LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Frontomaxillary facial angle in screening for trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks.

OBJECTIVE
Trisomy 21 is associated with a flat face, which can now be quantified by measurement of the frontomaxillary facial (FMF) angle. The aim of this study was to examine whether in trisomy 21 fetuses fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness and maternal serum free ss-human chorionic gonadotropin (ss-hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) are independent of the FMF angle, and to estimate the performance of a first-trimester screening test for trisomy 21 that includes measurement of the FMF angle.


METHODS
This was a prospective study in singleton pregnancies at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation in which three-dimensional volumes of the fetal head were obtained and measurement of the FMF angle performed immediately before fetal karyotyping by chorionic villus sampling (CVS). The women chose to have CVS after risk assessment by a combination of maternal age, fetal NT thickness and maternal serum free ss-hCG and PAPP-A. Regression analysis was used to examine the significance of the association within the euploid and within the trisomy 21 fetuses between the deviation from the normal median in FMF angle and the deviation in NT, free ss-hCG and PAPP-A. We estimated the detection rate (DR) and false positive rate (FPR) of first-trimester screening for trisomy 21 by measuring the FMF angle in all cases and of an alternative policy in which first-stage screening is by fetal NT and maternal serum biochemistry in all patients, followed by second-stage assessment of FMF angle only in those with an intermediate risk (1 in 51 to 1 in 1000) after the first stage.


RESULTS
The FMF angle was measured in 782 euploid and 108 trisomy 21 fetuses. In the euploid fetuses the mean FMF angle decreased linearly with CRL from 83.5 degrees at a crown-rump length (CRL) of 45 mm to 76.4 degrees at a CRL of 84 mm. In the euploid fetuses the mean delta FMF angle was 0.0 (SD, 4.264) degrees and the respective values in the trisomy 21 fetuses were 7.172 (SD, 4.092) degrees . Incorporating the FMF angle in first-trimester combined screening increased the estimated DR from 90 to 94% at an FPR of 5% and from 85 to 92% at an FPR of 3%. In two-stage screening it would be necessary to measure the FMF angle in 12% of cases and the DRs would be 93 and 91% at FPRs of 5 and 3%, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Measurement of the FMF angle improves the performance of first-trimester screening for trisomy 21.
Geochronology and geochemical characteristics of Late Triassic porphyritic rocks from the Zhongdian arc, eastern Tibet, and their tectonic and metallogenic implications

Abstract Ore-bearing porphyritic rocks are widely distributed in the Zhongdian arc in the southern part of the Yidun arc, eastern Tibet. New U–Pb zircon dates, and previous results, show that the porphyritic rocks formed mainly between 221 and 211 Ma, with a peak at 217–215 Ma. These Late Triassic porphyritic rocks and associated volcanic rocks are primarily calc-alkaline igneous rocks, some of which have geochemical affinities with adakite, such as high SiO 2 (≥ 56 wt.%), Al 2 O 3 (≥ 14 wt.%), and Sr, and low Y and heavy rare earth element contents. However, moderate Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios of these rocks compared with typical adakites characterize them as being transitional between adakites and normal arc rocks. Those rocks that do not have adakitic affinities are typical normal arc volcanic rocks. The porphyritic and associated volcanic rocks occur in the eastern and western parts of the Zhongdian arc, and both have the same geochemical characteristics and ages. The new dates, geochemical data, and Sr–Nd isotopic ratios, combined with previous data on the Zhongdian arc (particularly the Xiaxiaoliu basalt that has enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt characteristics), suggest that these rocks are probably related to slab break-off or slab-tearing of the westward subducting Garze–Litang oceanic crust in the Late Triassic. The enriched mantle wedge metasomatized by subducted fluids and sediments was heated by ascending asthenosphere and underwent partial melting. These magmas then probably interacted with underplated mafic material and experienced a melting–assimilation–storage–homogenization process (MASH) in the lower crust and/or with slab-derived melts, resulting in formation of the porphyritic rocks and associated porphyry deposits in the Late Triassic Zhongdian arc.
Setulflike scour-remnant features in a Neogene volcaniclastic flood deposit, central Oregon

ABSTRACT Positive relief structures, resembling the inverse of flute marks, occur on a cohesive siltstone bed in nonmarine volcaniclastic sediments of the Deschutes Formation in central Oregon. Unlike setulfs and previously described scour remnant ridges, these structures increase in relief, rather than decrease, in the presumed downcurrent direction. The origin of these structures by sheet flow during floods is preferred over a wind origin, but the evidence is equivocal. The nature of flow necessary to produce these features is not known but may be related to unusual fluid boundary-layer conditions associated with high sediment-load transport.
Consciousness in the Universe: Neuroscience, Quantum Space-Time Geometry and Orch OR Theory

The nature of consciousness, its occurrence in the brain, and its ultimate place in the universe are unknown. We proposed in the mid 1990's that consciousness depends on biologically 'orchestrated' quantum computations in collections of microtubules within brain neurons, that these quantum computations correlate with and regulate neuronal activity, and that the continuous Schrödinger evolution of each quantum computation terminates in accordance with the specific Diósi–Penrose (DP) scheme of 'objective reduction' of the quantum state (OR). This orchestrated OR activity (Orch OR) is taken to result in a moment of conscious awareness and/or choice. This particular (DP) form of OR is taken to be a quantum-gravity process related to the fundamentals of spacetime geometry, so Orch OR suggests a connection between brain biomolecular processes and fine-scale structure of the universe. Here we review and update Orch OR in light of criticisms and developments in quantum biology, neuroscience, physics and cosmology. We conclude that consciousness plays an intrinsic role in the universe.
Market stress and herding

Herding is widely believed to be an important feature of financial markets and may be driven by a range of behavioural motivations that influence market sentiment and individual beliefs. We may also quite separately observe common movements in asset prices determined by rational re-pricing following commonly observed fundamental news. In this paper we propose a new approach to detecting herding which is based on the cross-sectional dispersion of the factor sensitivity of assets within a given market.This approach enables us to evaluate if there is herding towards particular sectors or styles in the market including the market index itself and critically separate such herding from common movements in asset returns induced by movements in fundamentals. We apply the approach to an analysis of herding in the US, UK, and South Korean stock markets. Keyword Herding, Market Sentiment, Heterogeneous Beliefs, Cross-sectional Volatil-
Mock-up: An Aid in the Different Steps in Aesthetic Dental Treatment

Today, in restorative and prosthodontic dental treatments, the focus is on aesthetics. This involves meeting the needs and expectations of the patient. Failures occur not only as a result of technical problems, but also as a result of poor communication with the patient. To avoid these scenarios that may obligate us to repeat the restoration from the beginning, we can obtain help by using Mock-up. Despite communication with the diagnostic and treatment planning step, Mock-up enables us to control the function of the end result without even beginning the work. It also enables us to do a minimal invasive tooth preparation. The aim of this study is to use Mock-up to show its effectiveness in communication, planning, and preparation to achieve the demanded aesthetic dental treatment. Materials and Methods: We prepared mock-up according to wax-up in the second meetingthe treatment planning step. We used a minimal invasive, mock-up guided, preparation technique from the Mock-up accepted by us and the patient. Results: This easy and practical method enabled us to avoid the intervention in the ultimate restoration. Our result is in accordance with those of other authors: we had minimal preparation, even some unprepared surfaces and satisfied patient. Conclusions: The use of Mock-up is a simple technique in aesthetic dentistry. Broadly in prosthodontics, it assures us that the work will be functionally and aesthetically successful.
Prevalence, correlates, and associated psychological problems of substance use in Korean adolescents

BACKGROUND
Substance use among Korean adolescents has been increasing, but little is known about the correlates of substance use in this population. Identification of the correlates is required for development of preventive approaches that aim to reduce or eliminate risk. Therefore, we examined the prevalence and correlates of substance use including psychological problems in a nationwide sample of Korean adolescents.


METHODS
Data from the 2014 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, collected from 72,060 adolescents aged 12-18 years (mean age 14.94 ± 1.75 years), were analyzed. Participants' lifetime experiences with substances (alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs) were assessed. Participants' perceived stress, depressive mood, and suicidality during the previous 12 months were also investigated.


RESULTS
The lifetime prevalence estimates of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use were 43.0, 19.9, and 0.4 % of the participants, respectively. The most commonly used illicit drugs were inhalants. Older age, male gender, non-residence with family, low parental educational level and socio-economic status, and low academic achievement were positively and significantly associated with substance use. Substance (alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug) use was positively and significantly associated with severe stress, depressive mood, and suicidality during the previous 12 months, with the highest odds ratios obtained from illicit drug use.


CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the use of substances (alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs) among Korean adolescents is associated with socially disadvantaged families, psychological problems, and risky behavior. Health education including dependency prevention programs is needed for these high-risk groups.
What is the expectation maximization algorithm?

897 don't know the coin used for each set of tosses. However, if we had some way of completing the data (in our case, guessing correctly which coin was used in each of the five sets), then we could reduce parameter estimation for this problem with incomplete data to maximum likelihood estimation with complete data. One iterative scheme for obtaining completions could work as follows: starting from some initial parameters, θ ˆ ˆ ˆ = θ Α ,θ Β (t) (t) (t) (), determine for each of the five sets whether coin A or coin B was more likely to have generated the observed flips (using the current parameter estimates). Then, assume these completions (that is, guessed coin assignments) to be correct, and apply the regular maximum likelihood estimation procedure to get θ ˆ(t+1). Finally, repeat these two steps until convergence. As the estimated model improves, so too will the quality of the resulting completions. The expectation maximization algorithm is a refinement on this basic idea. Rather than picking the single most likely completion of the missing coin assignments on each iteration, the expectation maximization algorithm computes probabilities for each possible completion of the missing data, using the current parameters θ ˆ(t). These probabilities are used to create a weighted training set consisting of all possible completions of the data. Finally, a modified version of maximum likelihood estimation that deals with weighted training examples provides new parameter estimates, θ ˆ(t+1). By using weighted training examples rather than choosing the single best completion, the expectation maximization algorithm accounts for the confidence of the model in each completion of the data (Fig. 1b). In summary, the expectation maximiza-tion algorithm alternates between the steps z = (z 1 , z 2 ,…, z 5), where x i ∈ {0,1,…,10} is the number of heads observed during the ith set of tosses, and z i ∈ {A,B} is the identity of the coin used during the ith set of tosses. Parameter estimation in this setting is known as the complete data case in that the values of all relevant random variables in our model (that is, the result of each coin flip and the type of coin used for each flip) are known. Here, a simple way to estimate θ A and θ B is to return the observed proportions of heads for each coin: (1) θ Α ˆ = # of heads using …
A phase I dose-escalation study of aflibercept administered in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumours

Background:To evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and pharmacodynamics of aflibercept, and to identify the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of aflibercept in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin.Methods:Aflibercept was administered at escalating doses of 2, 4, or 6 mg kg−1 in combination with fixed doses of pemetrexed (500 mg m−2) plus cisplatin (75 mg m−2) every 3 weeks. Blood samples were collected for PK analyses. Serum antiaflibercept antibodies were quantified to assess their impact on systemic aflibercept concentrations.Results:Eighteen patients were enrolled. One patient dosed at 4 mg kg−1 experienced grade 3 hypophosphatemia (dose-limiting toxicity; DLT), which prompted a cohort expansion. No further DLTs were observed in the 4 mg kg−1 cohort or the 6 mg kg−1 dose cohort. Most common adverse events (AEs) of all grades included (%): fatigue (89), anaemia (89), nausea (83), hyponatremia (78), and neutropenia (72). Grade ⩾3 AEs consistent with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy included (%): hypertension (22), pulmonary embolism (11), and deep vein thrombosis (6). Five patients (28%) experienced mild neurocognitive disturbance. No episodes of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) were noted.Conclusion:The results of this phase I study allowed further evaluation of the combination of aflibercept with pemetrexed and cisplatin in a phase II study. The RP2D of aflibercept was 6 mg kg−1, to be administered intravenously every 3 weeks in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin.
The value of human resource management for organizational performance

All executives would like to see their organizations perform better, and most search for tools that can help make this happen. For decades, human resource managers have believed that their function enhances performance. This contention has been met with skepticism on the part of executives, who wonder whether funds allocated to the human resource function are good investments. Dozens of studies have examined this issue, but their inconsistent results have provided no conclusions. To resolve a long-standing and controversial question – does human resource management matter for organizational performance? –we take stock of the available evidence. Based on data from over 19,000 organizations, we conclude that human resource management adds significant value for organizations. In addition, the value added is strongest when human resource systems are emphasized rather than individual practices, when human resource management decisions are tied to strategy, and among manufacturing firms. © 2007 Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. All rights reserved.
Men who kill their own children: paternal filicide incidents in contemporary Fiji.

OBJECTIVE
Filicide, or parental murder of offspring, constitutes a major portion of lethal violence perpetrated against children worldwide. Despite the global nature of the phenomenon, researchers have focused their studies on the developed industrialized societies with the consequent neglect of small, developing societies. Second, there is a paucity of empirical data on child homicide committed by fathers. This study therefore explores the nature and extent of paternal filicides in Fiji, a non-Western society, and the social and cultural forces underlying them in order to enhance our knowledge of the phenomenon.


METHOD
Information was obtained from a number of sources, including (a) a police homicide logbook, (b) newspaper reports of homicide, and (c) detailed interviews conducted with criminal justice and medical personnel. Information from these data sources were consolidated to construct case histories of paternal filicides. These cases were then analyzed for dominant themes. Case illustrations are presented in the text.


RESULTS
Several of the study's findings are congruent with other studies of paternal filicides: poor, working class fathers were the offenders in all cases. As a corollary, their victims were from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Regarding location, paternal filicides occurred in the home of the offender and victim. The filicides were the culmination of stresses and strains associated with marital disharmony and excessive corporal child-control strategies.


CONCLUSIONS
The general conclusion of this study is that further research in non-Western societies has the potential to increase our understanding of the social factors and processes involved in paternal child murders. We will then be better positioned to craft effective intervention strategies.
Sphaeranthus indicus Linn- A Phytopharmacological review

The medicinal plants are widely used by the traditional medicinal practitioners for curing various diseases in their day to day practice. In traditional system of medicine, different parts (Leaves, stem, flower, seeds and even whole plant) of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn have been used to treat various diseases. It has also been suggested to possess recommended as antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, anxiolytic, anti convulsion, antipyretic, psychotropic, anti diarrhoeal activity. According to ayurveda it is used laxative, digestible tonic, and as anthelmintic. The active constituents present in Sphaeranthus indicus L. have been found to be largely responsible for the therapeutic potentials. The pharmacological studies reported in the present review confirm the therapeutic value of Sphaeranthus indicus L. ISSN 2229-5054 International Journal of Drug Formulation & Research Nov.-Dec. 2010, Vol. 1 (iii) 113-133 Available online on www.ordonearresearchlibrary.org 114 The results of the above studies support the use of this plant for human and animal disease therapy and reinforce the importance of the ethno botanical approach as a potential source of bioactive substances. key words: traditional medicinal, Sphaeranthus indicus, active constituents
Ginseng in the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study.

BACKGROUND
Fatigue is one of the common complaints of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and its treatment is relatively unclear. Ginseng is one of the herbal medicines possessing antifatigue properties, and its administration in MS for such a purpose has been scarcely evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng in the treatment of fatigue and the quality of life of MS patients.


METHODS
Eligible female MS patients were randomized in a double-blind manner, to receive 250-mg ginseng or placebo twice daily over 3 months. Outcome measures included the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) and the Iranian version of the Multiple Sclerosis Quality Of Life Questionnaire (MSQOL-54). The questionnaires were used after randomization, and again at the end of the study.


RESULTS
Of 60 patients who were enrolled in the study, 52 (86%) subjects completed the trial with good drug tolerance. Statistical analysis showed better effects for ginseng than the placebo as regards MFIS (p = 0.046) and MSQOL (p ≤ 0.0001) after 3 months. No serious adverse events were observed during follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
This study indicates that 3-month ginseng treatment can reduce fatigue and has a significant positive effect on quality of life. Ginseng is probably a good candidate for the relief of MS-related fatigue. Further studies are needed to shed light on the efficacy of ginseng in this field.
Long-term outcomes and costs of an integrated rehabilitation program for chronic knee pain: a pragmatic, cluster randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
Chronic joint pain is a major cause of pain and disability. Exercise and self-management have short-term benefits, but few studies follow participants for more than 6 months. We investigated the long-term (up to 30 months) clinical and cost effectiveness of a rehabilitation program combining self-management and exercise: Enabling Self-Management and Coping of Arthritic Knee Pain Through Exercise (ESCAPE-knee pain).


METHODS
In this pragmatic, cluster randomized, controlled trial, 418 people with chronic knee pain (recruited from 54 primary care surgeries) were randomized to usual care (pragmatic control) or the ESCAPE-knee pain program. The primary outcome was physical function (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC] function), with a clinically meaningful improvement in physical function defined as a ≥15% change from baseline. Secondary outcomes included pain, psychosocial and physiologic variables, costs, and cost effectiveness.


RESULTS
Compared to usual care, ESCAPE-knee pain participants had large initial improvements in function (mean difference in WOMAC function -5.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] -7.8, -3.2). These improvements declined over time, but 30 months after completing the program, ESCAPE-knee pain participants still had better physical function (difference in WOMAC function -2.8; 95% CI -5.3, -0.2); lower community-based health care costs (£-47; 95% CI £-94, £-7), medication costs (£-16; 95% CI £-29, £-3), and total health and social care costs (£-1,118; 95% CI £-2,566, £-221); and a high probability (80-100%) of being cost effective.


CONCLUSION
Clinical and cost benefits of ESCAPE-knee pain were still evident 30 months after completing the program. ESCAPE-knee pain is a more effective and efficient model of care that could substantially improve the health, well-being, and independence of many people, while reducing health care costs.
A profile of volatile organic compounds in breath discriminates COPD patients from controls.

BACKGROUND
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory condition characterized by oxidative stress and the formation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) secreted via the lungs. We recently developed a methodological approach able to identify profiles of VOCs in breath unique for patient groups. Here we applied this recently developed methodology regarding diagnosis of COPD patients.


METHODS
Fifty COPD patients and 29 controls provided their breath and VOCs were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify relevant VOCs. An additional 16 COPD patients and 16 controls were sampled in order to validate the model, and 15 steroid naïve COPD patients were sampled to determine whether steroid use affects performance.


FINDINGS
1179 different VOCs were detected, of which 13 were sufficient to correctly classify all 79 subjects. Six of these 13 VOCs classified 92% of the subjects correctly (sensitivity: 98%, specificity: 88%) and correctly classified 29 of 32 subjects (sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 81%) from the independent validation population. Fourteen out of 15 steroid naïve COPD patients were correctly classified thus excluding treatment influences.


INTERPRETATION
This is the first study distinguishing COPD subjects from controls solely based on the presence of VOCs in breath. Analysis of VOCs might be highly relevant for diagnosis of COPD.