The influence of technology housing with regard to thermal comfort

The thermal state of environment is the most importantfrom the basic components affecting the welfare of animals housed. The thermal state of environment consists of air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and effective temperature of the surrounding surfaces. The overall effect of these four components under normal conditions significantly influences feed consumption and their use in production. Factors affecting thermal comfort organism can significantly affect the thermoregulatory mechanisms, conversion of nutrients, the performance and health of the animals. Temperature is the main climatic factor that drives the organism of animals with a constant body temperature in order to adapt the production and distribution of heat environmental status, which in extreme cases can affect performance, or even animal health. Heat stress is a major cause of the decline in milk production and fertility, especially in high-yield dairy cows. The best indicator of physiological response to stress is body temperature, since under non-stressed conditions, is nearly constant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of selected housing technology for thermal comfort of the animals housed. In selected groups of cows and heifers was measured rectal temperature and given in relation to the ambient temperature. It was examined how high the temperature effect on the body, what is their impact on heat stress and how it is influenced by the average yield of dairy cows and heifers. In the case of this experiment, it was found that the effect of high temperatures during the summer months, which ranged up to around 26.4 ° C, there was no significant decrease in the average yield of animals. Key-Words: temperature, feed consumption, production, animal health, heat stress, thermal comfort, dairy cows Introduction In environments with high temperatures occur in fattening cattle and especially cows to reduce feed intake, resulting in a decrease in performance [1]. With increasing efficiency, increasing body frame, but also with the growing tendency of a tropical summer days, the phenomenon of heat stress in cattle is becoming an important factor for maintaining a stable yield, but also the health and reproduction of the herd [2]. According to Broucek [3] hot weather causes heat stress in dairy cows, which leads to a decrease in milk production. Higher temperatures are manifested in cattle adversely, especially a decrease in performance, changing the composition of milk (fat content decreases) and a decrease in feed consumption [4, 5, 6]. The consumption of drinking water rises [7]. High-yield dairy cows are the most affected category in cattle [8]. Milk yield of dairy cows is influenced by many internal and external factors. Stable microclimate is undoubtedly one of the important external factors, since it has a significant impact on well-being (welfare) housed animals. Only the cow, which has ideal conditions and welfare and is nothing further stressed can (within their physiological options) to bring maximum performance [9]. For animal products like milk and meat, the conditions in which animals are reared and slaughtered are of prime importance [10, 11]. Individual kinds of animals react to create a suitable microclimate conditions differently. in dairy cows is to increase milk production, fattening improves feed intake and therefore are even higher weight gain [12]. Beede a Collier [13] identified three management strategies to minimize the effects of heat stress: 1) physical modification of the effects of the environment (shading, cooling), 2) genetic development of heat-tolerant breeds, and 3) improved nutritional management practices. Adaptation and acclimatization to heat is more difficult than adaptation and acclimatization to cold. It is easier to increase the production of heat, especially if there is enough food, than to reduce the production of heat by metabolic processes necessary to sustain life [14,15]. In both the heat and cold, homeothermic animals utilize autonomic and