LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Foundations of Rule Learning

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Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention: a systematic comparative effectiveness review.

BACKGROUND
Pressure ulcers are associated with substantial health burdens but may be preventable.


PURPOSE
To review the clinical utility of pressure ulcer risk assessment instruments and the comparative effectiveness of preventive interventions in persons at higher risk.


DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE (1946 through November 2012), CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, grant databases, clinical trial registries, and reference lists.


STUDY SELECTION
Randomized trials and observational studies on effects of using risk assessment on clinical outcomes and randomized trials of preventive interventions on clinical outcomes.


DATA EXTRACTION
Multiple investigators abstracted and checked study details and quality using predefined criteria.


DATA SYNTHESIS
One good-quality trial found no evidence that use of a pressure ulcer risk assessment instrument, with or without a protocolized intervention strategy based on assessed risk, reduces risk for incident pressure ulcers compared with less standardized risk assessment based on nurses' clinical judgment. In higher-risk populations, 1 good-quality and 4 fair-quality randomized trials found that more advanced static support surfaces were associated with lower risk for pressure ulcers compared with standard mattresses (relative risk range, 0.20 to 0.60). Evidence on the effectiveness of low-air-loss and alternating-air mattresses was limited, with some trials showing no clear differences from advanced static support surfaces. Evidence on the effectiveness of nutritional supplementation, repositioning, and skin care interventions versus usual care was limited and had methodological shortcomings, precluding strong conclusions.


LIMITATION
Only English-language articles were included, publication bias could not be formally assessed, and most studies had methodological shortcomings.


CONCLUSION
More advanced static support surfaces are more effective than standard mattresses for preventing ulcers in higher-risk populations. The effectiveness of formal risk assessment instruments and associated intervention protocols compared with less standardized assessment methods and the effectiveness of other preventive interventions compared with usual care have not been clearly established.
Prosocial pathways to positive adaptation: The mediating role of teacher-child closeness

Despite robust evidence that prosocial behavior is associated with positive adaptation and likely engenders it, few studies have evaluated mechanisms that may account for these effects. The current study utilized a diverse sample of young children (N=228, 49.6% female, 45.6% Latinx) to evaluate prospective relations between an observational assessment of children's prosocial sharing behavior at age 6 and children's depressive symptoms and academic achievement at age 8 via intervening teacher reports of a close relationship with the child. The findings supported a significant indirect pathway from prosocial sharing to fewer depressive symptoms and higher academic achievement via the closeness of children's relationship with their primary school teacher. Potential explanations for these findings and their implications for intervention are discussed.
The continuum of psychotic symptoms in the general population: a cross-national study.

OBJECTIVE
To identify the cross-national prevalence of psychotic symptoms in the general population and to analyze their impact on health status.


METHOD
The sample was composed of 256,445 subjects (55.9% women), from nationally representative samples of 52 countries worldwide participating in the World Health Organization's World Health Survey. Standardized and weighted prevalence of psychotic symptoms were calculated in addition to the impact on health status as assessed by functioning in multiple domains.


RESULTS
Overall prevalences for specific symptoms ranged from 4.80% (SE = 0.14) for delusions of control to 8.37% (SE = 0.20) for delusions of reference and persecution. Prevalence figures varied greatly across countries. All symptoms of psychosis produced a significant decline in health status after controlling for potential confounders. There was a clear change in health impact between subjects not reporting any symptom and those reporting at least one symptom (effect size of 0.55).


CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of the presence of at least one psychotic symptom has a wide range worldwide varying as much as from 0.8% to 31.4%. Psychotic symptoms signal a problem of potential public health concern, independent of the presence of a full diagnosis of psychosis, as they are common and are related to a significant decrement in health status. The presence of at least one psychotic symptom is related to a significant poorer health status, with a regular linear decrement in health depending on the number of symptoms.
A Broadband Radar Absorber Based on Perforated Magnetic Polymer Composites Embedded With FSS

This paper presents a design method of broadband radar absorber (RA) combining together the features of frequency selective surfaces (FSSs), subwavelength hole array, and magnetic absorbing sheets. The absorber is constructed of a periodic array of square conducting patches embedded into a magnetic absorbing substrate perforated with circular hole arrays and backed by a metal ground. The absorption characteristics of the magnetic absorbing substrate are tuned and improved by means of perforating holes and embedding FSSs. After optimizing the dimensions of the holes and FSSs, the RA with a thickness of 2.4 mm achieves a reflection coefficient less than -10 dB from 6.3 to 17.3 GHz, which is nearly 3.6 times the bandwidth of the magnetic absorbing substrate. Meanwhile, the weight of the RA decreases by 15% due to the hole perforation, and the reflection coefficient is insensitive to incident angle from 0° to 30° for both TE and TM polarizations.
Correction: Association between Psoriasis Vulgaris and Coronary Heart Disease in a Hospital-Based Population in Japan

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149316.].
Overview of the ImageCLEF 2015 Medical Clustering Task

There are thousands of unlabeled x-ray images available and in the third world countries more is generated every day. With the advancement of digital technology now a day’s digital x-ray imaging techniques are available, however due to the high cost of the machines it is not popular in the third world countries. Moreover, old school x-ray plates are still there. The medical clustering task of ImageCLEF 2015 addresses the issue of automated organization of x-ray images. The challenge is that there are x-ray images containing different parts of human body and the participant have to device a mechanism to identify that body part. The main challenge is that an image could contain several body part and the classifier has to identify all of them separately or as many as possible. Body parts are divided in to four major larger groups: head-neck, upperlimb, body, and lower-limb. The secondary goal of this task is farther partitioning the initial clusters into sub-clusters, for example the upper-limb cluster can be farther divided into: Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, and Hand. However, due to the time constrain and difficulty level of the task this year we decided to go with the primary objective. Data was collected by 71 groups from all around the world, however 8 groups submitted the final test results and working note papers were submitted by 6. Interestingly, this 6 groups explored the discriminating ability of 27 different types of feature extraction method and also many different types of classifiers were used. Three different performance measurement is used. Best result for exact match was 0.752; for any match was 0.864; and for Hamming similarity was 0.895.
TOBY: early intervention in autism through technology

We describe TOBY Playpad, an early intervention program for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). TOBY teaches the teacher -- the parent -- during the crucial period following diagnosis, which often coincides with no access to formal therapy. We reflect on TOBY's evolution from table-top aid for flashcards to an iPad app covering a syllabus of 326 activities across 51 skills known to be deficient for ASD children, such imitation, joint attention and language. The design challenges unique to TOBY are the need to adapt to marked differences in each child's skills and rate of development (a trait of ASD) and teach parents unfamiliar concepts core to behavioural therapy, such as reinforcement, prompting, and fading. We report on three trials that successively decrease oversight and increase parental autonomy, and demonstrate clear evidence of learning. TOBY's uniquely intertwined Natural Environment Tasks are found to be effective for children and popular with parents.
Role of Requirements Elicitation & Prioritization to Optimize Quality in Scrum Agile Development

One of most common aspect with traditional software development is managing requirements. As requirements emerge throughout the software development process and thus are needed to be addressed through proper communication and integration between stakeholders, developers and documentation. Agile methodology is an innovative and iterative process that supports changing requirements and helps in addressing changes throughout the development process. Requirements are elicited at the beginning of every software development process and project (product) and latter are prioritized according to their importance to the market and to the product itself. One of the most important and influencing steps while making a software product is requirements prioritization. Prioritizing requirements helps the software team to understand the existence and importance of a particular requirement, its importance of use and its urgency to time to market. There are many requirements prioritization techniques with their relative strength and weaknesses. Otherwise many of them fail to take account all the factors that must be considered while prioritizing requirements such as cost, value, risk, time to market, number of requirements and effect of non-functional requirements on functional requirements. There are several requirements prioritization methodologies that aid in decision making but importantly many lacks to account the important factors that have significant influence in prioritizing requirements. A requirement prioritization methodology based on several factors such as time to market, cost, risk etc has been proposed. The proposed model is expected to overcome this lack. In sprints, requirements will be prioritized both on the basis of influencing factors such as cost, value, risk, time to market etc. and through the effect of non-functional requirements over functional requirements. This will improve the overall quality of software product when it is included in the development process of scrum. Requirements will not only be prioritized based on sprints, human decision but by critically analyzing the factors (sub characteristics) that can cause the product to success/ fail repeatedly thus ensuring the consistency in right requirements and hence the right prioritized requirements will be selected for a particular sprint at a time. Keywords—Agile Software Engineering (ASE); Agile Software Development (ASD); Scrum Software Development Process; SCRUM; Product Owner (PO)
Infrared detectors : an overview

The paper presents progress in infrared (IR) detector technologies during 200 history of their development. Classification of two types of IR detectors (photon detectors and thermal detectors) is done on the basis of their principle of operation. The overview of IR systems and detectors is presented. Also recent progress in different IR technologies is described. Discussion is focused mainly on current and the most rapidly developing detectors: HgCdTe heterostructure photodiodes, quantum well AlGaAs/GaAs photoresistors, and thermal detectors. The outlook for near-future trends in IR technologies is also presented. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Long-term green tea extract supplementation does not affect fat absorption, resting energy expenditure, and body composition in adults.

BACKGROUND
Green tea (GT) extract may play a role in body weight regulation. Suggested mechanisms are decreased fat absorption and increased energy expenditure.


OBJECTIVE
We examined whether GT supplementation for 12 wk has beneficial effects on weight control via a reduction in dietary lipid absorption as well as an increase in resting energy expenditure (REE).


METHODS
Sixty Caucasian men and women [BMI (in kg/m²): 18-25 or >25; age: 18-50 y] were included in a randomized placebo-controlled study in which fecal energy content (FEC), fecal fat content (FFC), resting energy expenditure, respiratory quotient (RQ), body composition, and physical activity were measured twice (baseline vs. week 12). For 12 wk, subjects consumed either GT (>0.56 g/d epigallocatechin gallate + 0.28-0.45 g/d caffeine) or placebo capsules. Before the measurements, subjects recorded energy intake for 4 consecutive days and collected feces for 3 consecutive days.


RESULTS
No significant differences between groups and no significant changes over time were observed for the measured variables. Overall means ± SDs were 7.2 ± 3.8 g/d, 6.1 ± 1.2 MJ/d, 67.3 ± 14.3 kg, and 29.8 ± 8.6% for FFC, REE, body weight, and body fat percentage, respectively.


CONCLUSION
GT supplementation for 12 wk in 60 men and women did not have a significant effect on FEC, FFC, REE, RQ, and body composition.
Near-peer teaching in an anatomy course with a low faculty-to-student ratio.

Near-peer teaching is an educational format which utilizes tutors who are more advanced in a curriculum's content to supervise students' activities and to act as instructors in laboratory settings. This format is often used in anatomy laboratory courses. The goal of the present study is to describe the design and implementation of near-peer teaching in an anatomy course and to evaluate students' perceptions of the program. A total of 700 students were registered for this anatomy course which employed near-peer instructors. Of enrolled students, 558 (79.7%) agreed to participate in this study. In general, the practical section (e.g., the clinical hour, image-based anatomy session, and gross anatomy laboratory) of the course was viewed more favorably compared to the theory section (54.8%, n = 306), with dissection and prosection in the laboratory rated as the most valued experiences (34.9%, n = 195). Near-peer teaching is a viable option that satisfies the demands of modern curricula using small groups. This format stimulates learning within courses that have large numbers of students and low faculty-to-student ratios.
Derivation of template shoe-lasts for efficient fabrication of custom-ordered shoe-lasts

Custom-tailored products are meant by the products having various sizes and shapes to meet the customer’s different tastes or needs. Thus fabrication of custom-tailored products inherently involves inefficiency. Custom-tailoring shoes are not an exception because corresponding shoe-lasts must be custom-ordered. It would be nice if many template shoe-lasts had been cast in advance, the most similar template was identified automatically from the custom-ordered shoe-last, and only the different portions in the template shoe-last could be machined. To enable this idea, the first step is to derive the geometric models of template shoe-lasts to be cast. Template shoe-lasts can be derived by grouping all the various existing shoe-lasts into manageable number of groups and by uniting all the shoe-lasts in each group such that each template shoe-last for each group barely encloses all the shoe-lasts in the group. For grouping similar shoe-lasts into respective groups, similarity between shoe-lasts should be quantized. Similarity comparison starts with the determination of the closest pose between two shapes in consideration. The closest pose is derived by comparing the ray distances while one shape is virtually rotated with respect to the other. Shape similarity value and overall similarity value calculated from ray distances are also used for grouping. A prototype system based on the proposed methodology has been implemented and applied to grouping of the shoe-lasts of various shapes and sizes and deriving template shoe-lasts. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An efficient implementation of the forward and inverse MDCT in MPEG audio coding

The modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) is employed in subband/transform coding schemes as the analysis/synthesis filter bank based on time domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC). The most efficient implementation of the forward and inverse MDCT computation for layer III in MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 international audio coding standards is proposed. It is based on a new fast algorithm for the forward and inverse MDCT computation in the oddly stacked system. The complete signal flow graphs for the implementation of MDCT and inverse MDCT in layer III are also provided.
National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary.

OBJECTIVE
The objective was to conduct a scientifically rigorous update to the National Sleep Foundation's sleep duration recommendations.


METHODS
The National Sleep Foundation convened an 18-member multidisciplinary expert panel, representing 12 stakeholder organizations, to evaluate scientific literature concerning sleep duration recommendations. We determined expert recommendations for sufficient sleep durations across the lifespan using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method.


RESULTS
The panel agreed that, for healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for newborns is between 14 and 17 hours, infants between 12 and 15 hours, toddlers between 11 and 14 hours, preschoolers between 10 and 13 hours, and school-aged children between 9 and 11 hours. For teenagers, 8 to 10 hours was considered appropriate, 7 to 9 hours for young adults and adults, and 7 to 8 hours of sleep for older adults.


CONCLUSIONS
Sufficient sleep duration requirements vary across the lifespan and from person to person. The recommendations reported here represent guidelines for healthy individuals and those not suffering from a sleep disorder. Sleep durations outside the recommended range may be appropriate, but deviating far from the normal range is rare. Individuals who habitually sleep outside the normal range may be exhibiting signs or symptoms of serious health problems or, if done volitionally, may be compromising their health and well-being.
Interval arithmetic recursive subdivision for implicit functions and constructive solid geometry

Recursive subdivision using interval arithmetic allows us to render CSG combinations of implicit function surfaces with or without anti -aliasing, Related algorithms will solve the collision detection problem for dynamic simulation, and allow us to compute mass. center of gravity, angular moments and other integral properties required for Newtonian dynamics. Our hidden surface algorithms run in ‘constant time.’ Their running times are nearly independent of the number of primitives in a scene, for scenes in which the visible details are not much smaller than the pixels. The collision detection and integration algorithms are utterly robust — collisions are never missed due 10 numerical error and we can provide guaranteed bounds on the values of integrals. CR
Chaotic bee colony algorithms for global numerical optimization

Artificial bee colony (ABC) is the one of the newest nature inspired heuristics for optimization problem. Like the chaos in real bee colony behavior, this paper proposes new ABC algorithms that use chaotic maps for parameter adaptation in order to improve the convergence characteristics and to prevent the ABC to get stuck on local solutions. This has been done by using of chaotic number generators each time a random number is needed by the classical ABC algorithm. Seven new chaotic ABC algorithms have been proposed and different chaotic maps have been analyzed in the benchmark functions. It has been detected that coupling emergent results in different areas, like those of ABC and complex dynamics, can improve the quality of results in some optimization problems. It has been also shown that, the proposed methods have somewhat increased the solution quality, that is in some cases they improved the global searching capability by escaping the local solutions. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Molecular Pathways Associated with Aggressiveness of Papillary Thyroid Cancer

The most common thyroid malignancy is papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Mortality rates from PTC mainly depend on its aggressiveness. Geno- and phenotyping of aggressive PTC has advanced our understanding of treatment failures and of potential future therapies. Unraveling molecular signaling pathways of PTC including its aggressive forms will hopefully pave the road to reduce mortality but also morbidity from this cancer. The mitogen-activated protein kinase and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway as well as the family of RAS oncogenes and BRAF as a member of the RAF protein family and the aberrant expression of microRNAs miR-221, miR-222, and miR-146b all play major roles in tumor initiation and progression of aggressive PTC. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting BRAF-mediated events, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, RET/PTC rearrangements, and other molecular targets, show promising results to improve treatment of radioiodine resistant, recurrent, and aggressive PTC.
Academic literacies and e-learning: A critical approach to writing in the online university

This paper adopts an academic literacies perspective to argue for a critical approach to the writing practices of the online university classroom. It describes an on-going action research project in an online Masters in Online and Distance Education (MAODE) programme at the UK Open University, which aims to create an online writing resource to support distance learners in developing a critical awareness of the writing practices on the programme. The paper presents the results of an evaluation study of this resource during the 2005 presentation of the MAODE, and discusses the evidence from this study that such a resource can provide a space for students to critique the dominant literacies of the online university. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Writing in the online university Despite the recent emergence of new visual, hypertextual, and other technology-enabled communication practices (Lankshear & Knobel, 2003; Snyder, 2002) the production of written texts remains key to the construction of knowledge in the university, both in the way it is transmitted, and the way its social relations are maintained. Writing is integral to students’ induction into academic cultures and discourse communities, and is the principal way they demonstrate the knowledge and skills they have acquired during their studies, and their fitness for accreditation. In many subject areas the development of a student’s writing ability has come to be seen as practically synonymous with their acquisition of knowledge. see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. .ijer.2006.07.005 1908 654173. dress: r.goodfellow@open.ac.uk.