LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Status versus growth: The distributional effects of school accountability policies

Although the federal No Child Left Behind program judges the effectiveness of schools based on their students' achievement status, many policy analysts argue that schools should be measured, instead, by their students' achievement growth. Using a ten-year student-level panel dataset from North Carolina, we examine how school-specific pressure associated with the two approaches to school accountability affects student achievement at different points in the prior-year achievement distribution. Achievement gains for students below the proficiency cut point emerge in response to both types of accountability systems. In contrast to prior research highlighting the possibility of educational triage, we find little or no evidence that schools in North Carolina ignore the students far below proficiency under either approach. Importantly, we find that the status, but not the growth, approach reduces the reading achievement of higher performing students, with the losses in the aggregate exceeding the gains at the bottom. Our analysis suggests that the distributional effects of accountability pressure depend not only on the type of pressure for which schools are held accountable (status or growth), but also the tested subject. 2 High on the U.S. educational policy agenda is how best to hold schools accountable for the performance of their students. One of the goals of any accountability policy is to shorten the feedback loops between policymakers, principals and teachers. With standards based accountability programs, policy makers set clear standards, measure student performance, and use those measures to evaluate the effectiveness of Successful schools are then typically provided rewards in the form of public recognition, financial bonuses for teachers or some combination of both. Unsuccessful schools may be sanctioned or provided additional support, depending on whether the system is designed to be punitive or constructive. The ultimate goal of a standards based accountability system is to generate greater student achievement consistent with the standards for better or for worse, student test scores in math and reading have come to represent the outputs of interest, regardless of their relationship to any specific curriculum standard, and schools are judged primarily on the academic status of their students. In particular, NCLB requires every U.S. public school to test all students annually in reading and math in grades 3-8 and once in high school, requires each state to set annual targets for the percentages of students meeting a state-determined proficiency standard in order to reach the goal of 100 percent proficiency by 2013/14, and includes …
Multi-View Stereo Revisited

We present an extremely simple yet robust multi-view stereo algorithm and analyze its properties. The algorithm first computes individual depth maps using a window-based voting approach that returns only good matches. The depth maps are then merged into a single mesh using a straightforward volumetric approach. We show results for several datasets, showing accuracy comparable to the best of the current state of the art techniques and rivaling more complex algorithms.
Preventing depression and promoting resilience: feasibility study of a school-based cognitive-behavioural intervention.

BACKGROUND
The limited reach and effectiveness of psychological treatments for adolescent depression have fuelled interest in alternative approaches designed to promote resilience. Schools offer a convenient location for the widespread delivery of depression prevention programmes, although little research has evaluated the feasibility of delivering interventions in this setting.


AIMS
To investigate the feasibility of delivering and evaluating a universal school-based depression prevention programme for children aged 12-16 years.


METHOD
A three-arm pilot study was conducted in one UK secondary school (n = 834).


RESULTS
Interventions had good reach (96%), with high rates of consent (89%) and reasonable retention (78%). The majority of intervention sessions were delivered as intended, with 85% of students attending seven or more sessions. The programme was acceptable to students and teachers, with the specific content of the active intervention being rated differently from the control programmes.


CONCLUSIONS
Delivering and undertaking methodologically robust evaluations of universal school-based depression programmes is feasible.
Psychosocial and physical outcomes after surgery for breast cancer: a 5-to-6-year follow-up.

Psychosocial morbidity can persist for many years following breast cancer surgery. Most women make a reasonable recovery. Close supportive social relationships are beneficial, although a residual impact on women’s body image and perceived sexuality persists. Residual treatment symptoms are significant barriers to resuming normal life for these women. Psychosocial and physical outcomes after surgery for breast cancer: a 5-to-6-year follow-up
Stationary priors for Bayesian target tracking

A dynamically-based birth/death process is proposed for use in Bayesian single-target tracking. The underlying dynamics are based on an integrated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, which is stationary in velocity but not in position. Target birth and death events are defined in terms of a given spatial region of interest. Target death (or, escape) occurs when the dynamics move the target outside this region. Target birth (or, entrance) is specified statistically to achieve a desired stationary probability distribution, which then serves as a Bayesian prior. An implementation of this process for both grid and particle based distribution representations is outlined, and numerical examples are provided to illustrate convergence.
Sex differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes in elderly patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (I-PRESERVE) trial.

BACKGROUND
There are few sex-specific outcome data in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.


METHODS AND RESULTS
We assessed sex differences in baseline characteristics and outcomes among 4128 patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (I-PRESERVE) trial. Women (n=2491) with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were ≈1 year older (72±7 years versus 71±7 years) and more likely to be obese (46% versus 35%) and have chronic kidney disease (34% versus 26%) and hypertension (91% versus 85%) than men but less likely to have an ischemic cause (19% versus 34%), atrial fibrillation (27% versus 33%), or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (8% versus 13%) (all P<0.001). During a mean of 49.5 months, there were 881 deaths (447 in women, 434 in men; risk ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.56-0.74) and 5776 hospitalizations (3239 in women, 2537 in men; risk ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.76-0.84). Women had lower risk of all-cause events (deaths and hospitalizations), even after adjusting for baseline characteristics (adjusted hazards ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.73-0.89). However, the sex-related difference in risk of all-cause events was modified in the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation, renal dysfunction, stable angina pectoris, or advanced New York Heart Association class symptoms.


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with typical heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, there were prominent sex differences in baseline characteristics and outcomes. Women had better overall prognosis, although the presence of 4 common baseline characteristics seemed to moderate this finding.
Maintainability and safety indicators at design stage for mechanical products

With the industrial products competition, reliability, maintainability and safety are key characteristics for availability improvement. This is mainly true in industries like automotive, aeronautic, or NC machines tools. Therefore, it is crucial to predict these characteristics as soon as possible before the manufacturing starts. This paper presents an approach to provide indicators for maintainability and safety prediction at early stage of design. The assessment procedure uses the product CAD 3D model and an associated semantic matrix gathering information on the product components criticality and reliability. Using this information we calculate indicators for the product maintainability and safety. An academic application is developed to illustrate our approach and point out the interaction between maintainability and safety constraints to determine suitable solution. In conclusion, we state on possible extensions of this approach for evaluating other product lifecycle characteristics and we give guidelines on the implementation aspects. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Cisapride or metoclopramide to accelerate small bowel transit during barium follow-through examination?

Background: Metoclopramide is commonly used to accelerate small bowel transit during barium follow-through (BaFT) examinations, but its action is unpredictable. Cisapride, commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease, also accelerates small bowel transit and may be a viable alternative. The two were compared in a prospective, randomized, blind study. Methods: Patients attending for BaFT were randomized to receive either 10 mg cisapride or 20 mg metoclopramide orally 1 h before the barium suspension. BaFT was performed by using a standard technique, and small bowel transit and study quality were compared. Patients also noted any side effects experienced. Results: Of 45 patients recruited, 27 received cisapride and 18 metoclopramide. Median transit time for the cisapride group was 30 min (range = 10–130 min) versus 67.5 min (range = 30–290 min) for the metoclopramide group (p= 0.019). Study quality was comparable. However, nine patients (33%) receiving cisapride experienced nausea versus only one subject (6%) receiving metoclopramide (p= 0.034). Conclusions: This study suggests that cisapride is a more effective prokinetic agent than metoclopramide, but this benefit is offset by a higher incidence of side effects.
How Content Volume on Landing Pages Influences Consumer Behavior

Accepting Editor: Eli Cohen │ Received: December 2, 2017 │ Revised: February 28, 2018 │ Accepted: March 3, 2018. Cite as: Gafni, R. & Dvir, N. (2018). How content volume on landing pages influences consumer behavior: empirical evidence. Proceedings of the Informing Science and Information Technology Education Conference, La Verne, California, 35-53. Santa Rosa, CA: Informing Science Institute. https://doi.org/10.28945/4016
Vision in and out of Vehicles

Her baby daughter was delivered seven weeks early by emergency Caesarian section and is in critical condition. The girl's 10-month-old brother, who was in a child restraint in the backseat, is also in critical condition. The accident happened when a car, thought to have been traveling at up to 80 kmph (the speed limit), failed to stop. Days later, another fatality occurred—this time a truck driver. The truck left its lane, jumped the guard rail, and hit an embankment. Both accidents happened in fine driving conditions on the city's edge. Perhaps the drivers could have avoided these accidents if they had received a warning about the impending situation. Almost every driver has experienced a warning from a passenger, perhaps about an obscured car while merging or a jaywalking pedestrian in a blind spot. Such warnings could save countless lives every day. We believe that, in the near future, such assistance will come from the vehicle itself. Many vehicles already employ computer-based driver assistance in the form of antilock braking systems or adaptive engine management systems. However, more than a decade after autonomous-system technologies emerged, systems such as those that Univer-sität der Bundeswehr Munich 1 and Carnegie Mellon Uni-versity's NavLab group 2 developed have not been realized commercially. A key distinction between existing systems and promising R&D systems is driver and vehicle manufacturer acceptance. Because a paradigm shift to autonomous vehicles is unlikely, intelligent-vehicle technologies must make it to the road by subsystems instead. These subsystems should solve a small, well-defined task that supports, not replaces, the driver. At the Australian National University's Intelligent Vehicle Project, we are developing such subsystems for • Driver fatigue or inattention detection • Pedestrian spotting • Blind-spot checking and merging assistance to validate whether sufficient clearance exists between cars • Driver feedback for lane keeping • Computer-augmented vision (that is, lane boundary or vehicle highlighting on a head-up display) • Traffic sign detection and recognition • Human factors research aids Systems that perform such supporting tasks are generally called driver assistance systems. Although we can't know the actual circumstances of the accidents we mentioned earlier, we believe that implementing DAS could prevent similar accidents or at least reduce their severity. Robustness is of paramount importance for systems in cars driven on public roads. Solutions to sensing and detection problems must be reliable. Fortunately, roads are designed to be high contrast, predictable in layout, and governed …
Persistent milia, steatocystoma multiplex and eruptive vellus hair cysts: variable expression of multiple pilosebaceous cysts within an affected family.

BACKGROUND
Steatocystoma multiplex (SM) and eruptive vellus hair cysts (EVHC) are conditions characterized by numerous cutaneous cysts with a clinical resemblance, such as age of onset, location, appearance of the lesions and mode of inheritance, but with distinctive histologic features. Recently, some authors have proposed that the two conditions are variants of one entity originating in the pilosebaceous duct, while others suggest that SM and EVHC are two distinct entities, on the basis of the different expression of keratins. Milia are small round cysts, commonly involving the face. In 1994, Menni and Piccinno reported the first association, in a family, between persistent infantile milia in a 9-month-old girl and SM in the father. The authors hypothesized a relationship between these two conditions.


OBJECTIVE
We describe a family in which the mother showed cystic lesions and milia and her 4-year-old son and her 18-month-old daughter presented persistent infantile milia.


METHODS
In addition to the clinical and genetic documentation, a biopsy was performed in the son and two biopsies in the mother.


RESULTS
The histologic examination of one of the son's milium-like papules showed in the superficial dermis a small cyst typical of a milium. In serial sections it was possible to see a connection with a vellus hair follicle by an epithelial pedicle. The histologic examination of one of the mother's papules on the forehead showed a large round cystic structure with histologic features of EVHC. Close to the cyst wall, serial sections showed flattened sebaceous gland lobules. The histologic findings of the second biopsy taken from the chest showed the typical features of a steatocystoma.


CONCLUSIONS
The relationship between milia, SM and EVHC is discussed; the three disease should be considered as subtypes of multiple pilosebaceous cysts that may all present overlapping histologic features. The different level of the pilosebaceous duct where the cyst originates should explain the different clinical manifestations.
An affinity propagation based method for vector quantization codebook design

In this paper, we firstly modify a parameter in affinity propagation (AP) to improve its convergence ability, and then, we apply it to vector quantization (VQ) codebook design problem. In order to improve the quality of the resulted codebook, we combine the improved AP (IAP) with the conventional LBG algorithm to generate an effective algorithm call IAP-LBG. According to the experimental results, the proposed method not only improves its convergence abilities but also provides higher-quality codebooks than conventional LBG method does.
Peer-to-Peer Refueling for Circular Satellite Constellations

In this paper, we study the scheduling problem arising from refueling multiple satellites in a circular constellation. It is assumed that there is no fuel delivered to the constellation from an external source. Instead, all satellites in the constellation are assumed to be capable of refueling each other (peer-to-peer refueling). The total time to complete the rendezvous maneuvers including the refueling itself is specified. During the refueling period each satellite may conduct a fuel exchange with at most one other satellite. Whenever two satellites perform a fuel transfer only one is active, that is, only one of the two satellites initiates an orbital transfer to rendezvous with the inactive satellite. After the transfer of fuel is completed, the active satellite returns to its original orbital slot. The goal is to equalize the fuel among the satellites in the constellation after one refueling period, while minimizing the total fuel consumed during the orbital transfers. It is shown that this problem can be formulated as a maximum-weight matching problem on the reduced constellation graph, which can be solved using standard numerical methods. Numerical results indicate the benefits of a P2P strategy over a single-spacecraft refueling strategy for constellations with a large number of satellites.
Worldwide Predoctoral Dental Implant Curriculum Survey

OBJECTIVE
Predoctoral dental implant education is included in dental school teaching curricula in most of the developed and some developing countries; however, it was not introduced into undergraduate curriculum of some countries and Iranian dental schools. Our purpose was to investigate the status of the predoctoral dental implant education of dental schools in the world.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred-thirty five dental schools were randomly selected representing 62 countries divided into two regions. The first region included North America and Europe, and the second region comprised of Asia, South America and Africa. A questionnaire including onset year, lecture hours, lectures available on the internet, required textbooks, department jurisdictions, the year of dental school the course was offered, clinical and laboratory courses, implant systems used surgically and in restorative phase, and type of restorations treated by predoctoral students was mailed electronically to the predoctoral implant dentistry directors.


RESULTS
Ninety-two (68%) schools responded; of which 79 (86%) incorporated implant dentistry in their predoctoral teaching curricula, 39 (49%) offered surgical and prosthodontics courses in which students mainly observe. Of these 39 dental schools, 28 (71%) and 11 (29%) dental schools are from the first and second region, respectively.


CONCLUSION
A large percentage of responding schools included implant education in the predoctoral dental curriculum. Onset year of course, topics included in lecture series, lecture hours, faculty to student ratio and practical course vary among schools. Fifty percent of responding dental schools including Iranian dental schools do not have curriculum guidelines for predoctoral implant dentistry.
Residual β-cell mass influences growth of prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND
The growth deceleration observed in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been related to poor glycemic control. It is unclear whether growth impairment persists despite the optimization of therapy. We analyzed the effects of intensive insulin treatment on prepubertal growth.


METHODS
One hundred and four T1D children were evaluated from T1D diagnosis up to puberty onset. Height, weight, insulin requirement and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were recorded at 3- to 6-month intervals. Residual β-cell mass was estimated by fasting C-peptide at T1D onset.


RESULTS
Age at T1D onset was 5.91 ± 1.9 years. Follow-up duration was 4.84 ± 1.58 years. Height velocity standard deviation score (SDS) was -0.14 ± 1.84. Height SDS changed from 0.52 ± 1.04 at T1D onset, to 0.36 ± 1.10 at the end of follow-up (p = 0.04). BMI SDS increased from -0.04 ± 1.48 to 0.32 ± 1.03 (p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that height velocity was directly affected by C-peptide (p = 0.03) and insulin requirement (p = 0.004) and inversely related to HbA1c (p = 0.006). BMI gain was negatively influenced by HbA1c (p = 0.01) and positively related to T1D duration (p = 0.01).


CONCLUSION
Despite insulin intensive therapy, T1D still negatively affects growth. Residual β-cell mass has a direct positive impact on growth, independently from the quality of glycemic control.
Age-related differences in physical activity profiles of English adults.

OBJECTIVE
Describe the proportion of total moderate or vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time that is represented by specific types of physical activity among active adults.


METHODS
We analyzed data from 4750 adult participants in the 2008 Health Survey for England who reported ≥30 min of MVPA on ≥5 days per week. The proportion of their MVPA time spent in: occupational, domestic, walking, exercise and fitness, team sports, non-team sports, outdoor pursuit, and leisure pursuit activities were calculated and averaged across 6 age categories.


RESULTS
Exercise and fitness activities make up a greater proportion of total MVPA for young adults (16-24 years: men=27%; women=21%) than old adults (65+ years: 12%; 11%); the same is true for Team sports (16-24 years: 12%, 2%; 65+ years: 0%, 0%). Domestic activities make up a greater proportion of total MVPA time among older men and women (16-24 years: 9%, 16%; 65+ years: 34%, 38%). Walking is one of the most important contributors to total MVPA across all age groups for both sexes (range all ages: 26-42%, 37-45%).


CONCLUSION
The physical activity profile of physically active English adults varies with age. Age-specific interventions to increase physical activity among adults may be needed.
The between and within day variation in gross efficiency

Before the influence of divergent factors on gross efficiency (GE) [the ratio of mechanical power output (PO) to metabolic power input (PI)] can be assessed, the variation in GE between days, i.e. the test–retest reliability, and the within day variation needs to be known. Physically active males (n = 18) performed a maximal incremental exercise test to obtain VO2max and PO at VO2max (PVO2max), and three experimental testing days, consisting of seven submaximal exercise bouts evenly distributed over the 24 h of the day. Each submaximal exercise bout consisted of six min cycling at 45, 55 and 65% PVO2max, during which VO2 and RER were measured. GE was determined from the final 3 min of each exercise intensity with: GE = (PO/PI) × 100%. PI was calculated by multiplying VO2 with the oxygen equivalent. GE measured during the individually highest exercise intensity with RER <1.0 did not differ significantly between days (F = 2.70, p = 0.08), which resulted in lower and upper boundaries of the 95% limits of agreement of 19.6 and 20.8%, respectively, around a mean GE of 20.2%. Although there were minor within day variations in GE, differences in GE over the day were not significant (F = 0.16, p = 0.99). The measurement of GE during cycling at intensities approximating VT is apparently very robust, a change in GE of ~0.6% can be reliably detected. Lastly, GE does not display a circadian rhythm so long as the criteria of a steady-state VO2 and RER <1.0 are applied.