LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Biometric Security Mechanism in Mobile Payments

M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless handheld devices such as cellular telephone and personal digital assistants PDA. Today many people never leave home without their mobile phones. As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster and scalable, there is wide speculation that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce. M-commerce, in the context, provides a lot of services like Mobile ticketing, Mobile banking, Mobile location based services, Mobile auctions, Mobile purchasing and so on. This represents an incredible opportunity to enable mobile devices, as universal devices for mobile commerce applications. At the same time security is the biggest threat in such applications, particularly while paying through the use of Credit card, etc. The dangers of mobile commerce are the same as computer based e-commerce wireless hacks, identity theft and phishing. Phones, however, carry unique security risks like theft, cell Cloning, eavesdrop and man in middle attacks. To secure mobile commerce during payment there are some techniques in vogue like pass codes, pin number of card, identification of serial numbers stored in the sim, signature, etc. But still, these security mechanisms are not that effective, as it is easy to replicate for example one's signature or get the password or pin number. So, we here propose, one more level of security mechanism that could be used viz., the finger print, as fingerprints are one that cannot be replicated.
Pre-analytical errors management in the clinical laboratory: a five-year study

INTRODUCTION
This study describes quality indicators for the pre-analytical process, grouping errors according to patient risk as critical or major, and assesses their evaluation over a five-year period.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A descriptive study was made of the temporal evolution of quality indicators, with a study population of 751,441 analytical requests made during the period 2007-2011. The Runs Test for randomness was calculated to assess changes in the trend of the series, and the degree of control over the process was estimated by the Six Sigma scale.


RESULTS
The overall rate of critical pre-analytical errors was 0.047%, with a Six Sigma value of 4.9. The total rate of sampling errors in the study period was 13.54% (P = 0.003). The highest rates were found for the indicators "haemolysed sample" (8.76%), "urine sample not submitted" (1.66%) and "clotted sample" (1.41%), with Six Sigma values of 3.7, 3.7 and 2.9, respectively.


CONCLUSION
The magnitude of pre-analytical errors was accurately valued. While processes that triggered critical errors are well controlled, the results obtained for those regarding specimen collection are borderline unacceptable; this is particularly so for the indicator "haemolysed sample".
Decision trees for indication of total hip replacement on patients with osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE
To develop a decision tree based on health-related quality of life outcomes rather than expert consensus for determining the appropriateness of total hip replacement (THR) among patients with hip OA.


METHODS
This is a prospective observational study of two independent cohorts. The derivation cohort included 590 patients recruited from seven hospitals between March 1999 and March 2000. The validation cohort included 339 patients recruited from six hospitals between September 2003 and September 2004. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected for the participants, all of whom completed the WOMAC before hip replacement and 6 months later. Univariate and Regression Trees, by classification and regression trees (CART), analyses were performed in the derivation cohort. The decision trees derived in the derivation cohort were validated in the validation cohort.


RESULTS
Main variables that predicted change in the WOMAC pain and functional limitation domains were pre-intervention pain or functional limitation and the application of non-surgical treatments. CART analysis showed that when pre-intervention pain was classified as minor, or WOMAC pain or functional limitation scores were < or = 40, there was an odds ratio of 0.076 (95% CI 0.031, 0.185) of having an expected gain after THR in the WOMAC pain domain of > 30 or > 25 in the WOMAC functional limitation domain.


CONCLUSIONS
A simple decision tree based on WOMAC outcomes can help to determine the appropriate application of THR. It could also be used to evaluate clinical practice or for quality control.
Cavity-QED models of switches for attojoule-scale nanophotonic logic

Quantum optical input-output models are described for a class of optical switches based on cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) with a single multilevel atom (or comparable bound system of charges) coupled simultaneously to several resonant field modes. A recent limit theorem for quantum stochastic differential equations is used to show that such models converge to a simple scattering matrix in a type of strong coupling limit that seems natural for nanophotonic systems. Numerical integration is used to show that the behavior of the pre-limit model approximates that of the simple scattering matrix in a realistic regime for the physical parameters, and that it is possible in the proposed cavity-QED configuration for low power optical signals to switch higher-power signals at attojoule energy scales.
Passive ranges of motion of the hips and their relationship with pitching biomechanics and ball velocity in professional baseball pitchers.

BACKGROUND
Pelvis and trunk motions during baseball pitching are associated with ball velocity. Thus, limits in hip flexibility may adversely affect pitching biomechanics and the ability to generate ball velocity.


HYPOTHESES
Professional baseball pitchers will have less passive range of motion in the nondominant hip and the measured ranges of motion of both the nondominant and dominant hips will correlate with biomechanical parameters of the lower extremity among professional pitchers.


STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.


METHODS
Nineteen healthy professional baseball pitchers volunteered for testing. Fluid goniometry was used to measure passive range of motion of adduction (ADD), abduction (ABD), internal rotation, external rotation, total arc of rotation, and total arc of ADD + ABD. Pitching biomechanical data were collected using an automated 3-dimensional motion analysis system while participants threw fastballs.


RESULTS
Pitchers possessed significantly less passive range of motion in the nondominant hip when compared with the dominant hip for all ranges. Total arc of rotation of the nondominant hip correlated with ball velocity (r = .50). Total arc of ADD + ABD in the nondominant hip and ABD in the nondominant hip were correlated with stride length (r = -.72 and .70, respectively). Dominant hip ABD (r = .63), total arc of rotation in the nondominant hip (r = -.45), and total arc of ADD + ABD of the dominant hip (r = .44) were correlated with trunk separation. Total arc of ADD + ABD of the nondominant hip (r = -.52) and total arc of rotation of the dominant hip (r = -.44) were correlated with pelvic orientation.


CONCLUSION
Passive range of motion is smaller in the nondominant hip than the dominant hip among professional pitchers. The measured disparity between the hips is significantly correlated with various pitching biomechanical parameters of the trunk and pelvis. Future research is required to investigate a causal relationship between less hip passive range of motion and both ball velocity and pitching biomechanics.
The Internet of Things (IoT) Applications and Communication Enabling Technology Standards: An Overview

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most promising area which penetrates the advantages of Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) and Pervasive Computing domains. Different applications of IoT have been developed and researchers of IoT well identified the opportunities, problems, challenges and the technology standards used in IoT such as Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) tags, sensors, actuators, mobile phones, etc. This paper is of two fold, the first fold covers the different applications that adopted smart technologies so far. The second fold of this paper presents the overview of the sensors and its standards.
Computer vision based vehicle detection for toll collection system using embedded Linux

Many highway toll collection systems have already been developed and are widely used in India. Some of these include Manual toll collection, RF tags, Barcodes, Number plate recognition. All these systems have disadvantages that lead to some errors in the corresponding system. This paper presents a brief review of toll collection systems present in India, their advantages and disadvantages and also aims to design and develop a new efficient toll collection system which will be a good low cost alternative among all other systems. The system is based on Computer Vision vehicle detection using OpenCV library in Embedded Linux platform. The system is designed using Embedded Linux development kit (Raspberry pi). In this system, a camera captures images of vehicles passing through toll booth thus a vehicle is detected through camera. Depending on the area occupied by the vehicle, classification of vehicles as light and heavy is done. Further this information is passed to the Raspberry pi which is having web server set up on it. When raspberry pi comes to know the vehicle, then it access the web server information and according to the type of the vehicle, appropriate toll is charged. This system can also made to count moving vehicles from pre-recorded videos or stored videos by using the same algorithm and procedure that we follow in this paper.
Viral load monitoring as a tool to reinforce adherence: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE
Viral load monitoring has been proposed as a tool to reinforce adherence, but outcomes have never been systematically assessed.


DESIGN
A meta-analysis was conducted to systematically analyze the research on viral load monitoring as a tool to reinforce adherence. Viremic resuppression is defined here as a decrease in viral load beneath a particular threshold following viral load levels that have been elevated despite antiretroviral treatment.


METHODS
Six databases were searched for studies published up to November 2012, which reported the use of viral load monitoring as a tool to identify patients in need of adherence support. Three conference abstract sites were reviewed for studies reported in the last 2 years. Randomized and quasi-randomized trials and observational studies, were eligible. No language or geographical restrictions were applied.


RESULTS
Six retrospective and 2 prospective observational studies reported data from 8 countries: South Africa, the United States, Thailand, Mali, Burkina Faso, Swaziland, India, and France. Five studies reported on viremic resuppression, with a pooled estimate of 70.5% (95% confidence interval: 56.6% to 84.4%) resuppressed. The remaining 3 studies all reported declines in mean viral load. Delayed onset of routine viral load monitoring was associated with the emergence of drug resistance.


CONCLUSIONS
The clear trend of resuppression, following viral load testing and adherence support, demonstrates the utility of viral load as a tool to identify patients in need of enhanced adherence support.
Creating smarter schools through collaboration

Principles of cognitive psychology are considered, not primarily as they inform classroom practice, but as they inform school organization and administrative practice in schools. Theories of knowledge as distributed, social, situated, and based on prior beliefs and knowledge are applied to organizational learning within schools. Collaborative problem solving is explored as a means that schools might employ to become smarter. The study is situated within a Midwestern high school that is striving to improve itself. This school employs collaborative strategies to learn and adapt to changed expectations and circumstances. In the school examined, this collaboration is orchestrated through the creation of discourse communities among teachers and cognitive apprenticeships among teachers and administrators. Schools are in the learning business. Their central mission is to construct environments that facilitate the learning of essential knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Recent developments in cognitive science suggest new conceptions of cognition that have implications for how we structure learning environments for children and teachers. But what of schools themselves? Can schools learn? Argyris and Schon (1996) describe organizations as possessing knowledge, as well as strategies for learning or gaining new knowledge. If we think of schools as learning organizations, what can we glean from new views of cognition to make schools smarter? This study applies the principles of cognitive psychology to examine the practices of a Midwestern high school, one that is striving to improve itself. This school provides a context for the study of organizational learning through collaboration and collaborative problem solving. First, we draw on theories of cognition as they might be applied to the organizational learning within schools. Then we consider how a particular school employs collaborative strategies to learn and adapt to changed expectations and circumstances ± in other words to become smarter. In the school that we examine, this collaboration is orchestrated through the creation of discourse communities among teachers and cognitive apprenticeships among teachers and administrators. The nature of cognition New views of cognition stress knowledge as constructed by learners through social interaction, built on a foundation of existing knowledge structures and beliefs, rather than as nuggets of information filling a receptacle. Because cognition is social in nature, it is situated in a particular context and distributed The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
Stochastic Arabic hybrid diacritizer

This paper introduces a two-layer stochastic system to diacritize raw Arabic text automatically. The first layer determines the most likely diacritics by choosing the sequence of full-form Arabic word diacritizations with maximum marginal probability via A∗ lattice search algorithm and m-gram probability estimation. When full-form words are out-of-vocabulary (OOV), the system utilizes a second layer, which factorizes each Arabic word into its possible morphological constituents (prefix, root, pattern and suffix), then uses m-gram probability estimation and A∗ lattice search algorithm to select among the possible factorizations to get the most likely diacritization sequence. While the second layer has better coverage of possible Arabic forms, the first layer yields better disambiguation results for the same size of training corpora, especially for inferring syntactical (case-end) diacritics. The presented hybrid system possesses the advantages of both layers. The paper details the workings of both layers and the architecture of the hybrid system. By comparing our proposed system with the best performing system to our knowledge of Habash et al. [9] using their training and testing corpus; it is found that the word error rates of 5.5% for the morphological diacritization and 9.4% for the syntactic diacritization by Habash et al., and only 3.1% for the morphological diacritization and 9.4% for the syntactic diacritization by our system.
The Interaction of Bayesian Pragmatics and Lexical Semantics in Linguistic Interpretation: Using Event-related Potentials to Investigate Hearers' Probabilistic Predictions

We contrast two views of how contextual influence on sentence meaning composition can be explained. The Semantic Similarity View maintains that discourse context affects sentence meaning mainly because of the semantic similarity between the words in the discourse context and the words in the sentence (as measured by Latent Semantic Analysis). The Free Pragmatic View, in contrast, defends the claim that also pragmatic aspects of the discourse context can affect sentence meaning composition. This effect can be quantitatively modelled by Bayesian Pragmatics. We introduce a Predictive Completion Task in which the hearer at every moment in a communicative situation has to generate a probabilistic prediction about how a discourse being uttered by the speaker is continued. We test the predictions of the two views in EEG using the well-established observation that the conditional probability of a word given a context is negatively correlated with the amplitude of its N400 component.
The type I-E CRISPR-Cas system Biology and applications of an adaptive immune system in bacteria

Amlinger, L. 2017. The type I-E CRISPR-Cas system. Biology and applications of an adaptive immune system in bacteria. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1466. 61 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9787-3. CRISPR-Cas systems are adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea, consisting of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) array and CRISPR associated (Cas) proteins. In this work, the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system of Escherichia coli was studied. CRISPR-Cas immunity is divided into three stages. In the first stage, adaptation, Cas1 and Cas2 store memory of invaders in the CRISPR array as short intervening sequences, called spacers. During the expression stage, the array is transcribed, and subsequently processed into small CRISPR RNAs (crRNA), each consisting of one spacer and one repeat. The crRNAs are bound by the Cascade multi-protein complex. During the interference step, Cascade searches for DNA molecules complementary to the crRNA spacer. When a match is found, the target DNA is degraded by the recruited Cas3 nuclease. Host factors required for integration of new spacers into the CRISPR array were first investigated. Deleting recD, involved in DNA repair, abolished memory formation by reducing the concentration of the Cas1-Cas2 expression plasmid, leading to decreased amounts of Cas1 to levels likely insufficient for spacer integration. Deletion of RecD has an indirect effect on adaptation. To facilitate detection of adaptation, a sensitive fluorescent reporter was developed where an out-of-frame yfp reporter gene is moved into frame when a new spacer is integrated, enabling fluorescent detection of adaptation. Integration can be detected in single cells by a variety of fluorescence-based methods. A second aspect of this thesis aimed at investigating spacer elements affecting target interference. Spacers with predicted secondary structures in the crRNA impaired the ability of the CRISPR-Cas system to prevent transformation of targeted plasmids. Lastly, in absence of Cas3, Cascade was successfully used to inhibit transcription of specific genes by preventing RNA polymerase access to the promoter. The CRISPR-Cas field has seen rapid development since the first demonstration of immunity almost ten years ago. However, much research remains to fully understand these interesting adaptive immune systems and the research presented here increases our understanding of the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system.
Validation of the EORTC QLQ-GINET21 questionnaire for assessing quality of life of patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours

Background:Quality of life is an important end point in clinical trials, yet there are few quality of life questionnaires for neuroendocrine tumours.Methods:This international multicentre validation study assesses the QLQ-GINET21 Quality of Life Questionnaire in 253 patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours. All patients were requested to complete two quality of life questionnaires – the EORTC Core Quality of Life questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and the QLQ-GINET21 – at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months post-baseline; the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were then analysed.Results:Analysis of QLQ-GINET21 scales confirmed appropriate aggregation of the items, except for treatment-related symptoms, where weight gain showed low correlation with other questions in the scale; weight gain was therefore analysed as a single item. Internal consistency of scales using Cronbach’s α coefficient was >0.7 for all parts of the QLQ-GINET21 at 6 months. Intraclass correlation was >0.85 for all scales. Discriminant validity was confirmed, with values <0.70 for all scales compared with each other.Scores changed in accordance with alterations in performance status and in response to expected clinical changes after therapies. Mean scores were similar for pancreatic and other tumours.Conclusion:The QLQ-GINET21 is a valid and responsive tool for assessing quality of life in the gut, pancreas and liver neuroendocrine tumours.
Causes and outcomes of the acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease

A BSTRACT Background The acute chest syndrome is the leading cause of death among patients with sickle cell disease. Since its cause is largely unknown, therapy is supportive. Pilot studies with improved diagnostic techniques suggest that infection and fat embolism are underdiagnosed in patients with the syndrome. Methods In a 30-center study, we analyzed 671 episodes of the acute chest syndrome in 538 patients with sickle cell disease to determine the cause, outcome, and response to therapy. We evaluated a treatment protocol that included matched transfusions, bronchodilators, and bronchoscopy. Samples of blood and respiratory tract secretions were sent to central laboratories for antibody testing, culture, DNA testing, and histopathological analyses. Results Nearly half the patients were initially admitted for another reason, mainly pain. When the acute chest syndrome was diagnosed, patients had hypoxia, decreasing hemoglobin values, and progressive multilobar pneumonia. The mean length of hospitalization was 10.5 days. Thirteen percent of patients required mechanical ventilation, and 3 percent died. Patients who were 20 or more years of age had a more severe course than those who were younger. Neurologic events occurred in 11 percent of patients, among whom 46 percent had respiratory failure. Treatment with phenotypically matched transfusions improved oxygenation, with a 1 percent rate of alloimmunization. One fifth of the patients who were treated with bronchodilators had clinical improvement. Eighty-one percent of patients who required mechanical ventilation recovered. A specific cause of the acute chest syndrome was identified in 38 percent of all episodes and 70 percent of episodes with complete data. Among the specific causes were pulmonary fat embolism and 27 different infectious pathogens. Eighteen patients died, and the most common causes of death were pulmonary emboli and infectious bronchopneumonia. Infection was a contributing factor in 56 percent of the deaths. Conclusions Among patients with sickle cell disease, the acute chest syndrome is commonly precipitated by fat embolism and infection, especially community-acquired pneumonia. Among older patients and those with neurologic symptoms, the syndrome often progresses to respiratory failure. Treatment with transfusions and bronchodilators improves oxygenation, and with aggressive treatment, most patients who have respiratory failure recover. (N Engl J Med 2000;342:1855-65.)