LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Association and diffusion of nutrition and physical activity policies on the state and district level.

BACKGROUND
School district wellness policies designed to reduce obesity and promote student health and well-being often lack specific requirements or any mandate that schools comply with the policy. Researchers, educators, and policymakers have called for states to take an active role in shaping district policies. The objective of this study was to determine if states with strong school-based nutrition and physical activity (PA)-related policies have stronger district wellness policies, and explore the direction of policy diffusion between states and districts.


METHODS
State policies and nationally representative samples of district policies for the 2006-2007 and 2008-2009 school years were obtained across 5 domains-competitive foods, school meals, nutrition education, physical education (PE), and PA-and were classified as "strong" or "weak," based on policy language, in each grade level (elementary, middle, high). Linear models estimated the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between state and district policies.


RESULTS
In 2006-2007 and 2008-2009, district elementary school competitive food policies were stronger in states with strong policies. For policies governing competitive foods in high schools and school meals at all grade levels, mean district policy strength increased from 2006-2007 to 2008-2009 in states with strong 2006-2007 policies. States that strengthened their PE policies from 2006-2007 to 2008-2009 saw an increase in mean district PE policy strength. Across all domains, states that had weak 2006-2007 policies and made no changes saw little increase in district policy strength.


CONCLUSION
District competitive food, school meal, and PE policies are stronger in states that have developed strong policies in these domains.
Four-year incidence and progression of visual impairment in a South Indian population with diabetes

PURPOSE
The aim of this study is to investigate the 4-year incidence and progression of visual impairment (VI) and the associated risk factors for incident VI in a South Indian population with type 2 diabetes.


METHODS
A total of 634 participants with type 2 diabetes were found eligible after 4 years. Visual acuity (VA) was estimated using the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol. VA in the better eye was considered for the assessment of VI based on the World Health Organization criteria. Mild VI was defined as VA <20/40 but up to 20/60, moderate VI as VA <20/60 but up to 20/200, severe VI as VA <20/200 but up to 10/200, and blindness as VA worse than 10/200.


RESULTS
The 4-year incidence of any VI, mild VI, moderate VI, severe VI, and blindness was 21.7%, 18.3%, 3.4%, 0.0%, and 0.0%, respectively; of the 13 participants with VI at baseline, 12 (92%) showed worsening/progression of VI on follow-up. Multiple logistic regression showed that nuclear cataract of grades >4.0 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.612 [1.148-5.942], P = 0.022) and lower socioeconomic score (OR: 0.965 [95% confidence interval, (0.933-0.998)], P = 0.040) were associated with the risk of future incident VI. Refractive error (47%) and cataract (30%) were identified as the leading causes of incident VI at follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
VI seems to be a significant problem among diabetic participants in the South Indian population. Refractive error and cataract are the leading but treatable causes of incident VI in this population and would benefit from intervention.
Winning the DARPA Grand Challenge with an AI Robot

This paper describes the software architecture of Stanley, an autonomous land vehicle developed for high-speed desert driving without human intervention. The vehicle recently won the DARPA Grand Challenge, a major robotics competition. The article describes the software architecture of the robot, which relied pervasively on state-of-the-art AI technologies, such as machine learning and probabilistic reasoning.
Efficient revocation and threshold pairing based cryptosystems

Boneh, Ding, Tsudik and Wong recently proposed a way for obtaining fast revocation of RSA keys. Their method consists in using security mediators that keep a piece of each user's private key in such a way that every decrytion or signature operation requires the help of the mediator for the user. Revocation is achieved by instructing the mediator to stop helping the user to sign or decrypt messages. This security architecture, called SEM, gave rise to an identity based mediated RSA scheme (IB-mRSA) that combines the advantages of fast revocation and identity based public keys. We show that, in opposition to what was stated in [9], this revocation method can be applied to several existing public key encryption and signature schemes (all those for which a secure practical threshold adaptation exists) including the Boneh-Franklin identity based encryption scheme and a pairing based digital signature schemes. We first describe a threshold adaptation of the Boneh-Franklin identity based encryption scheme and, then, we compare the mediated versions of these schemes with IB-mRSA from security and efficiency points of view.
A Deferred Cleansing Method for RFID Data Analytics

Radio Frequency Identification is gaining broader adoption in many areas. One of the challenges in implementing an RFID-based system is dealing with anomalies in RFID reads. A small number of anomalies can translate into large errors in analytical results. Conventional "eager" approaches cleanse all data upfront and then apply queries on cleaned data. However, this approach is not feasible when several applications define anomalies and corrections on the same data set differently and not all anomalies can be defined beforehand. This necessitates anomaly handling at query time. We introduce a deferred approach for detecting and correcting RFID data anomalies. Each application specifies the detection and the correction of relevant anomalies using declarative sequence-based rules. An application query is then automatically rewritten based on the cleansing rules that the application has specified, to provide answers over cleaned data. We show that a naive approach to deferred cleansing that applies rules without leveraging query information can be prohibitive. We develop two novel rewrite methods, both of which reduce the amount of data to be cleaned, by exploiting predicates in application queries while guaranteeing correct answers. We leverage standardized SQL/OLAP functionality to implement rules specified in a declarative sequence-based language. This allows efficient evaluation of cleansing rules using existing query processing capabilities of a DBMS. Our experimental results show that deferred cleansing is affordable for typical analytic queries over RFID data.
Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia

Background: We have repeatedly reported that American ginseng (AG) with a specific ginsenoside profile significantly decreases postprandial glycemia. Whether this effect is reproducible using AG with a different profile is unknown. We therefore investigated the effect of a different batch of AG on glycemia following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).Methods: Using a randomized, single blind design, 12 normal subjects (six males and six females, aged 31±3 y, body mass index (BMI) 28±2 kg/m2) received 6 g AG or placebo 40 min before a 75 g OGTT. The protocol followed the guidelines for the OGTT, with venous blood samples drawn at −40, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. Ginsenosides in the AG were assessed by established methods for HPLC-UV.Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that there was no significant effect of the AG on incremental plasma glucose (PG) or insulin (PI) or their areas under the curve Indices of insulin sensitivity (insulin sensitivity index (ISI)) and release (ΔPI30-0/ΔPG30-0) calculated from the OGTT were also unaffected. The AG contained 1.66% total ginsenosides, 0.90% (20S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides, and 0.75% (20S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides, with the following key ratios: PPD:PPT of 1.2, Rb1:Rg1 of 8.1, and Rb2:Rc of 0.18.Conclusion: The present batch of AG was unable to reproduce the postprandial hypoglycemic effects we observed previously. Possible explanations for this discrepancy include marked decrements in total ginsenosides and the key ratios PPD:PPT, Rb1:Rg1, and Rb2:Rc. These data suggest that the ginsenoside profile of AG might play a role in its hypoglycemic effects. The involvement of other components cannot, however, be precluded.
Soluble TNF Receptors Are Associated with Infarct Size and Ventricular Dysfunction in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to investigate circulating markers of apoptosis in relation to infarct size, left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) population undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).


BACKGROUND
Immediate re-opening of the acutely occluded infarct-related artery via primary PCI is the treatment of choice in STEMI to limit ischemia injury. However, the sudden re-initiation of blood flow can lead to a local acute inflammatory response with further endothelial and myocardial damage, so-called reperfusion injury. Apoptosis is suggested to be a key event in ischemia-reperfusion injury, resulting in LV-dysfunction, remodeling and heart failure.


METHODS
The present study is a prespecified substudy of the F.I.R.E. trial. We included 48 patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI. Blood samples were collected prior to PCI and after 24 hours. Plasma was separated for later analysis of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) 1, sTNFR2, sFas and sFas ligand (sFasL) by ELISA. Infarct size, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and remodeling were assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at five days and four months after STEMI.


RESULTS
The levels of sTNFR1 at 24 h as well as the relative increases in sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 over 24 h showed consistent and significant correlations with infarct size and LV-dysfunction at four months. Moreover, both sTNFRs correlated strongly with Troponin I and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 measurements. Soluble Fas and sFasL did not overall correlate with measures of infarct size or LV-dysfunction. None of the apoptosis markers correlated significantly with measures of remodeling.


CONCLUSIONS
In STEMI patients, circulating levels of sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 are associated with infarct size and LV dysfunction. This provides further evidence for the role of apoptosis in ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Toward a Contextually Anchored Service Innovation Typology

In an increasingly service-centered economy, service innovation is crucial to maintaining a firm’s competitive advantage. While service innovation has attracted much attention and has resulted in the development of several service innovation typologies, these attempts remain rooted in the goods-versus-services perspective. In addition, limited attention has been devoted to theoretically anchoring these typologies in the key determinants of service innovation. Our study aims to close these gaps by developing a service innovation typology that is embedded in the service-dominant logic (SDL) and anchored by contextually relevant dimensions—environmental uncertainty, strategic orientation, and market orientation. This article presents an eight-cell service innovation typology and discusses its managerial and research implications. It is our belief that framing the typology along three contextually important dimensions and embedding in the SDL provides a richer and more appropriately specified articulation that is theoretically robust and will be useful to managers responsible for service innovation. Subject Areas: Environmental Uncertainty, Market Orientation, ServiceDominant Logic, Service Innovation Typology, and Strategy.
Recent advances in cheese microbiology

Microorganisms are an essential component of all natural cheese varieties and play important roles during both cheese manufacture and ripening. They can be divided into two main groups; starters and secondary flora. The starter flora, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii used either individually or in various combinations depending on the cheese variety, are responsible for acid development during cheese production. Starters may be either blends of defined strains or, as in the case of many cheeses manufactured by traditional methods, composed of undefined mixtures of strains which are either added at the beginning of manufacture or are naturally present in the cheese milk. During cheese ripening, the starter culture, along with the secondary flora promote a complex series of biochemical reactions which are vital for proper development of both flavour and texture. The secondary flora is composed of complex mixtures of bacteria, yeasts and moulds, and is generally specifically associated with particular cheese varieties. In many cheese varieties, the action of the secondary flora contributes significantly to the specific characteristics of that particular variety. The secondary flora may be added in the form of defined cultures, but in many situations is composed of adventitious microorganisms gaining access to the cheese either from ingredients or the environment. During cheese manufacture and ripening, complex interactions occur between individual components of the cheese flora. Environmental factors within the cheese also contribute to these interactions. Elucidation of such interactions would greatly add to our understanding of the cheese ripening process and would enable a more targeted approach to starter/adjunct selection for cheese quality improvement. In the past, research in this area was dependent on classical microbiological techniques, which are very time consuming, not suitable for handling large numbers of isolates and generally not suitable to studies at sub species levels. However, developments in this area have recently undergone a major revolution through the development of a range of molecular techniques, which enable rapid identification of individual isolates to species and strain level. Application of such techniques to the study of cheese microbiology should lead to major advances in understanding this complex microbial ecosystem and its impact on cheese ripening and quality in the coming years. r 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Imposing boundary conditions in the meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method

A particular meshless method, named meshless local Petrov – Galerkin is investigated. To treat the essential boundary condition problem, an alternative approach is proposed. The basic idea is to merge the best features of two different methods of shape function generation: the moving least squares (MLS) and the radial basis functions with polynomial terms (RBFp). Whereas the MLS has lower computational cost, the RBFp imposes in a direct manner the essential boundary conditions. Thus, dividing the domain into different regions a hybrid method has been developed. Results show that it leads to a good trade-off between computational time and precision.
One Dollar, One Vote

This paper revisits the relationship between inequality and redistribution in a panel of advanced OECD countries. Using panel data methods that hold constant a variety of determinants of redistributive spending, I find a non-monotonic relationship between pre-tax-andtransfer distribution of income and redistribution. Relative to mean income, a more affluent rich and middle class are associated with less redistribution and a richer poor class is associated with more redistribution. These results are consistent with a one dollar, one vote politico-economic equilibrium: When the income of a group of citizens increases, aggregate redistributive policies tilt towards this group’s most preferred policies. JEL-Codes: C23, D31, H50, P16.
Do We Need Chinese Word Segmentation for Statistical Machine Translation?

In Chinese texts, words are not separated by white spaces. This is problematic for many natural language processing tasks. The standard approach is to segment the Chinese character sequence into words. Here, we investigate Chinese word segmentation for statistical machine translation. We pursue two goals: the first one is the maximization of the final translation quality; the second is the minimization of the manual effort for building a translation system. The commonly used method for getting the word boundaries is based on a word segmentation tool and a predefined monolingual dictionary. To avoid the dependence of the translation system on an external dictionary, we have developed a system that learns a domainspecific dictionary from the parallel training corpus. This method produces results that are comparable with the predefined dictionary. Further more, our translation system is able to work without word segmentation with only a minor loss in translation quality.
Vasopressin V 2-Receptor Blockade With Tolvaptan in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure Results From a Double-Blind , Randomized Trial

Background—In this study, we evaluated the effects of tolvaptan (OPC-41061), a novel, oral, nonpeptide vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Methods and Results—This was a double-blind study investigating the effects of three doses of tolvaptan and placebo in patients with CHF. After a run-in period, 254 patients were randomly assigned to placebo (n 63) or tolvaptan [30 mg (n 64), 45 mg (n 64), or 60 mg (n 63)] once daily for 25 days. Patients were not fluid-restricted and were maintained on stable doses of furosemide. At day 1, when compared with baseline, a decrease in body weight of 0.79 0.99, 0.96 0.93, and 0.84 0.02 kg was observed in the 30-, 45-, and 60-mg tolvaptan groups, respectively, and a body weight increase of 0.32 0.46 kg in the placebo group (P 0.001 for all treatment groups versus placebo). Although the initial decrease in body weight was maintained during the study, no further reduction was observed beyond the first day. An increase in urine volume was observed with tolvaptan when compared with placebo (3.9 0.6, 4.2 0.9, 4.6 0.4, and 2.3 0.2 L/24 hours at day 1 for 30-, 45-, and 60-mg tolvaptan groups, and placebo, respectively; P 0.001). A decrease in edema and a normalization of serum sodium in patients with hyponatremia were observed in the tolvaptan group but not in the placebo group. No significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure, serum potassium, or renal function were observed. Conclusions—In patients with CHF, tolvaptan was well tolerated; it reduced body weight and edema and normalized serum sodium in the hyponatremic patients. (Circulation. 2003;107:2690-2696.)
Omnidirectional stereo vision based vehicle detection and distance measurement for driver assistance system

This paper proposes the driver assistance system based on the omnidirectional stereo vision. This system informs a driver to prepare unexpected situation during driving. This information is a relative distance between a preceding car and driving vehicle and obtained by using the omnidirectional stereo vision. The omnidirectional camera sees 360 degrees unlike a conventional perspective camera. Therefore it is useful to search the road conditions nearby a driving vehicle at every sequence. For detecting a preceding car, we use histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) which has is robustness to for illumination change. Because of stereo vision, the proposed algorithm measures the relative distance between preceding car and moving vehicle whenever preceding car is detected. In experiments, the ratio of detecting preceding car is 99.78% and 94.59% for left and right cameras respectively. The measurement process of relative distance is started when preceding car is detected both left and right cameras and the system detects a center point of tail right. In the measurement process, if a preceding car is not detected from left or right image scene, the system estimates the center point using optical flow consider with previous frame. The maximum error of estimated distance is less than 25cm shown in the Fig 9. Therefore the error of estimated distance is quite ignorable value because the normal relative distance between two moving car is over 2m.
The role of the corporate HR function in global talent management

We currently know little of the role of the corporate human resource (HR) function in multinational corporations regarding global talent management (GTM). GTM is explored here from two perspectives: increasing global competition for talent, and new forms of international mobility. The first considers the mechanisms of GTM, and the second, individual willingness to be mobile, especially in emerging markets, and the organizational capability needed to manage this talent. New corporate HR roles are identified which show how these issues might be addressed. We then advance our understanding of GTM theory and practice by considering the major future challenges facing corporate HR. 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
An extended reliability growth model for managing and assessing corrective actions

The most widely used traditional reliability growth tracking model and reliability growth projection model are both included as IEC International Standard and US ANSI National Standard models. These traditional models address reliability growth based on failure modes surfaced during the test. With the tracking model all corrective actions are incorporated during test, called test-fix-test. With the projection model all corrective actions are delayed until the end of test. This is called test-find-test. However, the most common approach for development-testing programs include some corrective actions during testing and some delayed fixes incorporated at the end of test. That is, test-fix-find-test. This paper presents an extended model that addresses this practical situation and allows for preemptive corrective actions.
A 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS UWB LNA with 5 GHz Interference Rejection

A ultra-wideband low noise amplifier (LNA) with integrated notch filter for interference rejection is designed using 0.18-mum CMOS technology. The three-stage LNA employs a current reuse structure to reduce the power consumption and a serial LC circuit with Q-enhancement circuit to produce band rejection in the 5-6 GHz frequency band. The load tank optimization for the current reuse stage is discussed for gain flatness tuning Measurements show that this LNA has a peak gain of 21.5 dB in the low band (3-5 GHz) and 15 dB in the high band (6-10 GHz) while consuming 12 mA of current from a 1.8 V DC supply. The measured noise figure (NF) and IIP3 are 4.0 dB and -18.5 dBm at 3.5 GHz, 5.1 dB and -15.5 dBm at 7.2 GHz respectively. A 6-12 dB gain notch in the 5-6 GHz is realized for interference rejection.
The new dynamics of strategy: sense-making in a complex and complicated world

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