LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Improved Round Robin Scheduling using Dynamic Time Quantum

Round Robin scheduling algorithm is the widely used scheduling algorithm in multitasking and real time environment. It is the most popular algorithm due to its fairness and starvation free nature towards the processes, which is achieved by using the time quantum. As the time quantum is static, it causes less context switching incase of high time quantum and high context switching incase of less time quantum. Increasing context switch leads to high avg. waiting time, high avg. turnaround time which is a overhead and degrades the system performance. So, the performance of the system solely depends upon the choice of optimal time quantum which is dynamic in nature. In this paper, we have proposed a new variant of RR scheduling algorithm known as Improved Round Robin (IRR) Scheduling algorithm, by arranging the processes according to their shortest burst time and assigning each of them with an optimal time quantum which is able to reduce all the above said disadvantages. Experimentally we have shown that our proposed algorithm performs better than the RR algorithm, by reducing context switching, average waiting and average turnaround time.
A Novel high-speed transistorized 8x8 Multiplier using 4-2 Compressors

In this paper, a novel implementation of 8x8 Multiplier using 4-2 Compressors is presented; which produces quick results, especially for use in Digital Signal Processors and in Microprocessors. This multiplier uses a new partial-product reduction format which consecutively reduces the maximum output delay. The new design of multiplier requires less number of MOSFET’s compared to Wallace Tree Multipliers. The 4-2 Compressor used is made from high-speed and low-power XOR-XNOR module and transmission gate based Multiplexer. The delay and power-delay product (PDP) is compared with earlier Wallace and Dadda Multipliers, implemented with 4-2 Compressors and without compressors, and is proven to have minimum delay and PDP. The Simulation results were obtained using HSPICE at 0.18μm standard CMOS technology. Keywords— 4-2 Compressors, partial-product reduction, Reduction format, Tree Multipliers, XOR-XNOR module, Multiplexer, 0.18μm CMOS.
Prolonged inhibition of glioblastoma xenograft initiation and clonogenic growth following in vivo Notch blockade.

PURPOSE
To examine the effects of clinically relevant pharmacologic Notch inhibition on glioblastoma xenografts.


EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Murine orthotopic xenografts generated from temozolomide-sensitive and -resistant glioblastoma neurosphere lines were treated with the γ-secretase inhibitor MRK003. Tumor growth was tracked by weekly imaging, and the effects on animal survival and tumor proliferation were assessed, along with the expression of Notch targets, stem cell, and differentiation markers, and the biology of neurospheres isolated from previously treated xenografts and controls.


RESULTS
Weekly MRK003 therapy resulted in significant reductions in growth as measured by imaging, as well as prolongation of survival. Microscopic examination confirmed a statistically significant reduction in cross-sectional tumor area and mitotic index in a MRK003-treated cohort as compared with controls. Expression of multiple Notch targets was reduced in the xenografts, along with neural stem/progenitor cell markers, whereas glial differentiation was induced. Neurospheres derived from MRK003-treated xenografts exhibited reduced clonogenicity and formed less aggressive secondary xenografts. Neurospheres isolated from treated xenografts remained sensitive to MRK003, suggesting that therapeutic resistance does not rapidly arise during in vivo Notch blockade.


CONCLUSIONS
Weekly oral delivery of MRK003 results in significant in vivo inhibition of Notch pathway activity, tumor growth, stem cell marker expression, and clonogenicity, providing preclinical support for the use of such compounds in patients with malignant brain tumors. Some of these effects can persist for some time after in vivo therapy is complete.
Human Brat ortholog TRIM3 is a tumor suppressor that regulates asymmetric cell division in glioblastoma.

Cancer stem cells, capable of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation, influence tumor behavior through a complex balance of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions. Mechanisms regulating the dynamics of stem cells and their progeny in human cancer are poorly understood. In Drosophila, mutation of brain tumor (brat) leads to loss of normal asymmetric cell division by developing neural cells and results in a massively enlarged brain composed of neuroblasts with neoplastic properties. Brat promotes asymmetric cell division and directs neural differentiation at least partially through its suppression on Myc. We identified TRIM3 (11p15.5) as a human ortholog of Drosophila brat and demonstrate its regulation of asymmetric cell division and stem cell properties of glioblastoma (GBM), a highly malignant human brain tumor. TRIM3 gene expression is markedly reduced in human GBM samples, neurosphere cultures, and cell lines and its reconstitution impairs growth properties in vitro and in vivo. TRIM3 expression attenuates stem-like qualities of primary GBM cultures, including neurosphere formation and the expression of stem cell markers CD133, Nestin, and Nanog. In GBM stem cells, TRIM3 expression leads to a greater percentage dividing asymmetrically rather than symmetrically. As with Brat in Drosophila, TRIM3 suppresses c-Myc expression and activity in human glioma cell lines. We also demonstrate a strong regulation of Musashi-Notch signaling by TRIM3 in GBM neurospheres and neural stem cells that may better explain its effect on stem cell dynamics. We conclude that TRIM3 acts as a tumor suppressor in GBM by restoring asymmetric cell division.
Cup anemometer response to the wind turbulence-measurement of the horizontal wind variance

This paper presents some dynamic characteristics of an opto-electronic cup anemometer model in relation to its response to the wind turbulence. It is based on experimental data of the natural wind turbulence measured both by an ultrasonic anemometer and two samples of the mentioned cup anemometer. The distance constants of the latter devices measured in a wind tunnel are in good agreement with those determined by the spectral analysis method proposed in this study. In addition, the study shows that the linear compensation of the cup anemometer response, beyond the cutoff frequency, is limited to a given frequency, characteristic of the device. Beyond this frequency, the compensation effectiveness relies mainly on the wind characteristics, particularly the direction variability and the horizontal turbulence intensity. Finally, this study demonstrates the potential of fast cup anemometers to measure some turbulence parameters (like wind variance) with errors of the magnitude as those deriving from the mean speed measurements. This result proves that fast cup anemometers can be used to assess some turbulence parameters, especially for long-term measurements in severe climate conditions (icing, snowing or sandy storm weathers).
Detection of child mental health disorders by general practitioners.

BACKGROUND
Few children with mental disorders access specialist services. Although previous studies suggest that general practitioner (GP) recognition is limited, parents may not be presenting these problems.


AIM
To compare GP recognition of disorders with child mental health data and to examine factors affecting recognition, in particular whether recognition is enhanced if the parent expresses concern during the consultation.


DESIGN OF STUDY
A two-phase design involving an initial community survey of children between the ages of 5 and 11 years. In the second phase, primary care attenders who were regarded by their GP as having a mental health disorder were compared with those who were not.


SETTING
Five general practices in Croydon, outer London.


METHOD
For 186 children attending primary care, GP recognition of disorders was compared with the results of a child mental health questionnaire completed by parents. Accuracy and predictors of GP recognition were examined.


RESULTS
Seventy-four per cent of children meeting criteria for caseness were not recognised by GPs as having a mental health disorder. The expression of parental concern in the consultation about a mental health problem increased the sensitivity of recognition from 26% to 88%. Expression of concern also increased GP recognition of non-cases; this reflected GP identification of other mental health and learning problems. Only a third of parents who had concerns expressed these during the consultation.


CONCLUSIONS
GPs are responsive to concern and take parental views into account. As well as detecting disorders, GPs are also sensitive to other psychosocial and educational problems that may present in primary care. There is a need for parental education about child mental health disorders.
Atlas of modern dinoflagellate cyst distribution based on 2405 data points

90 W 60 S 30 S EQ 30 N 60 N 2 K.A.F. Zonneveld et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 191 (2013) 1–197 factors that are known to influence dinoflagellate growth, gamete production, encystment, excystment and preservation of their organic-walled cysts: surfacewater temperature, salinity, nitrate, phosphate, chlorophyll-a concentrations and bottom water oxygen concentrations. Graphs are provided for every species depicting the relationship between seasonal and annual variations of these parameters and the relative abundance of the species. Results have been compared with previously published records; an overview of the ecological significance as well as information about the seasonal production of each individual species is presented. The relationship between the cyst distribution and variation in the aforementioned environmental parameters was analysed by performing a canonical correspondence analysis. All tested variables showed a positive relationship on the 99% confidence level. Sea-surface temperature represents the parameter corresponding to the largest amount of variance within the dataset (40%) followed by nitrate, salinity, phosphate and bottom-water oxygen concentration, which correspond to 34%, 33%, 25% and 24% of the variance, respectively. Characterisations of selected environments as well as a discussion about how these factors could have influenced the final cyst yield in sediments are included. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
An ancient dental gene set governs development and continuous regeneration of teeth in sharks.

The evolution of oral teeth is considered a major contributor to the overall success of jawed vertebrates. This is especially apparent in cartilaginous fishes including sharks and rays, which develop elaborate arrays of highly specialized teeth, organized in rows and retain the capacity for life-long regeneration. Perpetual regeneration of oral teeth has been either lost or highly reduced in many other lineages including important developmental model species, so cartilaginous fishes are uniquely suited for deep comparative analyses of tooth development and regeneration. Additionally, sharks and rays can offer crucial insights into the characters of the dentition in the ancestor of all jawed vertebrates. Despite this, tooth development and regeneration in chondrichthyans is poorly understood and remains virtually uncharacterized from a developmental genetic standpoint. Using the emerging chondrichthyan model, the catshark (Scyliorhinus spp.), we characterized the expression of genes homologous to those known to be expressed during stages of early dental competence, tooth initiation, morphogenesis, and regeneration in bony vertebrates. We have found that expression patterns of several genes from Hh, Wnt/β-catenin, Bmp and Fgf signalling pathways indicate deep conservation over ~450 million years of tooth development and regeneration. We describe how these genes participate in the initial emergence of the shark dentition and how they are redeployed during regeneration of successive tooth generations. We suggest that at the dawn of the vertebrate lineage, teeth (i) were most likely continuously regenerative structures, and (ii) utilised a core set of genes from members of key developmental signalling pathways that were instrumental in creating a dental legacy redeployed throughout vertebrate evolution. These data lay the foundation for further experimental investigations utilizing the unique regenerative capacity of chondrichthyan models to answer evolutionary, developmental, and regenerative biological questions that are impossible to explore in classical models.
Comparative Study of Artificial Neural Networks and Hidden Markov Model for Financial Time Series Prediction

Financial Time Series analysis and prediction is one of the interesting areas in which past data could be used to anticipate and predict data and information about future. There are many artificial intelligence approaches used in the prediction of time series, such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Hidden Markov Models (HMM). In this paper HMM and HMM approaches for predicting financial time series are presented. ANN and HMM are used to predict time series that consists of highest and lowest Forex index series as input variable. Both of ANN and HMM are trained on the past dataset of the chosen currencies (such as EURO/ USD which is used in this paper). The trained ANN and HMM are used to search for the variable of interest behavioral data pattern from the past dataset. The obtained results was compared with real values from Forex (Foreign Exchange) market database [1]. The power and predictive ability of the two models are evaluated on the basis of Mean Square Error (MSE). The Experimental results obtained are encouraging, and it demonstrate that ANN and HMM can closely predict the currency market, with a small different in predicting performance.
Detecting objective-C malware through memory forensics

Memory forensics is increasingly used to detect and analyze sophisticated malware. In the last decade, major advances in memory forensics have made analysis of kernel-level mal-ware straightforward. Kernel-level malware has been favored by attackers because it essentially provides complete control over a machine. This has changed recently as operating systems vendors now routinely enforce driving signing and strategies for protecting kernel data, such as Patch Guard, have made userland attacks much more attractive to malware authors. In this thesis, new techniques for detecting userland malware written in Objective-C on Mac OS X are presented. As the thesis illustrates, Objective-C provides a rich set of APIs that malware uses to manipulate and steal data and to perform other malicious activities. The novel memory forensics techniques presented in this thesis deeply examine the state of the Objective-C runtime, identifying a number of suspicious activities, from keystroke logging to pointer swizzling.
Differences of two cryoballoon generations: insights from the prospective multicentre, multinational FREEZE Cohort Substudy.

AIMS
Cryoballoon (CB) ablation with the second-generation cryoballoon (CBG2) seems to be more effective than its predecessor [first-generation cryoballoon (CBG1)], but phrenic nerve palsies were observed more frequently. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of CBG1 and CBG2 in a substudy of the prospective multicentre, multinational FREEZE Cohort Study.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Periprocedural data were analysed, and a total of 532 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) were examined (n = 224 for CBG1 and n = 308 for CBG2). Procedure time decreased significantly from 149 to 130 min when comparing CBG1 with CBG2 (P < 0.0001), and pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) was achieved in 97.8 and 97.6% of PVs with CBG1 and CBG2 (P = 0.77), respectively. The need for dual-balloon usage within a procedure dropped (20.1 vs. 9.0%, P < 0.001), and the fluoroscopy time was reduced when operating the CBG2. Atrial fibrillation recurrence rates until discharge were similar (5.0 vs. 5.8%, P = 0.69). Comparable low rates of major complications were observed with both CBs, and there was a non-significant trend for more phrenic nerve palsies.


CONCLUSION
Second-generation cryoballoon demonstrated a high rate of acute PVI in a significant faster procedure, which also utilized less radiation exposure and less dual-balloon usage during an average procedure. The safety profile remains favourable with a non-significant trend for more phrenic nerve palsies. If the enhancements lead to a higher clinical benefit has to be determined. The 1-year outcome data from the ongoing FREEZE Cohort Study comparing radiofrequency and CB ablation will shed some light on that issue.


CLINICAL TRIALS GOV IDENTIFIER
NCT01360008.
Generalizing Value Estimation over Timescale

General value functions (GVFs) are an approach to representing models of an agent’s world as a collection of predictive questions. A GVF is defined by: a policy, a prediction target, and a timescale. Traditionally predictions for a given timescale must be specified by the engineer and each timescale learned independently. Here we present γ-nets, a method for generalizing value function estimation over timescale, allowing a given GVF to be trained and queried for any fixed timescale. The key to our approach is to use timescale as one of the network inputs. The prediction target for any fixed timescale is then available at every timestep and we are free to train on any number of timescales. We present preliminary results on a simple test signal. 1. Value Functions and Timescale Reinforcement learning (RL) studies algorithms in which an agent learns to maximize the amount of reward it receives over its lifetime. A key method in RL is the estimation of value — the expected cumulative sum of discounted future rewards (called the return). In loose terms this tells an agent how good it is to be in a particular state. The agent can then learn a policy — a way of behaving — which maximizes the amount of reward received. Sutton et al. (2011) broadened the use of value estimation by introducing general value functions (GVFs), in which value estimates are made of other sensorimotor signals, not just reward. GVFs can be thought of as representing an agent’s model of itself and its environment as a collection of questions about future sensorimotor returns; a predictive representation of state. A GVF is defined by three elements: 1) the policy, 2) the cumulant (the sensorimotor signal to be Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Cogitai, Inc., United States. Correspondence to: Craig Sherstan <sherstan@ualberta.ca>, Patrick M. Pilarski <pilarski@ualberta.ca>. Accepted at the FAIM workshop “Prediction and Generative Modeling in Reinforcement Learning”, Stockholm, Sweden, 2018. Copyright 2018 by the author(s). Transition
A New Proof of the Prouhet-Tarry-Escott Problem

The famous Prouhet-Tarry-Escott problem seeks collections of mutually disjoint sets of non-negative integers having equal sums of like powers. In this paper we present a new proof of the solution to this problem by deriving a generalization of the product generating function formula for the classical Prouhet-Thue-Morse sequence.
Toward a formalization of the process to select IMIA Yearbook best papers.

BACKGROUND
Each year, the International Medical Informatics Association Yearbook recognizes significant scientific papers, labelled as "best papers", published the previous year in the subfields of biomedical informatics that correspond to the different section topics of the journal. For each section, about fifteen pre-selected "candidate" best papers are externally peer-reviewed to select the actual best papers. Although based on the available literature, little is known about the pre-selection process.


OBJECTIVE
To move toward an explicit formalization of the candidate best papers selection process to reduce variability in the literature search across sections and over years.


METHODS
A methodological framework is proposed to build for each section topic specific queries tailored to PubMed and Web of Science citation databases. The two sets of returned papers are merged and reviewed by two independent section editors and citations are tagged as "discarded", "pending", and "kept". A protocolized consolidation step is then jointly conducted to resolve conflicts. A bibliographic software tool, BibReview, was developed to support the whole process.


RESULTS
The proposed search strategy was fully applied to the Decision Support section of the 2013 edition of the Yearbook. For this section, 1124 references were returned (689 PubMed-specific, 254 WoS-specific, 181 common to both databases) among which the 15 candidate best papers were selected.


CONCLUSIONS
The search strategy for determining candidate best papers for an IMIA Yearbook's section is now explicitly specified and allows for reproducibility. However, some aspects of the whole process remain reviewer-dependent, mostly because there is no characterization of a "best paper".
Early weaning increases diarrhea morbidity and mortality among uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers in Zambia.

BACKGROUND
Early weaning may reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission but may have deleterious consequences for uninfected children. Here we evaluate effects of early weaning on diarrhea morbidity and mortality of uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers.


METHODS
HIV-infected women in Lusaka, Zambia, were randomly assigned to breastfeeding for 4 months only or to continue breastfeeding until the mother decided to stop. Replacement and complementary foods were provided and all women were counseled around feeding and hygiene. Diarrhea morbidity and mortality were assessed in 618 HIV-uninfected singletons alive and still breastfeeding at 4 months. Intent-to-treat analyses and comparisons based on actual feeding practices were conducted using regression methods.


RESULTS
Between 4 and 6 months, diarrheal episodes were 1.8-fold (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3-2.4) higher in the short compared with long breastfeeding group. Associations were stronger based on actual feeding practices and persisted after adjustment for confounding. At older ages, only more severe outcomes, including diarrhea-related hospitalization or death (relative hazard [RH], 3.2, 95% CI, 2.1-5.1 increase 4-24 months), were increased among weaned children.


CONCLUSIONS
Continued breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality among uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers in this low-resource setting despite provision of replacement and complementary food and counseling.


CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION
NCT00310726.