LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Mouse Estrous Cycle Identification Tool and Images

The efficiency of producing timed pregnant or pseudopregnant mice can be increased by identifying those in proestrus or estrus. Visual observation of the vagina is the quickest method, requires no special equipment, and is best used when only proestrus or estrus stages need to be identified. Strain to strain differences, especially in coat color can make it difficult to determine the stage of the estrous cycle accurately by visual observation. Presented here are a series of images of the vaginal opening at each stage of the estrous cycle for 3 mouse strains of different coat colors: black (C57BL/6J), agouti (CByB6F1/J) and albino (BALB/cByJ). When all 4 stages (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus) need to be identified, vaginal cytology is regarded as the most accurate method. An identification tool is presented to aid the user in determining the stage of estrous when using vaginal cytology. These images and descriptions are an excellent resource for learning how to determine the stage of the estrous cycle by visual observation or vaginal cytology.
The support vector machine under test

Support vector machines (SVMs) are rarely benchmarked against other classi1cation or regression methods. We compare a popular SVM implementation (libsvm) to 16 classi1cation methods and 9 regression methods—all accessible through the software R—by the means of standard performance measures (classi1cation error and mean squared error) which are also analyzed by the means of bias-variance decompositions. SVMs showed mostly good performances both on classi1cation and regression tasks, but other methods proved to be very competitive. c © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A Unified Model for Word Sense Representation and Disambiguation

Most word representation methods assume that each word owns a single semantic vector. This is usually problematic because lexical ambiguity is ubiquitous, which is also the problem to be resolved by word sense disambiguation. In this paper, we present a unified model for joint word sense representation and disambiguation, which will assign distinct representations for each word sense.1 The basic idea is that both word sense representation (WSR) and word sense disambiguation (WSD) will benefit from each other: (1) highquality WSR will capture rich information about words and senses, which should be helpful for WSD, and (2) high-quality WSD will provide reliable disambiguated corpora for learning better sense representations. Experimental results show that, our model improves the performance of contextual word similarity compared to existing WSR methods, outperforms stateof-the-art supervised methods on domainspecific WSD, and achieves competitive performance on coarse-grained all-words WSD.
Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: a Baby Siblings Research Consortium study.

OBJECTIVE
The recurrence risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is estimated to be between 3% and 10%, but previous research was limited by small sample sizes and biases related to ascertainment, reporting, and stoppage factors. This study used prospective methods to obtain an updated estimate of sibling recurrence risk for ASD.


METHODS
A prospective longitudinal study of infants at risk for ASD was conducted by a multisite international network, the Baby Siblings Research Consortium. Infants (n = 664) with an older biological sibling with ASD were followed from early in life to 36 months, when they were classified as having or not having ASD. An ASD classification required surpassing the cutoff of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and receiving a clinical diagnosis from an expert clinician.


RESULTS
A total of 18.7% of the infants developed ASD. Infant gender and the presence of >1 older affected sibling were significant predictors of ASD outcome, and there was an almost threefold increase in risk for male subjects and an additional twofold increase in risk if there was >1 older affected sibling. The age of the infant at study enrollment, the gender and functioning level of the infant's older sibling, and other demographic factors did not predict ASD outcome.


CONCLUSIONS
The sibling recurrence rate of ASD is higher than suggested by previous estimates. The size of the current sample and prospective nature of data collection minimized many limitations of previous studies of sibling recurrence. Clinical implications, including genetic counseling, are discussed.
Characterization of an etoposide-resistant human small-cell lung cancer cell line

We established an etoposide (VP-16)-resistant human small-cell lung cancer cell line (H69/VP) by stepwise exposure to VP-16. The resistance of H69/VP to VP-16 was 9.4-fold that of the parent cell line (H69/P). H69/VP showed cross-resistance to Adriamycin (ADM), (4S)-4,11-diethyl-4-hydroxy-9-[(4-piperidinopiperidino) carbonyloxy]-1H-pyrano[3′,4′:6,7]indolizino [1,2-b]quinoline-3,14(4H,12H)-dionehydrochloride trihydrate (CPT-11), teniposide (VM-26), vindesine (VDS) and vincristine (VCR). The amount of DNA topoisomerase II (topo.II) was nearly the same in H69/P and H69/VP cells. The catalytic activity of topo.II in H69/VP cells was lower than that in the H69/P line. Accumulation of [3H]-VP-16 in H69/VP was 6.1 – 7.5 times lower than that in H69/P. According to Northern blot analysis, themdr-1 mRNA level in H69/VP was markedly higher than that in H69/P. These findings suggest that H69/VP has a typical multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype and that alteration of the drug accumulation mediated by P-glycoprotein may play an important role in resistance to VP-16. Reduced topo.II activity may also be associated with VP-16 resistance.
Psychiatric Axis I Comorbidities among Patients with Gender Dysphoria

Objectives. Cooccurring psychiatric disorders influence the outcome and prognosis of gender dysphoria. The aim of this study is to assess psychiatric comorbidities in a group of patients. Methods. Eighty-three patients requesting sex reassignment surgery (SRS) were recruited and assessed through the Persian Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I). Results. Fifty-seven (62.7%) patients had at least one psychiatric comorbidity. Major depressive disorder (33.7%), specific phobia (20.5%), and adjustment disorder (15.7%) were the three most prevalent disorders. Conclusion. Consistent with most earlier researches, the majority of patients with gender dysphoria had psychiatric Axis I comorbidity.
A randomized controlled multimodal behavioral intervention trial for improving antiepileptic drug adherence

PURPOSE
Medication nonadherence is one of the most important reasons for treatment failure in patients with epilepsy. The present study investigated the effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention to improve adherence to antiepileptic drug (AED) medication in patients with epilepsy.


METHODS
In a prospective, randomized multicenter trial, three sessions of face-to-face motivational interviewing (MI) in combination with complementary behavior change techniques were compared with standard care. Motivational interviewing prompted change talk and self-motivated statements from the patients, planning their own medication intake regimen and also identifying and overcoming barriers that may prevent adherence. Participants were provided with calendars to self-monitor their medication taking behavior. A family member and the health-care team were invited to attend the last session of MI in order to improve the collaboration and communication between patients, their caregiver or family member, and their health-care provider. At baseline and 6-month follow-up, psychosocial variables and medical adherence were assessed.


RESULTS
In total, 275 participants were included in the study. Compared with the active control group, patients in the intervention group reported significantly higher medication adherence, as well as stronger intention and perceptions of control for taking medication regularly. The intervention group also reported higher levels of action planning, coping planning, self-monitoring, and lower medication concerns.


CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that MI can be effective in clinical practice to improve medication adherence in patients with epilepsy. It also provides evidence that combining volitional interventions, including action planning, coping planning, and self-monitoring with motivational interviewing can promote the effectiveness of the medical treatments for epilepsy by improving adherence.
Brainstem responses to speech syllables

OBJECTIVE
To establish reliable procedures and normative values to quantify brainstem encoding of speech sounds.


METHODS
Auditory brainstem responses to speech syllables presented in quiet and in background noise were obtained from 38 normal children. Brainstem responses consist of transient and sustained, periodic components-much like the speech signal itself. Transient peak responses were analyzed with measures of latency, amplitude, area, and slope. Magnitude of sustained, periodic frequency-following responses was assessed with root mean square, fundamental frequency, and first formant amplitudes; timing was assessed by stimulus-to-response and quiet-to-noise inter-response correlations.


RESULTS
Measures of transient and sustained components of the brainstem response to speech syllables were reliably obtained with high test-retest stability and low variability across subjects. All components of the brainstem response were robust in quiet. Background noise disrupted the transient responses whereas the sustained response was more resistant to the deleterious effects of noise.


CONCLUSIONS
The speech-evoked brainstem response faithfully reflects many acoustic properties of the speech signal. Procedures to quantitatively describe it have been developed.


SIGNIFICANCE
Accurate and precise manifestation of stimulus timing at the auditory brainstem is a hallmark of the normal perceptual system. The brainstem response to speech sounds provides a mechanism for understanding the neural bases of normal and deficient attention-independent auditory function.
Acute stent thrombosis after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the EUROMAX trial (European Ambulance Acute Coronary Syndrome Angiography).

OBJECTIVES
This study sought to determine clinical, procedural, and treatment factors associated with acute stent thrombosis (AST) in the EUROMAX (European Ambulance Acute Coronary Syndrome Angiography) trial.


BACKGROUND
Bivalirudin started during transport for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction significantly reduced major bleeding compared with heparin with or without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPI), but it was associated with an increase in AST.


METHODS
We compared patients with (n = 12) or without AST (n = 2,184) regarding baseline, clinical, and procedural characteristics and antithrombotic treatment strategies (choice of P2Y12 inhibitor, post-primary PCI bivalirudin infusion dose [0.25 mg/kg/h, or BIV-LOW] vs. [1.75 mg/kg/h, or BIV-PCI] vs. heparin ± GPI). Logistic regression was performed to identify independent correlates of AST.


RESULTS
The overall AST rate was 0.6% and was higher with bivalirudin than with heparin ± GPI (1.1% vs. 0.2%; p = 0.007). Median time to AST was 2.3 h (interquartile range: 1.9 to 2.8 h). Patients with AST had less hypertension (2 of 14 [14.0%] vs. 961 of 2,182 [44.0%]; p = 0.03), and more frequently received GPI (11 of 14 [78.6%] vs. 880 of 2,183 [40.3%]; p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis using Firth penalized maximum likelihood estimation found hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 0.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07 to 0.92; p = 0.037) and BIV-LOW (OR: 5.8, 95% CI: 1.5 to 22.2; p = 0.010) predictive of AST. Choice of P2Y12 inhibitor had no impact on AST. Compared with heparin ± GPI, AST rates were higher for BIV-LOW (11 of 670 [1.6%] vs. 2 of 947 [0.2%]; p = 0.008), but not different for BIV-PCI (1 of 244 [0.4%]; p = 0.588).


CONCLUSIONS
In this post-hoc analysis from EUROMAX, AST occurred very early and was not mitigated by the novel P2Y12 inhibitors. Prolonging the bivalirudin infusion at the PCI dose (but not at a lower dose) appeared to mitigate the risk of AST.
Positive expiratory pressure changes aerosol distribution in patients with cystic fibrosis.

HYPOTHESIS
We hypothesized that aerosol distribution in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis changes with positive expiratory pressure (PEP).


METHODS
Eight patients were randomized to one of 2 conditions. On one study day, patients inhaled saline aerosol containing 99mtechnetium generated by a Pari LC Plus nebulizer and exhaled through a Pari PEP device. On another day, the same patients exhaled through a low-resistance Pari filter (no PEP). Afterwards, they underwent gamma-camera lung imaging. Images were analyzed for lung deposition fraction, expressed as a percent of the initial nebulizer activity, and deposition pattern, expressed in terms of inner-outer and apical-basal ratios.


RESULTS
Lung deposition fraction was significantly lower with the Pari PEP device; the mean + SD deposition fraction was 6.10 + 3.05% (median 6.20%) with PEP, compared to 10.76 + 4.52% (median 10.32%) (p = 0.0078) without PEP. The inner-outer ratio was 2.01 + 0.69 (median 2.23) with PEP, which was significantly lower than without PEP (2.76 + 1.33, median 2.55) (p = 0.004). The apical-basal ratio was 0.82 + 0.31 (median 0.80) with PEP, which was not significantly different from no PEP (1.00 + 0.49, median 0.90).


CONCLUSION
These results indicate that less aerosol is deposited in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis when the Pari LC Plus nebulizer is used with the Pari PEP device, as described in these experiments. Nevertheless, aerosol administration with this nebulizer and PEP device also results in a proportional redistribution of aerosol to the peripheral airways, compared to nebulization without the PEP device. The clinical relevance of this subtle redistribution of aerosol in cystic fibrosis patients will probably depend on the drug administered and disease severity.
Large MIMO Systems: A Low-Complexity Detector at High Spectral Efficiencies

We consider large MIMO systems, where by 'large' we mean number of transmit and receive antennas of the order of tens to hundreds. Such large MIMO systems will be of immense interest because of the very high spectral efficiencies possible in such systems. We present a low-complexity detector which achieves uncoded near-exponential diversity performance for hundreds of antennas in V-BLAST (i.e., achieves near SISO AWGN performance in a large MIMO fading environment) with an average per-bit complexity of just 0(NtNr), where Nt and Nr denote the number of transmit and receive antennas, respectively. With an outer turbo code, the proposed detector achieves good coded bit error performance as well. For example, in a 600 transmit and 600 receive antennas V-BLAST system with a high spectral efficiency of 200 bps/Hz (using BPSK and rate-1/3 turbo code), our simulation results show that the proposed detector performs close to within about 4.6 dB of the theoretical capacity. We also adopt the proposed detector for the low-complexity decoding of high-rate non-orthogonal space- time block codes (STBC) from division algebras (DA). We have decoded the 16x16 full-rate STBC from DA using the proposed detector and show that it performs close to within about 5.5 dB of the capacity using 4-QAM and rate-3/4 turbo code at a spectral efficiency of 24 bps/Hz. The practical feasibility of the proposed high-performance low-complexity detector could trigger wide interest in the implementation of large MIMO systems.
Companding technique for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems based on an exponential function

In this paper, a new non-linear companding technique, called "exponential companding", is proposed to reduce the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. Unlike the mu-law companding scheme, which enlarges only small signals so that increases the average power, the schemes based on exponential companding technique adjust both large and small signals and can keep the average power at the same level. By transforming the original OFDM signals into uniformly distributed signals (with a specific degree), the exponential companding schemes can effectively reduce PAPR for different modulation formats and sub-carrier sizes. Moreover, many PAPR reduction schemes, such as mu-law companding scheme, cause spectrum side-lobes generation, but the exponential companding schemes cause less spectrum side-lobes. Computer simulations, which consider a baseband OFDM system with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels and a solid state power amplifier (SSPA), show that the proposed exponential companding schemes can offer better PAPR reduction, bit error rate (BER), and phase error performance than the mu-law companding scheme
Complex hyperbolic lattices

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we give a survey of the known methods of constructing lattices in complex hyperbolic space. Secondly, we discuss some of the lattices constructed by Deligne and Mostow and by Thurston in detail. In particular, we give a unified treatment of the constructions of fundamental domains and we relate this to other properties of these lattices.
RandNLA: randomized numerical linear algebra

Randomization offers new benefits for large-scale linear algebra computations.
Undergraduate nursing students' attitudes toward mental health nursing.

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to describe undergraduate nursing students' attitudes toward mental health nursing and how these attitudes influenced their professional career choices in mental health nursing.


DESIGN
A descriptive, online survey was utilized to examine students' perceptions of mental health nursing. A total of 229 junior and senior nursing students were recruited from eight nursing colleges in Midwestern United States to participate in this survey.


RESULTS
Students of different ages, genders, ethnicities, and nursing programs did not report significantly different perceptions of: (a) knowledge of mental illness; (b) negative stereotypes; (c) interest in mental health nursing as a future career; and (d), and beliefs that psychiatric nurses provide a valuable contribution to consumers and the community. Negative stereotypes were significantly different between students who had mental health nursing preparation either in class (p=0.0147) or in clinical practice (p=0.0018) and students who had not. There were significant differences in anxiety about mental illness between students who had classes on mental health nursing (p=.0005), clinical experience (p=0.0035), and work experience in the mental health field (p=0.0012). Significant differences in an interest in a future career in mental health nursing emerged between students with and without prior mental health experience and between students with and without an interest in an externship program with p-values of 0.0012 and <0.0001, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The more exposure that students have to mental health nursing through clinical experiences, theory classes, and previous work in the field, the more prepared they feel about caring for persons with mental health issues.
Severe mental illness in 33,588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

BACKGROUND
High levels of psychiatric morbidity in prisoners have been documented in many countries, but it is not known whether rates of mental illness have been increasing over time or whether the prevalence differs between low-middle-income countries compared with high-income ones.


AIMS
To systematically review prevalence studies for psychotic illness and major depression in prisoners, provide summary estimates and investigate sources of heterogeneity between studies using meta-regression.


METHOD
Studies from 1966 to 2010 were identified using ten bibliographic indexes and reference lists. Inclusion criteria were unselected prison samples and that clinical examination or semi-structured instruments were used to make DSM or ICD diagnoses of the relevant disorders.


RESULTS
We identified 109 samples including 33 588 prisoners in 24 countries. Data were meta-analysed using random-effects models, and we found a pooled prevalence of psychosis of 3.6% (95% CI 3.1-4.2) in male prisoners and 3.9% (95% CI 2.7-5.0) in female prisoners. There were high levels of heterogeneity, some of which was explained by studies in low-middle-income countries reporting higher prevalences of psychosis (5.5%, 95% CI 4.2-6.8; P = 0.035 on meta-regression). The pooled prevalence of major depression was 10.2% (95% CI 8.8-11.7) in male prisoners and 14.1% (95% CI 10.2-18.1) in female prisoners. The prevalence of these disorders did not appear to be increasing over time, apart from depression in the USA (P = 0.008).


CONCLUSIONS
High levels of psychiatric morbidity are consistently reported in prisoners from many countries over four decades. Further research is needed to confirm whether higher rates of mental illness are found in low- and middle-income nations, and examine trends over time within nations with large prison populations.
A simple tuning method for fuzzy PID control

A new tuning method is proposed for fuzzy PID controller based on internal model control theory. First, the analytical model of the fuzzy PID controller is expressed as a linear PID controller plus a nonlinear compensation item. Then, the internal model control method can be used to approximately design the parameters of fuzzy PID controller analytically. Finally, stability of the fuzzy PID control system is analyzed, and the validity of the tuning methodology is demonstrated by simulation.
Traditional instruction in advanced mathematics courses: a case study of one professor’s lectures and proofs in an introductory real analysis course

It is widely accepted by mathematics educators and mathematicians that most proof-oriented university mathematics courses are taught in a “definition-theorem-proof” format. However, there are relatively few empirical studies on what takes place during this instruction, why this instruction is used, and how it affects students’ learning. In this paper, I investigate these issues by examining a case study of one professor using this type of instruction in an introductory real analysis course. I first describe the professor’s actions in the classroom and argue that these actions are the result of the professor’s beliefs about mathematics, students, and education, as well as his knowledge of the material being covered. I then illustrate how the professor’s teaching style influenced the way that his students attempted to learn the material. Finally, I discuss the implications that the reported data have on mathematics education research.