LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A hybrid approach to detect spatio-temporal outliers

A spatial outlier is a spatial referenced object whose non-spatial attribute values are significantly different from those of other spatially referenced objects in its spatial neighborhood. It represents locations that are significantly different from their neighborhoods even though they may not be significantly different from the entire population. Here we adopt this definition to spatio-temporal domain and define a spatialtemporal outlier (STO) to be a spatial-temporal referenced object whose thematic attribute values are significantly different from those of other spatially and temporally referenced objects in its spatial or/and temporal neighborhood. Identification of STOs can lead to the discovery of unexpected, interesting, and implicit knowledge, such as local instability. Many methods have been recently proposed to detect spatial outliers, but how to detect the temporal outliers or spatial-temporal outliers has been seldom discussed. In this paper we propose a hybrid approach which integrates several data mining methods such as clustering, aggregation and comparisons to detect the STOs by evaluating the change between consecutive spatial and temporal scales. INTRODUCTION Outliers are data objects that appear inconsistent with respect to the remainder of the database (Barnett and Lewis, 1994). While in many cases these can be anomalies or noise, sometimes these represent rare or unusual events to be investigated further. In general, direct methods for outlier detection include distribution-based, depth-based and distancebased approaches. Distribution-based approaches use standard statistical distribution, depth-based technique map data objects into an m-dimensional information space (where m is the number of attribute) and distance-based approaches calculate the proportion of database objects that are a specified distance from a target object (Ng, 2001). A spatial outlier is a spatial referenced object whose non-spatial attribute values are significantly different from those of other spatially referenced objects in its spatial neighborhood. It represents locations that are significantly different from their neighborhoods even though they may not be significantly different from the entire population (Shekhar et al, 2003). Identification of spatial outliers can lead to the discovery of unexpected, interesting, and implicit knowledge, such as local instability. Many methods have been recently proposed to detect spatial outliers by the distributionbased approach. These methods can be broadly classified into two categories, namely 1-D (linear) outlier detection methods and multi-dimensional outlier detection methods (Shekhar et al, 2003). The 1-D outlier detection algorithms consider the statistical distribution of non-spatial attribute values, ignoring the spatial relationships between items.
Effectiveness of physical therapy interventions for children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review

BACKGROUND
To assess the effectiveness of physical therapy (PT) interventions on functioning in children with cerebral palsy (CP).


METHODS
A search was made in Medline, Cinahl, PEDro and the Cochrane library for the period 1990 to February 2007. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on PT interventions in children with diagnosed CP were included. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality and extracted the data. The outcomes measured in the trials were classified using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).


RESULTS
Twenty-two trials were identified. Eight intervention categories were distinguished. Four trials were of high methodological quality. Moderate evidence of effectiveness was established for two intervention categories: effectiveness of upper extremity treatments on attained goals and active supination, and of prehensile hand treatment and neurodevelopmental therapy (NDT) or NDT twice a week on developmental status, and of constraint-induced therapy on amount and quality of hand use. Moderate evidence of ineffectiveness was found of strength training on walking speed and stride length. Conflicting evidence was found for strength training on gross motor function. For the other intervention categories the evidence was limited due to low methodological quality and the statistically insignificant results of the studies.


CONCLUSION
Due to limitations in methodological quality and variations in population, interventions and outcomes, mostly limited evidence on the effectiveness of most PT interventions is available through RCTs. Moderate evidence was found for some effectiveness of upper extremity training. Well-designed trials are needed especially for focused PT interventions.
A physical map for the Amborella trichopoda genome sheds light on the evolution of angiosperm genome structure

Recent phylogenetic analyses have identified Amborella trichopoda, an understory tree species endemic to the forests of New Caledonia, as sister to a clade including all other known flowering plant species. The Amborella genome is a unique reference for understanding the evolution of angiosperm genomes because it can serve as an outgroup to root comparative analyses. A physical map, BAC end sequences and sample shotgun sequences provide a first view of the 870 Mbp Amborella genome. Analysis of Amborella BAC ends sequenced from each contig suggests that the density of long terminal repeat retrotransposons is negatively correlated with that of protein coding genes. Syntenic, presumably ancestral, gene blocks were identified in comparisons of the Amborella BAC contigs and the sequenced Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus trichocarpa, Vitis vinifera and Oryza sativa genomes. Parsimony mapping of the loss of synteny corroborates previous analyses suggesting that the rate of structural change has been more rapid on lineages leading to Arabidopsis and Oryza compared with lineages leading to Populus and Vitis. The gamma paleohexiploidy event identified in the Arabidopsis, Populus and Vitis genomes is shown to have occurred after the divergence of all other known angiosperms from the lineage leading to Amborella. When placed in the context of a physical map, BAC end sequences representing just 5.4% of the Amborella genome have facilitated reconstruction of gene blocks that existed in the last common ancestor of all flowering plants. The Amborella genome is an invaluable reference for inferences concerning the ancestral angiosperm and subsequent genome evolution.
Term breech deliveries in the Netherlands: did the increased cesarean rate affect neonatal outcome? A population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the increased cesarean rate for term breech presentation on neonatal outcome. We also investigated whether the clinical case selection for vaginal delivery applied by Dutch obstetricians led to an optimization of neonatal outcome, or whether there is still room for improvement in terms of perinatal outcome.


DESIGN
Retrospective cohort.


SETTING
The Netherlands.


POPULATION
Singleton term breech deliveries from 37+0 to 41+6 weeks, excluding fetuses with congenital malformations or antenatal death.


METHOD
We used data from the Dutch national perinatal registry from 1999 up to 2007.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Perinatal mortality and morbidity.


RESULTS
We studied 58,320 women with a term breech delivery. There was an increase in the elective cesarean rate (from 24 to 60%). As a consequence, overall perinatal mortality decreased [1.3 0/00 vs. 0.7 0/00;odds ratio 0.51 (95% confidence interval 0.28–0.93)], whereas it remained stable in the planned vaginal birth group [1.7 0/00 vs. 1.6 0/00; odds ratio 0.96(95% confidence interval 0.52–1.76)]. The number of cesareans done to prevent one perinatal death was 338.


CONCLUSIONS
Adjustment of the national guidelines after publication of the Term Breech Trial resulted in a shift towards elective cesarean and a decrease of perinatal mortality and morbidity among women delivering a child in breech at term. Still, 40% of these women attempt vaginal birth. The relative safety of an elective cesarean should be weighed against the consequences of a scarred uterus in future pregnancies.
Analysis of voltage variation in LVDC distribution system with load variability

Nowadays, many studies on LVDC (Low Voltage Direct Current) distribution system are underway as the future solution for reliable power system network. This new concept in power distribution is expected to improve power system efficiency, reliability and uninterrupted power supply capability when it is implemented. This paper is based on Bipolar LVDC distribution system and it focuses on analysis of voltage variation according to the load variability in the above-mentioned system, in most of the previous researches upon this system the voltage imbalance issue has been showcased, so this paper proposes the solution for that drawback; that is, balancer and its position in the network. The simulation results for this system were obtained by using PSCAD/EMTDC software.
Evaluation of atomoxetine for first-line treatment of newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis that first-line treatment with atomoxetine provides superior efficacy than placebo for up to 12 weeks in improving the symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel clinical trial included 151 treatment-naïve children (n = 113) and adolescents (n = 38) with newly diagnosed (< or =3 months) ADHD. Atomoxetine dose was uptitrated from 0.5 to 1.2 mg/kg/day after two weeks. Outcome assessments included the ADHD Rating Scale-IV-Parent-reported Investigator-rated (ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv), the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of ADHD (CGI-ADHD-S), and the incidence of adverse events. Mixed-model repeated measures analysis was used to compare scale score changes between groups.


CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
Trial registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (study internal code: B4Z-XM-LYDM, identifier: NCT00191945).


RESULTS
Most patients were male (79.2%), of caucasian origin (96.0%) and severely ill (72.5%). Their mean age was 10.3 years. Atomoxetine-treated patients showed greater reductions from baseline to week 12 of total ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv score than placebo-treated patients (least square mean difference: -7.9 [95% CI: -11.0 to -4.8], corresponding to a large effect size of 0.8). Between-group mean differences increased progressively with treatment exposure from week 6 to 12 (-2.7 [-4.9 to -0.6] for total and -1.6 [-2.9 to -0.3] for inattention scores). At the end of the study, 50% of atomoxetine-treated patients (14% with placebo) showed a reduction > or =40% in total ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv score, and only 29% (46% with placebo) were severely ill (by CGI-ADHD-S). Treatment-related adverse events were significantly more frequent with atomoxetine (65.0%) than with placebo (37.3%), the most frequent being decreased appetite and somnolence. Only one case of decreased appetite was rated as severe. No patient discontinued treatment because of adverse events.


CONCLUSIONS
A continued improvement of symptoms is expectable until 12 weeks in treatment-naïve ADHD patients treated with atomoxetine as first-line medication. Chief limitations are the small, national sample size and the absence of data beyond the 12-week time-point.
Impact of temperature fluctuations on circuit characteristics in 180nm and 65nm CMOS technologies

Temperature fluctuations alter threshold voltage, carrier mobility, and saturation velocity of a MOSFET. Temperature fluctuation induced variations in individual device parameters have unique effects on MOSFET drain current. Device parameters that characterize the variations in MOSFET current due to temperature fluctuations are identified in this paper for 180 nm and 65nm CMOS technologies. Operating an integrated circuit at the prescribed nominal supply voltage is not preferable for reliable circuit operation under temperature variations. A design methodology based on optimizing the supply voltage for temperature variation insensitive circuit performance is presented. Circuits display a temperature variation insensitive behavior when operated at a supply voltage 45% to 53% lower than the nominal supply voltage in a 180 nm CMOS technology. Similarly, the optimum supply voltages are 68% to 69% lower than the nominal supply voltage for circuits in a 65nm CMOS technology. The optimum supply voltages are similar for a diverse set of circuits in both technologies. The proposed technique of operating large scale designs at an optimum supply voltage for diminishing the performance sensitivity to temperature fluctuations is demonstrated to be feasible
Higher order reconstruction for MRI in the presence of spatiotemporal field perturbations.

Despite continuous hardware advances, MRI is frequently subject to field perturbations that are of higher than first order in space and thus violate the traditional k-space picture of spatial encoding. Sources of higher order perturbations include eddy currents, concomitant fields, thermal drifts, and imperfections of higher order shim systems. In conventional MRI with Fourier reconstruction, they give rise to geometric distortions, blurring, artifacts, and error in quantitative data. This work describes an alternative approach in which the entire field evolution, including higher order effects, is accounted for by viewing image reconstruction as a generic inverse problem. The relevant field evolutions are measured with a third-order NMR field camera. Algebraic reconstruction is then formulated such as to jointly minimize artifacts and noise in the resulting image. It is solved by an iterative conjugate-gradient algorithm that uses explicit matrix-vector multiplication to accommodate arbitrary net encoding. The feasibility and benefits of this approach are demonstrated by examples of diffusion imaging. In a phantom study, it is shown that higher order reconstruction largely overcomes variable image distortions that diffusion gradients induce in EPI data. In vivo experiments then demonstrate that the resulting geometric consistency permits straightforward tensor analysis without coregistration.
Clinical application of PET/MRI in oncology.

Hybrid imaging with integrated positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combines the advantages of the high-resolution anatomic data from MRI and functional imaging data from PET, and has the potential to improve the diagnostic evaluation of various types of cancers. The clinical oncologic applications of this newest hybrid imaging technology are evolving and substantial efforts are underway to define the role of PET/MRI in routine clinical use. The current published literature suggests that PET/MRI may play an important role in the evaluation of patients with certain types of malignancies, involving anatomic locations such as the pelvis and the liver. The purpose of this article is to review the current published PET/MRI literature in specific body oncologic applications. In addition, PET/MRI protocols and some of the technical issues of this hybrid imaging will be briefly discussed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:265-276.
Acoustic features of rhesus vocalizations and their representation in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.

Communication is one of the fundamental components of both human and nonhuman animal behavior. Auditory communication signals (i.e., vocalizations) are especially important in the socioecology of several species of nonhuman primates such as rhesus monkeys. In rhesus, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) is thought to be part of a circuit involved in representing vocalizations and other auditory objects. To further our understanding of the role of the vPFC in processing vocalizations, we characterized the spectrotemporal features of rhesus vocalizations, compared these features with other classes of natural stimuli, and then related the rhesus-vocalization acoustic features to neural activity. We found that the range of these spectrotemporal features was similar to that found in other ensembles of natural stimuli, including human speech, and identified the subspace of these features that would be particularly informative to discriminate between different vocalizations. In a first neural study, however, we found that the tuning properties of vPFC neurons did not emphasize these particularly informative spectrotemporal features. In a second neural study, we found that a first-order linear model (the spectrotemporal receptive field) is not a good predictor of vPFC activity. The results of these two neural studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the vPFC is not involved in coding the first-order acoustic properties of a stimulus but is involved in processing the higher-order information needed to form representations of auditory objects.
Channel coordination in green supply chain management

Environmental consciousness has become increasingly important in everyday life and business practice. The effort to reduce the impact of business activities on the environment has been labelled as green supply chain management. Any major greening project would require efforts on the part of the entire supply chain. However, very few studies have addressed the issue of coordinating the green supply chain. We consider the problem of coordination of a manufacturer and a retailer in a vertical supply chain, who put in efforts for ‘greening’ their operations. We address some pertinent questions in this regard such as extent of effort in greening of operations by manufacturer or retailer, level of cooperation between the two parties, and how to coordinate their operations in a supply chain. The greening efforts by the manufacturer and retailer result in demand expansion at the retail end. The decision variables of the manufacturer are wholesale price and greening effort, while those of the retailer are retail price and its greening effort. We find that the ratio of the optimal greening efforts put in by the manufacturer and retailer is equal to the ratio of their green sensitivity ratios and greening cost ratios. Further, profits and efforts are higher in the integrated channel as compared to the case of the decentralized channel. Finally, a two-part tariff contract is found to produce channel coordination in this problem. A numerical example illustrates the results. Journal of the Operational Research Society (2013) 64, 336–351. doi:10.1057/jors.2012.44 Published online 9 May 2012
Data Preprocessing for Supervised Leaning

Many factors affect the success of Machine Learning (ML) on a given task. The representation and quality of the instance data is first and foremost. If there is much irrelevant and redundant information present or noisy and unreliable data, then knowledge discovery during the training phase is more difficult. It is well known that data preparation and filtering steps take considerable amount of processing time in ML problems. Data pre-processing includes data cleaning, normalization, transformation, feature extraction and selection, etc. The product of data pre-processing is the final training set. It would be nice if a single sequence of data pre-processing algorithms had the best performance for each data set but this is not happened. Thus, we present the most well know algorithms for each step of data pre-processing so that one achieves the best performance for their data set. Keywords—Data mining, feature selection, data cleaning.
Long-term course of chronic hepatitis C in children: from viral clearance to end-stage liver disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS
The natural course of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in children is not well understood. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term course of CHC in a large sample of otherwise healthy children.


METHODS
From 1990 to 2005, 504 consecutive antihepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive children were enrolled at 12 centers of a national observatory and were followed up retrospectively/prospectively.


RESULTS
Putative exposure was perinatal in 283 (56.2%) cases, parenteral in 158 (31.3%), and unknown in 63 (12.5%). At baseline, 477 (94.6%) cases were HCV RNA seropositive, 118 (24.7%) of which were treated with standard interferon alpha. Ten years after putative exposure, the outcome in 359 HCV RNA-positive, untreated patients was (1) undetectable viremia in 27 (7.5%) (by Cox regression analysis, spontaneous viral clearance was independently predicted by genotype 3 [hazard ratio 6.44; 95% confidence interval: 2.7-15.5]) and (2) persistent viremia in 332 (92%) cases. Six of these 332 cases (1.8%) progressed to decompensated cirrhosis (mean age, 9.6 years). This latter group included 5 Italian children perinatally infected with genotype 1a (4 of the mothers were drug users). Thirty-three (27.9%) treated patients achieved a sustained virologic response.


CONCLUSIONS
Over the course of a decade, few children with chronic HCV infection cleared viremia spontaneously, and those who did were more likely to have genotype 3. Persistent viral replication led to end-stage liver disease in a small subgroup characterized by perinatal exposure, maternal drug use, and infection with HCV genotype 1a. Children with such features should be considered for early treatment.
Development of Magnetic Field Control for Magnetically Targeted Drug Delivery System Using a Superconducting Magnet

We have been developing the device for magnetically targeted drug delivery system (MT-DDS), which can allow us to navigate and to accumulate the drug at the local diseased part inside the body by controlling to magnetic field strength and/or gradient generated by the superconducting magnets. In considering an application of this technique to the network of the blood vessel, a number of magnets should be placed within a small region. The magnetic field at the branching point is superimposed the fields from the magnets. The optimal arrangement of magnetic field for MT-DDS was calculated and experimental verification was made using several different sizes of Y-shaped glass tubes with multiple branching points as a model system of blood vessel. Ferromagnetic particles were injected into the Y-shape glass tube and were navigated by the magnetic field which was generated by the magnet optimally arranged based on the calculation. The ratio of the amount of the navigated ferromagnetic particle to the dosed amount was measured as magnetic navigation efficiency. It is found that experimental result of magnetic navigation efficiency agreed with the calculation results, which shows that magnetic navigation by the superconducting magnet can be a promising way for realization of MT-DDS.