LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Description, Prescription and the Choice of Discount Rates

The choice of discount rates is a key issue in the analysis of long-term societal issues, in particular environmental issues such as climate change. Approaches to choosing discount rates are generally placed into two categories: the descriptive approach and the prescriptive approach. The descriptive approach is often justified on grounds that it uses a description of how society discounts instead of having analysts impose their own discounting views on society. This paper analyzes the common forms of the descriptive and prescriptive approaches and finds that, in contrast with customary thinking, both forms are equally descriptive and prescriptive. The prescriptions concern who has standing (i.e. who is included) in society, how the views of these individuals are measured, and how the measurements are aggregated. Such prescriptions are necessary to choose from among the many possible descriptions of how society discounts. The descriptions are the measurements made given a choice of measurement technique. Thus, the labels “descriptive approach” and “prescriptive approach” are deeply misleading, as analysts cannot avoid imposing their own views on society.
Long-Acting Insulin Analogs and the Risk of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To investigate if long-acting insulin analogs decrease the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in young individuals with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Of 48,110 type 1 diabetic patients prospectively studied between 2001 and 2008, the incidence of DKA requiring hospitalization was analyzed in 10,682 individuals aged </=20 years with a diabetes duration of >/=2 years. RESULTS The overall rate of DKA was 5.1 (SE +/- 0.2)/100 patient-years. Patients using insulin glargine or detemir (n = 5,317) had a higher DKA incidence than individuals using NPH insulin (n = 5,365, 6.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.3, P < 0.001). The risk for DKA remained significantly different after adjustment for age at diabetes onset, diabetes duration, A1C, insulin dose, sex, and migration background (P = 0.015, odds ratio 1.357 [1.062-1.734]). CONCLUSIONS Despite their long-acting pharmacokinetics, the use of insulin glargine or detemir is not associated with a lower incidence of DKA compared with NPH insulin.
CONSTRAINTS ON THE MAGNETIC CONFIGURATION OF AP STARS FROM SIMPLE FEATURESOF OBSERVED QUANTITIES

According to the oblique rotator model, the time variations of the quantities usually employed to investigate the magnetic configuration of Ap stars (mean longitudinal field, mean surface field, broad band linear polarization) are described by simple laws. For each quantity, certain typical features can easily be identified. We show that these features set definite constraints on the magnetic configuration.
gSLICr: SLIC superpixels at over 250Hz

We introduce a parallel GPU implementation of the Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) superpixel segmentation. Using a single graphic card, our implementation achieves speedups of up to 83× from the standard sequential implementation. Our implementation is fully compatible with the standard sequential implementation and the software is now available online and is open source.
Elective versus Therapeutic Neck Dissection in Node-Negative Oral Cancer.

BACKGROUND
Whether patients with early-stage oral cancers should be treated with elective neck dissection at the time of the primary surgery or with therapeutic neck dissection after nodal relapse has been a matter of debate.


METHODS
In this prospective, randomized, controlled trial, we evaluated the effect on survival of elective node dissection (ipsilateral neck dissection at the time of the primary surgery) versus therapeutic node dissection (watchful waiting followed by neck dissection for nodal relapse) in patients with lateralized stage T1 or T2 oral squamous-cell carcinomas. Primary and secondary end points were overall survival and disease-free survival, respectively.


RESULTS
Between 2004 and 2014, a total of 596 patients were enrolled. As prespecified by the data and safety monitoring committee, this report summarizes results for the first 500 patients (245 in the elective-surgery group and 255 in the therapeutic-surgery group), with a median follow-up of 39 months. There were 81 recurrences and 50 deaths in the elective-surgery group and 146 recurrences and 79 deaths in the therapeutic-surgery group. At 3 years, elective node dissection resulted in an improved rate of overall survival (80.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 74.1 to 85.8), as compared with therapeutic dissection (67.5%; 95% CI, 61.0 to 73.9), for a hazard ratio for death of 0.64 in the elective-surgery group (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.92; P=0.01 by the log-rank test). At that time, patients in the elective-surgery group also had a higher rate of disease-free survival than those in the therapeutic-surgery group (69.5% vs. 45.9%, P<0.001). Elective node dissection was superior in most subgroups without significant interactions. Rates of adverse events were 6.6% and 3.6% in the elective-surgery group and the therapeutic-surgery group, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Among patients with early-stage oral squamous-cell cancer, elective neck dissection resulted in higher rates of overall and disease-free survival than did therapeutic neck dissection. (Funded by the Tata Memorial Centre; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00193765.).
Multiple Cameras Using Real Time Object Tracking for Surveillance and Security System

In this paper we propose multiple cameras using real time tracking for surveillance and security system. It is extensively used in the research field of computer vision applications, like that video surveillance, authentication systems, robotics, pre-stage of MPEG4 image compression and user inter faces by gestures. The key components of tracking for surveillance system are extracting the feature, background subtraction and identification of extracted object. Video surveillance, object detection and tracking have drawn a successful increased interest in recent years. A object tracking can be understood as the problem of finding the path (i.e. trajectory) and it can be defined as a procedure to identify the different positions of the object in each frame of a video. Based on the previous work on single detection using single stationary camera, we extend the concept to enable the tracking of multiple object detection under multiple camera and also maintain a security based system by multiple camera to track person in indoor environment, to identify by my proposal system which consist of multiple camera to monitor a person. Present study mainly aims to provide security and detect the moving object in real time video sequences and live video streaming. Based on a robust algorithm for human body detection and tracking in videos created with support of multiple cameras.
Measurement of heart rate using photoplethysmography

Heart rate, or pulse, is one of the vital signs used to measure basic functions of human body. Heart rate is the number of times one's heart beats per minute. The method that has been used to measure heart rate in this project is widely known as photoplethysmography (PPG). The constructed device can be used to find out the heart rate of a person and to analyze readings using existing software. Theoretically, any body part can be used to measure heart rate through the sensor of the device, although fingertips and earlobes are commonly targeted.
Using support vector machines with a novel hybrid feature selection method for diagnosis of erythemato-squamous diseases

0957-4174/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2010.10.050 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 29 85307830; fax E-mail addresses: xiejuany@snnu.edu.cn (J. Xie) (C. Wang). In this paper, we developed a diagnosis model based on support vector machines (SVM) with a novel hybrid feature selection method to diagnose erythemato-squamous diseases. Our proposed hybrid feature selection method, named improved F-score and Sequential Forward Search (IFSFS), combines the advantages of filter and wrapper methods to select the optimal feature subset from the original feature set. In our IFSFS, we improved the original F-score from measuring the discrimination of two sets of real numbers to measuring the discrimination between more than two sets of real numbers. The improved Fscore and Sequential Forward Search (SFS) are combined to find the optimal feature subset in the process of feature selection, where, the improved F-score is an evaluation criterion of filter method, and SFS is an evaluation system of wrapper method. The best parameters of kernel function of SVM are found out by grid search technique. Experiments have been conducted on different training-test partitions of the erythemato-squamous diseases dataset taken from UCI (University of California Irvine) machine learning database. Our experimental results show that the proposed SVM-based model with IFSFS achieves 98.61% classification accuracy and contains 21 features. With these results, we conclude our method is very promising compared to the previously reported results. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Anxiety sensitivity and marijuana use: an analysis from ecological momentary assessment.

BACKGROUND
The cognitive factor of Anxiety Sensitivity (AS; the fear of anxiety and related bodily sensations) is theorized to play a role in cannabis use and its disorders. Lower-order facets of AS (physical concerns, mental incapacitation concerns, and social concerns) may be differentially related to cannabis use behavior. However, little is known about the impact of AS facets on the immediate antecedents of cannabis use.


METHODS
This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to prospectively examine the relations between specific facets of AS, cannabis craving, state anxiety, and cannabis use in the natural environment using real-world data about ad lib cannabis use episodes. Participants were 49 current cannabis users (38.8% female).


RESULTS
AS-mental incapacitation fears were related to significantly greater severity of cannabis-related problems at baseline. During the EMA period, AS-mental incapacitation and AS-social concerns significantly interacted with cannabis craving to prospectively predict subsequent cannabis use. Specifically, individuals with higher craving and either higher AS-mental incapacitation or AS-social concerns were the most likely to subsequently use cannabis. In contrast to prediction, no AS facet significantly moderated the relationship between state anxiety and cannabis use.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest facets of AS (mental incapacitation and social fears) interact with cannabis craving to predict cannabis use. Findings also suggest differential relations between facets of AS and cannabis-related behaviors.
Effects of aromatherapy acupressure on hemiplegic shoulder pain and motor power in stroke patients: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to determine if aromatherapy acupressure, compared to acupressure alone, was effective in reducing hemiplegic shoulder pain and improving motor power in stroke patients.


DESIGN
This work was a randomized, controlled trial.


SUBJECTS
Thirty (30) stroke patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain participated in this study.


INTERVENTION
Subjects were randomly assigned to either an aromatherapy acupressure group (N = 15) or an acupressure group ( N = 15), with aromatherapy acupressure using lavender, rosemary, and peppermint given only to the former group. Each acupressure session lasted 20 minutes and was performed twice-daily for 2 weeks.


OUTCOMES MEASURES
Shoulder pain and motor power were the outcome measures used in this study.


RESULTS
The pain scores were markedly reduced in both groups at post-treatment, compared to pretreatment (both aroma acupressure and acupressure group, p < 0.001). A nonparametric statistical analysis revealed that the pain score differed significantly between the 2 groups at post-treatment ( p < 0.01). The motor power significantly improved at post-treatment, compared to pretreatment, in both groups ( p < 0.005). However, there was no intergroup difference between two groups.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that aromatherapy acupressure exerts positive effects on hemiplegic shoulder pain, compared to acupressure alone, in stroke patients.
Women and Repayment in Microfinance ∗

This paper analyzes gender-differences with respect to microfinance repayment-rates using a large global dataset covering 350 Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in 70 countries. The results indicate that more women clients is associated with lower portfolio-at-risk, lower write-offs, and lower credit-loss provisions, ceteris paribus. These findings confirm common believes that women in general are a better credit-risk for MFIs. Interaction effects reveal that the effect is stronger for NGOs, individual-based lenders, ‘finance plus’-providers and regulated MFIs. This indicates that two types of MFIs benefit more than others from focussing on women: First, those MFIs that develop hands-on, women-friendly procedures tailored to individual women’s need, and Second, those MFIs that apply coercive enforcement methods to which women are more responsive. Key-words: Microfinance, Gender, Repayment, Portfolio-at risk, Write-offs, Provisions JEL-classification codes: O10,O12 ∗ All remaining errors remain our own responsibility. 1 Roy Mersland is the corresponding author. All correspondence can be addressed to roy.mersland@uia.no
Direct torque control via feedback linearization for permanent magnet synchronous motor drives

The paper describes a direct torque controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive that employs feedback linearization and uses sliding-mode and linear controllers. We introduce a new feedback linearization approach that yields a decoupled linear PMSM model with two state variables, the torque and the square of stator flux magnitude. This linear model is intuitive and allows the implementation of DTC-type controllers that preserve all DTC advantages and eliminate its main drawback, the flux and torque ripple. Next, we investigate two controllers for toque and flux. A variable structure controller (VSC) which is robust, fast, and produces low-ripple control is compared with a linear-DTC scheme which is ripple free. The torque time response is similar to a conventional DTC drive and the proposed solutions are flexible and highly tunable. We present the controller design and analyze the robust stability. Experimental results for a sensorless PMSM drive validate the proposed solution.
Chemical potential on the lattice.

Imposing a physically desirable constraint, we obtain a class of lattice actions for nonzero chemical potential. Unfortunately, none of them lead to a real fermion determinant in general.
An ultra-high precision, high bandwidth torque sensor for microrobotics applications

Motivated by the need for torque sensing in the µNm range for experiments with insect-sized flapping-wing robots, we present the design, fabrication and testing of a custom single-axis torque sensor. The micorobots in question are too large for MEMS force/torque sensors used for smaller live insects such as fruit flies, but too small to produce torques within the dynamic range of commercially available force/torque sensors. Our sensor consists of laser-machined Invar sheets that are assembled into a three dimensional beam. A capacitive displacement sensor is used to measure displacement of a target plate when the beam rotates, and the output voltage is correlated to applied torque. Sensor bandwidth, range, and resolution are designed to match the criteria of the robotic fly experiments while remaining insensitive to off-axis loads. We present a final sensor design with a range of ±130µNm, a resolution of 4.5nNm, and bandwidth of 1kHz.
Biomechanical analysis of the pectoralis major tendon and comparison of techniques for tendo-osseous repair.

BACKGROUND
Various described surgical techniques exist for the repair of pectoralis major ruptures at the tendo-osseous junction. It is unclear how these techniques restore the native properties of the pectoralis major tendon because its biomechanical properties have not been described.


HYPOTHESIS
All repairs will have lower initial biomechanical profiles than the native attachment, and transosseous sutures will demonstrate improved initial biomechanical performance compared with anchors or buttons.


STUDY DESIGN
Controlled laboratory study.


METHODS
Twenty-four fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were randomized to 4 equal groups, including 3 experimental repair groups and 1 control group of intact pectoralis major tendons. The characteristics of the native anatomic footprint were recorded, and the experimental groups underwent pectoralis detachment, followed by subsequent repair. The restoration of the anatomic footprint was recorded. All specimens were tested with cyclic loading and load-to-failure protocols with load, displacement, and optical marker data simultaneously collected.


RESULTS
Under cyclic loading, the intact specimens demonstrated a significantly higher secant stiffness (74.8 ± 1.6 N/mm) than the repair groups (endosteal Pec Button [PB], 46.2 ± 6.4 N/mm; suture anchor [SA], 45.9 ± 8.7 N/mm; transosseous [TO], 44.2 ± 5.5 N/mm). Measured as a percentage change, the PB and SA groups showed a significantly higher initial excursion than the intact group (PB, 24.0% ± 11.7%; SA, 17.5% ± 6.9%; intact, 2.2% ± 1.0%), and the PB group demonstrated a significantly higher cyclic elongation than the intact group (PB, 7.5% ± 2.9%; intact, 1.5% ± 1.5%). Under load-to-failure testing, the intact group showed a significantly greater maximum load (1454.8 ± 795.7 N) and linear stiffness (221.0 ± 111.7 N/mm) than the 3 repair groups (PB, 353.5 ± 88.3 N and 63.5 ± 6.9 N/mm; SA, 292.0 ± 73.3 N and 77.0 ± 7.8 N/mm; TO, 359.2 ± 110.4 N and 64.5 ± 14.1 N/mm, respectively). All repair constructs failed via suture pulling through the tendon.


CONCLUSION
The biomechanical characteristics of the transosseous repair, suture anchors, or Pec Button repair were inferior to those of the native pectoralis tendon. There was no significant difference in any of the biomechanical outcomes among the repair groups. Further refinement and evaluation of suture technique and configuration in pectoralis major repair should be considered.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Transosseous repair, suture anchors, and endosteal Pec Buttons appear to confer similar biomechanical integrity for pectoralis major repair. Restricting early activities to thresholds below the identified failure loads seems prudent until soft tissue healing to bone is reliably achieved.
Service-Oriented Computing: State of the Art and Research Challenges

Service-oriented computing promotes the idea of assembling application components into a network of services that can be loosely coupled to create flexible, dynamic business processes and agile applications that span organizations and computing platforms. An SOC research road map provides a context for exploring ongoing research activities.
Safety of Intra-arterial Catheter Directed Thrombolysis: Does Level of Care Matter?

OBJECTIVES
The aim was to assess whether the level of care influenced the safety related outcomes of catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT) for patients presenting with limb ischaemia and dialysis access thrombosis.


METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study. All consecutive patients at two tertiary referral centres for vascular surgery undergoing CDT for limb ischaemia and dialysis access thrombosis (N = 252) between 2012 and 2014 were included. Patients at Centre 1 were cared for on a general vascular ward and patients at Centre 2 were kept on a post-operative recovery unit with an increased level of care including invasive haemodynamic monitoring. Patient medical records were retrospectively scrutinised and data collected on comorbidities, anti-thrombotic medication, indications for CDT, technical success of CDT, bleeding and non-bleeding related complications, and transfer to a higher level of care.


RESULTS
There were no differences in the frequency of non-bleeding related complications between Centre 1 and Centre 2. Patients on the vascular ward had a higher frequency of minor bleeding (p = .002) but there was no difference in major bleeding (p = .12). Eleven patients on the ward required an increased level of care for medical reasons and six were moved for a lack of resources. The presence of cardiac disease was an independent risk factor for patient transfer (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.04-9.8, p = .04).


CONCLUSIONS
CDT may be undertaken outside of a high dependency setting without a significantly increased risk of complications. Pre-existing cardiac disease was an independent risk factor for transfer to a higher level of care. These findings could have an implication for the clinical cost-effectiveness of CDT.
Prevalence of Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralisation among school children in four German cities.

BACKGROUND
A wide range for the prevalence of Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralisation (MIH) has been found in regional studies.


AIM
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MIH in Germany and to compare the findings with other studies.


DESIGN
In the compulsory dental school examination, the first permanent molars, permanent incisors, and second primary molars were examined according to EAPD criteria in 2395 children (8.1 ± 0.8 years) in four regions in Germany for the presence of MIH. Examinations were performed by five calibrated examiners (κ = 0.9) on clean teeth after toothbrushing.


RESULTS
The prevalence of MIH at the four regions differed considerably (4.3-14.6%) with a mean prevalence of 10.1%. The DMFT/dmft was generally low, but children with MIH exhibited statistically significant higher caries values. A total of 12.0% of the children with MIH also had at least one affected primary molar, which resulted in a statistically significant correlation between primary and permanent teeth. Most of the affected teeth had demarcated opacities, but more than half of the affected children showed at least one tooth with severe MIH.


CONCLUSIONS
Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralisation is a prevalent finding in German school children. The prevalence varies highly in different regions, and the high rate of severe forms has clinically relevant implications.