LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF THE COULOMBIAN AND AMPERIAN CURRENT MODELS FOR CALCULATING THE MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY RADIALLY MAGNETIZED ARC-SHAPED PERMANENT MAGNETS

This paper presents some improved analytical expressions of the magnetic field produced by arc-shaped permanent magnets whose polarization is radial with the amperian current model. First, we show that the radial component of the magnetic field produced by a ring permanent magnet whose polarization is radial can be expressed entirely in terms of elliptic integrals. Such an expression is useful for optimization purposes. We also present a semi-analytical expression of the axial component produced by the same configuration. For this component, we discuss the terms that are difficult to integrate analytically and compare our expression with the one established by Furlani [1]. In the second part of this paper, we use the amperian current model for calculating the magnetic field produced by a tile permanent magnet radially magnetized. This method was in fact still employed by Furlani for calculating the magnetic field produced by radially polarized cylinders. We show that it is possible to obtain a fully analytical expression of the radial component based on elliptic integrals. In addition, we show that the amperian current model allows us to obtain a fully analytical expression of the azimuthal component. All the expressions determined in this paper are compared with the ones established by Furlani [1] or in previous works carried out by the authors.
α-Amylase Production and Applications: A Review

Amylases are important hydrolase enzymes which have been widely used since many decades. These enzymes randomly cleave internal glycosidic linkages in starch molecules to hydrolyze them and yield dextrins and oligosaccharides. Among amylases α-Amylase is in maximum demand due to its wide range of applications in the industrial front. With consumers growing increasingly aware of environmental issues, industries find enzymes as a good alternative over other chemical catalysts. α-Amylase can be produced by plant or microbial sources. Due to the advantages that microbial production offers, α-Amylase from microorganisms has been focused upon and preferred to other sources for production. The ubiquitous nature, ease of production and broad spectrum of applications make α-Amylase an industrially important enzyme. This report focuses on the microbial production of α-Amylase and its
Focal hepatic lesion ultrasound-guided biopsies.

PURPOSE
To compare the results of pathologic and cytologic reports of specimens acquired from focal liver lesions using ultrasound-guided biopsy and to evaluate the necessity of performing both techniques in the same patient.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
21 patients were eligible for enrollment in the study. Specimens for both pathologic and cytologic examination were obtained from 16 lesions using a 17G needle guide in a single puncture attempt. In 2 cases the diagnosis was based on cytologic smears. In 3 cases only histologic sections were acquired. The needle was introduced under continuous ultrasonographic control using a freehand technique. A cytologist was present at all times.


RESULTS
The diagnostic sensitivity of cytologic examination was 83.33% and that of histologic examination was 94.74%. Histology diagnosed all cases of benign lesions and was proved inconclusive in 1 patient. The diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy of both methods combined reached 100%. In 94.4% malignancy was immediately diagnosed by cytology.


CONCLUSIONS
Combination of both methods should increase the sensitivity and accuracy in diagnosing focal liver lesions performing a safe minimally invasive technique.
Research on Security Issues of the Internet of Things

There are many problems in security of Internet of Things (IOT) crying out for solutions, such as RFID tag security, wireless security, network transmission security, privacy protection, information processing security. This article is based on the existing researches of network security technology. And it provides a new approach for researchers in certain IOT application and design, through analyzing and summarizing the security of ITO from various angles.
Machine learning meets complex networks via coalescent embedding in the hyperbolic space

Physicists recently observed that realistic complex networks emerge as discrete samples from a continuous hyperbolic geometry enclosed in a circle: the radius represents the node centrality and the angular displacement between two nodes resembles their topological proximity. The hyperbolic circle aims to become a universal space of representation and analysis of many real networks. Yet, inferring the angular coordinates to map a real network back to its latent geometry remains a challenging inverse problem. Here, we show that intelligent machines for unsupervised recognition and visualization of similarities in big data can also infer the network angular coordinates of the hyperbolic model according to a geometrical organization that we term “angular coalescence.” Based on this phenomenon, we propose a class of algorithms that offers fast and accurate “coalescent embedding” in the hyperbolic circle even for large networks. This computational solution to an inverse problem in physics of complex systems favors the application of network latent geometry techniques in disciplines dealing with big network data analysis including biology, medicine, and social science. Mapping complex networks to underlying geometric spaces can help understand the structure of networked systems. Here the authors propose a class of machine learning algorithms for efficient embedding of large real networks to the hyperbolic space, with potential impact on big network data analysis.
A Proposed Role for the Cuticular Fatty Amides of Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelidae) in Preventing Adhesion of Entomopathogenic Fungi with Dry-conidia

Maximum challenge exposure of Liposcelis bostrychophila to Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Aspergillus parasiticus or Metarhizium anisopliae resulted in no more than 16% mortality. We investigated several of L. bostrychophila's cuticular lipids for possible contributions to its tolerance for entomopathogenic fungi. Saturated C14 and C16 fatty acids did not reduce the germination rates of B. bassiana or M. anisopliae conidia. Saturated C6 to C12 fatty acids that have not been identified in L. bostrychophila cuticular extracts significantly reduced germination, but the reduction was mitigated by the presence of stearamide. Cis-6-hexadecenal did not affect germination rates. Mycelial growth of either fungal species did not occur in the presence of caprylic acid, was reduced by the presence of lauric acid, and was not significantly affected by palmitic acid. Liposcelis bostrychophila is the only insect for which fatty acid amides have been identified as cuticular components. Stearamide, its major fatty amide, did not reduce germination of B. bassiana or M. anisopliae conidia or growth of their mycelia. Adhesion of conidia to stearamide preparations did not differ significantly from adhesion to the cuticle of L. bostrychophila. Pretreatment of a beetle known to be fungus-susceptible, larval Oryzaephilus surinamensis, with stearamide significantly decreased adhesion of B. bassiana or M. anisopliae conidia to their cuticles. This evidence indicates that cuticular fatty amides may contribute to L. bostrychophila's tolerance for entomopathogenic fungi by decreasing hydrophobicity and static charge, thereby reducing conidial adhesion.
The Economics And Ethics Of Private Property: Studies In Political Economy And Philosophy

Part One: Economics. 1. Fallacies of the Public Goods Theory and the Production of Security. 2. The Economics and Sociology of Taxation. 3. Money, Banking, and International Politics. A Sociological Reconstruction of the Present Economic Order. 4. Marxist and Austrian Class Analysis. 5. The Theory of Employment, Money, Interest, and the Capitalist Process. The Misesian Case against Keynes. Part Two: Philosophy. 6. On Praxeology and the Praxeological Foundation of Epistemology 7 Is Research Based on Causal Scientific Principles Possible in the Social Sciences? 8. From the Economics of Laissez Faire to the Ethics of Libertarianism. 9. The Justice of Economic Efficiency. 10. On the Ultimate Justification of the Ethics of Private Property. 11. Austrian Rationalism in the Age of the Decline of Positivism.
Memantine Monotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND
We performed an updated meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials testing memantine monotherapy for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).


METHODS
The meta-analysis included randomized controlled trials of memantine monotherapy for AD, omitting those in which patients were also administered a cholinesterase inhibitor. Cognitive function, activities of daily living, behavioral disturbances, global function, stage of dementia, drug discontinuation rate, and individual side effects were compared between memantine monotherapy and placebo groups. The primary outcomes were cognitive function and behavioral disturbances; the others were secondary outcomes.


RESULTS
Nine studies including 2433 patients that met the study's inclusion criteria were identified. Memantine monotherapy significantly improved cognitive function [standardized mean difference (SMD)=-0.27, 95% confidence interval (CI)=-0.39 to -0.14, p=0.0001], behavioral disturbances (SMD=-0.12, 95% CI=-0.22 to -0.01, p=0.03), activities of daily living (SMD=-0.09, 95% CI=-0.19 to -0.00, p=0.05), global function assessment (SMD=-0.18, 95% CI=-0.27 to -0.09, p=0.0001), and stage of dementia (SMD=-0.23, 95% CI=-0.33 to -0.12, p=0.0001) scores. Memantine was superior to placebo in terms of discontinuation because of inefficacy [risk ratio (RR)=0.36, 95% CI=0.17¬ to 0.74, p=0.006, number needed to harm (NNH)=non significant]. Moreover, memantine was associated with less agitation compared with placebo (RR=0.68, 95% CI=0.49 to 0.94, p=0.02, NNH=non significant). There were no significant differences in the rate of discontinuation because of all causes, all adverse events, and individual side effects other than agitation between the memantine monotherapy and placebo groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Memantine monotherapy improved cognition, behavior, activities of daily living, global function, and stage of dementia and was well-tolerated by AD patients. However, the effect size in terms of efficacy outcomes was small and thus there is limited evidence of clinical benefit.
Off-line recognition of large-set handwritten characters with multiple hidden Markov models

-There are many uncertainties in handwritten character recognition. Stochastic modeling is a flexible and general method for modeling such problems and entails the use of probabilistic models to deal with uncertain or incomplete information. This paper presents an efficient scheme for off-line recognition of large-set handwritten characters in the framework of stochastic models, the first-order hidden Markov models (HMMs). To facilitate the processing of unconnected patterns and patterns with isolated noises, four types of feature vectors based on the regional projection contour transformation (RPCT) are employed. The recognition system consists of two phases. For each character, in the training phase, multiple HMMs corresponding to different feature types of RPCT are built. In the classification phase, the results of individual classifiers to produce the final recognition result for an input character are integrated, where each individual HMM classifier produces one score that is the probability of generating the test observation sequence for each character model. In this paper, several methods for integrating the results of different classifiers are considered so that a better result could be obtained. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, the most frequently used 520 types of Hangul characters in Korea have been considered in the experiments. Experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme is very promising for the recognition of large-set handwritten characters with numerous variations. Large-set handwritten character recognition Regional projection contour transformation Hidden Markov model Multiple classifier combination
Head and neck PET/CT: therapy response interpretation criteria (Hopkins Criteria)-interreader reliability, accuracy, and survival outcomes.

UNLABELLED
There has been no established qualitative system of interpretation for therapy response assessment using PET/CT for head and neck cancers. The objective of this study was to validate the Hopkins interpretation system to assess therapy response and survival outcome in head and neck squamous cell cancer patients (HNSCC).


METHODS
The study included 214 biopsy-proven HNSCC patients who underwent a posttherapy PET/CT study, between 5 and 24 wk after completion of treatment. The median follow-up was 27 mo. PET/CT studies were interpreted by 3 nuclear medicine physicians, independently. The studies were scored using a qualitative 5-point scale, for the primary tumor, for the right and left neck, and for overall assessment. Scores 1, 2, and 3 were considered negative for tumors, and scores 4 and 5 were considered positive for tumors. The Cohen κ coefficient (κ) was calculated to measure interreader agreement. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier plots with a Mantel-Cox log-rank test and Gehan Breslow Wilcoxon test for comparisons.


RESULTS
Of the 214 patients, 175 were men and 39 were women. There was 85.98%, 95.33%, 93.46%, and 87.38% agreement between the readers for overall, left neck, right neck, and primary tumor site response scores, respectively. The corresponding κ coefficients for interreader agreement between readers were, 0.69-0.79, 0.68-0.83, 0.69-0.87, and 0.79-0.86 for overall, left neck, right neck, and primary tumor site response, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy of the therapy assessment were 68.1%, 92.2%, 71.1%, 91.1%, and 86.9%, respectively. Cox multivariate regression analysis showed human papillomavirus (HPV) status and PET/CT interpretation were the only factors associated with PFS and OS. Among the HPV-positive patients (n = 123), there was a significant difference in PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.57; P = 0.0063) and OS (HR, 0.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.00-0.13; P = 0.0006) between the patients who had a score negative for residual tumor versus positive for residual tumor. A similar significant difference was observed in PFS and OS for all patients. There was also a significant difference in the PFS of patients with PET-avid residual disease in one site versus multiple sites in the neck (HR, 0.23; log-rank P = 0.004).


CONCLUSION
The Hopkins 5-point qualitative therapy response interpretation criteria for head and neck PET/CT has substantial interreader agreement and excellent negative predictive value and predicts OS and PFS in patients with HPV-positive HNSCC.
Chronic physical conditions, multimorbidity and physical activity across 46 low- and middle-income countries

BACKGROUND
There are no nationally representative population-based studies investigating the relationship between physical activity, chronic conditions and multimorbidity (i.e., two or more chronic conditions) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and studies on a multi-national level are lacking. This is an important research gap, given the rapid increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases associated with lifestyle changes in these countries. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the association between chronic conditions, multimorbidity and low physical activity (PA) among community-dwelling adults in 46 LMICs, and explore the mediators of these relationships.


METHODS
World Health Survey data included 228,024 adults aged ≥18 years from 46 LMICs. PA was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Nine chronic physical conditions (chronic back pain, angina, arthritis, asthma, diabetes, hearing problems, tuberculosis, visual impairment and edentulism) were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression and mediation analyses were used to assess the association between chronic conditions or multimorbidity and low PA.


RESULTS
Overall, in the multivariable analysis, arthritis (OR = 1.12), asthma (1.19), diabetes (OR = 1.33), edentulism (OR = 1.46), hearing problems (OR = 1.90), tuberculosis (OR = 1.24), visual impairment (OR = 2.29), multimorbidity (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.21-1.42) were significantly associated with low PA. More significant associations were observed in individuals aged ≥50 years. In older adults, depression mediated between 5.1% (visual impairment) to 23.5% (angina) of the association between a chronic condition and low PA. Mobility difficulties explained more than 25% of the association for seven of the eight chronic conditions. Pain was a strong mediator for angina (65.9%) and arthritis (64.9%), while sleep problems mediated up to 43.7% (angina) of the association.


CONCLUSIONS
In LMICs, those with chronic conditions and multimorbidity are significantly less physically active (especially older adults). Research on the efficacy and effectiveness of PA in the management of chronic diseases in LMICs is urgently needed. Targeted promotion of physical activity to populations in LMICs experiencing chronic conditions may ameliorate associated depression, mobility difficulties and pain that are themselves important barriers for initiating or adopting an active lifestyle.
Loyalty Programs and their Impact on Repeat-Purchase Loyalty Patterns : a replication and extension

We evaluated the effect of a loyalty program in terms of its ability to alter normal repeatpurchase patterns and move a brand into an “excess loyalty” position. In doing so we replicate the work of (Sharp and Sharp, 1997) and extend the research by examining an almost identical loyalty program but in a more “promotion sensitive” market (and in a different country) and where a retaliatory price promotion ran in competition to the loyalty program. We were therefore able to examine the differing effects of a loyalty program and a price promotion on repeat-purchase behaviour in the same market. As expected, we observed a stronger “excess loyalty” effect for the loyalty program than (Sharp and Sharp, 1997) recorded. This was in spite of the competitive price promotion. The loyalty program appeared to insulate the loyalty program brand from the effect of this promotion. Interestingly, the price promotion also generated excess loyalty but less than the loyalty program. The price promotion generated a greater, but temporary, market share gain. Both marketing interventions appear to be quite defensive in nature, encouraging buying by existing buyers. This is in contrast to interventions that achieve “normal”, permanent market share gains which are primarily based on increases in penetration, ie numbers of customers. This result supports other empirical work that suggests that promotions attract existing customers, they are defensive and reinforcing which is in contrast to a popular view that promotions at best attract new trials and at worst harm the loyalty of existing customers. 1 Authors’ contact address is Marketing Science Centre, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001. Australia Email Byron.Sharp@msc.unisa.edu.au Telephone: 61 8 8302 0715 Fax: 61 8 8302 0123
Knowledge transfer for cross domain learning to rank

Recently, learning to rank technology is attracting increasing attention from both academia and industry in the areas of machine learning and information retrieval. A number of algorithms have been proposed to rank documents according to the user-given query using a human-labeled training dataset. A basic assumption behind general learning to rank algorithms is that the training and test data are drawn from the same data distribution. However, this assumption does not always hold true in real world applications. For example, it can be violated when the labeled training data become outdated or originally come from another domain different from its counterpart of test data. Such situations bring a new problem, which we define as cross domain learning to rank. In this paper, we aim at improving the learning of a ranking model in target domain by leveraging knowledge from the outdated or out-of-domain data (both are referred to as source domain data). We first give a formal definition of the cross domain learning to rank problem. Following this, two novel methods are proposed to conduct knowledge transfer at feature level and instance level, respectively. These two methods both utilize Ranking SVM as the basic learner. In the experiments, we evaluate these two methods using data from benchmark datasets for document retrieval. The results show that the feature-level transfer method performs better with steady improvements over baseline approaches across different datasets, while the instance-level transfer method comes out with varying performance depending on the dataset used.
Correlations between radiographic assessments and MRI features of knee osteoarthritis--a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES
To assess correlations between Kellgren & Lawrence (KL) gradings, minimum joint space width (mJSW) measurements and the Boston Leeds Osteoarthritis Knee Score (BLOKS) within a cohort of obese patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).


METHODS
192 Participants were recruited from an outpatient clinic (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00655941). Inclusion criteria were age ≥50 years, body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m(2) plus symptomatic and verified KOA. 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were assessed using BLOKS and bi-plane radiography by mJSW and KL. Statistics used were Spearman rank correlation coefficients.


RESULTS
The average patient was 63 years of age, female and had a BMI of 37. KL gradings correlated to cartilage damage, bone marrow lesions and meniscus pathology (r = 0.15-0.76) and similar results were found for the relationship between BLOKS and mJSW. BLOKS assessed knee joint pathology co-segregated with compartment and grade specific KL (P < 0.0001). BLOKS variables were statistically significant correlated, particularly in the medial tibiofemoral compartment (r = 0.42-0.80). Adjusting for age, gender and BMI did not alter these associations.


CONCLUSION
Extensive pathological damage is present even in mild radiographic KOA and BLOKS gradings and KL scores increase together. Analyses of compartment specific KL scores revealed differences in their relationship to the assessed MRI variables. Our study displays the segregation of MRI gradings with respect to location and level of radiographic scores, reveals a high inter-dependency of MRI-assessed structures, and describes some redundancy of specific BLOKS variables.