LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Relationships between bullying and violence among US youth.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the extent to which bullying and being bullied, both in and away from school, is associated with involvement in violent behavior.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
A US representative cross-sectional sample of 15 686 students in grades 6 through 10 in public and private schools completed the World Health Organization's Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey in 1998.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Self-report of weapon carrying, weapon carrying in school, physical fighting, and being injured in a physical fight.


RESULTS
Involvement in each of the violence-related behaviors ranged from 13% to 23% of boys and 4% to 11% of girls. Bullying others and being bullied were consistently related to each violence-related behavior for both boys and girls. Greater odds of involvement occurred with bullying others than being bullied, and greater odds of involvement occurred with bullying that took place away from school than that occurring in school. For example, the adjusted odds ratio for weapon carrying associated with being bullied in school weekly was 1.5, for bullying others in school 2.6, for being bullied away from school 4.1, and for bullying others away from school 5.9.


CONCLUSION
Bullying should not be considered a normative aspect of youth development, but rather a marker for more serious violent behaviors, including weapon carrying, frequent fighting, and fighting-related injury.
An efficient three factor-based authentication scheme in multiserver environment using ECC

Correspondence Rifaqat Ali, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand-826004, India. Email: rifaqatali27@gmail.com Summary Recently, Li et al have developed a smartcard-based remote user authentication scheme in multiserver environment. They have claimed that their scheme is secured against some possible cryptographic attacks. However, we have analyzed that the scheme of Li et al cannot preserve all the proclaimed security goals, which are given as follows: (1) It is not withstanding password-guessing, user impersonation, insider, and smartcard theft attacks, and (2) it fails to facilitate user anonymity property. To remedy these above-mentioned security flaws, we have proposed an efficient three factor–based authentication scheme in a multiserver environment using elliptic curve cryptography. The Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic is used to confirm the security validation of our scheme, which ensures that it provides mutual-authentication and session-key agreement securely. Then, the random oracle model is also considered to analyze the proposed scheme, and it shows that the backbone parameters, ie, identity, password, biometrics, and the session key, are secure from an adversary. Further, the informal security analysis confirms that the suggested scheme can withstand against some possible mentioned attacks. Later, the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications tool is incorporated to ensure its security against passive and active attacks. Finally, the performance comparison of the scheme is furnished to confirm its enhanced security with other relevant schemes.
Pharmacodynamics and dermatopharmacokinetics of betamethasone 17-valerate: assessment of topical bioavailability.

BACKGROUND
The bioavailability of most topically delivered drugs is difficult to quantify, but is generally believed to be very low. With the exception of the vasoconstrictor assay for corticosteroids, no methodology to quantify the rate and extent of drug delivery to the skin has been validated. Recent research has examined the dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) technique, which is based on stratum corneum (SC) tape-stripping.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the in vivo bioavailability of different topical formulations of betamethasone 17-valerate (BMV) using the vasoconstrictor assay and the DPK method.


METHODS
BMV was formulated in different vehicles and the drug concentration was adjusted to either (i) equal thermodynamic activity, or (ii) a range of values up to that corresponding to 80% of maximum thermodynamic activity. Vasoconstriction, an accepted and widely used method to determine bioavailability and bioequivalence of topical steroids, was quantified with a chromameter over 24 h post-removal of the formulation. Drug uptake into the SC was assessed by tape-stripping.


RESULTS
BMV at the same thermodynamic activity in different vehicles provoked similar skin blanching responses, while DPK profiles distinguished between the formulations. Further, skin blanching responses and drug uptake into the SC clearly depended upon the absolute BMV concentration applied. However, while the saturable nature of the pharmacodynamic response was clear, the tape-stripping method distinguished unequivocally between the different formulations and different concentrations.


CONCLUSIONS
The DPK approach offers a reliable metric with which to quantify transfer of drug from the vehicle to the SC, and may be useful for topical bioavailability and bioequivalence determinations.
The Burden of Cryptosporidium Diarrheal Disease among Children < 24 Months of Age in Moderate/High Mortality Regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, Utilizing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)

BACKGROUND
The importance of Cryptosporidium as a pediatric enteropathogen in developing countries is recognized.


METHODS
Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS), a 3-year, 7-site, case-control study of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and GEMS-1A (1-year study of MSD and less-severe diarrhea [LSD]) were analyzed. Stools from 12,110 MSD and 3,174 LSD cases among children aged <60 months and from 21,527 randomly-selected controls matched by age, sex and community were immunoassay-tested for Cryptosporidium. Species of a subset of Cryptosporidium-positive specimens were identified by PCR; GP60 sequencing identified anthroponotic C. parvum. Combined annual Cryptosporidium-attributable diarrhea incidences among children aged <24 months for African and Asian GEMS sites were extrapolated to sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian regions to estimate region-wide MSD and LSD burdens. Attributable and excess mortality due to Cryptosporidium diarrhea were estimated.


FINDINGS
Cryptosporidium was significantly associated with MSD and LSD below age 24 months. Among Cryptosporidium-positive MSD cases, C. hominis was detected in 77.8% (95% CI, 73.0%-81.9%) and C. parvum in 9.9% (95% CI, 7.1%-13.6%); 92% of C. parvum tested were anthroponotic genotypes. Annual Cryptosporidium-attributable MSD incidence was 3.48 (95% CI, 2.27-4.67) and 3.18 (95% CI, 1.85-4.52) per 100 child-years in African and Asian infants, respectively, and 1.41 (95% CI, 0.73-2.08) and 1.36 (95% CI, 0.66-2.05) per 100 child-years in toddlers. Corresponding Cryptosporidium-attributable LSD incidences per 100 child-years were 2.52 (95% CI, 0.33-5.01) and 4.88 (95% CI, 0.82-8.92) in infants and 4.04 (95% CI, 0.56-7.51) and 4.71 (95% CI, 0.24-9.18) in toddlers. We estimate 2.9 and 4.7 million Cryptosporidium-attributable cases annually in children aged <24 months in the sub-Saharan Africa and India/Pakistan/Bangladesh/Nepal/Afghanistan regions, respectively, and ~202,000 Cryptosporidium-attributable deaths (regions combined). ~59,000 excess deaths occurred among Cryptosporidium-attributable diarrhea cases over expected if cases had been Cryptosporidium-negative.


CONCLUSIONS
The enormous African/Asian Cryptosporidium disease burden warrants investments to develop vaccines, diagnostics and therapies.
Endoscopic hemostasis is rarely used for hematochezia: a population-based study from the Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative National Endoscopic Database.

BACKGROUND
Data on the use of endoscopic hemostasis performed during colonoscopy for hematochezia are primarily derived from expert opinion and case series from tertiary care settings.


OBJECTIVES
To characterize patients with hematochezia who underwent in-patient colonoscopy and compare those who did and did not receive endoscopic hemostasis.


DESIGN
Retrospective analysis.


SETTING
Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative National Endoscopic Database, 2002 to 2008.


PATIENTS
Adults with hematochezia.


INTERVENTIONS
None.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS
Demographics, comorbidities, practice setting, adverse events, and colonoscopy procedural characteristics and findings.


RESULTS
We identified 3151 persons who underwent in-patient colonoscopy for hematochezia. Endoscopic hemostasis was performed in 144 patients (4.6%). Of those who received endoscopic hemostasis, the majority were male (60.3%), white (83.3%), and older (mean age 70.9 ± 12.3 years); had a low-risk American Society of Anesthesiologists classification (53.9%); and underwent colonoscopy in a community setting (67.4%). The hemostasis-receiving cohort was significantly more likely to be white (83.3% vs 71.0%, P = .02), have more comorbidities (classes 3 and 4, 46.2% vs 36.0%, P = .04), and have the cecum reached (95.8% vs 87.7%, P = .003). Those receiving hemostasis were significantly more likely to have an endoscopic diagnosis of arteriovenous malformations (32.6% vs 2.6%, P = .0001) or a solitary ulcer (8.3% vs 2.1%, P < .0001).


LIMITATIONS
Retrospective database analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
Less than 5% of persons presenting with hematochezia and undergoing inpatient colonoscopy received endoscopic hemostasis. These findings differ from published tertiary care setting data. These data provide new insights into in-patient colonoscopy performed primarily in a community practice setting for patients with hematochezia.
Jupyter Notebooks - a publishing format for reproducible computational workflows

It is increasingly necessary for researchers in all fields to write computer code, and in order to reproduce research results, it is important that this code is published. We present Jupyter notebooks, a document format for publishing code, results and explanations in a form that is both readable and executable. We discuss various tools and use cases for notebook documents.
Adolescents ’ Music Preferences and Personality Characteristics

The present paper examined the structure of Dutch adolescents’ music preferences, the stability of music preferences and the relations between Big-Five personality characteristics and (changes in) music preferences. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of music-preference data from 2334 adolescents aged 12–19 revealed four clearly interpretable music-preference dimensions: Rock, Elite, Urban and Pop/Dance. One thousand and forty-four randomly selected adolescents from the original sample filled out questionnaires on music preferences and personality at three follow-up measurements. In addition to being relatively stable over 1, 2 and 3-year intervals, music preferences were found to be consistently related to personality characteristics, generally confirming prior research in the United States. Personality characteristics were also found to predict changes in music preferences over a 3-year interval. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lack of Phenotypic Differences by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MYH7 (β-Myosin Heavy Chain)- Versus MYBPC3 (Myosin-Binding Protein C)-Related Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND
The 2 most commonly affected genes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are MYH7 (β-myosin heavy chain) and MYBPC3 (β-myosin-binding protein C). Phenotypic differences between patients with mutations in these 2 genes have been inconsistent. Scarce data exist on the genotype-phenotype association as assessed by tomographic imaging using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 358 consecutive genotyped hypertrophic cardiomyopathy probands at 5 tertiary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy centers. Genetic testing revealed a pathogenic mutation in 159 patients (44.4%). The most common genes identified were MYH7 (n=53) and MYBPC3 (n=75); 33.1% and 47% of genopositive patients, respectively. Phenotypic characteristics by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of these 2 groups were similar, including left ventricular volumes, mass, maximal wall thickness, morphology, left atrial volume, and mitral valve leaflet lengths (all P=non-significant). The presence of late gadolinium enhancement (65% versus 64%; P=0.99) and the proportion of total left ventricular mass (%late gadolinium enhancement; 10.4±13.2% versus 8.5±8.5%; P=0.44) were also similar.


CONCLUSIONS
This multicenter multinational study shows lack of phenotypic differences between MYH7- and MYBPC3-associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy when assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Postmutational mechanisms appear more relevant to thick-filament disease expression and outcome than the disease-causing variant per se.
Cultural competency in the delivery of health services for Indigenous people

• Cultural competency is a key strategy for reducing inequalities in healthcare access and improving the quality and effectiveness of care for Indigenous people. • Cultural competence is more than cultural awareness—it is the set of behaviours, attitudes, and policies that come together to enable a system, agency, or professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations. • Developing and embedding cultural competence in health services requires a sustained focus on knowledge, awareness, behaviour, skills and attitudes at all levels of service, including at the operational or administrative service level, health practitioner level, practitioner-patient level and student-training level. • In Australia, past efforts to increase levels of cultural competence have been largely designed for particular situations. There has been an absence of a coherent approach to its inclusion or teaching and a lack of national standards for the provision of culturally competent health services. • Research on cultural competence is overwhelmingly descriptive and there are few evaluation studies that are methodologically strong. In particular, there was a lack of Australian specific evidence about what strategies are most effective for improving culturally competent healthcare delivery to Indigenous Australians. • The limitations in the evidence base meant that it was not possible to draw definitive conclusions about the effectiveness of culturally competent practices and frameworks in providing health care benefits for Indigenous people. But there was both international and Australian evidence of its potential in a number of studies. • There were some studies that found that bringing together the cultures of health care organisations with Indigenous communities can improve access to health care for Indigenous Australians. This process involves health care organisations: – consulting with Indigenous Australian health services and communities – tailoring service delivery to the needs and preferences of specific communities – embedding cultural competence within the health care organisational culture, governance, policies and programs. • Education for health care students that incorporates cultural perspectives and experiences can improve health students' preparedness for working in Indigenous health and their future commitment to working for change. 3 Cultural competency in the delivery of health services for Indigenous people – It can lead to more open attitudes, increased awareness, more effective advocacy, a preparedness to engage with Indigenous people, and a better understanding of Indigenous health issues. – Field experience can also make an important and positive contribution to health students' perspectives. • Several studies suggested that key to reducing health disparities …
Basiska bergarter, gångbergarter, sedimentbergarter och breccior i Vaggerydssyenit : en undersökning i protoginzonen vid Vaggeryd

The Protogine Zone is a system of steep shear zones running approximately parallel to the boundary between the Svecofennian and the Southwest Scandinavian orogens of southern Sweden. The geological nature of the zone is not very well known, mainly because detailed mapping has not begun until recently. This work is the beginning of an attempt to start changing this situation. An area of l km², situated 3 km north of Vaggeryd in north-western Smaland, has been mapped in detail. 
The main rock types in the investigated area are syenite and finegrained 
mafic rocks. Associated with these two rock types are breccias. 
Other rock types include volcanics and sandstones. There is also a 
Fe-Ti mineralization. 
The syenites consist of perthitic potash feldspar (36-84 %, mean 
value 61 %), plagioclase (0-19 %, mean value 5 %), clino- and orthopyroxene 
(0-18 %, mean value 9 %), occasional olivine, apatite (mean 
value 2 %) and opaques (mean value 6 %). 
Syenites, aged about 1200 Ma, appear at a number of locations along 
the Protogine zone. They are thought to be closely related to the 
zone. So are also the mafic rocks called "hyperites". Radiometric 
datings of some "hyperites" have shown that they are about 1450 Ma 
old. There is however evidence of several generations of these 
rocks, so some could be younger than this. 
Several details concerning the breccias made the writer infer that 
the breccia is rheomorphic, and also that the syenite and the mafic 
rocks have intruded at approximately the same time. Such details 
include xenoliths of the mafic rocks in the syenite, veins of syenite 
in the mafic rocks, red feldspar-crystals and also partly assimilated 
syenite xenoliths in the mafic rocks. In the mapped area there 
is also a mafic dike intruding the syenite, and chilling against it. 
These facts should also mean that at least some of the mafic rocks 
along the Protogine Zone are younger than 1450 Ma. 
The volcanic and sedimentary rocks, which appear in the syenite, are also interesting. A comparison between the volcanics of the mapped area and the facts known about other volcanic rocks in Smaland has been made. The volcanics outside the mapped area all seem to be older than 1700 Ma. The volcanics of the investigated area intrude both the 1200 Ma old syenite and the mafic rocks, and are therefore younger than these. The sedimentary rocks locally preserve primary sedimentary textures, but they are mostly contact metamorphosed. 
The main ore minerals of the investigated mineralization, which appear in mafic rock are ilmenite, hematite and magnetite. There are three other known mineralizations along the Protogine zone containing Fe-Ti minerals, alloccuring in "hyperite": Langtjarn, Smalands Taberg and Ranshult.
Effect of Deep Cervical Flexor Training vs. Conventional Isometric Training on Forward Head Posture, Pain, Neck Disability Index In Dentists Suffering from Chronic Neck Pain.

UNLABELLED
Neck pain accounts for 15% of all soft tissue problems seen in general practice and are a common reason for referral to physiotherapy treatment. The prevalence of neck pain in dentists is 74.3%. Musculoskeletal symptoms in dentists are caused due to many reasons for e.g., prolonged static posture, repetitive movements, suboptimal lighting, and genetic predisposition. Since deep cervical muscle activity is required in synergy with superficial muscle activity to stabilize the cervical segments, a study is needed, to compare the effectiveness of deep cervical flexor (DCF) training and posture correction training on neck pain and neck disability index and forward head posture.


AIM
To determine and compare the effect of DCF training on forward head posture, neck pain and neck disability index in dentists suffering from chronic non severe neck pain.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
Total of 30 subjects were selected, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, who were further divided into Experimental and Control groups. Baseline information of dependent variables was taken at the beginning of study on day one, for Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Neck disability Index (NDI). Forward head posture was measured on day one using digital photograph technique. Then, Experimental group was given DCF training and Control group was given conventional isometrics training (CIT) for 4 weeks under supervision of examiner. All measurements were repeated at end of 4(th) week, on completion of study.


RESULTS
It was observed that pain and disability had reduced in both groups on group analysis. But the forward head posture had improved significantly in experimental group only.


CONCLUSION
DCF training is more effective than CIT in improving forward head posture, decreasing pain and disability in dentists suffering from chronic neck pain.
Impaired Control Scale: cross-validation and relationships with treatment outcome.

AIMS
(1) To cross-validate Australian findings on the Impaired Control Scale (ICS) in an English sample of problem drinkers. (2) To examine a possible improvement to the scoring of the ICS. (3) To explore the relationship of the ICS to treatment outcome.


DESIGN
In a repeated measures design, questionnaires and interviews were administered by trained staff during treatment and again at 6 months follow-up.


SETTING
Two alcohol and drug treatment services in Newcastle and Liverpool (UK).


PARTICIPANTS
Two hundred and twenty-nine problem drinkers attending as in- or outpatients, with abstinence or moderation treatment goals.


MEASUREMENTS
ICS scores; typical weekly alcohol consumption (units); degree of alcohol-related problems; severity of alcohol dependence; and classification of outcome using consumption levels and current alcohol-related problems, with collateral confirmation of self-reports.


FINDINGS
The satisfactory reliability and validity of the ICS was confirmed in an English sample of problem drinkers in treatment. An improved "substitution method" of scoring was developed to give a single measure of impaired control for all subjects irrespective of degree of attempted control. ICS scores were significantly correlated with treatment outcome and, among a subgroup of subjects who had aimed at abstinence but failed, predicted outcome status after the effects of degree of dependence had been extracted.


CONCLUSIONS
Impaired control over alcohol consumption can be measured in a reliable and valid fashion by the ICS. The ICS has potential uses in research on impaired control and as a clinical assessment tool.
Population pharmacokinetics of melphalan in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing high dose therapy.

AIMS
To i) investigate the pharmacokinetics of total and unbound plasma melphalan using a population approach, ii) identify clinical factors that affect melphalan disposition and iii) evaluate the role of melphalan exposure in melphalan-related toxicity and disease response.


METHODS
Population pharmacokinetic modelling (using NONMEM) was performed with total and unbound concentration-time data from 100 patients (36-73 years) who had received a median 192 mg m(-2) melphalan dose. Model derived estimates of total and unbound melphalan exposure (AUC) in patients with serious melphalan toxicity and those who had a good disease response (>or=90% decrease in paraprotein concentrations) were compared using the Mann-Whitney test.


RESULTS
A two compartment model generated population mean estimates for total and unbound melphalan clearance (CL) of 27.8 and 128 l h(-1), respectively. Estimated creatinine clearance, fat free mass and haematocrit were important determinants of total and unbound CL, reducing the inter-individual variability in total CL from 34% to 27% and in unbound CL from 42% to 30%. Total AUC (range 4.9-24.4 mg l(-1) h) and unbound AUC (range 1.0-6.5 mg l(-1) h) were significantly higher in patients who had oral mucositis (>or=grade 3) and long hospital admissions (P < 0.01). Patients who responded well had significantly higher unbound AUC (median 3.2 vs. 2.8 mg l(-1) h, P < 0.05) when assessed from diagnosis to post-melphalan and higher total AUC (median 21.3 vs. 13.4 mg l(-1) h, P= 0.06), when assessed from pre- to post-melphalan.


CONCLUSIONS
Creatinine clearance, fat free mass and haematocrit influence total and unbound melphalan plasma clearance. Melphalan exposure is related to melphalan toxicity while the association with efficacy shows promising trends that will be studied further.