LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Ovshinsky Effect by Quantum Mechanics

Ovshinsky initiated scientific research in the field of amorphous and disordered materials that continues to this day. The Ovshinsky Effect where the resistance of thin GST films is significantly reduced upon the application of low voltage is of fundamental importance in phase-change random access memory (PC-RAM) devices.GST stands for GdSbTe chalcogenide type glasses.However, the Ovshinsky Effect is not without controversy. Ovshinsky thought the resistance of GST films is reduced by the redistribution of charge carriers; whereas, others at that time including many PC-RAM researchers today argue that the GST resistance changes because the GST amorphous state is transformed to the crystalline state by melting, the heat supplied by external heaters. In this controversy, quantum mechanics (QM) asserts the heat capacity of GST films vanishes, and therefore melting cannot occur as the heat supplied cannot be conserved by an increase in GST film temperature.By precluding melting, QM re-opens the controversy between the melting and charge carrier mechanisms. Supporting analysis is presented to show that instead of increasing GST film temperature, conservation proceeds by the QED induced creation of photons within the GST film, the QED photons confined by TIR. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics and TIR for total internal reflection. The TIR confinement of QED photons is enhanced by the fact the absorbedheat energy absorbed in the GST film is concentrated in the TIR mode because of their high surface to volume ratio. The QED photons having Planck energy beyond the ultraviolet produce excitons by the photoelectric effect, the electrons and holes of which reduce the GST film resistance. Keywords—Ovshinsky,phase change memory, PC-RAM, chalcogenide, quantummechanics, quantum electrodynamics.
Optimized Scheduling Algorithm

Scheduling means a set of policies and mechanisms to control the order of work to be
Silicon-mediated changes of some physiological and enzymatic parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress in spinach and tomato grown in sodic-B toxic soil

We investigated effect of silicon (Si) on the growth, uptake of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), boron (B), stomatal resistance (SR), lipid peroxidation (MDA), membrane permeability (MP), lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, proline (PRO) accumulation, H2O2 accumulation, non-enzymatic antioxidant activity (AA) and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT and ascorbate peroxidase, APX) of spinach and tomato grown in sodic-B toxic soil. Si applied to the sodic-B toxic soil at 2.5 and 5.0 mM concentrations significantly increased the Si concentration in the plant species and counteracted the deleterious effects of high concentrations of Na, Cl and B on root and shoot growth by lowering the accumulation of these elements in the plants. Stomatal resistance, MP, MDA and the concentrations of H2O2 and PRO were higher in the plants grown in sodic-B toxic soil without Si: LOX activity of excised leaves of both species was increased by Si. Antioxidant activities of both species were significantly affected by Si, with the activities of SOD, CAT and APX decreased and AA increased by applied Si. For most of the parameters measured, it was found that 5 mM Si was more effective than the 2.5 mM Si. Based on the present work, it can be concluded that Si alleviates sodicity and B toxicity of the plants grown in sodic-B toxic soil by preventing both oxidative membrane damage and also translocation of Na, Cl and B from root to shoots and/or soil to plant, and lowering the phytotoxic effects of Na, Cl and B within plant tissues. It was concluded that tomato was more responsive to Si than spinach since it was more salt sensitive than spinach. To our knowledge, this is the first report that Si improves the combined salt and B tolerance of spinach and tomato grown in naturally sodic-B toxic soil, and which describes membrane-related parameters and antioxidant responses.
Analysis of error recovery schemes for networks on chips

In this article, we discuss design constraints to characterize efficient error recovery mechanisms for the NoC design environment. We explore error control mechanisms at the data link and network layers and present the schemes' architectural details. We investigate the energy efficiency, error protection efficiency, and performance impact of various error recovery mechanisms.
STABILITY INDICATING HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT - A REVIEW

High performance liquid chromatography is one of the most accurate methods widely used for the quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of drug product and is used for determining drug product stability. Stability indicating HPLC methods are used to separate various drug related impurities that are formed during the synthesis or manufacture of drug product. This article discusses the strategies and issues regarding the development of stability indicating HPLC system for drug substance. A number of key chromatographic factors were evaluated in order to optimize the detection of all potentially relevant degradants. The method should be carefully examined for its ability to distinguish the primary drug components from the impurities. New chemical entities and drug products must undergo forced degradation studies which would be helpful in developing and demonstrating the specificity of such stability indicating methods. At every stage of drug development practical recommendations are provided which will help to avoid failures. INTRODUCTION: Most of the optimization of HPLC method development have been focused on the optimization of HPLC conditions. This article will look at this topic from other perspectives. Forced degradation or stress testing is undertaken to demonstrate specificity when developing stability-indicating methods, particularly when little information is available about potential degradation products. These studies also provide information about the degradation pathways and degradation products that could form during storage. Forced degradation studies may help facilitate pharmaceutical development as well in areas such as formulation development, manufacturing and packaging, in which knowledge of chemical behavior can be used to improve a drug product. Stability testing of drug substance requires an accurate analytical method that quantitates active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) without interference from degradation products, process impurities and other potential impurities . With the advent of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, the requirement of establishment of stability-indicating assay method (SIAM) has become more clearly mandated. The guidelines explicitly require conduct of forced decomposition studies under a variety of conditions, like pH, light, oxidation, dry heat, etc. and separation of drug from degradation products.
The potential application of rice bran wax oleogel to replace solid fat and enhance unsaturated fat content in ice cream.

The development of structure in ice cream, characterized by its smooth texture and resistance to collapse during melting, depends, in part, on the presence of solid fat during the whipping and freezing steps. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential application of 10% rice bran wax (RBW) oleogel, comprised 90% high-oleic sunflower oil and 10% RBW, to replace solid fat in ice cream. A commercial blend of 80% saturated mono- and diglycerides and 20% polysorbate 80 was used as the emulsifier. Standard ice cream measurements, cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate the formation of structure in ice cream. RBW oleogel produced higher levels of overrun when compared to a liquid oil ice cream sample, creating a lighter sample with good texture and appearance. However, those results were not associated with higher meltdown resistance. Microscopy revealed larger aggregation of RBW oleogel fat droplets at the air cell interface and distortion of the shape of air cells and fat droplets. Although the RBW oleogel did not develop sufficient structure in ice cream to maintain shape during meltdown when a mono- and diglycerides and polysorbate 80 blend was used as the emulsifier, micro- and ultrastructure investigations suggested that RBW oleogel did induce formation of a fat globule network in ice cream, suggesting that further optimization could lead to an alternative to saturated fat sources for ice cream applications.
Role of creatine supplementation on exercise-induced cardiovascular function and oxidative stress

Many degenerative diseases are associated with increased oxidative stress. Creatine has the potential to act as an indirect and direct antioxidant; however, limited data exist to evaluate the antioxidant capabilities of creatine supplementation within in-vivo human systems. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral creatine supplementation on markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses following exhaustive cycling exercise. Following preliminary testing and two additional familiarization sessions, 18 active males repeated two exhaustive incremental cycling trials (T1 and T2) separated by exactly 7 days. The subjects were assigned, in a double-blind manner, to receive either 20 g of creatine (Cr) or a placebo (P) for the 5 days preceding T2. Breath-by-breath respiratory data and heart rate were continually recorded throughout the exercise protocol and blood samples were obtained at rest (preexercise), at the end of exercise (postexercise), and the day following exercise (post24 h). Serum hypdroperoxide concentrations were elevated at postexercise by 17 +/- 5% above pre-exercise values (P = 0.030). However, supplementation did not influence lipid peroxidation (serum hypdroperoxide concentrations), resistance of low density lipoprotein to oxidative stress (t1/2max LDL oxidation) and plasma concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (retinol, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, lycopene, and vitamin C). Heart rate and oxygen uptake responses to exercise were not affected by supplementation. These findings suggest that short-term creatine supplementation does not enhance non-enzymatic antioxidant defence or protect against lipid peroxidation induced by exhaustive cycling in healthy males.
A predictive model for advertiser value-per-click in sponsored search

Sponsored search is a form of online advertising where advertisers bid for placement next to search engine results for specific keywords. As search engines compete for the growing share of online ad spend, it becomes important for them to understand what keywords advertisers value most, and what characteristics of keywords drive value. In this paper we propose an approach to keyword value prediction that draws on advertiser bidding behavior across the terms and campaigns in an account. We provide original insights into the structure of sponsored search accounts that motivate the use of a hierarchical modeling strategy. We propose an economically meaningful loss function which allows us to implicitly fit a linear model for values given observables such as bids and click-through rates. The model draws on demographic and textual features of keywords and takes advantage of the hierarchical structure of sponsored search accounts. Its predictive quality is evaluated on several high-revenue and high-exposure advertising accounts on a major search engine. Besides the general evaluation of advertiser welfare, our approach has potential applications to keyword and bid suggestion.
A taxonomy of grid monitoring systems

Monitoring is the act of collecting information concerning the characteristics and status of resources of interest. Monitoring grid resources is a lively research area given the challenges and manifold applications. The aim of this paper is to advance the understanding of grid monitoring by introducing the involved concepts, requirements, phases, and related standardisation activities, including Global Grid Forum’s Grid Monitoring Architecture. Based on a refinement of the latter, the paper proposes a taxonomy of grid monitoring systems, which is employed to classify a wide range of projects and frameworks. The value of the offered taxonomy lies in that it captures a given system’s scope, scalability, generality and flexibility. The paper concludes with, among others, a discussion of the considered systems, as well as directions for future research. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Politics and statesmanship : essays on the American Whig Party

Compiled by the foremost scholar of the holocaust in Hungary, this volume contains close to 1500 fully annotated bibliographical entries relating to the history of Hungarian Jewry in general and the Holocaust period in particular. Grouped under 42 main subject headings, the entries are arranged alphabetically and provide author, name, and geographic indexes.
Deuterium Isotope Effects on the Acid Hydrolysis Rates of Chloro Complexes of Cobalt(III)1

Deuterium substitution both in the complex and in the solvent slows the rate of acid hydrolysis of chlorocomplexes of cobalt(III). This is similar to what is observed in the solvolysis reactions of organic halides and the same explanations may be used. The isotope effect In the base hydrolysis of Co(NH/ sub 3/)/sub 5/Cl/sup +2/ is consistent with, but does not prove, an SnlCB mechanism. (auth)
Labial adhesion - diagnostics and treatment.

BACKGROUND
Labial adhesion is relatively common, but the condition is little known among doctors and parents. The article assesses treatment in the specialist health service.


MATERIAL AND METHOD
The treatment and course are assessed in 105 girls in the age group 0 – 15 years who were referred to St. Olavs Hospital in the period 2004 – 14.


RESULTS
The majority of the girls (n = 63) were treated topically with oestrogen cream. In 26 of 51 girls (51 %) for whom the final result is known, the adhesion opened after one treatment. When 1 – 4 oestrogen treatments were administered, the introitus had opened completely in two out of three (65 %). Fewer than half of those who received supplementary surgical treatment achieved permanent opening.


INTERPRETATION
Treatment for labial adhesion had a limited effect in this study. As the literature suggests that the condition results in few symptoms and resolves spontaneously in virtually all girls in puberty, no compelling medical reason exists for opening the adhesion in asymptomatic girls. It is important that doctors are aware of the condition in order to prevent misdiagnosis and to provide parents with adequate information. For parents it is important to know that spontaneous resolution may result in soreness and dysuria. Knowledge of the condition can most likely prevent unnecessary worry.
Constructivism in computer science education

Constructivism is a theory of learning which claims that students construct knowledge rather than merely receive and store knowledge transmitted by the teacher. Constructivism has been extremely influential in science and mathematics education, but not in computer science education (CSE). This paper surveys constructivism in the context of CSE, and shows how the theory can supply a theoretical basis for debating issues and evaluating proposals.
Observations and Predictions of Arctic Climatic Change: Potential Effects on Marine Mammals

Recent analyses have revealed trends over the past 20-30 years of decreasing sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean coincident with warming trends. Such trends may be indicative of the polar amplification of warming predicted for the next several decades in response to increasing atmospheric CO2. We have summarized these predictions and nonuniform patterns of arctic climate change in order to address their potential effects on marine mammals. Since recent rends in sea ice extent are nonuniform, the direct and indirect effects on marine mammals are expected to vary geographically. Changes in the extent and concentration of sea ice may alter the seasonal distributions, geographic ranges, patterns of migration, utritional status, reproductive success, and ultimately the abundance and stock structure ofsome species. Ice-associated seals, which rely on suitable ice substrate for resting, pupping, and molting, may be especially vulnerable to such changes. As recent decreases in ice coverage have been more extensive in the Siberian Arctic (60Έ-180Έ) than in the Beaufort Sea and western sectors, we speculate that marine mammal populations in the Siberian Arctic may be among the first o experience climate-induced geographic shifts or altered reproductive capacity due to persistent changes in ice extent. Alteration i the extent and productivity of ice-edge systems may affect the density and distribution f important ice-associated prey of marine mammals, uch as arctic od Boreogadus saida and sympagic ("with ice") amphipods. Present climate models, however, are insufficient to predict regional ice dynamics, winds, mesoscale features, and mechanisms of nutrient resupply, which must be known to predict productivity and trophic response. Therefore, it is critical that mesoscale process-oriented studies identify the biophysical coupling required to maintain suitable prey availability and ice-associated habitat for marine mammals on regional arctic scales. Only an integrated cosystems approach can address the complexity of factors determining productivity and cascading trophic dynamics in a warmer Arctic. This approach, integrated with monitoring of key indicator species (e.g., bowhead whale, ringed seal, and beluga), should be a high priority.
Towards a Conceptual History of Narrative

The basic idea of conceptual history is that all key social, political, and cultural concepts are both historical and, even when not always contested, at least potentially contestable.1 The concept of narrative has become such a contested concept over the last thirty years in response to what is often called the “narrative turn” in social sciences (Bruner 1991; Kreiswirth 1992; 2000; 2005; Brockmeier & Harré 2001; Currie 1998; Richardson 2000).2 The concept has successfully travelled to psychology, education, social sciences, political thought and policy analysis, health research, law, theology and cognitive science. “Now, narrative is everywhere”, as Richardson (2000, 168) observes, and, to quote Phelan (2005b, 210), we already have good reasons to be alert for “narrative imperialism”. The original call for papers of the symposium, The Travelling Concept of Narrative, reflects the direction of this journey: “Over the last three decades, the concept of narrative has successfully travelled from literature into several new disciplines such as social sciences, law, psychology, theology and health studies” (italics mine). In this article, my primary purpose is to show that this interpretation is too straightforward regarding the narrative turn in social sciences. Secondly, a generally shared conviction – and a conviction I have shared until lately – is that the narrative turn has created a thoroughly interdisciplinary field of theory and research. Building on my answer to the first issue, I argue that there are at least two, relatively separate discussions on narrative theory and analysis. I will tentatively
Rainfall Attenuation and Rainfall Rate Measurements in Malaysia Comparison with Prediction Models

Attenuation due to rain is a primary cause of communication impairment on satellite-earth paths, especially above 10GHz. Rainfall is a serious source of attenuation at such a frequency. This paper presents the characteristics of rain distribution in USM based on measured one minute rain rate. For attenuation of rain, predictions models like ITU and VIHT (Variable Isotherm Height Technique) model were used to estimate the effect of rain on Ku band signals. Data of rain attenuation and rainfall rates collected at USM are estimated and compared with the predicted models. The ITU model followed closely to the measured rainfall rate and attenuation data whereas the VIHT models overestimated the measured rainfall rate and attenuation data.
Digital image analysis for automatic enumeration of malaria parasites using morphological operations

Keywords: Malaria parasites Image analysis Morphological operations Adaptive histogram equalization Adaptive thresholding a b s t r a c t Every year, malaria kills between 660,000 and 1.2 million people, many of whom are children in Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) encourages the development of rapid and economical diagnostic tests that allow for the identification of proper treatment methods. In this paper a novel method to automatically enumerate malaria parasites is proposed and evaluated, using a database consisting of 475 images with varying densities of malaria parasites. This method will analyze data by utilizing standard operations of image processing such as histogram equalization, thresholding, morphological operations and connected components analysis for parasite density estimation. The application of the proposed method yields an average accuracy rate of 96.46% with a low processing time of two seconds per image on a custom computing platform. Malaria has infected humans for over 50,000 years (Day, 2010). Epidemiological data show that somewhere in the world a child dies every 30 s because of this disease. This suggests that both vaccine development and the proper administration of available drugs are absolutely essential to treat malaria patients (O'Meara, Hall, & McKenzie, 2007a). A wrong diagnosis of this disease may have adverse clinical and therapeutic implications for patients and for endpoints of clinical trials of anti-malarial vaccines or drugs. Nowadays , there are a lot of different techniques for malaria diagnosis Thus, the most important component of laboratory diagnosis is the quantification of parasite density. Accurate and replicable parasite counts are difficult to achieve because of inherent technical limitations and human inconsistency (Mitiku, Mengistu, & Gelaw, 2003). Digital image analysis provides an opportunity to improve the performance of parasite density quan-tification, decreasing the time required to count the parasites and avoiding bias from human error. A technique was proposed (Díaz, González, & Romero, 2009) for quantifying erythrocytes in stained thin blood films. The image was corrected from luminance differences and the normalized RGB color space was used for classifying pixels as erythrocyte or background followed by an Inclusion-Tree representation that structures the pixel information into objects. Finally, a two step classification process identifies infected erythrocytes, using a trained bank of classifiers. The main drawback of this approach is that it needs user intervention, which results in time consuming and large inter and intra-observer variabilities scheme based on HSV color space is presented. This method was focused on …