LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Aerodynamics and Energetics of Intermittent Flight in Birds

SYNOPSIS. Hypotheses explaining the use of intermittent bounding and undulating flight modes in birds are considered. Existing theoretical models of intermittent flight have assumed that the animal flies at a constant speed throughout. They predict that mean mechanical power in undulating (flap-gliding) flight is reduced compared to steady flight over a broad range of speeds, but is reduced in bounding flight only at very high flight speeds. Lift generated by the bird’s body or tail has a small effect on power, but is insufficient to explain observations of bounding at intermediate flight speeds. Measurements on starlings Sturnus vulgaris in undulating flight in a wind tunnel show that flight speed varies by around 61 m/sec during a flap-glide cycle. Dynamic energy is used to quantify flight performance, and reveals that the geometry of the flight path depends upon wingbeat kinematics, and that neither flapping nor gliding phases are at constant speed and angle to the horizontal. The bird gains both kinetic and potential energy during the flapping phases. A new theoretical model indicates that such speed variation can give significant savings in mechanical power in both bounding and undulating flight. Alternative hypotheses for intermittent flight include a gearing mechanism, based on duty factor, mediating muscle power or force output against aerodynamic requirements. This could explain the use of bounding flight in hovering and climbing in small passerines. Both bounding and undulating confer other adaptive benefits; undulating may be primitive in birds, but bounding may have evolved in response to flight performance optimization, or to factors such as unpredictability in response to predation.
Preoperative abdominal muscle elongation with botulinum toxin A for complex incisional ventral hernia repair.

BACKGROUND
Surgical repair of recurrent abdominal incisional hernia(s) can be challenging due to complex operative conditions, intense post-operative pain, potential respiratory compromise and lateral muscle traction predisposing to early recurrence. We report our preliminary results with botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection causing flaccid paralysis (relaxation) of the lateral abdominal wall muscles prior to surgery.


METHODS
A prospective pilot study measured the effect of preoperative BTA prior to elective repair of recurrent abdominal hernias. Under ultrasound control, 2 weeks prior to surgery, 50 units of BTA was injected into the external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles at three sites on each side of the lateral abdominal wall (total dose 300 units). Pre- and post-BTA abdominal computed tomography measured changes in abdominal wall muscle thickness and length. All hernias were repaired with laparoscopic or laparoscopic-assisted mesh techniques in a single or two-staged procedure.


RESULTS
Eight patients received BTA injections which were tolerated with no complications. Post-BTA preoperative computed tomography showed a significant increase in mean length of lateral abdominal wall from 18.5 cm pre-BTA to 21.3 cm post-BTA (P = 0.017) with a mean unstretched length gain of 2.8 cm per side (range 0.8-6.0 cm). All hernias were surgically reduced with mesh with no early recurrence.


CONCLUSION
Preoperative BTA injection prior to complex abdominal hernia repair is a safe procedure that causes flaccid relaxation, elongation and thinning of the lateral abdominal muscles and decrease in hernia defect. Although further evaluation is required, BTA injections may be a useful adjunct to surgical repair of complex incisional hernias.
Pseudo-Multiple-Exposure-Based Tone Fusion With Local Region Adjustment

New generations of display technologies provide a significantly improved dynamic range compared to conventional display devices. Inverse tone mapping methods have been proposed to convert low dynamic range (LDR) images to HDR ones, and several of them require multiple exposure LDR images of the same scene as inputs. However, the vast majority of LDR images and videos available have only one single exposure. In this paper, we propose a region-based enhancement of the pseudo-exposures to generate an HDR image. First, we present an exposure dependent curve to convert one LDR image to the pseudo-multiple-exposures. Only certain regions of the pseudo-exposures contain noticeable detail information. We propose a region-based enhancement on the pseudo-exposures to boost details in the most distinct region. Thereby the region-enhanced pseudo-exposures are fused into an HDR image. The fused image thus enhances details in the bright region of the dark image and the dark region of the bright image. Compared with other inverse tone mapped methods, our method generates lower total contrast error measured under the dynamic range independent image quality assessment method in [1].
AceMap: A Novel Approach towards Displaying Relationship among Academic Literatures

ABSTRACT A large number of papers are being published every year, which makes it difficult for researchers to grasp the relationship among the scientific literatures and the big picture of academic fields. The new challenges have thus been raised, such as analyzing the complicated citation and author network, mining valuable scientific knowledge, and visualizing big scholarly data. The existing academic systems, such as Google Scholar and DBLP have mainly adopted text-based methods, while some other systems make attempts to better navigate the literatures, for example, AMiner and Science Navigation Map. Although these systems show improvements, they fail to present the academic data in a holistic way, and also have limited functions. Therefore, we need to develop new tools which can realize more modules and further explore the academic literatures.
Coexistence of ferromagnetism and metallic conductivity in a molecule-based layered compound

Crystal engineering—the planning and construction of crystalline supramolecular architectures from modular building blocks—permits the rational design of functional molecular materials that exhibit technologically useful behaviour such as conductivity and superconductivity, ferromagnetism and nonlinear optical properties. Because the presence of two cooperative properties in the same crystal lattice might result in new physical phenomena and novel applications, a particularly attractive goal is the design of molecular materials with two properties that are difficult or impossible to combine in a conventional inorganic solid with a continuous lattice. A promising strategy for creating this type of ‘bi-functionality’ targets hybrid organic/inorganic crystals comprising two functional sub-lattices exhibiting distinct properties. In this way, the organic π-electron donor bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) and its derivatives, which form the basis of most known molecular conductors and superconductors, have been combined with molecular magnetic anions, yielding predominantly materials with conventional semiconducting or conducting properties, but also systems that are both superconducting and paramagnetic. But interesting bulk magnetic properties fail to develop, owing to the discrete nature of the inorganic anions. Another strategy for achieving cooperative magnetism involves insertion of functional bulky cations into a polymeric magnetic anion, such as the bimetallic oxalato complex [MnIICrIII(C2O4)3]-, but only insoluble powders have been obtained in most cases. Here we report the synthesis of single crystals formed by infinite sheets of this magnetic coordination polymer interleaved with layers of conducting BEDT-TTF cations, and show that this molecule-based compound displays ferromagnetism and metallic conductivity.
Research Guides: Sustainability Science and Society: Finding Scholarly Journal Articles

The Sustainability Science and Society program addresses the interactions between social and ecological systems with new perspectives and academic approaches. Links and videos to
A social gamification framework for a K-6 learning platform

As video games, particularly, social games are growing in popularity and number of users, there has been an increasing interest in its potential as innovative teaching tools. Gamification is a new concept intending to use elements from video games in non-game applications. Education is an area with high potential for application of this concept since it seeks to promote people’s motivation and engagement. The research in progress will try to find how to apply social gamification in education, testing and validating the results of that application. To fulfil these objectives, this paper presents the guidelines and main features of a social gamification framework to be applied in an existent K-6 social learning environment. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dermoscopy of discoid lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND
Dermoscopy is useful in evaluating skin tumours, but its applicability also extends into the field of inflammatory skin disorders. Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) represents the most common subtype of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. While dermoscopy and videodermoscopy have been shown to aid the differentiation of scalp DLE from other causes of scarring alopecia, limited data exist concerning dermoscopic criteria of DLE in other locations, such as the face, trunk and extremities.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the dermoscopic criteria observed in a series of patients with DLE located on areas other than the scalp, and to correlate them to the underlying histopathological alterations.


METHODS
DLE lesions located on the face, trunk and extremities were dermoscopically and histopathologically examined. Selection of the dermoscopic variables included in the evaluation process was based on data in the available literature on DLE of the scalp and on our preliminary observations. Analysis of data was done with SPSS analysis software.


RESULTS
Fifty-five lesions from 37 patients with DLE were included in the study. Perifollicular whitish halo, follicular keratotic plugs and telangiectasias were the most common dermoscopic criteria. Statistical analysis revealed excellent correlation between dermoscopic and histopathological findings. Notably, a time-related alteration of dermoscopic features was observed.


CONCLUSIONS
The present study provides new insights into the dermoscopic variability of DLE located on the face, trunk and extremities.
The risk of prostate cancer amongst South Asian men in southern England: the PROCESS cohort study.

J O U R N A L C O M P I L A T I O N © 2 0 0 9 B J U I N T E R N A T I O N A L | 1 0 3 , 5 5 3 – 5 5 5 | doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08395.x 5 5 3 Asian men in southern England: the PROCESS cohort study. BJU Int 2008; 102 : 1407–12 2 Rastogi T, Devesa S, Mangtani P et al. Cancer incidence rates among South Asians in four geographic regions: India, Singapore, UK US. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37 : 147–60 3 Stewart BW and Kleihues P, eds. World Cancer Report . Lyon: IARC Press, 2003 4 Martin FL, Grover PL. The initiation of breast and prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23 : 1095–102 5 Ben-Shlomo Y, Evans S, Ibrahim F et al. The risk of prostate cancer amongst Black Men in the United Kingdom: The PROCESS cohort study. Eur Urol 2008; 53 : 99–105
An AeroCom Assessment of Black Carbon in Arctic Snow and Sea Ice

Though many global aerosols models prognose surface deposition, only a few models have been used to directly simulate the radiative effect from black carbon (BC) deposition to snow and sea ice. Here, we apply aerosol deposition fields from 25 models contributing to two phases of the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models (AeroCom) project to simulate and evaluate within-snow BC concentrations and radiative effect in the Arctic. We accomplish this by driving the offline land and sea ice components of the Community Earth System Model with different deposition fields and meteorological conditions from 2004 to 2009, during which an extensive field campaign of BC measurements in Arctic snow occurred. We find that models generally underestimate BC concentrations in snow in northern Russia and Norway, while overestimating BC amounts elsewhere in the Arctic. Although simulated BC distributions in snow are poorly correlated with measurements, mean values are reasonable. The multi-model mean (range) bias in BC concentrations, sampled over the same grid cells, snow depths, and months of measurements, are −4.4 (−13.2 to+10.7) ng g−1 for an earlier phase of AeroCom models (phase I), and +4.1 (−13.0 to+21.4) ng g−1 Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2400 C. Jiao et al.: Black carbon in Arctic snow assessment for a more recent phase of AeroCom models (phase II), compared to the observational mean of 19.2 ng g −1. Factors determining model BC concentrations in Arctic snow include Arctic BC emissions, transport of extra-Arctic aerosols, precipitation, deposition efficiency of aerosols within the Arctic, and meltwater removal of particles in snow. Sensitivity studies show that the model–measurement evaluation is only weakly affected by meltwater scavenging efficiency because most measurements were conducted in non-melting snow. The Arctic (60–90 N) atmospheric residence time for BC in phase II models ranges from 3.7 to 23.2 days, implying large inter-model variation in local BC deposition efficiency. Combined with the fact that most Arctic BC deposition originates from extra-Arctic emissions, these results suggest that aerosol removal processes are a leading source of variation in model performance. The multi-model mean (full range) of Arctic radiative effect from BC in snow is 0.15 (0.07–0.25) W m−2 and 0.18 (0.06–0.28) W m −2 in phase I and phase II models, respectively. After correcting for model biases relative to observed BC concentrations in different regions of the Arctic, we obtain a multi-model mean Arctic radiative effect of 0.17 W m−2 for the combined AeroCom ensembles. Finally, there is a high correlation between modeled BC concentrations sampled over the observational sites and the Arctic as a whole, indicating that the field campaign provided a reasonable sample of the Arctic.
Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and Internet addiction.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Smartphone addiction is a recent concern that has resulted from the dramatic increase in worldwide smartphone use. This study assessed the risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction in college students and compared these factors to those linked to Internet addiction.


METHODS
College students (N = 448) in South Korea completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Young's Internet Addiction Test, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Beck Depression Inventory I, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Trait Version), the Character Strengths Test, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analyses.


RESULTS
The risk factors for smartphone addiction were female gender, Internet use, alcohol use, and anxiety, while the protective factors were depression and temperance. In contrast, the risk factors for Internet addiction were male gender, smartphone use, anxiety, and wisdom/knowledge, while the protective factor was courage. Discussion These differences may result from unique features of smartphones, such as high availability and primary use as a tool for interpersonal relationships.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings will aid clinicians in distinguishing between predictive factors for smartphone and Internet addiction and can consequently be utilized in the prevention and treatment of smartphone addiction.
Allergic rhinitis, asthma, and rhinosinusitis: diseases of the integrated airway.

OBJECTIVE
To review data supporting the integrated airway hypothesis. Allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and asthma are common conditions associated with significant morbidity and health care costs. A theory has been developed suggesting that these conditions may be manifestations of an inflammatory process within a continuous airway rather than fully separate diseases. Based on this theory, the presence of upper airway symptoms may negatively influence the natural course of lower airway disease. Controlling upper airway inflammation and symptoms among asthma patients may help improve health and economic outcomes.


SUMMARY
Further clarifying and understanding the relationship between diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tracts is important because of the prevalence of allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and asthma and the resulting burden on patients and the health care system. Recent progress in understanding the biology of airway disease has identified inflammation as playing a critical and integrating role in these diseases; however, other important questions remain, including factors that determine the clinical phenotype in allergic airway disorders and optimal treatment approaches.


CONCLUSIONS
Several recent studies have suggested that allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and asthma may be manifestations of a common underlying pathology, but there are many unanswered questions. More studies are needed to better define all the underlying pathologic mechanisms as well as treatments to optimize outcomes for patients with allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and asthma.
Proactive tobacco treatment and population-level cessation: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial.

IMPORTANCE
Current tobacco use treatment approaches require smokers to request treatment or depend on the provider to initiate smoking cessation care and are therefore reactive. Most smokers do not receive evidence-based treatments for tobacco use that include both behavioral counseling and pharmacotherapy.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of a proactive, population-based tobacco cessation care model on use of evidence-based tobacco cessation treatments and on population-level smoking cessation rates (ie, abstinence among all smokers including those who use and do not use treatment) compared with usual care among a diverse population of current smokers.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
The Veterans Victory Over Tobacco Study, a pragmatic randomized clinical trial involving a population-based registry of current smokers aged 18 to 80 years. A total of 6400 current smokers, identified using the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) electronic medical record, were randomized prior to contact to evaluate both the reach and effectiveness of the proactive care intervention.


INTERVENTIONS
Current smokers were randomized to usual care or proactive care. Proactive care combined (1) proactive outreach and (2) offer of choice of smoking cessation services (telephone or in-person). Proactive outreach included mailed invitations followed by telephone outreach to motivate smokers to seek treatment with choice of services.


MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcome was 6-month prolonged smoking abstinence at 1 year and was assessed by a follow-up survey among all current smokers regardless of interest in quitting or treatment utilization.


RESULTS
A total of 5123 participants were included in the primary analysis. The follow-up survey response rate was 66%. The population-level, 6-month prolonged smoking abstinence rate at 1 year was 13.5% for proactive care compared with 10.9% for usual care (P = .02). Logistic regression mixed model analysis showed a significant effect of the proactive care intervention on 6-month prolonged abstinence (odds ratio [OR], 1.27 [95% CI, 1.03-1.57]). In analyses accounting for nonresponse using likelihood-based not-missing-at-random models, the effect of proactive care on 6-month prolonged abstinence persisted (OR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.17-1.51]).


CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Proactive, population-based tobacco cessation care using proactive outreach to connect smokers to evidence-based telephone or in-person smoking cessation services is effective for increasing long-term population-level cessation rates.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00608426.
Foucault and Post Modernism

The French philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984) is one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century. This talk will situate his work in the context of recent media debates on postmodernism and give an account of his work, life and times and the critical reception of his work. Particular reference will be made to his controversial discussions on truth and power.
A Novel Cluster-Based Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent development in electronics and wireless communications has enabled the improvement of low-power and low cost wireless sensors networks. Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) are a combination of autonomous devices transmitting locally gathered information to a so-called sink node by using multihop wireless routing. One of the most important challenges in WSNs is to design energy efficient routing mechanism to increase the network lifetime due to the limited energy capacity of the network nodes. Furthermore, hot spots in a WSNs emerge as locations under heavy traffic load. Nodes in such areas quickly drain energy resources, leading to disconnection in network services. Cluster based routing algorithms in WSNs have recently gained increased interest, and energy efficiency is of particular interest. A cluster head (CH) represents all nodes in the cluster and collects data values from them. To balance the energy consumption and the traffic load in the network, the CH should be rotated among all nodes and the cluster size should be carefully determined at different parts of the WSNs. In this paper, we proposed an cluster based energy efficient routing algorithm (CBER), CBER elects CH based on nodes near to the optimal cluster head distance and residual energy of the nodes. In WSNs energy is mostly consumed for transmission and reception, it is a non linear function of transmission range. In this paper, the optimal cluster head distance which links to optimal energy consumption is derived. In addition, residual energy is considered in the CH election in order to increase the network lifetime. Furthermore, the energy consumption of being a CH is equally spread among the cluster members. Performance results show CBER scheme reduces the end to end energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime of multi hop network compared to the well-known clustering algorithms LEACH and HEED.