LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
(Continuous) Phase Modulation on the Hypersphere

We introduce phase modulation on the hypersphere (PMH) for load-modulated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmitters with a single central power amplifier. In PMH, the peak to average ratio of the sum power before pulse shaping is 1; thus, the central power amplifier of load-modulated MIMO transmitters does not require any back-off. We derive the capacity of PMH on an additive white Gaussian noise channel and show that the input signal should be uniformly distributed on a hypersphere. The mutual information of uniformly distributed PMH input is derived in an uplink multiple-access independent identically distributed Gaussian MIMO channel using the replica method from statistical physics. Furthermore, discrete PMH is introduced using spherical codes and also generalizing minimum shift keying from the complex unit circle to the hypersphere. We investigate different pulse shaping methods for PMH including a novel spherical filtering. Using spherical pulse shaping, the signal stays on the hypersphere. Various filters are investigated, and a tradeoff between spectral shape and peak-to-average-sum-power ratio (PASPR) is found. For as few as four antennas, good spectral properties (similar to root-raised cosine pulses) can be achieved at very low PASPR. Both former and latter further improve with increasing the number of antennas.
Answers to Health Questions: Internet Search Results Versus Online Health Community Responses.

BACKGROUND
About 6 million people search for health information on the Internet each day in the United States. Both patients and caregivers search for information about prescribed courses of treatments, unanswered questions after a visit to their providers, or diet and exercise regimens. Past literature has indicated potential challenges around quality in health information available on the Internet. However, diverse information exists on the Internet-ranging from government-initiated webpages to personal blog pages. Yet we do not fully understand the strengths and weaknesses of different types of information available on the Internet.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of this research was to investigate the strengths and challenges of various types of health information available online and to suggest what information sources best fit various question types.


METHODS
We collected questions posted to and the responses they received from an online diabetes community and classified them according to Rothwell's classification of question types (fact, policy, or value questions). We selected 60 questions (20 each of fact, policy, and value) and the replies the questions received from the community. We then searched for responses to the same questions using a search engine and recorded the


RESULTS
Community responses answered more questions than did search results overall. Search results were most effective in answering value questions and least effective in answering policy questions. Community responses answered questions across question types at an equivalent rate, but most answered policy questions and the least answered fact questions. Value questions were most answered by community responses, but some of these answers provided by the community were incorrect. Fact question search results were the most clinically valid.


CONCLUSIONS
The Internet is a prevalent source of health information for people. The information quality people encounter online can have a large impact on them. We present what kinds of questions people ask online and the advantages and disadvantages of various information sources in getting answers to those questions. This study contributes to addressing people's online health information needs.
Healing of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls: a descriptive study.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to identify the healing process and outcome of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls.


METHODS
This multicenter, retrospective project used photographs to document the healing process and outcome of hymenal trauma that was sustained by 239 prepubertal and pubertal girls whose ages ranged from 4 months to 18 years.


RESULTS
The injuries that were sustained by the 113 prepubertal girls consisted of 21 accidental or noninflicted injuries, 73 secondary to abuse, and 19 "unknown cause" injuries. All 126 pubertal adolescents were sexual assault victims. The hymenal injuries healed at various rates and except for the deeper lacerations left no evidence of the previous trauma. Abrasions and "mild" submucosal hemorrhages disappeared within 3 to 4 days, whereas "marked" hemorrhages persisted for 11 to 15 days. Only petechiae and blood blisters proved to be "markers" for determining the approximate age of an injury. Petechiae resolved within 48 hours in the prepubertal girls and 72 hours in the adolescents. A blood blister was detected at 34 days in an adolescent. As lacerations healed, their observed depth became shallower and their configuration smoothed out. Of the girls who sustained "superficial," "intermediate," or "deep" lacerations, 15 of 18 prepubertal girls had smooth and continuous appearing hymenal rims, whereas 24 of 41 adolescents' hymens had a normal, "scalloped" appearance and 30 of 34 had no disruption of continuity on healing. The final "width" of a hymenal rim was dependent on the initial depth of the laceration. No scar tissue formation was observed in either group of girls.


CONCLUSIONS
The hymenal injuries healed rapidly and except for the more extensive lacerations left no evidence of a previous injury. There were no significant differences in the healing process and the outcome of the hymenal injuries in the 2 groups of girls.
Preschoolers' physical activity, screen time, and compliance with recommendations.

PURPOSE
Little evidence exists about the prevalence of adequate levels of physical activity and of appropriate screen-based entertainment in preschool children. Previous studies have generally relied on small samples. This study investigates how much time preschool children spend being physically active and engaged in screen-based entertainment. The study also reports compliance with the recently released Australian recommendations for physical activity (≥3 h·d(-1)) and screen entertainment (≤1 h·d(-1)) and the National Association for Sport and Physical Education physical activity guidelines (≥2 h·d(-1)) and American Academy of Pediatrics screen-based entertainment recommendations (≤2 h·d(-1)) in a large sample of preschool children.


METHODS
Participants were 1004 Melbourne preschool children (mean age = 4.5 yr, range = 3-5 yr) and their families in the Healthy Active Preschool Years study. Physical activity data were collected by accelerometry during an 8-d period. Parents reported their child's television/video/DVD viewing, computer/Internet, and electronic game use during a typical week. A total of 703 (70%) had sufficient accelerometry data, and 935 children (93%) had useable data on time spent in screen-based entertainment.


RESULTS
Children spent 16% (approximately 127 min·d(-1)) of their time being physically active. Boys and younger children were more active than were girls and older children, respectively. Children spent an average of 113 min·d(-1) in screen-based entertainment. Virtually no children (<1%) met both the Australian recommendations and 32% met both the National Association for Sport and Physical Education and American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations.


CONCLUSIONS
The majority of young children are not participating in adequate amounts of physical activity and in excessive amounts of screen-based entertainment. It is likely that physical activity may decline and that screen-based entertainment may increase with age. Compliance with recommendations may be further reduced. Strategies to promote physical activity and reduce screen-based entertainment in young children are required.
Rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of tryptophan in gastric juice.

OBJECTIVE
To develop a rapid, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of tryptophan in gastric juice to help the differentiation between gastric cancer and benign gastric disease.


METHODS
HPLC was performed on a restricted access material Shiseido Capcell Pak MF SCX SG80 column. Phosphate buffered solution (90mmol/L, pH 3.5)-acetonitrile (ACN; 80/20, V/V) was chosen as the mobile phase. Separation was done at room temperature using a constant flow rate of 1.0mL/min. Fluorescence emission signal intensity at 330nm excited by 288nm ultra violet light was detected and measured.


RESULTS
  Thirty-eight gastric juice samples from patients with gastric cancer and 48 gastric juice samples of patients with benign gastric disease were tested. A linear relationship in the range of 0.20-100mg/L was obtained between the concentration of tryptophan and its fluorescence emission signal intensity at 330nm. The limit of detection was 0.05mg/L. The recovery rate was 77.4-90.6%.


CONCLUSIONS
An HPLC method based on strong cation-exchange restricted access columns for determination of concentration of tryptophan in gastric juice was developed. The method has excellent precision and stability. It is compatible with the analysis of gastric juice and has the potential to be used for gastric cancer screening.
Monosymptomatic and non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: a clinical evaluation.

BACKGROUND
Nocturnal enuresis is divided into monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE). This study reviews clinical and ultrasonography (US) findings in enuretic children, and compares the organic and functional pathologies of the lower urinary tract (LUT) in children with MNE to those who have NMNE.


METHODS
We enrolled 111 neurologically normal children with chief complaints of enuresis in this study. Participants included 60 boys and 51 girls, aged 5 - 17 years. There were 43 (38.8%) patients diagnosed with MNE and 68(61.2)% with NMNE. Urine analysis, urine culture and kidney-bladder US were performed for patients. Some patients underwent a voiding cystoureterography (VCUG), urodynamic study (UDS), or both. 


RESULTS
Patients were divided into three groups: i) MNE, ii) NMNE without daytime incontinence (NMNE - daytime incontinence), and iii) NMNE plus daytime incontinence (NMNE + daytime incontinence). Constipation (P = 0.011), encopresis (P = 0.003) and urge incontinence (P = 0.001) were significantly more frequent in patients with NMNE +daytime incontinence. Bladder wall thickness (BWT) was the most common US finding. One patient with MNE and 9 with NMNE+ daytime incontinence had vesicoureteral reflux (VUR; P = 0.016). Posterior urethral valve (PUV) was reported in one patient with NMNE.  Evidence of bladder dysfunction was noted in about half of the patients who underwent UDS, with a higher prevalence in cases that had NMNE +daytime incontinence (P = 0.297). Bowel symptoms and VUR were significantly more prevalent in cases with NMNE + daytime incontinence. 


CONCLUSION
We recommend VCUG in enuretic children who have daytime incontinence. In addition our study has revealed that symptoms suggestive of an overactive bladder (OAB) are not good indicators for bladder dysfunction.
Predicting Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Dementia Using Clinical, MRI, and Plasma Biomarkers via Probabilistic Pattern Classification

BACKGROUND
Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have a substantially increased risk of developing dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we developed a multivariate prognostic model for predicting MCI-to-dementia progression at the individual patient level.


METHODS
Using baseline data from 259 MCI patients and a probabilistic, kernel-based pattern classification approach, we trained a classifier to distinguish between patients who progressed to AD-type dementia (n = 139) and those who did not (n = 120) during a three-year follow-up period. More than 750 variables across four data sources were considered as potential predictors of progression. These data sources included risk factors, cognitive and functional assessments, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, and plasma proteomic data. Predictive utility was assessed using a rigorous cross-validation framework.


RESULTS
Cognitive and functional markers were most predictive of progression, while plasma proteomic markers had limited predictive utility. The best performing model incorporated a combination of cognitive/functional markers and morphometric MRI measures and predicted progression with 80% accuracy (83% sensitivity, 76% specificity, AUC = 0.87). Predictors of progression included scores on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Functional Activities Questionnaire, as well as volume/cortical thickness of three brain regions (left hippocampus, middle temporal gyrus, and inferior parietal cortex). Calibration analysis revealed that the model is capable of generating probabilistic predictions that reliably reflect the actual risk of progression. Finally, we found that the predictive accuracy of the model varied with patient demographic, genetic, and clinical characteristics and could be further improved by taking into account the confidence of the predictions.


CONCLUSIONS
We developed an accurate prognostic model for predicting MCI-to-dementia progression over a three-year period. The model utilizes widely available, cost-effective, non-invasive markers and can be used to improve patient selection in clinical trials and identify high-risk MCI patients for early treatment.
Adaptive focused crawling based on link analysis

A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web (WWW). Crawlers are software which can traverse the internet and retrieve web pages by hyperlinks. In the face of the large spam websites, traditional web crawlers cannot function well to solve this problem. Focused crawlers utilize semantic web technologies to analyze the semantics of hyperlinks and web documents. The focused crawler of a special-purpose search engine aims to selectively seek out pages that are relevant to a pre-defined set of topics, rather than to exploit all regions of the Web. A focused crawler is a program used for searching information related to some interested topics from the Internet. The main property of focused crawling is that the crawler does not need to collect all web pages, but selects and retrieves relevant pages only. As the crawler is only a computer program, it cannot determine how relevant a web page is. The major problem is how to retrieve the maximal set of relevant and quality page. In our proposed approach, we calculate the unvisited URL score based on its Anchor text relevancy, its description in Google search engine and calculate the similarity score of description with topic keywords, cohesive text similarity with topic keywords and Relevancy score of its parent pages. Relevancy score is calculated based on vector space model.
Pre-operative Diagnosis of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors with Endoscopic Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography in a Large Series.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (p-NETs) is frequently challenging. We describe a large series of patients with p-NETs in whom both pre-operative Computed Tomography (CT) and Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS) were performed.


METHODS
This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected sporadic p-NET cases. All patients underwent both standard multidetector CT study and EUS with fine-needle aspiration (FNA). The final histological diagnosis was achieved on a post-surgical specimen. Chromogranin A (CgA) levels were measured.


RESULTS
A total of 80 patients (mean age: 58 +/- 14.2 years; males: 42) were enrolled. The diameter of functioning was significantly lower than that of non-functioning p-NETs (11.2 +/- 8.5 mm vs 19.8 +/- 12.2 mm; P = 0.0004). The CgA levels were more frequently elevated in non-functioning than functioning pNET patients (71.4% vs 46.9%; P = 0.049). Overall, the CT study detected the lesion in 51 (63.7%) cases, being negative in 26 (68.4%) patients with a tumor </=10 mm, and in a further 3 (15%) cases with a tumor diameter </=20 mm. CT overlooked the pancreatic lesion more frequently in patients with functioning than non-functioning p-NETs (46.5% vs 24.3%; P = 0.002). EUS allowed a more precise pre-operative tumor measurement, with an overall incorrect dimension in only 9 (11.2%) patients. Of note, the EUS-guided FNA suspected the neuroendocrine nature of tumor in all cases.


CONCLUSIONS
Data of this large case series would suggest that the EUS should be included in the diagnostic work-up in all patients with a suspected p-NET, even when the CT study was negative for a primary lesion in the pancreas.
Machine Learning and Its Applications to Biology

The term machine learning refers to a set of topics dealing with the creation and evaluation of algorithms that facilitate pattern recognition, classification, and prediction, based on models derived from existing data. Two facets of mechanization should be acknowledged when considering machine learning in broad terms. Firstly, it is intended that the classification and prediction tasks can be accomplished by a suitably programmed computing machine. That is, the product of machine learning is a classifier that can be feasibly used on available hardware. Secondly, it is intended that the creation of the classifier should itself be highly mechanized, and should not involve too much human input. This second facet is inevitably vague, but the basic objective is that the use of automatic algorithm construction methods can minimize the possibility that human biases could affect the selection and performance of the algorithm. Both the creation of the algorithm and its operation to classify objects or predict events are to be based on concrete, observable data. The history of relations between biology and the field of machine learning is long and complex. An early technique [1] for machine learning called the perceptron constituted an attempt to model actual neuronal behavior, and the field of artificial neural network (ANN) design emerged from this attempt. Early work on the analysis of translation initiation sequences [2] employed the perceptron to define criteria for start sites in Escherichia coli. Further artificial neural network architectures such as the adaptive resonance theory (ART) [3] and neocognitron [4] were inspired from the organization of the visual nervous system. In the intervening years, the flexibility of machine learning techniques has grown along with mathematical frameworks for measuring their reliability, and it is natural to hope that machine learning methods will improve the efficiency of discovery and understanding in the mounting volume and complexity of biological data. This tutorial is structured in four main components. Firstly, a brief section reviews definitions and mathematical prerequisites. Secondly, the field of supervised learning is described. Thirdly, methods of unsupervised learning are reviewed. Finally, a section reviews methods and examples as implemented in the open source data analysis and visualization language R (http://www.r-project.org).
On Two Desiderata for Creativity Support Tools

This paper discusses two important desiderata for developing creativity support tools, namely ideation and empowerment. We then use them to guide us in designing a new individual creativity support tool codenamed Creative-Pad. Creative-Pad is designed to assist individual advertising creative to develop creative ideas for advertisements. For ideation, Creative-Pad searches and filters information automatically from the internet to present to the user with related words and exemplar sentences. For empowerment, CreativePad is designed in such a way that the user is neither distracted nor burdened to do any other tasks unrelated to conjuring up a creative idea for a new advertisement. Creative-Pad is fully implemented and some preliminary results of its use by advertising creatives are reported.
Pill burden in hypertensive patients treated with single-pill combination therapy--an observational study.

INTRODUCTION
Hypertension is a condition which in many cases is treated with more than one drug. Additionally, patients with hypertension often suffer from other concomitant diseases, such as diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia, which adds to the number of pills that patients need to take (pill burden). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of this pill burden on patients with hypertension in clinical practice in Germany.


METHODS
This prospective, open-label, observational study enrolled adult patients for whom their physician considered treatment with a single-pill combination of amlodipine, valsartan, and hydrochlorothiazide as indicated. At the start of the observation period, physicians and patients filled in a respective questionnaire.


RESULTS
The questionnaires of 7,101 patients and 905 physicians were analyzed. The survey among the patients showed that the majority of patients felt burdened by the high number of pills to be taken. This was also seen as a potential reason for medication errors. Approximately half of the patients would be willing to make an out-of-pocket payment for reducing the number of pills to half. The results of the physician questionnaire indicate that the physicians were well aware of the set of problems that is generally associated with the high pill burden and that there is a clear willingness to use combination products in order to reduce the pill burden.


CONCLUSION
A high number of pills is considered a burden by the patients. This burden increases with the number of pills taken per day.
Imatinib mesylate ( STI 571 ) for treatment of children with Philadelphia chromosome – positive leukemia : results from a Children ’ s Oncology Group phase 1 study

The purpose of this study was to determine dose-limiting toxicities and pharmacokinetics of imatinib in children with refractory or recurrent Philadelphia chromosome–positive (Ph ) leukemias. Oral imatinib was administered daily at dose levels ranging from 260 to 570 mg/m2. Plasma pharmacokinetic studies were performed on days 1 and 8 of course 1. There were 31 children who received 479 courses of imatinib. The most common toxicities encountered, which occurred in less than 5% of courses, were grade 1 or 2 nausea, vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea, and reversible increases in serum transaminases. One patient at the 440-mg/m2 dose level had dose-limiting weight gain. There were no other first-course dose-limiting toxicities. A maximum tolerated dosage was not defined. Among 12 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients evaluable for cytogenetic response, 10 had a complete response and 1 had a partial response. Among 10 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients evaluable for morphologic response, 7 achieved an M1 and 1 achieved an M2 bone marrow. We observed marked interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters. In conclusion, we found that daily oral imatinib is well tolerated in children at doses ranging from 260 to 570 mg/m2. Doses of 260 and 340 mg/m2 provide systemic exposures similar to those of adults who are treated with daily doses of 400 and 600 mg, respectively. (Blood. 2004;104: 2655-2660)