LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive evaluation of scholarly paper recommendation using potential citation papers

To help generate relevant suggestions for researchers, recommendation systems have started to leverage the latent interests in the publication profiles of the researchers themselves. While using such a publication citation network has been shown to enhance performance, the network is often sparse, making recommendation difficult. To alleviate this sparsity, in our former work, we identified “potential citation papers” through the use of collaborative filtering. Also, as different logical sections of a paper have different significance, as a secondary contribution, we investigated which sections of papers can be leveraged to represent papers effectively. While this initial approach works well for researchers vested in a single discipline, it generates poor predictions for scientists who work on several different topics in the discipline (hereafter, “intra-disciplinary”). We thus extend our previous work in this paper by proposing an adaptive neighbor selection method to overcome this problem in our imputation-based collaborative filtering framework. On a publicly-available scholarly paper recommendation dataset, we show that recommendation accuracy significantly outperforms state-of-the-art recommendation baselines as measured by nDCG and MRR, when using our adaptive neighbor selection method. While recommendation performance is enhanced for all researchers, improvements are more marked for intra-disciplinary researchers, showing that our method does address the targeted audience.
The head and body lice of humans are genetically distinct (Insecta: Phthiraptera, Pediculidae): evidence from double infestations

Little is known about the population genetics of the louse infestations of humans. We used microsatellite DNA to study 11 double infestations, that is, hosts infested with head lice and body lice simultaneously. We tested for population structure on a host, and for population structure among seven hosts that shared sleeping quarters. We also sought evidence of migration among louse populations. Our results showed that: (i) the head and body lice on these individual hosts were two genetically distinct populations; (ii) each host had their own populations of head and body lice that were genetically distinct to those on other hosts; and (iii) lice had migrated from head to head, and from body to body, but not between heads and bodies. Our results indicate that head and body lice are separate species.
Anesthesia of polar bears using xylazine-zolazepam-tiletamine or zolazepam-tiletamine.

Immobilization features and physiologic effects of combinations of xylazine-zolazepam-tiletamine (XZT) and zolazepam-tiletamine (ZT or Telazol) were compared in nine captive and 17 free-ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus) between 1998 and 2001. Although induction time was similar between drugs, induction dosage and volume were less with XZT. Induction of immobilization with XZT was predictable and smooth, muscle relaxation was good, and all bears remained completely immobilized and unresponsive to stimuli throughout a 1 hr handling period. The combination XZT was safely tolerated at two to three times the recommended dosage of 5 mg/kg (i.e., xylazine at 2 mg/kg + Telazol at 3 mg/kg). Bears immobilized with XZT had slower pulse rates, higher mean arterial pressures, and lower arterial oxygen tensions than bears immobilized with ZT. Rectal temperature increased slowly over time (approximately 0.5 C per hr) following immobilization with XZT. Based on response to a painful stimulus (compression of a claw bed), XZT was a more effective analgesic than ZT. Although the immobilization effects of XZT could not be reversed with the alpha 2-antagonist drug tolazoline, they were reversed with yohimbine or atipamezole. However, the time to complete reversal of effects (i.e., standing and ambulatory) was highly variable among bears.
Two Remarks on Ancient Greek Geometry

Modern physical theories tell us that space is not euclidean. Yet, to most people, euclidean geometry seems most natural. Furthermore, most mathematical theories of non-euclidean geometry refer back to euclidean geometry in one way or another. For example, in differential geometry, the differential areas are almost always approximately Euclidean. Why is this? I want to suggest here a reason rooted in our biological programming. I base this on two technical results. One, mentioned by Herbert Busemann [2], is an idea of the physicist Helmholtz about the mobility of rigid objects. As Busemann puts it (on p. 51, his emphasis),
Combined therapy using Q-switched ruby laser and bleaching treatment with tretinoin and hydroquinone for acquired dermal melanocytosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Acquired dermal melanocytosis (ADM; acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules) is known for its recalcitrance compared with Nevus of Ota, and we assume that one of the reasons is a higher rate and degree of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) seen after laser treatments.


METHODS
Topical bleaching treatment with 0.1% tretinoin aqueous gel and 5% hydroquinone ointment containing 7% lactic acid was initially performed (4 to 6 weeks) to discharge epidermal melanin. Subsequently, Q-switched ruby (QSR) laser was irradiated to eliminate dermal pigmentation. Both steps were repeated two to three times until patient satisfaction was obtained (usually at a 2-month interval for laser sessions). This treatment was performed in 19 patients with ADM. Skin biopsy was performed in six cases at baseline, after the bleaching pretreatment, and at the end of treatment.


RESULTS
All patients showed good to excellent clearing after two to three sessions of QSR laser treatments. The total treatment period ranged from 3 to 13 (mean of 8.3) months. PIH was observed in 10.5% of the cases. Histologically, epidermal hyperpigmentation was observed in all specimens and was dramatically improved by the topical bleaching pretreatment.


CONCLUSION
QSR laser combined with the topical bleaching pretreatment appeared to treat ADM consistently with a low occurrence rate of PIH and lessen the number of laser sessions and total treatment period and may also be applied to any other lesions with both epidermal and dermal pigmentation.
Examining Bias in Studies of Statin Treatment and Survival in Patients With Cancer.

Importance
Patients with cancer who use statins appear to have a substantially better survival than nonusers in observational studies. However, this inverse association between statin use and mortality may be due to selection bias and immortal-time bias.


Objective
To emulate a randomized trial of statin therapy initiation that is free of selection bias and immortal-time bias.


Design, Setting, and Participants
We used observational data on 17 372 patients with cancer from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database (2007-2009) with complete follow-up until 2011. The SEER-Medicare database links 17 US cancer registries and claims files from Medicare and Medicaid in 12 US states. We included individuals with a new diagnosis of colorectal, breast, prostate, or bladder cancer who had not been prescribed statins for at least 6 months before the cancer diagnosis. Individuals were duplicated, and each replicate was assigned to either the strategy "statin therapy initiation within 6 months after diagnosis" or "no statin therapy initiation." Replicates were censored when they stopped following their assigned strategy, and the potential selection bias was adjusted for via inverse-probability weighting. Hazard ratios (HRs), cumulative incidences, and risk differences were calculated for all-cause mortality and cancer-specific mortality. We then compared our estimates with those obtained using the same analytic approaches used in previous observational studies.


Exposures
Statin therapy initiation within 6 months after cancer diagnosis.


Main Outcomes and Measures
Cancer-specific and all-cause mortality using SEER-Medicare data and data from previous studies.


Results
Of the 17 372 patients whose data were analyzed, 8440 (49%) were men, and 8932 (51%) were women (mean [SD] age, 76.4 [7.4] years; range, 66-115 years). The adjusted HR (95% CI) comparing statin therapy initiation vs no initiation was 1.00 (0.88-1.15) for cancer-specific mortality and 1.07 (0.93-1.21) for overall mortality. Cumulative incidence curves for both groups were almost overlapping (the risk difference never exceeded 0.8%). In contrast, the methods used by prior studies resulted in an inverse association between statin use and mortality (pooled hazard ratio 0.69).


Conclusion and Relevance
After using methods that are not susceptible to selection bias from prevalent users and to immortal time bias, we found that initiation of therapy with statins within 6 months after cancer diagnosis did not appear to improve 3-year cancer-specific or overall survival.
A Visualization of the Greater Trochanter and Peritrochanteric Soft Tissues.

The greater trochanter of the femur is a bony protuberance arising at the femoral neck and shaft interface. The greater trochanter has 4 distinct facets (anterior, superoposterior, lateral, and posterior) that serve for attachments of the abductor tendons and/or sites for bursae [1] (Figures 1 and 2). The gluteus minimus and medius muscles arise from the external iliac fossa and their corresponding tendons insert onto the greater trochanter (Figures 1-3). The gluteus medius muscle almost completely covers the gluteus minimus muscle. The gluteus minimus tendon attaches to the anterior facet (main insertion) (Figures 1-3) and to the anterior and superior hip joint capsule. From posterior to anterior, the gluteus medius tendon attaches to the superoposterior facet (main tendinous attachment), the inferior aspect of the lateral facet, and more anteriorly to the gluteus minimus tendon [2]. The posterior facet is devoid of tendon attachments (Figures 1-3). A variety of bursae have been described in the vicinity of the greater trochanter [3]. The 3 most consistently identified bursae are the subgluteus minimus, subgluteus medius, and subgluteus maximus bursae. The subgluteus minimus bursa lies deep to the gluteus minimus tendon. The subgluteus medius bursa is located between the lateral insertion of the gluteus medius tendon and the superior part of the lateral facet (this portion of the lateral facet is devoid of tendon insertion and is known as the trochanteric bald spot) [4] (Figure 1). The largest bursa is the subgluteus maximus. This bursa covers the posterior facet and lies deep to the gluteus maximus muscle (Figure 4).
Relationship between the learning style preferences of medical students and academic achievement

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the relationship between the learning style preferences of Saudi medical students and their academic achievements.


METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 600 medical students at King Saud University in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from October 2012 to July 2013. The Visual, Aural, Read/Write, and Kinesthetic questionnaire (VARK) questionnaire was used to categorize learning style preferences. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to identify the learning style preferences of medical students and their relationship to academic achievement, gender, marital status, residency, different teaching curricula, and study resources (for example, teachers' PowerPoint slides, textbooks, and journals).


RESULTS
The results indicated that 261 students (43%) preferred to learn using all VARK modalities. There was a significant difference in learning style preferences between genders (p=0.028). The relationship between learning style preferences and students in different teaching curricula was also statistically significant (p=0.047). However, learning style preferences are not related to a student's academic achievements, marital status, residency, or study resources (for example, teachers' PowerPoint slides, textbooks, and journals). Also, after being adjusted to other studies' variables, the learning style preferences were not related to GPA.


CONCLUSION
Our findings can be used to improve the quality of teaching in Saudi Arabia; students would be advantaged if teachers understood the factors that can be related to students' learning styles.
Carbopol/Chitosan Based pH Triggered In Situ Gelling System for Ocular Delivery of Timolol Maleate

The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic preparations due to rapid precorneal elimination, dilution and nasolacrimal drainage of the drug may be vanquished by the use of in situ gelling systems that are instilled as drops in to the eye and undergo a sol-gel transition in the cul-de-sac. Timolol eye drops may cause systemic side effects in glaucoma patients due to absorption of the drug into systemic circulation. In situ gelling system of this drug can provide localized effect with reduced contraindications, improved patient compliance and better therapeutic index. The present work describes the formulation and evaluation of an ophthalmic delivery system of an antiglaucoma drug, timolol maleate (TM) based on the concept of pH-triggered in situ gelation. Polyacrylic acid (carbopol) was used as the gelling agent in combination with chitosan (amine polysaccharide), which was acted as a viscosity-enhancing agent. Formulations were evaluated for pH, viscosity, gelling capacity and drug content. The 0.4% w/v carbopol/0.5% w/v chitosan based in situ gelling system was in liquid state at room temperature and at the pH formulated (pH 6.0) and underwent rapid transition into the viscous gel phase at the pH of the tear fluid (lacrimal fluid) (pH 7.4). The in vitro drug release and in vivo effects of the developed in situ gelling system were compared with that of GlucomolÂ (a 0.25% TM ophthalmic solution), 0.4% w/v carbopol solution as well as liposomal formulation. The results clearly demonstrated that developed carbopol-chitosan based formulation was therapeutically efficacious and showed a fickian (diffusion controlled) type of release behaviour over 24 h periods. The developed system is thus a viable alternative to conventional eye drops and can also prevent the rapid drainage as in case of liposomes.
An improvement to the SIFT descriptor for image representation and matching

0167-8655/$ see front matter 2013 Elsevier B.V. A http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2013.03.021 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 29 82667836 E-mail addresses: liugz.xjtu@gmail.com, liugz@xjtu Constructing proper descriptors for interest points in images is a critical aspect for local features related tasks in computer vision and pattern recognition. Although the SIFT descriptor has been proven to perform better than the other existing local descriptors, it does not gain sufficient distinctiveness and robustness in image match especially in the case of affine and mirror transformations, in which many mismatches could occur. This paper presents an improvement to the SIFT descriptor for image matching and retrieval. The framework of the proposed descriptor consists of the following steps: normalizing elliptical neighboring region, transforming to affine scale-space, improving the SIFT descriptor with polar histogram orientation bin, as well as integrating the mirror reflection invariant. A comparative evaluation of different descriptors is carried out showing that the present approach provides better results than the existing methods. 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Opportunities for natural products in 21st century antibiotic discovery.

Natural products and their derivatives are mainstays of our antibiotic drugs, but they are increasingly in peril. The combination of widespread multidrug resistance in once susceptible bacterial pathogens, disenchantment with natural products as sources of new drugs, lack of success using synthetic compounds and target-based discovery methods, along with shifting economic and regulatory issues, conspire to move investment in research and development away from the antibiotics arena. The result is a growing crisis in antibiotic drug discovery that threatens modern medicine. 21st century natural product research is perfectly positioned to fill the antibiotic discovery gap and bring new drug candidates to the clinic. Innovations in genomics and techniques to explore new sources of antimicrobial chemical matter are revealing new chemistry. Increasing appreciation of the value of narrow-spectrum drugs and re-examination of once discarded chemical scaffolds coupled with synthetic biology methods to generate new compounds and improve yields offer new strategies to revitalize once moribund natural product programs. The increasing awareness that the combination of antibiotics with adjuvants, non-antibiotic compounds that overcome resistance and enhance drug activity, can rescue older chemical scaffolds, and concepts such as blocking pathogen virulence present orthogonal strategies to traditional antibiotics. In all these areas, natural products offer chemical matter, shaped by natural selection, that is privileged in this therapeutic area. Natural product research is poised to regain prominence in delivering new drugs to solve the antibiotic crisis.
Clinical trial: B vitamins improve health in patients with coeliac disease living on a gluten-free diet.

BACKGROUND
Patients with coeliac disease living on a gluten-free diet show vitamin deficiency and reduced subjective health status.


AIM
To study the biochemical and clinical effects of B vitamin supplementation in adults with longstanding coeliac disease.


METHODS
In a double blind placebo controlled multicentre trial, 65 coeliac patients (61% women) aged 45-64 years on a strict gluten-free diet for several years were randomized to a daily dose of 0.8 mg folic acid,0.5 mg cyanocobalamin and 3 mg pyridoxine or placebo for 6 months. The outcome measures were psychological general well-being (PGWB) and the plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) level, marker of B vitamin status.


RESULTS
Fifty-seven patients (88%) completed the trial. The tHcy level was baseline median 11.7 micromol/L (7.4-23.0), significantly higher than in matched population controls [10.2 micromol/L (6.7-22.6) (P < 0.01)]. Following vitamin supplementation, tHcy dropped a median of 34% (P < 0.001), accompanied by significant improvement in well-being (P < 0.01), notably Anxiety (P < 0.05) and Depressed Mood (P < 0.05) for patients with poor well-being.


CONCLUSIONS
Adults with longstanding coeliac disease taking extra B vitamins for 6 months showed normalized tHcy and significant improvement in general well-being, suggesting that B vitamins should be considered in people advised to follow a gluten-free diet.
Modifying Vegetable Oils for Food and Non-food Purposes

Oils and fats are an important source of energy for the human diet and also contribute significantly to the sensory characteristics of food.Many oils are also used for non-food applications, although industrial use currently accounts for only a small proportion of the world vegetable oil production, less than 5% of total production, mostly for biodiesel. About 80% of edible oils are derived from plant sources and temperate annual oil seeds (soy, rapeseed, sunflower and peanut) account for about 60% of this total. Soybean oil is by far the dominant oil in this category, accounting for over half of the world vegetable oil production. Improving the functional and nutritional qualities of vegetable oils has garnered much attention over the last 15 years or so. This chapter will describe some of the attempts to genetically improve plant seed oils, with special emphasis on soybean oil, for food and non-food uses.
Professional activity as social process of human resource development in self-directed learning (case of public administration)

Research problem. The problem presented in this research consists of the following questions: What is the mechanism of competence improvement and development in self-directed learning at work environment? What premises do situations and contexts of activities of public administration sector create for development of competence structure and its expansion? Research subject is competence development in professional activity in the self-directed learning in public administration sector. Research aim is to identify the sources of different level changes that influence the development and improvement of competences of public administration sector specialists by describing the activity contexts. Research objectives are to highlight the dynamics of practical competence structure and the contextuality of the competence development by integrating the activity change and self-directed learning; to describe the model of competence development in self-directed learning at work environment. Sample. The focus group consisted of six employees of public administration sector. Methods. To collect data, the focus group interview was used. The data were analyzed by applying the qualitative content analysis.
Using Facebook out of habit

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. This article investigates the uses and gratifications of the popular social networking site Facebook. In the exploratory stage, 70 users generated phrases to describe the manner they used Facebook. Interestingly, some users not only described the uses, but also mentioned how they perceive these uses. These phrases were coded into 14 items and clustered into four factors. The principal component analysis that was conducted in the third stage of the study, which was addressed to 222 Facebook users, verified the validity of the four factors: Social Connection, Social Network Surfing, Wasting Time and Using Applications. Previous user studies on Facebook have examined the immediate social effects of this popular social networking site, but they have not regarded emerging uses of the platform, such as gaming and applications, which do have a social component as a feature and not as a core principle. The 'Wasting Time' factor and the growth of 'Using Applications' factor indicate that Facebook has already become an integral part of daily computing routine, alongside with the rest of the entertainment desktop and web applications. 1. Introduction Social networking sites (SNSs) have become a popular means of organising, growing and maintaining social connections with others. At the same time, the rapid growth and wide adoption of social network sites have spurred scholars' interest in their social impacts (boyd social network sites are 'web-based services that allow individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system'. Human networks have existed throughout history in various forms (clubs, guilds, political parties, etc.). The first social …