LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Approaches to Measuring Inconsistent Information

Measures of quantity of information have been studied extensively for more than fifty years. The seminal work on information theory is by Shannon [67]. This work, based on probability theory, can be used in a logical setting when the worlds are the possible events. This work is also the basis of Lozinskii’s work [48] for defining the quantity of information of a formula (or knowledgebase) in propositional logic. But this definition is not suitable when the knowledgebase is inconsistent. In this case, it has no classical model, so we have no “event” to count. This is a shortcoming since in practical applications (e.g. databases) it often happens that the knowledgebase is not consistent. And it is definitely not true that all inconsistent knowledgebases contain the same (null) amount of information, as given by the “classical information theory”. As explored for several years in the paraconsistent logic community, two inconsistent knowledgebases can lead to very different conclusions, showing that they do not convey the same information. There has been some recent interest in this issue, with some interesting proposals. Though a general approach for information theory in (possibly inconsistent) logical knowledgebases is missing. Another related measure is the measure of contradiction. It is usual in classical logic to use a binary measure of contradiction: a knowledgebase is either consistent or inconsistent. This dichotomy is obvious when the only deductive tool is classical inference, since inconsistent knowledgebases are of no use. But there are now a number of logics developed to draw non-trivial conclusions from an inconsistent knowledgebase. So this dichotomy is not sufficient to describe the amount of contradiction of a knowledgebase, one needs more finegrained measures. Some interesting proposals have been made for this. The main aim of this paper is to review the measures of information and contradiction, and to study some potential practical applications. This has significant potential in developing intelligent systems that can be tolerant to inconsistencies when reasoning with real-world knowledge. 190 Anthony Hunter and Sébastien Konieczny
A tractable model of reciprocity and fairness

We introduce a parametric model of other-regarding preferences in which my emotional state determines the marginal rate of substitution between my own and others’ payoffs, and thus my subsequent choices. In turn, my emotional state responds to relative status and to the kindness or unkindness of others’ choices. Structural estimations of this model with six existing data sets demonstrate that other-regarding preferences depend on status, reciprocity, and perceived property rights. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. JEL classification: C24; C25; C70; C91; D63; D64
Visual-inertial navigation, mapping and localization: A scalable real-time causal approach

We present a model to estimate motion from monocular visual and inertial measurements. We analyze the model and characterize the conditions under which its state is observable, and its parameters are identifiable. These include the unknown gravity vector, and the unknown transformation between the camera coordinate frame and the inertial unit. We show that it is possible to estimate both state and parameters as part of an on-line procedure, but only provided that the motion sequence is “rich enough,” a condition that we characterize explicitly. We then describe an efficient implementation of a filter to estimate the state and parameters of this model, including gravity and camera-to-inertial calibration. It runs in real-time on an embedded platform, and its performance has been tested extensively. We report experiments of continuous operation, without failures, re-initialization, or re-calibration, on paths of length up to 30Km. We also describe an integrated approach to “loop-closure,” that is the recognition of previously-seen locations and the topological re-adjustment of the traveled path. It represents visual features relative to the global orientation reference provided by the gravity vector estimated by the filter, and relative to the scale provided by their known position within the map; these features are organized into “locations” defined by visibility constraints, represented in a topological graph, where loop closure can be performed without the need to re-compute past trajectories or perform bundle adjustment. The software infrastructure as well as the embedded platform is described in detail in a technical report (Jones and Soatto (2009).)
Automatic Text Structuring and Retrieval: Experiments in Automatic Encyclopedia Searching

Many conventional approaches to text analysis and information retrieval prove ineffective when large text collections must be processed in heterogeneous subject areas. An alternative text manipulation system is outlined useful for the retrieval of large heterogeneous texts, and for the recognition of content similarities between text excerpts, based on flexible text matching procedures carried out in several contexts of different scope. The methods are illustrated by search experiments performed with the 29-volume Funk and Wagnalls encyclopedia. Approaches to Text Retrieval We are addressing the problem of text retrieval from large, heterogeneous text databases, where the vocabulary varies widely and the subject matter is unrestricted. This includes newspaper articles, newswire dispatches, textbooks, dictionaries and encyclopedias, manuals, magazine articles, and so on. Necessarily, the retrieval operations must be preceded by some form of text analysis, or text indexing operation, leading to the assignment to query and document texts of appropriate content identifications. When content identifiers are attached to text items, the text retrieval operations can be carried out by comparing the identifications assigned to the various text items with the query identifications, and retrieving texts that appear sufficiently similar to the corresponding queries. [1-2] ● Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7501. This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant IRI 89-15847. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material ia granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice ie given that copying is by permieaion of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwiee, or to republish, requiree a fee and/or specific permission. @ 1991 ACM 0.89791.448-1/91/0009/0021 ,.,$1.50 In discussing the text analysis operation, it is customary to contrast the so-called keyword approach with more sophisticated procedures based in part on linguistic and logical considerations. In the keyword approach, single-term concepts, known as keywords,
Delaunay Triangulation in 3 D

The Delaunay triangulation is one of the most popular and most often used methods in problems related to the generation of meshes. A lot of the optimal properties of Delaunay triangulation are known in 2D, where it has been intensively studied during the last twenty years, although the fundamentals were formulated early in the twentieth century (Voronoi, 1908 and Delaunay, 1934). This thesis presents Delaunay triangulation without addition or displacement of points in 3D space. It focuses on its properties and on a summarization of existing sequential algorithms. Also our experience with the implementation of the incremental insertion algorithm is presented and observed features are discussed. The properties of Delaunay triangulation in 3D (or generally in higher dimensions) are not as good as in 2D and different kinds of methods are used mainly to remove the tetrahedra of undesirable shape. Although this area of research was not within our main scope, we present an existing simple method for tetrahedra shape improvement. We have implemented this method and our results are presented and discussed. In the implementation of algorithms, which have to deal with inprecise floating-point arithmetic on real computers, the question of numerical stability becomes very important for the proper function of the implementation. We introduce several existing approaches for increasing the numerical stability of algorithms, two of them for an exact evaluation of geometric predicates are presented in more details. We made a comparison of them and we mention the results of incorporating one of them in our implementation. This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of Czech Republic – project MSM 235200005. Copies of this report are available on http://www.kiv.zcu.cz/publications/ or by surface mail on request sent to the following address: University of West Bohemia in Pilsen Department of Computer Science and Engineering Univerzitni 8 30614 Pilsen Czech Republic Copyright © 2002 University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Czech Republic
The efficacy of standard laxative use for the prevention and treatment of opioid induced constipation during oxycodone use: a small Dutch observational pilot study.

BACKGROUND
Dutch clinical guidelines recommend that a standard laxative treatment (SLT) should be prescribed concomitantly when starting opioid treatment to prevent opioid-induced constipation (OIC).


METHODS
Clinical evidence for SLT in the treatment of OIC is lacking, therefore an observational pilot study was performed to explore the efficacy and tolerability of SLT on OIC in patients treated with the opioid oxycodone.


RESULTS
Twenty-four patients (58% female, median (range) age 65 (39-92)) were included in this pilot study. The analysis showed that 9 out of 21 patients (43%) were non-responders to SLT. When also taking into consideration patients tending to develop diarrhea 75% of patients are non-responsive to SLT.


CONCLUSION
This pilot study indicates that optimal laxative therapy (SLT) might not be effective and feasible for the prevention and treatment of OIC.
Equity in corporate co-branding The case of adidas and the All Blacks

Corporate co-branding is analysed within the context of a case study of the sponsorship relationship between adidas and the New Zealand Rugby Union. The study indicates that corporate brands may develop co-branding relationships in order to rede®ne brand identity, discursively reposition the brand and build brand equity. Corporate co-branding is established at a fundamental brand values level that, in turn, in ̄uences the type of marketing communication campaign that may be undertaken. Discourse theory provides insights into the importance of an articulation campaign in order to increase the equity of corporate brands. Co-branding offers corporate brands access to the brand strategy of the co-brand partner, the alignment of brand values, the marketing communication association and brand reach and network of relationships.
Neural mechanisms of spatial stimulus–response compatibility: the effect of crossed-hand position

Previous psychological experiments have indicated the existence of a visual–proprioceptive interaction in spatial stimulus–response compatibility (SSRC) tasks, but there is little specific information on the neural basis of such interaction in humans. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we compared the neural activity associated with two different aspects of spatial coding: the coding of the “internal” spatial position of motor-response effectors (i.e., the position of body parts) as obtained through proprioception, and the coding of “external” positions, i.e., the positions of visual stimuli. A 2×2 factorial design was used to investigate the spatial compatibility (incompatible versus compatible) between a visual stimulus and hand position (crossed versus uncrossed). The subjects were instructed to respond to stimuli presented to the right or left visual field with either the ipsilateral (compatible condition) or the contralateral hand (incompatible condition). The incompatible condition produced stronger activation in the bilateral superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus than the compatible condition. The crossed-hand condition produced stronger activation in the bilateral precentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and superior temporal gyrus than the uncrossed-hand condition. These results suggest that activity in the frontal–parietal regions is related to two functions: (1) representation of the visual stimulus–motor response spatial configuration in an SSRC task, and (2) integration between external visual and internal proprioceptive sensory information. The activation in the superior temporal gyrus was not affected by the visual stimulus–motor response spatial configuration in an SSRC task; rather, it was affected by the crossed-hand posture. Thus, it seems to be related to representing internal proprioceptive sensory information necessary to carry out motor actions.
Novel High Step-Up DC–DC Converter With an Active Coupled-Inductor Network for a Sustainable Energy System

In this letter, a novel high step-up dc-dc converter with an active coupled-inductor network is presented for a sustainable energy system. The proposed converter contains two coupled inductors which can be integrated into one magnetic core and two switches. The primary sides of coupled inductors are charged in parallel by the input source, and both the coupled inductors are discharged in series with the input source to achieve the high step-up voltage gain with appropriate duty ratio, respectively. In addition, the passive lossless clamped circuit not only recycles leakage energies of the coupled inductor to improve efficiency but also alleviates large voltage spike to limit the voltage stresses of the main switches. The reverse-recovery problem of the output diode is also alleviated by the leakage inductor and the lower part count is needed; therefore, the power conversion efficiency can be further upgraded. This letter shows the key waveforms of the proposed converter and the detailed derivation of the steady-state operation principle. The voltage conversion ratio, the effect of the leakage inductance and the parasitic parameters on the voltage gain are discussed. The voltage stress and current stress on the power devices are illustrated and the comparisons between the proposed converter and other converters are given. Finally, a prototype circuit rated 200-W output power is implemented in the laboratory, and the experimental results show the satisfactory agreement with the theoretical analysis.
Impact of a high loading dose of atorvastatin on contrast-induced acute kidney injury.

BACKGROUND
The role of statins in the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) is controversial.


METHODS AND RESULTS
First, we investigated the in vivo effects of atorvastatin on CIAKI. Patients with chronic kidney disease enrolled in the Novel Approaches for Preventing or Limiting Events (NAPLES) II trial were randomly assigned to (1) the atorvastatin group (80 mg within 24 hours before contrast media [CM] exposure; n=202) or (2) the control group (n=208). All patients received a high dose of N-acetylcysteine and sodium bicarbonate solution. Second, we investigated the in vitro effects of atorvastatin pretreatment on CM-mediated modifications of intracellular pathways leading to apoptosis or survival in renal tubular cells. CIAKI (ie, an increase >10% of serum cystatin C concentration within 24 hours after CM exposure) occurred in 9 of 202 patients in the atorvastatin group (4.5%) and in 37 of 208 patients in the control group (17.8%) (P=0.005; odds ratio=0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.69). CIAKI rate was lower in the atorvastatin group in both diabetics and nondiabetics and in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate, 31-60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)). In the in vitro model, pretreatment with atorvastatin (1) prevented CM-induced renal cell apoptosis by reducing stress kinases activation and (2) restored the survival signals (mediated by Akt and ERK pathways).


CONCLUSIONS
A single high loading dose of atorvastatin administered within 24 hours before CM exposure is effective in reducing the rate of CIAKI. This beneficial effect is observed only in patients at low to medium risk.
Recommending citations for academic papers

We approach the problem of academic literature search by considering an unpublished manuscript as a query to a search system. We use the text of previous literature as well as the citation graph that connects it to find relevant related material. We evaluate our technique with manual and automatic evaluation methods, and find an order of magnitude improvement in mean average precision as compared to a text similarity baseline.
Practice Patterns of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement in Acute Stroke: Are the Guidelines Achievable?

OBJECTIVES
Our objectives were to evaluate trends in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement rate and timing in acute stroke patients. We hypothesized that noncompliance with clinical practice guidelines for timing of tube placement and an increase in placement occurred because of a decrease in length of hospital stay.


METHODS
We conducted a retrospective observational study of archival hospital billing data from the Florida state inpatient healthcare cost and utilization project database from 2001 to 2012 for patients with a primary diagnosis of stroke. Outcome measures were timing of PEG tube placements by year (2006-2012), rate of placements by year (2001-2012), and length of hospital stay. Univariate analyses and simple and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted.


RESULTS
The timing of gastrostomy tube placement remained stable with a median of 7 days post admission from 2006 through 2012. The proportion of tubes that were placed at or after 14 days and thereby met the guideline recommendations varied from 14.09% in 2006 to 13.41% in 2012. The rate of tube placement in stroke patients during the acute hospital stay decreased significantly by 25% from 6.94% in 2001 to 5.22% in 2012 (P < .0001). The length of hospital stay for all stroke patients decreased over the study period (P < .0001).


CONCLUSIONS
The vast majority of PEG tube placements happen earlier than clinical practice guidelines recommend. Over the study period, the rate of tubes placed in stroke patients decreased during the acute hospital stay despite an overall reduced length of stay.
68–110-GHz-Band Low-Noise Amplifier Using Current Reuse Topology

This paper proposes a new topology for a broadband low-noise-amplifier (LNA). A common-gate (CG) amplifier with a matching inductor composes a unit cell, and the unit cells are cascaded to increase gain. As both the input and output impedances of the unit cell are matched to 50 Ω for a wide frequency range, it is possible to increase the gain while maintaining wide bandwidth. Thus, high-gain and broadband performance can be obtained using this topology. The other features of the amplifier are its small size, low power consumption, and current reuse topology. This paper presents the design methodology of a multistage CG amplifier with a matching inductor. Fabricated in an 80-nm InP HEMT process, we developed an ultra-broadband LNA. The LNA with a three-stage CG amplifier exhibited a gain of 18 dB and a noise figure of 3.5 dB from 68 to over 110 GHz. The power consumption was 12 mW under a power supply voltage of 3 V. The chip size is 0.55 × 0.75 mm2. Furthermore, we developed a receiver for passive millimeter-wave imagers by integrating a six-stage LNA with a power detector. The chip size of the receiver is 1.1 × 0.75 mm2. The sensitivity of the pre-amplified detector was more than 2 000 V/mW from 75 to 100 GHz. These results show that the topology is one of the best candidates for high-gain and broadband LNA with small size and low power consumption.
Total Network Data System: Operating company perspective

Implementation and management of the many individual systems comprising the Total Network Data System (TNDS) is a monumental undertaking, with far-reaching impact on a telephone company's organization and methods. This paper describes how one such company — Southern Bell — planned for and converted to TNDS, extending over a number of years. It also discusses the current operations and benefits of TNDS.
Conversational Memory Network for Emotion Recognition in Dyadic Dialogue Videos

Conversational Memory Network: To classify emotion of utterance ui, corresponding histories (hista and histb) are taken. Each history, histλ, contains the preceding K utterances by person Pλ. Histories are modeled into memories and utilized as follows, Memory Representation: Memory representation Mλ = [mλ, ...,mλ ] for histλ is generated using a GRU, λ ∈ {a, b}. Memory Input: Attention mechanism is used to read Mλ. Relevance of each memory mλ’s context with ui is computed using a match operation, pλ = softmax(q i .mλ) , qi = B.ui (1) Memory Output: Weighted combination of memories is calculated using attention scores. oλ = M ′ λ.pλ (2)
EGameFlow: A scale to measure learners' enjoyment of e-learning games

In an effective e-learning game, the learner’s enjoyment acts as a catalyst to encourage his/her learning initiative. Therefore, the availability of a scale that effectively measures the enjoyment offered by e-learning games assist the game designer to understanding the strength and flaw of the game efficiently from the learner’s points of view. E-learning games are aimed at the achievement of learning objectives via the creation of a flow effect. Thus, this study is based on Sweetser’s & Wyeth’s framework to develop a more rigorous scale that assesses user enjoyment of e-learning games. The scale developed in the present study consists of eight dimensions: Immersion, social interaction, challenge, goal clarity, feedback, concentration, control, and knowledge improvement. Four learning games employed in a university’s online learning course ‘‘Introduction to Software Application” were used as the instruments of scale verification. Survey questionnaires were distributed to students taking the course and 166 valid samples were subsequently collected. The results showed that the validity and reliability of the scale, EGameFlow, were satisfactory. Thus, the measurement is an effective tool for evaluating the level of enjoyment provided by elearning games to their users. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.