LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Do unbalanced data have a negative effect on LDA?

For two-class discrimination, Ref. [1] claimed that, when covariance matrices of the two classes were unequal, a (class) unbalanced dataset had a negative effect on the performance of linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Through re-balancing 10 realworld datasets, Ref. [1] provided empirical evidence to support the claim using AUC (Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve) as the performance metric. We suggest that such a claim is vague if not misleading, there is no solid theoretical analysis presented in [1], and AUC can lead to a quite different conclusion from that led to by misclassification error rate (ER) on the discrimination performance of LDA for unbalanced datasets. Our empirical and simulation studies suggest that, for LDA, the increase of the median of AUC (and thus the improvement of performance of LDA) from re-balancing is relatively small, while, in contrast, the increase of the median of ER (and thus the decline in performance of LDA) from re-balancing is relatively large. Therefore, from our study, there is no reliable empirical evidence to support the claim that a (class) unbalanced data set has a negative effect on the performance of LDA. In addition, re-balancing affects the performance of LDA for datasets with either equal or unequal covariance matrices, indicating that having unequal covariance matrices is not a key reason for the difference in performance between original and re-balanced data.
A survey of multi-source domain adaptation

In many machine learning algorithms, a major assumption is that the training and the test samples are in the same feature space and have the same distribution. However, for many real applications this assumption does not hold. In this paper, we survey the problem where the training samples and the test samples are from different distributions. This problem can be referred as domain adaptation. The training samples, always with labels, are obtained from what is called source domains, while the test samples, which usually have no labels or only a few labels, are obtained from what is called target domains. The source domains and the target domains are different but related to some extent; the learners can learn some information from the source domains for the learning of the target domains. We focus on the multisource domain adaptation problem where there is more than one source domain available together with only one target domain. A key issue is how to select good sources and samples for the adaptation. In this survey, we review some theoretical results and well developed algorithms for the multi-source domain adaptation problem. We also discuss some open problems which can be explored in future work. 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7–36) amide response to low versus high glycaemic index preloads in overweight subjects with and without type II diabetes mellitus

Background and objective:Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (7–36) amide (GLP-1) is an insulin secretagogue and potential treatment for type II diabetes mellitus. An alternative to GLP-1 administration is endogenous dietary stimulation. We described a greater GLP-1 release following ingestion of liquids versus solids. We add to this work studying the effect of fluid preloads with differing glycaemic indices (GI) on the metabolic response to a meal.Subjects and design:GLP-1, insulin and glucose responses were measured in six overweight individuals and six subjects with type II diabetes on three occasions, after preload (milk, low GI; Ovaltine Light, high GI; or water, non-nutritive control) and meal ingestion.Results:In people with and without diabetes, the high GI preload produced the greatest glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC)0–20, followed by the low GI preload, and water (P<0.001). In both groups, insulin IAUC0–20 was higher following high and low GI preloads compared with water (NS). In people without diabetes, the GLP-1 response was higher when high and low GI preloads were consumed compared with water (P=0.041), with no significant difference between nutritive preloads. GLP-1 response did not differ between preloads in people with diabetes. Despite initial differences, total IAUCs0–200 for biochemical variables did not differ by preload.Conclusion:We confirm that nutritive liquids stimulate GLP-1 to a greater extent than water in subjects without diabetes; however, this does not influence subsequent meal-induced response. The GI of preloads does not influence the degree of GLP-1 stimulation.
Toward automated generation of parametric BIMs based on hybrid video and laser scanning data

1474-0346/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.aei.2010.06.006 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 4048949881. E-mail address: brilakis@gatech.edu (I. Brilakis). Only very few constructed facilities today have a complete record of as-built information. Despite the growing use of Building Information Modelling and the improvement in as-built records, several more years will be required before guidelines that require as-built data modelling will be implemented for the majority of constructed facilities, and this will still not address the stock of existing buildings. A technical solution for scanning buildings and compiling Building Information Models is needed. However, this is a multidisciplinary problem, requiring expertise in scanning, computer vision and videogrammetry, machine learning, and parametric object modelling. This paper outlines the technical approach proposed by a consortium of researchers that has gathered to tackle the ambitious goal of automating as-built modelling as far as possible. The top level framework of the proposed solution is presented, and each process, input and output is explained, along with the steps needed to validate them. Preliminary experiments on the earlier stages (i.e. processes) of the framework proposed are conducted and results are shown; the work toward implementation of the remainder is ongoing. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Organizing Definitions and Formalisms for Dynamic Software Architectures

Dynamic architectural change is defined as the addition and removal of components and connectors. Dynamic software architectures are those architectures that modify their architecture and enact the modifications during the system’s execution. This behavior is most commonly known as run-time evolution or dynamism. As dynamic software architecture use becomes more widespread, it is important to gain a better understanding of this type of software evolutionary change and be able to classify formalisms, approaches and tools. Current evaluations in the areas of software architecture and evolutionary change have made strides in classification but are not sufficient to evaluate dynamic software architectures. A dedicated comparison of dynamic software architectures and architectural formalisms is necessary in order to gain a deeper understanding of run-time evolution. In this paper we present a set of classification criteria for the comparison of dynamic software architectures based on: change type, change process, and change infrastructure. We demonstrate the use of the criteria by classifying three types of dynamic software architectural change. In addition we survey 14 current approaches to the formal specification of dynamic software architectures based on graphs, process algebras, logic, and other formalisms. We then classify these approaches using the proposed criteria as well.
An Injection Island GA for Flywheel Design Optimization

This paper presents an approach to optimal design of elastic flywheels using an Injection Island Genetic Algorithm (iiGA). An iiGA in combination with a finite element code is used to search for shape variations to optimize the Specific Energy Density (SED) of elastic flywheels. SED is defined as the amount of rotational energy stored per unit mass. iiGAs seek solutions simultaneously at different levels of refinement of the problem representation (and correspondingly different definitions of the fitness function) in separate sub-populations (islands). Solutions are sought first at low levels of refinement with an axisymmetric plane stress finite element code for high speed exploration of the coarse design space. Next, individuals are injected into populations with a higher level of resolution that uses an axisymmetric three dimensional finite element model to “ fine-tune” the flywheel designs. In true multi -objective optimization, various “sub-fitness” functions can be defined that represent “good” aspects of the overall fitness function. Solutions can be sought for these various “sub-fitness” functions on different nodes and injected into a node that evaluates the overall fitness. Allowing subpopulations to explore different regions of the fitness space simultaneously allows relatively robust and efficient exploration in problems for which fitness evaluations are costly. 1.0 INTRODUCTION This paper will describe the advantages of searching with an axisymmetric plane stress finite element model (with a “sub-fitness” function) to quickly find building blocks needed to inject into an axisymmetric three-dimensional finite element model through use of an iiGA. An optimal annular composite flywheel shape will be sought by an iiGA and, for comparison, by a “ring” topology parallel GA. The flywheel is modeled as a series of concentric rings (see Figure 1). The thickness of each ring varies linearly in the radial direction with the possibilit y for a diverse set of material choices for each ring. Figure 2 shows a typical flywheel model in which symmetry is used to increase computational eff iciency. The overall fitness function for the genetic algorithm GALOPPS was the specific energy density (SED) of a flywheel, which is defined as: SED I mass = 1 2 2 ω 1.) where ω is the angular velocity of the flywheel (“sub-fitness” function), I is the mass moment of inertia defined by:
The Large energy expansion for B decays: Soft collinear effective theory

Effective field theories provide a simple and elegant method for calculating processes with several relevant energy scales [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Part of the utility of effective theories is that they dramatically simplify the summation of logarithms of ratios of mass scales, which would otherwise make perturbation theory poorly behaved. Furthermore the systematic power counting in effective theories, and the approximate symmetries of the effective field theory can greatly reduce the complexity of calculations. Consider as an example the semi-leptonic decay of a B-meson to aD-meson. In perturbation theory the one-loop corrections will typically be enhanced by log(M/ΛQCD), where M is a heavy quark mass. These logarithms are large enough so that αS log(M/ΛQCD) ∼ 1, and the perturbative expansion breaks down. Furthermore the nonperturbative physics in the decay process is parameterized in terms of two unknown form factors. The power of effective field theories is demonstrated when we consider our example within the context of heavy quark effective theory (HQET) [7]. In HQET heavy particles have been removed from QCD so that logarithms in loop integrals are of the form log(μ/ΛQCD). Furthermore the complete series of leading logarithms α s log (μ/ΛQCD) is straightforward to sum via the renormalization group. The HQET Lagrangian has a spin-flavor symmetry which reduces the number of form-factors to a single one: the Isgur-Wise function [8]. In addition HQET tells us the normalization of the Isgur-Wise function at a kinematic point. Remarkably heavy quark spin symmetry leads to additional relations among weak decay form factors. The four form factors which are required to parameterize matrix elements of vector currents and the four axial vector current form factors reduce to the single Isgur-Wise function in the heavy quark limit. This example clearly illustrates the power of effective field theories. To motivate soft collinear effective theory (SCET) I will consider another example: the decay rate for B → Xsγ. The dominant contribution to this decay arises from the magnetic penguin operator [9]
Object-oriented programming for engineering software development

The representation of engineering systems in a manner suitable for computer processing is an important aspect of software development for computer aided engineering. The process of abstraction is a well-known technique for developing data representations. Objects are a mechanism for representing data using abstraction, and object-oriented languages are languages for writing programs to manipulate objects. The paper shows through examples the advantages of object-oriented programming for developing engineering software. Mathematical graphs are used as an abstraction for two problems: (1) sorting activities in a schedule and (2) ordering nodes and elements in a finite element mesh. Classes of objects are developed for generic graphs, activity procedence graphs, and graphs of elements meshes. Object-oriented program development leads to modular programs and a substantial reuse of code for the two problems.
Revisión sistemática de mejora de procesos software en micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas

Small and medium enterprises are a very important piece in the gear of the world economy. The software industry in most of countries is composed of an industrial scheme mainly of small and medium software organizations – SMEs. To strengthen this type of organizations, efficient Software Engineering practices adapted to their size and business type are necessary. The Software Engineering community in the latest decade has expressed a special interest in software process improvement (SPI) with the purpose of improving the quality and productivity of the software. Nevertheless, there is a widespread tendency to stand out that the success of SPI is only possible for large companies. In this article a systematic review of the literature on the SPI efforts carried out in SMEs is presented. The objective is to know what has been carried out and achieved about software process improvement in this type of companies.
Youth sport: positive and negative impact on young athletes

Organized youth sports are highly popular for youth and their families, with approximately 45 million children and adolescent participants in the US. Seventy five percent of American families with school-aged children have at least one child participating in organized sports. On the surface, it appears that US children are healthy and happy as they engage in this traditional pastime, and families report higher levels of satisfaction if their children participate. However, statistics demonstrate a childhood obesity epidemic, with one of three children now being overweight, with an increasingly sedentary lifestyle for most children and teenagers. Increasing sports-related injuries, with 2.6 million emergency room visits a year for those aged 5-24 years, a 70%-80% attrition rate by the time a child is 15 years of age, and programs overemphasizing winning are problems encountered in youth sport. The challenges faced by adults who are involved in youth sports, from parents, to coaches, to sports medicine providers, are multiple, complex, and varied across ethnic cultures, gender, communities, and socioeconomic levels. It appears that an emphasis on fun while establishing a balance between physical fitness, psychologic well-being, and lifelong lessons for a healthy and active lifestyle are paramount for success.
Predictive feedback control and Fitts–law

Fitts–law is a well established empirical formula, known for encapsulating the ‘speed-accuracy trade-off’ For discrete, manual movements from a starting location to a target, Fitts–law relates movement duration to the distance moved and target size. The widespread empirical success of the formula is suggestive of underlying principles of human movement control. There have been previous attempts to relate Fitts–law to engineering-type control hypotheses and it has been shown that the law is exactly consistent with the closed-loop step-response of a time-delayed, first-order system. Assuming only the operation of closed-loop feedback, either continuous or intermittent, this paper asks whether such feedback should be predictive or not predictive to be consistent with Fitts law. Since Fitts–law is equivalent to a time delay separated from a first-order system, known control theory implies that the controller must be predictive. A predictive controller moves the time-delay outside the feedback loop such that the closed-loop response can be separated into a time delay and rational function whereas a non- predictive controller retains a state delay within feedback loop which is not consistent with Fitts–law. Using sufficient parameters, a high-order non-predictive controller could approximately reproduce Fitts–law. However, such high-order, ‘non-parametric’controllers are essentially empirical in nature, without physical meaning, and therefore are conceptually inferior to the predictive controller. It is a new insight that using closed-loop feedback, prediction is required to physically explain Fitts–law. The implication is that prediction is an inherent part of the ‘speed-accuracy trade-off’
Effect of early elbow crutch mobility on patients with post-anterior cruciate ligament repair.

OBJECTIVE
Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has focused over the past decade on early mobility and exercises in the recent years, due to advancements in the surgical techniques, presumably less strain on the graft. Thus it was necessary to investigate the effect of early mobilization with the single elbow crutch with conventional methods and its outcome responses.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Totally, 40 subjects of day 1 post-ACL oblique repair with mean age of 25 ± 5.3 years participated in the study. Subjects were divided into experimental and control groups for rehabilitation with single elbow crutch and walker, respectively, along with conventional exercises for 6 weeks. After 4th week elbow crutch and walker were discarded for both groups. Interventional outcomes were assessed by static, dynamic stability, and knee functional score at 4th and 6th weeks post-operatively for both groups.


RESULTS
Both groups showed statistically significant difference in static and dynamic stability at 4th and 6th weeks. Whereas compared with experimental group, in control group Lysholm functional score was low in at 4th and 6th weeks. It was found that outcomes were improved within each group from 4th to 6th week.


CONCLUSION
Study concluded that knee stability and Lysholm functional Knee Score were significantly improved by early mobilization although functional score was more significant in single elbow crutch group than walker and also recommended early weaning off walking aids for faster outcomes during rehabilitation of post-ACL repair.
8.2 Batteryless Sub-nW Cortex-M0+ processor with dynamic leakage-suppression logic

Recent low-voltage design techniques have enabled dramatic improvements in miniaturization and lifetime of wireless sensor nodes [1-3]. These systems typically use a secondary battery to provide energy when the sensor is awake and operating; the battery is then recharged from a harvesting source when the sensor is asleep. In these systems, the key requirement is to minimize energy per operation of the sensor. This extends the number of operations on one battery charge and/or reduces the time to recharge the battery between awake cycles. This requirement has driven significant advances in energy efficiency [1-2] and standby power consumption [3].
Electrical conductivity and space charge in LDPE containing TiO/sub 2/ nanoparticles

Electrical conductivity (DC) and space charge accumulation were studied in samples of low density polyethylene to which nano-sized and micro-sized TiO/sub 2/ (anatase) particles and a dispersant had been added. Sample thicknesses were in the range 150-200 /spl mu/m. At applied field strengths of 10 and 20 kV/mm, the conductivity at 30 /spl deg/C, measured in vacuum in samples containing 10 % w/w nano-sized TiO/sub 2/, decreased by 1-2 orders of magnitude relative to samples with dispersant but without TiO/sub 2/, and by three orders of magnitude at 70 /spl deg/C. In air at 30 /spl deg/C the corresponding decrease was an order of magnitude at 10 kV/mm, and a factor of four at 20 kV/mm. In samples containing 10 % w/w micro-sized TiO/sub 2/ the conductivity increased in air and in vacuum, but only by factors in the range 2-10 depending on temperature and field. Space charge profiles were obtained using the laser-intensity-modulation-method (LIIMM), irradiating both surfaces of the sample. The micro-sized TiO/sub 2/ particles are associated with increased charge injection from the electrodes and increased charge trapping in the sample bulk, increasing the conductivity overall. The nano-sized particles generate very little charge in the sample bulk, but render the electrodes partially-blocking and so lower the conductivity.
Disturbing the q-Dyson Conjecture

I discuss the computational methods behind the formulation of some conjectures related to variants on Andrews' $q$-Dyson conjecture.
Hyperglycaemic Preterm Babies Have Sex Differences in Insulin Secretion.

BACKGROUND
Hyperglycaemia is a common complication of prematurity and is associated with neonatal mortality and morbidity, yet the aetiology is incompletely understood. C-peptide has been used in adults to estimate endogenous insulin secretion due to its simple clearance kinetics.


OBJECTIVE
To determine insulin secretion calculated from plasma C-peptide concentrations in hyperglycaemic preterm babies.


METHODS
This is a retrospective analysis of a cohort of 41 very preterm babies with a median gestational age of 27.2 weeks (26.2-28.7) enrolled in a randomised controlled trial of tight glycaemic control when they developed hyperglycaemia (2 consecutive blood glucose concentrations, BGC, > 8.5 mmol·l(-1)). Insulin secretion was determined using a steady state analysis of a 2-compartment C-peptide kinetic model.


RESULTS
BGC, plasma insulin concentration, plasma C-peptide concentrations, and insulin secretion were higher at randomisation than 1-2 weeks following randomisation (p ≤ 0.02). Insulin secretion was higher in girls at 11.7 mU·l(-1)·kg(-1)·min(-1) (5.3-18.7) vs. 4.7 mU·l(-1)·kg(-1)·min(-1) (2.1-8.3; p < 0.005), with no difference in clinical characteristics, BGC, plasma insulin concentration, or nutrition between the sexes (p > 0.25). Insulin secretion was lower in samples taken during exogenous insulin delivery at 3.7 mU·l(-1)·kg(-1)·min(-1) (1.8-6.9) vs. 9.8 mU·l(-1)·kg(-1)·min(-1) (4.7-17.8; p = 0.02).


CONCLUSIONS
Insulin secretion was higher when babies had higher BGC, indicating that endogenous insulin secretion is sensitive to BGC. Girls had higher insulin secretion, at similar blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations, than boys.
Reconsidering race: The chinese experience on the goldfields of southern New South Wales

Over the past year or more there has been a refreshing sea breeze passing through the area of Chinese Australian history. Some of this change has its origins in a number of seminars and conferences held over the past five years, which are now finding their way into journals, books and other publications.1 This scholarship will contribute to a much more precise and informed discourse on the history of the Chinese people in Australia, particularly in the fields of historical archaeology, material culture and racial identity, and the momentum is poised to continue.