LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Biometrics: The Future of Identification - Guest Editors' Introduction

46 Computer Biometrics: The Future of Identification W ouldn't you feel better about flying from an airport that could identify criminals wearing disguises? Wouldn't you love to replace password-based access control to avoid having to reset forgotten passwords and worry about the integrity of your system? Wouldn't you like to rest secure in the comfort that your healthcare system does not rely merely on your social security number as proof of your identity for granting access to your medical records? Because each of these questions is becoming more and more important, access to a reliable personal identification infrastructure is becoming increasingly essential. Conventional methods of identification based on possession of ID cards or exclusive knowledge—like a social security number or a password—are not altogether reliable. ID cards can be lost, forged, or misplaced ; passwords can be forgotten or compromised. One of the earliest and best-known biometric technologies is fingerprint recognition. Automatic fingerprint based identification systems have been commercially available since the early 1960s. But until recently those systems were primarily used in forensic applications for investigating criminals. Biometric technology has now become a viable alternative to traditional identification systems in many government and commercial application domains. In addition to fingerprint recognition technology, other biometric technologies are beginning to emerge. As Figure 1 illustrates, new biometric applications include face (both optical and infrared), hand, finger, iris, retina, signature, and voice recognition. Investigations of other characteristics, like ear, odor, keystroke entry pattern, and gait are under way. A biometric system is a pattern recognition system that establishes the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioral characteristic possessed by a user. Logically, a biometric system can be divided into two stages: the enrollment module and the identification module. The enrollment module is responsible for training the system to identify a given person. During the enrollment stage, a biometric sensor scans the person's physiognomy to create a digital representation. A feature extractor processes this representation to generate a more compact and expressive representation called a template. For a facial image, these features may include the size and relative positions of the eye, nose, and mouth. The template for each user is stored in a biometric system database; the database can be a central or distributed database, such as the one in which each user's template is stored on a smart card and issued to the user. The identification module is responsible for recognizing …
Crowdfunding : Why People Are Motivated to Post and Fund Projects on Crowdfunding Platforms

Computer-mediated crowdfunding is an emerging paradigm used by individuals to solicit funds from other individuals to realize projects. We are interested in how and why these platforms work and the impact they can have on what projects are realized and how they are disseminated in the world. In this paper, we report preliminary findings from a qualitative exploratory study of creators and funders on three popular crowdfunding platforms. In addition to anticipated extrinsic motivators, such as securing funding (creators) and consuming products and experiences (funders), our initial findings suggest that people are also motivated to participate because of social interactions realized through crowdfunding platforms, such as strengthening commitment to an idea through feedback (creators) and feelings of connectedness to a community with similar interests and ideals (funders). We present this research in the context of what we are calling motivational crowdwork, the investigation of motivation as it relates to online task outsourcing, and discuss ideas for ongoing work in this area. Author
Propagation measurements and models for wireless communications channels

To achieve ubiquitous PCS, new and novel ways of classifying wireless environments will be needed that are both widely encompassing and reasonably compact. JGRGEN BACHANDER-SEN is u professor at Aalborh. Universip and head of thc Centerfor Personkommn-nikation. THEODORE S. RAPPA-PORT 0 un associareprafes-sor of electrical rngineenng at Viwnia Tech. profawr of electrical engineering at Kyoto Universip. ireless personal communica-tionscouldinprincipleusesev-era1 physical media, ranging from sound to radio to light. Since we want to overcome the limitations of acoustical communications , we shall concentrate on propagation of electromagnetic wavcs in the frequency range from some hundreds of MHz to a few GHz. Although thereisconsiderable interest atthe moment in millimeter wave communications in indoor environments, they will be mentioned only brieflyin this survey of propagation of signals. It is interesting to observe that propagation results influence personal communications systems in several ways. First there is obviously the distribution ofmeanpoweroveracertainareaorvolumeofinter-est, which is the basic requirement for reliable communications. The energy should be sufficient for the link in question, but not too strong, in order not to create cochannel interfcrcnce at a distance in another cell. Also, since the radio link is highly variable over short distances, not only the mean power is significant; the statistical distribution is also important. This is especially true when the fading distribution is dependent on thc bandwidth of the signal. Secondly. even if there is sufficient power available for communications, the quality of the signal may be such that large errors occur anyway. This results from rapid movement through thescatteringenvironment,or impairments due to long echoes leading to inter-symbol-interference. A basic understanding of the channel is important for finding modulation andcodingschemes that improve thc channel, for designing equalizers or, if this is not possible, for deploying basc station antcnnas in such a way that the detrimental effects are less likely to occur. In this article we will describe the type of signals that occur invarious cnvironments and the mod-eling of the propagation parameters. Models are essentially of two classes. The first class consists of parametric statistical models that on average describcthephenomenonwithinagivenerror.They are simple to use, but relativcly coarse. In the last few years a second class ofenvironment-specific mod-e1shasbeenintroduced.Thesemodelsareofamore
Exploiting machine learning strategies and RSSI for localization in wireless sensor networks: A survey

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the wireless sensor networks (WSN) for a variety of applications such as the localization and real time positioning. Different approaches based on artificial intelligence are applied to solve common issues in WSN and improve network performance. This paper addresses a survey on machine learning techniques for localization in WSNs using Received Signal Strength Indicator.
Polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR, A/G SNP in 5-HTTLPR, and STin2 VNTR) and their relation to personality traits in healthy individuals from Russia.

OBJECTIVE
Numerous studies have reported association of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) polymorphisms and neuroticism and traits characterizing sociability and activity. This study aimed to define a single genotype effect of three polymorphic markers in the 5-HTT gene (5-HTTLPR, A/G SNP in 5-HTTLPR and STin2 VNTR) and to check possible association of the 5-HTT haplotypes and personality traits [assessed with Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) questionnaires] in 301 healthy young individuals.


METHODS
To investigate single genotype and haplotype effects of all polymorphic markers, multivariate analysis of variance and haplotype trend regression analyses were conducted correspondingly.


RESULTS
Individuals with STin2.10 allele scored significantly lower on Neuroticism (EPI) (P=0.007) and Harm Avoidance (P=0.005) in the overall sample. The same pattern of association was reported in women: carriers of STin2.10 allele scored lower on Harm Avoidance (TCI) (P=0.008). Haplotype trend regression analyses revealed that carriers of S12 haplotype had lower sociability-related traits such as Extraversion (EPI) and Novelty Seeking (TCI), whereas Harm Avoidance (TCI) (anxiety-related trait) was higher. Opposite association was observed for S10 haplotype: Extraversion (EPI) score was higher, whereas Harm Avoidance (TCI) score was lower in carriers of this haplotype.


CONCLUSION
As single polymorphism effect of STin2 was observed in relation to anxiety-related traits, opposite S10 and S12 haplotype effects on Neuroticism and Harm Avoidance could be explained by the larger impact of STin2 polymorphism. Controversially, we consider that the variance in sociability-related traits is related to specific haplotypes of 5-HTT gene.
Does overgrowth of costal cartilage cause pectus carinatum? A three-dimensional computed tomography evaluation of rib length and costal cartilage length in patients with asymmetric pectus carinatum.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate whether the overgrowth of costal cartilage may cause pectus carinatum using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT).


METHODS
Twenty-two patients with asymmetric pectus carinatum were included. The fourth, fifth and sixth ribs and costal cartilages were semi-automatically traced, and their full lengths were measured on three-dimensional CT images using curved multi-planar reformatted (MPR) techniques. The rib length and costal cartilage length, the total combined length of the rib and costal cartilage and the ratio of the cartilage and rib lengths (C/R ratio) in each patient were compared between the protruding side and the opposite side at the levels of the fourth, fifth and sixth ribs.


RESULTS
The length of the costal cartilage was not different between the more protruded side and the contralateral side (55.8 ± 9.8 mm vs 55.9 ± 9.3 mm at the fourth, 70 ± 10.8 mm vs 71.6 ± 10.8 mm at the fifth and 97.8 ± 13.2 mm vs 99.8 ± 15.5 mm at the sixth; P > 0.05). There were also no significant differences between the lengths of ribs. (265.8 ± 34.9 mm vs 266.3 ± 32.9 mm at the fourth, 279.7 ± 32.7 mm vs 280.6 ± 32.4 mm at the fifth and 283.8 ± 33.9 mm vs 283.9 ± 32.3 mm at the sixth; P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in either the total length of rib and costal cartilage or the C/R ratio according to side of the chest (P > 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with asymmetric pectus carinatum, the lengths of the fourth, fifth and sixth costal cartilage on the more protruded side were not different from those on the contralateral side. These findings suggest that overgrowth of costal cartilage cannot explain the asymmetric protrusion of anterior chest wall and may not be the main cause of pectus carinatum.
Automatic conceptual analysis for plagiarism detection

In order to detect plagiarism, comparisons must be made between a target document (the suspect) and reference documents. Numerous automated systems exist which check at the text-string level. If the scope is kept constrained, as for example in within-cohort plagiarism checking, then performance is very reasonable. On the other hand if one extends the focus to a very large corpus such as the WWW then performance can be reduced to an impracticable level. The three case studies presented in this paper give insight into the text-string comparators, whilst the third case study considers the very new and promising conceptual analysis approach to plagiarism detection which is now made achievable by the very computationally efficient Normalised Word Vector algorithm. The paper concludes with a caution on the use of high-tech in the absence of hightouch.
Material Requirement Planning with fuzzy constraints and fuzzy coefficients

We propose a new fuzzy mathematical programming model for production planning under uncertainty in an industrial environment. This model considers fuzzy constraints related to the total costs, the market demand and the available capacity of the productive resources and fuzzy coefficients for the costs due to the backlog of demand and for the required capacity. The main goal is to determine the master production schedule of each product, the MRP (Material Requirement Planning) for each raw component in each period, stock levels, demand backlog, and capacity usage levels over a given planning horizon. Finally, the proposed model is tested by using data from an automobile seat assembler and compared with other fuzzy mathematical programming approaches. The experiment shows that the proposed model has not got a better behaviour than more simple fuzzy models, but the advantage is that both types of uncertainties, fuzziness and lack of knowledge or epistemic uncertainty can be considered in a model with fuzzy constraints and fuzzy coefficients. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for chronic pain caused by gonarthrosis: A study protocol of an ongoing multi-centre randomised controlled clinical trial [ISRCTN27450856]

BACKGROUND
Controlled clinical trials produced contradictory results with respect to a specific analgesic effect of acupuncture. There is a lack of large multi-centre acupuncture trials. The German Acupuncture Trial represents the largest multi-centre study of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic pain caused by gonarthrosis up to now.


METHODS
900 patients will be randomised to three treatment arms. One group receives verum acupuncture, the second sham acupuncture, and the third conservative standard therapy. The trial protocol is described with eligibility criteria, detailed information on the treatment definition, blinding, endpoints, safety evaluation, statistical methods, sample size determination, monitoring, legal aspects, and the current status of the trial.


DISCUSSION
A critical discussion is given regarding the considerations about standardisation of the acupuncture treatment, the choice of the control group, and the blinding of patients and observers.
Partisan Politics, the Welfare State, and Three Worlds of Human Capital Formation

The authors propose a synthesis of power resources theory and welfare production regime theory to explain differences in human capital formation across advanced democracies. Emphasizing the mutually reinforcing relationships between social insurance, skill formation, and spending on public education, they distinguish three distinct worlds of human capital formation: one characterized by redistribution and heavy investment in public education and industry-specific and occupation-specific vocational skills; one characterized by high social insurance and vocational training in firm-specific and industryspecific skills but less spending on public education; and one characterized by heavy private investment in general skills but modest spending on public education and redistribution. They trace the three worlds to historical differences in the organization of capitalism, electoral institutions, and partisan politics, emphasizing the distinct character of political coalition formation underpinning each of the three models. They also discuss the implications for inequality and labor market stratification across time and space.
A THOUGHT EXPERIMENT WITH CLOCKS IN STATIC GRAVITY

In order to directly demonstrate that in static gravitational field the rate of clocks increases with their distance from the source, a simple thought experiment is proposed.
Blockchain-Enabled E-Voting

Blockchain-enabled e-voting (BEV) could reduce voter fraud and increase voter access. Eligible voters cast a ballot anonymously using a computer or smartphone. BEV uses an encrypted key and tamper-proof personal IDs. This article highlights some BEV implementations and the approach’s potential benefits and challenges.
Increased myocardial NADPH oxidase activity in human heart failure.

OBJECTIVES
This study was designed to investigate whether nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 3-phosphate (reduced form) (NADPH) oxidase is expressed in the human heart and whether it contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in heart failure.


BACKGROUND
A phagocyte-type NADPH oxidase complex is a major source of ROS in the vasculature and is implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension and atherosclerosis. An increase in myocardial oxidative stress due to excessive production of ROS may be involved in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure. Recent studies have suggested an important role for myocardial NADPH oxidase in experimental models of cardiac disease. However, it is unknown whether NADPH oxidase is expressed in the human myocardium or if it has any role in human heart failure.


METHODS
Myocardium of explanted nonfailing (n = 9) and end-stage failing (n = 13) hearts was studied for the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and oxidase activity.


RESULTS
The NADPH oxidase subunits p22(phox), gp91(phox), p67(phox), and p47(phox) were all expressed at messenger ribonucleic acid and protein level in cardiomyocytes of both nonfailing and failing hearts. NADPH oxidase activity was significantly increased in end-stage failing versus nonfailing myocardium (5.86 +/- 0.41 vs. 3.72 +/- 0.39 arbitrary units; p < 0.01). The overall level of oxidase subunit expression was unaltered in failing compared with nonfailing hearts. However, there was increased translocation of the regulatory subunit, p47(phox), to myocyte membranes in failing myocardium.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first report of the presence of NADPH oxidase in human myocardium. The increase in NADPH oxidase activity in the failing heart may be important in the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction by contributing to increased oxidative stress.
Improving the care of patients with severe open fractures of the tibia: the effect of the introduction of Major Trauma Networks and national guidelines.

AIMS
The management of open lower limb fractures in the United Kingdom has evolved over the last ten years with the introduction of major trauma networks (MTNs), the publication of standards of care and the wide acceptance of a combined orthopaedic and plastic surgical approach to management. The aims of this study were to report recent changes in outcome of open tibial fractures following the implementation of these changes.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Data on all patients with an open tibial fracture presenting to a major trauma centre between 2011 and 2012 were collected prospectively. The treatment and outcomes of the 65 Gustilo Anderson Grade III B tibial fractures were compared with historical data from the same unit.


RESULTS
The volume of cases, the proportion of patients directly admitted and undergoing first debridement in a major trauma centre all increased. The rate of limb salvage was maintained at 94% and a successful limb reconstruction rate of 98.5% was achieved. The rate of deep bone infection improved to 1.6% (one patient) in the follow-up period.


CONCLUSION
The reasons for these improvements are multifactorial, but the major trauma network facilitating early presentation to the major trauma centre, senior orthopaedic and plastic surgical involvement at every stage and proactive microbiological management, may be important factors.


TAKE HOME MESSAGE
This study demonstrates that a systemised trauma network combined with evidence based practice can lead to improvements in patient care.
Hypsodonty and tooth facet development in relation to diet and habitat in herbivorous ungulates: implications for understanding tooth wear

1. The evolution of high-crowned teeth or hypsodonty in herbivorous mammals is widely interpreted as a species-specific adaptation to increasingly wear-inducing diets and environments at evolutionary time scales, with internal abrasives (such as phytoliths in grasses) and/or external abrasives (such as dust or grit) as putative causative factors. The mesowear score (MS) instead describes tooth wear experienced by individual animals during their lifetime. 2. Under the assumption that the abrasiveness that causes the MS in individuals is the same abrasiveness to which species adapted by evolving hypsodonty, one would expect a close correlation between the MS and the hypsodonty index (HI). Alternatively, if these two measures reflect different aspects of wear, one would expect differences in the way that proxies of diet or environment/climate correlate with each parameter. 3. In order to test these hypotheses, we collated a dataset on the HI, MS, percentage of grass in the natural diet (%grass), habitat (open, intermediate, closed) and annual precipitation (PREC) in extant mammalian herbivores. The availability of a quantitative MS constrained the dataset to 75 species. Data were analysed with and without phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS). 4. Correlations with PREC were stronger for HI than for MS, whereas correlations with %grass were similar for HI and MS. Habitat had a significant influence on the relationship with %grass for HI but not for MS. Habitat also had a significant influence on the relationship between HI and MS. MS improved the predictive power of HI for %grass, but not for PREC. 5. These results suggest that while the MS indicates predominantly the wear effect of the diet (internal abrasives), HI represents an adaptation to a wear effect that comprises both diet and environment (external abrasives). The additional environmental wear effect must reduce tooth height without causing macroscopic changes in tooth facet development as described by the MS. 6. The most parsimonious explanation for the apparent discrepancy between HI and MS is that external abrasives of very fine particle size play a major role in naturally occurring tooth wear. The experimental testing of this hypothesis will enhance our understanding of the processes involved in tooth wear. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00203.x Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-69097 Originally published at: Kaiser, Thomas M; Müller, Dennis W H; Fortelius, Mikael; Schulz, Ellen; Codron, D; Clauss, Marcus (2013). Hypsodonty and tooth facet development in relation to diet and habitat in herbivorous ungulates: implications for understanding tooth wear. Mammal Review, 43(1):34-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00203.x
F.X. VON ZACH AND THE FIFTH CONTINENT

In his journals which were devoted mainly to astronomy, Franz Xaver von Zach also presented geographical and geodetic information about Australia. Initially these accounts were in German, but towards the end of his life he wrote them in French for a more general audience.