LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Selecting a Project 's Methodology

The punch line is that having multiple methodologies is appropriate and necessary. We can differentiate them according to staff size and system criticality (more dimensions exist, but these two serve well initially). For any point in the size–criticality space, methodology designers select a scope of concerns, prioritizing some quality of the project. Based on these choices, the project team selects how light or heavy a methodology they want for their project. (See the " Vocabulary " sidebar for a discussion of methodology weight and other pertinent terms.) To help software development teams handle the selection, I describe several principles that underlie methodology design. I have successfully used these principles on several software development projects, one of which I describe in some detail in this article. Under standards, we find notations, such as the drawing and programming languages selected ; policies, such as incremental-development use; and conventions—the standards the project team determines. Team values, the least obvious element in the above list, are what the team strives for in terms of how it communicates and works. Different team values promote different methodologies. Some companies have methodologies that cover from the initial sales call through maintenance and all roles for which project funds pay (see Figure 2). Most books containing what people call methodologies have mainly just the designer or programmer in mind, showing a few techniques and drawing standards. Fitting these techniques and standards into a methodology framework, we understand why software developers get frustrated when they see authors call these things methodologies. The individual design focus Selecting a Project's Methodology Alistair Cockburn, Humans and Technology This article describes a framework for methodology differentiation, principles for methodology selection, and project experiences using these ideas. H ow do we determine the need for various processes or methodologies, and what helps us choose the appropriate one for our project? To answer these questions, we need to get to the bottom of the controversy over methodolo-gies and discover the dimensions along which they vary. process diversity
A global alliance declaring war on cassava viruses in Africa

James Legg & Eklou Attiogbevi Somado & Ian Barker & Larry Beach & Hernan Ceballos & Willmer Cuellar & Warid Elkhoury & Dan Gerling & Jan Helsen & Clair Hershey & Andy Jarvis & Peter Kulakow & Lava Kumar & Jim Lorenzen & John Lynam & Matthew McMahon & Gowda Maruthi & Doug Miano & Kiddo Mtunda & Pheneas Natwuruhunga & Emmanuel Okogbenin & Phemba Pezo & Eugene Terry & Graham Thiele & Mike Thresh & Jonathan Wadsworth & Steve Walsh & Stephan Winter & Joe Tohme & Claude Fauquet
Intrapleural chemo- and hyperthermotherapies for malignant pleural effusion: a randomized prospective study.

OBJECTIVE
The current prospective randomized study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combined intrapleural cisplatin and OK-432 (picibanil) plus hyperthermotherapy in patients with malignant pleural effusion (MPE).


METHODS
A total of 358 patients with MPE due to end-stage malignancies were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups, A and B: the intrapleural combination of cisplatin and OK-432 with hyperthermotherapy (n = 179) or without hyperthermotherapy (n = 179), respectively. Mild toxicities such as nausea, vomiting or anorexia, bone marrow depression, and pyrexia were similar in both groups.


RESULT
Patients in Group A (with hyperthermotherapy) showed a significantly higher overall response (93.4%) compared to those in Group B (79.8%, χ(2) = 43.11, p < .05). The median survival time for patients in Group A and Group B were 8.9 and 6.2 months, respectively (p > .05). After treatment, the quality of life scores were significantly increased in both groups as compared to prior treatment (p < .05).


CONCLUSION
In conclusion, our study suggests that combined intrapleural cisplatin and OK-432 followed by hyperthermotherapy are more effective in the control of MPE and improve patients' quality of life.
Dynamic Software Birthmarks to Detect the Theft of Windows Applications

This paper proposes dynamic software birthmarks which can be extracted during execution of Windows applications. Birthmarks are unique and native characteristics of software. For a pair of softwarep andq, if q has the same birthmarks as p’ , q is suspected as a copy of p. Our security analysis showed that the proposed birthmark has good tolerance against various kinds of program transformation attacks.
What's New about the New Economy? Sources of Growth in the Managed and Entrepreneurial Economies

The purpose of this paper is to document the fundamental shift that is taking place in OECD countries. This shift is from the managed economy to the entrepreneurial economy. While politicians and policy makers have made a plea for guidance in the era of entrepreneurship, scholars have been slow to respond. This paper attempts to make a first step identifying and articulating these differences. We do this by contrasting the most fundamental elements of the newly emerging entrepreneurial economy with those of the managed economy. We identify fourteen trade-offs confronting these two polar worlds. The common thread throughout these trade-offs is the increased role of new and small enterprises in the entrepreneurial economy. A particular emphasis is placed on changes in economic policy demanded by the entrepreneurial economy vis-à-vis the managed economy.
Reconciling time, space and function: A new dorsal–ventral stream model of sentence comprehension

We present a new dorsal-ventral stream framework for language comprehension which unifies basic neurobiological assumptions (Rauschecker & Scott, 2009) with a cross-linguistic neurocognitive sentence comprehension model (eADM; Bornkessel & Schlesewsky, 2006). The dissociation between (time-dependent) syntactic structure-building and (time-independent) sentence interpretation assumed within the eADM provides a basis for the division of labour between the dorsal and ventral streams in comprehension. We posit that the ventral stream performs time-independent unifications of conceptual schemata, serving to create auditory objects of increasing complexity. The dorsal stream engages in the time-dependent combination of elements, subserving both syntactic structuring and a linkage to action. Furthermore, frontal regions accomplish general aspects of cognitive control in the service of action planning and execution rather than linguistic processing. This architecture is supported by a range of existing empirical findings and helps to resolve a number of theoretical and empirical puzzles within the existing dorsal-ventral streams literature.
Genre and game studies: toward a critical approach to video game genres

This article examines the notion of genre in video games. The main argument is that the market-based categories of genre that have been developed in the context of video games obscure the new medium’s crucial defining feature, by dividing them into categories (loosely) organized by their similarities to prior forms of mediation. The article explores the inherent tension between the conception of video games as a unified new media form, and the current fragmented genre-based approach that explicitly or implicitly concatenates video games with prior media forms. This tension reflects the current debate, within the fledgling discipline of Game Studies, between those who advocate narrative as the primary tool for understanding video games, “narratologists,” and those that oppose this notion, “ludologists.” In reference to this tension, the article argues that video game genres be examined in order to assess what kind of assumptions stem from the uncritical acceptance of genre as a descriptive category. Through a critical examination of the key game genres, this article will demonstrate how the clearly defined genre boundaries collapse to reveal structural similarities between the genres that exist within the current genre system, defined within the context of visual aesthetic or narrative structure. The inability of the current genre descriptions to locate and highlight these particular features suggests that to privilege the categories of the visual and narrative is a failure to understand the medium. The article concludes by suggesting that the tension between “ludology” and “narratology” can be more constructively engaged by conceptualizing video games as operating in the interplay between these two taxonomies of genre.
The Smartphone in Medicine: A Review of Current and Potential Use Among Physicians and Students

BACKGROUND
Advancements in technology have always had major impacts in medicine. The smartphone is one of the most ubiquitous and dynamic trends in communication, in which one's mobile phone can also be used for communicating via email, performing Internet searches, and using specific applications. The smartphone is one of the fastest growing sectors in the technology industry, and its impact in medicine has already been significant.


OBJECTIVE
To provide a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of the role of the smartphone in medicine by highlighting the ways in which it can enhance continuing medical education, patient care, and communication. We also examine the evidence base for this technology.


METHODS
We conducted a review of all published uses of the smartphone that could be applicable to the field of medicine and medical education with the exclusion of only surgical-related uses.


RESULTS
In the 60 studies that were identified, we found many uses for the smartphone in medicine; however, we also found that very few high-quality studies exist to help us understand how best to use this technology.


CONCLUSIONS
While the smartphone's role in medicine and education appears promising and exciting, more high-quality studies are needed to better understand the role it will have in this field. We recommend popular smartphone applications for physicians that are lacking in evidence and discuss future studies to support their use.
Video Temporal Super-resolution Based on Self-similarity

We propose a method for making temporal super-resolution video from a single video by exploiting the self-similarity that exists in the spatio-temporal domain of videos. Temporal super-resolution is inherently ill-posed problem because there are an infinite number of high temporal resolution frames that can produce the same low temporal resolution frame. The key idea in this work to solve this ambiguity is exploiting self-similarity, i.e., a self-similar appearance that represents integrated motion of objects during each exposure time of videos with different temporal resolutions. In contrast with other methods that try to generate plausible intermediate frames based on temporal interpolation, our method can increase the temporal resolution of a given video, for instance by resolving one frame to two frames. Based on the quantitative evaluation of experimental results, we demonstrate that our method can generate enhanced videos with increased temporal resolution thereby recovering appearances of dynamic scenes.
Accurate and efficient gate-level parametric yield estimation considering correlated variations in leakage power and performance

Increasing levels of process variation in current technologies have a major impact on power and performance, and result in parametric yield loss. In this work we develop an efficient gate-level approach to accurately estimate the parametric yield defined by leakage power and delay constraints, by finding the joint probability distribution function (jpdf) for delay and leakage power. We consider inter-die variations as well as intra-die variations with correlated and random components. The correlation between power and performance arise due to their dependence on common process parameters and is shown to have a significant impact on yield in high-frequency bins. We also propose a method to estimate parametric yield given the power/delay jpdf that is much faster than numerical integration with good accuracy. The proposed approach is implemented and compared with Monte Carlo simulations and shows high accuracy, with the yield estimates achieving an average error of 2%.
Alcohol dependence in same-sex and opposite-sex twins

Males with a female co-twin are more likely to become alcohol-dependent than males with a male co-twin. According to the twin testosterone transfer model, this finding can be interpreted as indirect evidence for a role of prenatal testosterone in alcohol dependence.
Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament

BACKGROUND
Periodontal diseases that lead to the destruction of periodontal tissues--including periodontal ligament (PDL), cementum, and bone--are a major cause of tooth loss in adults and are a substantial public-health burden worldwide. PDL is a specialised connective tissue that connects cementum and alveolar bone to maintain and support teeth in situ and preserve tissue homoeostasis. We investigated the notion that human PDL contains stem cells that could be used to regenerate periodontal tissue.


METHODS
PDL tissue was obtained from 25 surgically extracted human third molars and used to isolate PDL stem cells (PDLSCs) by single-colony selection and magnetic activated cell sorting. Immunohistochemical staining, RT-PCR, and northern and western blot analyses were used to identify putative stem-cell markers. Human PDLSCs were transplanted into immunocompromised mice (n=12) and rats (n=6) to assess capacity for tissue regeneration and periodontal repair. Findings PDLSCs expressed the mesenchymal stem-cell markers STRO-1 and CD146/MUC18. Under defined culture conditions, PDLSCs differentiated into cementoblast-like cells, adipocytes, and collagen-forming cells. When transplanted into immunocompromised rodents, PDLSCs showed the capacity to generate a cementum/PDL-like structure and contribute to periodontal tissue repair.


INTERPRETATION
Our findings suggest that PDL contains stem cells that have the potential to generate cementum/PDL-like tissue in vivo. Transplantation of these cells, which can be obtained from an easily accessible tissue resource and expanded ex vivo, might hold promise as a therapeutic approach for reconstruction of tissues destroyed by periodontal diseases.
Effects of visual feedback therapy on postural control in bilateral standing after stroke: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE
To establish whether bilateral standing with visual feedback therapy after stroke improves postural control compared with conventional therapy and to evaluate the generalization of the effects of visual feedback therapy on gait and gait-related activities.


DESIGN
A systematic review.


METHODS
A computer-aided literature search was performed. Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials, comparing visual feedback therapy with conventional balance treatments were included up to April 2005. The methodological quality of each study was assessed with the the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Depending on existing heterogeneity, studies with a common variable of outcome were pooled by calculating the summary effect-sizes using fixed or random effects models.


RESULTS
Eight out of 78 studies, presenting 214 subjects, were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The methodological quality ranged from 3 to 6 points. The meta-analysis demonstrated non-significant summary effect-sizes in favour of visual feedback therapy for weight distribution and postural sway, as well as balance and gait performance, and gait speed.


CONCLUSION
The additional value of visual feedback therapy in bilateral standing compared with conventional therapy shows no statistically significant effects on symmetry of weight distribution between paretic and non-paretic leg, postural sway in bilateral standing, gait and gait-related activities. Visual feedback therapy should not be favoured over conventional therapy. The question remains as to exactly how asymmetry in weight distribution while standing is related to balance control in patients with stroke.
Partial Scan Design Based on Circuit State Information

State information of a sequential circuit can be used to evaluate the complexity of test generation. The ratio of valid states to all the states of the circuit is an important indicator of test generation complexity. Using valid states obtained via logic simulation, a testability measure based on the density of encoding is proposed for scan flip flop selection. A second testability measure based on the test generation state information is also presented and used to select scan flip flops. Cycles are broken selectively on the basis of the circuit state information. Good fault coverage and test efficiency are obtained when fewer scan flip flops than the minimum cut set are selected. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Nonmedical prescription opioid and sedative use among adolescents in the emergency department.

OBJECTIVES
Nonmedical prescription opiate use (NPOU) and nonmedical prescription sedative use (NPSU) are serious public health concerns. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and emergency department (ED) visit characteristics and other correlates associated with past-year NPOU and NPSU among adolescents and young adults using the ED.


METHODS
Participants aged 14 to 20 presenting to the ED at the University of Michigan Medical Center between September 2010 and September 2011 were systematically recruited. A computerized self-report screening survey with validated items measuring past-year NPOU, NPSU, substance use, and violence was delivered to participants, and a retrospective chart review was performed.


RESULTS
Of the 2135 participants (86.0% response rate), 222 (10.4%) reported either NPOU or NPSU. Among the 185 (8.7%) participants that reported NPOU, 14.6% had a current home prescription for an opioid and among the 115 (5.4%) with NPSU, 12.3% had a current home prescription for a sedative. After controlling for demographics (age, gender, race, public assistance), correlates of NPOU or NPSU included other substance use, and drinking and driving or riding with a drinking driver. Additional correlates of NPOU included receiving an intravenous opioid in the ED and for NPSU, dating violence, presenting to the ED for a noninjury complaint, and previous ED visit in the past year.


CONCLUSIONS
Nearly 1 in 10 young people who use the ED for care report NPOU or NPSU, and only 12.3% and 14.6% report having current home prescriptions for sedatives and opioids. The ED represents a key location for screening and intervention efforts.
Dermal fillers in aesthetics: an overview of adverse events and treatment approaches

BACKGROUND
The ever-expanding range of dermal filler products for aesthetic soft tissue augmentation is of benefit for patients and physicians, but as indications and the number of procedures performed increase, the number of complications will likely also increase.


OBJECTIVE
To describe potential adverse events associated with dermal fillers and to provide structured and clear guidance on their treatment and avoidance.


METHODS
Reports of dermal filler complications in the medical literature were reviewed and, based on the publications retrieved and the authors' extensive experience, recommendations for avoiding and managing complications are provided.


RESULTS
Different dermal fillers have widely varying properties, associated risks, and injection requirements. All dermal fillers have the potential to cause complications. Most are related to volume and technique, though some are associated with the material itself. The majority of adverse reactions are mild and transient, such as bruising and trauma-related edema. Serious adverse events are rare, and most are avoidable with proper planning and technique.


CONCLUSION
For optimum outcomes, aesthetic physicians should have a detailed understanding of facial anatomy; the individual characteristics of available fillers; their indications, contraindications, benefits, and drawbacks; and ways to prevent and avoid potential complications.
Judges Awareness, Understanding, and Application of Digital Evidence

iii Acknowledgements iv List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Chapters
Pressure-relieving properties of various shoe inserts in older people with plantar heel pain.

Plantar heel pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions affecting the foot and it is commonly experienced by older adults. Contoured foot orthoses and some heel inserts have been found to be effective for plantar heel pain, however the mechanism by which they achieve their effects is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of foot orthoses and heel inserts on plantar pressures in older adults with plantar heel pain. Thirty-six adults aged over 65 years with plantar heel pain participated in the study. Using the in-shoe Pedar(®) system, plantar pressure data were recorded while participants walked along an 8 m walkway wearing a standardised shoe and 4 different shoe inserts. The shoe inserts consisted of a silicon heel cup, a soft foam heel pad, a heel lift and a prefabricated foot orthosis. Data were collected for the heel, midfoot and forefoot. Statistically significant attenuation of heel peak plantar pressure was provided by 3 of the 4 shoe inserts. The greatest reduction was achieved by the prefabricated foot orthosis, which provided a fivefold reduction compared to the next most effective insert. The contoured nature of the prefabricated foot orthosis allowed for an increase in midfoot contact area, resulting in a greater redistribution of force. The prefabricated foot orthosis was also the only shoe insert that did not increase forefoot pressure. The findings from this study indicate that of the shoe inserts tested, the contoured prefabricated foot orthosis is the most effective at reducing pressure under the heel in older people with heel pain.
Automated suprathreshold screening for glaucoma: the Baltimore Eye Survey.

PURPOSE
To evaluate automated suprathreshold perimetric screening for glaucoma in a population-based survey of ocular disorders in east Baltimore, Maryland.


METHODS
A population-based sample of persons > or = 40 years of age residing in 16 clusters was selected for an ocular screening examination that included automated suprathreshold testing with the Full Field 120 program of the Humphrey Field Analyzer. Subjects who failed the test underwent manual testing to confirm the defect. Subjects were referred for definitive examination by an ophthalmologist if they had an abnormal field, visual acuity worse than 20/30, intraocular pressure > 21 mm Hg, optic disc damage, a history of glaucoma, or shallow angles. The sensitivity and specificity of the automated visual field testing for identifying glaucoma was estimated and compared with other methods to screen for glaucoma.


RESULTS
Of 5,341 subjects > or = 40 years of age who underwent a screening eye examination at neighborhood centers, 4,735 (89%) completed the automated field test. The median test time was 7.25 minutes per eye. Screening test results were abnormal in one or both eyes in 1,234 (26%) of the subjects. Kinetic perimetry was performed on 95% of these subjects, and defects were confirmed for 448 (36%) of them. Hence, 9.5% of the 4,735 subjects who completed the automated test were referred for definitive examination because the defect on automated perimetry was confirmed on manual testing. For a specificity of 90%, the sensitivity of the screening visual field test to detect glaucoma was 52% for 17 or more relative or absolute defects, higher than that of intraocular pressure at 39% for a cut-off of 20.5 mm Hg, vertical cup-to-disc ratio at 45% for a cut-off of 0.53, narrowest remaining rim width at 42% for a cut-off of 0.16, and was comparable to a combination of these and other nonfield parameters.


CONCLUSION
Suprathreshold testing performed better than nonperimetry-based screening tests for glaucoma. However, a number of logistical weaknesses of this visual field screening method were identified.