LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A comparison of 18 different x-ray detectors currently used in dentistry.

PURPOSE
There has been a proliferation of available dental x-ray detectors over the recent past. The purpose of this short technical report is to provide a basic comparison of spatial resolution, contrast perceptibility, and relative exposure latitudes of 18 current dental x-ray detectors, including solid-state systems (CCD and CMOS), photostimulable phosphors, and analog film.


METHODS
Spatial resolution was measured using a 0.025 mm Pb phantom test grid with a measurement range from 1.5 to 20 lp/mm. For contrast perceptibility, a 7-mm thick aluminum perceptibility test device with wells of 0.1-0.9 mm depth at 0.1 mm intervals and 1 defect of 1.5 mm was used. The relative exposure latitude was determined by expert consensus using clear discrimination of the enamel-dentin junction as the lower limit and pixel blooming or unacceptable levels of cervical burnout as the upper limit.


RESULTS
The highest spatial resolution was found with Kodak InSight film, RVG-ui (CCD), and RVG 6000 (CMOS) detectors, each of which achieved 20 lp/mm, followed by the Planmeca Dixi2 v3 at > or =16 lp/mm. Contrast resolution was at least to 0.2 mm through 7 mm aluminum for all 18 detectors, with the best results being found for the Visualix HDI, RVG-ui, RVG 5000, and RVG 6000 detectors and the Schick CDR wired and wireless systems. The greatest exposure ranges were found with photostimulable phosphors and the Kodak RVG 6000 and RVG 5000 detectors.


CONCLUSIONS
Most current x-ray detectors generally perform well in terms of spatial and contrast resolutions, and in terms of exposure latitude. These findings were independent of the modality applied.
Seismic techniques to delineate dissolution features in the upper 1000 ft at a power plant site

Shallow seismic techniques (Steeples and Miller, 1990; Park et al., 1999; Xia et al., in press) were used to enhance the effectiveness of a drilling program designed to locate dissolution features large enough to put the integrity of equipment or environment at Alabama Electric Cooperative’s proposed Damascus site at risk (“A” on Figure 1). Dissolution features will directly impact engineering design specifications and future plant safety. This applied research program identified acoustic characteristic unique to voids, subsurface subsidence, and/or karst features; evaluated the potential of acoustic methods to enhance drill-assisted mapping of major stratigraphic units and structural features; identified the maximum and minimum depths of seismic investigation; estimated resolution potential (vertical and horizontal features detectable and resolvable); defined optimum geometries and equipment; and incorporated production 21⁄2-D reflection and shear wave profiles with exploratory drilling. The shear wave velocity field provided valuable information about areas that might be at risk of subsiding. From that feasibility survey, areas studied with “young” sinkholes, directly tied to karst features, produced pronounced velocity inversions in close proximity to large velocity gradients (generally forming a closure on contoured cross-sections). These anomalous areas were interpreted to indicate increased stress associated with roof rock loading over rubble zones or void areas. Data from both the reflection and shear wave profiles from the feasibility and 21⁄2-D surveys possessed several unique features that are probably related to dissolution and subsidence.
On Formalizing the UML Object Constraint Language OCL

We present a formal semantics for the Object Constraint Language (OCL) which is part of the Uniied Modeling Language (UML) { an emerging standard language and notation for object-oriented analysis and design. In context of information systems modeling, UML class diagrams can be utilized for describing the overall structure, whereas additional integrity constraints and queries are speciied with OCL expressions. By using OCL, constraints and queries can be speciied in a formal yet comprehensible way. However, the OCL itself is currently de-ned only in a semi-formal way. Thus the semantics of constraints is in general not precisely deened. Our approach gives precise meaning to OCL concepts and to some central aspects of UML class models. A formal semantics facilitates veriication, validation and simulation of models and helps to improve the quality of models and software designs.
Integrated system identification and state-of-charge estimation of battery systems

Summary form only given. Accurate estimation of the state of charge in battery systems is of essential importance for battery system management. Due to nonlinearity, high sensitivity of the inverse mapping from external measurements, and measurement errors, SOC estimation has remained a challenging task. This is further compounded by the fact that battery characteristic model parameters change with time and operating conditions. This paper introduces an adaptive nonlinear observer design that compensates nonlinearity and achieves better estimation accuracy. A two-time-scale signal processing method is employed to attenuate the effects of measurement noises on SOC estimates. The results are further expanded to derive an integrated algorithm to identify model parameters and initial SOC jointly. Simulations were performed to illustrate the capability and utility of the algorithms. Experimental verifications are conducted on Li-ion battery packs of different capacities under different load profiles.
Streptococcus milleri group: Renewed interest in an elusive pathogen

The following review examines the bacteriological characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antimicrobial susceptibility of the “Streptococcus milleri group”. “Streptococcus milleri group” is a term for a large group of streptococci which includesStreptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus constellatus andStreptococcus anginosus. Usually considered commensals, these organisms are often associated with various pyogenic infections including cardiac, abdominal, skin and central nervous system infections. Organisms of the “Streptococcus milleri group” are often unrecognized pathogens due to the lack of uniformity in classifications and difficulties in microbiological identification. Penicillin G, cephalosporins, clindamycin and vancomycin all possess activity against these streptococci. Use of agents with poor activity may promote infections with “Streptococcus milleri group” and allow it to exhibit its pathogenicity. An understanding of these organisms may aid in their recognition and proper treatment.
Treatment considerations for a patient with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: a case report.

AIM
This clinical report describes the oral rehabilitation of a 6-year-old male ectodermal dysplasia (ED) patient diagnosed with hypodontia.


BACKGROUND
ED is a hereditary disease characterized by a congenital dysplasia of one or more ectodermal structures and their accessory appendages. Common manifestations include defective hair follicles and eyebrows, frontal bossing with prominent supraorbital ridges, nasal bridge depression, and protuberant lips. Intraorally, most common findings are anadontia or hypodontia, conical teeth, and generalize spaces. The patient may suffer from dry skin, hyperthermia, and unexplained high fever as a result of deficiency of sweat glands.


REPORT
A six-year-old boy who exhibited many of the manifestations of ED as well as behavioral problems and a severe gag reflex. The treatment was designed to improve his appearance and oral functions and included the fabrication of several removable prostheses and acid-etched composite resin restorations during his growth and development.


SUMMARY
Young patients with ED need to be evaluated early by a dental professional to determine the oral ramifications of the condition. When indicated, appropriate care needs to be rendered throughout the child's growth cycle to maintain oral functions as well as to address the esthetic needs of the patient. This clinical report demonstrates that removable partial dentures associated with direct composite restorations can be a reversible and inexpensive method of treatment for young ED patients.
Efficient and Enhanced Multi-Target Tracking with Doppler Measurements

In many radar and sonar tracking systems, the target state typically includes target position and velocity components that are estimated from a time sequence of target position and Doppler measurements. The use of measured Doppler information directly in the target trajectory estimation leads to a nonlinear filter implementation such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF), particle filter etc. We investigate a method for including Doppler measurements as part of the data association process and then assess the benefits of this approach. It is well understood that data association performance can dominate the total performance of a tracker that is designed to track targets in the presence of clutter. In this case, the Doppler component of the measurements may be used in combination with the target position measurement as an additional discriminant of measurement origin. We have developed a simple but efficient Doppler data association (DDA) method which utilises both position and Doppler measurements for single and multi-target tracking. If the Doppler measurements are not used in trajectory state estimation, then the nonlinear filters for the incorporation of Doppler measurements are not required, however a significant improvement in tracking performance is still observed. The proposed DDA method is demonstrated using both the linear multi-target integrated probabilistic data association algorithm (LMIPDA) and the linear multi-target integrated track splitting algorithm (LMITS) in an active sonar underwater multi-target tracking scenario.
Approximate inverse preconditioners for general sparse matrices

The standard Incomplete LU (ILU) preconditioners often fail for general sparse indeenite matrices because they give rise tòunstable' factors L and U. In such cases, it may be attractive to approximate the inverse of the matrix directly. This paper focuses on approximate inverse preconditioners based on minimizing kI?AMk F , where AM is the preconditioned matrix. An iterative descent-type method is used to approximate each column of the inverse. For this approach to be eecient, the iteration must be done in sparse mode, i.e., with`sparse-matrix by sparse-vector' operations. Numerical dropping is applied to each column to maintain sparsity in the approximate inverse. Compared to previous methods, this is a natural way to determine the sparsity pattern of the approximate inverse. This paper discusses options such as Newton and`global' iteration, self-preconditioning, dropping strategies, and factorized forms. The performance of the options are compared on standard problems from the Harwell-Boeing collection. Theoretical results on general approximate inverses and the convergence behavior of the algorithms are derived. Finally, some ideas and experiments with practical variations and applications are presented.
On the Cost of Factoring RSA-1024

As many cryptographic schemes rely on the hardness of integer factorization, exploration of the concrete costs of factoring large integers is of considerable interest. Most research has focused on PC-based implementations of factoring algorithms; these have successfully factored 530-bit integers, but practically cannot scale much further. Recent works have placed the bottleneck at the sieving step of the Number Field Sieve algorithm. We present a new implementation of this step, based on a custom-built hardware device that achieves a very high level of parallelism ”for free”. The design combines algorithmic and technological aspects: by devising algorithms that take advantage of certain tradeoffs in chip manufacturing technology, efficiency is increased by many orders of magnitude compared to previous proposals. Using this hypothetical device (and ignoring the initial R&D costs), it appears possible to break a 1024-bit RSA key in one year using a device whose cost is about $10M (previous predictions were in the trillions of dollars).
Practicing Differential Privacy in Health Care: A Review

Differential privacy has gained a lot of attention in recent years as a general model for the protection of personal information when used and dis‐ closed for secondary purposes. It has also been proposed as an appropriate model for protecting health data. In this paper we review the current literature on differential privacy and highlight important general limitations to the model and the proposed mechanisms. We then examine some practical challenges to the application of differential privacy to health data. The most severe limitation is the theoretical nature of the privacy parameter . It has implications on our ability to quantify the level of anonymization that would be guaranteed to pa‐ tients, as well as assessing responsibilities when a privacy breach occurs. The review concludes by identifying the areas that researchers and practitioners need to address to increase the adoption of differential privacy for health data. 1 Background We consider private data analysis in the setting of a trusted data custodian that has a database consisting of rows of data (records). Each row represents infor‐ mation about an individual. The custodian needs to publish an anonymized ver‐ sion of the data, a version that is useful to data analysts and that protects the privacy of the individuals in the database. The problem is known as privacy‐ preserving data publishing. Various approaches/models have been proposed in different research commu‐ nities over the past few years [1]. These models depend on the background knowledge of adversaries; as these adversaries can infer sensitive information from the dataset by exploiting background information. Because of that de‐
Anticonvulsant and Sedative-Hypnotic Activities of N-Acetyl / Methyl Isatin Derivatives

A series of N-methyl/acetyl 5-(un)-substituted isatin-3-semicarbazones were screened for anticonvulsant and sedative-hypnotic activities. The results revealed that protection was obtained in all the screens i.e., Maximal electroshock, (MES) subcutaneous pentylene tetrazole (scPTZ) and subcutaneous strychnine (scSTY) screens. Three compounds (5a, 5e and 5i) possessed anti-MES activity and all the compounds were less neurotoxic than phenytoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital. All the compounds were completely non-toxic at 4h when compared to phenytoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital, which were toxic at 100 and 300 mg/kg respectively. Compounds 5a, 5b, 5e, 5g and 5i emerged as the active compounds in oral MES screen. Selected compounds were evaluated for quantification studies in MES, scPTZ and neurotoxicity screens after i. p (5b, 5i) and oral administration (5a, 5g) in rats. Among all the compounds 5a, 5b and 5g emerged as broad-spectrum compounds as indicated by their protection in MES, scSTY and scPTZ screens. All the compounds except compound 5b showed significant sedative-hypnotic activity.
Prenatal factors for childhood blood pressure mediated by intrauterine and/or childhood growth?

OBJECTIVE
Some prenatal factors may program an offspring's blood pressure, but existing evidence is inconclusive and mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the mediating roles of intrauterine and childhood growth in the associations between childhood systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 5 potentially modifiable prenatal factors: maternal smoking during pregnancy; prepregnancy BMI; pregnancy weight gain; chronic hypertension; and preeclampsia-eclampsia.


METHODS
The sample contained 30 461 mother-child pairs in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Prenatal data were extracted from obstetric forms, and children's SBP was measured at 7 years of age. Potential mediation by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and childhood growth was examined by the causal step method.


RESULTS
Heavy maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with higher offspring SBP (adjusted mean difference versus nonsmoking: 0.73 mm Hg [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32-1.14]), which attenuated to null (0.13 [95% CI: -0.27-0.54]) after adjustment for changes in BMI from birth to 7 years of age. Prepregnancy overweight-obesity was significantly associated with higher offspring SBP (versus normal weight: 0.89 mm Hg [95% CI: 0.52-1.26]), which also attenuated to null (-0.04 mm Hg [95% CI: -0.40-0.31]) after adjustment for childhood BMI trajectory. Adjustment for BMI trajectory augmented the association between maternal pregnancy weight gain and offspring SBP. Adjustment for childhood weight trajectory similarly changed these associations. However, all these associations were independent of IUGR.


CONCLUSIONS
Childhood BMI and weight trajectory, but not IUGR, may largely mediate the associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy and prepregnancy BMI with an offspring's SBP.
Percentage and Relative Error Measures in Forecast Evaluation

Full terms and conditions of use: http://pubsonline.informs.org/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used only for the purposes of research, teaching, and/or private study. Commercial use or systematic downloading (by robots or other automatic processes) is prohibited without explicit Publisher approval, unless otherwise noted. For more information, contact permissions@informs.org. The Publisher does not warrant or guarantee the article’s accuracy, completeness, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement. Descriptions of, or references to, products or publications, or inclusion of an advertisement in this article, neither constitutes nor implies a guarantee, endorsement, or support of claims made of that product, publication, or service. Copyright © 2016, INFORMS
A Bayesian network-based framework for semantic image understanding

Current research in content-based semantic image understanding is largely confined to exemplar-based approaches built on low-level feature extraction and classification. The ability to extract both low-level and semantic features and perform knowledge integration of different types of features is expected to raise semantic image understanding to a new level. Belief networks, or Bayesian networks (BN), have proven to be an effective knowledge representation and inference engine in artificial intelligence and expert systems research. Their effectiveness is due to the ability to explicitly integrate domain knowledge in the network structure and to reduce a joint probability distribution to conditional independence relationships. In this paper, we present a general-purpose knowledge integration framework that employs BN in integrating both low-level and semantic features. The efficacy of this framework is demonstrated via three applications involving semantic understanding of pictorial images. The first application aims at detecting main photographic subjects in an image, the second aims at selecting the most appealing image in an event, and the third aims at classifying images into indoor or outdoor scenes. With these diverse examples, we demonstrate that effective inference engines can be built within this powerful and flexible framework according to specific domain knowledge and available training data to solve inherently uncertain vision problems. 2005 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Euthanasia-related strain and coping strategies in animal shelter employees.

OBJECTIVE
To identify and evaluate coping strategies advocated by experienced animal shelter workers who directly engaged in euthanizing animals.


DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.


SAMPLE POPULATION
Animal shelters across the United States in which euthanasia was conducted (5 to 100 employees/shelter).


PROCEDURES
With the assistance of experts associated with the Humane Society of the United States, the authors identified 88 animal shelters throughout the United States in which animal euthanasia was actively conducted and for which contact information regarding the shelter director was available. Staff at 62 animal shelters agreed to participate in the survey. Survey packets were mailed to the 62 shelter directors, who then distributed them to employees. The survey included questions regarding respondent age, level of education, and role and asked those directly involved in the euthanasia of animals to provide advice on strategies for new euthanasia technicians to deal with the related stress. Employees completed the survey and returned it by mail. Content analysis techniques were used to summarize survey responses.


RESULTS
Coping strategies suggested by 242 euthanasia technicians were summarized into 26 distinct coping recommendations in 8 categories: competence or skills strategies, euthanasia behavioral strategies, cognitive or self-talk strategies, emotional regulation strategies, separation strategies, get-help strategies, seek long-term solution strategies, and withdrawal strategies.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Euthanizing animals is a major stressor for many animal shelter workers. Information regarding the coping strategies identified in this study may be useful for training new euthanasia technicians.
Alienation and Emotional Maturity

Abstract Despite the lengthy interest in alienation, scholars have not addressed the question of differential individual response to social and personal problems. Research has indicated that the alienated are less likely to confront their problems, e.g., alienation correlates negatively with utilization of medical services and marital adjustment scores. Emotional maturity, on the other hand, has been found related to better marital adjustment, etc. One under-utilized approach, therefore, is to consider alienation as a manifestation of inadequate socialization. A study of 582 lowerclassmen in a midwest university found virtually zero correlations between social background factors and alienation, but significant, inverse relationships between alienation and emotional maturity. However, despite the link between alienation and emotional maturity, we suggest that further research be directed toward the interaction between personality and situation, based on the proposition that individuals may manifest alienat...
Complex heatmaps reveal patterns and correlations in multidimensional genomic data

UNLABELLED
Parallel heatmaps with carefully designed annotation graphics are powerful for efficient visualization of patterns and relationships among high dimensional genomic data. Here we present the ComplexHeatmap package that provides rich functionalities for customizing heatmaps, arranging multiple parallel heatmaps and including user-defined annotation graphics. We demonstrate the power of ComplexHeatmap to easily reveal patterns and correlations among multiple sources of information with four real-world datasets.


AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION
The ComplexHeatmap package and documentation are freely available from the Bioconductor project: http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/ComplexHeatmap.html


CONTACT
m.schlesner@dkfz.de


SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Rhythm Nation: Pastiche and Spectral Heritage in English Music

ABSTRACT Peter Ackroyd's 1992 novel English Music offers a conflicted take on heritage. Appearing in the midst of debates about national heritage, the novel foregrounds legacies, both familial and cultural. The novel's allusions and intertexts suggest an ethnically restricted version of heritage; however, the novel's stress on pastiche and counterfeits suggest an alternative mode of conceiving legacy, one framed as a type of possession. This revised version of heritage offers a past open to those who might lay claim to it, a more fitting model for a multicultural society.