LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
All I Really Need to Know About Pair Programming I Learned in Kindergarten

All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten By Robert Fulghum (Fulghum 1988) Share everything. Play fair. Don’t hit people. Put things back where you found them. Clean up your own mess. Don’t take things that aren’t yours. Say you’re sorry when you hurt somebody. Wash your hands before you eat. Flush. Warm cookies and cold milk are good for you. Live a balanced life – learn some and think some and draw and paint and sing and dance and play and work every day some. Take a nap every afternoon. When you go out into the world, watch out for traffic, hold hands and stick together. Be aware of wonder. Introduction Pair programming is a style of programming in which two programmers work side-by-side at one computer, continuously collaborating on the same design, algorithm, code or test. As discussed below, use of this practice has been demonstrated to improve productivity and quality of software products. Additionally, based on a survey(Williams 1999) of pair programmers (hereafter referred to as “the pair programming survey"), 100% agreed that they had more confidence in their solution when pair programming than when they program alone. Likewise, 96% agreed that they enjoy their job more than when programming alone.
Hepatoprotective effect of Epaltes divaricata extract on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES
Epaltes divaricata is widely used in Sri Lanka as an Ayurvedic medicine. In the present study the hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects of an aqueous extract of E. divaricata plant (Family-Compositae) were investigated against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatocellular injury in mice.


METHODS
Healthy male mice (30-35 g body weight, 6-8 wk old) were used. A single dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 0.5 ml/kg in olive oil) was administered ip to induce hepatotoxicity and the plant extract at a dose of 0.9 g/kg was administered orally by gavage. Animals were sacrificed 24 h and 4 days after the administration of CCl4. Blood and liver tissue were collected for the assessment of serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and liver reduced glutathione level. The liver tissue was used for histopathological assessment of liver damage.


RESULTS
Pre-treatment of mice with the plant extract of Epaltes (0.9 g/kg) orally for 7 days significantly reduced serum levels of ALT (P<0.01), AST (P<0.01) and ALP (P<0.001) enzymes by 21.40, 47.36 and 71.12 per cent respectively and significantly increased (P<0.001) the liver reduced glutathione level by 42.32 per cent, 24 h after the administration of carbon tetrachloride. A marked improvement in the enzyme activities and the liver reduced glutathione level was observed in the Epaltes pre-treated mice 4 days after the administration of carbon tetrachloride. Histopathological studies provided supportive evidence for the biochemical analysis.


INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION
The results of the present study indicated that under the present experimental conditions, aqueous extract of Epaltes divaricata showed hepatoprotective abilities against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in mice.
Is Privatization Through Education Vouchers Really The Answer

G overnment-financed school vouchers promise to improve consumer choice while still providing the public funding needed for families to invest adequately in their children's education. But politically and in practice, the choice that vouchers offer can mean many things, from eliminating neighborhood residency as a condition for attending a public school to allowing groups of parents and teachers to form their own public schools (charter schools in the United States, for example). And it can mean an educational system that is in part publicly funded but that is privately owned and operated with no public regulation. Choice through vouchers can also produce undesirable side effects that more than offset their optimistic promises. In this context, E. G. West presents a particular version of the case for vouchers. Although he allows for a range of possibilities, he puts primary emphasis on the privatization of education. This version of choice has to be distinguished from one that limits increased choice to public schools and from the use of vouchers to improve education for the poor. The three emphases are different, mainly in what they contend are the social benefits and costs of various degrees of choice. Whereas the case presented by West may appeal at an abstract level, I argue that the evidence supporting it is at best mixed and possibly negative.
First trimester diagnosis of sirenomelia: a case report and review of the literature

Sirenomelia sequence is a rare lethal pattern of congenital anomalies characterized by a number of hallmark skeletal anomalies, including fusion of the lower extremities or a single lower limb, bilateral renal agenesis or dysgenesis with absent or hypoplastic renal arteries, oligohydramnios, and the presence of aberrant vasculature. The etiology is still controversial. Prognosis is very poor, with the babies being stillborn or succumbing soon after birth. In the second trimester, oligohydramnios due to renal agenesis makes the diagnosis of sirenomelia difficult. Conversely, in the first trimester, the amniotic fluid volume is usually normal, unrelated to the fetal urine production. Therefore, a first-trimester or early second trimester anatomic survey of the fetus is proposed as preferable and more accurate for the diagnosis of this rare anomaly. In this article, we report a case of sirenomelia detected by two- and three-dimensional ultrasound in the 11th week of gestation and the associated literature is discussed.
Cortical Plasticity Induced by Short-Term Multimodal Musical Rhythm Training

Performing music is a multimodal experience involving the visual, auditory, and somatosensory modalities as well as the motor system. Therefore, musical training is an excellent model to study multimodal brain plasticity. Indeed, we have previously shown that short-term piano practice increase the magnetoencephalographic (MEG) response to melodic material in novice players. Here we investigate the impact of piano training using a rhythmic-focused exercise on responses to rhythmic musical material. Musical training with non musicians was conducted over a period of two weeks. One group (sensorimotor-auditory, SA) learned to play a piano sequence with a distinct musical rhythm, another group (auditory, A) listened to, and evaluated the rhythmic accuracy of the performances of the SA-group. Training-induced cortical plasticity was evaluated using MEG, comparing the mismatch negativity (MMN) in response to occasional rhythmic deviants in a repeating rhythm pattern before and after training. The SA-group showed a significantly greater enlargement of MMN and P2 to deviants after training compared to the A- group. The training-induced increase of the rhythm MMN was bilaterally expressed in contrast to our previous finding where the MMN for deviants in the pitch domain showed a larger right than left increase. The results indicate that when auditory experience is strictly controlled during training, involvement of the sensorimotor system and perhaps increased attentional recources that are needed in producing rhythms lead to more robust plastic changes in the auditory cortex compared to when rhythms are simply attended to in the auditory domain in the absence of motor production.
Hemoglobin targets and blood transfusions in hemodialysis patients without symptomatic cardiac disease receiving erythropoietin therapy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Optimal hemoglobin targets for chronic kidney disease patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents remain controversial. The effects of different hemoglobin targets on blood transfusion requirements have not been well characterized, despite their relevance to clinical decision-making.


DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
Five hundred ninety-six incident hemodialysis patients without symptomatic cardiac disease were randomly assigned to hemoglobin targets of 9.5 to 11.5 g/dl or 13.5 to 14.5 g/dl for 96 wk using epoetin alfa as primary therapy and changes in left ventricular structure as the primary outcome (previously reported). Patients were masked to treatment assignment. Blood transfusion data were prospectively collected at 4-wk intervals.


RESULTS
The mean age and prior duration of dialysis therapy of the study population were 50.8 and 0.8 yr, respectively. Previously reported mortality was similar in low and high-target subjects, at 4.7 (95% confidence interval 3.0, 7.3) and 3.1 (1.8, 5.4) per hundred patient years, respectively. Transfusion rates were 0.66 (0.59, 0.74) units of blood per year in low and 0.26 (0.22, 0.32) in high-target subjects (P < 0.0001). Hemoglobin level at transfusion (7.7 [7.5, 7.9]) versus 8.1 [7.6, 8.5] g/dl) were similar with both groups. High hemoglobin target was a significant predictor of time to first transfusion independent of baseline associations (hazard ratio = 0.42; 95% confidence interval = 0.26-0.67).


CONCLUSIONS
In hemodialysis patients with comparatively low mortality risks, normal hemoglobin targets may reduce the need for transfusions.
A Contrast Adjustment Thresholding Method for Surface Defect Detection Based on Mesoscopy

Titanium-coated surfaces are prone to tiny defects such as very small cracks, which are not easily observable by the naked eye or optical microscopy. In this study, two new thresholding methods, namely contrast-adjusted Otsu's method and contrast-adjusted median-based Otsu's method, are proposed for automated defect detection system for titanium-coated aluminum surfaces. The two proposed methods were compared with four existing thresholding techniques in terms of accuracy and speed of defect detections for images of 700, 900, and 1000 dpi obtained using high-resolution scanning. Experimental results have shown that the proposed contrast-adjusting methods have performance similar to minimum error thresholding (MET) and are generally better than Otsu's method.
On the automatic assemblage of arbitrary broken solid artefacts

Presented here is a fast method that combines curve matching techniques with a surface matching algorithm to estimate the positioning and respective matching error for the joining of three-dimensional fragmented objects. Furthermore, this paper describes how multiple joints are evaluated and how the broken artefacts are clustered and transformed to form potential solutions of the assemblage problem. q 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A customer classification prediction model based on machine learning techniques

Most of the service providers and product based companies while launching brand new products, services or releasing new versions of existent products need to campaign to reach at the potential customers. While doing so they target their already existing customers who are the ambassadors of their company. To address the existing customers, they maintain the detailed customer data at all levels as customer maser data [9]. In this paper, we have built a prediction model to identify the customers who would most likely respond to the prospective offerings of the company basing on their past purchasing trends. Experiments have been conducted using the well known classifiers, viz., Naïve Bayes, KNN and SVM to classify a bank customer data. Subsequently, we have compared the effectiveness of these techniques and found out which one produces the maximum accuracy for the existing data set.
An independent-gate FinFET SRAM cell for high data stability and enhanced integration density

Data stability of SRAM cells has become an important issue with the scaling of CMOS technology. SRAM arrays are also an important source of leakage in today’s high performance microprocessors. A new six transistor (6T) SRAM cell based on independent-gate (IG) FinFET technology is presented in this paper for simultaneously reducing the active and standby mode power consumption while enhancing the data stability and the integration density. The new IG-FinFET SRAM cell activates only one gate of the data access transistors during a read operation. The disturbance caused by the direct data access mechanism of the standard 6T SRAM cell topology is significantly reduced by dynamically increasing the threshold voltage of the access transistors. All the transistors in the IG-FinFET SRAM cell are sized minimum without producing any data stability concerns. The read static-noise-margin (SNM) of the new circuit is enhanced by up to 2× as compared to the standard tied-gate FinFET SRAM cells. Alternatively, the IG-FinFET SRAM circuit reduces the leakage power and area by up to 51.7% and 10%, respectively, as compared to the standard tied-gate FinFET SRAM circuits sized for comparable data stability in a 32nm FinFET technology.
A review of the recent evidence (2006-2008) for 532-nm photoselective laser vaporisation and holmium laser enucleation of the prostate.

CONTEXT
Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and 532-nm laser vaporisation of the prostate (with potassium titanyl phosphate [KTP] or lithium borate [LBO]) are promising alternatives to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and open prostatectomy (OP).


OBJECTIVE
To assess safety, efficacy, and durability by analysing the most recent evidence of both techniques, aiming to identify advantages, pitfalls, and unresolved issues.


EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A Medline search of recently published data (2006-2008) regarding both techniques over the last 2 yr (January 2006 to September 2008) was performed using evidence obtained from randomised trials (level of evidence: 1b), well-designed controlled studies without randomisation (level of evidence: 2a), individual cohort studies (level of evidence: 2b), individual case control studies (level of evidence: 3), and case series (level of evidence: 4).


EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
In the last 2 yr, several case-control and cohort studies have demonstrated reproducibility, safety, and efficacy of HoLEP and 80-W KTP laser vaporisation. Four randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were available for HoLEP, two compared with TURP and two compared with OP, with follow-up >24 mo. Results confirmed general efficacy and durability of HoLEP, as compared with both standard techniques. Only two RCTs were available comparing KTP laser vaporisation with TURP with short-term follow-up, and only one RCT was available comparing KTP laser vaporisation with OP. The results confirmed the overall low perioperative morbidity of KTP laser vaporisation, although efficacy was comparable to TURP in the short term, despite a higher reoperation rate.


CONCLUSIONS
Although they are at different points of maturation, KTP or LBO laser vaporisation and HoLEP are promising alternatives to both TURP and OP. Sufficient data proves HoLEP's durability for most prostate sizes at long-term follow-up; KTP laser vaporisation needs further evaluation to define the reoperation rate. Increasing the number of quality prospective RCTs with adequate follow-up is mandatory to tailor each technique to the right patient.
Using Cooccurrence Statistics and the Web to Discover Synonyms in a Technical Language

Turney (2001) has shown that computing the mutual information of a pair of words by using cooccurrence counts obtained via queries to the AltaVista search engine performs very effectively in a synonym detection task. Since manual synonym detection is a challenging task for terminologists, we investigate whether the AltaVista-based Mutual Information (AVMI) method can be applied to the task of finding pairs of synonyms in the lexicon of a specialized sub-language. In particular, we experiment with synonyms in the field of nautical terminology. Our results indicate that AVMI is very good at spotting synonym couples among pairs of unrelated terms (with precision close to 90% at 62.5% recall) and that it outperforms more standard methods based on contextual cosine similarity. However, AVMI is not able to distinguish between synonyms and other semantically related terms. Thus, AVMI can be used for synonym mining only if it is combined with techniques to filter out other semantic relations.
Conditional Independence

This article has been prepared as an entry for the Wiley Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences (Update). It gives a brief overview of fundamental properties and applications of conditional independence.
Topic detection and tracking: event-based information organization

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Toward a global database for the molecular typing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.

Most of the yeast strains used in fermented beverages and foods are classified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, different strains are suitable for different fermentation processes. The purpose of this work is the proposal of a standardized methodology for the molecular genotyping of S. cerevisiae strains based on polymorphisms at microsatellite loci and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Single nucleotide variants in the coding region of FLO8, a key regulator of flocculation and pseudohyphae formation, were analyzed in a subset of Uruguayan wine strains. Polymorphism analysis at nine microsatellite loci (selected from 33 loci tested) was performed in a collection of 120 strains, mostly wine strains, from different origins. From a total of 184 different alleles scored, 50 were exclusive alleles that could identify 29 strains. Four selected microsatellite loci are located within or near genes of putative enological interest. The Uruguayan strains are highly diverse and evenly distributed in the phylogenetic reconstructions, suggesting an evolutionary history previous to human use. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Microsatellites and SNPs Genotyping Database is presented (www.pasteur.edu.uy/yeast). Comparison of standardized results from strains coming from different settings (industrial, clinical, environmental) will provide a reliable and growing source of information on the molecular biodiversity of S. cerevisiae strains.
The Dilemma of the Sexual Offender (2nd edn)

The Dilemma of the Sexual Offender (2nd edn) By George B. Palermo, Mary Ann Farkas. Charles C. Thomas - Publisher. 2013. US$69.95 (hb). 356 pp. ISBN: 9780398088606 

This book aims to attract readers from the field of mental health and law in its exploration of the psychological and moral aspects
Compliance and patching and atropine amblyopia treatments

In the past 20 years, there has been a great advancement in knowledge pertaining to compliance with amblyopia treatments. The occlusion dose monitor introduced quantitative monitoring methods in patching, which sparked our initial understanding of the dose-response relationship for patching amblyopia treatment. This review focuses on current compliance knowledge and the impact it has on patching and atropine amblyopia treatment.
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of insomnia and depression in adolescents: A pilot randomized trial.

We tested whether augmenting conventional depression treatment in youth by treating sleep issues with cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) improved depression outcomes. We randomized youth 12-20 years of age to 10 weekly sessions of a sleep hygiene control condition (SH) combined with CBT for depression (CBT-D) (n = 20), or an experimental condition consisting of CBT-I combined with CBT-D (n = 21). We assessed outcomes through 26 weeks of follow-up and found medium-large effects favoring the experimental CBT-I arm on some sleep outcomes (actigraphy total sleep time and Insomnia Severity Index "caseness") and depression outcomes (higher percentage recovered, faster time to recovery), but little effect on other measures. Total sleep time improved by 99 min from baseline to week 12 in the CBT-I arm, but not in the SH arm. In addition, our pilot yielded important products to facilitate future studies: the youth-adapted CBT-I program; the study protocol; estimates of recruitment, retention, and attrition; and performance and parameters of candidate outcome measures. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00949689.
Optimal power loading for multiple-input single-output ofdm systems with bit-level interleaving

We derive a power loading procedure optimizing the bit-error rates of multiple-input single-output (MISO) bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems performing hard-decisions at the receiver and ideal interleaving. The adaptive subcarrier power allocation is based on either perfect or outdated channel state information at the transmitter. The scheme has the same complexity as the one for the single transmit antenna case. For a standard BICM-OFDM system in Rayleigh fading, Monte Carlo simulations show that the relative signal-to-noise ratio gain by the adaptation is up to 4 dB at an average bit-error rate level of 10-66. The relative gain in MISO systems decreases to 1.05 dB for increasing the number of transmit antennas. The achievable gain decreases for decreasing cross-correlation of the outdated and the actual channel state
Successful antibiotic treatment of Helicobacter pylori negative gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The role of antibiotic treatment in early stage gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma not associated with Helicobacter pylori infection has not been investigated.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Six patients with localised gastric MALT lymphoma underwent antibiotic treatment with clarithromycin, metronidazole, and pantoprazole. Staging, including endosonography plus gastroscopy, computed tomography of the thorax and abdomen, colonoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging of the salivary glands, and bone marrow biopsy were performed to rule out distant spread of the disease. In addition, MALT specific genetic changes, including reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for t(11;18)(q21;q21), were tested in all patients. H pylori infection was ruled out by histology, urease breath test, serology, and stool antigen testing.


RESULTS
All six patients had MALT lymphoma restricted to the stomach, and no evidence of infection with H pylori was found. Only one patient tested positive for t(11;18)(q21;q21) while the remaining five displayed no genetic aberrations. Following antibiotic treatment, endoscopic controls were performed every three months. Five patients responded with lymphoma regression between three and nine months following antibiotic treatment (one partial remission and four complete responses). One patient had stable disease for 12 months and was then referred for chemotherapy.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with early stage gastric MALT lymphoma negative for H pylori might still benefit from antibiotic treatment as the sole treatment modality.