six restricting-type AN women (131 ± 49) compared to 19 BN women (216 ± 73) and at a trend (p < .08) less than 13 bulimic-type AN women (209 ± 53, p < .06) and 18 control women (202 ± 57, p < .08). These four groups had similar values for CSF MHPG, a norepinephrine metabolite. Dopamine neuronal function has been associated with motor activity, reward, and novelty seeking. These behaviors are altered in restricting-type AN compared to other eating disorder subtypes. A trait-related disturbance of dopamine metabolism may contribute to a vulnerability to develop this sub-type of eating disorder.
Predictive Value of Upper Limb Muscles and Grasp Patterns on Functional Outcome in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury.

OBJECTIVE
To determine which single or combined upper limb muscles as defined by the International Standards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI); upper extremity motor score (UEMS) and the Graded Redefined Assessment of Strength, Sensibility, and Prehension (GRASSP), best predict upper limb function and independence in activities of daily living (ADLs) and to assess the predictive value of qualitative grasp movements (QlG) on upper limb function in individuals with acute tetraplegia.


METHOD
As part of a Europe-wide, prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study ISNCSCI, GRASSP, and Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM III) scores were recorded at 1 and 6 months after SCI. For prediction of upper limb function and ADLs, a logistic regression model and unbiased recursive partitioning conditional inference tree (URP-CTREE) were used. Results: Logistic regression and URP-CTREE revealed that a combination of ISNCSCI and GRASSP muscles (to a maximum of 4) demonstrated the best prediction (specificity and sensitivity ranged from 81.8% to 96.0%) of upper limb function and identified homogenous outcome cohorts at 6 months. The URP-CTREE model with the QlG predictors for upper limb function showed similar results.


CONCLUSION
Prediction of upper limb function can be achieved through a combination of defined, specific upper limb muscles assessed in the ISNCSCI and GRASSP. A combination of a limited number of proximal and distal muscles along with an assessment of grasping movements can be applied for clinical decision making for rehabilitation interventions and clinical trials.