LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Studies of offspring of parents with bipolar disorder.

Children and adolescents who are the biological offspring of individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) (bipolar offspring) represent a population rich in potential for revealing important aspects in the development of BD. Multiple cross-sectional assessments of psychopathology in bipolar offspring have confirmed high incidences of BD, as well as mood and behavioral disorders, and other psychopathology in this population. Longitudinal studies of offspring have begun to shed light on precursors of BD development. Other assessments of bipolar offspring have included dimensional reports of psychiatric and psychosocial functioning, temperament assessments, and descriptions of family environments and parenting styles. Neurobiological studies in bipolar offspring are just beginning to yield findings that may be related to the underlying neuropathophysiology of BD. The future holds promise for longitudinal studies of bipolar offspring incorporating all of these facets, including genetic analyses, to further elucidate the factors involved in the evolution of BD.
A pressure and shear sensor system for stress measurement at lower limb residuum/socket interface.

A sensor system for measurement of pressure and shear at the lower limb residuum/socket interface is described. The system comprises of a flexible sensor unit and a data acquisition unit with wireless data transmission capability. Static and dynamic performance of the sensor system was characterised using a mechanical test machine. The static calibration results suggest that the developed sensor system presents high linearity (linearity error ≤ 3.8%) and resolution (0.9 kPa for pressure and 0.2 kPa for shear). Dynamic characterisation of the sensor system shows hysteresis error of approximately 15% for pressure and 8% for shear. Subsequently, a pilot amputee walking test was conducted. Three sensors were placed at the residuum/socket interface of a knee disarticulation amputee and simultaneous measurements were obtained during pilot amputee walking test. The pressure and shear peak values as well as their temporal profiles are presented and discussed. In particular, peak pressure and shear of approximately 58 kPa and 27 kPa, respectively, were recorded. Their temporal profiles also provide dynamic coupling information at this critical residuum/socket interface. These preliminary amputee test results suggest strong potential of the developed sensor system for exploitation as an assistive technology to facilitate socket design, socket fit and effective monitoring of lower limb residuum health.
Enhanced Grid Fundamental Positive-Sequence Digital Synchronization Structure

The second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) filter and delayed signal cancellation (DSC) structures have been used separately in order to improve the synchronization systems response in adverse grid conditions. Taking into account its characteristics, this paper proposes a new structure based on a combination of SOGI filter, DSC method, and a software phase-locked loop (S). The enhanced synchronization structure is used to estimate the fundamental positive-sequence component of grid voltages (vs1+) in distorted and asymmetric three-phase systems. DSC and SOGI working in the stationary αβ frame are used to obtain the vs1+ component, while S in a synchronous reference frame (SRF) or the d-q frame is used to obtain vs1+ pulsation and phase. The cutting frequency of the SOGI filter is selected by taking into account the capability of DSC to eliminate determinate order harmonic components. The bandwidth of S is adjusted to achieve a good relation between dynamic response and filtering capability. The SOGI filter has an adaptive structure to modify its cutting frequency when a variation in the fundamental frequency of grid voltages occurs. The performance of the proposed structure is verified through simulations and experimental cases, using a grid set of voltages that include all nonefficient voltage components (distortion, asymmetries, and negative-sequence components).
How We’re Predicting AI – or Failing to

This paper will look at the various predictions that have been made about AI and propose decomposition schemas for analyzing them. It will propose a variety of theoretical tools for analyzing, judging, and improving these predictions. Focusing specifically on timeline predictions (dates given by which we should expect the creation of AI), it will show that there are strong theoretical grounds to expect predictions to be quite poor in this area. Using a database of 95 AI timeline predictions, it will show that these expectations are born out in practice: expert predictions contradict each other considerably, and are indistinguishable from non-expert predictions and past failed predictions. Predictions that AI lie 15 to 25 years in the future are the most common, from experts and non-experts alike. Armstrong, Stuart, and Kaj Sotala. 2012. “How We’re Predicting AI—or Failing To.” In Beyond AI: Artificial Dreams, edited by Jan Romportl, Pavel Ircing, Eva Zackova, Michal Polak, and Radek Schuster, 52–75. Pilsen: University of West Bohemia. This version contains minor changes. Stuart Armstrong, Kaj Sotala
Power training improves balance in healthy older adults.

BACKGROUND
Age-related decline in muscle power may be an early indicator of balance deficits and fall risk, even in nonfrail adults. This study examined the dose-dependent effect of power training on balance performance in healthy older adults.


METHODS
One hundred twelve community-dwelling healthy older adults (69 +/- 6 years) were randomized to 8-12 weeks of power training at 20% (LOW), 50% (MED), or 80% (HIGH) of maximal strength, or a nontraining control (CON) group. Participants trained twice weekly (five exercises; three sets of eight rapid concentric/slow eccentric repetitions) using pneumatic resistance machines. Balance, muscle performance (strength, power, endurance, contraction velocity), and body composition were measured.


RESULTS
Power training significantly improved balance performance (p =.006) in participants who underwent power training compared to controls. Low intensity power training produced the greatest improvement in balance performance (p =.048). Average contraction velocity at low load (40% one repetition maximum [1RM]) at baseline independently predicted improvement in balance following training (r = -.29, p =.004).


CONCLUSIONS
Power training improves balance, particularly using a low load, high velocity regimen, in older adults with initial lower muscle power and slower contraction. Further studies are warranted to define the mechanisms underlying this adaptation, as well as the optimum power training intensity for a range of physiological and clinical outcomes in older adults with varying levels of health status and functional independence.
Band-Rejected Design of the Printed Open Slot Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Operation

The band-rejected designs of the printed open slot antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN)/worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications are investigated. First, the broadband characteristic (2.3 ~ 6uarr GHz) of open slot antenna design with small size is implemented and measured. Then, inserted a single strip on the broadband antenna is studied and investigated. By inserting a strip on the printed open slot of the broadband antenna, to reject frequency from 3.56 to 4.58 GHz, a dual-broadband design of the open slot antenna with small size is obtained for WLAN applications in the 2.4 GHz (2400-2484 MHz) and 5 GHz (5150-5825 MHz) bands. Furthermore, by inserting two strips of different length on the open slot antenna, a three-band antenna is achieved. By adjusting the dimension of two strips on open slot antenna, a three operating modal frequencies at 2.37 ~ 2.72,3.31 ~ 3.78, and 4.5 ~ 5.97 GHz for WiMAX application have been obtained. Detailed design steps and experimental results for the designs are studied and investigated in this paper.
The quality of sero-surveillance in low- and middle-income countries: status and trends through 2007

OBJECTIVE
To examine the quality of HIV sero-surveillance systems in 127 low-income and middle-income countries by 2007, as well as gaps in data needed for reliable estimates of HIV prevalence and size of populations at risk for infection.


METHODS
The quality of countries' surveillance systems was scored using information from 2001 through 2007. Sero-surveillance data were compiled from the US Census Bureau's HIV/AIDS Surveillance Database, from countries' national HIV surveillance reports available to UNAIDS, from demographic and health survey (DHS) data, from the scientific literature and from countries' Estimation and Projection Programme (EPP) data files. The quality of systems was scored according to the classification of the epidemic in each country (generalised, concentrated or low-level).


RESULT
The number of countries categorised as fully functioning in 2007 was 40. 43 countries were identified as partially functioning while 44 were categorised as poorly functioning. Low scores were most often attributed to a lack of recent data or data from appropriate risk groups.


CONCLUSION
Many countries still have poorly functioning surveillance systems. The inclusion of HIV testing in national population-based surveys in recent years has resulted in some countries with generalised epidemics receiving higher coverage scores, but many countries with concentrated or low-level epidemics continue to lack data on high-risk populations.
A Novel Axial Field Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Wind Power Generator

A novel axial field flux-switching permanent magnet (AFFSPM) machine with a doubly-salient structure is presented as a wind power generator. One rotor is sandwiched between two stators in which both windings and permanent magnets are placed. This novel generator is suitable for the wind power generation system because of its shorter axial length and higher power density. A three-phase 12/10-pole 0.6 kW AFFSPM generator is designed. The power-size equation of the machine is deduced, and the size of generator is determined. Based on the 3-D finite element method, the electromagnetic performances of the generator are investigated. According to the theoretical calculation, a prototype is manufactured and the experiments are done. The analysis results are consistent with the experimental ones well.
Elotuzumab Therapy for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND
Elotuzumab, an immunostimulatory monoclonal antibody targeting signaling lymphocytic activation molecule F7 (SLAMF7), showed activity in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in a phase 1b-2 study in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.


METHODS
In this phase 3 study, we randomly assigned patients to receive either elotuzumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone (elotuzumab group) or lenalidomide and dexamethasone alone (control group). Coprimary end points were progression-free survival and the overall response rate. Final results for the coprimary end points are reported on the basis of a planned interim analysis of progression-free survival.


RESULTS
Overall, 321 patients were assigned to the elotuzumab group and 325 to the control group. After a median follow-up of 24.5 months, the rate of progression-free survival at 1 year in the elotuzumab group was 68%, as compared with 57% in the control group; at 2 years, the rates were 41% and 27%, respectively. Median progression-free survival in the elotuzumab group was 19.4 months, versus 14.9 months in the control group (hazard ratio for progression or death in the elotuzumab group, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.57 to 0.85; P<0.001). The overall response rate in the elotuzumab group was 79%, versus 66% in the control group (P<0.001). Common grade 3 or 4 adverse events in the two groups were lymphocytopenia, neutropenia, fatigue, and pneumonia. Infusion reactions occurred in 33 patients (10%) in the elotuzumab group and were grade 1 or 2 in 29 patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received a combination of elotuzumab, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone had a significant relative reduction of 30% in the risk of disease progression or death. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and AbbVie Biotherapeutics; ELOQUENT-2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01239797.).
Efficacy and safety of a magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral water for patients with functional constipation.

BACKGROUND & AIMS
Little is known about the effects of natural mineral water on constipation in adults. We assessed the effect of a magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral water (Hépar; Nestlé Waters, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France) on gastrointestinal transit in constipated women.


METHODS
We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Hépar in outpatients with functional constipation (based on the Rome III criteria). The study included 244 female patients, age 18 to 60 years, identified by 62 general practitioners throughout France. After a washout period, subjects drank 1.5 L natural low-mineral water daily (control, n = 77), 0.5 L Hépar and 1 L natural low-mineral water daily (Hépar 0.5 group, n = 85), or 1 L Hépar and 0.5 L natural low-mineral water daily (Hépar 1 group, n = 82) for 4 weeks. We collected information on the number and types of stools, abdominal pain, rescue medications, adverse events, and volume of water consumed.


RESULTS
We observed no significant effect at week 1. At week 2, constipation was reduced in 21.1% of patients in the control group, in 30.9% in the Hépar 0.5 group (P = .099 vs controls), and in 37.5% in the Hépar 1 group (P = .013 vs controls). The Hépar 1 group also had a decreased number of hard or lumpy stools (Bristol scale, P = .030 vs baseline) and a substantial decrease in the use of rescue medication (P = .034 vs controls). Patient responses correlated with magnesium sulfate concentrations. Safety was very good; there were no serious adverse events among patients who drank Hépar.


CONCLUSIONS
In a controlled trial, daily consumption of 1 L Hépar reduced constipation and hard or lumpy stools in a greater percentage of women with functional constipation than natural low-mineral water, as early as the second week of treatment.
BCS and IEE accreditation of software engineering courses

Both the British Computer Society and the Institution of Electrical Engineers regularly visit academic departments to accredit degree courses which include software engineering. In some cases, the two bodies have visited together. This paper outlines the purposes of accreditation and the criteria applied, and suggests ways in which the traditional expertise of the two chartered bodies may complement each other.
Integrating video-capture virtual reality technology into a physically interactive learning environment for English learning

The aim of this study is to design and develop a Physically Interactive Learning Environment, the PILE system, by integrating video-capture virtual reality technology into a classroom. The system is designed for elementary school level English classes where students can interact with the system through physical movements. The system is designed to be easily established with a minimal amount of equipments that includes a personal computer, a webcam, and a projector. The learning activities comprise six stages, holding specific tasks and learning objectives. Each stage is designed with a distinct device. These devices, including a conical cap, a pistol, a searchlight, a magnet, and a spray paint can, are designed to improve the accuracy of detection as well as to increase student enjoyment during the learning process. Furthermore, the system consists of five functional modules, such as providing an interface for teachers to incorporate appropriate learning materials according to their specific teaching requirements. An empirical study is conducted to examine the effects of the use of the PILE system by comparing two different types of English learningmethodswith 60 second-grade students from two classes at an elementary school in Taiwan. Four different tests are used to assess the different aspects of the system: an English learning achievement test, a questionnaire assessing students’ learning motivation, a Short Feedback Questionnaire (SFQ), and a teacher interview. The results of students’ English learning achievement tests show that there was a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest in the experimental group, as well as between the two groups in the delayed test. These results demonstrate that the systemhad a significantly beneficial effect on students’ long-term learning. The results from the questionnaires on students’ learning motivation and the SFQ reveal that the system enhanced the students’ learning motivation. The results gained from the teacher’s interview illustrate that the teacher believed this system was beneficial in assisting English learning. All findings collectively demonstrate that the proposed PILE system effectively assist English learning in a classroom environment. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effect of soft tissue properties on spinal flexibility in scoliosis: biomechanical simulation of fulcrum bending.

STUDY DESIGN
Biomechanical analysis of the scoliotic thoracolumbar spine and ribcage using a three-dimensional finite element model.


OBJECTIVE
To explore how the mechanical properties of spinal ligaments and intervertebral discs affect coronal curve flexibility in the fulcrum bending test.


SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA
Preoperative coronal curve flexibility assessment is of key importance in the surgical planning process for scoliosis correction. The fulcrum bending radiograph is one flexibility assessment technique which has been shown to be highly predictive of potential curve correction using posterior surgery; however, little is known about the extent to which soft tissue structures govern spinal flexibility.


METHODS
CT-derived spinal anatomy for a 14-year-old female adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patient was used to develop the three-dimensional finite element model. Physiologic loading conditions representing the gravitational body weight forces acting on the spine when the patient lies on their side over the fulcrum bolster were simulated. Initial mechanical properties for the spinal soft tissues were derived from existing literature. In 6 separate analyses, the disc collagen fiber and ligament stiffness values were reduced by 10%, 25%, and 40% respectively, and the effects of reduced tissue stiffness on fulcrum flexibility were assessed by comparison with the initial model. Finally, the effect of discectomy on fulcrum flexibility was simulated for thoracic levels T5-T12.


RESULTS
Reducing disc collagen fiber stiffness resulted in a greater change in segmental rotations in the fulcrum bending test than reducing ligament stiffness. However, reductions of up to 40% in disc collagen fiber stiffness and ligament stiffness produced no clinically measurable increase in fulcrum flexibility. By contrast, after removal of the discs, the simulated fulcrum flexibility increased by more than 80% compared with the initial case.


CONCLUSION
Homogeneous reduction in either the disc collagen fiber or ligament stiffness had minimal influence on scoliotic curve reducibility. However, discectomy simulation shows that the intervertebral discs are of critical importance in determining spinal flexibility.
The Mockingbird System: A Compiler-based Approach to Maximally Interoperable Distributed Programming

This report has been submitted for publication outside of IBM and will probably be copyrighted if accepted for publication. It has been issued as a Research Report for early dissemination of its contents. In view of the transfer of copyright to the outside publisher, its distribution outside of IBM prior to publication should be limited to peer communications and specific requests. After outside publication, requests should be filled only by reprints or legally obtained copies of the article (e.g., payment of royalties).
Interobserver and Intraobserver Reliability of the Rome II Criteria in Children

BACKGROUND:Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common in children. It has been suggested that the diagnosis of these conditions should be based on the “pediatric Rome II” criteria. The interobserver reliability for the DSM-IV, another symptom-based criteria is considered almost perfect in multiple studies. There are no studies assessing the reliability of the Rome II criteria in children.OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the reliability of the pediatric Rome II criteria.METHODS:Interobserver reliability—Ten pediatric gastroenterologists and 10 fellows in pediatric gastroenterology were provided with 20 clinical vignettes, the Rome II criteria, and a list of 15 possible diagnoses. Each of the raters was instructed to select one or more diagnoses for each vignette. Intraobserver reliability—The specialists were provided with the same set of vignettes 4 months later.RESULTS:Average percentage of agreement coefficient: 45% (specialists), 47% (fellows). In order to correct for possible agreement by chance, we calculated the kappa coefficient, a measure of pairwise agreement corrected for chance. Specialists: k = 0.37 (p < 0.0001), trainees: k = 0.41, (p < 0.0001). Physicians with a special interest in functional gastrointestinal disorders (k = 0.37, p < 0.0001), and other specialists (k = 0.38, p < 0.0001). Analysis of data in pain and constipation diagnosis subgroups revealed even lower kappa (constipation: k = 0.2, p < 0.0001; pain: k = 0.3, p < 0.0001). Intraobserver agreement: k = 0.63 (p < 0.0001).CONCLUSION:The interobserver reliability of the Rome II criteria among pediatric gastroenterologists and fellows is low. Further validation of the criteria is necessary.
Effect of ascertainment and genetic features on the phenotype of Klinefelter syndrome.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) phenotype during childhood in a large cohort.


STUDY DESIGN
Clinical assessment, measurement of hormonal indices of testicular function, and parent of origin of extra X chromosome were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 55 boys with KS, aged 2.0 to 14.6 years, at an outpatient center.


RESULTS
Mean height and body mass index SD scores (SDS +/- SD) were 0.9 +/- 1.3 and 0.4 +/- 1.4, respectively. Mean penile length and testicular volume SDS were -0.5 +/- 0.9 and -0.9 +/- 1.4. Testosterone levels were in the lowest quartile of normal in 66% of the cohort. Other features included clinodactyly (74%), hypertelorism (69%), elbow dysplasia (36%), high-arched palate (37%), hypotonia (76%), and requirement for speech therapy (69%). Features were similar in boys in whom the diagnosis was made prenatally versus boys in whom the diagnosis was made postnatally. There was no evidence for a phenotypic effect of parent of origin of the extra X chromosome.


CONCLUSIONS
Boys with KS commonly have reduced penile length and small testes in childhood. The phenotype in boys with KS does not differ according to ascertainment or origin of the extra X chromosome. Boys with KS may be identified before puberty by tall stature, relatively decreased penile length, clinodactyly, hypotonia, and requirement for speech therapy.