LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The state of artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence has been an active branch of research for computer scientists and psychologists for 50 years. The concept of mimicking human intelligence in a computer fuels the public imagination and has led to countless academic papers, news articles and fictional works. However, public expectations remain largely unfulfilled, owing to the incredible complexity of everyday human behavior. A wide range of tools and techniques have emerged from the field of artificial intelligence, many of which are reviewed here. They include rules, frames, model-based reasoning, case-based reasoning, Bayesian updating, fuzzy logic, multiagent systems, swarm intelligence, genetic algorithms, neural networks, and hybrids such as blackboard systems. These are all ingenious, practical, and useful in various contexts. Some approaches are pre-specified and structured, while others specify only low-level behavior, leaving the intelligence to emerge through complex interactions. Some approaches are based on the use of knowledge expressed in words and symbols, whereas others use only mathematical and numerical constructions. It is proposed that there exists a spectrum of intelligent behaviors from low-level reactive systems through to high-level systems that encapsulate specialist expertise. Separate branches of research have made strides at both ends of the spectrum, but difficulties remain in devising a system that spans the full spectrum of intelligent behavior, including the difficult areas in the middle that include common sense and perception. Artificial intelligence is increasingly appearing in situated systems that interact with their physical environment. As these systems become more compact they are likely to become embedded into everyday equipment. As the 50th anniversary approaches of the Dartmouth conference where the term ‘artificial intelligence’ was first published, it is concluded that the field is in good shape and has delivered some great results. Yet human thought processes are incredibly complex, and mimicking them convincingly remains an elusive challenge. ADVANCES IN COMPUTERS, VOL. 65 1 Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Inc. ISSN: 0065-2458/DOI 10.1016/S0065-2458(05)65001-2 All rights reserved.
Caught in the act: pollination of sexually deceptive trap-flowers by fungus gnats in Pterostylis (Orchidaceae).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Pterostylis is an Australasian terrestrial orchid genus of more than 400 species, most of which use a motile, touch-sensitive labellum to trap dipteran pollinators. Despite studies dating back to 1872, the mechanism of pollinator attraction has remained elusive. This study tested whether the fungus gnat-pollinated Pterostylis sanguinea secures pollination by sexual deception.


METHODS
The literature was used to establish criteria for confirming sexual deception as a pollination strategy. Observations and video recordings allowed quantification of each step of the pollination process. Each floral visitor was sexed and DNA barcoding was used to evaluate the degree of pollinator specificity. Following observations that attraction to the flowers is by chemical cues, experimental dissection of flowers was used to determine the source of the sexual attractant and the effect of labellum orientation on sexual attraction. Fruit set was quantified for 19 populations to test for a relationship with plant density and population size.


KEY RESULTS
A single species of male gnat (Mycetophilidae) visited and pollinated the rewardless flowers. The gnats often showed probing copulatory behaviour on the labellum, leading to its triggering and the temporary entrapment of the gnat in the flower. Pollen deposition and removal occurred as the gnat escaped from the flower via the reproductive structures. The labellum was the sole source of the chemical attractant. Gnats always alighted on the labellum facing upwards, but when it was rotated 180 ° they attempted copulation less frequently. Pollination rate showed no relationship with orchid population size or plant density.


CONCLUSIONS
This study confirms for the first time that highly specific pollination by fungus gnats is achieved by sexual deception in Pterostylis. It is predicted that sexual deception will be widespread in the genus, although the diversity of floral forms suggests that other mechanisms may also operate.
'The planned city sweeps the poor away ... ' § : Urban planning and 21st century urbanisation

In recent years, attention has been drawn to the fact that now more than half of the world’s population is urbanised, and the bulk of these urban dwellers are living in the global South. Many of these Southern towns and cities are dealing with crises which are compounded by rapid population growth, particularly in peri-urban areas; lack of access to shelter, infrastructure and services by predominantly poor populations; weak local governments and serious environmental issues. There is also a realisation that newer issues of climate change, resource and energy depletion, food insecurity and the current financial crisis will exacerbate present difficult conditions. As ideas that either ‘the market’ or ‘communities’ could solve these urban issues appear increasingly unrealistic, there have been suggestions for a stronger role for governments through reformed instruments of urban planning. However, agencies (such as UN-Habitat) promoting this make the point that in many parts of the world current urban planning systems are actually part of the problem: they serve to promote social and spatial exclusion, are anti-poor, and are doing little to secure environmental sustainability. Urban planning, it is argued, therefore needs fundamental review if it is to play any meaningful role in current urban issues. This paper explores the idea that urban planning has served to exclude the poor, but that it might be possible to develop new planning approaches and systems which address urban growth and the major environment and resource issues, and which are propoor. What is clearly evident is that over the last two to three decades, urban places in both the global North and South have changed significantly: in terms of their economy, society, spatial structure and environments. Yet it appears that planning systems, particularly in the global South, have changed very slowly and some hardly at all, with many approaches and systems reflecting planning ideas from the global North simplistically transferred to Southern contexts through complex processes of colonialism and globalisation. The persistence of older forms of planning in itself requires explanation. The paper briefly reviews newer approaches to urban planning which have emerged in both the global North and South to see the extent to which they might, at the level of principle, offer ideas for pro-poor and sustainable planning. The dangers of further inappropriate ‘borrowing’ of ideas across contexts are stressed. It concludes that there are some important shifts and new ideas, but no ready-made solutions for Southern urban contexts. # 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Measurement of the effect of Isha Yoga on cardiac autonomic nervous system using short-term heart rate variability

BACKGROUND
Beneficial effects of Yoga have been postulated to be due to modulation of the autonomic nervous system.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of Isha Yoga practices on cardiovascular autonomic nervous system through short-term heart rate variability (HRV).


DESIGN OF THE STUDY
Short-term HRV of long-term regular healthy 14 (12 males and 2 females) Isha Yoga practitioners was compared with that of age- and gender-matched 14 (12 males and 2 females) non-Yoga practitioners.


METHODS AND MATERIALS
ECG Lead II and respiratory movements were recorded in both groups using Polyrite during supine rest for 5 min and controlled deep breathing for 1 minute. Frequency domain analysis [RR interval is the mean of distance between subsequent R wave peaks in ECG], low frequency (LF) power, high frequency (HF) power, LF normalized units (nu), HF nu, LF/HF ratio] and time domain analysis [Standard Deviation of normal to normal interval (SDNN), square of mean squared difference of successive normal to normal intervals (RMSSD), normal to normal intervals which are differing by 50 ms (NN50), and percentage of NN50 (pNN50)] of HRV variables were analyzed for supine rest. Time domain analysis was recorded for deep breathing.


RESULTS
Results showed statistically significant differences between Isha Yoga practitioners and controls in both frequency and time domain analyses of HRV indices, with no difference in resting heart rate between the groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Practitioners of Isha Yoga showed well-balanced beneficial activity of vagal efferents, an overall increased HRV, and sympathovagal balance, compared to non-Yoga practitioners during supine rest and deep breathing.
Service operations strategy, flexibility and performance in engineering consulting firms

In this paper, the relationship between operations strategy and performance through ̄exibility as a moderating variable is analysed within the service setting of engineering consulting ®rms in Spain. A framework for service strategy dimensions is suggested while manufacturing ̄exibility dimensions are applied to service operations considering necessary adaptations. A path analysis model is applied in order to enhance the understanding of interactions. This research proves that service operations strategy has a signi®cant positive and direct effect on service delivery performance. The fact that is especially relevant is that  ̄exibility plays a more intense moderating role for ef®ciency performance measures than for customer satisfaction performance measures. Introduction Operations strategy has been contemplated in the ®eld from a conceptual point of view and has dealt mainly with the content of strategy (Anderson et al., 1989; Skinner, 1978; Smith and Reece, 1999). All this research has con®gured the operations strategy concept as a pattern of decisions and actions driven to support the strategic goals established by the business unit. Operations should ®t the requirements of a business by striving for consistency between business capabilities and policies and business competitive advantages (Adam and Swamidass, 1989; Wheelwright, 1984). However, the scarcity of studies that analyse the effect of strategy on performance through its relationship with competitive priorities has become one of the great challenges in operations management research (Dangayash and Deshmukh, 2001; Sa®zadeh et al., 2000). Moreover, in service operations strategy, this panorama is still more meagre which leads to higher research opportunities (Nieto et al., 1999). Nowadays, the changing environments make  ̄exibility one of the competitive priorities that most service ®rms have to deal with. The concept of  ̄exibility of service processes suffers from the same confusion that overwhelmed manufacturing for years (Harvey et al., 1997). The nature and sources of manufacturing  ̄exibility have been broadly studied, so comparison between manufacturing and services provides a good starting-point for the study of service  ̄exibility. Flexibility is generally regarded as the ability to The Emerald Research Register for this journal is available at The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister http://www.emeraldinsight.com/0144-3577.htm The author wishes to thank anonymous reviewers whose suggestions have been of inestimable help for improving the present paper. Service operations strategy
Women and men with unstable angina and/or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: In unstable angina and/or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI), sex-related differences in outcomes are less well known than in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), where women experience worse outcomes than men. Our aim was a prospective comparison between men and women with UA/NSTEMI of baseline characteristics, inhospital complications, mortality, reinfarctions and combined endpoint of mortality and/or reinfarction during hospital stay, at 30 days and at six months. METHODS: Initial medical treatment was given to 92 men and 47 women with UA/NSTEMI. Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) were performed within the first 48 hours in cases of recurrent chest pain and/or rhythmic and/or hemodynamic instability. RESULTS: Women were significantly older (66.6 ± 9.6 vs. 59.7 ± 10.6, P = 0.0001), less physically active (76.6% vs. 91.3%, P = 0.035), with significantly more frequent arterial hypertension (78.7% vs. 51%, P = 0.0039) and insulin-treated diabetes (17% vs. 5.4%, P = 0.0341), but with less likely prior MI (21.3% vs. 48.9%, P = 0.003), smoking (10.6% vs. 32.6%, P = 0.009) and dyslipidemia with HDL-cholesterol < 1.0 mmol/L (25.5% vs. 46.4%, P = 0.015) than men. Though medical and invasive treatments were similar in both sexes, women were at significantly increased risk of in-hospital pulmonary edema (OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.51 to 11.45) but not at increased risk of adverse in-hospital, 30-day and six-month outcomes in comparison with men. CONCLUSIONS: Women with UA/NSTEMI, being significantly older and with more comorbidity, were at significantly increased risk of in-hospital heart failure but not at increased risk of in-hospital, 30-day and six-month adverse outcomes when compared with men, despite their similar treatments.
Substance Among Other Categories

Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Substance and other categories 2. Historically prominent accounts of substance 3. Collectionist theories of substance 4. The independence criterion of substance 5. Souls and bodies Appendix 1: the concrete-abstract distinction Appendix 2: Continuous space and time and their parts: a defense of an Aristotelian account Index.
A Deep Denoising Autoencoder Approach to Improving the Intelligibility of Vocoded Speech in Cochlear Implant Simulation

Objective: In a cochlear implant (CI) speech processor, noise reduction (NR) is a critical component for enabling CI users to attain improved speech perception under noisy conditions. Identifying an effective NR approach has long been a key topic in CI research. Method: Recently, a deep denoising autoencoder (DDAE) based NR approach was proposed and shown to be effective in restoring clean speech from noisy observations. It was also shown that DDAE could provide better performance than several existing NR methods in standardized objective evaluations. Following this success with normal speech, this paper further investigated the performance of DDAE-based NR to improve the intelligibility of envelope-based vocoded speech, which simulates speech signal processing in existing CI devices. Results: We compared the performance of speech intelligibility between DDAE-based NR and conventional single-microphone NR approaches using the noise vocoder simulation. The results of both objective evaluations and listening test showed that, under the conditions of nonstationary noise distortion, DDAE-based NR yielded higher intelligibility scores than conventional NR approaches. Conclusion and significance: This study confirmed that DDAE-based NR could potentially be integrated into a CI processor to provide more benefits to CI users under noisy conditions.
Effect of absolute and relative loading on muscle activity during stable and unstable squatting.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of stable and unstable conditions on one repetition maximum strength and muscle activity during dynamic squatting using absolute and relative loading.


METHODS
Ten recreationally weight-trained males participated in this study (age = 24.1 +/- 2.0 y, height = 178.0 +/- 5.6 cm, body mass = 83.7 +/- 13.4 kg, 1RM/body mass = 1.53 +/- 0.31), which involved two laboratory sessions separated by 1 wk. Linear position transducers were used to track bar displacement while subjects stood on a force plate for all trials. Vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF) and erector spinae (L1) muscle activity (average integrated EMG [IEMG]) was also recorded during all trials. During the first session subjects complete a one repetition maximum test in a stable dynamic squat (S1RM = 128.0 +/- 31.4 kg) and an unstable dynamic squat (U1RM = 83.8 +/- 17.3 kg) in a randomized order with a 30-min rest period between conditions. The second session consisted of the performance of three trials each for 12 different conditions (unstable and stable squats using three different absolute loads [six conditions] and unstable and stable squats using three different relative loads [six conditions]).


RESULTS
Results revealed a statistically significant difference between S1RM and U1RM values (P < or = .05). The stable trials resulted in the same or a significantly higher value for VL, BF and L1 muscle activity in comparison with the unstable trials for all twelve conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
Unstable squatting is of equal or less (depending on the loading condition) benefit to improving or maximizing muscle activity during resistance exercise.
Triumphs and Challenges for the Industrial Application of Model- Oriented Formal Methods

The “lightweight formal methods” paradigm emphasises the use of abstract modelling as an aid to understanding and design of computer-based systems. It advocates careful targeting of formal methods technology on specific system parts or aspects, rather than large-scale application. The challenge of implementing the lightweight paradigm was taken up a decade ago by the community working with the Vienna Development Method (VDM), developing its semantics, tools and encouraging industry application. This paper reports industrial successes over that period, and identifies challenges for industrial formal methods application in the near future. This paper is to appear in the proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation (ISoLA 2006). © 2007 University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Printed and published by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Science, Claremont Tower, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England. Bibliographical details FITZGERALD, J. S., LARSEN, P. G.. Triumphs and Challenges for the Industrial Application of Model-Oriented Formal Methods [By] J. S. Fitzgerald, P. G. Larsen. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne: Computing Science, 2007. (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Science, Technical Report Series, No. CS-TR-999)
Prehospital treatment with continuous positive airway pressure in patients with acute respiratory failure: a regional observational study

BACKGROUND
Patients with acute respiratory failure are at risk of deterioration during prehospital transport. Ventilatory support with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) can be initiated in the prehospital setting. The objective of the study is to evaluate adherence to treatment and effectiveness of CPAP as an addition to standard care.


METHODS
In North Denmark Region, patients with acute respiratory failure, whom paramedics assessed as suffering from acute cardiopulmonary oedema, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma were treated with CPAP using 100 % O2 from 1 March 2014 to 3 May 2015. Adherence to treatment was evaluated by number of adverse events and discontinuation of treatment. Intensive care admissions and mortality were reported in this cohort. Effectiveness was evaluated by changes in peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiratory rate during transport and compared to a historical control (non-CPAP) group treated with standard care only. Values were compared by hypothesis testing and linear modelling of SpO2 on arrival at scene and ΔSpO2 stratified according to treatment group.


RESULTS
In fourteen months, 171 patients were treated with CPAP (mean treatment time 35 ± 18 min). Adverse events were reported in 15 patients (9 %), hereof six discontinued CPAP due to hypotension, nausea or worsening dyspnoea. One serious adverse event was reported, a suspected pneumothorax treated adequately by an anaesthesiologist called from a mobile emergency care unit. Among CPAP patients, 45 (27 %) were admitted to an intensive care unit and 24 (14 %) died before hospital discharge. The non-CPAP group consisted of 739 patients. From arrival at scene to arrival at hospital, CPAP patients had a larger increase in SpO2 than non-CPAP patients (87 to 96 % versus 92 to 96 %, p < 0.01) and a larger decrease in respiratory rate (32 to 25 versus 28 to 24 breaths/min, p < 0.01). In a linear model, CPAP was superior to non-CPAP in patients with initial SpO2 ≤90 % (p < 0.05). One CPAP patient (0.6 %) and eight non-CPAP patients (1.1 %) were intubated in the prehospital setting.


DISCUSSION
The study design reflects the daily prehospital working environment including long transport timesand paramedics educated in treating symptoms of acute respiratory failure, rather than treating one specific diagnosis. The study population was included consecutively and few patients were lost to follow-up. However, the study was too small to allow assessment of any effect of prehospital CPAP on mortality, nor could the effectiveness in specific disease conditions be examined.


CONCLUSIONS
In an emergency medical service including physician backup, adherence to CPAP treatment administered by paramedics was high and treatment was effective in patients with acute respiratory failure.
Tree maps: A Space-Filling Approach to the Visualization of Hierarchical Information Structures

This paper describes a novel method for the visualization of hierarchically structured information. The Tree-Map visualization technique makes 100% use of the available display space, mapping the full hierarchy onto a rectangular region in a space-filling manner. This efficient use of space allows very large hierarchies to be displayed in their entirety and facilitates the presentation of semantic information.
Reputation measure approach of web service for service selection

In choosing web services with quality of service (QoS), the reputation attribute of QoS is very important for users to obtain reliable services in service selection. However, existing approaches rely on feedback ratings, which usually lead to the subjectivity and unfairness of reputation measure. The authors propose a reputation measure approach for web services. The approach employs three phases (i.e. feedback checking, feedback adjustment and malicious feedback detection) to enhance the reputation measure accuracy. A user survey form was first established to check the feedback ratings from these users who are lacking in feedback ability. Then the feedback ratings are adjusted with different user feedback preferences by calculating feedback similarity. Finally, the authors detect malicious feedback ratings by adopting cumulative sum method. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is effective and can greatly improve service selection process in service-oriented business applications.
Towards a Cost Metric for Nearest Neighbor Constraints in Reversible Circuits

This work in progress report proposes a new metric for estimating nearest neighbor cost at the reversible circuit level. This is in contrast to existing literature where nearest neighbor constraints are usually considered at the quantum circuit level. In order to define the metric, investigations on a state-of-the-art reversible to quantum mapping scheme have been conducted. From the retrieved information, a proper estimation to be used as a cost metric has been obtained. Using the metric, it becomes possible for the first time to optimize a reversible circuit with respect to nearest neighbor constraints.