LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Role of ceramide 1 in the molecular organization of the stratum corneum lipids.

The main barrier of the skin is formed by the lipids in the apical skin layer, the stratum corneum (SC). In SC mainly ceramides (CER), free fatty acids (FFA) and cholesterol (CHOL) are present. The CER are composed of at least six different fractions. CER 1 has an exceptional molecular structure as it contains a linoleic acid linked to a long-chain omega-hydroxy acid (C > 30). The SC lipids are organized in two lamellar phases with periodicities of approximately 6 and 13 nm, respectively. Recent studies revealed that ceramides isolated from pig SC mixed with cholesterol in confined ratios mimic stratum corneum lipid phase behavior closely (Bouwstra, J.A., et al. 1996. J. Lipid Res. 37: 999-1011). In this paper the role of CER 1 for the SC lipid lamellar organization was studied. For this purpose lipid phase behavior of mixtures of CHOL and total ceramide fraction was compared with that of mixtures of CHOL and a ceramide mixture lacking CER 1. These studies showed that in the absence of CER 1 almost no long periodicity phase was formed over a wide CHOL/CER molar ratio. A model is proposed for the molecular arrangement of the two lamellar phases. This model is based on the dominant role CER 1 plays in the formation of the long periodicity phase, electron density distribution calculations, and observations, such as i) the bimodal distribution of the fatty acid chain lengths of the ceramides, ii) the phase separation between long-chain ceramides and short-chain ceramides in a monolayer approach, and iii) the absence of swelling of the lamellae upon increasing the water content organization in SC. In this molecular model the short periodicity phase is composed of only two high electron density regions indicating the presence of only one bilayer, similar to that often found in phospholipid membranes. The molecular arrangement in the long periodicity phase is very exceptional. This phase most probably consists of two broad and one narrow low electron density regions. The two broad regions are formed by partly interdigitating ceramides with long-chain fatty acids of approximately 24-26 C atoms, while the narrow low-electron density region is formed by fully interdigitating ceramides with a short free fatty acid chain of approximately 16 to 18 C atoms.
Effect of different surface treatments on roughness of IPS Empress 2 ceramic

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different surface treatments (air abrasion, acid etching, laser irradiation) on the surface roughness of a lithium-disilicate-based core ceramic. A total of 40 discs of lithium disilicate-based core ceramic (IPS Empress 2; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) were prepared (10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Specimens were divided into four groups (n = 10), and the following treatments were applied: air abrasion with alumina particles (50 μm), acid etching with 5% hydrofluoric acid, Nd:YAG laser irradiation (1 mm distance, 100 mJ, 20 Hz, 2 W) and Er:YAG laser irradiation (1 mm distance, 500 mJ, 20 Hz, 10 W). Following determination of surface roughness (Ra) by profilometry, specimens were examined with atomic force microscopy. The data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). One-way ANOVA indicated that surface roughness following air abrasion was significantly different from the surface roughness following laser irradiation and acid etching (P < 0.001). The Tukey HSD test indicated that the air abrasion group had a significantly higher mean value of roughness (P < 0.05) than the other groups. No significant difference was found between the acid etching and laser irradiation (both Er:YAG and Nd:YAG) groups (P > 0.05). Air abrasion increased surface roughness of lithium disilicate-based core ceramic surfaces more effectively than acid-etching and laser irradiation.
2 Freiheitskonzepte in Kants Philosophie

This chapter presents an overview on the freedom concepts in Kant's philosophy. It discusses the theory of transcendental freedom in the dialectic chapter of the critique of pure reason. In the so-called freedom antinomy, Kant discusses the question of whether the totality of conditions is explored in addition to causality according to natural laws. The chapter discusses the failed attempt of the deduction of the moral law in the groundwork of the metaphysics of morals. It presents a brief overview on the theory of free will in the critique of practical reason. The chapter reveals the reference points in the reflections of the seventies and metaphysics readings. It examines the free will as a template for Kant's own theory of practical freedom. The structure consideration of the will expresses that there is an ever greater degree of real self-determination. The original text of the chapter is in German.Keywords: free will; freedom antinomy; Kant's philosophy; metaphysics of morals; practical freedom; real self-determination
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial

BACKGROUND
Type 2 diabetes is associated with a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the role of lipid-lowering therapy with statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes is inadequately defined. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of atorvastatin 10 mg daily for primary prevention of major cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes without high concentrations of LDL-cholesterol.


METHODS
2838 patients aged 40-75 years in 132 centres in the UK and Ireland were randomised to placebo (n=1410) or atorvastatin 10 mg daily (n=1428). Study entrants had no documented previous history of cardiovascular disease, an LDL-cholesterol concentration of 4.14 mmol/L or lower, a fasting triglyceride amount of 6.78 mmol/L or less, and at least one of the following: retinopathy, albuminuria, current smoking, or hypertension. The primary endpoint was time to first occurrence of the following: acute coronary heart disease events, coronary revascularisation, or stroke. Analysis was by intention to treat.


FINDINGS
The trial was terminated 2 years earlier than expected because the prespecified early stopping rule for efficacy had been met. Median duration of follow-up was 3.9 years (IQR 3.0-4.7). 127 patients allocated placebo (2.46 per 100 person-years at risk) and 83 allocated atorvastatin (1.54 per 100 person-years at risk) had at least one major cardiovascular event (rate reduction 37% [95% CI -52 to -17], p=0.001). Treatment would be expected to prevent at least 37 major vascular events per 1000 such people treated for 4 years. Assessed separately, acute coronary heart disease events were reduced by 36% (-55 to -9), coronary revascularisations by 31% (-59 to 16), and rate of stroke by 48% (-69 to -11). Atorvastatin reduced the death rate by 27% (-48 to 1, p=0.059). No excess of adverse events was noted in the atorvastatin group.


INTERPRETATION
Atorvastatin 10 mg daily is safe and efficacious in reducing the risk of first cardiovascular disease events, including stroke, in patients with type 2 diabetes without high LDL-cholesterol. No justification is available for having a particular threshold level of LDL-cholesterol as the sole arbiter of which patients with type 2 diabetes should receive statins. The debate about whether all people with this disorder warrant statin treatment should now focus on whether any patients are at sufficiently low risk for this treatment to be withheld.
Knowledge management: Review of the Critical Success Factors and development of a conceptual classification model

Knowledge management is a critical issue in today's business world. Knowledge is considered as one of the most strategic resources of the firm and sources of competitive advantage. This research provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) and identifies eight major factor's clusters that influence the success of KM implementations in organizations. In order to enhance our understanding of these CSFs, it also develops a conceptual classification model.
Insulin, food restriction and the extension of lifespan: the mechanism of longevity.

Dötsch et al. reported in this journal (1) on Blüher and co-worker’s evaluation of the 18% increase in the lifespan of fat-specific insulin receptor knockout (FIRKO) mouse (2). As early as 3 months of age, these mice maintained a body weight approximately 20% below the body weight of their control littermates. The reduction in body weight was caused by an approximately 60% reduction of fat tissue. Interestingly, their appetite was not reduced, resulting in the food intake being equivalent to that of the control animals. As a consequence, food intake related to body weight exceeded that of the controls by more than 50% (3). The conclusion was that a reduction of fat mass without caloric restriction can be associated with increased longevity in mice, possibly through effects on insulin signalling. Dötsch et al. highlighted that Blüher et al. fell short of explaining the mechanism of longevity in their FIRKO mice, because they speculated about a reduction in the generation of oxygen-free radicals (4, 5) or a mechanism involving insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signalling but unfortunately they did not provide any data regarding that hypothesis. We would like to mention here that a possible explanation of prolongation of lifespan by caloric restriction or defective insulin signalling has already been published (see ref. 6, Fig. 3): lower insulin levels or activity may increase autophagy and lysosomal proteolysis (7, 8), the anti-ageing cell repair mechanism which improves disposal of altered membranes and cellular organelles, and cell housekeeping (6, 9). This explanation is in line with recent genetic findings which demonstrate that autophagy genes are required for normal dauer morphogenesis and lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans (10). The good news is that the beneficial effect on longevity could be obtained by drugs, without any genetic manipulation: a decrease in free fatty acid (FFA) plasma levels by the lifelong administration of antilipolytic drugs to fasted rats may retard the age-related changes in biomarkers of ageing that are known to correlate with life expectancy (11, 12). It is conceivable that in the FIRKO mice, the 50–70% reduction in fat mass throughout life might be associated with a decrease in the production and plasma levels of FFA. The antilipolytic drug for the purpose of the Pharmacological Intensification of Suppression of Ageing (PISA) (this name was kindly suggested by Dr George Martin, Seattle, WA, USA) is licensed for human use as a hypolipidaemic agent (Acipimox). From a practical point of view, the treatment might open a way to make more people likely to adhere to an anti-ageing regimen of dietary restriction otherwise too intensive to be endurable over an extended period involving much of human life (13).
Do type B malleolar fractures need a positioning screw?

UNLABELLED
Type B malleolar fractures (AO/ASIF classification) are usually stable ankle joint fractures. Nonetheless, some show a residual instability after internal fixation requiring further stabilization. How often does such a situation occur and can these unstable fractures be recognized beforehand?From 1995 to 1997, 111 malleolar fractures (three type A, 90 type B, 18 type C) were operated on. Seventeen out of 90 patients (19%) with a type B fracture showed residual instability after internal fixation (one unilateral, four bimalleolar and 12 trimalleolar fractures). Five of these patients showed a dislocation in the sagittal plane (anteroposterior) clinically or on the radiographs, five a dislocation in the coronal plane with dislocation of the tibia on the medial aspect of the ankle joint, and four an incongruency on the medial aspect of the joint. In three cases, no preoperative abnormality indicating instability was found. The fractures were all fixed using an additional positioning screw. In 11 patients, the positioning screw was removed after 8-12 weeks, in six patients removal was performed after 1 year along with removal of the plate. All 17 patients were reviewed 1 year after internal fixation, 16/17 showed a good or excellent result with identical or only minor impairment of range of motion of the ankle joint.


CONCLUSION
Unstable ankle joints after internal fixation of type B malleolar fractures exist. Residual instability most often occurs after trimalleolar fractures with initial joint dislocation. Treatment with an additional positioning screw generally produced a satisfactory result.
Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years

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Score guided audio restoration via generalised coupled tensor factorisation

Generalised coupled tensor factorisation is a recently proposed algorithmic framework for simultaneously estimating tensor factorisation models where several observed tensors can share a set of latent factors. This paper proposes a model in this framework for coupled factorisation of piano spectrograms and piano roll representations to solve audio interpolation and restoration problem. The model incorporates temporal and harmonic information from an approximate musical score (not necessarily belonging to the played piece), and spectral information from isolated piano sounds. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated on the restoration of classical music pieces where we get about 5dB SNR improvement when 50% of data frames are missing.
The relation between vitamin D deficiency and fibromyalgia syndrome in women.

OBJECTIVE
To define the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and fibromyalgia syndrome.


METHODS
This is a prospective cohort study for description of a medical disorder. The study was carried out in Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from May 2007 to March 2010. One hundred women suffering from fibromyalgia syndrome were included. Blood level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] was estimated at initial visit and every 4 weeks until its level exceeded 50 ng/mL. The patients with vitamin D deficiency were treated with ergocalciferol 50,000 IU once weekly until their blood level of 25(OH) D exceeded 50 ng/mL. The number of tender points and the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) score were used to assess the fibromyalgia before and after vitamin D repletion.


RESULTS
Among the 100 fibromyalgia women, there were 61 women with 25(OH) D deficiency; with vitamin D supplementation, only 42 women showed a significant improvement when their blood level of 25(OH) D became>or=30 ng/mL, this improvement became more significant when their blood level of 25(OH) D exceeded 50 ng/ mL.


CONCLUSION
Vitamin D deficiency has to be considered in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome.
Multicenter study on hemorrhagic risk of heparin bridging therapy for periendoscopic thromboprophylaxis

BACKGROUND
For endoscopic interventions, heparin bridging therapy is recommended in patients who are at high risk from interruption of antithrombotic therapy. Although heparin bridging has been reported to be effective in preventing thrombosis, several reports have raised concerns about increased risk of bleeding. The aim of this study was to clarify complications of hepari bridging therapy in therapeutic endoscopy.


METHODS
A nationwide multicenter survey using questionnaire was performed about patients undergoing therapeutic endoscopy with heparin bridging. Patients who underwent therapeutic endoscopy without heparin bridging therapy were considered as controls. Compliance scores of heparin bridging therapy guideline were employed, and association was analyzed between the score and occurrence of post-procedural bleeding.


RESULTS
The incidence of post-procedural bleeding was significantly higher (13.5%, 33/245) in the heparin group compared with the control group (2.7%, 299/11102)(p < 0.001). Thrombosis occurred in 1 patient each in the two groups. In the heparin group, post-procedural bleeding was more likely to be delayed bleeding. Dose adjustment of heparin was a significant factor contributing to bleeding. The compliance score of heparin bridging therapy guideline was significantly higher in those who suffered bleeding.


CONCLUSIONS
Heparin bridging therapy significantly increased the risk of post-procedural bleeding compared with the control. The bleeding risk was associated with greater adherence with guidelines for heparin bridging therapy.
Analysis of the time and workers needed to conduct systematic reviews of medical interventions using data from the PROSPERO registry

OBJECTIVES
To summarise logistical aspects of recently completed systematic reviews that were registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) registry to quantify the time and resources required to complete such projects.


DESIGN
Meta-analysis.


DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION
All of the 195 registered and completed reviews (status from the PROSPERO registry) with associated publications at the time of our search (1 July 2014).


DATA EXTRACTION
All authors extracted data using registry entries and publication information related to the data sources used, the number of initially retrieved citations, the final number of included studies, the time between registration date to publication date and number of authors involved for completion of each publication. Information related to funding and geographical location was also recorded when reported.


RESULTS
The mean estimated time to complete the project and publish the review was 67.3 weeks (IQR=42). The number of studies found in the literature searches ranged from 27 to 92 020; the mean yield rate of included studies was 2.94% (IQR=2.5); and the mean number of authors per review was 5, SD=3. Funded reviews took significantly longer to complete and publish (mean=42 vs 26 weeks) and involved more authors and team members (mean=6.8 vs 4.8 people) than those that did not report funding (both p<0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Systematic reviews presently take much time and require large amounts of human resources. In the light of the ever-increasing volume of published studies, application of existing computing and informatics technology should be applied to decrease this time and resource burden. We discuss recently published guidelines that provide a framework to make finding and accessing relevant literature less burdensome.
The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals.

PURPOSE
To develop a reliable and valid questionnaire of bilingual language status with predictable relationships between self-reported and behavioral measures.


METHOD
In Study 1, the internal validity of the Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q) was established on the basis of self-reported data from 52 multilingual adult participants. In Study 2, criterion-based validity was established on the basis of standardized language tests and self-reported measures from 50 adult Spanish-English bilinguals. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire were established on healthy adults whose literacy levels were equivalent to that of someone with a high school education or higher.


RESULTS
Factor analyses revealed consistent factors across both studies and suggested that the LEAP-Q was internally valid. Multiple regression and correlation analyses established criterion-based validity and suggested that self-reports were reliable indicators of language performance. Self-reported reading proficiency was a more accurate predictor of first-language performance, and self-reported speaking proficiency was a more accurate predictor of second-language performance. Although global measures of self-reported proficiency were generally predictive of language ability, deriving a precise estimate of performance on a particular task required that specific aspects of language history be taken into account.


CONCLUSION
The LEAP-Q is a valid, reliable, and efficient tool for assessing the language profiles of multilingual, neurologically intact adult populations in research settings.
Toxicity of synthetic naphthenic acids and mixtures of these to fish liver cells.

Environmental concerns have been raised over the toxicity of crude naphthenic acids (NA) originating from oil exploration activities offshore, oil sands exploitation onshore, and use of refined NA as wood preservatives, tire additives, and in various other applications. The NA exist in highly complex mixtures, so the toxic effects of the individual acids are rarely known. The present study investigated the relationships between the chemical structures of a range of synthetic alicyclic and aromatic acids and their acute toxicities both as single chemicals and as complex mixtures in a primary culture of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. The combined toxicity of multicomponent mixtures of these NA was assessed using the concept of concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) prediction. All of the acids tested were moderately toxic, with EC(50) values in the range 108-405 μM (24-89 mg L(-1)) and 188-656 μM (43-148 mg L(-1)) when assessed by effects on metabolic inhibition or loss of membrane integrity, respectively. Binary and 6-compound mixture of NA caused combined toxicity according to the concept of additivity, although slight deviations from additivity were observed at a few mixture concentrations. Single NA and mixtures of NA with similar structures to those tested herein probably contribute to the toxicity of complex natural mixtures of NA. Toxicity tests on three commercial NA mixtures showed that these exhibited highly variable toxicities themselves probably reflecting their chemical heterogeneity.