LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A novel XML document structure comparison framework based-on sub-tree commonalities and label semantics

XML similarity evaluation has become a central issue in the database and information communities, its applications ranging over document clustering, version control, data integration and ranked retrieval. Various algorithms for comparing hierarchically structured data, XML documents in particular, have been proposed in the literature. Most of them make use of techniques for finding the edit distance between tree structures, XML documents being commonly modeled as Ordered Labeled Trees. Yet, a thorough investigation of current approaches led us to identify several similarity aspects, i.e., sub-tree related structural and semantic similarities, which are not sufficiently addressed while comparing XML documents. In this paper, we provide an integrated and fine-grained comparison framework to deal with both structural and semantic similarities in XML documents (detecting the occurrences and repetitions of structurally and semantically similar sub-trees), and to allow the end-user to adjust the comparison process according to her requirements. Our framework consists of four main modules for i) discovering the structural commonalities between sub-trees, ii) identifying sub-tree semantic resemblances, iii) computing tree-based edit operations costs, and iv) computing tree edit distance. Experimental results demonstrate higher comparison accuracy with respect to alternative methods, while timing experiments reflect the impact of semantic similarity on overall system performance. © 2002 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved.
Financial fraud detection using vocal, linguistic and financial cues

a r t i c l e i n f o Corporate financial fraud has a severe negative impact on investors and the capital market in general. The current resources committed to financial fraud detection (FFD), however, are insufficient to identify all occurrences in a timely fashion. Methods for automating FFD have mainly relied on financial statistics, although some recent research has suggested that linguistic or vocal cues may also be useful indicators of deception. Tools based on financial numbers, linguistic behavior, and non-verbal vocal cues have each demonstrated the potential for detecting financial fraud. However, the performance of these tools continues to be poorer than desired, limiting their use on a stand-alone basis to help identify companies for further investigation. The hypothesis investigated in this study is that an improved tool could be developed if specific attributes from these feature categories were analyzed concurrently. Combining features across categories provided better fraud detection than was achieved by any of the feature categories alone. However, performance improvements were only observed if feature selection was used suggesting that it is important to discard non-informative features. Efficient allocation of capital is critical to stimulate economic growth, the engine that drives improvements in social welfare. The financial world has been rocked by a wave of accounting scandals, from Enron and WorldCom in the early 2000s to the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 leading to a significant degradation of trust in capital markets and concomitant inefficient capital allocation decisions. In order to restore trust in the capital markets, regulators have passed a series of reforms, such as the Sarbanes Oxley Act that impose penalties on those who commit financial misdeeds. However, such penalties will be a helpful deterrent if and only if frauds are detected in a timely fashion. The current resources committed to fraud detection by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the regulatory body that oversees capital markets in the United States) are insufficient to identify all occurrences of frauds in a timely fashion. Moreover, the Center for Audit Quality, which serves the financial auditing profession, recently called for the identification of new ways to better detect financial fraud so as to restore investor confidence [31]. Thus, an automated method for accurate financial fraud detection (FFD) has the potential to deter financial misdeeds and stabilize capital markets. Most corporate FFD methods documented in accounting and finance research have focused on financial information (see …
The Effect of Communication Overhead on Software Maintenance Project Staffing: a Search-Based Approach

Brooks' milestone 'Mythical Man Month' established the observation that there is no simple conversion between people and time in large scale software projects. Communication and training overheads yield a subtle and variable relationship between the person-months required for a project and the number of people needed to complete the task within a given timeframe. This paper formalises several instantiations of Brooks' law and uses these to construct project schedule and staffing instances - using a search-based project staffing and scheduling approach - on data from two large real world maintenance projects. The results reveal the impact of different formulations of Brooks' law on project completion time and on staff distribution across teams, and the influence of other factors such as the presence of dependencies between work packages on the effect of communication overhead.
Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation: a literature review.

BACKGROUND
Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralisation (MIH) is a qualitative defect of 1-4 first permanent molars with or without the maxillary and mandibular permanent incisors. It seems to have been recognised first in the 1970s and prevalence varies between 2.8% and 25%, dependent upon the study.


METHODS
The dental literature was searched using a number of key terms entered into MEDLINE, the reference list of each paper as located was examined for further papers that had been missed in the initial search.


RESULTS
The review of the literature showed that teeth that are affected indicate a systemic cause at around the time of birth; investigators have put forward a number of possible causes; asthma, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections, otitis media, antibiotics, dioxins in mother's milk, tonsillitis and tonsillectomy and exanthamatous fevers of childhood. However, at the present time the aetiology remains unclear. Treatment of the affected permanent first molars can include restorations using adhesive intra-coronal restorations to extra-coronal restorations (e.g. preformed metal crowns). There is little evidence to support one option over another. In severe cases extraction at the optimum time may be the best option; allowing the permanent second molars to come forwards. There is little improvement in affected anterior teeth with microabrasion and direct or indirect composite resin restorations may be appropriate in some children. Ultrastructural and biochemical make up of MIH affected teeth seem to have been investigated less than other areas.


CONCLUSION
It is important that children with MIH are diagnosed as early as possible and managed appropriately; this will involve multidisciplinary input.
A time-dependent proportional hazards survival model for credit risk analysis

In the consumer credit industry, assessment of default risk is critically important for the financial health of both the lender and the borrower. Methods for predicting risk for an applicant using credit bureau and application data, typically based on logistic regression or survival analysis, are universally employed by credit card companies. Because of the manner in which the predictive models are fit using large historical sets of existing customer data that extend over many years, default trends, anomalies, and other temporal phenomena that result from dynamic economic conditions are not brought to light. We introduce a modification of the proportional hazards survival model that includes a time-dependency mechanism for capturing temporal phenomena, and we develop a maximum likelihood algorithm for fitting the model. Using a very large, real data set, we demonstrate that incorporating the time dependency can provide more accurate risk scoring, as well as important insight into dynamic market effects that can inform and enhance related decision making. Journal of the Operational Research Society (2012) 63, 306–321. doi:10.1057/jors.2011.34 Published online 11 May 2011
Relative binding affinity of anabolic-androgenic steroids: comparison of the binding to the androgen receptors in skeletal muscle and in prostate, as well as to sex hormone-binding globulin.

It is unclear whether anabolic steroids act on skeletal muscle via the androgen receptor (AR) in this tissue, or whether there is a separate anabolic receptor. When several anabolic steroids were tested as competitors for the binding of [3H]methyltrienolone (MT; 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-4,9,11-estratrien-3-one) to the AR in rat and rabbit skeletal muscle and rat prostate, respectively, MT itself was the most efficient competitor. 1 alpha-Methyl-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (1 alpha-methyl-DHT; mesterolone) bound most avidly to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) [relative binding affinity (RBA) about 4 times that of DHT]. Some anabolic-androgenic steroids bound strongly to the AR in skeletal muscle and prostate [ RBAs relative to that of MT: MT greater than 19-nortestosterone ( NorT ; nandrolone) greater than methenolone (17 beta-hydroxy-1-methyl-5 alpha-androst-1-en-3-one) greater than testosterone (T) greater than 1 alpha-methyl-DHT]. In other cases, AR binding was weak (RBA values less than 0.05): stanozolol (17 alpha-methyl-5 alpha- androstano [3,2-c]pyrazol-17 beta-ol), methanedienone (17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-1,4-androstadien-3-one), and fluoxymesterolone (9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-T). Other compounds had RBAs too low to be determined (e.g. oxymetholone (17 beta-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylene-17 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one) and ethylestrenol (17 alpha-ethyl-4- estren -17 beta-ol). The competition pattern was similar in muscle and prostate, except for a higher RBA of DHT in the prostate. The low RBA of DHT in muscle was probably due to the previously reported rapid reduction of its 3-keto function to metabolites, which did not bind to the AR [5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol and its 3 beta-isomer (3 alpha- and 3 beta-adiol, respectively)]. Some anabolic-androgenic steroids (only a few synthetic) bound to SHBG (1 alpha-methyl-DHT much greater than DHT greater than T greater than 3 beta-adiol greater than 3 alpha-adiol = 17 alpha-methyl-T greater than methenolone greater than methanedienone greater than stanozolol). The ratio of the RBA in rat muscle to that in the prostate (an estimate of the myotrophic potency of the compounds) was close to unity, varying only between about 0.4 and 1.7 in most cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Social Psychology: Experimental and Critical Approaches

AcknowledgementsPrefaceWhat is social psychology?Social Psychology's two paradigmsMethods and analyticsCommunication and languageUnderstanding the social worldValues and attitudesConstructing the social worldSelves and identitiesGroupsWhere next for social psychology?GlossaryReferencesIndex.
Electric motor standards, ecodesign and global market transformation

The use-phase cost of most industrial electric motors, namely the consumed electrical energy, dominates by far their overall life-cycle cost. Because electric motors use about 70% of the total industrial electricity use, they present attractive opportunities to save a huge amount of electricity in a cost- effective way, and contribute to mitigate climate change. The lack of global efficiency classes has prevented the large-scale adoption of high efficiency motors in most countries around the world. This paper addresses the most relevant electric motor efficiency-related international standards, including minimum efficiency requirements and a new efficiency classification standard, which have a profound impact on motor market transformation, being a powerful tool to reduce electric motor systems consumption. Moreover, the final results and conclusions of a European study to identify and recommend ways to improve the life-cycle environmental performance of electric motors at their design phase are presented, focusing life- cycle cost assessment of standard and best available electric motor technologies. It was found that if high efficiency or premium class motors replace standard efficiency class motors, significant reductions in the environmental impact will be achieved.
Facial expression on robot SHFR-III based on head-neck coordination

As nearly 55% of information is transferred by facial expressions, facial expression robot take an important role in human-robot interaction. This paper introduces the development and experiments of facial expression robot SHFR-III. The robot's facial system is consist of eyebrow mechanism, eyeball mechanism, lid mechanism and jaw mechanism. Neck mechanism and its kinematic analysis is also done to make robot's expression more vivid. Experiment based on head-neck coordination and motion joining is also presented. Last, summary and further research plan are attached.
Afterword: Mortgage Markets and the Urban Problematic in the Global Transition

This afterword develops one argument about, and then engages in two dialogues with, this symposium on the subprime crisis and the mortgage market. First, it argues that these articles have a unifying theme: they all insist that any understanding of the evolution of the subprime crisis must take into account the role of the complex, racialized dynamics of social inequality in urban space. This perspective, which we term the 'urban problematic', is shared by the authors gathered here; however, it is notably absent from many other accounts of the origins of the subprime crisis. This leads to two dialogues with these articles. The first explores this question: if this problematic is so powerful, then why isn't it pervasive in all social-scientific and economic discussions of the subprime crisis? The second dialogue then asks why there aren't richer ongoing exchanges between social scientists engaged in the urban problematic, on one side, and heterodox economists, on the other side? We suggest that it will be beneficial to deepen these interdisciplinary exchanges; and doing so will require making visible - and then overcoming - some hidden disjunctures in the ways that those working on these problems from different starting points frame and orient their work. Copyright (c) 2009 The Author. Journal Compilation (c) 2009 Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Synthetic-Aperture Radar Processing Using Fast Factorized Back-Projection

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a general method for generating high-resolution radar maps from low-resolution aperture data which is based on using the relative motion between the radar antenna and the imaged scene. Originally conceived in the early 1950s [1], it is extensively used to image objects on the surface of the Earth and the planets [2]. A synthetic aperture is formed using electromagnetic signals from a physical aperture located at different space-time positions. The synthetic aperture may therefore observe the scene over a large angular sector by moving the physical aperture. Hence, the technique can give a significant improvement in resolution, in principle limited only by the stability of the wave field and other restrictions imposed on the movement of the physical aperture. A physical aperture, on the other hand, provides angular resolution inversely proportional to aperture size such that the spatial resolution degrades with increasing distance to the scene. SAR images of the ground are often generated from pulse echo data acquired by an antenna moving along a nominally linear track. It is well known that the spatial resolution can be made independent of distance to the ground since the antenna can be moved along correspondingly longer tracks [2]. It is therefore possible to produce radar maps with meteror decimeter-resolution from aircraft or spacecraft at very large distances. The resolution in these systems are limited by antenna illumination and system bandwidth but also by other factors, e.g. accuracy of antenna positioning, propagation perturbations, transmitter power, receiver sensitivity, clock stability, and dynamic range. The ultimate limit of SAR spatial resolution is proportional to the wavelength. The finest resolution is determined by the classical uncertainty principle applied to a band-limited wave packet. The area of a resolution cell can be shown to be related to radar system bandwidth B (= fmax fmin, where fmax and fmin are the maximum and minimum electromagnetic frequency, respectively) and aperture angle #2 #1 (the angle over which the antenna is moved and radiating as seen from the imaged ground) according to [3] ¢ASAR = ̧c 2(#2 #1) c
Travel Recommender Systems

Recommender systems are commonly defined as applications that e-commerce sites exploit to suggest products and provide consumers with information to facilitate their decision-making processes.1 They implicitly assume that we can map user needs and constraints, through appropriate recommendation algorithms, and convert them into product selections using knowledge compiled into the intelligent recommender. Knowledge is extracted from either domain experts (contentor knowledge-based approaches) or extensive logs of previous purchases (collaborative-based approaches). Furthermore, the interaction process, which turns needs into products, is presented to the user with a rationale that depends on the underlying recommendation technology and algorithms. For example, if the system funnels the behavior of other users in the recommendation, it explicitly shows reviews of the selected products or quotes from a similar user. Recommender systems are now a popular research area2 and are increasingly used by e-commerce sites.1 For travel and tourism,3 the two most successful recommender system technologies (see Figure 1) are Triplehop’s TripMatcher (used by www. ski-europe.com, among others) and VacationCoach’s expert advice platform, MePrint (used by travelocity.com). Both of these recommender systems try to mimic the interactivity observed in traditional counselling sessions with travel agents when users search for advice on a possible holiday destination. From a technical viewpoint, they primarily use a content-based approach, in which the user expresses needs, benefits, and constraints using the offered language (attributes). The system then matches the user preferences with items in a catalog of destinations (described with the same language). VacationCoach exploits user profiling by explicitly asking the user to classify himself or herself in one profile (for example, as a “culture creature,” “beach bum,” or “trail trekker”), which induces implicit needs that the user doesn’t provide. The user can even input precise profile information by completing the appropriate form. TripleHop’s matching engine uses a more sophisticated approach to reduce user input. It guesses importance of attributes that the user does not explicitly mention. It then combines statistics on past user queries with a prediction computed as a weighted average of importance assigned by similar users.4
Effects of open endotracheal suction on lung volume in infants receiving HFOV

To describe the pattern and magnitude of lung volume change during open endotracheal tube (ETT) suction in infants receiving high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Prospective observational clinical study. Tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. Seven intubated and muscle-relaxed newborn infants receiving HFOV. Open ETT suction was performed for 6 s at −100 mmHg using a 6-F catheter passed to the ETT tip after disconnection from HFOV. The HFOV was then recommenced at the same settings as prior to ETT suction. Change in lung volume (ΔV L) referenced to baseline lung volume before suction was measured with a calibrated respiratory inductive plethysmography recording from 30 s before until 60 s after ETT suction. In all infants ETT suction resulted in significant loss of lung volume. The mean ΔV L during suctioning was −13 ml/kg (SD 4 ml/kg) (p < 0.0001 vs. baseline, repeated-measures ANOVA), with a mean 76.5% (SD 14.1%) of this volume loss being related to circuit disconnection. After recommencing HFOV lung volume was rapidly regained with mean ΔV L at 60 s being 1 ml/kg (SD 4 ml/kg) below baseline (p > 0.05, Tukey post-test). Open ETT suction caused a significant but transient loss of lung volume in muscle-relaxed newborn infants receiving HFOV.
A formal modeling platform for composing web services

Building a robust service composition is increasingly problematic as large scales of Web service operations can now be possibly achieved through the Internet. This article proposes an effective composing platform based on a formal modeling language. In particular, Petri Nets patterns are developed for enhancing service composition modeling, workflow quality measurement and scripting productivity. By providing a visual editing module, this platform allows business application developers to exploit its composing capabilities without much requiring design time or skills. 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Locally Fermented Foods in Nigeria and their Significance to National Economy: a Review

Locally fermented foods are produced by the activities of microorganisms, which while forming only a small proportion of the total weight of the foods, have profound effects on the character of the food. Locally fermented foods in Nigeria are grouped into tubers (e.g. gari, and fufu), cereals (e.g. ogi and pito), legumes (e.g. dawadawa and iru), milk (e.g. local cheeses) and beverages (e.g. palm wine). The mechanism of fermentation is biochemical and it involves lactic acid fermentation to yield products such as organic acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. Some species of microorganisms involved in fermentation are Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Penicillium and Saccharomyces. Locally fermented foods are significant in provision of employment opportunities, market improvement, availability of food supplement and poverty alleviation. Some advantages of locally fermented foods are enhancement of organoleptic and preservative properties, provision of nutritional quality, detoxification and production of antibiotics. However, they contribute to food spoilage and health defects. Some factors influencing production of locally fermented foods are temperature, water activity, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), oxygen availability and substrate used for food fermentation process.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the Web as Corpus

The Web, teeming as it is with language data, of all manner of varieties and languages, in vast quantity and freely available, is a fabulous linguists' playground. This special issue of Computational Linguistics explores ways in which this dream is being explored.