LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Learning to refine text based recommendations

We propose a text-based recommendation engine that utilizes recurrent neural networks to flexibly map textual input into continuous vector representations tailored to the recommendation task. Here, the text objects are documents such as Wikipedia articles or question and answer pairs. As neural models require substantial training time, we introduce a sequential component so as to quickly adjust the learned metric over objects as additional evidence accrues. We evaluate the approach on recommending Wikipedia descriptions of ingredients to their associated product categories. We also exemplify the sequential metric adjustment on retrieving similar Stack Exchange AskUbuntu questions. 1
Efficacy and safety of thrice weekly DOTS in tuberculosis patients with and without HIV co-infection: an observational study

BACKGROUND
Despite the latest World Health Organization guidelines advocating daily therapy in HIV-TB co-infected individuals, there are few recent studies comparing outcomes of thrice-weekly anti-tuberculosis treatment in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with TB. The present study sets out to compare TB treatment outcomes in these two groups in the Indian national programme, which currently involves thrice-weekly therapy for all, regardless of HIV status.


METHODS
HIV-positive and HIV-negative were consecutively screened for enrolment into this prospective observational study, carried out at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences hospital, New Delhi, India, between 2006 and 2010. Patients were given short-course thrice-weekly rifampicin-based therapy, with all HIV-positive patients being started on highly active antiretroviral therapy at least 14 days after commencing TB treatment. Patients were regularly followed-up for 24 months after completion of treatment.


RESULTS
150 HIV-positive, 155 HIV-negative patients were enrolled consecutively for the study. Significantly higher treatment success (93.5% vs. 76.7% at end of treatment, p < 0.001) and lower mortality (2.8% vs. 21.6% on follow up, p < 0.001) were observed in HIV-negative patients. No significant difference was found in treatment failure (p = 0.16), sputum smear (p = 0.58) and culture conversion (p = 0.55), and non-serious adverse event incidence (p = 0.851) between the two groups. Low baseline CD4 cell count (<100 cells/ mm3) was the only predictor of mortality in HIV-TB patients (odds ratio 8 · 43, p = 0 · 013).


CONCLUSIONS
Thrice-weekly anti-tuberculosis therapy is more effective in HIV-negative than in HIV-positive patients. However, outcomes in this HIV co-infected cohort were found to be similar to those reported previously with daily therapy, with no safety concerns. This should prompt further study into whether intermittent or daily therapy should be used universally in resource-poor settings, using large well executed randomised controlled trials.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
NCT No. 00698334.
Learning Visual Sentiment Distributions via Augmented Conditional Probability Neural Network

Visual sentiment analysis is raising more and more attention with the increasing tendency to express emotions through images. While most existing works assign a single dominant emotion to each image, we address the sentiment ambiguity by label distribution learning (LDL), which is motivated by the fact that image usually evokes multiple emotions. Two new algorithms are developed based on conditional probability neural network (CPNN). First, we propose BCPNN which encodes image label into a binary representation to replace the signless integers used in CPNN, and employ it as a part of input for the neural network. Then, we train our ACPNN model by adding noises to ground truth label and augmenting affective distributions. Since current datasets are mostly annotated for single-label learning, we build two new datasets, one of which is relabeled on the popular Flickr dataset and the other is collected from Twitter. These datasets contain 20,745 images with multiple affective labels, which are over ten times larger than the existing ones. Experimental results show that the proposed methods outperform the state-of-theart works on our large-scale datasets and other publicly available benchmarks. Introduction In recent years, lots of attention has been paid to affective image classification (Jou et al. 2015; Joshi et al. 2011; Chen et al. 2015). Most of these works are conducted by psychological studies (Lang 1979; Lang, Bradley, and Cuthbert 1998), and focus on manual design of features and classifiers (You et al. 2015a). As defined as a singlelabel learning (SLL) problem which assigns a single emotional label to each image, previous works (You et al. 2016; Sun et al. 2016) have performed promising results. However, image sentiment may be the mixture of all components from different regions rather than a single representative emotion. Meanwhile, different people may have different emotional reactions to the same image, which is caused by a variety of elements like the different culture background and various recognitions from unique experiences (Peng et al. 2015). Furthermore, even a single viewer may have multiple reactions to one image. Figure 1 shows examples from a widely used dataset, i.e. Abstract Paintings Copyright c © 2017, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. Amusement Awe Contentment Excitement Anger Disgust Fear Sadness
CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: CHALLENGES FOR ARBITRATION IN ASIA

The focus of international arbitration has begun to shift to Asia in the wake of that continent’s increasingly prominent role in cross-border trade and investment. China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (“BRI”)2 promises to exacerbate this trend. The BRI will require a broad range of complex, inter-related commercial transactions with significant political and economic ramifications. These transactions can be expected to generate both commercial and investor-state disputes, principally in Asia, and many of these disputes will be submitted to arbitration. This article considers the significant challenges that these developments will present for international arbitration. I. Arbitration’s Shift Toward Asia The number of international commercial arbitrations involving Asia has grown rapidly in recent decades, in pace with Asia’s greatly expanded role in international manufacturing, trade, and investment.3 Arbitration has become a favored option for dispute *1 The author is an independent arbitrator in the New York City area and a Member of Arbitration Chambers of Hong Kong and London. He was formerly the managing partner of a major law firm’s Beijing office. Prior to that, Mr. Norton served as the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs at the U.S. Department of State and Counsel to the Senate Select Intelligence Committee. 2 The BRI initiative is also sometimes referred to as the “One Belt One Road Initiative” (“OBOR”) based on a direct translation of its Chinese name, Yi Dai Yi Lu (一带一路)。 3 See, Dr. Nicolas Wiegand & Dr. Tom C. Pröstler, Arbitration Is Becoming Increasingly Asian, BUS. L. MAG. (Sept. 3, 2015), http://www.businesslawmagazine.com/2015/09/03/arbitration-is-becoming-increasingly-asian-there-arefour-main-drivers-of-the-process/ [https://perma.cc/8UST-CNE3], (discussing the growth in the number of arbitrations in Asia and the reason behind the phenomenon). Published by Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository, 2018
Governing sustainability transitions through business model innovation: Towards a systems understanding

This paper examines the role of innovative business models in the transformation of socio-technical systems. Focusing on decentralised energy technologies, we explore business model innovation in the context of a transition towards a more sustainable energy system. We conduct an empirical study of two Energy Services Company (ESCo) models for the deployment of combined heat and power with district heating (CHP/DH) infrastructure in the UK. Based on these case studies we illustrate the different ways in which Local Authorities develop business models to create and capture value from more efficient resource use and to deploy sustainable technologies. Drawing from systems theories in the business model and socio-technical literatures, we analyse the interfaces between business models, energy infrastructure and institutions. We propose that a systems based approach to the analysis of business models as embedded in their socio-technical contexts can offer new insights into the dynamics and governance of sustainability transitions. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
New insights from comprehensive on-road measurements of NOx, NO2 and NH3 from vehicle emission remote sensing in London, UK

In this paper we report the first direct measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the UK using a vehicle emission remote sensing technique. Measurements of NO, NO2 and ammonia (NH3) from almost 70,000 vehicles were made spanning vehicle model years from 1985 to 2012. These measurements were carefully matched with detailed vehicle information data to understand the emission characteristics of a wide range of vehicles in a detailed way. Overall it is found that only petrol fuelled vehicles have shown an appreciable reduction in total NOx emissions over the past 15e20 years. Emissions of NOx from diesel vehicles, including those with after-treatment systems designed to reduce emissions of NOx, have not reduced over the same period of time. It is also evident that the vehicle manufacturer has a strong influence on emissions of NO2 for Euro 4/5 diesel cars and urban buses. Smaller-engined Euro 4/5 diesel cars are also shown to emit less NO2 than larger-engined vehicles. It is shown that NOx emissions from urban buses fitted with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) are comparable to those using Exhaust Gas Recirculation for Euro V vehicles, while reductions in NOx of about 30% are observed for Euro IV and EEV vehicles. However, the emissions of NO2 vary widely dependent on the bus technology used. Almost all the NOx emission from Euro IV buses with SCR is in the form of NO, whereas EEV vehicles (Enhanced Environmentally friendly Vehicle) emit about 30% of the NOx as NO2. We find similarly low amounts of NO2 from trucks (3.5e12t and >12t). Finally, we show that NH3 emissions are most important for older generation catalyst-equipped petrol vehicles and SCR-equipped buses. The NH3 emissions from petrol cars have decreased by over a factor of three from the vehicles manufactured in the late 1990s compared with those manufactured in 2012. Tables of emission factors are presented for NOx, NO2 and NH3 together with uncertainties to assist the development of new emission inventories. 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Enhanced possibilities to make statements on the ossification status of the medial clavicular epiphysis using an amplified staging scheme in evaluating thin-slice CT scans

Thin-slice computed tomography provides the imaging modality of choice in analysing the ossification process of the medial clavicular epiphysis for the purpose of forensic age diagnostics in the living in the course of criminal proceedings. The classification of the ossification stages by Schmeling et al. compass the emergence of an epiphyseal ossification centre (stage 2), the partial fusion of the epiphysis with the metaphysis (stage 3), the complete fusion of these osseous elements including a visible epiphyseal scar (stage 4), and the complete fusion without a visible epiphyseal scar (stage 5). In the present study, each of the ossification stages 2 and 3 was divided into an early, intermediate and late phase. The authors evaluated the thin-slice CT scans of 185 patients aged between 13 and 26 years. In all these cases, a stage 2 or 3 had been determined in a previous study. The late stage 3, which is characterized by a fusion between metaphysis and epiphysis completing more than two thirds of the former epiphyseal gap, first appeared at age 19 in both sexes. If a late stage 3 is found, it is therefore possible to substantiate that an individual has already reached the legally important age threshold of 18 years.
Relationship of anthropometric measurements to thyroid nodules in a Chinese population.

OBJECTIVE
Previous studies have found that overweight and obesity are related to numerous diseases, including thyroid cancer and thyroid volume. This study evaluates the relationship between body size and the presence of thyroid nodules in a Chinese population.


METHODS
A total of 6793 adults and 2410 children who underwent thyroid ultrasonography were recruited in this cross-sectional study in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, from March to October, 2010. Sociodemographic characteristics and potential risk factors of thyroid nodules were collected by questionnaire. Height and weight were measured using standard protocols. Associations of height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA) with the presence of thyroid nodules were evaluated using multiple logistic regression models.


RESULTS
After adjustment for potential risk factors, an increased risk of thyroid nodule incidence was associated with height (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.30), weight (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.58), BMI (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.42) and BSA (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.62) in all adults, but most obviously in women. In children, similar associations were observed between risk of thyroid nodule incidence and weight, BMI and BSA, but not height. BSA was the measurement most significantly associated with thyroid nodules in both adults and children.


CONCLUSIONS
This study identified that the presence of thyroid nodules was positively associated with weight, height, BMI and BSA in both women and girls. It suggests that tall, obese individuals have increased susceptibility to thyroid nodules.


TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
NCT01838629.
A Rouse‐based method to integrate the chemical composition of river sediments: Application to the Ganga basin

[1] The Ganga River is one of the main conveyors of sediments produced by Himalayan erosion. Determining the flux of elements transported through the system is essential to understand the dynamics of the basin. This is hampered by the chemical heterogeneity of sediments observed both in the water column and under variable hydrodynamic conditions. Using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) acquisitions with sediment depth profile sampling of the Ganga in Bangladesh we build a simple model to derive the annual flux and grain size distributions of the sediments. The model shows that ca. 390 (±30) Mt of sediments are transported on average each year through the Ganga at Haring Bridge (Bangladesh). Modeled average sediment grain size parameters D50 and D84 are 27 (±4) and 123 (±9) mm, respectively. Grain size parameters are used to infer average chemical compositions of the sediments owing to a strong grain size chemical composition relation. The integrated sediment flux is characterized by low Al/Si and Fe/Si ratios that are close to those inferred for the Himalayan crust. This implies that only limited sequestration occurs in the Gangetic floodplain. The stored sediment flux is estimated to c.a. 10% of the initial Himalayan sediment flux by geochemical mass balance. The associated, globally averaged sedimentation rates in the floodplain are found to be ca. 0.08 mm/yr and yield average Himalayan erosion rate of ca. 0.9mm/yr. This study stresses the need to carefully address the average composition of river sediments before solving large‐scale geochemical budgets.
Overprescription of postoperative narcotics: a look at postoperative pain medication delivery, consumption and disposal in urological practice.

PURPOSE
Prescription narcotic abuse is a significant social problem. Surplus medication following surgery is 1 source of prescription diversion. We assessed prescribing practices, consumption and disposal of prescribed narcotics after urological surgery.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Surveys were administered to a 3-month consecutive sample of adult patients who underwent surgery performed by full and adjunct University of Utah Urology faculty. Surveys were performed 2 to 4 weeks postoperatively. With the exception of the investigators, prescribing physicians had no prior knowledge of the study. Data collected included perception of pain control, type and quantity of medication prescribed, quantity of leftover medication, refills needed, disposal instructions and surplus medication disposition.


RESULTS
Overall 47% of 586 patients participated in the study. Hydrocodone was prescribed most commonly (63%), followed by oxycodone (35%), and 86% of the patients were satisfied with pain control. Of the dispensed narcotics 58% was consumed and 12% of patients requested refills. A total of 67% of patients had surplus medication from the initial prescription and 92% received no disposal instructions for surplus medication. Of those patients with leftover medication 91% kept the medication at home while 6% threw it in the trash, 2% flushed it down the toilet and less than 1% returned it to a pharmacy.


CONCLUSIONS
Overprescription of narcotics is common and retained surplus medication presents a readily available source of opioid diversion. It appears that no entity on the prescribing or dispensing ends of prescription opioid delivery is fulfilling the responsibility to accurately educate patients on proper surplus medication disposal. Surgeons should analyze prescribing practices and consider decreasing the quantity of postoperative narcotics prescribed.
Literature for children : contemporary criticism

Ideology criticism - the state of the art internationalism poetry, response and education connections.
Toward a Script Theory of Guidance in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning

This article presents an outline of a script theory of guidance for computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL). With its 4 types of components of internal and external scripts (play, scene, role, and scriptlet) and 7 principles, this theory addresses the question of how CSCL practices are shaped by dynamically reconfigured internal collaboration scripts of the participating learners. Furthermore, it explains how internal collaboration scripts develop through participation in CSCL practices. It emphasizes the importance of active application of subject matter knowledge in CSCL practices, and it prioritizes transactive over nontransactive forms of knowledge application in order to facilitate learning. Further, the theory explains how external collaboration scripts modify CSCL practices and how they influence the development of internal collaboration scripts. The principles specify an optimal scaffolding level for external collaboration scripts and allow for the formulation of hypotheses about the fading of external collaboration scripts. Finally, the article points toward conceptual challenges and future research questions.
Diagnostic sensitivity of abdominal fat aspiration in cardiac amyloidosis

Aims
Congo red staining of an endomyocardial biopsy is the diagnostic gold-standard in suspected cardiac amyloidosis (CA), but the procedure is associated with the risk, albeit small, of serious complications, and delay in diagnosis due to the requirement for technical expertise. In contrast, abdominal fat pad fine needle aspiration (FPFNA) is a simple, safe and well-established procedure in systemic amyloidosis, but its diagnostic sensitivity in patients with suspected CA remains unclear.


Methods and results
We assessed the diagnostic sensitivity of FPFNA in 600 consecutive patients diagnosed with CA [216 AL amyloidosis, 113 hereditary transthyretin (ATTRm), and 271 wild-type transthyretin (ATTRwt) amyloidosis] at our Centre. Amyloid was detected on Congo red staining of FPFNAs in 181/216 (84%) patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis, including 100, 97, and 78% of those with a large, moderate, and small whole-body amyloid burden, respectively, as assessed by serum amyloid P (SAP) component scintigraphy (P < 0.001); the deposits were successfully typed as AL by immunohistochemistry in 102/216 (47%) cases. Amyloid was detected in FPFNAs of 51/113 (45%) patients with ATTRm CA, and only 42/271 (15%) cases with ATTRwt CA.


Conclusions
FPFNA has reasonable diagnostic sensitivity in cardiac AL amyloidosis, particularly in patients with a large whole-body amyloid burden. Although the diagnostic sensitivity of FPFNA is substantially lower in transthyretin CA, particularly ATTRwt, it may nevertheless sometimes obviate the need for endomyocardial biopsy.
Low-cost AUV based on Arduino open source microcontroller board for oceanographic research applications in a collaborative long term deployment missions and suitable for combining with an USV as autonomous automatic recharging platform

The challenge of extending the autonomy in AUV deployments is one of the most important issues in oceanographic research today. The possibility of maintaining a team of AUV under deployment in a defined area of interest for a long period could provide an additional source of information [8]. All this data in combination with the measures provided by buoys and sea gliders used for slow motion and long range operations will be very valuable. A group of low cost AUV's in alternative automatic switching system navigation-charging operation, could allow a kind of continuous surveying operation. This work is the continuation of the ideas that some of the authors previously presented in the AUV 2010 conference at MBARI [8]. At this conference was proposed the great interest for researching oceanic processes on two areas near Cartagena, Spain: cape Tiñoso and the Mar Menor a shallow coastal lagoon. Both areas require a different research structure configuration because of their opposite characteristics. The Mar Menor is a shallow salty lagoon 20 miles long with 7 m of maximum depth and particular features. This lagoon seems to present a sort of oceanic behavior and can be compared with the major oceans but a minor scale. The second area considered is cape Tiñoso, a very deep area in the Mediterranean Sea where the presence of a self-break provides an interesting potential for the research of the effect of upwelling currents.