LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Conceptualization and Measurement of Team Workload: A Critical Need

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this article is to present and expand on current theories and measurement techniques for assessing team workload.


BACKGROUND
To date, little research has been conducted on the workload experienced by teams. A validated theory describing team workload, which includes an account of its relation to individual workload, has not been articulated.


METHOD
The authors review several theoretical approaches to team workload.Within the team research literature, attempts to evaluate team workload have typically relied on measures of individual workload. This assumes that such measures retain their validity at the team level of measurement, but empirical research suggests that this method may lack sensitivity to the drivers of team workload.


RESULTS
On the basis of these reviews, the authors advance suggestions concerning a comprehensive theory of team workload and methods for assessing it in team settings. The approaches reviewed include subjective, performance, physiological, and strategy shift measures. Theoretical and statistical difficulties associated with aggregating individual-level workload responses to a team-level measure are discussed.


CONCLUSION
Conception and measurement of team workload have not significantly matured alongside developments in individual workload.


APPLICATION
Team workload remains a complex research area without simple measurement solutions, but as a research domain it remains open for contributions from interested and enterprising researchers.
Changes in Food Choices of Participants in the Special Diabetes Program for Indians–Diabetes Prevention Demonstration Project, 2006–2010

INTRODUCTION
American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) have a disproportionately high rate of type 2 diabetes. Changing food choices plays a key role in preventing diabetes. This study documented changes in the food choices of AI/ANs with diagnosed prediabetes who participated in a diabetes prevention program.


METHODS
The Special Diabetes Program for Indians-Diabetes Prevention Demonstration Project implemented the evidence-based Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) lifestyle intervention in 36 health care programs nationwide, engaging 80 AI/AN communities. At baseline, at 30 days post-curriculum, and at the first annual assessment, participants completed a sociodemographic survey and 27-item food frequency questionnaire and underwent a medical examination assessing fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), low-density lipoprotein [LDL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], and triglycerides. Multiple linear regressions were used to assess the relationship between temporal changes in food choice and other diabetes risk factors.


RESULTS
From January 2006 to July 2010, baseline, post-curriculum, and first annual assessments were completed by 3,135 (100%), 2,046 (65%), and 1,480 (47%) participants, respectively. An increase in healthy food choices was associated initially with reduced bodyweight, BMI, FBG, and LDL and increased physical activity. At first annual assessment, the associations persisted between healthy food choices and bodyweight, BMI, and physical activity.


CONCLUSION
AI/AN adults from various tribal and urban communities participating in this preventive intervention made sustained changes in food choices and had reductions in diabetes risk factors. The outcomes demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of translating the DPP lifestyle intervention to community-based settings.
Mild Steel Corrosion Inhibition by Various Plant Extracts in 0.5 M Sulphuric acid

Extract of various plants (Wrightiatinctoria, Clerodendrumphlomidis, Ipomoeatriloba) leaves was investigated as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4 using conventional weight loss, electrochemical polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopic studies. The weight loss results showed that all the plant extracts are excellent corrosion inhibitors, electrochemical polarization data revealed the mixed mode of inhibition and the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have shown that the change in the impedance parameters, charge transfer resistance and double layer capacitance, with the change in concentration of the extract is due to the adsorption of active molecules leading to the formation of a protective layer on the surface of mild steel. Scanning electron microscopic studies provided the confirmatory evidence of improved surface condition, due to the adsorption, for the corrosion protection.
Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical measures in preventing pediatric influenza: a case–control study

BACKGROUND
Hygiene behavior plays a relevant role in infectious disease transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in preventing pediatric influenza infections.


METHODS
Laboratory confirmed influenza cases occurred during 2009-10 and 2010-11 seasons matched by age and date of consultation. NPI (frequency of hand washing, alcohol-based hand sanitizer use and hand washing after touching contaminated surfaces) during seven days prior to onset of symptoms were obtained from parents of cases and controls.


RESULTS
Cases presented higher prevalence of underlying conditions such as pneumonia [OR = 3.23; 95% CI: 1.38-7.58 p = 0.007], asthma [OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.17-5.14 p = 0.02] and having more than 1 risk factor [OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 0.99-2.82 p = 0.05]. Hand washing more than 5 times per day [aOR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39-0.99 p = 0.04] was the only statistically significant protective factor. When considering two age groups (pre-school age 0-4 yrs and school age 5-17) yrs , only the school age group showed a negative association for influenza infection for both washing more than 5 times per day [aOR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.22-0.99 p = 0.04] and hand washing after touching contaminated surfaces [aOR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04-0.86 p = 0.03].


CONCLUSION
Frequent hand washing should be recommended to prevent influenza infection in the community setting and in special in the school age group.
A signed binary multiplication technique pdf

Bit is added to the left of the partial product using sign extension.products required to half that required by a simple add and shift method. A signed binary multiplication technique. Quarterly Journal of.Booths multiplication algorithm is a multiplication algorithm that multiplies two signed binary numbers in twos complement notation. The above mentioned technique is inadequate when the multiplicand is most negative number that can be represented e.g. Create a book Download as PDF Printable version.Lecture 8: Binary Multiplication Division. Sign-and-magnitude: the most significant bit represents.BINARY MULTIPLICATION. Division Method.per and pencil. This method adds the multiplicand X to itself Y times, where Y de. In the case of binary multiplication, since the digits are 0 and 1, each step of.implemented a Signed-Unsigned Booths Multiplier and a. defined as the multiplication performed on signed binary numbers and. While the second method.accept unsigned binary inputs, one bit at a time, least significant bit first, and produce. Method for the multiplication of signed numbers, based on their earlier.will also describe how to apply this new method to the familiar multipliers such as Booth and.
The promise and limitations of partnered governance: the case of sustainable palm oil

Purpose – This paper sets out to report on a study of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) as an instance of ‘‘partnered governance’’ oriented to advance sustainable development in a supply chain. After briefly discussing the conceptualization of partnered governance, its social organizational features, and its drivers, the paper aims to outline the history and structure of RSPO and then to assess the effectiveness, efficiency and level of legitimation of this innovative governance structure. The paper points out several of the limitations as well as potentialities of partner governance arrangements such as that of RSPO. Design/methodology/approach – The paper shows through a focused multi-method case study how the RSPO developed as consumer-oriented businesses partnered with civil society organizations and palm oil producers to address what was seen as a long-term threat to rain forests, on the one hand, and to financial interests, on the other. Findings – In the case of deforestation caused by oil palm expansion, national government intervention was absent and international regulation could not be mobilized. While the RSPO’s system of partnered governance may have many shortcomings, the paper stresses that there are few real alternatives that have been as successful in addressing this type of sustainability issue. A major structural problem with such partnerships for sustainability is that their emergence and development typically depend on powerful players. Originality/value – The originality/value of the paper lies in its identification of several of the strengths and weaknesses of partnered governance based on a focused case study, and suggests ways in which partnered governance can be developed and optimized in addressing sustainability issues.
The romantic imagination

A critical guide to the poets of the romantic period, this collection of lectures reassesses the literary value of Blake, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Byron, Poe, Christina and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Swinburne.
Systems Biology Analysis of Gene Expression during In Vivo Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Enteric Colonization Reveals Role for Immune Tolerance

Survival and persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the intestinal mucosa is associated with host immune tolerance. However, the initial events during MAP interaction with its host that lead to pathogen survival, granulomatous inflammation, and clinical disease progression are poorly defined. We hypothesize that immune tolerance is initiated upon initial contact of MAP with the intestinal Peyer's patch. To test our hypothesis, ligated ileal loops in neonatal calves were infected with MAP. Intestinal tissue RNAs were collected (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hrs post-infection), processed, and hybridized to bovine gene expression microarrays. By comparing the gene transcription responses of calves infected with the MAP, informative complex patterns of expression were clearly visible. To interpret these complex data, changes in the gene expression were further analyzed by dynamic Bayesian analysis, and genes were grouped into the specific pathways and gene ontology categories to create a holistic model. This model revealed three different phases of responses: i) early (30 min and 1 hr post-infection), ii) intermediate (2, 4 and 8 hrs post-infection), and iii) late (12 hrs post-infection). We describe here the data that include expression profiles for perturbed pathways, as well as, mechanistic genes (genes predicted to have regulatory influence) that are associated with immune tolerance. In the Early Phase of MAP infection, multiple pathways were initiated in response to MAP invasion via receptor mediated endocytosis and changes in intestinal permeability. During the Intermediate Phase, perturbed pathways involved the inflammatory responses, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and cell-cell signaling. During the Late Phase of infection, gene responses associated with immune tolerance were initiated at the level of T-cell signaling. Our study provides evidence that MAP infection resulted in differentially regulated genes, perturbed pathways and specifically modified mechanistic genes contributing to the colonization of Peyer's patch.
Prognostic Indicators of Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms after Deployment-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Longitudinal Study in U.S. Army Soldiers.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion, is prevalent in the military. The course of recovery can be highly variable. This study investigates whether deployment-acquired mTBI is associated with subsequent presence and severity of post-concussive symptoms (PCS) and identifies predictors of persistent PCS among US Army personnel who sustained mTBI while deployed to Afghanistan. We used data from a prospective longitudinal survey of soldiers assessed 1-2 months before a 10-month deployment to Afghanistan (T0), on redeployment to the United States (T1), approximately 3 months later (T2), and approximately 9 months later (T3). Outcomes of interest were PCS at T2 and T3. Predictors considered were: sociodemographic factors, number of previous deployments, pre-deployment mental health and TBI history, and mTBI and other military-related stress during the index deployment. The study sample comprised 4518 soldiers, 822 (18.2%) of whom experienced mTBI during the index deployment. After adjusting for demographic, clinical, and deployment-related factors, deployment-acquired mTBI was associated with nearly triple the risk of reporting any PCS and with increased severity of PCS when symptoms were present. Among those who sustained mTBI, severity of PCS at follow-up was associated with history of pre-deployment TBI(s), pre-deployment psychological distress, more severe deployment stress, and loss of consciousness or lapse of memory (versus being "dazed" only) as a result of deployment-acquired mTBI. In summary, we found that sustaining mTBI increases risk for persistent PCS. Previous TBI(s), pre-deployment psychological distress, severe deployment stress, and loss of consciousness or lapse of memory resulting from mTBI(s) are prognostic indicators of persistent PCS after an index mTBI. These observations may have actionable implications for prevention of chronic sequelae of mTBI in the military and other settings.
Optical technology for energy efficient I/O in high performance computing

Future high-performance computing systems will require optical I/O to achieve their aggressive bandwidth requirements of multiple terabytes per second with energy efficiency better than 1 pJ/b. Near-term optical I/O solutions will integrate optical and electrical components in the package, but longer-term solutions will integrate photonic elements directly into the CMOS chip to further improve bandwidth and energy efficiency. The presented near-term optical I/O uses a customized package to assemble CMOS integrated transceiver circuits, discrete VCSEL/detector arrays, and polymer waveguides. Circuit simulations predict this architecture will achieve energy efficiency better than 1 pJ/b at the 16 nm CMOS technology node. Monolithic photonic CMOS process technology enables higher bandwidth and improved energy efficiency for chip-to-chip optical I/O through integration of electro-optical polymer based modulators, silicon nitride waveguides, and polycrystalline germanium (Ge) detectors into a CMOS logic process. Experimental results for the photonic CMOS ring resonator (RR) modulators and Ge detectors demonstrate performance at up to 40 Gb/s and analysis predicts that photonic CMOS will eventually enable energy efficiency of 0.3 pJ/b with 16 nm CMOS. Optical interconnect technologies with multilane communication or wavelength-division multiplexing will further increase bandwidth to provide the multiple-terabyte-per-second optical interconnect solution that enables scaling of high-performance computing into and beyond the tera-scale era.
Effect of aging on the prognostic significance of ambulatory systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure in essential hypertension.

BACKGROUND
This study compared the relative prognostic significance of 24 hour intra-arterial ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP) parameters in middle-aged versus elderly hypertensives.


METHODS AND RESULTS
A total of 546 subjects aged <60 years and 142 subjects aged >/=60 years who had undergone baseline pretreatment 24-hour intra-arterial ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were followed for 9.2+/-4.1 years. Multivariate analysis showed that in younger subjects, 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime DBP, MAP, and SBP, when considered individually, were positively related to morbid events; DBP parameters provided the best predictive values. In the group >/=60 years (elderly group), 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime PP and SBP were the most predictive parameters, whereas ambulatory DBP and MAP measurements failed to provide any prognostic value. When 24-hour values of SBP and DBP were jointly included in the baseline model, DBP (z=2.02, P=0.04) but not SBP (z=-0.43, P=0.67) was related to outcome in younger subjects, whereas in the elderly group, SBP (z=3.33, P=0.001) was positively and DBP (z=-1.75, P=0.07) was negatively related to outcome. Clinic blood pressure measurements failed to provide any independent prognostic value in either age group.


CONCLUSIONS
The relative prognostic significance of ambulatory blood pressure components depends on age; DBP parameters provided the best prognostic value in middle-aged individuals, whereas PP parameters were the most predictive in the elderly. This may reflect differing underlying hemodynamic mechanisms of hypertension in these age groups.
GRADUATING THE POOREST INTO MICROFINANCE: LINKING SAFETY NETS AND FINANCIAL SERVICES

Microfinance—or formal financial services for the poor—helps people fight poverty on their own terms, in a sustainable way. Poor people use loans, deposits, and other financial services to reduce their vulnerability, seize opportunities, and increase their earnings. Indirectly, microfinance improves schooling, health, and women’s empowerment. In most settings, however, microfinance does not reach the people at the very bottom of the socioeconomic scale—the “poorest.” Today there is much debate about whether microfinance is for the poorest. Many millions of people living on less than a dollar a day (the very poor) are already being served by microfinance institutions (MFIs). And yet few MFIs reach the “poorest” customers at the bottom of the poverty scale in their own countries. Even in the case of MFIs that focus on reaching very poor clients, there are substantial numbers of people who are too poor to participate. For example, in Bangladesh, where MFIs are strongly focused on serving the very poor, MFI concentration is highest among the second poorest quintile group; it is lowest among the poorest quintile. Microfinance services are not aimed at the poorest communities. Why is this? One reason extremely poor people may prefer not to borrow is because they think debt is more likely to hurt rather than help them. If a woman has no reliable income source, she may feel that obligating herself to make a regular weekly or monthly payment will make her more vulnerable rather than less. Although her investment of the loan proceeds in a new microbusiness may raise and stabilize her income, this investment is a risky proposition given that a large percentage of microbusiness start ups fail. Realizing this, many extremely poor people decide that their life is already risky enough without taking on debt. Arguably, some of these fears may be more about confidence than reality, but the poor are usually the best judges of their own situation. On the other hand, suppose a very poor woman with no reliable existing cash flow is willing to borrow money. In an MFI that uses a group loan methodology, the GRADUATING THE POOREST INTO MICROFINANCE: LINKING SAFETY NETS AND FINANCIAL SERVICES
Dying with advanced dementia in long-term care geriatric institutions: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to describe the last month of life of severely demented elders in long-term care institutions, and the clinical decisions in the management of their end-of-life events.


DESIGN
Retrospective exploratory study.


SETTING
Seven Italian long-term care institutions with more than 200 beds.


PARTICIPANTS
One hundred forty-one patients with advanced (FAST stage = 7c) dementia (Alzheimer disease, vascular, other kinds of dementia, severe cognitive impairment).


MEASUREMENT
Diagnosis, Mini-Mental State Examination, cause of death. Data were collected from clinical and nursing records referring to the last 30 days of life: symptoms and signs, intensity and incidence, treatments (antibiotics, analgesics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, artificial nutrition/hydration, and use of restraints); the last 48 hours: cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts and life-sustaining drugs.


RESULTS
Patients were given antibiotics (71.6%), anxiolytics (37.1%), and antidepressants (7.8%). Twenty-nine patients (20.5%) were tube- or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)-fed. Most patients (66.6%) were also parenterally hydrated (72 intravenously, 15 by hypodermoclysis). Some form of physical restraint was used for 58.2% (bed-rails and other immobilizers). Almost half of the patients had pressure sores. In general, attention to physical suffering was fairly good, but during the last 48 hours a number of interventions could be considered inappropriate for these patients: tube feeding (20.5%), intravenous hydration (66.6%), antibiotics (71.6%), and life-sustaining drugs (34.0%).


CONCLUSIONS
Some indicators imply a less than optimal quality of care (restraints, pressure sores, psychoactive drugs, and the lack of documentation of shared decision-making) and suggest that far advanced demented patients are not fully perceived as "terminal."
Caudal septoplasty for treatment of septal deviation: aesthetic and functional correction of the nasal base.

OBJECTIVES
To describe our technique in the treatment of significant caudal septal deviation; to evaluate the effectiveness of our technique of caudal septoplasty in the treatment of caudal septal deviations.


DESIGN
Retrospective review of cases taken from a database of more than 2000 patients who underwent rhinoplasty performed by 1 surgeon in a private facial plastic surgery practice.


RESULTS
Medical charts were reviewed to determine the rate of preoperative nasal obstruction in 59 (95%) of 62 patients as well as nasal obstruction postoperatively 11 (17%) of 62 (P < .001). Photographs were reviewed to determine the severity of caudal deviation and the postoperative result. By photographic evaluation, we found that all but 3 patients had significant improvement in their postoperative appearance. Twenty-six patients had no evidence of residual asymmetry. The rate of revision was 5 (8%) of 62 patients.


CONCLUSIONS
The caudal septoplasty technique is effective, relatively easy to perform, and shows long-term reliability in correcting caudal septal deviation. In properly selected patients, the technique is effective in improving cosmesis and nasal airflow.