LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Persistent high risk HPV infection associated with development of cervical neoplasia in a prospective population study.

AIMS
To monitor the association between the course of high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and the development of cervical neoplasia over time, from a baseline of normal cervical cytology.


METHODS
This paper presents the follow up data from a previous cross sectional analysis. Women from a screening population who had normal cytology and who were HR-HPV positive were recalled after two to three years for cytology and HPV genotyping. The development of cervical neoplasia at follow up was related to the course of HPV infection (clearance, persistence, or sequential infection) and the presence of single or multiple HPV infections at baseline. A comparator control group of women who were HPV and cytologically negative at baseline were selected from the same population.


RESULTS
Twelve cases of dyskaryosis were found in women who were HPV positive at baseline; four were high grade. Only three cases of low grade dyskaryosis were found in the control group. Women with type specific persistent infections were significantly more likely to develop cervical neoplasia than women who cleared the infection (p = 0.0001) or were sequentially infected with different types (p = 0.001). Women with multiple HPV infections at baseline were no more likely to develop cervical dyskaryosis than those with a single infection.


CONCLUSIONS
Type specific persistent HR-HPV infection as monitored by genotyping can identify women at increased risk of cervical neoplasia more accurately than a single or repeated presence/absence HPV test. The cost effectiveness of such an approach should be investigated by an appropriate, large scale cost-benefit analysis.
Salicylate intolerance: pathophysiology, clinical spectrum, diagnosis and treatment.

INTRODUCTION
Acetylic salicylic acid (aspirin) intolerance relates to altered generation and metabolism of arachidonic acid and eicosanoids, and prostaglandins and leukotrienes ingestion of salicylates or COX-inhibitors.


METHODS
Selective review of literature in PubMed and the Cochrane Library.


RESULTS
Rhinitis, asthma and nasal polyposis are typical presentations, but urticaria and gut inflammation are also described. The mechanism involves a specific reaction to COX inhibitor substances in analgesics, cosmetics or plants resulting in an abnormal pattern of eicosanoids (prostaglandins and leucotrienes). The diagnosis is based on symptoms occurring immediately following ingestion of these substances or on refractory polyp formation. Blood tests may be helpful in unclear cases. Avoidance of triggering agents is helpful. Corticosteroids are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment. Biological, desensitization treatment involving the administration of increasing amounts of acetylic salicylic acid may also be used.


DISCUSSION
Asthma, rhinitis and nasal polyps, as well as chronic gastrointestinal irritation and urticaria following acetylic salicylic acid ingestion may suggest intolerance.
Cortical and subcortical contributions to the representation of temporal information

Converging evidence suggests that temporal representations of brief durations are derived subcortically. We tested split-brain patient JW in order to investigate whether these representations project bilaterally or unilaterally to cortex. Using visual stimuli to signal time intervals, JW was asked to compare the duration of a pair of standard stimuli that were presented bilaterally with a comparison stimulus that was presented to either the left or right visual field. Assuming the hand of response is controlled by the contralateral cerebral hemisphere, a hand by visual field interaction was predicted if the representation of stimulus duration was restricted to the cerebral hemisphere receiving the lateralized stimulus. However, we failed to observe this interaction for two different ranges of stimulus durations, both in the hundred (Experiment 2) to hundreds (Experiment 1) of milliseconds range. Instead, there was a consistent right hemisphere advantage in task performance. When the task then required a discrimination based on the physical size of the stimuli rather than their duration, an interaction between response hand and visual field was obtained (Experiment 3). Taken together, these results suggest that (1) even though the comparison stimulus was presented unilaterally, the representation of its duration was available to both cerebral hemispheres, and (2) a right hemisphere advantage in psychophysical tasks requiring the comparison of successive stimuli is observed for temporal and non-temporal judgments.
Dermoscopy of cutaneous sarcoidosis.

BACKGROUND
The clinical variability of cutaneous sarcoidosis (CS) often makes its correct diagnosis challenging. Although traditionally employed for the diagnosis of skin tumors, during the past years dermoscopy also gained increasing interest as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious skin manifestations in general dermatology.


OBJECTIVE
Our purpose was to evaluate the usefulness of dermoscopy in the differential diagnosis of CS.


METHODS
This was a retrospective analysis of 7 clinical and dermoscopic images of CS that were collected at dermatology clinics in France and Italy between 2005 and 2009.


RESULTS
Retrospective dermoscopic evaluation revealed small grouped, translucent orange globular structures associated with linear vessels of variable diameter in all 7 cases. In 5 cases, additional central scar-like areas were seen.


CONCLUSION
Lesions showing dermoscopically translucent yellow to orange globular-like or structureless areas associated with linear vessels should raise the suspicion of a granulomatous skin disease, including CS.
Address Oblivious Code Reuse: On the Effectiveness of Leakage Resilient Diversity

Memory corruption vulnerabilities not only allow modification of control data and injection of malicious payloads; they also allow adversaries to reconnoiter a diversified program, customize a payload, and ultimately bypass code randomization defenses. In response, researchers have proposed and built various leakage-resilient defenses against code reuse. Leakage-resilient defenses use memory protection techniques to prevent adversaries from directly reading code as well as pointer indirection or encryption techniques to decouple code pointers from the randomized code layout, avoiding indirect leakage. In this paper, we show that although current code pointer protections do prevent leakage per se, they are fundamentally unable to stop code reuse. Specifically, we demonstrate a new class of attacks we call address-oblivious code reuse that bypasses state-of-the-art leakage-resilience techniques by profiling and reusing protected code pointers, without leaking the code layout. We show that an attacker can accurately identify protected code pointers of interest and mount code-reuse attacks at the abstraction level of pointers without requiring any knowledge of code addresses. We analyze the prevalence of opportunities for such attacks in popular code bases and build three real-world exploits against Nginx and Apache to demonstrate their practicality. We analyze recently proposed leakage resilient defenses and show that they are vulnerable to address oblivious code reuse. Our findings indicate that because of the prevalence of code pointers in realistic programs and the fundamental need to expose them to “read” operations (even indirectly), diversity defenses face a fundamental design challenge in mitigating such attacks. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution
Development and psychometric testing of a short version of the Barriers Questionnaire-Taiwan form for cancer patients.

BACKGROUND
A comprehensive assessment of patient hesitancy to use analgesics and accurate knowledge related to the promotion of analgesic adherence is necessary for effective pain management. Unfortunately, there has been a lack of a short and concise questionnaire to assess patients' hesitancy to use analgesics in clinical practice.


OBJECTIVE
This paper is a report of the development and psychometric properties of the short version of the Barriers Questionnaire-Taiwan form (S-BQT).


DESIGN
This study employed a descriptive design.


SETTING
A convenience sample was recruited from oncology clinics at two medical centers in Taiwan.


PARTICIPANTS
One hundred and eighty-three (N=183) patients receiving analgesics for cancer pain participated in the study.


METHODS
Instruments included the Barriers Questionnaire-Taiwan form (BQT), the Taiwanese version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Measure-Taiwan form (MMAM-T). Two self-administered questionnaires were performed at the same time, and the ratio of analgesic usage was computed over a two-week period. Reliability was established by calculating Cronbach's α and test-retest reliability. The validity was estimated by construct validity, criterion-related validity, and known group validity.


RESULTS
To develop the S-BQT, we used reliability analysis to extract nine items from nine subscales. Internal consistency of the S-BQT was indicated by a Cronbach's alphas score of 0.86. Test-retest reliability was assessed as 0.83 over a two-week interval. Factor analysis revealed two factor structures. Criterion-related validity was examined by correlating the S-BQT score, and MMAM-T score, and the ratio of analgesic use. Known group validity was examined by comparing the S-BQT scores of patients with hesitancy to report pain and take analgesics vs. patients demonstrating no such hesitancy in the previous week. Known group validity was also established by comparing the S-BQT scores among patients with low, moderate, and high adherence to the usage of medication.


CONCLUSIONS
The S-BQT shows excellent reliability and validity. The use of this instrument can help to improve communication between patients and clinicians regarding the use of analgesics in the management of pain.
Sleep and reported daytime sleepiness in normal subjects: the Sleep Heart Health Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES
To describe the distribution of nocturnal sleep characteristics and reports of daytime sleepiness in a large well-defined group of healthy adults.


DESIGN
The Sleep Heart Health Study is a multicenter study examining sleep and cardiopulmonary parameters through nocturnal polysomnography in adults enrolled in geographically distinct cardiovascular cohorts.


SETTING
Community setting.


PARTICIPANTS
470 subjects enrolled in the Sleep Heart Health Study (n = 6440) were selected as a 'normative' group based on screening of health conditions and daily habits that could interfere with sleep.


MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
Home-based nocturnal polysomnography was obtained on all participants and centrally scored for sleep and respiratory parameters. Demographic and health-related data were obtained and updated at the time of the home visit. Sleep efficiency decreased by 1.6% for each 10 years of increased age. Sleep time decreased by 0.1 hours (6.0 minutes) for each 10-year age increase and was longer in women. The arousal index increased by 0.8 for each 10-year increase in age and was lower by 1.4 in women. Women had a lower mean percentage of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep. Mean percentage of slow-wave sleep was higher in women (by 6.7%). Percentage of slow-wave sleep decreased with increased age for men only (by 1.9% for each 10-year age change).


CONCLUSIONS
Data suggest a clear lessening in the quantity and quality of sleep with age that appears to be more rapid in males compared to females.
A Study of Semantic Proximity between Archetype Terms Based on SNOMED CT Relationships

The OpenEHR archetypes have been suggested as a standard for detailing data models of electronic healthcare records, as a means of achieving interoperability between clinical systems. But, mapping terms of these clinical data models to a terminology system, such as SNOMED CT, is a crucial step to provide the required interoperability. Through this study, we aim to understand better how archetype clinical information is semantically related using SNOMED CT relationships as a reference. For this purpose, we developed an automated approach to bind archetype terms to the SNOMED CT terminology. Our method revealed a high degree of semantic similarity between the terms modeled in the archetypes and the hierarchical and logical relationships covered by SNOMED CT. It has been detected that more than 75% of the archetype terms are semantically related to other terms of the same archetype. Taking this into account, our approach applies a combination of terminological relationships-based techniques with lexical and linguistic resources. A set of 25 clinical archetypes with 477 bound terms was used to test the method. Of these, 378 terms (79%) were linked with 96% precision, 76% recall. Our approach has proven to take advantage of the SNOMED CT relationship structure, increasing the total recall by 10%. Therefore, this work shows that it is possible to automatically map archetype terms to a standard terminology with a high precision and recall, with the help of appropriate contextual and semantic information of both models.
State-of-the-art two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: a key tool of proteomics research

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) is the most popular and versatile method of protein separation among a rapidly growing array of proteomics technologies. Based on two distinct procedures, it combines isoelectric focusing (IEF), which separates proteins according to their isoelectric point (pI), and SDS-PAGE, which separates them further according to their molecular mass. At present, 2D-PAGE is capable of simultaneously detecting and quantifying up to several thousand protein spots in the same gel image. Here we provide comprehensive step-by-step instructions for the application of a standardized 2D-PAGE protocol to a sample of human plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The method can be easily adapted to any type of sample. This four-day protocol provides detailed information on how to apply complex biological fluids to an immobilized dry strip gel, cast home-made gradient acrylamide gels, run the gels, and perform standard staining methods. A troubleshooting guide is also included.NOTE:The version of this article initially published online contained the following errors in the REAGENT SETUP section on p. 814: Under “Strip reswelling buffer”, “0.0375 g of DTE” should be “0.0385 g of DTE”. Under “Iso Buffer”, “5.4 g of urea” should be “4.8 g of urea”. Under “Electrophoresis buffer, upper tank”, “18 g of Tris” should be “9.09 g of Tris” and “86.4 g of glycine” should be “44.6 g of glycine”. Under “Electrophoresis buffer, lower tank”, “90 g of Tris” should be “45.45 g of Tris” and “432 g of glycine” should be “222.9 g of glycine”. Under “Agarose sealing solution”, “5%” should be “0.5%”. Under “Sensitizer solution”, “68.4 g of sodium acetate” should be “68.04 g of sodium acetate trihydrate”. Under “Ammoniacal silver nitrate solution”, “Silver nitrate” should be “47 mM silver nitrate”; “10 N sodium hydroxide” should be “0.02 N sodium hydroxide”; and “25% ammonium hydroxide (27% pure, Merck)” should be 0.33% ammonium hydroxide (25% pure, Merck)”. The sentence “Add 6 g of silver nitrate dissolved in dH2O to 30ml slowly into a solution containing 160 ml of dH2O, 10 ml of concentrated ammonia (25%) and 1.5 ml of 10 N sodium hydroxide” should read “Dissolve 6 g of silver nitrate in dH2O to 30 ml, then add slowly into a solution containing 160 ml of dH2O, 10 ml of 25% ammonium hydroxide and 1.5 ml of 10 N sodium hydroxide.” In Table 1 (p. 816), “Up to 100,000 kVh” should be “100kVh”. These errors have been corrected in all versions of the article.
One-Handed Touch Typing on a QWERTY keyboard

"Half-QWERTY" is a new, one-handed typing technique designed to facilitate the transfer of two-handed touch-typing skill to the one-handed condition. It is performed on a standard keyboard with modified software or on a special half-keyboard with full-size keys. In an experiment using touch typists, hunt-and-peck typing speeds were surpassed after 3 to 4 hr of practice. Subjects reached 50oh of their two-handed typing speed after about 8 hr. After 10 hr, all subjects typed between 41%) and 73O/n of their two-handed speed, ranging from 23.8 to 42.8 words Edgar Matias is a student at the University of Toronto, a member of the Input Research Group in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto, and President of The Matias Corporation. I. Scott MacKenzie is a computer scientist whose interests include performance measurement, prediction, and modeling for human-computer interaction; he is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computing and Information Science at the University of Guelph. William Buxton is a computer scientist with an interest in the human aspects of technology, input to computer systems, and collaborative work at a distance; he is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto and Director of Interaction Research for Alias Research, Toronto. 2 MATIAS, MAcKENZIE, BUXTON
The Productivity Paradox of Information Technology

service sector, seems to have stagnated (Figure 2). Given the enormous promise of IT to usher in "the biggest technological revolution men have known" [29], disi l lusionment and even frustrat ion with the technology is increasingly evident in statements like "No, computers do not boost productivity, at least not most of the time" [13]. The increased interest in the "productivity paradox," as it has become known, has engendered a significant amount of research, but thus far, this has only deepened the mystery. The Nobel Laureate economist Robert Solow has cleverly characterized the results: "we see computers everywhere except in the productivity statistics." Al though similar conclusions are repeated by an alarming number of researchers in this area, we must be careful not to over in terpre t these findings; a shortfall of evidence is not necessarily evidence of a shortfall. Fur thermore , recent work [7] suggests that the re turn to I T spending may in fact be much higher than previously estimated. This article summarizes what we know and do not know, distinguishes the central issues from diversions, and clarifies the questions that can be profitably explored in future research. After reviewing and assessing the research to date, it appears that the shortfall of IT productivity is as much due to deficiencies in our measurement and methodological tool kit as to mismanagement by developers and users of IT. The research considered in this article reflects the results of a computer ized l i terature search of 30 of the leading journals in both information systems (IS) and economics (see sidebar for a comprehensive list of l i terature searched), as well as discussions with leading researchers in the field. In what follows, the key findings and essential research references are highlighted and discussed.
Direct stenting for stable angina pectoris is associated with reduced periprocedural microcirculatory injury compared with stenting after pre-dilation.

OBJECTIVES
We conducted a randomized study to compare the effect of direct stenting (DS) and conventional stenting (CS) on post-procedural index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) values.


BACKGROUND
Direct stenting has been suggested to reduce periprocedural microcirculatory injury compared with stenting that follows pre-dilation (CS). The index of microcirculatory resistance is a sensitive invasive marker of coronary microvascular resistance.


METHODS
Fifty patients admitted for elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included. All patients had stable angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society class <IV) related to a lesion suitable for DS and were randomized to DS (n = 25) or CS (n = 25). Baseline demographics and clinical and procedural data were comparable in both groups. An intracoronary pressure/temperature sensor-tipped guide wire was used. Thermodilution curves were obtained at baseline and during maximal hyperemia achieved by infusion of intravenous adenosine. The index of microcirculatory resistance was calculated from the ratio of the mean distal coronary pressure at maximal hyperemia to the inverse of mean hyperemic transit time.


RESULTS
After otherwise-uneventful PCI, patients treated with CS had significantly greater IMR (DS 13 +/- 3, CS 24 +/- 14; p < 0.01) and tended to have greater post-PCI troponin T values (DS 0.035 +/- 0.04, CS 0.17 +/- 0.02; p = 0.07). In the whole sample, 20% of patients had post-PCI troponin release (troponin T >0.03 ng/ml). Patients with troponin elevation had significantly greater post-PCI IMR values than patients without troponin elevation: 24.7 +/- 13.2 versus 16.9 +/- 10.2; p = 0.04.


CONCLUSIONS
In patients undergoing successful coronary stenting for stable angina, DS is associated with reduced microvascular dysfunction induced by PCI as compared with CS.
Influence of women's autonomy on infant mortality in Nepal

BACKGROUND
Nepalese women lag behind men in many areas, such as educational attainment, participation in decision-making and health service utilization, all of which have an impact on reproductive health outcomes. This paper aims to examine the factors influencing infant mortality, specifically, whether women's autonomy has an impact on infant mortality in the Nepali context.


METHODS
Data were drawn from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2006. The analysis is confined to 5,545 children who were born within the five years preceding the survey. Association between infant mortality and the explanatory variables was assessed using bivariate analysis. Variables were then re-examined in multivariate analysis to assess the net effect of women's autonomy on infant mortality after controlling for other variables.


RESULTS
The infant mortality rate (IMR) in the five years preceding the survey was 48 deaths per one thousand live births. Infant mortality rate was high among illiterate women (56 per 1000 live births) and among those not involved in decision making for health care (54 per 1000 live births). Furthermore, infant mortality was high among those women who had more children than their comparison group, who had birth intervals of less than two years, who had multiple births, who were from rural areas, who were poor, whose source of water was the river or unprotected sources, and who did not have a toilet facility in their household. Results from logistic regression show that women's autonomy plays a major role in infant mortality after controlling other variables, such as mother's sociodemographic characteristics, children's characteristics and other household characteristics. Children from literate women had a 32 percent lower chance (OR = 0.68) of experiencing infant mortality than did children from illiterate women. Furthermore, infants of women who were involved in decision-making regarding their own health care had a 25 percent lower (OR = 0.75) chance of dying than did infants whose mothers who were not involved in healthcare decisions.


CONCLUSION
Infant mortality is high in Nepal. In this context, mother's literacy and involvement in healthcare decision making appear to be the most powerful predictors for reducing infant mortality. Hence, in order to reduce infant mortality further, ongoing female education should be sustained and expanded to include all women so that the millennium development goals for the year 2015 can be attained. In addition, programs should focus on increasing women's autonomy so that infant mortality will decrease and the overall well being of the family can be maintained and enhanced.