LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid bone position following orthodontic treatment of Class I bimaxillary protrusion.

OBJECTIVES
To test the hypothesis that the sagittal position of the anterior teeth has no effect on pharyngeal airway dimension or hyoid bone position and to investigate the influence of orthodontic retraction of the anterior teeth on each section of pharynx and hyoid position.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty-four Class I bimaxillary protrusion adults, treated with preadjusted appliances and maximum anchorage after extraction of four premolars, were divided into two groups according to their vertical craniofacial skeletal patterns. Pretreatment and posttreatment variables were compared using paired t-test, and the relationship between pharyngeal airway size and dentofacial variables was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. The changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid position after treatment were compared between two groups using independent t-test.


RESULTS
Upon retraction of the incisors, the upper and lower lips were retracted by 2.60 mm and 3.87 mm, respectively. The tip of upper incisor was retracted by 6.84 mm and lower incisor retracted by 4.95 mm. There was significant decrease in SPP-SPPW, U-MPW, TB-TPPW, V-LPW, VAL, C3H, and SH (P < .05). No statistically significant different changes were observed in the dentofacial structures, pharyngeal airway, and hyoid position between the two groups after the treatment. There was a significant correlation between the retraction distance of lower incisor and the airway behind the soft palate, uvula, and tongue.


CONCLUSIONS
The pharyngeal airway size became narrower after the treatment. Extraction of four premolars with retraction of incisors did affect velopharyngeal, glossopharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and hyoid position in bimaxillary protrusive adult patients.
Alterations in iris structure and pupil size related to alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists use: implications for floppy iris syndrome.

PURPOSE
To evaluate structural alterations of iris and pupil diameters (PDs) in patients using systemic α-1-adrenergic receptor antagonists (α-1ARAs), which are associated with intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS).


METHODS
Eighty-eight eyes of 49 male were evaluated prospectively. Patients were assigned to 2 different groups. Study group included 23 patients taking any systemic α-1ARAs treatment, and control group included 26 patients not taking any systemic α-1ARAs treatment. All patients underwent anterior segment optical coherence tomography to evaluate iris thickness at the dilator muscle region (DMR) and at the sphincter muscle region (SMR). The PD was measured using a computerized infrared pupillometer under scotopic and photopic illumination.


RESULTS
The study group included 46 eyes of 23 patients and the control group included 42 eyes of 26 patients. Most treated patients were on tamsulosin (16/23). Mean age was similar in the study and control groups (61.9±7.1 vs. 60.3±8, 2 years, nonsignificant). DMR (506.5±89.4 vs. 503.6±83.5 μm), SMR (507.8±78.1 vs. 522.1±96.4 μm) and the DMR/SMR ratio (1.0±0.15 vs. 0.99±0.23 μm) was similar in the study and control groups and these differences were nonsignificant. Scotopic PDs were also similar in both groups (3.99±1.11 vs. 3.74±1.35, nonsignificant). A significantly reduced photopic PD (2.89±0.55 vs. 3.62±0.64, P<0.001) and an increased scotopic/photopic PD (1.42±0.44 vs. 1.02±0.30, P<0.001) were found in the study group.


CONCLUSIONS
Evaluating PD alterations might be more useful than evaluating iris structural alterations in predicting IFIS. There is still a need for a reliable method that will determine the possibility of IFIS.
An Investigation into the Lifestyle, Health Habits and Risk Factors of Young Adults

This project examined the lifestyle, health habits and risk factors of young adults at Qatar University. It explored the clustering and differences in dietary habits, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (PA) amongst male and female students, both Qatari and non-Qatari. Seven hundred thirty two students aged 18-25 years completed a self-reported questionnaire and an objective measure of BMI. Males and females had a high prevalence of being overweight and obesity and low levels of PA, according to well-established international standards. Three clusters were identified based on the students' lifestyle and dietary habits. Cluster 1 (high risk factors) included those who engaged the least in healthy dietary practices and consumed the most unhealthy foods, participated in less PA and had the highest BMI. Cluster 2 (moderate risk factors) included those with considerably more habits falling into the moderate category, engagement in the most PA, the least TV and computer viewing time and had the lowest BMI. Cluster 3 (low risk factors) included those who engaged the most with the four healthy dietary practices, the least with the four unhealthy dietary practices and participated in moderate PA per week. This project provides valuable data that could be used by policy makers to address issues concerning student's health.
Carotid artery stenosis: wide variability in reporting formats--a review of 127 Veterans Affairs medical centers.

PURPOSE
To determine whether radiology reports describe clinically significant carotid arterial stenosis in a consistent format that is actionable by ordering clinicians.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was HIPAA compliant. Informed consent was waived. Institutional review board approval was obtained for this retrospective chart review, which included radiology reports of carotid artery imaging for patients hospitalized with ischemic stroke at 127 Veterans Affairs medical centers in 2006-2007. "Clinically significant results" were defined as results with at least 50% stenosis or at least moderate stenosis, excluding complete occlusion. How often clinically significant results were reported as an exact percentage stenosis (such as 60%), range (such as 50%-69%), or category (such as moderate) was determined. Among results reported as a range, how often the range bracketed clinical thresholds of 50% and 70% (typically used to determine appropriateness of carotid arterial revascularization) was determined.


RESULTS
Among 2675 patients, there were 6618 carotid imaging results, of which 1015 (15%) were considered clinically significant. Among 695 clinically significant results at ultrasonography (US), 348 (50%) were described as a range, and another 314 (45%) were reported as an exact percentage stenosis. Among the 348 clinically significant US results reported as a range, 259 (74%) bracketed the thresholds of 50% or 70%. For magnetic resonance angiographic results, 48% (106 of 221) qualitatively described clinically significant results as a category, 38% (84 of 221) as an exact percentage stenosis, and 14% (31 of 221) as a range.


CONCLUSION
In this national health care system, the manner in which clinically significant carotid arterial stenosis was reported varied widely.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone or with dacarbazine in metastatic melanoma: a randomized phase II trial

The potential antitumoural effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) led us to evaluate GM-CSF alone or with dacarbazine (DTIC) in metastatic melanoma in first line randomized phase II. Treatment was arm A: GM-CSF: 5 μg kg–1, bid, 14 consecutive days every 21 days and arm B: GM-CSF: 5 μg kg–1, bid, day 2 to day 19 every 21 days and DTIC: 800 mg m–2, day 1 of each cycle. 32 patients (pts) were included, 15 pts in arm A and 17 in arm B. All pts had visceral metastatic sites. 9 had only one metastatic site. The median number of cycles given was 2 in arm A and 3 in arm B. 100% and 89.4% of the planned dose of GM-CSF was given in arm A and arm B respectively. No objective response was obtained. 19 pts experienced at least WHO grade 3 toxicity. All pts had fever, 29 had a decrease in performance status and 23 had pain. Grade 3 toxicity were fever (38.7%), decrease in performance status (32.3%), pain (19.4%) and dyspnoea (12.5%). In this study, GM-CSF alone or in association with DTIC did not induce any antitumoural activity with subsequent toxicity. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer.com
If cannabis caused schizophrenia--how many cannabis users may need to be prevented in order to prevent one case of schizophrenia? England and Wales calculations.

BACKGROUND
We consider how many cannabis users may need to be prevented in order to prevent one case of schizophrenia or psychosis [defined as number needed to prevent (NNP)].


METHOD
Calculation for England and Wales using best available estimates of: incidence of schizophrenia; rates of heavy and light cannabis use; and risk that cannabis causes schizophrenia.


RESULTS
In men the annual mean NNP for heavy cannabis and schizophrenia ranged from 2800 [90% confidence interval (CI) 2018-4530] in those aged 20-24 years to 4700 (90% CI 3114-8416) in those aged 35-39. In women, mean NNP for heavy cannabis use and schizophrenia ranged from 5470 (90% CI 3640-9839) in those aged 25-29 to 10 870 (90% CI 6786-22 732) in 35-39-year-olds. Equivalent mean NNP for heavy cannabis use and psychosis were lower, from 1360 (90% CI 1007-2124) in men aged 20-24 and 2480 (90% CI 1408-3518) in women aged 16-19. The mean and median number of light cannabis users that would need to be prevented in order to prevent one case of schizophrenia or psychosis per year are four to five times greater than among heavy users.


CONCLUSIONS
The number of young people who need to be exposed to an intervention to generate NNP and prevent one case of schizophrenia will be even larger. The public health importance of preventing cannabis to reduce schizophrenia or psychosis remains uncertain. More attention should be given to testing the hypothesis that cannabis is related causally to psychotic outcomes, and to considering what strategies will be the most effective in reducing heavy cannabis use among young people.
A paracrine loop between adipocytes and macrophages aggravates inflammatory changes: role of free fatty acids and tumor necrosis factor alpha.

OBJECTIVE
Weight gain is associated with infiltration of fat by macrophages, suggesting that they are an important source of inflammation in obese adipose tissue. Here we developed an in vitro coculture system composed of adipocytes and macrophages and examined the molecular mechanism whereby these cells communicate.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Coculture of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and macrophage cell line RAW264 results in the marked upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and the downregulation of the antiinflammatory cytokine adiponectin. Such inflammatory changes are induced by the coculture without direct contact, suggesting the role of soluble factors. A neutralizing antibody to TNF-alpha, which occurs mostly in macrophages, inhibits the inflammatory changes in 3T3-L1, suggesting that TNF-alpha is a major macrophage-derived mediator of inflammation in adipocytes. Conversely, free fatty acids (FFAs) may be important adipocyte-derived mediators of inflammation in macrophages, because the production of TNF-alpha in RAW264 is markedly increased by palmitate, a major FFA released from 3T3-L1. The inflammatory changes in the coculture are augmented by use of either hypertrophied 3T3-L1 or adipose stromal vascular fraction obtained from obese ob/ob mice.


CONCLUSIONS
We postulate that a paracrine loop involving FFAs and TNF-alpha between adipocytes and macrophages establishes a vicious cycle that aggravates inflammatory changes in the adipose tissue.
Mining meaning from Wikipedia

Wikipedia is a goldmine of information; not just for its many readers, but also for the growing community of researchers who recognize it as a resource of exceptional scale and utility. It represents a vast investment of manual effort and judgment: a huge, constantly evolving tapestry of concepts and relations that is being applied to a host of tasks. This article provides a comprehensive description of this work. It focuses on research that extracts and makes use of the concepts, relations, facts and descriptions found in Wikipedia, and organizes the work into four broad categories: applying Wikipedia to natural language processing; using it to facilitate information retrieval and information extraction; and as a resource for ontology building. The article addresses how Wikipedia is being used as is, how it is being improved and adapted, and how it is being combined with other structures to create entirely new resources. We identify the research groups and individuals involved, and how their work has developed in the last few years. We provide a comprehensive list of the open-source software they have produced. r 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Larvicidal Activity of Selected Plant Extracts against the Dengue vector Aedes aegypti Mosquito

The larvicidal effects of leaf and stem/bark extracts of Jatropha curcas, Citrus grandis and Tinospora rumphii were tested on the larvae of the dengue-vector, Aedes aegypti. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was conducted to determine the active toxic compounds. Various concentrations (20 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL and 60 mg/mL) of the plant extracts were tested against third instar larvae of A. aegypti. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids in the leaf and bark extracts of Jatropha curcas while the leaf and bark/stem extracts of Citrus grandis and Tinospora rumphii are rich in alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and steroids. These compounds are known to possess insecticidal and larvicidal properties causing the mortality of insects and other pests. All plant extracts showed significant larvicidal activity against A. aegypti mosquito larvae at 0.05 level of significance. Tinospora rumphii leaf extract is the most effective mosquito larvicide which is manifested by the highest percentage mortality on the larvae of 90% and 93% after 24 and 48 hours respectively; with an LC50 and LC90 values of 10 mg/mL and 46 mg/mL respectively after 48 hours of exposure. Citrus grandis bark and Tinospora rumphii stem extracts showed a significant difference on the increased of the mortality of mosquito larvae with increasing concentrations of the plant extracts at 0.05 level of significance. The high larvicidal activity of Tinospora rumphii leaf is supported by the abundance of phytochemicals which show synergestic effects in terms of larvicidal action to mosquito larvae. The larvicidal activities of the three plants differ according to the plant species and part used which is supported by the presence of several bioactive chemicals.
Remark on algorithm 282 [S22] derivatives of ex/x, cos(x)/x, and sin (x)/x

We now prove separately the inequality for every term of the summation. Let us assume the thesis is wrong > ([(XLk+:-Xi,k) 2 + (yLk+:-yl.~)~] t "Jr [(X2.k+x-X2,k) 2 + (y2,k+l-Y2,k)2]t). which is contradictory. We can have equality to zero iff i.e. if all the corresponding sides of the two polygons are parallel. (e, d) We must prove that the minimal polygon has at least one vertex on the boundary of the corresponding domain. In fact, consider a minimal polygon: there will be at least a couple of adjaeent noncollinear sides. The corresponding vertex must lie on the boundary, otherwise a shorter perimeter polygon could be found (see Figure 7 (a), (b)). Furthermore, from simple geometrical considerations it can be deduced that the normal to the boundary must bisect the angle between the two adjacent sides (Figure 7 (b)). Conversely, if a constraint is not active, i.e. a vertex is not on the boundary, the adjacent sides in the minimal polygon must be collinear. (e) From the convexity properties of the domain D and of the function f it can be deduced that: (i) all local minima are global; (ii) any convex linear combination of minima is a minimum as well; (iii) Jensen's relation (3) applied to two minima obviously holds with equality. We have proved in (b) that in our ease Jensen's relation holds with equality if and only if the corresponding sides of the two polygons are parallel. Now assume to have found a (global) minimum: any vertex between two noncollineax sides will satisfy the bisection property proved in (d). If no straight line segments axe present on the boundary of domain C (e.g. if domain C is a circle), it is not possible to translate two adjacent noncollinear sides still satisfying the bisection property. Therefore, all minimal polygons have the vertices between two noncollinear sides in the same position. Thus they differ only in the position of vertices corresponding to nonactive constraints: the minimal reduced polygon is unique. * The work forms part of a research program supported by the Bundesministerium fiir wissenschaftliche Forsehung and the Fritz ter Meer-Stiftung. c o m m e n t If a Laplace transform P(s) is given in the form of a real procedure, L/nv produces an approximate value Fa of the inverse F(t) at T. Fa is evaluated according to Fa =-~-~=: N must be even. Since the V~ depend on …
1 / f Noise in MOS devices : Mobility or number fluctuations ? ( invited )

Recent experimental studies on l/f noise in MOS transistors are reviewed. Arguments are given for the two schools of thought on the origin of l/f noise. The consequences of models based on carrier-number ALV or mobility fluctuations A p on the device geometry and on the bias dependence of the l/f noise are discussed. Circuit-simulation-oriented equations for the 1 / f noise are discussed. The effects of scaling down on the l/f noise is studied in the ohmic region as well as in saturation. In the ohmic region the contribution of the series resistance often can be ignored. However, in saturation the noise of the gate-voltage-dependent series resistance on the drain side plays a role in lightly doped drain LDD mini-MOST’S. Surface and bulk p-channel devices are compared and the differences between n-and p-MOST’S often observed will be discussed. The relation between degradation effects by hot carriers or by ?-irradiation on the one hand and the l/f noise on the other is considered in terms of a L V or Ap. Experimental results suggest that l/f noise in n-MOST’S is dominated by A-V while in p-MOST’S the noise is due to Ap.
Assessing the Validity of Online Drug Forums as a Source for Estimating Demographic and Temporal Trends in Drug Use.

OBJECTIVES
Addiction researchers have begun monitoring online forums to uncover self-reported details about use and effects of emerging drugs. The use of such online data sources has not been validated against data from large epidemiological surveys. This study aimed to characterize and compare the demographic and temporal trends associated with drug use as reported in online forums and in a large epidemiological survey.


METHODS
Data were collected from the Web site, drugs-forum.com, from January 2007 through August 2012 (143,416 messages posted by 8087 members) and from the US National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) from 2007 to 2012. Measures of forum participation levels were compared with and validated against 2 measures from the NSDUH survey data: percentage of people using the drug in past 30 days and percentage using the drug more than 100 times in the past year.


RESULTS
For established drugs (eg, cannabis), significant correlations were found across demographic groups between drugs-forum.com and the NSDUH survey data, whereas weaker, nonsignificant correlations were found with temporal trends. Emerging drugs (eg, Salvia divinorum) were strongly associated with male users in the forum, in agreement with survey-derived data, and had temporal patterns that increased in synchrony with poison control reports.


CONCLUSIONS
These results offer the first assessment of online drug forums as a valid source for estimating demographic and temporal trends in drug use. The analyses suggest that online forums are a reliable source for estimation of demographic associations and early identification of emerging drugs, but a less reliable source for measurement of long-term temporal trends.
Clinical, biological, and molecular characteristics of clonal mast cell disorders presenting with systemic mast cell activation symptoms.

BACKGROUND
Systemic mast cell activation disorders (MCADs) are characterized by severe and systemic mast cell (MC) mediators-related symptoms frequently associated with increased serum baseline tryptase (sBt).


OBJECTIVE
To analyze the clinical, biological, and molecular characteristics of adult patients presenting with systemic MC activation symptoms/anaphylaxis in the absence of skin mastocytosis who showed clonal (c) versus nonclonal (nc) MCs and to provide indication criteria for bone marrow (BM) studies.


METHODS
Eighty-three patients were studied. Patients showing clonal BM MCs were grouped into indolent systemic mastocytosis without skin lesions (ISMs(-); n = 48) and other c-MCADs (n = 3)-both with CD25(++) BM MCs and either positive mast/stem cell growth factor receptor gene (KIT) mutation or clonal human androgen receptor assay (HUMARA) tests-and nc-MCAD (CD25-negative BM MCs in the absence of KIT mutation; n = 32) and compared for their clinical, biological, and molecular characteristics.


RESULTS
Most clonal patients (48/51; 94%) met the World Health Organization criteria for systemic mastocytosis and were classified as ISMs(-), whereas the other 3 c-MCAD and all nc-MCAD patients did not. In addition, although both patients with ISMs(-) and patients with nc-MCAD presented with idiopathic and allergen-induced anaphylaxis, the former showed a higher frequency of men, cardiovascular symptoms, and insect bite as a trigger, together with greater sBt. Based on a multivariate analysis, a highly efficient model to predict clonality before BM sampling was built that includes male sex (P = .01), presyncopal and/or syncopal episodes (P = .009) in the absence of urticaria and angioedema (P = .003), and sBt >25 microg/L (P = .006) as independent predictive factors.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with c-MCAD and ISMs(-) display unique clinical and laboratory features different from nc-MCAD patients. A significant percentage of c-MCAD patients can be considered as true ISMs(-) diagnosed at early phases of the disease.
Polymer Composite and Nanocomposite Dielectric Materials for Pulse Power Energy Storage †

This review summarizes the current state of polymer composites used as dielectric materials for energy storage. The particular focus is on materials: polymers serving as the matrix, inorganic fillers used to increase the effective dielectric constant, and various recent investigations of functionalization of metal oxide fillers to improve compatibility with polymers. We review the recent literature focused on the dielectric characterization of composites, specifically the measurement of dielectric permittivity and breakdown field strength. Special attention is given to the analysis of the energy density of polymer composite materials and how the functionalization of the inorganic filler affects the energy density of polymer composite dielectric materials. OPEN ACCESS Materials 2009, 2 1698
Modeling Citizen Satisfaction with Mandatory Adoption of an E-Government Technology

Frank K.Y. Chan Hong Kong University of Science and Technology