LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
PDEs for Morphological Scale-Spaces and Eikonal Applications

In contrast to the all-discrete approaches that dominated image processing in the recent past, in computer vision since the mid 1980’s there have been proposed continuous models for several vision tasks based on partial differential equations (PDEs). The discrete part of such approaches comes only in the corresponding difference equations (numerical algorithms) that approximate the solution of these PDEs. Motivations for using PDEs in image analysis and vision include better and more intuitive mathematical modeling, connections with physics, better approximation to the Euclidean geometry of the problem, and existence of efficient numerical algorithms for solving them. One major effort [31] was the use of PDEs in problems of shape from shading and optical flow. However, the most well known vision problem modeled via PDEs is that of multiscale image analysis, i.e. scale-spaces. While many such continuous approaches have been linear, the majority and the most useful ones are nonlinear. Several classes of nonlinear PDEs used in image analysis and vision are based on or related to morphological operations. Morphological image processing has been based traditionally on modeling images as sets or as points in a complete lattice of functions and viewing morphological image transformations as set or lattice operators. Thus, the two classic approaches to analyze or design the deterministic systems of mathematical morphology have been (i) geometry by viewing them as image set transformations in Euclidean spaces and (ii) algebra to analyze their properties using set or lattice theory. Geometry was used mainly for intuitive understanding, and algebra was restricted to the space domain. Despite their limitations, these approaches have produced a powerful and self-contained broad collection of nonlinear image analysis concepts, operators and algorithms, which have found a broad range of applications in image processing and computer vision; see [73, 49, 28] and Chapter 3.3 of this book for surveys and references. In parallel to these directions, there is a growing part of morphological image processing that is based on ideas from differential calculus and dynamical systems. It combines some early ideas on morpholological signal gradients and some recent ideas on using differential equations to model nonlinear multiscale processes or distance propagation in images. In this chapter we present a unified view of the various interrelated ideas in this area, using occasionally some systems analysis tools in both the space and the slope transform domain. Among the few early connections between morphology and calculus were the morphological gradients. Specifically, given a function f : Rm → R, with m = 1, 2, its isotropic morphological sup-derivative at a point x is defined by
Drug use in English professional football.

OBJECTIVES
To examine several issues related to drug use in English professional football. More particularly the project sought to gather data on: players' use of permitted supplements (mineral and vitamin pills and creatine); whether they sought advice, and if so from whom, about their use of supplements; their experience of and attitudes towards drug testing; their views on the extent of the use of banned performance enhancing and recreational drugs in football; and their personal knowledge of players who used such drugs.


METHODS
With the cooperation of the Professional Footballers Association (PFA), reply paid postal questionnaires were delivered to the home addresses of all 2863 members of the PFA. A total of 706 questionnaires were returned, a response rate of just under 25%.


RESULTS
Many players use supplements, although almost one in five players does so without seeking qualified professional advice from anyone within the club. Blood tests are rarely used to monitor the health of players. One third of players had not been tested for drugs within the preceding two years, and 60% felt that they were unlikely to be tested in the next year. The use of performance enhancing drugs appears to be rare, although recreational drugs are commonly used by professional footballers: 6% of respondents indicated that they personally knew players who used performance enhancing drugs, and 45% of players knew players who used recreational drugs.


CONCLUSIONS
There is a need to ensure that footballers are given appropriate advice about the use of supplements in order to minimise the risk of using supplements that may be contaminated with banned substances. Footballers are tested for drugs less often than many other elite athletes. This needs to be addressed. The relatively high level of recreational drug use is not reflected in the number of positive tests. This suggests that many players who use recreational drugs avoid detection. It also raises doubts about the ability of the drug testing programme to detect the use of performance enhancing drugs.
Maintaining Knowledge about Temporal Intervals

The research described in this paper was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grants IST-g0-12418 and IST-82-10564. and in part by the Office of Naval Research under Grant N00014-80-C-0197. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. © 1983 ACM 0001-0782/83/1100.0832 75¢
Collaborative Approaches to Conservation: A Critical Look

Part of the Administrative Law Commons, Biodiversity Commons, Environmental Law Commons, Environmental Policy Commons, Land Use Planning Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Law Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Partnerships Commons, Property Law and Real Estate Commons, State and Local Government Law Commons, Water Law Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons
Habituation to repeated stress: Get used to it

Habituation, as described in the landmark paper by Thompson et al. [Thompson, R. F., & Spencer, W. A. (1966). Habituation: A model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior. Psychological Review, 73(1), 16-43], is a form of simple, nonassociative learning in which the magnitude of the response to a specific stimulus decreases with repeated exposure to that stimulus. A variety of neuronal and behavioral responses have been shown to be subject to habituation based on the criteria presented in that paper. It has been known for several decades that the magnitude of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activation occurring in response to a stressor declines with repeated exposure to that same stressor. For some time this decline has been referred to as "habituation" in the stress neurobiology literature. However, how this usage compares to the definition proposed by Thompson and Spencer has not been systematically addressed. For this special issue, we review the stress neurobiology literature and examine the support available for considering declines in HPA response to repeated stress to be response habituation in the sense defined by Thompson and Spencer. We conclude that habituation of HPA activity meets many, but not all, important criteria for response habituation, supporting the use of this term within the context of repeated stress. However, we also propose that response habituation can, at best, only partially explain the phenomenon of HPA habituation, which also involves well-known negative feedback mechanisms, activation of broad stress-related neural circuitry and potentially more complex associative learning mechanisms.
Heart rate and cardiac rhythm relationships with bisoprolol benefit in chronic heart failure in CIBIS II Trial.

BACKGROUND
beta-Blockade-induced benefit in heart failure (HF) could be related to baseline heart rate and treatment-induced heart rate reduction, but no such relationships have been demonstrated.


METHODS AND RESULTS
In CIBIS II, we studied the relationships between baseline heart rate (BHR), heart rate changes at 2 months (HRC), nature of cardiac rhythm (sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation), and outcomes (mortality and hospitalization for HF). Multivariate analysis of CIBIS II showed that in addition to beta-blocker treatment, BHR and HRC were both significantly related to survival and hospitalization for worsening HF, the lowest BHR and the greatest HRC being associated with best survival and reduction of hospital admissions. No interaction between the 3 variables was observed, meaning that on one hand, HRC-related improvement in survival was similar at all levels of BHR, and on the other hand, bisoprolol-induced benefit over placebo for survival was observed to a similar extent at any level of both BHR and HRC. Bisoprolol reduced mortality in patients with sinus rhythm (relative risk 0.58, P:<0.001) but not in patients with atrial fibrillation (relative risk 1.16, P:=NS). A similar result was observed for cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization for HF worsening.


CONCLUSIONS
BHR and HRC are significantly related to prognosis in heart failure. beta-Blockade with bisoprolol further improves survival at any level of BHR and HRC and to a similar extent. The benefit of bisoprolol is questionable, however, in patients with atrial fibrillation.
New and bioactive compounds from Streptomyces strains residing in the wood of Celastraceae

Wood from three different plants of the Celastraceae growing in their natural habitats in Brazil (Maytenus aquifolia Mart.) and South Africa [Putterlickia retrospinosa van Wyk and Mostert, P. verrucosa (E. Meyer ex Sonder) Szyszyl.] was established as a source of endophytic bacteria using a medium selective for actinomycetes. Two isolates were identified as Streptomyces setonii and S. sampsonii whereas two others were not assignable to any of the known Streptomyces species. They were preliminarily named Streptomyces Q21 and Streptomyces MaB-QuH-8. The latter strain produces a new chloropyrrol and chlorinated anthracyclinone. The chloropyrrol showed high activity against a series of multiresistent bacteria and mycobacteria.
Nonablative acne scar reduction after a series of treatments with a short-pulsed 1,064-nm neodymium:YAG laser.

BACKGROUND
Effective treatment of facial acne scarring presents a major challenge. Nonablative lasers and radiofrequency devices work by thermally stimulating dermal collagen remodeling, thereby softening acne scars in a minimally invasive fashion. One such laser, a 1,064-nm short-pulsed Nd:YAG, uses rapidly scanned low-energy infrared pulses to heat the dermis selectively through the normal dermal microvasculature.


OBJECTIVE
In this pilot study, the safety and efficacy of a novel short-pulsed Nd:YAG laser were investigated for the treatment of moderate to severe facial acne scarring.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nine of 10 enrolled patients with moderate to severe facial acne scarring received eight sequential 1,064-nm Nd:YAG treatments (laser parameters 14 J/cm2, 0.3 milliseconds, 5-mm spot size, 7-Hz pulse rate, 2,000 pulses per side of face). Patients were graded for the presence and severity of three scar morphologies: superficial (rolling), medium-depth (boxcar), and deep (ice pick). Outcome measures included blinded evaluation of before and after photographs by three physician observers (scar severity score) and patient self-assessment.


RESULTS
Acne scarring improved in 100% of the nine patients completing the study. Scar severity scores improved by a mean of 29.36% (95% confidence interval, 16.93%-41.79%; p = .006); 89% of patients noted greater than 10% scar improvement. No treatment-related adverse events were seen.


CONCLUSION
Our findings support the use of a short-pulsed, low-fluence 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser as a safe, effective treatment for facial acne scarring. Scar improvement was noted in all treated subjects with minimal discomfort and no downtime. This protocol appears to be most effective at reducing scar depth and softening scar contours. A laser upgrade needed for the study was provided to the authors at a reduced price.
Leading indicators-of-failure for prognosis of electronic and MEMS packaging

The current state of the art in managing system reliability is geared towards the development of life-prediction models for un-aged pristine materials under known loading conditions based on relationships such as the Paris's Power Law [Paris, et al. 1960 1961], Coffin-Manson Relationship [Coffin 1954; Tavernelli, et al. 1959; Smith, et al. 1964; Manson, et al. 1964] and the S-N Diagram. There is need for methods and processes which will allow interrogation of complex systems and sub-systems to determine the remaining useful life prior to repair or replacement. This capability of determination of material or system state is called "prognosis". In this paper, a methodology for prognosis-of-electronics has been demonstrated with data of leading indicators of failure for accurate assessment of product damage significantly prior to appearance of any macro-indicators of damage. Proxies for leading indicators of failure have been developed including -micro-structural evolution characterized by average phase size and interfacial stresses at interface of silicon structures. Structures examined include electronics package, MEMS Packages and interconnections on a metal backed printed circuit board typical of electronics deployed in harsh environments. Since, an aged material knows its state the research presented in this paper focuses on enhancing the understanding of material damage to facilitate proper interrogation of material state. Mathematical relationship has been developed between phase growth rate and time-to-1-percent failure to enable the computation of damage manifested and a forward estimate of residual life.
Competitive Advantage Challenges Affecting the Apparel Manufacturing Industry of South Africa (AMISA): Application of Porter’s Factor Conditions

This paper applied factor conditions from Porter’s Diamond Model (1990) to understand the various challenges facing the AMISA. Factor conditions highlighted in Porter’s model are grouped into two groups namely, basic and advance factors. Two AMISA associations representing over 10 000 employees were interviewed. The largest Clothing, Textiles and Leather (CTL) apparel retail group was also interviewed with a government department implementing the industrialization policy were interviewed. The paper points out that AMISA have basic factor conditions necessary for competitive advantage in the apparel industries. However advance factor creation has proven to be a challenge for AMISA, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and government. Poor infrastructural maintenance has contributed to high manufacturing costs and poor quick response technologies. The use of Porter’s Factor Conditions as a tool to analyze the sector’s competitive advantage challenges and opportunities has increased knowledge regarding factors that limit the AMISA’s competitiveness. It is therefore argued that other studies on Porter’s Diamond model factors like Demand conditions, Firm strategy, structure and rivalry and Related and supporting industries can be used to analyze the situation of the AMISA for the purposes of improving competitive advantage. Keywords—Compliance rule, apparel manufacturing industry, factor conditions, advance skills.
The utility of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in women of reproductive age

Aim: To see whether laparoscopy improves the accuracy of a clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis in women of reproductive age, and to determine what the long-term sequelae are of not removing an appendix deemed at laparoscopy to be normal. Method: The initial part of the study was undertaken during 1991–1992. Female patients between 16 and 45 years were eligible for inclusion once a clinical decision had been made to perform an appendicectomy for suspected acute appendicitis. Following consent, patients were randomized into two groups. One group had open appendicectomy, as planned. The other group had laparoscopy, followed by open appendicectomy only if the appendix was seen to be inflamed or was not visualized. The end points for the study were the clinical outcomes of all patients, and the results of histology, where appropriate. An attempt was made to contact all patients at 10 years to determine whether they had had a subsequent appendicectomy, or had been diagnosed with another abdominal condition that might be relevant to the initial presentation in 1991–1992. Results: Laparoscopic assessment was correct in all cases in which the appendix was visualized. Diagnostic accuracy was improved from 75% to 97%. Laparoscopy was associated with no added complications, no increase in hospital stay in patients who went on to appendicectomy, and a reduction in hospital stay for those who underwent laparoscopy alone. No patients developed a problem over the 10-year follow-up period from having a normal-looking appendix not removed at laparoscopy. Conclusion: Laparoscopic assessment of the appendix is reliable, and to leave a normal-looking appendix at laparoscopy does not appear to cause any long-term problems.
A Simple and Faster Branch-and-Bound Algorithm for Finding a Maximum Clique with Computational Experiments

This paper proposes new approximate coloring and other related techniques which markedly improve the run time of the branchand-bound algorithm MCR (J. Global Optim., 37, 95–111, 2007), previously shown to be the fastest maximum-clique-finding algorithm for a large number of graphs. The algorithm obtained by introducing these new techniques in MCR is named MCS. It is shown that MCS is successful in reducing the search space quite efficiently with low overhead. Consequently, it is shown by extensive computational experiments that MCS is remarkably faster than MCR and other existing algorithms. It is faster than the other algorithms by an order of magnitude for several graphs. In particular, it is faster than MCR for difficult graphs of very high density and for very large and sparse graphs, even though MCS is not designed for any particular type of graphs. MCS can be faster than MCR by a factor of more than 100,000 for some extremely dense random graphs.
A Structure-Mapping Model of Raven's Progressive Matrices

We present a computational model for solving Raven’s Progressive Matrices. This model combines qualitative spatial representations with analogical comparison via structuremapping. All representations are automatically computed by the model. We show that it achieves a level of performance on the Standard Progressive Matrices that is above that of most adults, and that the problems it fails on are also the hardest for people.
Branch regulation: Low-overhead protection from code reuse attacks

Code reuse attacks (CRAs) are recent security exploits that allow attackers to execute arbitrary code on a compromised machine. CRAs, exemplified by return-oriented and jump-oriented programming approaches, reuse fragments of the library code, thus avoiding the need for explicit injection of attack code on the stack. Since the executed code is reused existing code, CRAs bypass current hardware and software security measures that prevent execution from data or stack regions of memory. While software-based full control flow integrity (CFI) checking can protect against CRAs, it includes significant overhead, involves non-trivial effort of constructing a control flow graph, relies on proprietary tools and has potential vulnerabilities due to the presence of unintended branch instructions in architectures such as x86---those branches are not checked by the software CFI. We propose branch regulation (BR), a lightweight hardware-supported protection mechanism against the CRAs that addresses all limitations of software CFI. BR enforces simple control flow rules in hardware at the function granularity to disallow arbitrary control flow transfers from one function into the middle of another function. This prevents common classes of CRAs without the complexity and run-time overhead of full CFI enforcement. BR incurs a slowdown of about 2% and increases the code footprint by less than 1% on the average for the SPEC 2006 benchmarks.
Initiation and gradual intensification of premixed insulin lispro therapy versus Basal {+/-} mealtime insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes eating light breakfasts.

OBJECTIVE
We compared two strategies initiating and intensifying insulin treatment and tested for noninferiority of premixed insulin to basal ± mealtime insulin analog in patients eating light breakfasts.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This randomized, open-label, 48-week study compared two algorithms. Up to three injections of insulin lispro mix 25 and/or insulin lispro mix 50 (premix; premixed insulin lispro) or basal insulin glargine plus up to three injections of insulin lispro (basal+; glargine + insulin lispro) were used in type 2 diabetic patients uncontrolled with oral antihyperglycemic medication and consuming <15% daily calories at breakfast. The hypothesis was to test noninferiority of premix to basal+ for glycemic control measured by HbA1c after 48 weeks, assessed using ANCOVA with a 0.4% margin.


RESULTS
Patients (n = 344; 176 [51%] females; mean [SD] age 54.3 [8.8] years; BMI 29.4 [4.6] kg/m(2); baseline HbA1c 9.02 [0.97]%) were randomized to premix (n = 171) or basal+ (n = 173). In the per-protocol analysis (n = 230), least squares means (95% CI) end point HbA1c were 7.40% (7.15-7.65) and 7.55% (7.27-7.82) in respective arms. Between-treatment difference was -0.14% (-0.42 to 0.13), with noninferiority met. Significantly more patients in premix achieved HbA1c targets of <7.0% compared with basal+ (48.2 vs. 36.2%; P = 0.024). Self-monitored blood glucose profiles, body weight changes, total insulin doses, and overall hypoglycemia (65 vs. 60%) were similar in premix and basal+ (P = 0.494), except nocturnal episodes (34.3 vs. 23.7%; P = 0.018) were more common in premix.


CONCLUSIONS
Both intensive insulin strategies improved glycemic control; however, final HbA1c levels were seen above those achieved in previous treat-to-target trials, likely due to the inadequate insulin titrations and probably due to the complexity of tested insulin regimens. A higher percentage of patients achieved target HbA1c <7% with multiple premixed insulins, but this treatment resulted in more nocturnal hypoglycemia than a basal-bolus regimen.
Reckless Behavior in Adolescence : A Developmental Perspective

A developmental theory of reckless behavior among adolescents is presented, in which sensation seeking and adolescent egocentrism are especially prominent factors. Findings from studies of automobile driving, sex without contraception, illegal drug use, and minor criminal activity are presented in evidence of this. The influence of peers is then discussed and reinterpreted in the light of sensation seeking and adolescent egocentrism. Socialization influences are considered in interaction with sensation seeking and adolescent egocentrism, and the terms narrow and broad socialization are introduced. Factors that may be responsible for the decline of reckless behavior with age are discussed. © 1992 Academic
Coding of DWT Coefficients using Run-length Coding and Huffman Coding for the Purpose of Color Image Compression

In present paper we proposed a simple and effective method to compress an image. Here we found success in size reduction of an image without much compromising with it’s quality. Here we used Haar Wavelet Transform to transform our original image and after quantization and thresholding of DWT coefficients Run length coding and Huffman coding schemes have been used to encode the image. DWT is base for quite populate JPEG 2000 technique. Keywords—lossy compression, DWT, quantization, Run length coding, Huffman coding, JPEG2000