LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Software Reuse Through Information Retrieval

There is widespread need for safe, verifiable, efficient, and reliable software that can be delivered in a timely manner. Software reuse can make a valuable contrbution toward this goal by increasing programmer productivity and software quality. Unfortunately, the amount of software reuse currently done is quite small. DeMarco [1] estimates that in the average software development environment only about five percent of code is reused.
Ground distance relay Compensation based on fault resistance calculation

The fault resistance introduces an error in the fault distance estimate, and hence may create an unreliable operation of a distance relay. A new compensation method based on fault resistance calculation is presented. The fault resistance calculation is based on monitoring the active power at the relay point. The compensated fault impedance measures accurately the impedance between the relay location and the fault point. The relay has shown satisfactory performances under various fault conditions especially for the ground faults with high fault resistance. This new compensation method avoids the under-reach problem in ground distance relays
Bi-Real Net: Enhancing the Performance of 1-Bit CNNs with Improved Representational Capability and Advanced Training Algorithm

In this work, we study the 1-bit convolutional neural networks (CNNs), of which both the weights and activations are binary. While being efficient, the classification accuracy of the current 1-bit CNNs is much worse compared to their counterpart real-valued CNN models on the large-scale dataset, like ImageNet. To minimize the performance gap between the 1-bit and real-valued CNN models, we propose a novel model, dubbed Bi-Real net, which connects the real activations (after the 1-bit convolution and/or BatchNorm layer, before the sign function) to activations of the consecutive block, through an identity shortcut. Consequently, compared to the standard 1-bit CNN, the representational capability of the Bi-Real net is significantly enhanced and the additional cost on computation is negligible. Moreover, we develop a specific training algorithm including three technical novelties for 1bit CNNs. Firstly, we derive a tight approximation to the derivative of the non-differentiable sign function with respect to activation. Secondly, we propose a magnitude-aware gradient with respect to the weight for updating the weight parameters. Thirdly, we pre-train the real-valued CNN model with a clip function, rather than the ReLU function, to better initialize the Bi-Real net. Experiments on ImageNet show that the Bi-Real net with the proposed training algorithm achieves 56.4% and 62.2% top-1 accuracy with 18 layers and 34 layers, respectively. Compared to the state-of-the-arts (e.g., XNOR Net), Bi-Real net achieves up to 10% higher top-1 accuracy with more memory saving and lower computational cost. 4
Atomoxetine improved attention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate atomoxetine treatment effects in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD-only), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid dyslexia (ADHD+D), or dyslexia only on ADHD core symptoms and on sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), working memory, life performance, and self-concept.


METHODS
Children and adolescents (10-16 years of age) with ADHD+D (n=124), dyslexia-only (n=58), or ADHD-only (n=27) received atomoxetine (1.0-1.4 mg/kg/day) or placebo (ADHD-only subjects received atomoxetine) in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial with a 16 week, open-label extension phase (atomoxetine treatment only). Changes from baseline were assessed to weeks 16 and 32 in ADHD Rating Scale-IV-Parent-Version:Investigator-Administered and Scored (ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv); ADHD Rating Scale-IV-Teacher-Version (ADHDRS-IV-Teacher-Version); Life Participation Scale-Child- or Parent-Rated Version (LPS); Kiddie-Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (K-SCT) Interview; Multidimensional Self Concept Scale (MSCS); and Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C).


RESULTS
At week 16, atomoxetine treatment resulted in significant (p<0.05) improvement from baseline in subjects with ADHD+D versus placebo on ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv Total (primary outcome) and subscales, ADHDRS-IV-Teacher-Version Inattentive subscale, K-SCT Interview Parent and Teacher subscales, and WMTB-C Central Executive component scores; in subjects with Dyslexia-only, atomoxetine versus placebo significantly improved K-SCT Youth subscale scores from baseline. At Week 32, atomoxetine-treated ADHD+D subjects significantly improved from baseline on all measures except MSCS Family subscale and WMTB-C Central Executive and Visuo-spatial Sketchpad component scores. The atomoxetine-treated dyslexia-only subjects significantly improved from baseline to week 32 on ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv Inattentive subscale, K-SCT Parent and Teacher subscales, and WMTB-C Phonological Loop and Central Executive component scores. The atomoxetine-treated ADHD-only subjects significantly improved from baseline to Week 32 on ADHDRS-Parent:Inv Total and subscales, ADHDRS-IV-Teacher-Version Hyperactive/Impulsive subscale, LPS Self-Control and Total, all K-SCT subscales, and MSCS Academic and Competence subscale scores.


CONCLUSIONS
Atomoxetine treatment improved ADHD symptoms in subjects with ADHD+D and ADHD-only, but not in subjects with dyslexia-only without ADHD. This is the first study to report significant effects of any medication on SCT.


CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION
This study was registered at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home, NCT00607919.
Risk stratification in critical limb ischemia: derivation and validation of a model to predict amputation-free survival using multicenter surgical outcomes data.

BACKGROUND
Patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) are a heterogeneous population with respect to risk for mortality and limb loss, complicating clinical decision-making. Endovascular options, compared with bypass, offer a tradeoff between reduced procedural risk and inferior durability. Risk stratified data predictive of amputation-free survival (AFS) may improve clinical decision making and allow for better assessment of new technology in the CLI population.


METHODS
This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from patients who underwent infrainguinal vein bypass surgery for CLI. Two datasets were used: the PREVENT III randomized trial (n = 1404) and a multicenter registry (n = 716) from three distinct vascular centers (two academic, one community-based). The PREVENT III cohort was randomly assigned to a derivation set (n = 953) and to a validation set (n = 451). The primary endpoint was AFS. Predictors of AFS identified on univariate screen (inclusion threshold, P < .20) were included in a stepwise selection Cox model. The resulting five significant predictors were assigned an integer score to stratify patients into three risk groups. The prediction rule was internally validated in the PREVENT III validation set and externally validated in the multicenter cohort.


RESULTS
The estimated 1-year AFS in the derivation, internal validation, and external validation sets were 76.3%, 72.5%, and 77.0%, respectively. In the derivation set, dialysis (hazard ratio [HR] 2.81, P < .0001), tissue loss (HR 2.22, P =.0004), age >or=75 (HR 1.64, P = .001), hematocrit <or=30 (HR 1.61, P = .012), and advanced CAD (HR 1.41, P = .021) were significant predictors for AFS in the multivariable model. An integer score, derived from the ss coefficients, was used to generate three risk categories (low <or= 3 [44.4% of cohort], medium 4-7 [46.7% of cohort], high >or=8 [8.8% of cohort]). Stratification of the patients, in each dataset, according to risk category yielded three significantly different Kaplan-Meier estimates for 1-year AFS (86%, 73%, and 45% for low, medium, and high risk groups, respectively). For a given risk category, the AFS estimate was consistent between the derivation and validation sets.


CONCLUSION
Among patients selected to undergo surgical bypass for infrainguinal disease, this parsimonious risk stratification model reliably identified a category of CLI patients with a >50% chance of death or major amputation at 1 year. Calculation of a "PIII risk score" may be useful for surgical decision making and for clinical trial designs in the CLI population.
Suboptimal endogenous erythropoietin response in chronic hepatitis C patients during ribavirin and PEG interferon treatment.

BACKGROUND
During the treatment of hepatitis C, anaemia may necessitate pegylated-interferon and ribavirin dose reductions with reduced sustained viral response rates. Although erythropoietic growth factors are frequently used to improve anaemia, it is controversial whether endogenous erythropoietic response is insufficient under these circumstances. We aimed to identify risk factors for more pronounced anaemia and to evaluate endogenous erythropoietic response during antiviral therapy.


METHODS
One hundred and forty-five naive chronic hepatitis C patients on pegylated-interferon-ribavirin treatment were evaluated for haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum ribavirin and erythropoietin levels.


RESULTS
About 99% of patients developed anaemia, with maximal decrease in haemoglobin of 2.5 ± 1.0 mmol/l (range 0.3-5.5 mmol/l). Older age, lower baseline creatinine clearance, higher baseline haemoglobin, more pronounced haemoglobin decrease after 2 weeks and higher week 24 serum ribavirin concentrations were independent risk factors for more pronounced anaemia. Serum erythropoietin levels increased from median 12 IU/l (range 4-63 IU/l) at baseline to 41 IU/l (range 12-683 IU/l) after 12 weeks of therapy and to 43 IU/l (range 7-3238 IU/l) at week 24 (P<0.001). Erythropoietin levels at baseline, week 12 and week 24 negatively correlated with haematocrit. The erythropoietic response to anaemia in our study population was significantly different from the normal human response to anaemia.


CONCLUSION
Older age, lower baseline creatinine clearance, higher baseline haemoglobin, more pronounced haemoglobin decrease after 2 weeks and higher week 24 serum ribavirin concentrations were independent risk factors for more pronounced anaemia during antiviral therapy. Endogenous erythropoietin production is suboptimal during antiviral therapy, supporting use of erythropoietic growth factors.
Low speed impact of laminated polymethylmethacrylate/adhesive/ polycarbonate plates

We study three-dimensional finite transient deformations of transparent poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA)/adhesive/polycarbonate (PC) laminates impacted at low speed by a hemispherical nosed rigid cylinder using the commercial finite element (FE) software LS-DYNA. The two glassy polymers PMMA and PC are modeled as thermo-elasto-visco-plastic materials by using the constitutive relation proposed by Mulliken and Boyce and modified by Varghese and Batra. For the nearly incompressible viscoelastic bonding layer, the elastic response is modeled by the Ogden relation and the viscous response by the Prony series. Delamination at interfaces between the adhesive and the polymeric sheets is simulated by using the cohesive zone model incorporated in LS-DYNA. The effective plastic strain, the maximum principal stress, and the maximum stretch based failure criteria are used for delineating failure in PC, PMMA and the adhesive, respectively. Failed elements are deleted from the analysis domain. The three layers are discretized by using 8-node brick elements and integrals over elements are numerically evaluated by using a reduced Gauss integration rule. The coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations obtained by the Galerkin approximation are integrated by using the conditionally stable explicit algorithm. Results have been computed for at least two different FE meshes. The computed number and configurations of cracks in the PMMA are found to qualitatively agree with the test observations. It is also found that the energy dissipated due to plastic deformations in the PC is considerably more than that due to cracks formed in the PMMA. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Etiology of postanesthetic and postsedation events on the inpatient ward: data from a rapid response team at a tertiary care children's hospital.

INTRODUCTION
The goal of this study was to identify the etiology of events and demographics of patients that experience complications requiring activation of the Rapid Response Team (RRT) during the first 24 h following anesthetic care.


METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of the Quality Improvement database from the Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine at Nationwide Children's Hospital. The database was searched to identify those patients who had a RRT evaluation activated within 24 h of receiving anesthesia or procedural sedation. These patients' charts were reviewed to obtain demographic information, etiology of the RRT call, and outcomes.


RESULTS
The study cohort included 106 RRT calls that were made over a 3-year period. Six patients were excluded from analysis due to incomplete datasets. One hundred patients remained for analysis including 60 males and 40 females. Patients ranged in age from 0.08 to 31.21 years (7.8 ± 7.7 years, median 5.3 years). Seventy-one patients were American Society of Anesthesiologists' (ASA) status 3 or 4 and 29 patients were ASA status 1 or 2. Five calls were made for patients who had undergone procedural sedation while the other 95 were on patients who received general anesthesia. The average time to the RRT call after the end of anesthetic care was 11.4 ± 6.6 h. Respiratory concern was the most common reason for RRT initiation, accounting for 71 of the 100 calls. Forty-nine patients had a recent respiratory illness, chronic respiratory-related disease, or history of preterm birth. Fifty patients (50%) were transferred to a higher level of care following the RRT consult. There was no significant difference between age, gender, ASA status, or etiology of the event for patients transferred vs. those who were not. A significant difference was noted in the Pediatric Early Warning Score of patients transferred to a higher level of care in comparison to patients who remained on the floor (4 ± 2 vs. 3 ± 2, P = 0.0097).


CONCLUSION
RRT calls were most common for respiratory concerns. High ASA status, general anesthesia administration, and the presence of acute or chronic conditions prior to anesthetic administration predispose a patient to perioperative complications resulting in the need for an RRT call.
Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs Part 3 . State and parameter estimation

Battery management systems in hybrid-electric-vehicle battery packs must estimate values descriptive of the pack’s present operating condition. These include: battery state-of-charge, power fade, capacity fade, and instantaneous available power. The estimation mechanism must adapt to changing cell characteristics as cells age and therefore provide accurate estimates over the lifetime of the pack. In a series of three papers, we propose methods, based on extended Kalman filtering (EKF), that are able to accomplish these goals for a lithium ion polymer battery pack. We expect that they will also work well on other battery chemistries. These papers cover the required mathematical background, cell modeling and system identification requirements, and the final solution, together with results. This third paper concludes the series by presenting five additional applications where either an EKF or results from EKF may be used in typical BMS algorithms: initializing state estimates after the vehicle has been idle for some time; estimating state-of-charge with dynamic error bounds on the estimate; estimating pack available dis/charge power; tracking changing pack parameters (including power fade and capacity fade) as the pack ages, and therefore providing a quantitative estimate of state-of-health; and determining which cells must be equalized. Results from pack tests are presented. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In vivo optical coherence tomography of the human larynx: normative and benign pathology in 82 patients.

OBJECTIVES
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging imaging modality that combines low-coherence light with interferometry to produce cross-sectional images of tissue with resolution about 10 mum. Patients undergoing surgical head and neck endoscopy were examined using a fiberoptic OCT imaging probe to study and characterize microstructural anatomy and features of the larynx and benign laryngeal pathology in vivo.


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective clinical trial.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
OCT imaging of the larynx was performed in 82 of 115 patients who underwent surgical endoscopy for various head and neck pathologies. The OCT device employs a 1.3 microm broadband light source (FWHM, 80 nm). The frame rate is 1 Hz. Imaging was performed using a handheld probe placed in near contact with the target site. The maximum axial and lateral dimensions for the region of interest imaged were 2.5 mm x 6 mm, with resolutions of 10 microm. Simultaneously, conventional endoscopic images were obtained to provide anatomic correlation with OCT images and histology. Optical micrometry was performed to measure the epithelium thickness.


RESULTS
Systematic OCT imaging of laryngeal structures and subsites provided information on the thickness of the epithelium, integrity of the basement membrane, and structure of the lamina propria. Microstructural features identified included glands, ducts, blood vessels, fluid collection/edema, and the transitions between pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous epithelium. The mean epithelial thickness of laryngeal subsites was calculated: true vocal cord (129 microm), false vocal cords (124 microm), aryepiglottic fold (177 microm), subglottis (98 microm), and epiglottis (185 microm). True vocal cord pathology imaged included Reinke's edema, papillomatosis, polyps, mucous cysts, and granulation tissue. Subglottic imaging identified boundaries between epithelium, lamina propria, and cartilage. The OCT images compared favorably with conventional histopathology.


CONCLUSION
OCT has the unique ability to image laryngeal tissue microstructure and can detail microanatomic changes in benign, premalignant, and malignant laryngeal pathologies. OCT holds the potential to guide surgical biopsies, direct therapy, and monitor disease, particularly when office-based systems are developed. This is a promising imaging modality to study the larynx.
Total Variation Minimization and a Class of Binary MRF Models

We observe that there is a strong connection between a whole class of simple binary MRF models and the Rudin-Osher-Fatemi Total Variation minimization approach to image denoising. This leads to new algorithms. We then compare the e ciency of various algorithms.
On Some Combinatorial Result in the Theory of Automorphic Pseudo-differential Operators

We give short elementary proof of some combinatorial result in the theory of automorphic pseudodifferential operators.
Impact of Off-farm Income on Agricultural Technology Adoption Intensity and Productivity Evidence from Rural Maize Farmers in Uganda

This study analyzed the impact of off-farm earnings on the intensity of adoption of improved maize varieties and the productivity of maize farming in Uganda in the years 2005/06 and 2009/10. Summary statistics show significantly higher adoption intensity and expenditure on purchased inputs among households with off-farm income relative to their counterparts without off-farm income. Households with off-farm income allocated about 15.9 percent of their land to improved maize varieties, and spent UShs 32,048 annually on input purchases compared to an adoption intensity of 13.8 percent of land allocated to improved maize and input expenditure of UShs 12,270 for those without off-farm income. The results of the random effects Tobit model show a positive and significant association between off-farm income and the proportion of land planted with improved maize varieties. We, however, find farm households without off-farm work to be more efficient maize producers than those with off-farm income. The mean level of the technical efficiency score was 0.43 for those without off-farm work compared to the 0.39 for an average farmer with off-farm income. In addition, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the farmers without off-farm income stochastically dominated the CDF for farmers with off-farm income. This suggests that off-farm opportunities, while inducing increased use of improved seed, due to competition for labor time, may undermine the productivity gains from adoption of improved seed. The findings from this study support diversification of household income as a strategy for increasing capital availability to increase uptake of the modern purchased inputs
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined With Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND
Further evidence suggests that repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is an effective method to reduce tobacco craving among smokers.


HYPOTHESIS
As relapse is common within a few days after smoking cessation, we hypothesized that combining the anti-craving effects of rTMS with Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to attenuate withdrawal symptoms could increase abstinence rates in smokers with severe nicotine dependence who quit smoking.


METHODS
Thirty-seven smokers who failed to quit with the usual treatments were randomly assigned to two treatment groups to receive either active (n = 18) or sham (n = 19) 1-Hz rTMS of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The day after quitting smoking, each patient combined NRT (21-mg patch) with active or sham rTMS (10 sessions) for 2 weeks. Cessation support was then continued with NRT alone using lower-dose patches. Abstinence rates and self-report craving scales were used to assess the therapeutic results during the combined treatment and for up to 12 weeks after quitting.


RESULTS
At the end of the combined treatment, there were significantly more abstinent participants in the active rTMS group (n = 16) than in the sham rTMS group (n = 9) (P = 0.027). The craving scales analysis revealed that active rTMS (P = 0.011) but not sham rTMS (P = 0.116) led to a significant decrease in the compulsive factor. However, no lasting rTMS effect was found.


CONCLUSIONS
1-Hz rTMS combined with NRT improved the success rate of abstinence in smokers during tobacco cessation. The stimulation-induced reduction in compulsivity may explain this result.