LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Principles for Information Visualization Spreadsheets

preadsheets have proven highly successful for interacting with numerical data, such as applying algebraic operations, defining data propagation relationships, manipulating rows or columns, and exploring " what-if " scenarios. Spread-sheet techniques have recently been extended from numeric domains to other domains. 1,2 Here we present a spreadsheet approach to displaying and exploring information visu-alizations, with large, abstract, multidimensional data sets that are visually represented in multiple ways. We illustrate how spread-sheet techniques provide a struc-tured, intuitive, and powerful interface for investigating information visualizations. An earlier version of this article appeared in the proceedings of the 1997 Information Visualization Symposium. 3 Here we refocus the discussion to illustrate principles that make the spreadsheet approach powerful. These principles show how we can perform many user tasks easily in the visu-alization spreadsheet that prove much more difficult using other approaches. The visualization spreadsheet's benefit comes from enabling users to build multiple visual representations of several data sets, perform operations on these visu-alizations together or separately, and compare and contrast them visually. These operations are becoming ever more important as we realize certain interaction capabilities are critical, such as exploring different views of the data interactively, applying operations like rotation or data filtering to a group of views, and comparing two or more related data sets. These operations fit naturally into a spreadsheet environment. These benefits derive from the way spreadsheets span a range of user interactions. On the one hand, spreadsheets directly benefit end users, because the direct manipulation interface makes it easy to view, navigate, and interact with the data. On the other hand, spreadsheets provide a flexible and easy-to-learn environment for user programming. The success of spreadsheet–based structured interaction eliminates many of the stumbling blocks in traditional programming environments. Spreadsheet developers create templates that enable end users to reliably repeat often-needed computations without the effort of redevelopment or coding. Users do not have to worry about the data dependencies between data sets or memory management. These programming idiosyncrasies are taken care of automatically. By providing a natural environment to explore and apply operations on data, visualization spreadsheets easily enable the exploration of data sets. What is a visualization spreadsheet? Based on our experiences and drawing on others' past work, 1-3 we define the spreadsheet paradigm's characteristics as follows: s The tabular layout lets users view collections of visu-alizations simultaneously. Cells can handle large data sets instead of a few numbers. s …
Phase I Study of Topotecan, Ifosfamide, and Etoposide (TIME) with autologous stem cell transplant in refractory cancer: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic correlates.

PURPOSE
To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of topotecan in combination with ifosfamide, mesna, and etoposide (TIME), followed by autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), in patients with chemotherapy-refractory malignancies.


EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Patients were treated with (in mg/m(2)/d) ifosfamide 3,333, mesna 3,333, and topotecan 3.3 to 28.3 during days -8 through -6 and etoposide 500 (days -5 through -3) followed by HCT on day 0. Once MTD was defined, we expanded this dosing cohort to include patients with high-risk lymphoma due to activity seen during dose escalation. Topotecan pharmacokinetic analyses were carried out, and topoisomerase I levels and activity were measured.


RESULTS
The topotecan MTD in this regimen was 64 mg/m(2) (21.3 mg/m(2)/d). Mucositis was dose limiting and correlated with topotecan dose level and area under the curve (AUC). Dose level was also correlated with length of hospitalization, number of days of parenteral nutrition, and neutrophil and platelet engraftment. Topotecan AUC was significantly correlated with time to platelet recovery. The baseline peripheral blood mononuclear cell topoisomerase I level was found to be a significant positive predictor for overall and progression-free survival. Topotecan AUC was positively correlated with dose level, with a trend toward decreasing clearance with increasing dose.


CONCLUSION
Topotecan can be a useful drug in the high-dose setting given its activity in some malignancies when given in standard dose. Pharmacokinetic monitoring may be a valuable tool for optimizing the use of topotecan and to avoid toxicity seen with high-systemic exposures. Baseline topoisomerase I levels may have an important role in predicting topotecan efficacy.
Mental health first aid training of the public in a rural area: a cluster randomized trial [ISRCTN53887541]

BACKGROUND
A Mental Health First Aid course has been developed which trains members of the public in how to give initial help in mental health crisis situations and to support people developing mental health problems. This course has previously been evaluated in a randomized controlled trial in a workplace setting and found to produce a number of positive effects. However, this was an efficacy trial under relatively ideal conditions. Here we report the results of an effectiveness trial in which the course is given under more typical conditions.


METHODS
The course was taught to members of the public in a large rural area in Australia by staff of an area health service. The 16 Local Government Areas that made up the area were grouped into pairs matched for size, geography and socio-economic level. One of each Local Government Area pair was randomised to receive immediate training while one served as a wait-list control. There were 753 participants in the trial: 416 in the 8 trained areas and 337 in the 8 control areas. Outcomes measured before the course started and 4 months after it ended were knowledge of mental disorders, confidence in providing help, actual help provided, and social distance towards people with mental disorders. The data were analysed taking account of the clustered design and using an intention-to-treat approach.


RESULTS
Training was found to produce significantly greater recognition of the disorders, increased agreement with health professionals about which interventions are likely to be helpful, decreased social distance, increased confidence in providing help to others, and an increase in help actually provided. There was no change in the number of people with mental health problems that trainees had contact with nor in the percentage advising someone to seek professional help.


CONCLUSIONS
Mental Health First Aid training produces positive changes in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour when the course is given to members of the public by instructors from the local health service.
Modulation of operational lung volumes with the use of salbutamol in COPD patients accomplishing upper limbs exercise tests.

INTRODUCTION
Pulmonary dynamic hyperinflation (DH) is an important factor limiting the physical capacity of patients with COPD. Inhaled bronchodilator should be able to reduce DH.


OBJECTIVE
To measure DH in COPD patients during upper limbs exercise tests with previous use of bronchodilator or placebo, and to evaluate the respiratory pattern to justify the dynamics of hyperinflation.


METHODS
Inspiratory capacity (IC) of 16 patients with COPD (age: 63+/- 13 years; FEV(1) of 1.5+/-0.7 L-41+/-11% predicted) was measured before and after an incremental arm exercise test (diagonal technique) with randomly and double-blinded inhaled placebo or salbutamol.


RESULTS
Rest IC increased from 2.32+/-0.44 L to 2.54+/-0.39 L after inhalation of 400 mcg of salbutamol (p=0.0012). There was a decrease in the IC after a maximal incremental arm exercise test, 222+/-158 ml (p=0.001) with placebo use, but no change was seen after the salbutamol use: 104+/-205 ml (p=0.41); 62% of the patients presented a 10% or more reduction in the IC after the exercise with placebo. There was a correlation between DH and lower FEV(1)/FVC (p=0.0067), FEV(1) predicted (p=0.0091) and IC% predicted (p=0.043) and higher VO(2)ml/Kg/min % predicted (p=0.05). Minute ventilation and respiratory rate were higher during the exercise with placebo (p=0.002) whereas VE/MVV ratio was lower in the exercise after salbutamol (p>0.05).


CONCLUSION
We conclude that the use of bronchodilator increases the IC of patient with COPD and may help not to increase the DH during a maximal exercise with the arms.
Reaction of aldoses with amino compounds.

Abstract A solubility method for measuring aldose-amino interaction has been extended to the study of the kinetics of glucose condensation with leucylglycine, β-lactoglobulin, and p -aminobenzoic acid. The primary reaction rate and secondary reversible and irreversible decomposition of the respective Schiff bases have been characterized and their reaction constants calculated. These compounds were found to react more rapidly than the common aliphatic amino acids, at pH values within the biological range, and this form of aldose-amino condensation may therefore have physiological significance.
Location Privacy in Spatial Crowdsourcing

Spatial crowdsourcing (SC) is a new platform that engages individuals in collecting and analyzing environmental, social and other spatiotemporal information. With SC, requesters outsource their spatiotemporal tasks (tasks associated with location and time) to a set of workers, who will perform the tasks by physically traveling to the tasks’ locations. However, current solutions require the workers, who in many cases are simply volunteering for a cause, to disclose their locations to untrustworthy entities. Revealing an individual’s location data to other entities may prevent people from contributing to SC applications, thus rendering location privacy a critical obstacle to the growth of SC applications. This chapter first identifies privacy threats toward both workers and requesters during the two main phases of spatial crowdsourcing, tasking and reporting. Tasking is the process of identifying which tasks should be assigned to which workers. This process is handled by a spatial crowdsourcing server (SC-server). The latter phase is reporting, in which workers travel to the tasks’ locations, complete the tasks and upload their reports to the SC-server. The challenge is to enable effective and efficient tasking as well as reporting in SC without disclosing the actual locations of workers (at least until they agree to perform a task) and the tasks themselves (at least to workers who are not assigned to those tasks). This chapter aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in protecting users’ location privacy in spatial crowdsourcing. We provide a comparative study of a diverse set of solutions in terms of task publishing modes (push vs. pull), problem focuses (tasking and reporting), threats (server, requester and worker), and underlying technical approaches (from pseudonymity, cloaking, and perturbation to exchangebased and encryption-based techniques). The strengths and drawbacks of the techniques are highlighted, leading to a discussion of open problems and future work. Hien To University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 e-mail: hto@usc.edu Cyrus Shahabi University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 e-mail: shahabi@usc.edu
Understanding agility in software development through a complex adaptive systems perspective

Agile software development methods have emerged in recent years and have become increasingly popular since the start of the century. While much research claims to study agile methods, the meaning of agility itself in software development is yet to be fully understood. Agility is viewed by some as the antithesis of plan, structure discipline and bureaucracy. This study aims to develop a better understanding of agility, using the key concepts of Complex Adaptive Systems as a theoretical lens. The study explores agility from several different angles, including autonomous team, stability and uncertainty, and team learning. A multiple case study research method was employed. The findings of the study emphasize that agility is manifested as stability and discipline, which are just as desirable as flexibility, and context sharing is of the same value and importance as knowledge sharing. In addition, the collective nature of learning is underlined.
What Makes Boards Effective? An examination of the relationships between board inputs, structures, processes and effectiveness in non‐profit organisations

What makes boards effective? An examination of the relationships between board inputs, structures, processes and effectiveness in non-profit organizations Journal Item How to cite: Cornforth, Chris (2001). What makes boards effective? An examination of the relationships between board inputs, structures, processes and effectiveness in non-profit organizations. Corporate Governance: an International Review, 9(3) pp. 217–227.
Cognitive impairment improves the predictive validity of the phenotype of frailty for adverse health outcomes: the three-city study.

OBJECTIVES
To determine whether adding cognitive impairment to frailty improves its predictive validity for adverse health outcomes.


DESIGN
Four-year longitudinal study.


SETTING
The French Three-City Study.


PARTICIPANTS
Six thousand thirty community-dwelling persons aged 65 to 95.


MEASUREMENTS
Frailty was defined as having at least three of the following criteria: weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, slowness, and low physical activity. Subjects meeting one or two criteria were prefrail and those meeting none as nonfrail. The lowest quartile in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Isaacs Set Test (IST) was used to identify subjects with cognitive impairment. The predictive validity of frailty for incident disability, hospitalization, dementia, and death was calculated first for frailty subgroups and then rerun after stratification according to the presence or absence of cognitive impairment.


RESULTS
Four hundred twenty-one individuals (7%) met frailty criteria. Cognitive impairment was present in 10%, 12%, and 22% of the nonfrail, prefrail, and frail subjects, respectively. Those classified as frail scored lower on the MMSE and IST than those classified as prefrail and nonfrail. After adjustment, frail persons with cognitive impairment were significantly more likely to develop disability in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs over the following 4 years. The risk of incident mobility disability and hospitalization was marginally greater. Incident dementia was greater in the groups with cognitive impairment irrespective of their frailty status. Conversely, frailty was not a significant predictor of mortality.


CONCLUSION
Cognitive impairment improves the predictive validity of the operational definition of frailty, because it increases the risk of adverse health outcomes in this particular subgroup of the elderly population.
The impact of macular pigment augmentation on visual performance using different carotenoid formulations.

PURPOSE
To investigate changes in macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and visual performance following supplementation with different macular carotenoid formulations.


METHODS
Thirty-six subjects (19 male, 17 female; mean SD, age 51 13 years) were recruited into this single-masked placebo-controlled study, and were randomly assigned to one of the following three intervention (supplementation) groups: (1) group 1 (20 mg lutein [L] and 2 mg zeaxanthin [Z]); (2) group 2 (10 mg L, 2 mg Z, and 10 mg meso-zeaxanthin [MZ]); and group 3 (placebo). Outcomes measures included visual performance and MPOD response. Data were collected at baseline, at 3 months, and at 6 months.


RESULTS
At 3 and 6 months, a statistically significant increase in MPOD was found at all eccentricities (other than the most peripheral 3° location) in group 2 (P < 0.05 for all), whereas no significant increase in MPOD was demonstrable at any eccentricity for subjects in groups 1 and 3. Statistically significant improvements in visual performance measures including visual acuity and contrast sensitivity with and without glare were observed for group 2 only. Only mesopic contrast sensitivity at one spatial frequency improved significantly by 6 months (P < 0.05) for group 1. No improvements in any parameters of visual performance were observed for subjects supplemented with placebo (P > 0.05 for all).


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that supplementation with all three macular carotenoids potentially offered advantages over preparations lacking MZ, both in terms of MPOD response and visual performance enhancement.
Comparison of deep learning architectures for H&E histopathology images

Deep learning has achieved outstanding performance in many fields such as image classification and target recognition. Recently multiple research efforts are focusing on deep learning to medical image processing. While it is common in image processing to apply transfer learning for problems with small sample sizes, the statistics of histopathological stains are known to be very different from the photographic RGB images in common deep learning imaging tasks such as Imagenet and MIT Places. This paper evaluates the performance of fine-tuned models on Haematoxylin and Eosin(H&E) histopathology stain data. Furthermore, to analyze the performance of different deep learning architectures on these domains, we compare three convolutional neural network(CNN) architectures in various settings. Finally, the impact of the size of the context of training samples is evaluated. We use the BreaKHis dataset consisting of H&E stained microscopical scans of breast cancer tissue [1]. Our results show that fine-tuned architectures perform favorably over neural networks that are trained from scratch in terms of accuracy and patient rate.
Towards Cloud-Based Analytics-as-a-Service (CLAaaS) for Big Data Analytics in the Cloud

Data Analytics has proven its importance in knowledge discovery and decision support in different data and application domains. Big data analytics poses a serious challenge in terms of the necessary hardware and software resources. The cloud technology today offers a promising solution to this challenge by enabling ubiquitous and scalable provisioning of the computing resources. However, there are further challenges that remain to be addressed such as the availability of the required analytic software for various application domains, estimation and subscription of necessary resources for the analytic job or workflow, management of data in the cloud, and design, verification and execution of analytic workflows. We present a taxonomy for analytic workflow systems to highlight the important features in existing systems. Based on the taxonomy and a study of the existing analytic software and systems, we propose the conceptual architecture of CLoud-based Analytics-as-a-Service (CLAaaS), a big data analytics service provisioning platform, in the cloud. We outline the features that are important for CLAaaS as a service provisioning system such as user and domain specific customization and assistance, collaboration, modular architecture for scalable deployment and Service Level Agreement.
Is an ephedrine caffeine treatment contraindicated in hypertension?

OBJECTIVES: To examine how the slimming drug, Letigen®, containing ephedrine (E) 20 mg and caffeine (C) 200 mg (E+C), affects blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive patients treated with adrenergic β-receptor blocking drugs and/or other antihypertensive agents, during a period of six weeks. DESIGN: A double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of five parallel groups of overweight patients from general practices. SUBJECTS: One hundred and thirty-six patients with Body Mass Index (BMI)>25 kg/m2 were included consecutively by 25 general practitioners in Denmark and randomized into five groups: (1) Hypertensive patients treated with betablockers and E+C; (2) Hypertensive patients treated with antihypertensive agents other than betablockers, and E+C; (3) Normotensive patients treated with E+C; (4) Hypertensive patients under any antihypertensive treatment+placebo; and (5) Normotensive patients+placebo. All patients were instructed in a 1200 kcal (=5040 kj) diet. RESULTS: Of a total of 136 patients aged 20–74 y, 112 completed the study protocol. Fluctuations in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were seen in all groups. The systolic blood pressure was reduced significantly (5.5 mmHg) in the patients treated with antihypertensive agents other than betablockers, plus E+C. In the other hypertensive groups the reduction in blood pressure was not significant. In normotensive patients treated with E+C, the systolic and the diastolic blood pressure declined significantly (4.4/3.9 mmHg). At the end of the treatment period heart rate had increased significantly (4.9 beats/min) in the group of normotensive patients treated with E+C. Blood pressure and heart rate measured by the patient at home showed similar fluctuations from baseline prior to and during treatment with E+C or placebo.  A mean loss of weight of approximately 4 kg in 6 weeks was significant for all the groups. There was no significant difference between the groups during this short period of treatment. In 56% of the patients treated with E+C complaints/side-effects related to the medical treatment were found at questioning. Corresponding complaints occurred in 21% of the placebo treated patients. In the E+C treated group 7% dropped out due to side-effects. In the placebo group there were no drop-outs. CONCLUSIONS: This study does not support the assumption that E+C should cause rises in blood pressure, acutely or during shortterm treatment, in either normotensive or hypertensive obese patients. The antihypertensive effect of the betablockers was not reversed by E+C.
Late-acting self-incompatibility: a barrier to self-fertilization in sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.)

In search of causal factors underlying perceived allogamy in sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), we investigated the breeding system and pollen–pistil interaction. Floral biology study in the species established Fabaceae type hermaphrodite zygomorphic flower with dimorphic anthers. Study of the breeding system revealed preferential success of allogamy despite delayed autonomous selfing mechanism characteristically prevailing in the species. Pollen–pistil interaction study in selfed and crossed pistils revealed significant differences in pollen tube growth rates inside the pistil. Further, in self-pollinated pistils callose formation observed at and around nucellus cells suggesting the late-acting type of self-incompatibility mechanism in the species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scientific communication underscoring the prevalence of self-incompatibility mechanism in sunnhemp.