LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Hospital-based surveillance to estimate the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis among European children younger than 5 years of age.

OBJECTIVES
Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis requiring hospitalization in young children. Data on the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis are needed to guide recommendations for rotavirus vaccine use. This study was undertaken to estimate the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in European children <5 years of age.


METHODS
This prospective, study was conducted in 12 hospitals in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. A sample of all children aged <5 years presenting to emergency departments or hospitalized because of community-acquired acute gastroenteritis was enrolled for parental interview and stool collection. Acute gastroenteritis was defined as diarrhea (>/=3 loose stools per 24 hours) for <14 days. Rotavirus was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and typed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.


RESULTS
Between February 2005 and August 2006, 3734 children with community-acquired acute gastroenteritis were recruited and retained for analysis (55.9% via the emergency department, 41.8% hospitalized). Of the 2928 community-acquired acute gastroenteritis cases for which stool samples were available, 43.4% were rotavirus-positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (32.8% emergency department, 56.2% hospitalized). Of these rotavirus gastroenteritis cases 80.9% occurred in children aged <2 years and 15.9% among infants aged <6 months. Acute gastroenteritis was more severe in rotavirus-positive subjects (Vesikari score >/= 11 in 53.3% compared with 31.0% of rotavirus-negative subjects). All 1271 rotavirus-positive strains were genotyped (G1P[8]: 40.3%; G9P[8]: 31.2%; G4P[8]: 13.5%; G3P[8]: 7.1%).


CONCLUSIONS
Rotavirus gastroenteritis places high demands on European health care systems, accounting for 56.2% of hospitalizations and 32.8% of emergency department visits because of community-acquired acute gastroenteritis in children aged <5 years. Most community-acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis occurs in children aged <2 years, and a high proportion occurs in infants aged <6 months. Cases were also observed among very young infants <2 months of age. Rotavirus vaccination is expected to have a major impact in reducing morbidity and the pressure on hospital services in Europe.
Diagnostic accuracy of the electromyography parameters associated with anterior knee pain in the diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the diagnostic accuracy of the surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters associated with referred anterior knee pain in diagnosing patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS).


DESIGN
Sensitivity and specificity analysis.


SETTING
Physical rehabilitation center and laboratory of biomechanics and motor control.


PARTICIPANTS
Pain-free subjects (n=29) and participants with PFPS (n=22) selected by convenience.


INTERVENTIONS
Not applicable.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The diagnostic accuracy was calculated for sEMG parameters' reliability, precision, and ability to differentiate participants with and without PFPS. The selected sEMG parameter associated with anterior knee pain was considered as an index test and was compared with the reference standard for the diagnosis of PFPS. Intraclass correlation coefficient, SEM, independent t tests, sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive likelihood ratios, and negative and positive predictive values were used for the statistical analysis.


RESULTS
The medium-frequency band (B2) parameter was reliable (intraclass correlation coefficient=.80-.90), precise (SEM=2.71-3.87 normalized unit), and able to differentiate participants with and without PFPS (P<.05). The association of B2 with anterior knee pain showed positive diagnostic accuracy values (specificity, .87; sensitivity, .70; negative likelihood ratio, .33; positive likelihood ratio, 5.63; negative predictive value, .72; and positive predictive value, .86).


CONCLUSIONS
The results provide evidence to support the use of EMG signals (B2-frequency band of 45-96 Hz) of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles with referred anterior knee pain in the diagnosis of PFPS.
Clarification of the Essential of Life Cycle Cost upon Decision-Making Process: An Empirical Study in Building Projects

Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is one of the goals and key pillars of the construction management science because it comprises many of the functions and processes necessary, which assist organisations and agencies to achieve their goals. It has therefore become important to design and control assets during their whole life cycle, from the design and planning phase through to disposal phase. LCCA is aimed to improve the decision making system in the ownership of assets by taking into account all the cost elements including to the asset throughout its life. Current application of LCC approach is impractical during misunderstanding of the advantages of LCC. This main objective of this research is to show a different relationship between capital cost and long-term running costs. One hundred and thirty eight actual building projects in United Kingdom (UK) were used in order to achieve and measure the above-mentioned objective of the study. The result shown that LCC is one of the most significant tools should be considered on the decision making process. Keywords—Building projects, Capital cost, Life cycle cost, Maintenance costs, Operation costs.
Bonding effectiveness to different chemically pre-treated dental zirconia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different chemical pre-treatments on the bond durability to dental zirconia. Fully sintered IPS e.max ZirCAD (Ivoclar Vivadent) blocks were subjected to tribochemical silica sandblasting (CoJet, 3M ESPE). The zirconia samples were additionally pre-treated using one of four zirconia primers/adhesives (Clearfil Ceramic Primer, Kuraray Noritake; Monobond Plus, Ivoclar Vivadent; Scotchbond Universal, 3M ESPE; Z-PRIME Plus, Bisco). Finally, two identically pre-treated zirconia blocks were bonded together using composite cement (RelyX Ultimate, 3M ESPE). The specimens were trimmed at the interface to a cylindrical hourglass and stored in distilled water (7 days, 37 °C), after which they were randomly tested as is or subjected to mechanical ageing involving cyclic tensile stress (10 N, 10 Hz, 10,000 cycles). Subsequently, the micro-tensile bond strength was determined, and SEM fractographic analysis performed. Weibull analysis revealed the highest Weibull scale and shape parameters for the ‘Clearfil Ceramic Primer/mechanical ageing’ combination. Chemical pre-treatment of CoJet (3M ESPE) sandblasted zirconia using Clearfil Ceramic Primer (Kuraray Noritake) and Monobond Plus (Ivoclar Vivadent) revealed a significantly higher bond strength than when Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE) and Z-PRIME Plus (Bisco) were used. After ageing, Clearfil Ceramic Primer (Kuraray Noritake) revealed the most stable bond durability. Combined mechanical/chemical pre-treatment, the latter with either Clearfil Ceramic Primer (Kuraray Noritake) or Monobond Plus (Ivoclar Vivadent), resulted in the most durable bond to zirconia. As a standard procedure to durably bond zirconia to tooth tissue, the application of a combined 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate/silane ceramic primer to zirconia is clinically highly recommended.
Lubrication oil condition monitoring and remaining useful life prediction with particle filtering

In order to reduce the costs of wind energy, it is necessary to improve the wind turbine availability and reduce the operational and maintenance costs. The reliability and availability of a functioning wind turbine depend largely on the protective properties of the lubrication oil for its drive train subassemblies such as the gearbox and means for lubrication oil condition monitoring and degradation detection. The wind industry currently uses lubrication oil analysis for detecting gearbox and bearing wear but cannot detect the functional failures of the lubrication oils. The main purpose of lubrication oil condition monitoring and degradation detection is to determine whether the oils have deteriorated to such a degree that they no longer fulfill their functions. This paper describes a research on developing online lubrication oil condition monitoring and remaining useful life prediction using particle filtering technique and commercially available online sensors. It first introduces the lubrication oil condition monitoring and degradation detection for wind turbines. Viscosity and dielectric constant are selected as the performance parameters to model the degradation of lubricants. In particular, the lubricant performance evaluation and remaining useful life prediction of degraded lubrication oil with viscosity and dielectric constant data using particle filtering are presented. A simulation study based on lab verified models is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed technique.
Application of Rhizobacteria for Induced Resistance

This article provides a review of experiments conducted over a six-year period to develop a biological control system for insect-transmitted diseases in vegetables based on induced systemic resistance (ISR) mediated by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Initial experiments investigated the factors involved in treatment with PGPR led to ISR to bacterial wilt disease in cucumber caused by Erwinia tracheiphila. Results demonstrated that PGPR-ISR against bacterial wilt and feeding by the cucumber beetle vectors of E. trachiphiela were associated with reduced concentrations of cucurbitacin, a secondary plant metabolite and powerful beetle feeding stimulant. In other experiments, PGPR induced resistance against bacterial wilt in the absence of the beetle vectors, suggesting that PGPR-ISR protects cucumber against bacterial wilt not only by reducing beetle feeding and transmission of the pathogen, but also through the induction of other plant defense mechanisms after the pathogen has been introduced into the plant. Additional greenhouse and field experiments are described in which PGPR strains were selected for ISR against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tomato mottle virus (ToMoV). Although results varied from year to year, field-grown tomatoes treated with PGPR demonstrated a reduction in the development of disease symptoms, and often a reduction in the incidence of viral infection and an increase in tomato yield. Recent efforts on commercial development of PGPR are described in which biological preparations containing industrial formulated spores of PGPR plus chitosan were formulated and evaluated for use in a transplant soil mix system for developing plants that can withstand disease attack after transplanting in the field.
Early detection of radiographic knee osteoarthritis using computer-aided analysis.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether computer-based analysis can detect features predictive of osteoarthritis (OA) development in radiographically normal knees.


METHOD
A systematic computer-aided image analysis method weighted neighbor distances using a compound hierarchy of algorithms representing morphology (WND-CHARM) was used to analyze pairs of weight-bearing knee X-rays. Initial X-rays were all scored as normal Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade 0, and on follow-up approximately 20 years later either developed OA (defined as KL grade=2) or remained normal.


RESULTS
The computer-aided method predicted whether a knee would change from KL grade 0 to grade 3 with 72% accuracy (P<0.00001), and to grade 2 with 62% accuracy (P<0.01). Although a large part of the predictive signal comes from the image tiles that contained the joint, the region adjacent to the tibial spines provided the strongest predictive signal.


CONCLUSION
Radiographic features detectable using a computer-aided image analysis method can predict the future development of radiographic knee OA.
The World-Wide Web: Quagmire or Gold Mine?

Skeptics believe the Web is too unstructured for Web mining to succeed. Indeed, data mining has been applied traditionally to databases, yet much of the information on the Web lies buried in documents designed for human consumption such as home pages or product catalogs. Furthermore, much of the information on the Web is presented in natural-language text with no machine-readable semantics; HTML annotations structure the display of Web pages, but provide little insight into their content. Some have advocated transforming the Web into a massive layered database to facilitate data mining [12], but the Web is too dynamic and chaotic to be tamed in this manner. Others have attempted to hand code site-specific “wrappers” that facilitate the extraction of information from individual Web resources (e.g., [8]). Hand coding is convenient but cannot keep up with the explosive growth of the Web. As an alternative, this article argues for the structured Web hypothesis: Information on the Web is sufficiently structured to facilitate effective Web mining. Examples of Web structure include linguistic and typographic conventions, HTML annotations (e.g., <title>), classes of semi-structured documents (e.g., product catalogs), Web indices and directories, and much more. To support the structured Web hypothesis, this article will survey preliminary Web mining successes and suggest directions for future work. Web mining may be organized into the following subtasks:
Digital Image Security : Fusion of Encryption , Steganography and Watermarking

Digital images are widely communicated over the internet. The security of digital images is an essential and challenging task on shared communication channel. Various techniques are used to secure the digital image, such as encryption, steganography and watermarking. These are the methods for the security of digital images to achieve security goals, i.e. confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA). Individually, these procedures are not quite sufficient for the security of digital images. This paper presents a blended security technique using encryption, steganography and watermarking. It comprises of three key components: (1) the original image has been encrypted using large secret key by rotating pixel bits to right through XOR operation, (2) for steganography, encrypted image has been altered by least significant bits (LSBs) of the cover image and obtained stego image, then (3) stego image has been watermarked in the time domain and frequency domain to ensure the ownership. The proposed approach is efficient, simpler and secured; it provides significant security against threats and attacks. Keywords—Image security; Encryption; Steganography; Watermarking
Researching Assessment as Social Practice: Implications for Research Methodology.

Abstract Recent educational journals on both sides of the Atlantic have seen a resurgence of debate about the nature of educational research. As a contribution to these debates, this paper draws on theoretical and methodological ‘thinking tools’ of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. Specifically, the paper explores what Jenkins [Jenkins, R. (2002). Pierre Bourdieu . London: Routledge and Falmer] refers to as Bourdieu's “reflexive epistemological pluralism” and its implications for research into higher education, with a particular focus on assessment as social practice. This particular theoretical and methodological understanding is used to critically reflect on a study conducted in 2005 on the impact of a policy on anonymous examination marking which was implemented at the University of Cape Town in 2004. The study collected both quantitative data of student examination performance pre- and post-policy implementation, as well as interviews with course conveners. The paper argues that when viewed interdependently the data offers insight into some of the “principles of vision and division” [Bourdieu, P. (1996). The state nobility: Elite schools in the field of power . Cambridge: Polity Press] at work in assessors’ judgment-making process. The assessors’ deliberations expose ideological tensions between the dual challenges of equity and excellence in the context of a historically white liberal university under transformation.
‘Every Catholic Child in a Catholic School’: Historical Resistance to State Schooling, Contemporary Private Competition and Student Achievement across Countries*: EVERY CATHOLIC CHILD IN A CATHOLIC SCHOOL

Nineteenth-Century Catholic doctrine strongly opposed state schooling. We show that countries with larger shares of Catholics in 1900 (but without a Catholic state religion) tend to have larger shares of privately operated schools even today. We use this historical pattern as a natural experiment to estimate the causal effect of contemporary private competition on student achievement in cross-country student-level analyses. Our results show that larger shares of privately operated schools lead to better student achievement in mathematics, science, and reading and to lower total education spending, even after controlling for current Catholic shares. JEL Code: I20, L33, N30, Z12.
Sex and the Workplace.

"With this clearly-written, thorough, and well-organized book, Gutek has provided a how-tomanual for managers and others who want to eliminate sexual harassment in the workplace."--Choice
W-band sub-harmonic mixer in hybrid technology

A sub-harmonic mixer in hybrid technology is reported in this paper. Flip chip Schottky diode pairs are used as nonlinear elements. A novel solutions with split stubs is used for improving both W-band and LO signals' confinement near diode terminals. The design is validated with mixer structures of good dynamic range and similar conversion loss over 90–100 GHz band.
Friedreich's ataxia and scoliosis: the experience at two institutions.

PURPOSE
Friedreich's ataxia is a genetically transmitted, progressive spinocerebellar degenerative disease characterized by ataxia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the demographics, progression, nonoperative, and operative treatment of spinal deformities in patients with Friedreich's ataxia at 2 tertiary pediatric orthopaedic hospitals.


METHODS
After institutional review board approval, chart review of Friedreich's ataxia patients identified those having scoliosis. Demographic data, length of follow-up, brace treatment, operative treatment, and complications were determined. Radiographic review was also performed.


RESULTS
Seventy-seven patients were identified as having Friedreich's ataxia, of which 49 (63%) were diagnosed with scoliosis. Twenty-seven were male; 22 were female. Mean age at diagnosis of scoliosis was 12.8 years (4.9-20 years). Mean follow-up was 3.7 years (0-13 years). There were 16 (33%) double major curves, with 8 (22%) of the thoracic curves being left sided. Hyperkyphosis was present in 12 (24.5%).Twenty-four (49%) of patients progressed > or =6 degrees. Using a chi-square analysis, there was no association, with a curve magnitude of 10 degrees before the age of 10 years and progression of the curve (P = 0.4386). Ten (20%) patients were treated in braces, with average progression in brace of 15 (0-44) degrees. Sixteen (33%) patients were treated with spinal fusion (15 posterior spinal fusion and 1 anterior spinal fusion). Thirteen (81%) of 16 patients who underwent operative intervention were wheelchair dependent. Somatosensory evoked potentials monitoring was attempted in 11 patients but was effective in only 1. Immediate postoperative correction averaged 49% in the thoracic spine (24%-87%) and 51% in the lumbar spine (26%-82%). This correction decreased to 39% in the thoracic (-22% to 85 %) and 30% in the lumbar spine (-35% to 82%) at final follow-up. The average postoperative follow-up was 3.6 years (2-6.5). One patient (6.2%) developed an infection and was the only patient who underwent reoperation.


CONCLUSIONS
Scoliosis in Friedreich's ataxia is common (63%). Curve patterns are variable and do not necessarily resemble idiopathic curves. Although few patients were braced, results were poor. Fusion using modern segmental constructs was effective in creating substantial intraoperative correction and maintaining correction postoperatively. SSEP monitoring was usually ineffective, so preparation for a wake-up test is recommended.


SIGNIFICANCE
Patients with Friedreich's ataxia need to be carefully screened for scoliosis and counseled about the high rate of surgical fusion. Using modern implants, correction can be achieved and maintained.
Knowledge exchange processes in organizations and policy arenas: a narrative systematic review of the literature.

CONTEXT
This article presents the main results from a large-scale analytical systematic review on knowledge exchange interventions at the organizational and policymaking levels. The review integrated two broad traditions, one roughly focused on the use of social science research results and the other focused on policymaking and lobbying processes.


METHODS
Data collection was done using systematic snowball sampling. First, we used prospective snowballing to identify all documents citing any of a set of thirty-three seminal papers. This process identified 4,102 documents, 102 of which were retained for in-depth analysis. The bibliographies of these 102 documents were merged and used to identify retrospectively all articles cited five times or more and all books cited seven times or more. All together, 205 documents were analyzed. To develop an integrated model, the data were synthesized using an analytical approach.


FINDINGS
This article developed integrated conceptualizations of the forms of collective knowledge exchange systems, the nature of the knowledge exchanged, and the definition of collective-level use. This literature synthesis is organized around three dimensions of context: level of polarization (politics), cost-sharing equilibrium (economics), and institutionalized structures of communication (social structuring).


CONCLUSIONS
The model developed here suggests that research is unlikely to provide context-independent evidence for the intrinsic efficacy of knowledge exchange strategies. To design a knowledge exchange intervention to maximize knowledge use, a detailed analysis of the context could use the kind of framework developed here.