LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Explaining stock price movements: is there a case for fundamentals?

Shiller answers his own question by arguing that stock prices in the 1990s displayed the classic features of a speculative bubble. High prices are sustained, temporarily, by investor enthusiasm rather than real fundamental factors. Investors, according to Shiller, believe it is safe to purchase stocks, not because of their intrinsic value or because of expected future dividend payments, but because they can be sold to someone else at a higher price. Simply put, stock prices are driven by a self-fulfilling prophecy based on similar beliefs of a large cross section of investors. When looking at broad stock market price indexes, such as the Standard & Poor’s 500, Shiller’s argument is largely based on two premises about the historical behavior of stock prices. First, Shiller asserts that marketwide price–dividend and price–earnings ratios have a tendency to revert toward their historical averages. This implies that high stock price valuations are not likely to persist. Second, dividend movements are not nearly volatile enough to rationalize stock price volatility. This suggests that changes in expectations about future dividends cannot be responsible for stock price movements. While Shiller argues that irrational exuberance explains the run-up in stock prices in the 1990s, we present evidence that the case for market fundamentals is stronger than it appears on the surface. First, we demonstrate that swings in the price–dividend and price–earnings ratios show substantial persistence, particularly since World War II. This raises doubts about the existence of a “normal” price–dividend (or price– earnings) ratio. Hence, using the average value of one of these ratios as a gauge of the average, or normal, valuation ratio is misleading. A price– dividend ratio of 30 may have seemed high from the pre-1980s perspective but not after the 1990s. Second, we investigate whether plausible combinations of lower expected future real discount rates or higher expected real dividend (earnings) growth could rationalize broad market stock values, raising the possibility that Explaining Stock Price Movements: Is There a Case for Fundamentals?
Circulating Galectin-1 and 90K/Mac-2BP Correlated with the Tumor Stages of Patients with Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND
The simultaneous correlation of serum galectin-1, galectin-3, and 90K/Mac-2BP levels with clinical stages of patients with colorectal cancer has not yet been clarified. We plan to measure the serum levels of galectin-1, galectin-3, and 90K/Mac-2BP of patients at different stages of colorectal cancer and analyze the correlation of these galectins with stages of colorectal cancers.


METHODS
198 colorectal cancer patients (62 ± 13 (range 31-85) years old, 43.6% female) were recruited for this study. Subjects' blood samples were checked for serum galectin-1, galectin-3, 90K/Mac-2BP, and carcinoembryonic antigen by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We determined the correlation between plasma concentrations with clinical tumor stages.


RESULTS
Colorectal cancer patients with larger cancer sizes (stages T3, T4 rather than T1, T2) have higher serum 90K/Mac-2BP (P = 0.014) and patients with lymph node metastasis have higher serum galectin-1 (P = 0.002) but there was not a significant correlation between galectin-3 and tumor staging of colon cancer. In colorectal cancer patients even with normal carcinoembryonic antigen, serum galectin-1 could predict more lymph node metastasis.


CONCLUSIONS
We found 90K/Mac-2BP correlated with the size of colorectal cancer. Galectin-1 but not galectin-3 was associated with lymph node metastasis. Galectin-1 could predict more lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer patients with normal serum carcinoembryonic antigen.
Disruption of cortical association networks in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder.

IMPORTANCE
Psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and psychotic bipolar disorder) are devastating illnesses characterized by breakdown in the integration of information processing. Recent advances in neuroimaging allow for the estimation of brain networks on the basis of intrinsic functional connectivity, but the specific network abnormalities in psychotic disorders are poorly understood.


OBJECTIVE
To compare intrinsic functional connectivity across the cerebral cortex in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders or psychotic bipolar disorder and healthy controls.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
We studied 100 patients from an academic psychiatric hospital (28 patients with schizophrenia, 32 patients with schizoaffective disorder, and 40 patients with bipolar disorder with psychosis) and 100 healthy controls matched for age, sex, race, handedness, and scan quality from December 2009 to October 2011.


MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Functional connectivity profiles across 122 regions that covered the entire cerebral cortex.


RESULTS
Relative to the healthy controls, individuals with a psychotic illness had disruption across several brain networks, with preferential reductions in functional connectivity within the frontoparietal control network (P < .05, corrected for family-wise error rate). This functionally defined network includes portions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posteromedial prefrontal cortex, lateral parietal cortex, and posterior temporal cortex. This effect was seen across diagnoses and persisted after matching patients and controls on the basis of scan quality.


CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Our study results support the view that cortical information processing is disrupted in psychosis and provides new evidence that disruptions within the frontoparietal control network may be a shared feature across both schizophrenia and affective psychosis.
Multiple-source current steering in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease (the VANTAGE study): a non-randomised, prospective, multicentre, open-label study

BACKGROUND
High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) with a single electrical source is effective for motor symptom relief in patients with Parkinson's disease. We postulated that a multiple-source, constant-current device that permits well defined distribution of current would lead to motor improvement in patients with Parkinson's disease.


METHODS
We did a prospective, multicentre, non-randomised, open-label intervention study of an implantable DBS device (the VANTAGE study) at six specialist DBS centres at universities in six European countries. Patients were judged eligible if they were aged 21-75 years, had been diagnosed with bilateral idiopathic Parkinson's disease with motor symptoms for more than 5 years, had a Hoehn and Yahr score of 2 or greater, and had a Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale part III (UPDRS III) score in the medication-off state of more than 30, which improved by 33% or more after a levodopa challenge. Participants underwent bilateral implantation in the subthalamic nucleus of a multiple-source, constant-current, eight-contact, rechargeable DBS system, and were assessed 12, 26, and 52 weeks after implantation. The primary endpoint was the mean change in UPDRS III scores (assessed by site investigators who were aware of the treatment assignment) from baseline (medication-off state) to 26 weeks after first lead implantation (stimulation-on, medication-off state). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01221948.


FINDINGS
Of 53 patients enrolled in the study, 40 received a bilateral implant in the subthalamic nucleus and their data contributed to the primary endpoint analysis. Improvement was noted in the UPDRS III motor score 6 months after first lead implantation (mean 13·5 [SD 6·8], 95% CI 11·3-15·7) compared with baseline (37·4 [8·9], 34·5-40·2), with a mean difference of 23·8 (SD 10·6; 95% CI 20·3-27·3; p<0·0001). One patient died of pneumonia 24 weeks after implantation, which was judged to be unrelated to the procedure. 125 adverse events were reported, the most frequent of which were dystonia, speech disorder, and apathy. 18 serious adverse events were recorded, three of which were attributed to the device or procedure (one case each of infection, migration, and respiratory depression). All serious adverse events resolved without residual effects and stimulation remained on during the study.


INTERPRETATION
The multiple-source, constant-current, eight-contact DBS system suppressed motor symptoms effectively in patients with Parkinson's disease, with an acceptable safety profile. Future trials are needed to investigate systematically the potential benefits of this system on postoperative outcome and its side-effects.


FUNDING
Boston Scientific.
Rainfall Intensity-Dependent Infiltration Rates on Rangeland Rainfall Simulator Plots

Most implementations of infiltration equations with rainfall‐runoff models use a hydraulic conductivity parameter that is constant for a given rainfall event. However, plot data from rainfall simulator experiments and natural rainfall events have shown that infiltration rates can increase with increasing rainfall rate instead of decreasing with time or infiltrated depth, as predicted by infiltration models. This has been hypothesized to be a function off the spatial variability of the infiltration capacity across the area. In this article, an exponential model relating steady‐state infiltration rate with rainfall intensity and the average areal infiltration rate when the area under consideration is contributing to runoff is evaluated using data from variable‐intensity rainfall simulator experiments. The experiments were conducted on five rangeland vegetation‐soil associations at the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in southeastern Arizona. The results from 19 rainfall simulation runs show that the increase in infiltration rate with increasing rainfall intensity can be significant and that the exponential model represents the relationship between steady‐state infiltration and rainfall intensity. The exponential model coupled with a kinematic wave model also represents the hydrographs better than the Green‐Ampt Mein‐Larsen infiltration model coupled with the same routing model. The time to the start of runoff is influenced more by rainfall intensity than by initial soil moisture conditions, particularly when the initial rainfall intensity was high. The rapid time to steady‐state runoff at the beginning of the simulation run of the observed runoff hydrographs suggests that the infiltration rates become constant more quickly than infiltration theory would suggest.
Early dysfunction and long-term improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the infarct-related artery after thrombolysis.

OBJECTIVES
This study assessed the degree of endothelial dysfunction in post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and its subsequent status in the infarct-related artery (IRA) in patients treated with thrombolysis.


BACKGROUND
Coronary flow reserve alterations in the IRA after thrombolysis have been described, but the endothelium-dependent vasomotion has not been investigated, to date.


METHODS
Endothelial function in patients after thrombolysis was assessed by infusion of acetylcholine (ACh) at increasing doses in the IRA. Diameter changes in the distal segments were evaluated using quantitative coronary angiography. Patients with coronary atherosclerosis constituted the control group. Clinical variables, electrocardiography and biochemical markers were used to determine the timing of reperfusion and the extent of the infarct. Patients in the AMI group were re-evaluated one year later.


RESULTS
In the initial assessment, 16 patients showed a vasoconstriction response to ACh in the IRA compared to the control group (-20 +/- 21% vs. 4 +/- 4%; p < 0.01). Significant correlations between the degree of vasoconstriction and maximum value of the creatine kinase-MB fraction and number of new Q waves were observed. Of the 12 patients re-evaluated, 4 had complete occlusion of the IRA. In the remaining eight patients with patent artery, an improvement in response to ACh was observed relative to the initial study (+3 +/- 11%, vs. -19 +/- 15%, p < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with AMI treated with thrombolysis, severe endothelial dysfunction in the IRA is observed early. In patients who retain patency of the IRA, the endothelial dysfunction improves during the follow-up and suggests a component of stunned endothelium in the first few days post-AMI.
State, firms and the process of industrial upgrading: Latin America's variety of capitalism and the Costa Rican experience

Abstract This article explores the usefulness of the varieties of capitalism approach to explain Latin America's failure to secure industrial upgrading. Based on the analysis of Costa Rica's partial success in developing high-tech sectors, the article makes two arguments. First, the hierarchical market economy model discussed by Soskice and Schneider in this special issue contributes to our understanding of some of Latin America's problems. In particular, the model's accent on negative complementarities between large business groups, transnational corporations and the labour market explains the persistent lack of innovation and the maintenance of structural heterogeneity. Second, however, the recent expansion of new production activities in Costa Rica signals the limitations of the model and the need to incorporate the state as a central variable. It was bureaucratic leadership and not private-sector demands that triggered the expansion of social spending and the attraction of more dynamic foreign investo...
Selective COX-2 inhibition improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND
There is an ongoing debate as to whether the gastrointestinal safety of COX-2 inhibition compared with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may come at the cost of increased cardiovascular events. In view of the large number of patients at cardiovascular risk requiring chronic analgesic therapy with COX-2 inhibitors for arthritic and other inflammatory conditions, the effects of selective COX-2 inhibition on clinically useful surrogates for cardiovascular disease, particularly endothelial function, need to be determined.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Fourteen male patients (mean age, 66+/-3 years) with severe coronary artery disease (average of 2.6 vessels with stenosis >75%) undergoing stable background therapy with aspirin and statins were included. The patients received celecoxib (200 mg BID) or placebo for a duration of 2 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion. After each treatment period, flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, oxidized LDL, and prostaglandins were measured. Celecoxib significantly improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation compared with placebo (3.3+/-0.4% versus 2.0+/-0.5%, P=0.026), whereas endothelium-independent vasodilation, as assessed by nitroglycerin, remained unchanged (9.0+/-1.6% versus 9.5+/-1.3%, P=0.75). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was significantly lower after celecoxib (1.3+/-0.4 mg/L) than after placebo (1.8+/-0.5 mg/L, P=0.019), as was oxidized LDL (43.6+/-2.4 versus 47.6+/-2.6 U/L, P=0.028), whereas prostaglandins did not change.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study to demonstrate that selective COX-2 inhibition improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation and reduces low-grade chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in coronary artery disease. Thus, selective COX-2 inhibition holds the potential to beneficially impact outcome in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Phrase Localization and Visual Relationship Detection with Comprehensive Linguistic Cues

This paper presents a framework for localization or grounding of phrases in images using a large collection of linguistic and visual cues.1 We model the appearance, size, and position of entity bounding boxes, adjectives that contain attribute information, and spatial relationships between pairs of entities connected by verbs or prepositions. We pay special attention to relationships between people and clothing or body part mentions, as they are useful for distinguishing individuals. We automatically learn weights for combining these cues and at test time, perform joint inference over all phrases in a caption. The resulting system produces a 4% improvement in accuracy over the state of the art on phrase localization on the Flickr30k Entities dataset [25] and a 4-10% improvement for visual relationship detection on the Stanford VRD dataset [20].
Dominant Splice Site Mutations in PIK3R1 Cause Hyper IgM Syndrome, Lymphadenopathy and Short Stature

The purpose of this research was to use next generation sequencing to identify mutations in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases whose pathogenic gene mutations had not been identified. Remarkably, four unrelated patients were found by next generation sequencing to have the same heterozygous mutation in an essential donor splice site of PIK3R1 (NM_181523.2:c.1425 + 1G > A) found in three prior reports. All four had the Hyper IgM syndrome, lymphadenopathy and short stature, and one also had SHORT syndrome. They were investigated with in vitro immune studies, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting studies of the mutation’s effect on mTOR pathway signaling. All patients had very low percentages of memory B cells and class-switched memory B cells and reduced numbers of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of both an abnormal 273 base-pair (bp) size and a normal 399 bp size band in the patient and only the normal band was present in the parents. Following anti-CD40 stimulation, patient’s EBV-B cells displayed higher levels of S6 phosphorylation (mTOR complex 1 dependent event), Akt phosphorylation at serine 473 (mTOR complex 2 dependent event), and Akt phosphorylation at threonine 308 (PI3K/PDK1 dependent event) than controls, suggesting elevated mTOR signaling downstream of CD40. These observations suggest that amino acids 435–474 in PIK3R1 are important for its stability and also its ability to restrain PI3K activity. Deletion of Exon 11 leads to constitutive activation of PI3K signaling. This is the first report of this mutation and immunologic abnormalities in SHORT syndrome.
Transaction Security for E-commerce Application

E-commerce applications are becoming popular day b y day as they are working like a virtual shop. Writing good E-commerce application is tedious task and com plex also. The applications if made complex are ver y difficult to maintain. Usability is a very basic concept in the E-commerce application. User has to get the informa tion at one click and with proper feedback. As these are web based applic ations efficiency matters a lot for this application. As transaction in e-commerce faces the problems such as database expl oits, log data mining and sniffing attacks which ca n be resolved by using different security measure. Hence security is important in e-commerce application Keywords—Sniffing Attack, Log Data Mining, DBMS exploit
Nitric oxide in the penis: physiology and pathology.

PURPOSE
The significance of nitric oxide in the physiology of the penis was evaluated, including its role in pathophysiological mechanisms and pathological consequences involving this organ.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animal and human studies pertaining to nitric oxide in the penis were reviewed and analyzed in the context of current descriptions of the molecular biology and physiological effects of this chemical.


RESULTS
Potential sources of nitric oxide in the penis include neurons, sinusoidal endothelium and corporeal smooth muscle cells. Nitric oxide is perceived to exert a host of functional roles by binding with specific molecular targets. Its synthesis and action in the penis are influenced by many different regulatory factors.


CONCLUSIONS
Nitric oxide exerts a significant role in the physiology of the penis, operating chiefly as the principal mediator of erectile function. Alterations in the biology of nitric oxide likely account for various forms of erectile dysfunction. The diverse physiological roles of nitric oxide suggest that it may also directly contribute to or cause pathological consequences involving the penis.
Serum MicroRNA-155 as a Potential Biomarker to Track Disease in Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND
One major impediment to improving the management of breast cancer is the current lack of tumor marker with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. A growing body of evidence implicates the diagnostic potential of circulating miRNAs in cancer detection. MiR-155 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. However, the level of circulating miR-155 and its clinical relevance are not well established. The objective of the current study was to learn more about serum miR-155 in patients with breast cancer.


METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we demonstrated that serum miR-155 had significant increased levels in breast cancer patients (n = 103) compared with healthy subjects (n = 55) (p<0.001), which had a mean fold change of 2.94. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that miR-155 had considerable diagnostic accuracy, yielding an ROC-AUC (the areas under the ROC curve) of 0.801 (sensitivity 65.0%, specificity 81.8%). In addition, sera from a subset of breast cancer patients (n = 29) were collected after surgery and after four cycles of chemotherapy to evaluate the effects of clinical treatment on serum levels of candidate miRNAs. Surprisingly, a decreased level of serum miR-155 was found; whereas the concentrations of carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) did not show this trend. Our results revealed that 79% patients showed response or stable disease after therapy had declined levels of serum miR-155.


CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Our results suggest that serum miR-155 is a potential biomarker to discriminate breast cancer patients from healthy subjects. For the first time, we demonstrated a declined trend of miR-155 after surgery and chemotherapy, which raises the possibility to use it as an indicator for treatment response.
Speech2Vec: A Sequence-to-Sequence Framework for Learning Word Embeddings from Speech

In this paper, we propose a novel deep neural network architecture, Speech2Vec, for learning fixed-length vector representations of audio segments excised from a speech corpus, where the vectors contain semantic information pertaining to the underlying spoken words, and are close to other vectors in the embedding space if their corresponding underlying spoken words are semantically similar. The proposed model can be viewed as a speech version of Word2Vec [1]. Its design is based on a RNN Encoder-Decoder framework, and borrows the methodology of skipgrams or continuous bag-of-words for training. Learning word embeddings directly from speech enables Speech2Vec to make use of the semantic information carried by speech that does not exist in plain text. The learned word embeddings are evaluated and analyzed on 13 widely used word similarity benchmarks, and outperform word embeddings learned by Word2Vec from the transcriptions.