LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Nature's Suit: Husserl's Phenomenological Philosophy of the Physical Sciences

* Acknowledgments * Abbreviations * Introduction * 1. Husserl: Realist or Instrumentalist? * 2. Laws and Theories * 3. The Plan of This Study * Part One: Husserl's Phenomenological Philosophy of Science * 1: The Idea of Science in Husserl and the Tradition * 1. The Classical Idea of Science * 2. The Idea of Science in Husserl's Phenomenology * 3. The Problem of Empirical Science: Locke * 4. The Problem of Empirical Science: Husserl * 5. The Unity of the Empirical Sciences * 6. Explanation in the Empirical Sciences * 7. The Laws of Empirical Science * 8. Empirical Science as Science * 9. The Idealization of the Idea of Science * 10. Summary * 2: Husserl's Phenomenology and the Foundations of Science * 1. Pure Logic as a Wissenschaftslehre * 2. Regional Ontology * 3. Transcendental Consciousness as the Ground of the Sciences * 4. Phenomenology as the All-Embracing Foundational Science * Part Two: Evidence and the Positing of Existence in Husserl's Phenomenology * 3: Truth, Evidence, and Existence in Husserl's Phenomenology * 1. Knowledge, Evidence, and Truth * 2. Evidence as an Ideal Possibility * 3. The Fallibility of Occurrent Cases of Evidence * 4. Evidence and Justification * 5. The Rational Indubitability of the Principle of Evidence * 6. Summary and Transition * 4: Evidence, Rationality, and Existence in Husserl's Phenomenology * 1. Husserl's Theory of Rationality: Ideas I * 2. The Strong Formulation and Philosophical Rationality * 3. Rationality in Nontheoretical Contexts * 4. Positive Scientific Rationality * Part Three: The Problem of Theoretical Existence in Husserl's Philosophy of the Physical Sciences * 5: Physical Things, Idealized Objects, and Theoretical Entities * 1. The Physical Thing * 2. Geometry and the Physical Thing * 3. Geometry and Physical Science * 6: Consciousness, Perception, and Existence * 1. Perceptions and Existence * 2. Consciousness and Existence * 3. The "Existence-Independence" of Intentional Relations * 4. The Ontological Status of the Noema * 5. Summary * Conclusion * 1. Husserl's "Dogmatism" * 2. The "Ambiguity" of Husserl's Philosophy of Science * 3. Husserl's "Instrumentalism" * 4. Husserl's "Provisional Instrumentalism" * 5. Summary and Prospect * Notes * Bibliography * Index
Comparison of the developmental tests Bayley-III and Bayley-II in 7-month-old infants born preterm

The study aims on comparing Bayley Scales of infant development third (Bayley-III) and Bayley second (Bayley-II) edition with special focus on patterns in the first year of life. Fifty-five premature infants (43 with low birth weight/LBW >1,499 g and 12 with very/extremely low birth weight/VLBW/ELBW <1,500 g) aged 7 months (corrected for prematurity) were assessed with the complete Bayley-III. From this assessment, Bayley-II results were retrospectively estimated. Bayley-III results were compared to the expected mean with one-sample t-tests. The mean scores of both editions were compared with the aid of paired-sample t-tests. Pearson correlations between subscales and editions were analysed. The Bayley-III cognitive score of the study group was significantly higher than the expected mean of the standardization sample. VLBW/ELBW had significantly lower motor scores than LBW in both editions. When compared to estimated Bayley-II scores, all relevant Bayley-III scores were significantly higher (all p < .01) with highest difference (ten points) between the motor scales of both editions. There were significant correlations not only between Bayley-III cognitive and language scales but also between language and motor scales. Given the strong association between motor and cognitive behaviour in early infancy, this age-specific pattern is heightening the risk of failure to identify infants at risk for both cognitive and motor delay. Therefore, assessment of infants should comprise all subscales. Since Bayley-III probably overestimates especially motor performance in young infants, when interpreting Bayley-III scores in this age, comparison groups are highly recommended until further validation of normative data are outstanding.
The current state of the art in microprocessor software

Aspects of microprocessor programming are described and compared to the programming of conventional computers. The effects of microprocessor architectures and their current state of development are related to commonly used utility and language support software and to trends in the availability of these programs.
Internet use and online safety in adults with Williams syndrome.

BACKGROUND
Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) increasingly have access to the Internet. Whilst Internet access increases opportunities for social connection for individuals with IDD, it also may increase risk of victimisation. Adults with Williams syndrome (WS), who display an extreme pro-social drive to engage with both familiar and unfamiliar people, might be especially vulnerable to online victimisation. This study first explores how often and why individuals with WS use the Internet and social networking sites. Next, the online vulnerability of individuals with WS is assessed through responses to hypothetical scenarios of potentially dangerous online interactions.


METHOD
Twenty-eight young adults with WS (mean age = 27.7 years) and their parents completed questionnaires about their Internet and social networking use and parental oversight. Participants with WS then responded to hypothetical scenarios assessing their likelihood to take social and non-social risks online.


RESULTS
Most participants with WS frequently use the Internet and the majority visit social networking sites every day or almost every day, with little parental supervision or oversight. Individuals with WS interact with both known and unknown individuals through social networking sites. Participants are more likely to agree to engage in socially risky behaviours compared to risky behaviours that are not social in nature when online. For example, participants were more likely to agree to meet an 'online friend' in person than they were to give their bank account information for winning a 'contest'.


CONCLUSIONS
Individuals with WS, who are a socially vulnerable group in the real world, display behaviours that could also lead to victimisation online as well. As the Internet continues to become more accessible, more research is needed to increase online safety of individuals with WS and other IDDs. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.
Dimensions of peri-implant mucosa: an evaluation of maxillary anterior single implants in humans.

BACKGROUND
Attempts have been made to evaluate the biologic dimension of osseointegrated implants, however, most are histologic studies in animals, and the effect of soft tissue support from adjacent teeth on the interproximal dimension of the peri-implant mucosa for anterior single implants has not been addressed. This study clinically evaluated the dimensions of the peri-implant mucosa around 2-stage maxillary anterior single implants in humans after 1 year of function. The influence of the peri-implant biotype was also examined.


METHODS
Forty-five patients (20 males and 25 females) with a mean age of 47.3 years were included in this study. A total of 45 maxillary anterior single implant crowns with a mean functional time of 32.5 months (range, 12 to 78) were evaluated. The dimensions of peri-implant mucosa were measured by bone sounding using a periodontal probe at the mesial (MI), mid-facial (F), and distal (DI) aspects of the implant restoration and the proximal aspects (MT, DT) of adjacent natural teeth. In addition, the peri-implant biotype was evaluated and categorized as thick or thin. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent t test (P<0.05).


RESULTS
The means and standard deviations of the dimensions of peri-implant mucosa at MT, MI, F, DI, and DT were 4.20 +/- 0.77 mm, 6.17 +/- 1.27 mm, 3.63 +/- 0.91 mm, 5.93 +/- 1.21 mm, and 4.20 +/- 0.64 mm, respectively. The dimensions of peri-implant mucosa in the thick biotype were significantly greater than the thin biotype at MT, MI, and DT (P<0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
The mean facial dimension of peri-implant mucosa of 2-stage implants is slightly greater than the average dimension of the dentogingival complex. The level of the interproximal papilla of the implant is independent of the proximal bone level next to the implant, but is related to the interproximal bone level next to the adjacent teeth. Greater peri-implant mucosal dimensions were noted in the presence of a thick peri-implant biotype as compared to a thin biotype.
The OO-method approach for information systems modeling: from object-oriented conceptual modeling to automated programming

Current and future (conventional) notations used in Conceptual Modeling Techniques should have a precise (formal) semantics to provide a well-defined software development process, in order to go from specification to implementation in an automated way. To achieve this objective, the OO-Method approach to Information Systems Modeling presented in this paper attempts to overcome the conventional (informal)/formal dichotomy by selecting the best ideas from both approaches. The OO-Method makes a clear distinction between the problem space (centered on what the system is) and the solution space (centered on how it is implemented as a software product). It provides a precise, conventional graphical notation to obtain a system description at the problem space level, however this notation is strictly based on a formal OO specification language that determines the conceptual modeling constructs needed to obtain the system specification. An abstract execution model determines how to obtain the software representations corresponding to these conceptual modeling constructs. In this way, the final software product can be obtained in an automated way. r 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Role for opinion leaders in promoting evidence-based surgery.

HYPOTHESIS
"Opinion leaders" can be identified by surgeons from among their peers, and opinion leaders have a role in promoting best surgical practice.


DESIGN
Postal survey.


SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
Four hundred eighteen (77% response fraction) randomly selected fellows of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Number of opinion leaders identified locally, statewide, and nationally; ratings of 22 possible attributes in conferring status as an opinion leader; and views about and ratings of the role of opinion leaders.


RESULTS
Most respondents were unable to identify a local colleague whom they considered to be an opinion leader in their own specialty (mode, 0; and median, 1) or in surgery in general (mode, 0; and median, 0). Estimated numbers of opinion leaders were significantly higher at the state and national levels for the respondents' own specialty and for surgery in general (P<.001 for all). Surgical expertise and teaching skills were rated most highly as conferring status as an opinion leader. Academic and professional contributions received the lowest ratings. Most surgeons (88%; 95% confidence interval, 84%-91%) agreed that opinion leaders could influence them to change their practice. Opinion leaders were rated as "very influential" by significantly more surgeons than clinical audit (38% vs 27%, chi21 = 13.6, P<.001) and clinical practice guidelines (38% vs 24%, chi21 = 21.4, P<.001) (McNemar test for both).


CONCLUSIONS
Australian surgeons support the concept of opinion leaders. Although few local colleagues whom they consider as fulfilling such a role can be identified, opinion leaders are evident at a national level. Once opinion leaders are identified using attributes ranked in our survey, interventional studies will further delineate their influence in improving evidence-based surgical practice.
Improved Pancreatic β-Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetic Patients After Lifestyle-Induced Weight Loss Is Related to Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide

OBJECTIVE
Restoration of insulin secretion is critical for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Exercise and diet can alter glucose-induced insulin responses, but whether this is due to changes in beta-cell function per se is not clear. The mechanisms by which lifestyle intervention may modify insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes have also not been examined but may involve the incretin axis.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Twenty-nine older, obese (aged 65 +/- 1 years; BMI 33.6 +/- 1.0 kg/m(2)) subjects, including individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (obese-type 2 diabetic) and individuals with normal glucose tolerance (obese-NGT), underwent 3 months of nutritional counseling and exercise training. beta-Cell function (oral glucose-induced insulin secretion corrected for insulin resistance assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps) and the role of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were examined.


RESULTS
After exercise and diet-induced weight loss (-5.0 +/- 0.7 kg), oral glucose-induced insulin secretion was increased in the obese-type 2 diabetic group and decreased in the obese-NGT group (both P < 0.05). When corrected for alterations in insulin resistance, the change in insulin secretion remained significant only in the obese-type 2 diabetic group (1.23 +/- 0.26 vs. 2.04 +/- 0.46 arbitrary units; P < 0.01). Changes in insulin secretion were directly related to the GIP responses to oral glucose (r = 0.64, P = 0.005), which were augmented in the obese-type 2 diabetic group and only moderately suppressed in the obese-NGT group.


CONCLUSIONS
After lifestyle-induced weight loss, improvements in oral glucose-induced insulin secretion in older, obese, nondiabetic subjects seem to be largely dependent on improved insulin sensitivity. However, in older obese diabetic patients, improved insulin secretion is a consequence of elevated beta-cell function. We demonstrate for the first time that changes in insulin secretion after lifestyle intervention may be mediated via alterations in GIP secretion from intestinal K-cells.
An integrated neighborhood dependent approach for nonlinear enhancement of color images

We propose a new image enhancement algorithm INDANE (integrated neighborhood dependent approach for nonlinear enhancement of color images), which is applied to improve the visibility of the dark regions in digital images. INDANE is a combination of two independent processes: luminance enhancement and contrast enhancement. The luminance enhancement, also regarded as a process of dynamic range compression, is essentially an intensity transformation based on a specifically designed nonlinear transfer function. The contrast enhancement transforms the pixel's intensity based on the relationship between the center pixel and its surrounding pixels. For color images, they are firstly converted to intensity (grayscale) images, and then are treated by the proposed image enhancement process.
Cyberbullying victimization and mental health in adolescents and the moderating role of family dinners.

IMPORTANCE
This study presents evidence that cyberbullying victimization relates to internalizing, externalizing, and substance use problems in adolescents and that the frequency of family dinners attenuate these associations.


OBJECTIVES
To examine the unique association between cyberbullying victimization and adolescent mental health (after controlling differences in involvement in traditional, face-to-face bullying) and to explore the potential moderating role of family contact in this association.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This cross-sectional, observational study used survey data on 18,834 students (aged 12-18 years) from 49 schools in a Midwestern US state. Logistic regression analysis tested associations between cyberbullying victimization and the likelihood of mental health and substance use problems. Negative binomial regression analysis tested direct and synergistic contributions of cyberbullying victimization and family dinners on the rates of mental health and substance use problems.


EXPOSURES
Frequency of cyberbullying victimization during the previous 12 months; victimization by traditional (face-to-face) bullying; and perpetration of traditional bullying.


MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Five internalizing mental health problems (anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt), 2 externalizing problems (fighting and vandalism), and 4 substance use problems (frequent alcohol use, frequent binge drinking, prescription drug misuse, and over-the-counter drug misuse).


RESULTS
About one-fifth (18.6%) of the sample experienced cyberbullying during the previous 12 months. The frequency of cyberbullying positively related to all 11 internalizing, externalizing, and substance use problems (odds ratios from 2.6 [95% CI, 1.7-3.8] to 4.5 [95% CI, 3.0-6.6]). However, victimization related more closely to rates of problems in adolescents that had fewer family dinners.


CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Cyberbullying relates to mental health and substance use problems in adolescents, even after their involvement in face-to-face bullying is taken into account. Although correlational, these results suggest that family dinners (ie, family contact and communication) are beneficial to adolescent mental health and may help protect adolescents from the harmful consequences of cyberbullying.
THE INSTANTANEOUS ROTATION VECTOR OF THE PHILIPPINE SEA PLATE RELATIVE TO THE EURASIAN PLATE

Seno, T., 1977. The instantaneous rotation vector of the Philippine Sea plate relative to the Eurasian plate. Tectonophysics, 42: 209-226. Using all the available fault-plane solutions of the inter-plate earthquakes along the northwestern and eastern boundaries of the Philippine Sea plate, the instantaneous rotation vector of the Philippine Sea plate relative to the Eurasian plate is determined (pole: 45.5”N, 150.2”E, angular velocity: 1.20 deg/m.y.). The solutions along the TaiwanPhilippine region are not used because of the tectonic complexity in this region. To overcome the difficulty in determining the rotation vector only from the northwestern boundary of the Philippine Sea plate, the general property that the three instantaneous rotation vectors, Pacific to Eurasia, Philippine Sea to Eurasia, and Pacific to Philippine Sea, are contained in the same plane, is used. The rotation vector of Pacific to Eurasia is assumed as in the model RMl of Minster et al. (1974). The rotation vector of Pacific to Philippine Sea is determined at the same time. Using these results, historical earthquakes in the Sagami and Nankai trough region are studied on the basis of plate mot.ion and fault models deduced from the geodetic data. In this region, the co-seismic slip is comparable to the rate of plate motion. The recent start of plate convergence (several million years ago) may be one reason for this strong coupling of the oceanic lithosphere with the continental one. The slip vectors at the triple junction which connects the Japan trench, Sagami trough, and Izu-Bonin trench, show that this junction is not stable and migrates to the northwest along the Sagami trough at the rate of 3 cm/yr. However, if the crustal extension exists behind the Izu-Bonin trench, it may stay stable. The slip vectors of the shallow earthquakes along the eastern coast of Luzon and the Philippine trench deviate from those computed from the rotation vector of the Philippine Sea plate relative to the Eurasian plate. To explain this, a minor plate which includes the entire Philippines is introduced on the evidence of seismicity and topography. The tectonic complexity in the Taiwan-Luzon region may be reduced to the collision of this block with Taiwan.
Mapping Rules for Building a Tunisian Dialect Lexicon and Generating Corpora

Nowadays in tunisia, the arabic Tunisian Dialect (TD) has become progressively used in interviews, news and debate programs instead of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Thus, this gave birth to a new kind of language. Indeed, the majority of speech is no longer made in MSA but alternates between MSA and TD. This situation has important negative consequences on Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR): since the spoken dialects are not officially written and do not have a standard orthography, it is very costly to obtain adequate annotated corpora to use for training language models and building vocabulary. There are neither parallel corpora involving Tunisian dialect and MSA nor dictionaries. In this paper, we describe a method for building a bilingual dictionary using explicit knowledge about the relation between TD and MSA. We also present an automatic process for creating Tunisian Dialect
Gaze Perception Triggers Reflexive Visuospatial Orienting

This paper seeks to bring together two previously separate research traditions: research on spatial orienting within the visual cueing paradigm and research into social cognition, addressing our tendency to attend in the direction that another person looks. Cueing methodologies from mainstream attention research were adapted to test the automaticity of orienting in the direction of seen gaze. Three studies manipulated the direction of gaze in a computerized face, which appeared centrally in a frontal view during a peripheral letter-discrimination task. Experiments 1 and 2 found faster discrimination of peripheral target letters on the side the computerized face gazed towards, even though the seen gaze did not predict target side, and despite participants being asked to ignore the face. This suggests reflexive covert and/or overt orienting in the direction of seen gaze, arising even when the observer has no motivation to orient in this way. Experiment 3 found faster letter discrimination on the side the computerized face gazed towards even when participants knew that target letters were four times as likely on the opposite side. This suggests that orienting can arise in the direction of seen gaze even when counter to intentions. The experiments illustrate that methods from mainstream attention research can be usefully applied to social cognition, and that studies of spatial attention may profit from considering its social function.
Discussion of "A conditional game for comparing approximations"

This brief paper discusses the paper by Eaton mentioned in the title [1].
Reinforcement Learning Dynamics in Social Dilemmas

In this paper we replicate and advance Macy and Flache’s (2002; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 7229–7236) work on the dynamics of reinforcement learning in 2×2 (2-player 2-strategy) social dilemmas. In particular, we formalise the solution concepts they describe, provide analytical results on the dynamics of their model for any 2×2 game, and discuss the robustness of their results to occasional mistakes made by players in choosing their actions (i.e. trembling hands). It is shown here that the dynamics of their model are strongly dependent on the speed at which players learn. With high learning rates the system quickly reaches its asymptotic behaviour; on the other hand, when learning rates are low, two distinctively different dynamic regimes can be clearly observed before the system settles down forever. Similarly, it is shown that the inclusion of small quantities of randomness in the players’ learning algorithm can change the dynamics of the model dramatically.
Looking up data in P2P systems

The main challenge in P2P computing is to design and implement a robust and scalable distributed system composed of inexpensive, individually unreliable computers in unrelated administrative domains. The participants in a typical P2P system might include computers at homes, schools, and businesses, and can grow to several million concurrent participants.