LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Genetic variants of CYP 3 A 5 , CYP 2 D 6 , SULT 1 A 1 , UGT 2 B 15 and tamoxifen response in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer

Introduction Tamoxifen therapy reduces the risk of recurrence and prolongs the survival of oestrogen-receptor-positive patients with breast cancer. Even if most patients benefit from tamoxifen, many breast tumours either fail to respond or become resistant. Because tamoxifen is extensively metabolised by polymorphic enzymes, one proposed mechanism underlying the resistance is altered metabolism. In the present study we investigated the prognostic and/or predictive value of functional polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 (*3), CYP2D6 (*4), sulphotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1; *2) and UDPglucuronosyltransferase 2B15 (UGT2B15; *2) in tamoxifentreated patients with breast cancer. Methods In all, 677 tamoxifen-treated postmenopausal patients with breast cancer, of whom 238 were randomised to either 2 or 5 years of tamoxifen, were genotyped by using PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism or PCR with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Results The prognostic evaluation performed in the total population revealed a significantly better disease-free survival in patients homozygous for CYP2D6*4. For CYP3A5, SULT1A1 and UGT2B15 no prognostic significance was observed. In the randomised group we found that for CYP3A5, homozygous carriers of the *3 allele tended to have an increased risk of recurrence when treated for 2 years with tamoxifen, although this was not statistically significant (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.68 to 11.99, P = 0.15). In the group randomised to 5 years' tamoxifen the survival pattern shifted towards a significantly improved recurrence-free survival (RFS) among CYP3A5*3-homozygous patients (HR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.55, P = 0.002). No reliable differences could be seen between treatment duration and the genotypes of CYP2D6, SULT1A1 or UGT2B15. The significantly improved RFS with prolonged tamoxifen treatment in CYP3A5*3 homozygotes was also seen in a multivariate Cox model (HR = 0.13, CI = 0.02 to 0.86, P = 0.03), whereas no differences could be seen for CYP2D6, SULT1A1 and UGT2B15. Conclusion The metabolism of tamoxifen is complex and the mechanisms responsible for the resistance are unlikely to be explained by a single polymorphism; instead it is a combination of several mechanisms. However, the present data suggest that genetic variation in CYP3A5 may predict response to tamoxifen therapy. Introduction Tamoxifen is widely used as an endocrine treatment for patients with oestrogen-receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Five years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy reduces the risk of recurrence and prolongs the survival of women with ER-positive tumours [1]. Nevertheless, in a proportion of patients, tumours are resistant to tamoxifen, or become so, with a subsequent relapse in the disease. The mechanisms underlying
Financial Contracting: A Survey of Empirical Research and Future Directions

We review recent evidence and future directions for empirical research on financial contracting in the context of corporate finance. Specifically, we survey evidence pertaining to incentive conflicts, control rights, collateral, renegotiation, and interactions between financial contracts and other governance mechanisms. We also discuss directions for future research, concluding that the financial contracting approach offers a potentially fruitful perspective for empirical researchers seeking to better understand a variety of issues in corporate finance including capital structure, investment policy, payout policy, and corporate governance. Roberts: (215) 573-9780, mrrobert@wharton.upenn.edu; Sufi: (773) 702-6148, amir.sufi@chicagobooth.edu
The road to obesity or the path to prevention: motorized transportation and obesity in China.

OBJECTIVE
Dependence on motorized forms of transportation may contribute to the worldwide obesity epidemic. Shifts in transportation patterns occurring in China provide an ideal opportunity to study the association between vehicle ownership and obesity. Our objective was to determine whether motorized forms of transportation promote obesity.


RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
A multistage random-cluster sampling process was used to select households from eight provinces in China. Data were included on household vehicle ownership and individual anthropometric and sociodemographic status. Cross-sectional data (1997) from 4741 Chinese adults aged 20 to 55 years were used to explore the association between vehicle ownership and obesity. Cohort data (1989 to 1997) from 2485 adults aged 20 to 45 years in 1989 (59% follow-up) were used to measure the impact of vehicle acquisition on the odds of becoming obese.


RESULTS
Our main outcome measure was current obesity status and the odds of becoming obese over an 8-year period. In 1997, 84% of adults did not own motorized transportation. However, the odds of being obese were 80% higher (p < 0.05) for men and women in households who owned a motorized vehicle compared with those who did not own a vehicle. Fourteen percent of households acquired a motorized vehicle between 1989 and 1997. Compared with those whose vehicle ownership did not change, men who acquired a vehicle experienced a 1.8-kg greater weight gain (p < 0.05) and had 2 to 1 odds of becoming obese.


DISCUSSION
Encouraging active forms of transportation may be one way to protect against obesity.
A survey on the application of recurrent neural networks to statistical language modeling

bstract In this paper, we present a survey on the application of recurrent neural networks to the task of statistical language modeling. lthough it has been shown that these models obtain good performance on this task, often superior to other state-of-the-art techniques, hey suffer from some important drawbacks, including a very long training time and limitations on the number of context words hat can be taken into account in practice. Recent extensions to recurrent neural network models have been developed in an attempt o address these drawbacks. This paper gives an overview of the most important extensions. Each technique is described and its erformance on statistical language modeling, as described in the existing literature, is discussed. Our structured overview makes t possible to detect the most promising techniques in the field of recurrent neural networks, applied to language modeling, but it lso highlights the techniques for which further research is required. 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The cytoplasmic domain of CD4 promotes the development of CD4 lineage T cells

Thymocytes must bind major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on thymic epithelial cells in order to mature into either CD8+ cytotoxic T cells or CD4+ helper T cells. Thymic precursors express both CD8 and CD4, and it has been suggested that the intracellular signals generated by CD8 or CD4 binding to class I or II MHC, respectively, might influence the fate of uncommitted cells. Here we test the notion that intracellular signaling by CD4 directs the development of thymocytes to a CD4 lineage. A hybrid protein consisting of the CD8 extracellular and transmembrane domains and the cytoplasmic domain of CD4 (CD884) should bind class I MHC but deliver a CD4 intracellular signal. We find that expression of a hybrid CD884 protein in thymocytes of transgenic mice leads to the development of large numbers of class I MHC-specific, CD4 lineage T cells. We discuss these results in terms of current models for CD4 and CD8 lineage commitment.
Language experience shapes fusiform activation when processing a logographic artificial language: An fMRI training study

The significant role of the left midfusiform cortex in reading found in recent neuroimaging studies has led to the visual word form area (VWFA) hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that years of experience reading native language change the visual expertise of this region to be especially sensitive to the visual form of native language. The present study aimed at testing this hypothesis by exploring the role of language experience in shaping the fusiform activation. We designed a logographic artificial language (LAL) using the visual form and pronunciation of Korean Hangul characters (but their correspondence was shuffled) and assigning arbitrary meanings to these characters. Twelve native Chinese Mandarin speakers (6 male and 6 female, 18 to 21 years old) with no prior knowledge of Korean language were trained in the visual form of these characters for 2 weeks, followed by 2 weeks each of phonological and semantic training. Behavioral data indicated that training was effective in increasing the efficiency of visual form processing and establishing the connections among visual form, sounds, and meanings. Imaging data indicated that at the pre-training stage, subjects showed stronger activation in the fusiform regions for LAL than for Chinese across both one-back visual matching task and the passive viewing task. Visual form training significantly decreased the activation of bilateral fusiform cortex and the left inferior occipital cortex, whereas phonological training increased activation in these regions, and the right fusiform remained more active after semantic training. Increased activations after phonological and semantic training were also evident in other regions involved in language processing. These findings thus do not seem to be consistent with the visual-expertise-induced-sensitivity hypothesis about fusiform regions. Instead, our results suggest that visual familiarity, phonological processing, and semantic processing all make significant but different contributions to shaping the fusiform activation.
Comparison of Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® software systems for the assessment of nutrient intake before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

OBJECTIVES
The assessment of nutritional intake before and after bariatric surgery assists in identifying eating disorders, nutritional deficiencies and weight loss/maintenance. The 7-day record is the gold standard for such an assessment and is interpreted using specialized software. This study sought to compare the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® software systems in assessing nutrient intake in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.


METHODS
Nutritional intake was assessed in 10 obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus before and 3 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The 7-day record was used to assess food intake and then, the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® software systems were used to calculate calorie, macronutrient and micronutrient intake based on validated food chemical composition databases. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01251016.


RESULTS
During the preoperative period, deficits in the ingestion of total fiber and 15 out of 22 estimated micronutrients were observed when using the Virtual Nutri Plus®, compared to deficiencies in total fiber and 4 micronutrients when using the Dietpro 5i®. During the postoperative period, both the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® systems detected deficits in the ingestion of total fiber, carbohydrates and 19 micronutrients, but only the Virtual Nutri Plus® detected deficits in complex B vitamins (except B12) and minerals.


CONCLUSION
Virtual Nutri Plus® was more sensitive than Dietpro 5i® for the identification of deficits in nutrient intake in obese, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Major depression diagnoses among patients with systemic sclerosis: baseline and one-month followup.

OBJECTIVE
Depression is common in many rheumatic diseases and is associated with poor prognosis. No studies of patients with any rheumatic diseases, however, have assessed the stability of major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnoses over time. The objective of the present study was to assess the stability of MDD diagnoses among patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma), a rare autoimmune rheumatic disease, across 2 assessments approximately 1 month apart.


METHODS
SSc patients were recruited from 7 Canadian Scleroderma Research Group Registry sites (April 2009 to June 2012). Current (30-day) MDD was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview at baseline and approximately 1 month later.


RESULTS
Among 309 patients with baseline assessments who received followup assessments an average of 34 days later, prevalence of 30-day MDD was 4% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2%-7%; n = 12) at baseline and 5% (95% CI 3%-8%; n = 16) at followup. Only 3 of 12 patients (25% [95% CI 9%-53%]) with MDD at baseline had MDD 1 month later.


CONCLUSION
Most patients with SSc who meet criteria for MDD appear to experience mild, time-limited episodes of low mood that often resolve on their own without specific treatment. Consistent with international guidelines on depression management in nonpsychiatric settings, "watchful waiting" or "active monitoring" is a good strategy for SSc patients with mild depression to avoid unnecessary treatment among those whose symptoms may be transient and may resolve without medical intervention.
A middleware for service-oriented communication in mobile disaster response environments

Today, the work of disaster response teams is being increasingly supported and coordinated by using portable computing devices. Connected to mobile ad-hoc networks, these devices establish a communication infrastructure immune to damages caused by natural disasters. However, ad-hoc networks are dynamic and volatile environments, which hampers hosting of critical applications relying on fast responsiveness. These difficulties can be mitigated to some extent at the middleware level. In this paper we present RESCUE, an open-source middleware for service-oriented communication in mobile disaster response environments. RESCUE has been designed to address challenges of dynamic ad-hoc networks for service discovery and invocation and provides an infrastructure for flexible mobile systems based on loosely coupled services.
Airway wall remodelling in asthma.

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The temperature humidity monitoring system of soil based on wireless sensor networks

The design uses a wireless sensor network as information acquisition and processing platform. The coverage is big, effectively resolves the disadvantages of wired communications. Adopting the technology of wireless sensor network based on Zigbee, GPRS and Web Services technology, we design a set of low cost, low power consumption, flexible automatic networking temperature humidity monitoring system of soil. And the system is a complete set of wireless sensor network induction, acquisition, storage, application, reporting, solution, has a good man-computer exchange interface. Through commissioning in the demonstration base of soybean in Northeast Agricultural University, it shows that the system can meet the requirements of the temperature and humidity of soil environmental monitoring and unified management.
MADF: Mobile-assisted data forwarding for wireless data networks

In a cellular network, if there are too many data users in a cell, data may suffer long delay, and system's quality-of-service (QoS) will degrade. Some traditional schemes such as dynamic channel-allocation scheme (DCA) will assign more channels to hot (or overloaded) cells through a central control system (CC) and the throughput increase will be upper bounded by the number of new channels assigned to the cell. In mobile-assisted data forwarding (MADF), we add an ad-hoc overlay to the fixed cellular infrastructure and special channels-called forwarding channels-are used to connect mobile units in a hot cell and its surrounding cold cells without going through the hot cell's base station. Thus, mobile units in a hot cell can forward data to other cold cells to achieve load balancing. Most of the forwarding-channel management work in MADF is done by mobile units themselves in order to relieve the load from the CC. The traffic increase in a certain cell will not be upper bounded by the number of forwarding channels. It can be more if the users in hot cell are significantly far away from one another and these users can use the same forwarding channels to forward data to different cold neighboring cells without interference. We find that, in a system using MADF, under a certain delay requirement, the throughput in a certain cell or for the whole network can be greatly improved.
The Lighthouse Location System for Smart Dust

Smart Dust sensor networks – consisting of cubic millimeter scale sensor nodes capable of limited computation, sensing, and passive optical communication with a base station – are envisioned to fulfill complex large scale monitoring tasks in a wide variety of application areas. In many potential Smart Dust applications such as object detection and tracking, finegrained node localization plays a key role. However, due to the unique characteristics of Smart Dust, traditional localization systems cannot be used. In this paper we present and analyse the Lighthouse location systems, a novel laser-based location system for Smart Dust, which allows tiny dust nodes to autonomously estimate their location with high accuracy without additional infrastructure components besides a modified base station device. Using an early 2D prototype of the system, node locations could be estimated with an average accuracy of about 2% and an average standard deviation of about 0.7% of the node’s distance to the base station.
Toxidrome Recognition in Chemical-Weapons Attacks.

Terrorist attacks are increasing in both frequency and complexity around the world. In 2016 alone, there were more than 13,400 terrorist attacks globally, killing more than 34,000 people.1 Of equal concern, chemical-warfare agents that were developed for the battlefield are being used on civilians in major cities and conflict zones. The recent sarin attacks in Syria,2,3 the latest in a series of chemical attacks in that region,3,4 along with the use of the nerve agent VX in the assassination of Kim Jong-nam in Malaysia and the Sovietera agent Novichok in the poisoning of Sergei Skripal in the United Kingdom,5 all represent a worrisome trend in the use of deadly chemical agents by various rogue groups in civilian settings. In light of the rise in coordinated, multimodal terrorist attacks in Western urban centers,6,7 concern has been expressed about an increase in the use of chemical agents by terrorists on civilian targets around the world. Such attacks entail unique issues in on-the-scene safety8,9 and also require a rapid medical response.10 As health care providers, we must be proactive in how we prepare for and respond to this new threat. This article reviews the toxidromes (constellations of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a given class of agents) for known and suspected chemicalwarfare agents that have properties that are well suited for terrorist attacks — namely, high volatility and rapid onset of incapacitating or lethal effects.11 Poisoncontrol procedures currently use toxidromes to identify specific classes of agents. Although symptoms such as eye irritation and coughing are common to a number of classes, specific clinical findings, including fasciculations, hypersecretions, early seizure, and miosis or mydriasis, can be rapidly identified as part of an acutephase triage system and used to differentiate among classes of agents. This should lead to reduced morbidity and mortality while also decreasing the risk to responding health care workers.12 The combined group of chemical-warfare agents examined here includes nerve agents, asphyxiants (blood agents), opioid agents, anesthetic agents, anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agents, botulinum toxin, pulmonary agents, caustic agents (acids), riot-control agents, T-2 toxin, and vesicants (Table 1).
Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat.

CONTEXT
Social anxiety disorder is thought to involve emotional hyperreactivity, cognitive distortions, and ineffective emotion regulation. While the neural bases of emotional reactivity to social stimuli have been described, the neural bases of emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat, and their relationship to social anxiety symptom severity, have yet to be investigated.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate behavioral and neural correlates of emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in patients and controls during processing of social and physical threat stimuli.


DESIGN
Participants were trained to implement cognitive-linguistic regulation of emotional reactivity induced by social (harsh facial expressions) and physical (violent scenes) threat while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging and providing behavioral ratings of negative emotion experience.


SETTING
Academic psychology department.


PARTICIPANTS
Fifteen adults with social anxiety disorder and 17 demographically matched healthy controls.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Blood oxygen level-dependent signal and negative emotion ratings.


RESULTS
Behaviorally, patients reported greater negative emotion than controls during social and physical threat but showed equivalent reduction in negative emotion following cognitive regulation. Neurally, viewing social threat resulted in greater emotion-related neural responses in patients than controls, with social anxiety symptom severity related to activity in a network of emotion- and attention-processing regions in patients only. Viewing physical threat produced no between-group differences. Regulation during social threat resulted in greater cognitive and attention regulation-related brain activation in controls compared with patients. Regulation during physical threat produced greater cognitive control-related response (ie, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) in patients compared with controls.


CONCLUSIONS
Compared with controls, patients demonstrated exaggerated negative emotion reactivity and reduced cognitive regulation-related neural activation, specifically for social threat stimuli. These findings help to elucidate potential neural mechanisms of emotion regulation that might serve as biomarkers for interventions for social anxiety disorder.