LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Automatic Stochastic Arabic Spelling Correction With Emphasis on Space Insertions and Deletions

This paper presents a stochastic-based approach for misspelling correction of Arabic text. In this approach, a context-based two-layer system is utilized to automatically correct misspelled words in large datasets. The first layer produces a list in which possible alternatives for each misspelled word are ranked using the Damerau-Levenshtein edit distance. The same layer also considers merged and split words resulting from deletion and insertion of space character. The right alternative for each misspelled word is stochastically selected based on the maximum marginal probability via A* lattice search and m-gram probability estimation. A large dataset was utilized to build and test the system. The testing results show that as we increase the size of the training set, the performance improves reaching 97.9% of F1 score for detection and 92.3% of F1 score for correction.
K-Lines: A theory of Memory

Most theories of memory suggest that when we learn or Jtletriori~e something, some "representation" of that something is cons~ructedt stored and later retrieved. This raises questions like: How is information represented? How is it stored "1 ltow is it retrieved? Then, how is it used? This paper tries to deal with all these at once. When. you gpt an idea and want to "remember" it, you create a "K-line" for it. When later activated, the K-line induces a partial mental state resembling the one that created it. A "partial mental state" is a subset of those mental ilI;!Jnch~s o}Jcrating at one mo#tent. This view leads to many ideas about the development, structure and physiology of Memory, and about how to implement· frame-like representations in a distributed processor. Ack.noWledgements: This report describes research done at. the Artificial Int~nigenc~ Laboratoryof the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Support for .. the laboratory's artificial intelligence research is provided in part by the . OfficEiofNaval Research under Office of Naval Research contract NOOO14-79C-0260, ~MASSA(,fWSl:ns 1"'5 . I . .'. I~ rm,IE OF. TECmSoWGY ~919 K-LINES: A THEOllY OF MEMORY
Long-term outcome of autoimmune hepatitis in children.

BACKGROUND AND AIM
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic disease of unknown etiology, which usually progresses to cirrhosis if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Data on long-term follow up in children with AIH are scant. The aim of this study is to assess the long-term outcome of autoimmune hepatitis in children with respect to clinical and laboratory features at presentation.


METHODS
Data were extracted from the medical records of patients presenting over a 28-year period (1972-2000) to the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Additional information was obtained by interviewing patients, and their current physicians. Of the 30 patients (22 females, mean age 9 years) identified, 18 had type I, three had type II, four had autoimmune-polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1, one had infantile giant-cell hepatitis associated with Coomb's-positive hemolytic anemia, and four were seronegative (antinuclear antibody (ANA), smooth muscle antibody (SMA) and liver-kidney microsomal antibody (LKM)).


RESULTS
Clinical features at presentation included hepatomegaly (86%), jaundice (66%) and splenomegaly (50%). Initial investigations revealed a median serum bilirubin level of 55 micromol/L (range 6-425), median aspartate aminotransferase level of 678 IU (range 70-2548), and abnormal clotting in 33% of patients. Liver biopsies were performed on all patients at presentation and 11 showed cirrhosis (36%). The mean follow-up period was 10.0 +/- 7.8 years with 43% being followed for > 10 years. Only two patients died and one required transplantation. Fourteen (50%) patients continue to be on low dose prednisolone with azathioprine, two (7%) are on prednisolone alone, and six (21%) are on no therapy. When the cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients were compared, the albumin level at presentation was significantly lower in the cirrhotic group (P=0.01). Of the patients who were cirrhotic at presentation, six (54%) remain compensated with a mean follow-up period of 8 years. All 24 patients currently under follow up are engaged in age-appropriate activities including school, part- or full-time work.


CONCLUSION
Autoimmune hepatitis has a favorable long-term outcome with a transplant-free survival rate of 90% over a mean period of 10.0 +/- 7.8 years (range: 0.5-23), and a normal or near-normal lifestyle irrespective of presenting clinical, laboratory or histological features.
Reducing malignant ascites accumulation by repeated intraperitoneal administrations of a Viscum album extract.

BACKGROUND
Malignant ascites is a major problem in the management of advanced stages of certain malignancies. The possibility of reducing the accumulation of ascites by intraperitoneal injections of a Viscum album extract (Iscador M) was evaluated.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Twenty-three patients, with end-stage malignancies of varying histology, requiring repeated peritoneal punctures, were eligible for analysis. The time-interval between the first two punctures was measured and defined as the baseline. Following each subsequent puncture, Iscador M 10 mg was injected intraperitoneally. The intervals between later punctures were compared to previous intervals.


RESULTS
Following the first injection, the median time-interval between injections increased from 7 to 12 days, reaching 13 days after the second injection. No toxicity was observed.


CONCLUSION
This phase II study suggests that installation of Iscador M into the peritoneal cavity may reduce the need for repeated punctures. A randomized trial is needed to confirm these promising preliminary results.
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure - copy and immediate recall: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population.

OBJECTIVE
To generate normative data on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate.


METHOD
The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and, Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the ROCF as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms.


RESULTS
The final multiple linear regression models explained 7-34% of the variance in ROCF copy scores and 21-41% of the variance in immediate recall scores. Although t-tests showed significant differences between men and women on ROCF copy and immediate recall scores, none of the countries had an effect size larger than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated.


CONCLUSIONS
The present study is the first to create norms for the ROCF in Latin America. As a result, this study will have important implications for the formation and practice of neuropsychology in this region.
Ibiza en la pintura costumbrista de Amadeo Roca 1 Ibiza in the costumbrista painting of Amadeo Roca

SUMMARY The controversy that aroused in the thirties provoked by the way in which Amadeo Roca represented the traditional costumes of Ibiza in his paintings acts as the structural axis of this article in order to deepen in the appropriate concept of ideal of group and in the evolutionary process that affects it. The clash between established correctness (limited by the loss of historical memory) and artistic freedom (not lacking ethnographic documentation and content) offers an interesting field of study in which ethnohistorical methodology must take part. Beside this the painter’s convenient stay in a peasant village of the island sketches an anthropological view of the place and the moment, interrelated with the process of achievement and indeed of disappearance of a part of his work.
Using the generalized Radon transform for detection of curves in noisy images

In this paper the discrete generalized Radon transform will be investigated as a tool for detection of curves in noisy digital images. The discrete generalized Radon transform maps an image into a parameter domain, where curves following a specific parameterized curve form will correspond to a peak in the parameter domain. A major advantage of the generalized Radon transform is that the curves are allowed to intersect. This enables a thresholding algorithm in the parameter domain for simultaneous detection of curve parameters. A threshold level based on the noise level in the image is derived. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the theory.
Asthmatic symptoms and volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide in dwellings.

OBJECTIVES
As a part of the worldwide European Community respiratory health survey, possible relations between symptoms of asthma, building characteristics, and indoor concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in dwellings were studied.


METHODS
The study comprised 88 subjects, aged 20-45 years, from the general population in Uppsala, a mid-Swedish urban community, selected by stratified random sampling. Room temperature, air humidity, respirable dust, carbon dioxide (CO2), VOCs, formaldehyde, and house dust mites were measured in the homes of the subjects. They underwent a structured interview, spirometry, peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements at home, methacholine provocation test for bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and skin prick tests. In addition, serum concentration of eosinophilic cationic protein (S-ECP), blood eosinophil count, and total immunoglobulin E (S-IgE) were measured.


RESULTS
Symptoms related to asthma were more common in dwellings with house dust mites, and visible signs of dampness or microbial growth in the building. Significant relations were also found between nocturnal breathlessness and presence of wall to wall carpets, and indoor concentration of CO2, formaldehyde, and VOCs. The formaldehyde concentration exceeded the Swedish limit value for dwellings (100 micrograms/m3) in one building, and CO2 exceeded the recommended limit value of 1000 ppm in 26% of the dwellings, showing insufficient outdoor air supply. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was related to indoor concentration of limonene, the most prevalent terpene. Variability in PEF was related to two other terpenes; alpha-pinen and delta-karen.


CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that indoor VOCs and formaldehyde may cause asthma-like symptoms. There is a need to increase the outdoor air supply in many dwelling, and wall to wall carpeting and dampness in the building should be avoided. Improved indoor environment can also be achieved by selecting building materials, building construction, and indoor activities on the principle that the emission of volatile organic compounds should be as low as reasonably achievable, to minimise symptoms related to asthma due to indoor air pollution.
Multidimensional normal forms for data warehouse design

A data warehouse is an integrated and time-varying collection of data derived from operational data and primarily used in strategic decision making by means of OLAP techniques. Although it is generally agreed that warehouse design is a non-trivial problem and that multidimensional data models and star or snowflake schemata are relevant in this context, there exist neither methods for deriving such a schema from an operational database nor measures for evaluating a warehouse schema. In this paper, a sequence of multidimensional normal forms is established that allow to reason about the quality of conceptual data warehouse schemata in a rigorous manner. These normal forms address traditional database design objectives such as faithfulness, completeness, and freedom of redundancies as well as the notion of summarizability, which is specific to multidimensional database schemata.
A clinical trial for patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes not eligible for standard clinical trials

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.303
Controller for Urban Intersections Based on Wireless Communications and Fuzzy Logic

A major research topic in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) is the development of systems that will be capable of controlling the flow of vehicular traffic through crossroads, particularly in urban environments. This could significantly reduce traffic jams, since autonomous vehicles would be capable of calculating the optimal speed to maximize the number of cars driving through the intersection. We describe the use of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications to determine the position and speed of the vehicles in an environment around a crossroad. These data are used to estimate the intersection point, and a fuzzy controller then modifies the speed of the cars without right of way according to the speed of the car with right of way. Experimental tests conducted with two mass-produced cars on a real circuit at the facilities of the Instituto de Automa¿tica Industrial, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cienti¿ficas, Madrid, Spain, gave excellent results.
Experiments to observe the impact of power quality and voltage-source inverters on the temperature of three-phase cage induction motors using an infra-red camera

Nowadays, voltage-source inverters (VSIs) are widely used to control speed, torque and/or position of three-phase, squirrel-cage, induction motors (IMs). However, the harmonic distortion inherent to the VSI output PWM voltages leads to the increase of the motor operating temperature and, consequently, to the reduction of the electric insulation system lifetime. Additionally, the most common long-duration voltage anomalies in the power network, such as voltage magnitude deviation, unbalance and harmonic distortion, have a well-known impact on IMs' performance and lifetime. The operating temperature increase due to poor power quality is particularly critical in the totally-enclosed, fan-cooled IMs. In order to allow a direct observation of the temperature distribution in IMs subjected to different voltage supply conditions, a set of experiments are proposed, using a totally-enclosed, fan-cooled IM, an end-shield-less, fan-less IM, and an infra-red camera to acquire the temperature maps in the frame for the first mentioned motor and in the stator core, stator windings and rotor for the last mentioned motor. The motor steady-state temperature is directly related with the losses being produced in it under different operating conditions, including ambient temperature, load, speed and input power quality. The proposed laboratorial experiments can be used to easily observe and study that relation, including the impact of PWM voltage supply and of individual voltage harmonics in the IMs' operation, being a contribution in the scope of electrical engineering education, particularly for electric machines and power electronics courses.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA AGAINST PARACETAMOL-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE IN RATS

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Withania somnifera against Paracetamol-induced liver injury in rats. Methods: In the present study, the protective effect of Withania somnifera was investigated against Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity and compared with Silymarin, a standard hepatoprotective reference drug. The rats received a single dose of paracetamol (900 mg/kg body weight, i.p.); Withania somnifera (500 mg/kg body weight and 1000mg/kg body weight, p.o.) and Silymarin (25 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) were administered 30 min after the injection of paracetamol. Liver marker enzymes (Aspartate Transaminase, Alanine Transaminase and Alkaline Phosphatase), Total Protein content, Bilirubin, Antioxidant status (Reduced Glutathione, Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione-S-Transferase) were evaluated and histopathological analysis was done for the control and experimental rats. Results: Paracetamol treatment leads to elevated levels of liver marker enzymes and bilirubin and there was deterioration in total protein content, histological observations and antioxidant status. However, treatment with Withania somnifera significantly reversed (p < 0.05) the above changes compared to the control group as observed in the paracetamol-challenged rats. Conclusion: The results clearly demonstrate that Withania somnifera possesses promising hepatoprotective effects through its antioxidant activity and hence suggests its use as a potential therapeutic agent for protection from paracetamol overdose.
Dynamics of Long-term Anhydrobiotic Survival of Lichen-dwelling Tardigrades

It is not rare to find in references that anhydrobiotic tardigrades can survive for more than a century. However, a closer look at the empirical evidence provides very little support that tardigrades are capable of surviving dried for such a long time. In order to resolve this discrepancy, we carried out a study to evaluate the long-term survival of naturally dried tardigrades. A large fragment of dry lichen (Xanthoria parietina) was collected in the field two days after a rainy day in 1999. The dry lichen was stored inside a paper bag in the laboratory at room temperature and humidity and under atmospheric oxygen exposure. Replicates of the dry lichen were re-hydrated after various time periods of storage, with all tardigrades extracted and the survivors enumerated. Five species of tardigrades were found, but two of them only occasionally. Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri, Echiniscus testudo and Echiniscus trisetosus were sufficiently represented for statistical analysis. At the beginning of the experiment 91.1% of R. oberhaeuseri and 71.7% of Echiniscus spp. were alive. R. oberhaeuseri survived up to 1604 days, while Echiniscus spp. lived up to 1085 days. Recovery after four years of anhydrobiosis has to be considered a very good long-term survival, which is important from an ecological and evolutionary point of view.
Effect of corrosion models on the time-dependent reliability of steel plated elements

Time-dependent reliability considering corrosion and fatigue has received increasing attention recently. Many corrosion models have been proposed. In this paper, a new corrosion model which could better describe the corrosion process of actual steel structures under corrosive environment is proposed. This model is also compared with other existing corrosion models. The effect of corrosion models on the time-dependent reliability is studied using a steel plated element which has found wide applications in engineering structures. The advantages and the flexibility of the present corrosion model are demonstrated. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Emotion Recognition in Speech Using Neural Networks

Emotion recognition in speech is a topic on which little research has been done to-date. In this paper, we discuss why emotion recognition in speech is a significant and applicable research topic, and present a system for emotion recognition using oneclass-in-one neural networks. By using a large database of phoneme balanced words, our system is speakerand context-independent. We achieve a recognition rate of approximately 50% when testing eight emotions.
From the plastic model to the computer model

We are in an era where the engineer is aided in design, drafting, engineering, manufacture, control and maintenance by computers. The most important fact is that there is a single source of information available which maintains the integrity of a project. This is the computer model. What does the future hold for the plastic model? This paper considers the computer model with reference to the plant design industry.
Co-existence of insulin resistance and high concentrations of circulating oxidized LDL lipids.

INTRODUCTION
Insulin metabolism has been previously linked to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), but corroborating intervention studies are lacking. We investigated whether changes in ox-LDL levels are accompanied by changes in insulin sensitivity in a 32-month life-style intervention study.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A 2-month weight reduction was followed by 6-month diet and exercise counselling and a 2-year follow-up period. Men of 35-50 years of age, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2), and waist circumference > 100 cm were recruited via newspapers in the city of Tampere, Finland. Of the 90 men meeting the inclusion criteria, 67 (76%) completed the study. Ox-LDL was estimated as the presence of oxidized lipids in LDL. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), ox-LDL, and ratio of ox-LDL and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ox-LDL/HDL-c) were used as the main outcome measures.


RESULTS
The detected changes in HOMA-IR were strikingly similar to those in ox-LDL and ox-LDL/HDL-c. Compared to the first HOMA-IR quartile, the fourth quartile had 23%-51% higher concentrations in ox-LDL and ox-LDL/HDL-c at all time points (P < 0.05 for all).


CONCLUSION
This weight reduction intervention study adds evidence to support the connection between insulin metabolism and oxidized LDL, possibly contributing to the higher incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases among diabetic patients.
Metabolomic profiling of oesophago-gastric cancer: a systematic review.

AIMS
This review aims to identify metabolomic biomarkers of oesophago-gastric (OG) cancer in human biological samples, and to discuss the dominant metabolic pathways associated with the observed changes.


METHODS
A systematic review of the literature, up to and including 9th November 2012, was conducted for experimental studies investigating the metabolomic profile of human biological samples from patients with OG cancer compared to a control group. Inclusion criteria for analytical platforms were mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The QUADAS-2 tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies.


RESULTS
Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria and samples utilised for metabolomic analysis included tissue (n = 11), serum (n = 8), urine (n = 1) and gastric content (n = 1). Several metabolites of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, anaerobic respiration and protein/lipid metabolism were found to be significantly different between cancer and control samples. Lactate and fumurate were the most commonly recognised biomarkers of OG cancer related to cellular respiration. Valine, glutamine and glutamate were the most commonly identified amino acid biomarkers. Products of lipid metabolism including saturated and un-saturated free fatty acids, ketones and aldehydes and triacylglycerides were also identified as biomarkers of OG cancer. Unclear risk of bias for patient selection was reported for the majority of studies due to the lack of clarity regarding patient recruitment.


CONCLUSION
The application of metabolomics for biomarker detection in OG cancer presents new opportunities for the purposes of screening and therapeutic monitoring. Future studies should provide clear details of patient selection and develop metabolite assays suitable for progress beyond phase 1 pre-clinical exploratory studies.