LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Trial of brief intermittent neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenia outpatients: Clinical and social outcome at 2 years

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate a novel approach to the prophylaxis of schizophrenic relapse characterised by administration of brief courses of neuroleptic for the earliest non-psychotic signs of relapse (prodromal symptoms).


DESIGN
Two year follow up of subjects randomised, double blind, to receive either active (control group) or placebo (intermittent group) depot neuroleptic medication. Both groups received brief courses of oral neuroleptic when prodromal symptoms or relapse occurred.


SETTING
Psychiatric outpatient department, Charing Cross Hospital, London.


SUBJECTS
54 Stable patients in remission who met the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia on the basis of case notes.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Survival without relapse, survival without hospitalisation, point prevalence of extrapyramidal side effects and tardive dyskinesia, structured assessment of social functioning (social adjustment scale II), and frequency of prodromal symptoms.


RESULTS
Of 19 relapses recorded over two years, 10 (53%) were preceded by non-psychotic prodromal signs. Survival rates for both relapse and hospitalisation were worse with intermittent treatment than continuous treatment over the two year follow up: 92% of controls and only 54% of patients given intermittent treatment survived the two year period without hospitalisation. Prolonged or frequent relapses as well as episodes of prodromal symptoms were more frequent with intermittent treatment. Lower scores for extrapyramidal side effects were recorded in the intermittent treatment group, but periodic assessments of social functioning failed to show any social advantages from this.


CONCLUSION
The findings are at variance with a previous report of one year follow up in this cohort and attest to the superiority of continuous depot neuroleptic prophylaxis in preventing both psychotic and neurotic or dysphoric morbidity in schizophrenia.
Petrology of Late Precambrian-Cambrian Quartzose Sandstones in the Eastern Mojave Desert, Southeastern California

ABSTRACT Petrographic and radiographic analyses were conducted on oriented samples of Late Precambrian-Cambrian quartzose sandstones collected from five cratonal and five miogeoclinal stratigraphic sections in the eastern Mojave Desert, southeastern California. Twelve petrographic variables were measured in each of 494 samples. Cratonal sandstones are dominantly subarkose, whereas miogeoclinal sandstones are subarkose and quartzarenite in almost equal proportions. Sediments were derived chiefly from granitic rocks, gneiss, and schist as well as older sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. The cratonal source areas were to the east and southeast. Samples collected from six northern sections within the Cordilleran frontal thrust belt have a higher content of undulatory quartz and silica cement and are partially recrystallized when compared with samples from four southern sections. Polynomial time-trend analysis showed considerable variation in mineral composition with thickness at each stratigraphic section. Areal variation of total quartz was estimated from analysis of variance models. The difference was not highly significant for the Stirling Quartzite. Depositional history was inferred for each formation on the basis of petrography, clasticity and sedimentary structures. The Johnnie Formation fines upward, which suggests a marine transgression or change from open to partially restricted shelf environments. The Stirling Quartzite coarsens upward and consists largely of prograding mature shelf sands or deposits of migrating bars and barrier beaches. The Wood Canyon Formation is dominantly subtidal with local evidence for intertidal deposition.
Computer Security, Part 2

This issue is the second of two Annals special issues extending from the National Science Foundation's Computer Security History Workshop, which gathered historians and pioneers at the Charles Babbage Institute in July 2014. It markedly advances scholarship on many different critical aspects of computer security history.
FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities

FLUXNET is a global network of micrometeorological flux measurement sites that measure the exchanges of car­ bon dioxide, water vapor, and energy between the biosphere and atmosphere. At present over 140 sites are operating on a long-term and continuous basis. Vegetation under study includes temperate conifer and broadleaved (deciduous and evergreen) forests, tropical and boreal forests, crops, grasslands, chaparral, wetlands, and tundra. Sites exist on five con­ tinents and their latitudinal distribution ranges from 70°N to 30°S. FLUXNET has several primary functions. First, it provides infrastructure for compiling, archiving, and distributing carbon, water, and energy flux measurement, and meteorological, plant, and soil data to the science community. (Data and site information are available online at the FLUXNET Web site, http://www-eosdis.oml.gov/FLUXNET/.) Second, the project supports calibration and flux intercomparison activities. This activity ensures that data from the regional networks are intercomparable. And third, FLUXNET supports the synthesis, discussion, and communication of ideas and data by supporting project scientists, workshops, and visiting scientists. The overarching goal is to provide infor­ mation for validating computations of net primary productivity, evaporation, and energy absorption that are being generated by sensors mounted on the NASA Terra satellite. Data being compiled by FLUXNET are being used to quantify and compare magnitudes and dynamics of annual ecosystem carbon and water balances, to quantify the response of stand-scale carbon dioxide and water vapor flux densities to controlling biotic and abiotic factors, and to validate a hierarchy of soil-plant-atmosphere trace gas ex­ change models. Findings so far include 1) net CO  ̂ exchange of temperate broadleaved forests increases by about 5.7 g C m“̂ day^ for each additional day that the growing season is extended; 2) the sensitivity of net ecosystem CO  ̂ exchange to sunlight doubles if the sky is cloudy rather than clear; 3) the spectrum of CO  ̂flux density exhibits peaks at timescales of days, weeks, and years, and a spectral gap exists at the month timescale; 4) the optimal temperature of net CO  ̂exchange varies with mean summer temperature; and 5) stand age affects carbon dioxide and water vapor flux densities. ^ESPM, University o f California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California. *^Pflanzenokologie, Universitat Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Environm ental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Power-optimized waveforms for improving the range and reliability of RFID systems

A major limitation in passive radio frequency identification (RFID) is the read range from the reader to tag, which is limited by the power available to the radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC). The power-optimized waveform (POW) is a new type of multiple-tone carrier and modulation scheme that is designed to improve the read range and power efficiency of charge pump-based passive RFICs. This paper presents the POW concept, an estimation of effects on existing class 1 generation 2 RFID systems, several example POWs, simulation results, and measurement results of read range gains using a POW.
Tacit Knowledge and Knowledge Management : The Keys to Sustainable Competitive Advantage

B competitive advantage is increasingly found in knowing how to do things, rather than in having special access to resources and markets, knowledge and intellectual capital have become both the primary bases of core competencies and the key to superior performance. This article explores how companies can best grow their knowledge resources to create not simply competitive advantage, but sustainable competitive advantage. In recent years, the development of “hypercompetition” and shortened product lifecycles have reduced the degree to which much special knowledge can provide companies with sustained competitive advantage. Shrinking logistical and communication costs, along with new organizational designs, have enabled multinational corporations (MNCs) to function as truly global companies, rather than as conglomerations of national ones. Global companies introduce their newest products worldwide and effectively share knowledge across country units. Fueling hypercompetition, many industries now have several MNCs competing against each other on a worldwide basis, rather than a few local companies and only one MNC competing in each market. New product innovation has become the key to competing successfully. MNCs use their deep pockets to fund research and development (R&D), and they reverse engineer each other’s products and turn to consultants to learn about best practices in their industry. Companies develop or acquire new knowledge so rapidly that having special knowledge is no longer a basis for sustainable competitive advantage. To provide sustained competitive advantage, one needs knowledge that is difficult for outsiders to copy as well as the ability to rapidly develop new knowledge. In a graphic demonstration of the transient value of much knowledge, Michael Tushman began his courses at Columbia Business School by asking what the following list of products had in common: watches, cars, cameras, color TVs, hand tools, radial tires, industrial robots, machine tools, electric motors, financial services, food processors, microwave ovens, stereo equipment, athletic equipment, computer chips, optical equipment, medical equipment, and consulting services. The answer: each of these industries was initially dominated by a company with specialized knowledge, but that company rapidly lost its lead as other companies acquired the knowledge required to compete. Also illustrating the situation, fewer than 40% of the Fortune 500 companies of 1970 still existed in their original form by 1991. In today’s environment, much of the Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 164–178, 2001 ISSN 0090-2616/01/$–see frontmatter © 2001 Elsevier Science, Inc. PII S0090-2616(01)00026-2
Breast cancer in Iran: need for greater women awareness of warning signs and effective screening methods

BACKGROUND
Breast cancer remains an important public health problem. This study aimed to investigate about female knowledge of breast cancer and self-reported practice of breast self-examination in Iran.


METHODS
This was a population-based survey carried out in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire containing 15 questions on demographic status, history of personal and family breast problems, subjective knowledge about breast cancer covering its symptoms, the screening methods and practice of breast self-examination (BSE). A trained female nurse interviewed each respondent. Analysis included descriptive statistics and the Chi-squared test where necessary.


RESULTS
A total of 1402 women were interviewed. The mean age of respondents was 43.4 (SD = 14.4) years; most were married (85%), and without any personal (94%) and family history (90%) of breast problems. It was found that 64% of the respondents were familiar with breast cancer and 61% (n = 851) believed that 'the disease is relatively common among women in Iran'. Most women (44%) perceived a painless mass as a breast cancer symptom. Overall, 61% of the respondents stated that they knew about breast cancer screening programs and most indicated that electronic media (television 34% and radio 14%) were their source of information. Only 17% of women said that 'they were conducting regular breast self-examination'. The main reason for women not doing breast self-examination was due to the fact that they did not know how to do it (64%). The findings indicated that performing breast self-examination is significantly related to: age, marital status, education, knowledge of breast cancer and knowledge about breast cancer screening programs (p < 0.05), but not to personal (P = 0.2) and family (P = 0.7) history of breast problems.


CONCLUSION
This descriptive study provides useful information that could be utilized by both researchers and those involved in public health programmes. The findings indicated that the women awareness of breast cancer warning signs (painless lump, retraction of nipple, and bloody discharge) and effective screening methods i.e. clinical examination, and mammography were very inadequate. Thus, health education programmes to rectify the lack of women awareness is urgently needed. Indeed the focus of primary health care providers should be to raise awareness about breast care among women and to encourage them to report any unusual changes in their breasts to their family or care physicians.
Caffeine modifies blood glucose availability during prolonged low-intensity exercise in individuals with type-2 diabetes 

OBJECTIVE
The study investigated the effect of supplementation with maltodextrin (CHO) alone or associated to caffeine during exercise in T2DM subjects.


METHODS
Pilot study, using eight subjects with T2DM, aged 55±10 years, received CHO (1 g/kg) or caffeine (1.5 mg/kg) alone or associated before exercise protocol. The exercise was executed at 40% heart rate (HR) reserve for 40 min, with 10-min recovery. Blood pressure (BP) and perceived exertion scale (Borg) were checked every 2 min. Blood glucose (BG) was checked every 10 min. For statistical analysis, ANOVA test was used and the value was considered statistically significant at p <0.05.


RESULTS
The results showed that BP and HR did not change significantly among all treatments. Caffeine promoted a significant reduction in BG of 75 mg/dL (65%, p <0.05) during 40 min of exercise protocol compared to all groups.


CONCLUSION
Supplementation with 1.5 mg/kg of caffeine reduces BG concentration during prolonged exercise in T2DM patients.
Quantifying the effect of crop spatial arrangement on weed suppression using functional-structural plant modelling

Suppression of weed growth in a crop canopy can be enhanced by improving crop competitiveness. One way to achieve this is by modifying the crop planting pattern. In this study, we addressed the question to what extent a uniform planting pattern increases the ability of a crop to compete with weed plants for light compared to a random and a row planting pattern, and how this ability relates to crop and weed plant density as well as the relative time of emergence of the weed. To this end, we adopted the functional-structural plant modelling approach which allowed us to explicitly include the 3D spatial configuration of the crop-weed canopy and to simulate intra- and interspecific competition between individual plants for light. Based on results of simulated leaf area development, canopy photosynthesis and biomass growth of the crop, we conclude that differences between planting pattern were small, particularly if compared to the effects of relative time of emergence of the weed, weed density and crop density. Nevertheless, analysis of simulated weed biomass demonstrated that a uniform planting of the crop improved the weed-suppression ability of the crop canopy. Differences in weed suppressiveness between planting patterns were largest with weed emergence before crop emergence, when the suppressive effect of the crop was only marginal. With simultaneous emergence a uniform planting pattern was 8 and 15 % more competitive than a row and a random planting pattern, respectively. When weed emergence occurred after crop emergence, differences between crop planting patterns further decreased as crop canopy closure was reached early on regardless of planting pattern. We furthermore conclude that our modelling approach provides promising avenues to further explore crop-weed interactions and aid in the design of crop management strategies that aim at improving crop competitiveness with weeds.
[Recent data on the distribution of the Greek Cypriot population: the census of 1982].


 The results of the 1982 census of Cyprus, covering the Greek Cypriot-controlled part of the island, are presented. The author notes that of the total population of 512,000, 39 percent are refugees from the Turkish-controlled part of Cyprus. The extent of urbanization in Cyprus is described. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Deep learning with word embeddings improves biomedical named entity recognition

Motivation
Text mining has become an important tool for biomedical research. The most fundamental text-mining task is the recognition of biomedical named entities (NER), such as genes, chemicals and diseases. Current NER methods rely on pre-defined features which try to capture the specific surface properties of entity types, properties of the typical local context, background knowledge, and linguistic information. State-of-the-art tools are entity-specific, as dictionaries and empirically optimal feature sets differ between entity types, which makes their development costly. Furthermore, features are often optimized for a specific gold standard corpus, which makes extrapolation of quality measures difficult.


Results
We show that a completely generic method based on deep learning and statistical word embeddings [called long short-term memory network-conditional random field (LSTM-CRF)] outperforms state-of-the-art entity-specific NER tools, and often by a large margin. To this end, we compared the performance of LSTM-CRF on 33 data sets covering five different entity classes with that of best-of-class NER tools and an entity-agnostic CRF implementation. On average, F1-score of LSTM-CRF is 5% above that of the baselines, mostly due to a sharp increase in recall.


Availability and implementation
The source code for LSTM-CRF is available at https://github.com/glample/tagger and the links to the corpora are available at https://corposaurus.github.io/corpora/ .


Contact
habibima@informatik.hu-berlin.de.
The Effect of Weight Loss on Indigenous Australians with Diabetes: a study of Feasibility, Acceptability and Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Diabetes and obesity are common and serious health challenges for indigenous people worldwide. The feasibility of achieving substantial weight loss, leading to remission of diabetes, was evaluated in a regional indigenous Australian community.


SUBJECTS/METHODS
A prospective cohort study of 30 obese indigenous adults from the Rumbalara Aboriginal Co-operative in Central Victoria was performed. Inclusion criteria included aboriginality, BMI > 30 kg/m(2) and diabetes diagnosed within the last 10 years. Weight loss was achieved using laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). Participants were treated in their community and followed for 2 years. Outcomes were compared with those of non-indigenous Australians from an earlier randomized controlled trial (RCT) using a similar protocol.


RESULTS
30 participants (26 females, mean age 44.6 years; mean BMI 44.3) had LAGB at the regional hospital. Twenty-six participants completed diabetes assessment at 2 years follow-up. They showed diabetes remission (fasting blood glucose < 7.0 mmol/L and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) < 6.2 % while off all therapy except metformin) in 20 of the 26 and a mean weight loss (SD) of 26.0 (14) kilograms. Based on intention-to-treat, remission rate was 66 %. Quality of life improved. There was one early event and 12 late adverse events. The outcomes for weight loss and diabetes remission were not different from the LAGB group of the RCT.


CONCLUSIONS
For obese indigenous people with diabetes, a regionalized model of care centred on the LAGB is an effective approach to a serious health problem. The model proved feasible and acceptable to the indigenous people.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN 12609000319279).
Sustained cardiovascular actions of APJ agonism during renin-angiotensin system activation and in patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUND
To assess cardiovascular actions of APJ agonism during prolonged (Pyr(1))apelin-13 infusion and renin-angiotensin system activation.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Forty-eight volunteers and 12 patients with chronic stable heart failure attended a series of randomized placebo-controlled studies. Forearm blood flow, cardiac index, left ventricular dimensions, and mean arterial pressure were measured using bilateral venous occlusion plethysmography, bioimpedance cardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and sphygmomanometry, respectively, during brief local (0.3-3.0 nmol/min) and systemic (30-300 nmol/min) or prolonged systemic (30 nmol/min) (Pyr(1))apelin-13 infusions in the presence or absence of renin-angiotensin system activation with sodium depletion or angiotensin II coinfusion. During sodium depletion and angiotensin II coinfusion, (Pyr(1))apelin-13-induced vasodilatation was preserved (P<0.02 for both). Systemic intravenous (Pyr(1))apelin-13 infusion increased cardiac index, whereas reducing mean arterial pressure and peripheral vascular resistance index (P<0.001 for all) irrespective of sodium depletion or angiotensin II (0.5 ng/kg per minute) coinfusion (P>0.05 for all). Prolonged 6-hour (Pyr(1))apelin-13 infusion caused a sustained increase in cardiac index with increased left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with chronic heart failure (ANOVA; P<0.001 for all).


CONCLUSIONS
APJ agonism has sustained cardiovascular effects that are preserved in the presence of renin-angiotensin system activation or heart failure. APJ agonism may hold major promise to complement current optimal medical therapy in patients with chronic heart failure.


CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifiers: NCT00901719, NCT00901888, NCT01049646, NCT01179061.
Access to Justice as a Form of Inequality

The article discusses three approaches to the issue of access to justice: the neoclassical economic theory, critical sociology, and the concept of power triad. Economic approaches highlight the most visible aspect of the problem: namely, inflated legal fees. Critical sociology focuses on the symbolic power of labeling. The concept of power triad serves to explain the problematic access to justice in terms of a particular technique of domination — access control.
Solving the Fundamental Problem of Digital Design - A Systematic Review of Design Methods

During the last decade various asynchronous circuit structures and design methods have been proposed that seem to be quite different. In essence, however, all these methods contribute to solving the same fundamental design problem in one way or another. In this paper we use a simple communication model to figure out what this fundamental design problem actually is and to highlight its roots. We show how each of the related sub-problems can be conceptually solved in the time domain and in the information domain. Having this model in mind we finally develop a common framework to classify the most popular asynchronous design methods and figure out which sub-problem they actually solve and in which respect they differ from each other