LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Surgical Treatment of Acute Grade III Medial Collateral Ligament Injury Combined With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Anatomic Ligament Repair Versus Triangular Ligament Reconstruction.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of medial collateral ligament (MCL) anatomic ligament repair (ALR) and triangular ligament reconstruction (TLR) in treating acute grade III MCL injury with respect to imaging and functional results.


METHODS
Between January 2009 and October 2011, a total of 69 patients with an acute grade III MCL tear combined with an anterior cruciate ligament tear were divided into 2 groups: those who underwent ALR and those who underwent TLR. Single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was also performed in all patients. A radiographic stress-position imaging test was performed to evaluate excessive medial opening of the knee. In addition, the Slocum test was carried out to assess anteromedial rotatory instability before surgery and at follow-up. The subjective symptoms and functional outcomes were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) assessment.


RESULTS
Sixty-four patients with a mean follow-up period of 34 months were included in the final analysis. The measurement results for medial opening at the last follow-up appointment decreased significantly from the pretreatment measurements and fell within the normal range, without a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (P > .05). The overall incidence of anteromedial rotatory instability was reduced to 21.9% compared with 62.5% preoperatively. However, the incidence of anteromedial rotatory instability in the TLR group (9.4%) decreased significantly compared with that in the ALR group (34.4%) (P < .05). All patients' IKDC subjective scores significantly improved after surgery. No statistically significant difference was found between the 2 groups at the last follow-up (P > .05). The comparison of IKDC extension and flexion deficit scores between the 2 groups showed no significant differences. Eleven patients in the ALR group and 4 in the TLR group complained of medial knee pain. The comparison between the 2 groups showed no significant difference (P > .05).


CONCLUSIONS
The clinical outcomes of this study showed that no major difference existed in the ALR and TLR groups based on IKDC scores and medial opening evaluations in the short-term. However, TLR offered better rotatory stability than ALR at final follow-up.


LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level II, lesser-quality randomized controlled trial.
Conflict Management: Apollonius in airspace design

Conflict detection is the process by which potential collisions between aircraft are identified. Developing efficient detection methods is an engineering priority since the prevention of a mid-air collision is a major safety constraint for all airspace design. Proximity between two aircraft each flying with instantaneous uniform straight motion is re-examined. The Apollonius theorem for constructing a circle shows that for a constant speed ratio the locus of all collision points is a circle in the 2D conflict plane (generalised to a sphere in 3D space). This circle provides an effective method and reference for determining the set of all 3D non-allowed steering directions (NASD), which, if followed by ownaircraft, would result in either a collision or proximity of operational concern. The NASD paradigm permits the identification of a protection zone encapsulating the region of potential collision. The method has been applied in the design of static airspace structures and accident analysis as well as providing an explicit solution for the determination of a surface of singularities that are characteristic of force-field guidance laws. The NASD paradigm provides deeper insight into the conflict detection process and represents an increase in the utility, diversity and assessment of design options for future systems. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Theory of mind—evolution, ontogeny, brain mechanisms and psychopathology

The ability to infer other persons' mental states and emotions has been termed 'theory of mind'. It represents an evolved psychological capacity most highly developed in humans. The evolutionary origins of theory of mind can be traced back in extant non-human primates; theory of mind probably emerged as an adaptive response to increasingly complex primate social interaction. This sophisticated 'metacognitive' ability comes, however, at an evolutionary cost, reflected in a broad spectrum of psychopathological conditions. Extensive research into autistic spectrum disorders has revealed that theory of mind may be selectively impaired, leaving other cognitive faculties intact. Recent studies have shown that observed deficits in theory of mind task performance are part of a broad range of symptoms in schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, some forms of dementia, 'psychopathy' and in other psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the evolutionary psychology of theory of mind including its ontogeny and representation in the central nervous system, and studies of theory of mind in psychopathological conditions.
Association Between Time Homeless and Perceived Health Status Among The Homeless in San Francisco

The purpose of this study was to describe the perceived health of the homeless, and to measure the effect of time homeless on perceived health status, after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions. The design was cross-sectional; the population was a representative sample of homeless in San Francisco, interviewed on health issues. Analysis of predictors of poor or fair health status was by logistic regression. In this sample of 2780 persons, 37.4% reported that their health status was poor or fair as compared to good or excellent. Reporting poor or fair health status was significantly associated with time homeless, after controlling for sociodemographic variables and health problems including results from screening for HIV and TB (OR = 1.49, 95%CI 1.24–1.79). Comparisons with data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) showed poorer health status among the homeless persons in this study. Standardized morbidity ratios were highest for asthma; there was twice the number of homeless persons reporting asthma, in younger as well as older adults, as would be expected using NHIS rates. There was also an excess of arthritis, high blood pressure and diabetes in those age 18–44 as compared to adults in the Health Interview Survey. The time spent homeless remains associated with self-reported health status, after known contributors to poor health are controlled. Persons who have been homeless for longer periods of time may be the persons to whom health care interventions should be aimed.
Electrical Impedance Tomographic Imaging of Buried Landmines

A prototype confirmation landmine detector, based on electrical impedancetomography (EIT), which can operate under realistic environmental conditions, has been developed. Laboratory and field experiments demonstrated that it is possible to reliably reconstruct, on the scale of the electrode spacing (ES) (in width and depth), conductivity perturbations due to a shallow buried antitank mine or a similar object in a variety of soils (black earth, clay, sand) down to depths equal to the dimensions of the object (1-1.5 ES, equivalent to 14-21 cm for a 64-electrode 1 m times 1 m array). These represent the first EIT images of real landmines computed from measured data. Occasional problems were encountered with the electrical contact in very dry soils, with excessive insertion pressure being required for reliable electrode contact. However, poor contacts could be detected, and the offending probe was either reinserted or compensation was applied. A matched filter detection algorithm based on a replica of the object of interest was developed and shown to effectively reduce the false alarm rate of the detector. EIT is especially suited for wet lands and underwater, where other mine detectors perform poorly. Experiments in a water-and sediment-filled tank have demonstrated that detection of minelike objects in such an environment with a submerged array is feasible. These experiments represent the first EIT measurements of targets using an electrode array submerged underwater. EIT may also have an application in locating intact mines in the berms formed by mine-clearing equipment. The EIT sensor head could be made cheaply enough to be disposable and remotely inserted to improve safety
Identification of the optic nerve head with genetic algorithms

OBJECTIVE
This work proposes creating an automatic system to locate and segment the optic nerve head (ONH) in eye fundus photographic images using genetic algorithms.


METHODS AND MATERIAL
Domain knowledge is used to create a set of heuristics that guide the various steps involved in the process. Initially, using an eye fundus colour image as input, a set of hypothesis points was obtained that exhibited geometric properties and intensity levels similar to the ONH contour pixels. Next, a genetic algorithm was used to find an ellipse containing the maximum number of hypothesis points in an offset of its perimeter, considering some constraints. The ellipse thus obtained is the approximation to the ONH. The segmentation method is tested in a sample of 110 eye fundus images, belonging to 55 patients with glaucoma (23.1%) and eye hypertension (76.9%) and random selected from an eye fundus image base belonging to the Ophthalmology Service at Miguel Servet Hospital, Saragossa (Spain).


RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained are competitive with those in the literature. The method's generalization capability is reinforced when it is applied to a different image base from the one used in our study and a discrepancy curve is obtained very similar to the one obtained in our image base. In addition, the robustness of the method proposed can be seen in the high percentage of images obtained with a discrepancy delta<5 (96% and 99% in our and a different image base, respectively). The results also confirm the hypothesis that the ONH contour can be properly approached with a non-deformable ellipse. Another important aspect of the method is that it directly provides the parameters characterising the shape of the papilla: lengths of its major and minor axes, its centre of location and its orientation with regard to the horizontal position.
Konsequenzen aus der Altruismusforschung für die Ausbildung in Erster Hilfe

Innerhalb der psychologischen Altruismusforschung konnten Faktoren identifiziert werden, die sich förderlich bzw. hemmend auf die Hilfsbereitschaft von Menschen auswirken. Angewandt auf den Bereich akuter Notfälle lassen sich aus diesen Erkenntnissen Konsequenzen für die Gestaltung der Erste-Hilfe-Ausbildung ableiten. Inhaltlich sollten in den Kursen anstelle komplexer Algorithmen einfach anzuwendende, konkrete und vor allem relevante Maßnahmen vermittelt werden. Den Teilnehmern muss die Angst genommen werden, etwas falsch zu machen. Des Weiteren sind die Kurse um psychologische Lerninhalte zu erweitern. Dabei sollte die Ausbildung bereits bei Kindern beginnen und in regelmäßigen Abständen fortgesetzt werden. Zudem sind spezielle Kursformate sowohl für Frauen als auch für Senioren zu entwickeln. In Ergänzung hierzu sollten Massenmedien genutzt werden, um einen Wandel des Images von Erster Hilfe herbeizuführen. Factors promoting and retarding the willing to help somebody are identified within the psychological altruism research. This scientific insight is able to deduce consequences towards the specification of first-aid-course-formats. Instead of teaching complex algorithm-procedures the concepts should concentrate on easy reproducible, precise and foremost relevant measurements. The anxiety of the trainees potentially doing harming mistakes as a bystander has to be reduced sustainable. Adding psychological aspects to the formats is indispensable. The First-Aid-Training should already be initiated for kids in school and refresher-training is mandatory. Also adapted course-formats for women and senior-citizens are indicated. Mass media activities could be an effective transmitter to change the old image of “first-aid”.
Erectile dysfunction.

From the University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco. Address reprint requests to Dr. Lue at the Department of Urology, U-575, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, or at tlue@urol. ucsf.edu. ©2000, Massachusetts Medical Society. RECTILE dysfunction is defined as the inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse. 1
Nasal base surgery.

The nasal base is an important aspect of the nose with a complex anatomic architecture comprising a combination of cartilages, skin, connective tissues, and ligaments. Recent studies show that all nasal base deformities cannot be corrected by simple excision and suturing techniques. Alar release and medialization would be effective in some of these deformities. This article presents an overview of conventional concepts of alar base surgeries, which have remained unchanged over many years. Indications and limitations of each technique are discussed, followed by a more detailed description of alar release and medialization.
Integrated Semiconductor Laser Optical Phase Lock Loops

An Optical Phase Lock Loop (OPLL) is a feedback control system that allows the phase stabilization of a laser to a reference laser with absolute but adjustable frequency offset. Such phase and frequency locked optical oscillators are of great interest for sensing, spectroscopy, and optical communication applications, where coherent detection offers advantages of higher sensitivity and spectral efficiency than can be achieved with direct detection. As explained in this paper, the fundamental difficulty in realising an OPLL is related to the limitations on loop bandwidth and propagation delay as a function of laser linewidth. In particular, the relatively wide linewidth of semiconductor lasers requires short delay, which can only be achieved through shortening of the feedback path, which is greatly facilitated through photonic integration. This paper reviews the advances in the development of semiconductor laser-based OPLLs and describes how improvements in performance have been enabled by improvements in photonic integration technology. We also describe the first OPLL created using foundry fabricated photonic integrated circuits and off-the-shelf electronic components. Stable locking has been achieved for offset frequencies between 4 and 12 GHz with a heterodyne phase noise below –100 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset. This is the highest performance yet reported for a monolithically integrated OPLL and demonstrates the attractiveness of the foundry fabrication approach.
The SHASTRA Distributed and Collaborative Geometric Design Environment

SHASTRA 1 is a collaborative distributed geometric design and manipulation environment. In this software project we consider the research and development of the next generation of software environments where multiple users (say, a collaborative engineering design team) create, share, manipulate, simulate, and visualize complex three dimensional geometric designs over a distributed heterogeneous network of workstations and supercomputers. SHASTRA consists of a growing set of tools for geometric design networked into a highly extensible environment where all the toolkits are interoperable. It provides a unified framework for collaboration, session management, data communication and graphical command interface along with a powerful numeric, symbolic and graphics substrate, enabling the rapid prototyping and development of efficient software tools for the creation, manipulation and visualization of multi-dimensional geometric data. These software tools are primarily tailored for use in both scientific experimentation and education, with an emphasis on distributed and collaborative geometric problem solving.
Review: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues

Knowledge is a broad and abstract notion that has defined epistemological debate in western philosophy since the classical Greek era. In the past Richard Watson was the accepting senior editor for this paper. MISQ Review articles survey, conceptualize, and synthesize prior MIS research and set directions for future research. For more details see http://www.misq.org/misreview/announce.html few years, however, there has been a growing interest in treating knowledge as a significant organizational resource. Consistent with the interest in organizational knowledge and knowledge management (KM), IS researchers have begun promoting a class of information systems, referred to as knowledge management systems (KMS). The objective of KMS is to support creation, transfer, and application of knowledge in organizations. Knowledge and knowledge management are complex and multi-faceted concepts. Thus, effective development and implementation of KMS requires a foundation in several rich
The heart of computer science

The first two objectives can not be met simply with course work. The techniques and methods of approaching computer solutions to problems are independent of the application area of the problem and must become a reflex action on the part of the students. By demanding that students write well-structured programs and requiring them to submit analyses of all programs throughout their training , it is felt that they will develop proper programming techniques and attitudes. When programs are graded by an instructor less weight must be given to the output and answers and far more emphasis placed on the source program and algorithms. It is clear that the concepts of structured programming and the analysis of algorithms must be stressed throughout the entire curriculum. We have attempted to define a heart of Computer science, which should be in the intersection of all undergraduate computer science programs. The heart was developed by examining those topics which were absolutely essential to meeting the objectives stated above. Although it may appear that some of the topics are very mathematical in nature, it is an interesting observation that they do not require any mathematical background other than the ability to perform simple algebraic manipulations (secondary school algebra). It is our experience that the required mathematics can be developed in the courses at little cost in time. On the other hand, it is our belief the heart should also contain a certain amount of basic mathematics. ~
Epidermoid cysts in head and neck: our experiences, with review of literature.

Epidermoid cysts are benign lesions, characterized by cystic spaces lined by simple squamous epithelium (epidermoid cyst), containing skin adnexa ("true" dermoid cyst) or tissues of all three germ layers (teratoid cyst). Head and neck constitute ~7% of all cases of epidermoid and dermoid cysts. There is often a diagnostic dilemma with the more common cystic lesions of this region. A retrospective case-series study of histologically proved epidermoid cysts in the head-neck region, from February 2008 to January 2011, in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery of a tertiary Government teaching hospital in eastern India. The diagnosis was reached by fine needle aspiration cytology FNAC and subsequent histopathology where feasible. Necessary imaging was done for evaluation and management. A total of 28 cases were analyzed. 5 were female, with a male: female ratio of 4.6. Age range was from 2 to 60 years (mean = 30). Excision was the preferred treatment in 20 cases (71.4%). Various sites like the submandibular region (5), pinna (5), sublingual region (1), periorbital (6), suprasternal (6), along the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid (1) and glabella (3) were involved, along with an iatrogenic implantation epidermoid cyst in a tracheostomy scar. Some of the interesting cases presenting with clinical dilemma have been emphasized. Epidermoid cysts are relatively less common in the head-neck region, hence are liable to be misdiagnosed. In this case-series, few cases presenting with enough elements of confusion and dilemma are discussed with overall analysis and review of the related literature.
Signal Acquisition Using Surface EMG and Circuit Design Considerations for Robotic Prosthesis

Electromyography (EMG) is the subject which deals with the detection, analysis and utilization of electrical signals emanating from skeletal muscles. The field of electromyography is studied in Biomedical Engineering. And prosthesis using electromyography is achieved under Biomechatronics [1]. The electric signal produced during muscle activation, known as the myoelectric signal, is produced from small electrical currents generated by the exchange of ions across the muscle membranes and detected with the help of electrodes. Electromyography is used to evaluate and record the electrical activity produced by muscles of a human body. The instrument from which we obtain the EMG signal is known as electromyograph and the resultant record obtained is known as electromyogram [2].
High temperature aging study of intermetallic compound formation of Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu solders on electroless Ni (P) metallization

The Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu solders on electroless Ni-immersion Au metallization exhibited different interfacial morphology after high temperature storage (HTS) testing at 150degC. Ni3Sn4 intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were found in the Sn-Ag system, while in the Sn-Ag-Cu system, spalling grains of (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 IMC were observed after long aging, along with a thick (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 IMC layer which adheres to the P rich electroless Ni coating. Kirkendall voids were found between the Sn-Ag and electroless Ni interface after 168 and 500 hour thermal aging, while a clear gap existed at the interface after 1000 hour aging, as a result of the growth of the micro-voids. In the Sn-Ag-Cu system, Kirkendall voids were found inside grains of the Sn-Ni-Cu ternary interfacial compound after 500 and 1000 hour aging