LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Time-Critical Influence Maximization in Social Networks with Time-Delayed Diffusion Process

Influence maximization is a problem of finding a small set of highly influential users, also known as seeds, in a social network such that the spread of influence under certain propagation models is maximized. In this paper, we consider time-critical influence maximization, in which one wants to maximize influence spread within a given deadline. Since timing is considered in the optimization, we also extend the Independent Cascade (IC) model and the Linear Threshold (LT) model to incorporate the time delay aspect of influence diffusion among individuals in social networks. We show that timecritical influence maximization under the time-delayed IC and LT models maintains desired properties such as submodularity, which allows a greedy approximation algorithm to achieve an approximation ratio of 1− 1/e. To overcome the inefficiency of the greedy algorithm, we design two heuristic algorithms: the first one is based on a dynamic programming procedure that computes exact influence in tree structures and directed acyclic subgraphs, while the second one converts the problem to one in the original models and then applies existing fast heuristic algorithms to it. Our simulation results demonstrate that our algorithms achieve the same level of influence spread as the greedy algorithm while running a few orders of magnitude faster, and they also outperform existing fast heuristics that disregard the deadline constraint and delays in diffusion. ∗A preliminary version of this paper appears in Proc. of the Twenty-Sixth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2012). The copyright of that conference version is held by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI). †Part of this work was done while Wei Lu was a visiting student at Microsoft Research Asia. Support in part by The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). ‡This work was done while Ning Zhang was a visiting student at Microsoft Research Asia. 1 ar X iv :1 20 4. 30 74 v3 [ cs .S I] 1 3 Ju l 2 01 5
Mental disorders in offspring of parents with bipolar and major depressive disorders.

OBJECTIVES
There is limited information on the specificity of associations between parental bipolar disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) and the risk of psychopathology in offspring. The chief aim of the present study was to investigate the association between mood disorder subtypes in the two parents and mental disorders in the offspring.


METHODS
A total of 376 offspring (aged 6.0-17.9 years; mean=11.5years) of 72 patients with BPD (139 offspring), 56 patients with MDD (110 offspring), and 66 controls (127 offspring) participated in a family study conducted in two university hospital centers in Switzerland. Probands, offspring, and biological co-parents were interviewed by psychologists blind to proband diagnoses, using a semi-structured diagnostic interview.


RESULTS
Rates of mood and anxiety disorders were elevated among offspring of BPD probands (34.5% any mood; 42.5% any anxiety) and MDD probands (25.5% any mood; 44.6% any anxiety) as compared to those of controls (12.6% any mood; 22.8% any anxiety). Moreover, recurrent MDD was more frequent among offspring of BPD probands (7.9%) than those of controls (1.6%). Parental concordance for bipolar spectrum disorders was associated with a further elevation in the rates of mood disorders in offspring (64.3% both parents versus 27.2% one parent).


CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide unique information on the broad manifestations of parental mood disorders in their offspring. The earlier onset and increased risk of recurrent MDD in the offspring of parents with BPD compared to those of controls suggests that the episodicity characterizing BPD may emerge in childhood and adolescence.
Systematics, the scientific basis for inventories of biodiversity

A taxonomic inventory strategy is proposed for the planetary exploration of biological diversity. Such inventories result in comprehensive collections, our only insurance against bio-ignorance; meet needs for basic taxonomic and phylogenetic research; make full use of limited taxonomic resources; and provide credible, verifiable data associated with museum and herbarium specimens. Decisive efforts to meet the biodiversity crisis need not compromise advances in taxonomic theory and practice in the interest of expediency. Inventories provide data for understanding the origin and history of diversification of life on Earth, while gathering scientific evidence to inform decisions related to conservation and resource management.
Software Architecture Design Reasoning: A Case for Improved Methodology Support

This paper presents the capturing and recording of reasoning behind software architecture design to encourage architects to more carefully consider design decisions and better support future maintenance.
Studying Bluetooth Malware Propagation: The BlueBag Project

Bluetooth worms currently pose relatively little danger compared to Internet scanning worms. The BlueBag project shows targeted attacks through Bluetooth malware using proof-of-concept codes and mobile devices
Muscle strength, volume and activation following 12-month resistance training in 70-year-old males

In elderly males muscle plantar flexor maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque normalised to muscle volume (MVC/VOL) is reduced compared to young males as a result of incomplete muscle activation in the elderly. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of a 12-month resistance training programme on muscle volume, strength, MVC/VOL, agonist activation and antagonist coactivation of the plantarfexors in elderly males. Thirteen elderly males aged 70 years and over (range 70–82 years), completed a 12-month whole body resistance-training programme (TRN), training three times a week. Another eight males (range 18–30 years), who maintained their habitual physical activity for the same 12-month period as the TRN group acted as controls (CTRL). Isometric plantarflexor maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque increased in the TRN group by 20% (P<0.01), from 113.1±22.0 Nm to 141.5±19.2 Nm. Triceps surae volume (TS VOL) assessed using MRI, increased by 12%, from 796.3±78.9 cm3 to 916.8±144.4 cm3 . PF activation, measured using supramaximal double twitch interpolation, increased from 83.6±11.0% pre training, to 92.1±7.6% post training (P<0.05). Dorsiflexion MVC and antagonist coactivation (assessed using surface electromyography) did not change with training. Plantarflexor MVC torque normalized for triceps surae muscle volume (MVC/VOL) was 142.6±32.4 kN m−2 before training and 157.0± 27.9 kN m−2 after training (a non-significant increase of 8%). No significant change in any measurement was observed in the CTRL group. This study has shown that the gain in muscle strength in response to long-term (12-month) training in older men is mostly accounted for by an increased muscle volume and activation.
Security engineering - a guide to building dependable distributed systems

I intend to keep a collection of links at the book’s web page, http://www.rossanderson.com. Please check out this page if a link you wish to follow is out of date. [1] M Abadi, “Explicit Communications Revisited: Two New Attacks on Authentication Protocols,” in IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v 23 no 3 (Mar 1997), pp 185–186. [2] M Abadi, RM Needham, “Prudent Engineering Practice for Cryptographic Protocols,” IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v 22 no 1 (Jan 1996) pp 6–15; also as DEC SRC Research Report no 125 (June 1 1994) at
Transparent object detection and reconstruction on a mobile platform

In this paper we propose a novel approach to detect and reconstruct transparent objects. This approach makes use of the fact that many transparent objects, especially the ones consisting of usual glass, absorb light in certain wavelengths [1]. Given a controlled illumination, this absorption is measurable in the intensity response by comparison to the background. We show the usage of a standard infrared emitter and the intensity sensor of a time of flight (ToF) camera to reconstruct the structure given we have a second view point. The structure can not be measured by the usual 3D measurements of the ToF camera. We take advantage of this fact by deriving this internal sensory contradiction from two ToF images and reconstruct an approximated surface of the original transparent object. Therefor we are using a perspectively invariant matching in the intensity channels from the first to the second view of initially acquired candidates. For each matched pixel in the first view a 3D movement can be predicted given their original 3D measurement and the known distance to the second camera position. If their line of sight did not pass a transparent object or suffered any other major defect, this prediction will highly correspond to the actual measured 3D points of the second view. Otherwise, if a detectable error occurs, we approximate a more exact point to point matching and reconstruct the original shape by triangulating the points in the stereo setup. We tested our approach using a mobile platform with one Swissranger SR4k. As this platform is mobile, we were able to create a stereo setup by moving it. Our results show a detection of transparent objects on tables while simultaneously identifying opaque objects that also existed in the test setup. The viability of our results is demonstrated by a successful automated manipulation of the respective transparent object.
Applying machine learning classifiers to dynamic Android malware detection at scale

The widespread adoption and contextually sensitive nature of smartphone devices has increased concerns over smartphone malware. Machine learning classifiers are a current method for detecting malicious applications on smartphone systems. This paper presents the evaluation of a number of existing classifiers, using a dataset containing thousands of real (i.e. not synthetic) applications. We also present our STREAM framework, which was developed to enable rapid large-scale validation of mobile malware machine learning classifiers.
A deep HMM model for multiple keywords spotting in handwritten documents

In this paper, we propose a query by string word spotting system able to extract arbitrary keywords in handwritten documents, taking both segmentation and recognition decisions at the line level. The system relies on the combination of a HMM line model made of keyword and non-keyword (filler) models, with a deep neural network that estimates the state-dependent observation probabilities. Experiments are carried out on RIMES database, an unconstrained handwritten document database that is used for benchmarking different handwriting recognition tasks. The obtained results show the superiority of the proposed framework over the classical GMM–HMM and standard HMM hybrid architectures.
Antimicrobial potential of 27 plants consumed by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus Blumenbach) in Ivory Coast

BACKGROUND
Due to their genetic proximity, chimpanzees share with human several diseases including bacterial, fungal and viral infections, such as candidiasis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), Ebola virus disease. However, in its natural environment, chimpanzees are tolerant to several pathogens including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), virus related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that contribute to the emergence of opportunistic diseases such as microbial infections.


METHODS
Twenty seven species of plants consumed by chimpanzees were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata using the agar diffusion technique and micro-dilution in 96-well plates. In total 132 extracts (33 dichloromethane, 33 methanol, 33 ethyl acetate and 33 aqueous) were tested.


RESULTS
The results showed that 24 extracts (18 %) showed activity against bacteria and 6 extracts (5 %) were active against yeasts. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values of active extracts ranged between 23 and 750 μg/ml for bacteria and between 188 and 1500 μg/ml for yeasts.


CONCLUSION
Tristemma coronatum was the most promising on the studied microorganisms followed by Beilschmiedia mannii. The extracts of the two plants indicated by chimpanzees have potential for antimicrobial use in human.
Invertebrate relationships : patterns in animal evolution

Part I. Introduction to Animal Phylogeny: 1. Approaches to animal phylogeny 2. Morphological patterns and traditional divisions Part II. Sources of Evidence in Invertebrate Phylogeny: 3. Evidence from the fossil record 4. Evidence from chemistry and genetics 5. Evidence from embryology and larvae 6. Evidence from cell ultrastructure Part III. Phylogeny of Major Groups: 7. The origin of the Metazoa 8. Acoelomates and other lowly worms 9. The pseudocoelomates 10. The phylogenetic position of molluscs 11. Arthropod phylogeny 12. The deuterostomes 13. The Iophophorates 14. A phylogenetic overview of invertebrates References Index.
Analysing open-ended questions by means of text analysis procedures

Assume one has open-ended questions in a survey and seriously wants to analyse the answers to these questions. Now text analysis might be applied. This talk discusses a number of choices to be made when a thematic text analysis is to be applied. It starts with requirements to be posed to the open-ended questions themselves and sketches choices in the development of a category system. Here the coding comes immediately into view. Coding can be performed from an instrumental or a representational perspective. In the first the coding is performed from the point of view of the investigator, it can be performed in a run of a computer program. In the second the point of view of the respondent is acknowledged. Now the computer can be used as a management tool, but the coding itself must be performed by a human coder. The choice for one of these methods depends on what the investigator is looking for and has consequences for the way how to proceed. When the representational way of coding is applied also questions about intercoder reliability must be posed. Introduction An open-ended question in a survey or public opinion poll is an unstructured question in which possible answers are not suggested, and the respondent answers it in his or her own words. The question is framed in such a way as to encourage the explanation of the answers and reactions to the question with a sentence, a paragraph, or even a page or more, depending on the survey. It should be a full expression of an opinion, containing nuances, rather instead of merely having to select an answer from a predetermined set of response categories. This allows investigators to better access the respondents' true feelings on an issue. Open-ended questions tend to be more objective and less leading than closed-ended questions. Open-ended questions usually begin with a how, what, when, where, and why (such as "What are in your view the most important political problems in your country today?”) and provide qualitative instead of quantitative information. Open-ended questions have a great diversity of responses. This is certainly true when one keeps in mind that not all respondents have the same ability of expressing or the same style of writing. One might be afraid respondents are not able to get their opinion on paper and that they only articulate a response. Geer (1988) has shown they are able to formulate their attitudes. Certainly when sensitive information is to be elicited, such as information about sexual assault or drug usage, open-ended questions seem to be better for obtaining information. Another benefit is that these questions cut down on two types of response error. Respondents are not likely to forget the answers
Dynamic Visual Acuity during Passive Head Thrusts in Canal Planes

We sought to determine whether the dynamic visual acuity (DVA) test, which has been used to measure the function of the two horizontal semicircular canals (SCCs), could be adapted to measure the individual function of all six SCCs using transient, rapid, unpredictable head rotation stimuli (head thrusts) in the direction of maximum sensitivity of each SCC. We examined head-thrust DVA (htDVA) performance in 19 healthy control subjects, five patients before and six patients after plugging of one superior SCC for treatment of superior canal dehiscence, and two subjects with unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) by vestibular neurectomy. We compared htDVA results for each SCC to vestibulo-ocular reflex gains measured using 3-D scleral coil recordings during a passive head-thrust-test paradigm. Individuals with normal vestibular function had similar htDVA scores for each of the six directions (canals) tested (mean 0.058 ± 0.050 LogMAR). Individuals tested after surgical plugging of one superior SCC were similar to normal for all SCCs except the plugged SCC, which had significantly worse htDVA scores (mean 0.270 ± 0.08 LogMAR). Individuals with UVD had significantly worse htDVA scores for head rotations maximally exciting any of the ipsilesional SCC (mean 0.317 ± 0.129 LogMAR) and scores similar to normal subjects for contralesional rotations (0.063 ± 0.051 LogMAR). These findings suggest that the htDVA test, which does not require scleral coil placement, magnetic field coils, or expensive oculography equipment, can provide a useful quantitative measure of individual SCC function.
Using difficulty resuming sleep to define nocturnal awakenings.

OBJECTIVE
Nocturnal awakenings are one of the most prevalent sleep disturbances in the general population. Little is known, however, about the frequency of these episodes and how difficulty resuming sleep once awakened affects subjective sleep quality and quantity.


METHOD
This is a cross-sectional telephone study with a representative sample consisting of 8937 non-institutionalized individuals aged 18 or over living in Texas, New York and California. The interviews included questions on sleeping habits, health, sleep and mental disorders. Nocturnal awakenings were evaluated according to their frequency per week and per night, as well as their duration.


RESULTS
A total of 35.5% of the sample reported awakening at least three nights per week. Of this 35.5%, 43% (15.2% of the total sample) reported difficulty resuming sleep once awakened. More than 80% of subjects with insomnia symptoms (difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or non-restorative sleep) also had nocturnal awakenings. Difficulty resuming sleep was associated with subjective shorter sleep duration, poorer sleep quality, greater daytime impairment, greater consultations for sleep disturbances and greater likelihood of receiving a sleep medication.


CONCLUSIONS
Nocturnal awakenings disrupt the sleep of about one-third of the general population. Using difficulty resuming sleep identifies individuals with significant daytime impairment who are most likely to seek medical help for their sleep disturbances. In the absence of other insomnia symptoms, nocturnal awakenings alone are unlikely to be associated with daytime impairments.
The effect of polytrauma as a possible confounder in the outcome of monotraumatic vs polytraumatic paraplegic patients: a clinical cohort study

Study design:Clinical cohort study.Objective:To evaluate if the impact of the severity of the trauma as a possible confounding factor influences the neurological and functional recovery in paraplegia during the course of a 6-month follow-up period after injury.Setting:Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.Methods:A retrospective monocentric analysis, from 2002 to 2008, of the Heidelberg European Multicenter Study about spinal cord injury database was performed. We included 31 paraplegic patients (neurological level T1–T12) who were assigned either to a monotrauma (polytraumaschluessel (PTS) 1) or to a polytrauma (PTS⩾2) group. The American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale, lower extremity motor score, pin prick, light touch and the spinal cord independence measure (SCIM) were obtained at five distinct time points after trauma. Data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U-test (α<0.05).Results:The changes in lower extremity motor score, pin prick and light touch showed no significant differences in both groups over the whole evaluation period. Polytraumatic paraplegics showed a significantly delayed increase of SCIM between 2 and 6 weeks compared with monotraumatic patients, followed by a quantitative increase in the subitems bladder management, bowel management, use of toilet and prevention of pressure sores between 3 and 6 months (P=0.031). The mean length of primary rehabilitation in the polytrauma group was 5.5 vs 3.6 months in monotrauma.Conclusions:The prognosis of polytraumatic paraplegics in terms of neurological recovery is not inferior to those with monotrauma. Multiple-injured patients need a prolonged hospital stay to reach the functional outcome of monotraumatic patients.
Antennal and Behavioral Responses of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae) to Metathoracic Scent Gland Compounds

J. Entomol. Sci. 42(l): 92-104 (January 2007) Abstract Hexyl and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrates and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal are major components of the metathoracic scent Oland (MSG) secretion and aeration samples of many plant bugs (Middae), including the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). Laboratory and field experiments were performed (1) to determine the extent to which MSG-produced compounds are detected by antennae of L. lineolaris males and females, and (2) to elucidate the behavioral activity associated with the antennally active MSG compounds. The three major MSG-produced compounds elicited strong antennal responses by both sexes. In Y-track olfactometer tests, attraction of males to virgin females was significantly reduced when a dispenser loaded with hexyl butyrate was placed with the virgin females. Hexyl butyrate tested alone against a blank control significantly repelled males. In the field, ternary and partial binary combinations of these three EAD-active compounds failed to attract either sex, whereas virgin females attracted a significant number of males. However, addition of hexyl butyrate and/or (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate to virgin female-baited traps significantly reduced the number of males caught compared with the level of the blank control traps. This might be due either to a negative effect on pheromone release by the females or direct repellency of males, or both. These MSG compounds may be useful for mating disruption and other pest management tactics against economically important plant bugs.