LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Validating the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS)

BACKGROUND
Although there is abundant evidence to recommend a physically active lifestyle, adult physical activity (PA) levels have declined over the past two decades. In order to understand why this happens, numerous studies have been conducted to uncover the reasons for people's participation in PA. Often, the measures used were not broad enough to reflect all the reasons for participation in PA. The Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) was created to be a comprehensive tool measuring motives for participating in PA. This 40-item scale related to participation in sport and PA is designed for adolescents and adults. Five items constitute each of the eight sub-scales (mastery, enjoyment, psychological condition, physical condition, appearance, other's expectations, affiliation, competition/ego) reflecting motives for participation in PA that can be categorized as features of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation based on self-determination theory. The aim of the current study was to validate the PALMS in the cultural context of Malaysia, including to assess how well the PALMS captures the same information as the Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure (REMM).


METHOD
To do so, 502 Malaysian volunteer participants, aged 18 to 67 years (mean ± SD; 31.55 ± 11.87 years), from a variety of PA categories, including individual sports, team sports, martial arts and exercise, completed the study.


RESULTS
The hypothesized 8-factor model demonstrated a good fit with the data (CMIN/DF = 2.820, NFI = 0.90, CFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.06). Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.79) indicated good internal consistency for the overall measure. Internal consistency for the PALMS subscales was sound, ranging from 0.78 to 0.82. The correlations between each PALMS sub-scale and the corresponding sub-scale on the validated REMM (the 73-item questionnaire from which the PALMS was developed) were also high and varied from 0.79 to 0.95. Also, test-retest reliability for the questionnaire sub-scales was between 0.78 and 0.94 over a 4-week period.


CONCLUSIONS
In this sample, the PALMS demonstrated acceptable factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion validity. It was applicable to diverse physical activity contexts.
Optimal sizing and siting techniques for distributed generation in distribution systems : A review

To extract the maximum potential advantages in light of environmental, economical and technical aspects, the optimum installation and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) in distribution network has always been challenging for utilities as well as customers. The installation of DG would be of maximum benefit where setting up of central power generating units are not practical, or in remote and small areas where the installation of transmission lines or availability of unused land is out of question. The objective of optimal installation of DG in distribution system is to achieve proper operation of distribution networks with minimization of the system losses, improvement of the voltage profile, enhanced system reliability, stability and loadability etc. In this respect analytical (classical) methods, although wellmatched for small systems, perform adversely for large and complex objective functions. Unlike the analytical (classical) methods, the intelligent techniques for optimal sizing and siting of DGs are speedy, possess good convergence characteristics, and are well suited for large and complex systems. However, to find a global optimal solution of complex multi-objective problems, a hybrid of two or more metaheuristic optimization techniques give more effective and reliable solution. This paper presents the fundamentals of DG and DG technologies review the classical and heuristic approaches for optimal sizing and placement of DG units in distribution networks and study their impacts on utilities and customers. An attempt has also been made to compare the analytical (classical) and meta-heuristic techniques for optimal sizing and siting of DG in distribution networks. The present study can contribute meaningful knowledge and assist as a reference for investigators and utility engineers on issues to be considered for optimal sizing and siting of DG units in distribution systems. & 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
High Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D in Indian Chronic Low Back Patients.

BACKGROUND
Vitamin D has a significant role to play in bone metabolism and neuromuscular function. Several researchers have indicated that Vitamin D deficiency may be possibly related to chronic musculoskeletal pain including chronic low back pain (CLBP).


OBJECTIVES
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and its contribution to chronic lower back pain.


STUDY DESIGN
Controlled study.


SETTING
Outpatient pain clinic of tertiary care hospital.


METHODS
Data presented in this manuscript are from patients who were screened for inclusion in an open label, single arm clinical trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in patients with CLBP. Consecutive patients visiting the outpatient pain clinic of a tertiary care hospital with a diagnosis of CLBP with or without leg pain were recruited. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to measure low back pain intensity, and the Modified Oswestry disability questionnaire (MODQ) was used to measure functional ability. Plasma 25-OHD levels of all patients were measured and the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was calculated. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to investigate the association between vitamin D deficiency and patient characteristics.


RESULTS
A total of 328 patients were included in the study. Mean age of the study population was 43.8 years. Two hundred eighty-two (86%) (men 153/172 [89%], women 129/156 [83%]) of patients had below normal plasma vitamin D levels. Among these, 217 (66%) (men 126 [73%], women 91 [58%]) were found to be deficient and 65 (20%) (men 27 [16%], women 38 [24%]) were had insufficient levels. Multivariate regression analysis found that men were significantly more prone to have deficiency as compared to women (OR = 1.78 (1.10-2.88), P = 0.02). We also found a significantly positive relationship between vitamin D deficiency and increased functional disability (OR = 1.53 (1.24-1.87), P = 0.01). However, we did not find any relationship with pain severity, presence of other co-morbidities and educational level.


LIMITATIONS
Not possible to access a good quality data on sun exposure and vitamin D dietary inake dieat in study population. No bone scans were performed.


CONCLUSION
The result of this study provides a message about the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in the Indian CLBP population. Clinical guidelines for managing CLBP should include assessment of vitamin D status, together with advice on appropriate vitamin D supplementation in those found to be deficient.


CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
CTRI/2014/03/004459.
Multiple Correlation Coefficient

The multiple correlation coefficient generalizes the standard coefficient of correlation. It is used in multiple regression analysis to assess the quality of the prediction of the dependent variable. It corresponds to the squared correlation between the predicted and the actual values of the dependent variable. It can also be interpreted as the proportion of the variance of the dependent variable explained by the independent variables. When the independent variables (used for predicting the dependent variable) are pairwise orthogonal, the multiple correlation coefficient is equal to the sum of the squared coefficients of correlation between each independent variable and the dependent variable. This relation does not hold when the independent variables are not orthogonal. The significance of a multiple coefficient of correlation can be assessed with an F ratio. The magnitude of the multiple coefficient of correlation tends to overestimate the magnitude of the population correlation, but it is possible to correct for this overestimation. Strictly speaking we should refer to this coefficient as the squared multiple correlation coefficient, but current usage seems to ignore the
Design of PVDF stress sensor and its application in the stress test of foam plastic

In this paper, the PVDF stress sensor is designed and the structure and test circuit of PVDF stress sensor is systematically introduced. The stress in foam plastic is measured by customized PVDF stress sensor. The test shows that PVDF stress sensor has properties such as fast response, high sensibility, wide working range and etc. It is a kind of ideal sensor to measure shock wave pressure. At the same time, the test shows that UHMWPE fiber reinforced polyurethane foam has strongly attenuation effect of energy and pressure to explosive loading.
Matrix analysis

Linear algebra and matrix theory have long been fundamental tools in mathematical disciplines as well as fertile fields for research. In this book the authors present classical and recent results of matrix analysis that...
Effects of the cervical flexion angle during smartphone use on muscle fatigue
and pain in the cervical erector spinae and upper trapezius in normal adults in their
20s

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the cervical flexion angle on muscle fatigue and pain in the cervical erector spinae and upper trapezius in normal adults in their 20s. [Subjects and Methods] The study's subjects were 14 normal adults. After sitting on a chair with their back against the wall, they held a smartphone with both hands for 10 minutes and fatigue and pain in the neck and shoulder muscles were measured at different cervical flexion angles (0°, 30°, and 50°). Electromyography was performed to analyze the muscle fatigue of the right upper trapezius, left upper trapezius, right cervical erector spinae, and left cervical erector spinae, and a CommanderTM Algometer was used to measure pain. The cervical range of motion was used as an instrument to compare and analyze the cervical flexion angles. [Results] The study's results showed statistically significant differences in the muscle fatigue and pain of the right upper trapezius and left upper trapezius depending on the cervical flexion angle and a post-hoc test showed statistically significant lower levels of muscle fatigue and pain at 50° than at 0° or 30°. No statistically significant differences were found between the right cervical erector spinae and left cervical erector spinae. [Conclusion] The cervical flexion angle during smartphone use may influence the muscle fatigue and pain of the upper trapezius.
The effect of combined antihypertensive treatment (felodipine with either irbesartan or metoprolol) on erectile function: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to determine whether combining a calcium channel blocker with either an angiotensin II receptor blocker or a β-blocker would have similar effects on sexual function in men with hypertension.


METHODS
This prospective, randomized study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01​238705) included 218 male participants with untreated hypertension. Patients were randomized to treatment with felodipine combined with irbesartan or metoprolol for 48 weeks. Sexual function was evaluated at baseline and after 48 weeks of therapy. The levels of serum sex hormones and markers of oxidative stress were measured at the same time.


RESULTS
There was no significant difference in the prevalence of erectile dysfunction before and after treatment in either group (p > 0.05). There were also no differences in the levels of serum testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin or 4-hydroxynonenal before and after treatment in either group (p > 0.05). In the felodipine-irbesartan group, sexual desire scores rose after treatment (p = 0.022) and the concentrations of serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde declined (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). The between-group differences for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde were not significant (p > 0.05, respectively).


CONCLUSION
The results suggest that felodipine-irbesartan may be more beneficial to the sexual desire of hypertensive male patients than felodipine-metoprolol. This effect was possibly relevant to irbesartan, which prevents oxidative stress to some extent.
Integrating Classical Encryption with Modern Technique

Alphabetical ciphers are being used since centuries for inducing confusion in messages, but there are some drawbacks that are associated with Classical alphabetic techniques like concealment of key and plaintext. Here in this paper we will suggest an encryption technique that is a blend of both classical encryption as well as modern technique, this hybrid technique will be superior in terms of security than average Classical ciphers.
Effects and cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic screening for CYP2D6 among older adults starting therapy with nortriptyline or venlafaxine: study protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (CYSCEtrial)

BACKGROUND
Nortriptyline and venlafaxine are commonly used antidepressants for treatment of depression in older patients. Both drugs are metabolized by the polymorphic cytochrome P450-2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme and guidelines for dose adaptations based on the CYP2D6 genotype have been developed. The CYP2D6 Screening Among Elderly (CYSCE) trial is designed to address the potential health and economic value of genotyping for CYP2D6 in optimizing dose-finding of nortriptyline and venlafaxine.


METHODS/DESIGN
In a pragmatic randomized controlled trial, patients diagnosed with a major depressive disorder according to the DSM-IV and aged 60 years or older will be recruited from psychiatric centers across the Netherlands. After CYP2D6 genotyping determined in peripheral blood obtained by finger-prick, patients will be grouped into poor, intermediate, extensive, or ultrarapid metabolizers. Patients with deviant genotype (that is poor, intermediate or ultrarapid genotype) will be randomly allocated to an intervention group in which the genotype and dosing advice is communicated to the treating physician, or to a control group in which patients receive care as usual. Additionally, an external reference group of patients with the extensive metabolizer genotype is included. Primary outcome in all groups is time needed to obtain an adequate blood level of the antidepressant drug. Secondary outcomes include adverse drug reactions measured by a shortened Antidepressant Side-Effects Checklist (ASEC), and cost-effectiveness of the screening.


DISCUSSION
Results of this trial will guide policy-making with regard to pharmacogenetic screening prior to treatment with nortriptyline or venlafaxine among older patients with depression.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01778907 ; registration date: 22 January 2013.
Microscopic calculation of the dynamical correlations in two-dimensional quantum antiferromagnets at low temperatures: T=0 results.

Calcul de la fonction de relaxation spin-spin pour un antiferromagnetique quantique bidimensionnel de spin arbitraire a basse temperature. Le calcul justifie l'image des excitations du systeme comme un gaz de Base des ondes de spin interagissant faiblement
Long-term outcomes of cognitive-behavioral treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder among female rape survivors.

OBJECTIVE
We conducted a long-term follow-up (LTFU) assessment of participants from a randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive processing therapy (CPT) with prolonged exposure (PE) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Competing hypotheses for positive outcomes (i.e., additional therapy, medication) were examined.


METHOD
Intention-to-treat (ITT) participants were assessed 5-10 years after participating in the study (M = 6.15, SD = 1.22). We attempted to locate the 171 original participants, women with PTSD who had experienced at least one rape. Of 144 participants located, 87.5% were reassessed (N = 126), which constituted 73.7% of the original ITT sample. Self-reported PTSD symptoms were the primary outcome. Clinician-rated PTSD symptoms, comorbid diagnoses, and self-reported depression were secondary outcomes.


RESULTS
Substantial decreases in symptoms due to treatment (as reported in Resick, Nishith, Weaver, Astin, & Feuer, 2002) were maintained throughout the LTFU period, as evidenced by little change over time from posttreatment through follow-up (effect sizes ranging from pr = .03 to .14). No significant differences emerged during the LTFU between the treatment conditions (Cohen's d = 0.06-0.29). The ITT examination of diagnostics indicated that 22.2% of CPT and 17.5% of PE participants met the diagnosis for PTSD according to the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (Blake et al., 1995) at the LTFU. Maintenance of improvements could not be attributed to further therapy or medications.


CONCLUSIONS
CPT and PE resulted in lasting changes in PTSD and related symptoms over an extended period of time for female rape victims with extensive histories of trauma.
Maternal Serum and Breast Milk Vitamin D Levels: Findings from the Universiti Sains Malaysia Pregnancy Cohort Study

BACKGROUND
Vitamin D deficiency has become a global health issue in pregnant women. This study aimed to assess the adequacy of maternal vitamin D status by measuring maternal serum and breast milk 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and to determine the association between maternal serum and milk 25(OH)D levels.


METHODS
Data was obtained from the Universiti Sains Malaysia Pregnancy Cohort Study. This study was conducted from April 2010 to December 2012 in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia. Blood samples from pregnant women aged 19 to 40 years were drawn in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, while breast milk samples at delivery, 2, 6 and 12 months postpartum were collected to analyze for 25(OH)D levels. A total of 102 pregnant women were included in the analysis.


RESULTS
Vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D <50 nmol/L] was detected in 60% and 37% of women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. There were 6% and 23% of women who reached normal level of vitamin D status in the second trimester and the third trimester, respectively. Multivitamin intakes during pregnancy were significantly associated with higher serum 25(OH)D levels in the second trimester (β = 9.16, p = 0.005) and the third trimester (β = 13.65, p = 0.003). 25(OH)D levels in breast milk during the first year of lactation ranged from 1.01 to 1.26 nmol/L. Higher maternal serum 25(OH)D level in the second trimester of pregnancy was associated with an elevated level of 25(OH)D in breast milk at delivery (β = 0.002, p = 0.026).


CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that high proportions of Malay pregnant women are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Maternal vitamin D status in the second trimester of pregnancy was found to influence vitamin D level in breast milk at delivery.
Mobile Phone Ownership and Endorsement of "mHealth" Among People With Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of Cross-sectional Studies.

There is currently growing interest in using mobile phones to support the treatment of psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia. However, the widespread implementation of these interventions will ultimately depend upon patients' access to mobile devices and their willingness to engage with mobile health ("mHealth"). Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess mobile phone ownership and interest in mHealth among patients with psychosis. An electronic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, AMED, Health Technology Assessment Database, and Health Management Information Consortium Database was conducted, using search terms synonymous with mobile phones and psychotic disorders. The initial literature search yielded 2572 results. Fifteen studies matched eligibility criteria, reporting data from 12 independent samples of psychiatric patients (n = 3227). Data pertaining to mobile phone ownership, usage, and opinions on mHealth among patients with psychotic disorders were extracted from these studies, and meta-analytic techniques were applied. The overall mobile phone ownership rate was 66.4% (95% CI = 54.1%-77.6%). However, we found strong statistical evidence that mobile phone ownership has been significantly increasing since 2007, and the rate among patients surveyed in the last 2 years was 81.4% (n = 454). Furthermore, in surveys of mHealth acceptability, the majority of patients responded in favor of using mobile phones to enhance contact with services and support self-management. Considering the increasing availability of mobile phones and the broad acceptability of mHealth among patients, there is now a need to develop and evaluate mHealth interventions to enhance healthcare services for people with psychosis.
Extraction of the Euclidean skeleton based on a connectivity criterion

The skeleton is essential for general shape representation. The commonly required properties of a skeletonization algorithm are that the extracted skeleton should be accurate; robust to noise, position and rotation; able to reconstruct the original object; and able to produce a connected skeleton in order to preserve its topological and hierarchical properties. However, the use of a discrete image presents a lot of problems that may in9uence the extraction of the skeleton. Moreover, most of the methods are memory-intensive and computationally intensive, and require a complex data structure. In this paper, we propose a fast, e;cient and accurate skeletonization method for the extraction of a well-connected Euclidean skeleton based on a signed sequential Euclidean distance map. A connectivity criterion is proposed, which can be used to determine whether a given pixel is a skeleton point independently. The criterion is based on a set of point pairs along the object boundary, which are the nearest contour points to the pixel under consideration and its 8 neighbors. Our proposed method generates a connected Euclidean skeleton with a single pixel width without requiring a linking algorithm or iteration process. Experiments show that the runtime of our algorithm is faster than the distance transformation and is linearly proportional to the number of pixels of an image. ? 2002 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Analysis of Scores, Datasets, and Models in Visual Saliency Prediction

Significant recent progress has been made in developing high-quality saliency models. However, less effort has been undertaken on fair assessment of these models, over large standardized datasets and correctly addressing confounding factors. In this study, we pursue a critical and quantitative look at challenges (e.g., center-bias, map smoothing) in saliency modeling and the way they affect model accuracy. We quantitatively compare 32 state-of-the-art models (using the shuffled AUC score to discount center-bias) on 4 benchmark eye movement datasets, for prediction of human fixation locations and scan path sequence. We also account for the role of map smoothing. We find that, although model rankings vary, some (e.g., AWS, LG, AIM, and HouNIPS) consistently outperform other models over all datasets. Some models work well for prediction of both fixation locations and scan path sequence (e.g., Judd, GBVS). Our results show low prediction accuracy for models over emotional stimuli from the NUSEF dataset. Our last benchmark, for the first time, gauges the ability of models to decode the stimulus category from statistics of fixations, saccades, and model saliency values at fixated locations. In this test, ITTI and AIM models win over other models. Our benchmark provides a comprehensive high-level picture of the strengths and weaknesses of many popular models, and suggests future research directions in saliency modeling.