LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Cocaine-induced dendritic remodeling occurs in both D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-expressing neurons in the nucleus accumbens

Repeated exposure to cocaine can induce persistent alterations in the brain's reward system, including increases in the number of dendrites and spine density on medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The structural remodeling of dendrites and spines in the NAc is thought to play a critical role in cocaine addiction. MSNs in the NAc can be classified by expression of either D1 or D2 dopamine receptors, which are localized to the direct and indirect pathway, respectively. It is unknown whether the dendritic changes induced by repeated cocaine treatment occur in MSNs of the direct or indirect pathway. Because the traditional Golgi-Cox impregnation of neurons precludes identifying particular subpopulations of MSNs, we performed dendritic morphology analysis after biocytin-labeling and Golgi-Cox impregnation. We found that the biocytin staining MSNs showed higher dendritic spine density and higher number of dendrites than that in Golgi impregnation group. In addition, we found that the increasing spine density induced by repeated cocaine treatment in female mice was higher than that in male mice. Next we used biocytin staining and dynorphin/D2 receptor colocalization to determine which cell type(s) displayed dendritic changes after repeated cocaine treatment. We found that cocaine-induced changes in dendritic parameters occurred in MSNs of both the direct (D1-expressing) and indirect (D2-expressing) pathways.
Fuzzy clustering with artificial bee colony algorithm

In this work, performance of the Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm which is a recently proposed algorithm, has been tested on fuzzy clustering. We applied the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm fuzzy clustering to classify different data sets; Cancer, Diabetes and Heart from UCI database, a collection of classification benchmark problems. The results indicate that the performance of Artificial Bee Colony Optimization Algorithm is successful in fuzzy clustering.
Estimating the burden of disease attributable to physical inactivity in South Africa in 2000.

OBJECTIVES
To quantify the burden of disease attributable to physical inactivity in persons 15 years or older, by age group and sex, in South Africa for 2000.


DESIGN
The global comparative risk assessment (CRA) methodology of the World Health Organization was followed to estimate the disease burden attributable to physical inactivity. Levels of physical activity for South Africa were obtained from the World Health Survey 2003. A theoretical minimum risk exposure of zero, associated outcomes, relative risks, and revised burden of disease estimates were used to calculate population-attributable fractions and the burden attributed to physical inactivity. Monte Carlo simulation-modelling techniques were used for the uncertainty analysis.


SETTING
South Africa.


SUBJECTS
Adults >or= 15 years.


OUTCOME MEASURES
Deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from ischaemic heart disease, ischaemic stroke, breast cancer, colon cancer, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.


RESULTS
Overall in adults >or= 15 years in 2000, 30% of ischaemic heart disease, 27% of colon cancer, 22% of ischaemic stroke, 20% of type 2 diabetes, and 17% of breast cancer were attributable to physical inactivity. Physical inactivity was estimated to have caused 17,037 (95% uncertainty interval 11,394 - 20,407), or 3.3% (95% uncertainty interval 2.2 - 3.9%) of all deaths in 2000, and 176,252 (95% uncertainty interval 133,733 - 203,628) DALYs, or 1.1% (95% uncertainty interval 0.8 - 1.3%) of all DALYs in 2000.


CONCLUSIONS
Compared with other regions and the global average, South African adults have a particularly high prevalence of physical inactivity. In terms of attributable deaths, physical inactivity ranked 9th compared with other risk factors, and 12th in terms of DALYs. There is a clear need to assess why South Africans are particularly inactive, and to ensure that physical activity/inactivity is addressed as a national health priority.
Breeding for Increased Sweetness in Sweet Corn

Sweetness, a creamy texture and aroma, along with desirable kernel color, good germination, and high yield, are the important traits for sweet corn. Various recessive mutants in corn expressed in the endosperm e.g. sugary1 (su1), sugary enhancer (se), shrunken2 (sh2), brittle1 (bt) etc., which improve quality traits such as sweetness, flavor and nutritive value have been used either singly or in combination for developing new commercial hybrids. In single mutant varieties, at harvest (20 days after pollination), the sugar (sucrose) concentration in su1 and sh2 sweet corn is 3 and 8 times higher than wild type, respectively. For se-type when in combination with su1 the sucrose level is as high as that in sh2. After harvest, the sugar in kernels of su1 and se types is rapidly converted to starch, but this conversion occurs more slowly in sh2 type. However, both su1 and se sweet corn have more phytoglycogen or creamy texture, than sh2 variety without difficulties in germination. The details of breeding methods using a combination of endosperm genes for sweetness improvement are disclosed in the U.S. Patents Nos. 3,971,161 and 4,630,393. To date, two new high sugar types of commercial sweet corn, synergistic and augmented sweet varieties have been developed and released by U.S. seed companies. Synergistic has a combination of su1, se, and sh2 kernels on each ear. It carries the seed quality and vigor of su1 varieties, the enhanced sweet corn flavor of se and harvest-ability and shelf life approaching supersweet (sh2) type. Augmented sweet varieties, sh2 type, carry se modifier genes for tenderness and sweetness and the sh2 gene for high sugars and long shelf life. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Safety and tolerability of deltoid and gluteal injections of paliperidone palmitate in schizophrenia

Paliperidone palmitate is an investigational, injectable atypical antipsychotic. The safety and tolerability of initiating treatment with paliperidone palmitate via deltoid versus gluteal injections given once monthly, and of switching injection sites, in adults with stable schizophrenia were assessed. In this crossover trial, stable outpatients (N=252) were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to 3 dose groups (paliperidone palmitate 50, 75, or 100 mg eq.) and 2 treatment sequences (blinded to dose): deltoid muscle (period 1 [13 weeks]) followed by gluteal muscle (period 2 [12 weeks]) or the reverse. The intent-to-treat analysis set had 249 patients: mean age=43 (SD: 12.8) years; 57% men, 81% white, baseline mean Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score=56 (SD: 11.5). A total of 170 (68%) patients completed the study, with a similar proportion completing each treatment sequence. The incidence of systemic treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was similar between the 2 injection sites across doses during period 1 (deltoid [D]: 61% to 67%; gluteus [G]: 58% to 65%), and during the last 8 weeks of the 2 study periods (DG: 32% to 45% [period 1], 29% to 42% [period 2]; GD: 31% to 40% [period 1], 30% to 41% [period 2]). During the first treatment week, median plasma paliperidone concentrations were higher with treatment initiation in the deltoid muscle compared with the gluteal muscle. At apparent steady state, there was little difference in plasma paliperidone concentrations between the deltoid and gluteus sites for a given dose. Local tolerability was slightly better with gluteal injections. Patient preference for injection sites differed between geographical regions, e.g. patients from the US preferred deltoid to gluteal sites. The most common (>or=5% overall) TEAEs were: (period 1) insomnia, anxiety, headache, and agitation; and (period 2) insomnia, psychotic disorder, weight increased, and tachycardia. Paliperidone palmitate treatment was tolerated, irrespective of injection site, and thus could offer the choice of administration into either the deltoid or gluteal muscle to meet patient and physician preference.
A reverse pathway? Actual and perceived skill proficiency and physical activity.

PURPOSE
Motor skills are considered a prerequisite to physical activity, yet the relationship may be reciprocal and perceived sports competence might mediate associations.


METHODS
In 2006/2007, 215 adolescents completed motor skill proficiency (Get Skilled Get Active), perceived sport competence (Physical Self-Perception Profile) and physical activity assessments (Adolescent Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire) as part of the Physical Activity and Skills Study. Using AMOS (Version 7.0), reciprocal relationships were examined between motor skill (object control and locomotor) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Both models were then run in different versions to understand the role of perceived sports competence as a potential mediator.


RESULTS
Mean age was 16.4 yr (SD=0.6), 51.6% (111/215) were females. A reciprocal relationship between object control and MVPA and a one-way relationship from MVPA to locomotor skill was found. When perceived sports competence was examined as a mediator, the best-fitting model versions explained 16% (R=0.16) MVPA variation, and 30% object control (R=0.30), and 12% locomotor skill variation (R=0.12) (reverse relationship). Perceived sports competence partially mediates the relationship between object control proficiency and physical activity for both directions and fully mediates the relationship between physical activity and locomotor skill; but only when locomotor skill is the outcome.


CONCLUSIONS
If the relationship between object control skill and physical activity is viewed as a "positive feedback loop," skill development and increasing physical activity should simultaneously be targeted in physical activity interventions. Increasing perceived sport competence should also be an intervention focus.
Sex Differences in the Rate, Timing, and Principal Diagnoses of 30-Day Readmissions in Younger Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND
Young women (<65 years) experience a 2- to 3-fold greater mortality risk than younger men after an acute myocardial infarction. However, it is unknown whether they are at higher risk for 30-day readmission, and if this association varies by age. We examined sex differences in the rate, timing, and principal diagnoses of 30-day readmissions, including the independent effect of sex following adjustment for confounders.


METHODS AND RESULTS
We included patients aged 18 to 64 years with a principal diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Data were used from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-State Inpatient Database for California (07-09). Readmission diagnoses were categorized by using an aggregated version of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Condition Categories, and readmission timing was determined from the day after discharge. Of 42,518 younger patients with acute myocardial infarction (26.4% female), 4775 (11.2%) had at least 1 readmission. The 30-day all-cause readmission rate was higher for women (15.5% versus 9.7%, P<0.0001). For both sexes, readmission risk was highest on days 2 to 4 after discharge and declined thereafter, and women were more likely to present with noncardiac diagnoses (44.4% versus 40.6%, P=0.01). Female sex was associated with a higher rate of 30-day readmission, which persisted after adjustment (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-1.30). There was no significant interaction between age and sex on readmission.


CONCLUSIONS
In comparison with men, younger women have a higher risk for readmission, even after the adjustment for confounders. The timing of 30-day readmission was similar in women and men, and both sexes were susceptible to a wide range of causes for readmission.
Effect of Training Surface on Agility and Passing Skills of Prepubescent Female Volleyball Players

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of different training surfaces (hard or sand surface) on agility and passing skills of prepubescent female volleyball players. 45 prepubescent girls (age: 11.1 ± 0.5 years) participated in this study and were separated in three groups. Groups S (N=15) and I (N=15) consisted of volleyball players, while group C (N=15) consisted of girls that had no volleyball training experience. All groups participated in a 10-week (3 days/week) volleyball training program that included technical and passing skills exercises. The program of groups S and I also included jumping and sprinting exercises. The training program of group S was conducted on sand surface, while groups I and C trained on hard surface. Measurements of agility (T-test and 505-test) and passing skills were conducted on both hard and sand surface before, in the middle (5th week) and after the end of the training program for groups S and I. Group C was tested only on hard surface before and after the training period. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA for independent samples. Agility T-test and 505-test were significantly (p<0.001) improved in all three groups after the 10-week training program. Agility improvement of group S was significantly (p<0.001) greater than the other two groups (I and C), regardless of the surface (hard or sand) that the test was executed. Group S achieved greater improvements than the other two groups in passing skills too. All three groups were significantly (p<0.001) improved in overhead and forearm passing accuracy after the 10-week training period, but it was group S that achieved the greatest improvement, regardless of the (hard or sand) that the test was executed. In conclusion training on sand surface could be a useful and effective tool for improving agility and passing skills in prepubescent female volleyball players. *Corresponding author: Maria Maridaki, Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, Tel: +302107276043; Fax: +302107276113; E-mail: mmarida@phed.uoa.gr Received August 20, 2013; Accepted September 20, 2013; Published September 27, 2013 Citation: Gortsila E, Theos A, Nesic G, Maridaki M (2013) Effect of Training Surface on Agility and Passing Skills of Prepubescent Female Volleyball Players. J Sports Med Doping Stud 3: 128. doi:10.4172/2161-0673.1000128 Copyright: © 2013 Gortsila E, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Difficulties in maintenance of clubfoot abduction brace and solutions - maintenance of clubfoot abduction brace, locks and keys.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the frequency of early relapse after achieving good initial correction in children who were on clubfoot abduction brace.


METHODS
The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, and included parents of children of either gender in the age range of 6 months to 3years with idiopathic clubfoot deformities who had undergone Ponseti treatment between September 2012 and June 2013, and who were on maintenance brace when the data was collected from December 2013 to March 2014. Parents of patients with follow-up duration in brace less than six months and those with syndromic clubfoot deformity were excluded. The interviews were taken through a purposive designed questionnaire. SPSS 16 was used for data analysis.


RESULTS
The study included parents of 120 patients. Of them, 95(79.2%) behaved with good compliance on Denis Browne Splint, 10(8.3%) were fair and 15(12.5%)showed poor compliance. Major reason for poor and non-compliance was unaffordability of time and cost for regular follow-up. Besides, 20(16.67%) had inconsistent use due to delay inre-procurement of Foot Abduction Braceonce the child had outgrown the shoe. Only 4(3.33%) talked of cultural barriers and conflict of interest between the parents. Early relapse was observed in 23(19.16%) patients and 6(5%) of them responded to additional treatment and were put back on brace treatment; 13(10.83%) had minor relapse with forefoot varus, without functional disability, and the remaining 4(3.33%) had major relapse requiring extensive surgery. Overall success was recorded in 116(96.67%) cases.


CONCLUSIONS
The positioning of shoes on abduction brace bar, comfort in shoes, affordability, initial and subsequent delay in procurement of new shoes once the child's feet overgrew the shoe, were the four containable factors on the part of Ponseti practitioner.
Using Deep Learning and Google Street View to Estimate the Demographic Makeup of the US

The United States spends more than $1B each year on initiatives such as the Amer-ican Community Survey (ACS), a labor-intensive door-to-door study that measures demographic factors 1. Although a comprehensive source of data, the lag between demographic changes and their appearance in the ACS can exceed half a decade. As digital imagery becomes ubiquitous and machine vision techniques improve, automated data analysis may provide a cheaper and faster alternative. Here, we present a method that determines socioeconomic trends from 50 million images of street scenes, gathered in 200 American cities by Google Street View cars. Using deep learning-based computer vision techniques, we determined the make, model, and year of all motor vehicles encountered in particular neighborhoods. Data from this census of motor vehicles , which enumerated 22M automobiles in total (8% of all automobiles in the US), was used to accurately estimate income, race, education, and voting patterns, with single-precinct resolution. (The average US precinct contains approximately 1000 people.)
Do subsidies increase charitable giving in the long run? Matching donations in a field experiment

Do Subsidies Increase Charitable Giving in the Long Run? Matching Donations in a Field Experiment  Stephan Meier Abstract Offering incentives to promote charitable giving (for example, to encourage donations to aid victims of natural disasters) is very popular among governments and private organizations. Many companies, for example, match their employees’ charitable contributions, hoping that this will foster a strong willingness to donate. However, systematic analyses of the effect such a matching mechanism has upon voluntary giving are largely absent from the literature.  Using a randomized field experiment, this paper tests the short‐term and the long‐run effects of matching charitable giving. The donations of a randomly selected group were matched, for one period, by contributions from an anonymous donor. The results support the hypothesis that a matching mechanism increases contributions to a public good. However, in the periods after the experiment, when matching donations have ceased, the contribution rate declines for the treatment group. In the end, the matching mechanism leads to a negative net effect on the participation rate. The field experiment therefore provides evidence suggesting that donors’ willingness to contribute may be undermined by a matching mechanism in the long run.
Patients' perspective on the comprehensive preventive health evaluation in veterans with spinal cord injury

Study design:Survey research methods.Objectives:To assess patient satisfaction with the annual comprehensive preventative health evaluation (CPHE) and to determine if the patient's needs were being met.Setting:Department of Veterans Affairs National Survey, United States.Methods:A total of 853 subjects with spinal cord injuries participated in a mailed survey regarding the annual CPHE. Subjects were asked about satisfaction with the examination, preferences on how the examination is conducted and whether their needs were being met with the examination.Results:In all, 76% of the subjects that responded to the survey had completed a CPHE within the previous year. Subjects cited getting their medication and supplies refilled and talking to the doctor as the top two reasons for completing the evaluation. Subjects indicated that they would most like to discuss their muscle strength and weakness, bladder care, chronic pain, digestion and bowel care issues, and equipment problems during their evaluation. The majority of subjects (81%) indicated that they were satisfied with the CPHE. Subjects that were satisfied with the CPHE were also more satisfied with other aspects of care as well.Conclusion:The majority of respondents had completed a CPHE within the previous year. Most respondents cite health issues related to the spinal cord injury as areas they would most like to discuss during the evaluation. The majority of subjects were satisfied with the conduct of the CPHE.
Revascularization of an immature tooth with apical periodontitis using a single visit protocol: a case report.

AIM
To discuss the clinical and radiological outcome of a revascularization procedure which was completed in a single visit (using sodium hypochlorite 5% as the sole disinfectant) in an immature tooth with a necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis.


SUMMARY
A 7-year-old girl was referred in pain following trauma to the maxillary anterior region some 6-7 weeks previously. The maxillary left central incisor tooth was diagnosed with a necrotic pulp and acute apical periodontitis. Under local anaesthesia and rubber dam isolation, an access cavity was prepared. The canal was irrigated with a 5% sodium hypochlorite solution and agitated with an ultrasonic file. A 17% EDTA solution was also used for a final rinse. Bleeding was induced into the canal space from the periapical tissues using a K-file. An MTA layer/barrier was placed directly onto the blood clot, and a further layer of GC Fuji IX cement was placed on top of the MTA to restore the access cavity. The tooth was reevaluated at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 18 months. The tooth has remained symptom free. Radiographic examination shows progressive thickening of the root canal walls, root lengthening and apical closure.


KEY LEARNING POINTS
Disinfection with 5% sodium hypochlorite followed by the induction of a blood clot into the root canal space may be sufficient to promote revascularization in certain circumstances. A single visit revascularization procedure is a potential treatment option.