LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Approximation algorithms for bipartite matching with metric and geometric costs

Let G = G(<i>A</i>∪<i>B,A</i>×<i>B</i>), with |<i>A</i>| = |<i>B</i>| = <i>n</i>, be a weighted bipartite graph, and let d(·,·) be the cost function on the edges. Let w(<i>M</i>) denote the weight of a matching in G, and <i>M</i>* a minimum-cost perfect matching in G. We call a perfect matching <i>M c-approximate</i>, for <i>c</i> ≥ 1, if w(<i>M</i>) ≤ <i>c</i> · w(<i>M</i>*). We present three approximation algorithms for computing minimum-cost perfect matchings in G.
 First, we consider the case when d(·,·) is a metric. For any <i>Δ</i> > 0, we present an algorithm that, in <i>O</i>(<i>n</i><sup>2+<i>Δ</i></sup> log <i>n</i> log<sup>2</sup>(1/<i>Δ</i>)) time, computes a <i>O</i>(1/<i>Δ</i><sup><i>α</i></sup>)-approximate matching of G, where <i>α</i> = log<sub>3</sub> 2 ≈ 0.631. Next, we assume the existence of a dynamic data structure for answering approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) queries under d(··). Given two parameters <i>ε, &delta ∈∈</i> (0, 1), we present an algorithm that, in <i>O</i>(<i>ε</i><sup>---2</sup><i>n</i><sup>1+<i>Δ</i></sup><i>τ</i> (<i>n, ε</i>) log<sup>2</sup>(<i>n/ε</i>) log(1/<i>Δ</i>)) time, computes a <i>O</i>(1/<i>Δ</i><sup><i>α</i></sup>)-approximate matching of G, where <i>α</i> = 1 + log<sub>2</sub>(1 + <i>ε</i>) and <i>τ</i> (<i>n; ε</i>) is the query and update time of an (<i>ε</i>/2)-ANN data structure.
 Finally, we present an algorithm that works even if d(·,·) is not a metric but admits an ANN data structure for d(·,·). In particular, we present an algorithm that computes, in <i>O</i>(<i>ε</i><sup>---1</sup><i>n</i><sup>3/2</sup><i>τ</i> (<i>n, ε</i>) log<sup>4</sup>(<i>n</i>/<i>ε</i>) log Δ) time, a (1 + <i>ε</i>)-approximate matching of <i>A</i> and <i>B</i>; here Δ is the ratio of the largest to the smallest-cost edge in G, and <i>τ</i> (<i>n, ε</i>) is the query and update time of an (<i>ε</i>/<i>c</i>)-ANN data structure for some constant <i>c</i> > 1.
 We show that our results lead to faster matching algorithms for many geometric settings.
Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men

We reported, using a unilateral resistance training (RT) model, that training with high or low loads (mass per repetition) resulted in similar muscle hypertrophy and strength improvements in RT-naïve subjects. Here we aimed to determine whether the same was true in men with previous RT experience using a whole-body RT program and whether postexercise systemic hormone concentrations were related to changes in hypertrophy and strength. Forty-nine resistance-trained men (23 ± 1 yr, mean ± SE) performed 12 wk of whole-body RT. Subjects were randomly allocated into a higher-repetition (HR) group who lifted loads of ∼30-50% of their maximal strength (1RM) for 20-25 repetitions/set (n = 24) or a lower-repetition (LR) group (∼75-90% 1RM, 8-12 repetitions/set, n = 25), with all sets being performed to volitional failure. Skeletal muscle biopsies, strength testing, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, and acute changes in systemic hormone concentrations were examined pretraining and posttraining. In response to RT, 1RM strength increased for all exercises in both groups (P < 0.01), with only the change in bench press being significantly different between groups (HR, 9 ± 1, vs. LR, 14 ± 1 kg, P = 0.012). Fat- and bone-free (lean) body mass and type I and type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area increased following training (P < 0.01) with no significant differences between groups. No significant correlations between the acute postexercise rise in any purported anabolic hormone and the change in strength or hypertrophy were found. In congruence with our previous work, acute postexercise systemic hormonal rises are not related to or in any way indicative of RT-mediated gains in muscle mass or strength. Our data show that in resistance-trained individuals, load, when exercises are performed to volitional failure, does not dictate hypertrophy or, for the most part, strength gains.
Safety of telephone consultation for "non-serious" emergency ambulance service patients.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the safety of nurses and paramedics offering telephone assessment, triage, and advice as an alternative to immediate ambulance dispatch for emergency ambulance service callers classified by lay call takers as presenting with "non-serious" problems (category C calls).


DESIGN
Data for this study were collected as part of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial reported elsewhere. The intervention arm of the trial comprised nurse or paramedic telephone consultation using a computerised decision support system to assess, triage, and advise patients whose calls to the emergency ambulance service had been classified as "non-serious" by call takers applying standard priority dispatch criteria. A multidisciplinary expert clinical panel reviewed data from ambulance service, accident and emergency department, hospital inpatient and general practice records, and call transcripts for patients triaged by nurses and paramedics into categories that indicated that dispatch of an emergency ambulance was unnecessary. All cases for which one or more members of the panel rated that an emergency ambulance should have been dispatched were re-reviewed by the entire panel for an assessment of the "life risk" that might have resulted.


SETTING
Ambulance services in London and the West Midlands, UK.


STUDY POPULATION
Of 635 category C patients assessed by nurses and paramedics, 330 (52%) cases that had been triaged as not requiring an emergency ambulance were identified.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Assessment of safety of triage decisions.


RESULTS
Sufficient data were available from the routine clinical records of 239 (72%) subjects to allow review by the specialist panel. For 231 (96.7%) sets of case notes reviewed, the majority of the panel concurred with the nurses' or paramedics' triage decision. Following secondary review of the records of the remaining eight patients, only two were rated by the majority as having required an emergency ambulance within 14 minutes. For neither of these did a majority of the panel consider that the patient would have been at "life risk" without an emergency ambulance being immediately dispatched. However, the transcripts of these two calls indicated that the correct triage decision had been communicated to the patient, which suggests that the triage decision had been incorrectly entered into the decision support system.


CONCLUSIONS
Telephone advice may be a safe method of managing many category C callers to 999 ambulance services. A clinical trial of the full implementation of this intervention is needed, large enough to exclude the possibility of rare adverse events.
Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND
The literature on the prevalence of mental disorders affecting children and adolescents has expanded significantly over the last three decades around the world. Despite the field having matured significantly, there has been no meta-analysis to calculate a worldwide-pooled prevalence and to empirically assess the sources of heterogeneity of estimates.


METHODS
We conducted a systematic review of the literature searching in PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE for prevalence studies of mental disorders investigating probabilistic community samples of children and adolescents with standardized assessments methods that derive diagnoses according to the DSM or ICD. Meta-analytical techniques were used to estimate the prevalence rates of any mental disorder and individual diagnostic groups. A meta-regression analysis was performed to estimate the effect of population and sample characteristics, study methods, assessment procedures, and case definition in determining the heterogeneity of estimates.


RESULTS
We included 41 studies conducted in 27 countries from every world region. The worldwide-pooled prevalence of mental disorders was 13.4% (CI 95% 11.3-15.9). The worldwide prevalence of any anxiety disorder was 6.5% (CI 95% 4.7-9.1), any depressive disorder was 2.6% (CI 95% 1.7-3.9), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was 3.4% (CI 95% 2.6-4.5), and any disruptive disorder was 5.7% (CI 95% 4.0-8.1). Significant heterogeneity was detected for all pooled estimates. The multivariate metaregression analyses indicated that sample representativeness, sample frame, and diagnostic interview were significant moderators of prevalence estimates. Estimates did not vary as a function of geographic location of studies and year of data collection. The multivariate model explained 88.89% of prevalence heterogeneity, but residual heterogeneity was still significant. Additional meta-analysis detected significant pooled difference in prevalence rates according to requirement of funcional impairment for the diagnosis of mental disorders.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that mental disorders affect a significant number of children and adolescents worldwide. The pooled prevalence estimates and the identification of sources of heterogeneity have important implications to service, training, and research planning around the world.
Housing Environments and Child Health Conditions Among Recent Mexican Immigrant Families: A Population-Based Study

The influx of immigrants to urban areas throughout the United States has raised concerns about accessibility of safe, affordable housing and the health consequences of poor-quality housing, particularly among immigrant children. We conducted a population-based study of home environmental conditions among recently immigrated Mexican families (weighted n = 473), generally of low socioeconomic status, and the health conditions of their children, in an urban industrial area north of Denver, Colorado. The majority of recent immigrants had low socioeconomic status; virtually all had household incomes below the Colorado median ($50,841). Approximately one quarter of homes were overcrowded. Adverse environmental conditions were present across recent immigrant homes. These conditions include dampness or mold (44%), pests (28%), and minimal to no ventilation potential (26%), all of which are associated with asthma and atopic diseases. At least one of these three environmental hazards was found in 67% of homes; multiple hazards were present in 27% of homes. Children of recent immigrant families had active symptoms within the past 12 months suggestive of asthma (4%) and atopic disorders (10%); however, fewer than 2% had been diagnosed with these conditions. The prevalence of asthma and atopic symptoms among Mexican immigrant children, albeit lower than in other low income and minority communities, is partially explained by housing conditions. Many of the conditions identified (e.g., pest infestation, mold resulting from plumbing leaks, and lack of exhaust fans) are amenable to low cost interventions. Solutions to address unhealthy housing conditions among recent immigrants must be multi-faceted and include strategies that target household-level improvements and access to health care.
Quantifying Subjective Quality Evaluations for Mobile Video Watching in a Semi-Living Lab Context

This paper discusses results from an exploratory study in which Quality of Experience aspects related to mobile video watching were investigated in a semi-living lab setting. More specifically, we zoom in on usage patterns in a natural research context and on the subjective evaluation of high and low-resolution movie trailers that are transferred to a mobile device using two transmission protocols for video (i.e., real-time transport protocol and progressive download using HTTP). User feedback was collected by means of short questionnaires on the mobile device, combined with traditional pen and paper diaries. The subjective evaluations regarding the general technical quality, perceived distortion, fluentness of the video, and loading speed are studied and the influence of the transmission protocol and video resolution on these evaluations is analyzed. Multinomial logistic regression results in a model to estimate the subjective evaluations regarding the perceived distortion and loading speed based on objectively-measured parameters of the video session.
Automatic differentiation in PyTorch

In this article, we describe an automatic differentiation module of PyTorch — a library designed to enable rapid research on machine learning models. It builds upon a few projects, most notably Lua Torch, Chainer, and HIPS Autograd [4], and provides a high performance environment with easy access to automatic differentiation of models executed on different devices (CPU and GPU). To make prototyping easier, PyTorch does not follow the symbolic approach used in many other deep learning frameworks, but focuses on differentiation of purely imperative programs, with a focus on extensibility and low overhead. Note that this preprint is a draft of certain sections from an upcoming paper covering all PyTorch features.
Undoing the Damage of Dataset Bias

The presence of bias in existing object recognition datasets is now well-known in the computer vision community. While it remains in question whether creating an unbiased dataset is possible given limited resources, in this work we propose a discriminative framework that directly exploits dataset bias during training. In particular, our model learns two sets of weights: (1) bias vectors associated with each individual dataset, and (2) visual world weights that are common to all datasets, which are learned by undoing the associated bias from each dataset. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model by applying the learned weights to a novel, unseen dataset. We find that it is beneficial to explicitly account for bias when combining multiple datasets. (For more details refer to [3] and http://undoingbias.csail.mit.edu)
Effects of calcium–vitamin D co-supplementation on metabolic profiles in vitamin D insufficient people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled clinical trial

This study was performed to assess the effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on the metabolic profiles of vitamin D insufficient persons with type 2 diabetes. In a parallel designed randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial, a total of 118 non-smoker individuals with type 2 diabetes and insufficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D, aged >30 years, were recruited from the Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Centre. Participants were randomly assigned to four groups receiving: (1) 50,000 U/week vitamin D + calcium placebo; (2) 1,000 mg/day calcium + vitamin D placebo; (3) 50,000 U/week vitamin D + 1,000 mg/day calcium; or (4) vitamin D placebo + calcium placebo for 8 weeks. A study technician carried out the random allocations using a random numbers table. All investigators, participants and laboratory technicians were blinded to the random assignments. All participants provided 3 days of dietary records and 3 days of physical activity records throughout the intervention. Blood samples were taken to quantify glycaemic and lipid profiles at study baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention. 30 participants were randomised in each group. During the intervention, one participant from the calcium group and one from the vitamin D group were excluded because of personal problems. Calcium–vitamin D co-supplementation resulted in reduced serum insulin (changes from baseline: −14.8 ± 3.9 pmol/l, p = 0.01), HbA1c [−0.70 ± 0.19% (−8.0 ± 0.4 mmol/mol), p = 0.02], HOMA-IR (−0.46 ± 0.20, p = 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (−10.36 ± 0.10 mmol/l, p = 0.04) and total/HDL-cholesterol levels (−0.91 ± 0.16, p = 0.03) compared with other groups. We found a significant increase in QUICKI (0.025 ± 0.01, p = 0.004), HOMA of beta cell function (HOMA-B; 11.8 ± 12.17, p = 0.001) and HDL-cholesterol (0.46 ± 0.05 mmol/l, p = 0.03) in the calcium–vitamin D group compared with others. Joint calcium and vitamin D supplementation might improve the glycaemic status and lipid profiles of vitamin D insufficient people with type 2 diabetes. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01662193 Funding: Clinical Research Council, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Seedling growth and morphology of three oak species along field resource gradients and seed mass variation: a seedling age‐dependent response

Question: What is the relative importance of seed mass and abiotic factors in species-specific seedling growth and morphology during the first and the second growing season? How do oak species respond along gradients of these factors? Location: Mediterranean oak forest in southern Spain. Methods: We analysed seedling growth components and morphology of three co-occurring Quercus species (two deciduous and one evergreen). Oak seeds with a wide variety of sizes were sown along broad gradients of abiotic conditions. Intraand inter-specific differences were evaluated by calibrating maximum likelihood estimators of seedling growth during the first two years of life. Results:We foundmultiple resources and conditions affecting seedling morphology and biomass allocation. However, the integrative variables of seedling growth – total aboveground biomass and relative growth rate (RGR) – were affected by two main factors: seed mass and light conditions. The relative contribution of these two factors depended strongly on seedling age. Seed mass explained most of the growth and morphological variables during the first year, while light conditions were the best predictor in the second growing season. In contrast, soil factors did not play an important role in seedling growth. We found some evidence of regeneration niche partitioning between oak species along the light gradient, a reflection of their distribution patterns as adults at the study site. Conclusions: We conclude that inter-specific differences in seedling growth, arising from seed size variability and microsite heterogeneity, could be of paramount importance in oak species niche segregation, driving stand dynamics and composition along environmental gradients.
Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy Interventions for Adults With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE
We reviewed the efficacy of occupational therapy-related interventions for adults with rheumatoid arthritis.


METHOD
We examined 51 Level I studies (19 physical activity, 32 psychoeducational) published 2000-2014 and identified from five databases. Interventions that focused solely on the upper or lower extremities were not included.


RESULTS
Findings related to key outcomes (activities of daily living, ability, pain, fatigue, depression, self-efficacy, disease symptoms) are presented. Strong evidence supports the use of aerobic exercise, resistive exercise, and aquatic therapy. Mixed to limited evidence supports dynamic exercise, Tai Chi, and yoga. Among the psychoeducation interventions, strong evidence supports the use of patient education, self-management, cognitive-behavioral approaches, multidisciplinary approaches, and joint protection, and limited or mixed evidence supports the use of assistive technology and emotional disclosure.


CONCLUSION
The evidence supports interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice for rheumatoid arthritis, but few interventions were occupation based.
Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade.

OBJECTIVE
To describe and discuss the process used to write a narrative review of the literature for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Publication of narrative overviews of the literature should be standardized to increase their objectivity.


BACKGROUND
In the past decade numerous changes in research methodology pertaining to reviews of the literature have occurred. These changes necessitate authors of review articles to be familiar with current standards in the publication process.


METHODS
Narrative overview of the literature synthesizing the findings of literature retrieved from searches of computerized databases, hand searches, and authoritative texts.


DISCUSSION
An overview of the use of three types of reviews of the literature is presented. Step by step instructions for how to conduct and write a narrative overview utilizing a 'best-evidence synthesis' approach are discussed, starting with appropriate preparatory work and ending with how to create proper illustrations. Several resources for creating reviews of the literature are presented and a narrative overview critical appraisal worksheet is included. A bibliography of other useful reading is presented in an appendix.


CONCLUSION
Narrative overviews can be a valuable contribution to the literature if prepared properly. New and experienced authors wishing to write a narrative overview should find this article useful in constructing such a paper and carrying out the research process. It is hoped that this article will stimulate scholarly dialog amongst colleagues about this research design and other complex literature review methods.
MAP Support Detection for Greedy Sparse Signal Recovery Algorithms in Compressive Sensing

A reliable support detection is essential for a greedy algorithm to reconstruct a sparse signal accurately from compressed and noisy measurements. This paper proposes a novel support detection method for greedy algorithms, which is referred to as maximum a posteriori (MAP) support detection. Unlike existing support detection methods that identify support indices with the largest correlation value in magnitude per iteration, the proposed method selects them with the largest likelihood ratios computed under the true and null support hypotheses by simultaneously exploiting the distributions of a sensing matrix, a sparse signal, and noise. Leveraging this technique, MAP-Matching Pursuit (MAP-MP) is first presented to show the advantages of exploiting the proposed support detection method, and a sufficient condition for perfect signal recovery is derived for the case when the sparse signal is binary. Subsequently, a set of iterative greedy algorithms, called MAP-generalized Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (MAP-gOMP), MAP-Compressive Sampling Matching Pursuit (MAP-CoSaMP), and MAP-Subspace Pursuit (MAP-SP) are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed support detection method to existing greedy algorithms. From empirical results, it is shown that the proposed greedy algorithms with highly reliable support detection can be better, faster, and easier to implement than basis pursuit via linear programming.
Quantitative function for community detection.

We propose a quantitative function for community partition -- i.e., modularity density or D value. We demonstrate that this quantitative function is superior to the widely used modularity Q and also prove its equivalence with the objective function of the kernel k means. Both theoretical and numerical results show that optimizing the new criterion not only can resolve detailed modules that existing approaches cannot achieve, but also can correctly identify the number of communities.