LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
1 Do Institutions Cause Growth ?

We revisit the debate over whether political institutions cause economic growth, or whether, alternatively, growth and human capital accumulation lead to institutional improvement. We find that most indicators of institutional quality used to establish the proposition that institutions cause growth are constructed to be conceptually unsuitable for that purpose. We also find that some of the instrumental variable techniques used in the literature are flawed. Basic OLS results, as well as a variety of additional evidence, suggest that a) human capital is a more basic source of growth than are the institutions, b) poor countries get out of poverty through good policies, often pursued by dictators, and c) subsequently improve their political institutions. * Harvard University, Dartmouth College, Yale University, and Harvard University, respectively. We thank Philippe Aghion, Olivier Blanchard, Oded Galor, Simon Johnson, Aart Kraay, Ross Levine, Torsten Persson, Dani Rodrik and an anonymous referee for helpful comments, and Sebastian Brown for research assistance.
Optimizing virtual machine placement for energy and SLA in clouds using utility functions

Cloud computing provides on-demand access to a shared pool of computing resources, which enables organizations to outsource their IT infrastructure. Cloud providers are building data centers to handle the continuous increase in cloud users’ demands. Consequently, these cloud data centers consume, and have the potential to waste, substantial amounts of energy. This energy consumption increases the operational cost and the CO2 emissions. The goal of this paper is to develop an optimized energy and SLA-aware virtual machine (VM) placement strategy that dynamically assigns VMs to Physical Machines (PMs) in cloud data centers. This placement strategy co-optimizes energy consumption and service level agreement (SLA) violations. The proposed solution adopts utility functions to formulate the VM placement problem. A genetic algorithm searches the possible VMs-to-PMs assignments with a view to finding an assignment that maximizes utility. Simulation results using CloudSim show that the proposed utility-based approach reduced the average energy consumption by approximately 6 % and the overall SLA violations by more than 38 %, using fewer VM migrations and PM shutdowns, compared to a well-known heuristics-based approach.
R-phenibut binds to the α2–δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels and exerts gabapentin-like anti-nociceptive effects

Phenibut is clinically used anxiolytic, mood elevator and nootropic drug. R-phenibut is responsible for the pharmacological activity of racemic phenibut, and this activity correlates with its binding affinity for GABAB receptors. In contrast, S-phenibut does not bind to GABAB receptors. In this study, we assessed the binding affinities of R-phenibut, S-phenibut, baclofen and gabapentin (GBP) for the α2-δ subunit of the voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) using a subunit-selective ligand, radiolabelled GBP. Binding experiments using rat brain membrane preparations revealed that the equilibrium dissociation constants (Kis) for R-phenibut, S-phenibut, baclofen and GBP were 23, 39, 156 and 0.05μM, respectively. In the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure test, we found that at doses up to 100mg/kg, R-phenibut did not affect PTZ-induced seizures. The anti-nociceptive effects of R-phenibut were assessed using the formalin-induced paw-licking test and the chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve model. Pre-treatment with R-phenibut dose-dependently decreased the nociceptive response during both phases of the test. The anti-nociceptive effects of R-phenibut in the formalin-induced paw-licking test were not blocked by the GABAB receptor-selective antagonist CGP35348. In addition, treatment with R- and S-phenibut alleviated the mechanical and thermal allodynia induced by CCI of the sciatic nerve. Our data suggest that the binding affinity of R-phenibut for the α2-δ subunit of the VDCC is 4 times higher than its affinity for the GABAB receptor. The anti-nociceptive effects of R-phenibut observed in the tests of formalin-induced paw licking and CCI of the sciatic nerve were associated with its effect on the α2-δ subunit of the VDCC rather than with its effects on GABAB receptors. In conclusion, our results provide experimental evidence for GBP-like, anti-nociceptive properties of R-phenibut, which might be used clinically to treat neuropathic pain disorders.
Design and Implementation of Code Optimizations for a Type-Directed Compiler for Standard ML.

The trends in software development are towards larger programs, more complex programs, and more use of programs as \component software." These trends mean that the features of modern programming languages are becoming more important than ever before. Programming languages need to have features such as strong typing, a module system, polymorphism, automatic storage management, and higher-order functions. In short, modern programming languages are becoming more important than ever before. Even though modern programming languages are becoming more important than ever before, programmers have traditionally faced a dilemma: programs written in these languages traditionally have had lower performance than programs written in more conventional, but error-prone languages. In this thesis, I study this problem in the context of one particular modern programming language, Standard ML. Standard ML contains all the language features mentioned previously and more. I use an empirical approach to understand where Standard ML programs spend their time and how to improve the performance of Standard ML programs though better optimization. The thesis contains two main results. First, I nd that a \pay-as-you-go" compilation strategy, where programmers pay for advanced language features only when they use them, is a practical strategy for compiling Standard ML. In fact, this strategy produces better code overall than a strategy that makes advanced language features run fast at the expense of slowing down programs that do not use those language features. Second, I nd that compilers for Standard ML should focus on generating good code for the frequently-executed parts of programs. Speci cally, just as compilers for conventional languages such as C focus on generating good code for loops, compilers for languages such as Standard ML should focus on generating good code for recursive functions. These results suggest that compilation of modern programming languages such as Standard ML should have a great deal in common with compilation of more conventional languages such as C. First, Standard ML programs that do not use higher-order functions or polymorphism should run just as fast as comparable C programs. Second, Standard ML compilers should apply the same sets of optimizations to recursive functions that more conventional compilers apply to loops. These results also suggest that programmers should be able to avoid the dilemma mentioned earlier: they should be able to write their programs in modern languages such as Standard ML, con dent that they can rewrite parts of the programs in a subset of Standard ML if necessary for e ciency.
TREC-8 Experiments at Maryland: CLIR, QA and Routing

The University of Maryland team participated in four aspects of TREC the ad hoc retrieval task the main task in the cross language retrieval CLIR track the question answering track and the routing task in the ltering track The CLIR method was based on Pirkola s method for Dictionary based Query Translation using freely available dictionaries Broad coverage parsing and rule based matching was used for question answering Routing was performed using Latent Semantic Indexing in pro le space
Progress in Tourism Management Tourism supply chain management : A new research agenda

This paper reviews current research on supply chain management (SCM) within the context of tourism. SCM in the manufacturing industry has attracted widespread research interest over the past two decades, whereas studies of SCM in the tourism industry are very limited. Stakeholders in the tourism industry interact with each other to resolve their divergent business objectives across different operating systems. The potential benefit of considering not only individual enterprises but also the tourism value chain becomes evident. The paper examines the characteristics of tourism products, and identifies and explores core issues and concepts in tourism supply chains (TSCs) and tourism supply chain management (TSCM). Although there is an emerging literature on TSCM or its equivalents, progress is uneven, as most research focuses on distribution and marketing activities without fully considering the whole range of different suppliers involved in the provision and consumption of tourism products. This paper provides a systematic review of current tourism studies from the TSCM perspective and develops a framework for TSCM research that should be of great value not only to those who wish to extend their research into this new and exciting area, but also to tourism and hospitality decision makers. The paper also identifies key research questions in TSCM worthy of future theoretical and empirical exploration. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
“I think I could turn and live with animals”

Suggested citation for this article: Potter P. I think I could turn and live with animals. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2009 Dec [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/15/12/2087.htm
'Cross hairs' plots for diagnostic meta-analysis.

Understanding diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) data, especially meta-analysis of this information, can be challenging for researchers and clinicians. The use of plots of receiver-operator curve (ROC) space showing individual studies and summary estimates of diagnostic accuracy has become common but can be difficult to interpret. The assessment of heterogeneity in sensitivity and specificity across studies can be particularly difficult. In this paper, we review the key concepts of assessing DTA, starting at the level of individual studies and progressing to the setting of research synthesis. We explore the standard displays of this information and then propose and explain an alternative approach to summarizing key data. These 'cross-hairs' plots display the individual studies in ROC space with paired confidence intervals representing sensitivity and specificity, and allow for the results of meta-analysis to be overlaid on the plot. We suggest that these plots are more easily interpreted, and are a more informative graphical form than common approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mathematics and explanation in astronomy and astrophysics

The purpose of this paper is to expound and clarify the mathematics and explanations commonly employed in certain notable areas of astronomy and astrophysics. The first section concentrates upon the mathematics employed to represent and understand stellar structure and evolution. The second section analyses two different explanations for the structure of spiral galaxies.
Resonator-based analysis of the combination of mobile handset antenna and chassis

In this paper, the performance of the mobile phone handset antenna–chassis combination is analyzed based on an approximate decomposition of the waves on the structure into two resonant wavemodes: the antenna-element wavemode and the chassis wavemode. A double resonator equivalent circuit model is presented and used to estimate the impedance bandwidth and the respective distribution of radiation losses with typical parameter values at 900 and 1800 MHz. It is noticed that at 900 MHz, the radiation losses by the antenna element wavemode represent typically less than 10% of the total power. Thus, the antenna element works mainly as a matching element, which couples to the lowresonant wavemode of the chassis. At 1800 MHz, the contribution of the antenna element wavemode is larger. By enhancing the coupling and by tuning the chassis resonance, it is possible to obtain an impedance bandwidth of over 50% (6-dB return loss) at both at 900 and 1800 MHz. The results given by the equivalent circuit study are fully supported by those of three-dimensional phone-model simulations, including calculation of theSAR and efficiency values. In prototyping, the 6-dB bandwidth of 5.5% was obtained at 980 MHz with a nonradiating coupling element with a volume of 1.6 cm on a 120-mm-long chassis.
Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications.

CONTEXT
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)--characterized by symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity--is the most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder that frequently persists into adulthood, and there is increasing evidence of reward-motivation deficits in this disorder.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate biological bases that might underlie a reward/motivation deficit by imaging key components of the brain dopamine reward pathway (mesoaccumbens).


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
We used positron emission tomography to measure dopamine synaptic markers (transporters and D(2)/D(3) receptors) in 53 nonmedicated adults with ADHD and 44 healthy controls between 2001-2009 at Brookhaven National Laboratory.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
We measured specific binding of positron emission tomographic radioligands for dopamine transporters (DAT) using [(11)C]cocaine and for D(2)/D(3) receptors using [(11)C]raclopride, quantified as binding potential (distribution volume ratio -1).


RESULTS
For both ligands, statistical parametric mapping showed that specific binding was lower in ADHD than in controls (threshold for significance set at P < .005) in regions of the dopamine reward pathway in the left side of the brain. Region-of-interest analyses corroborated these findings. The mean (95% confidence interval [CI] of mean difference) for DAT in the nucleus accumbens for controls was 0.71 vs 0.63 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.03-0.13, P = .004) and in the midbrain for controls was 0.16 vs 0.09 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.03-0.12; P < or = .001); for D(2)/D(3) receptors, the mean accumbens for controls was 2.85 vs 2.68 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.06-0.30, P = .004); and in the midbrain, it was for controls 0.28 vs 0.18 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.02-0.17, P = .01). The analysis also corroborated differences in the left caudate: the mean DAT for controls was 0.66 vs 0.53 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.04-0.22; P = .003) and the mean D(2)/D(3) for controls was 2.80 vs 2.47 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.10-0.56; P = .005) and differences in D(2)/D(3) in the hypothalamic region, with controls having a mean of 0.12 vs 0.05 for those with ADHD (95% CI, 0.02-0.12; P = .004). Ratings of attention correlated with D(2)/D(3) in the accumbens (r = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.15-0.52; P = .001), midbrain (r = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14-0.52; P = .001), caudate (r = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.11-0.50; P = .003), and hypothalamic (r = 0.31; CI, 0.10-0.49; P = .003) regions and with DAT in the midbrain (r = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.53; P < or = .001).


CONCLUSION
A reduction in dopamine synaptic markers associated with symptoms of inattention was shown in the dopamine reward pathway of participants with ADHD.
A 2D Nearest-Neighbor Quantum Architecture for Factoring

We contribute a 2D nearest-neighbor quantum architecture for Shor’s algorithm to factor an n-bit number in O(log2(n)) depth. Our implementation uses parallel phase estimation, constant-depth fanout and teleportation, and constant-depth carry-save modular addition. We derive upper bounds on the circuit resources of our architecture under a new 2D nearest-neighbor model which allows a classical controller and parallel, communicating modules. We also contribute a novel constant-depth circuit for unbounded quantum unfanout in our new model. Finally, we provide a comparison to all previous nearest-neighbor factoring implementations. Our circuit results in an exponential improvement in nearest-neighbor circuit depth at the cost of a polynomial increase in circuit size and width.
Long-Term Condition Self-Management Support in Online Communities: A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Papers

BACKGROUND
Recent years have seen an exponential increase in people with long-term conditions using the Internet for information and support. Prior research has examined support for long-term condition self-management through the provision of illness, everyday, and emotional work in the context of traditional offline communities. However, less is known about how communities hosted in digital spaces contribute through the creation of social ties and the mobilization of an online illness "workforce."


OBJECTIVE
The aim was to understand the negotiation of long-term condition illness work in patient online communities and how such work may assist the self-management of long-term conditions in daily life.


METHODS
A systematic search of qualitative papers was undertaken using various online databases for articles published since 2004. A total of 21 papers met the inclusion criteria of using qualitative methods and examined the use of peer-led online communities for those with a long-term condition. A qualitative meta-synthesis was undertaken and the review followed a line of argument synthesis.


RESULTS
The main themes identified in relation to the negotiation of self-management support were (1) redressing offline experiential information and knowledge deficits, (2) the influence of modeling and learning behaviors from others on self-management, (3) engagement that validates illness and negates offline frustrations, (4) tie formation and community building, (5) narrative expression and cathartic release, and (6) dissociative anonymity and invisibility. These translated into a line of argument synthesis in which four network mechanisms for self-management support in patient online communities were identified. These were (1) collective knowledge and identification through lived experience; (2) support, information, and engagement through readily accessible gifting relationships; (3) sociability that extends beyond illness; and (4) online disinhibition as a facilitator in the negotiation of self-management support.


CONCLUSIONS
Social ties forged in online spaces provide the basis for performing relevant self-management work that can improve an individual's illness experience, tackling aspects of self-management that are particularly difficult to meet offline. Membership in online groups can provide those living with a long-term condition with ready access to a self-management support illness workforce and illness and emotional support. The substitutability of offline illness work may be particularly important to those whose access to support offline is either limited or absent. Furthermore, such resources require little negotiation online because information and support is seemingly gifted to the community by its members.
Extrasynaptic Neurotransmission in the Modulation of Brain Function. Focus on the Striatal Neuronal–Glial Networks

Extrasynaptic neurotransmission is an important short distance form of volume transmission (VT) and describes the extracellular diffusion of transmitters and modulators after synaptic spillover or extrasynaptic release in the local circuit regions binding to and activating mainly extrasynaptic neuronal and glial receptors in the neuroglial networks of the brain. Receptor-receptor interactions in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heteromers play a major role, on dendritic spines and nerve terminals including glutamate synapses, in the integrative processes of the extrasynaptic signaling. Heteromeric complexes between GPCR and ion-channel receptors play a special role in the integration of the synaptic and extrasynaptic signals. Changes in extracellular concentrations of the classical synaptic neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA found with microdialysis is likely an expression of the activity of the neuron-astrocyte unit of the brain and can be used as an index of VT-mediated actions of these two neurotransmitters in the brain. Thus, the activity of neurons may be functionally linked to the activity of astrocytes, which may release glutamate and GABA to the extracellular space where extrasynaptic glutamate and GABA receptors do exist. Wiring transmission (WT) and VT are fundamental properties of all neurons of the CNS but the balance between WT and VT varies from one nerve cell population to the other. The focus is on the striatal cellular networks, and the WT and VT and their integration via receptor heteromers are described in the GABA projection neurons, the glutamate, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and histamine striatal afferents, the cholinergic interneurons, and different types of GABA interneurons. In addition, the role in these networks of VT signaling of the energy-dependent modulator adenosine and of endocannabinoids mainly formed in the striatal projection neurons will be underlined to understand the communication in the striatal cellular networks.
Virtual track: applications and challenges of the RFID system on roads

The RFID System on Roads (RSR), which includes RFID tags deployed on roads and RFID readers installed on vehicles, is an essential platform for future transportation systems. It can provide unique features that are missing from the current systems, including lane level position, road traffic control information, vehicle distance estimation, real time driving behavior analysis, and so on. Based on these features, several novel vehicular applications can be implemented, which can significantly improve the transportation safety and efficiency. Specifically, the proposed applications on RSR include Assisted Navigation Systems, Electrical Traffic Control, Unmanned Patrol Systems, Vehicle Distance Estimation, Parking Assistant System, Route Tracing and Access Control, Unmanned Ground Vehicles. We also investigate the corresponding engineering/system and research challenges for implementing RSR and its applications in this article.
Safety and accuracy of a wireless pulmonary artery pressure monitoring system in patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUND
Implantable hemodynamic monitoring to guide heart failure (HF) therapy is a promising area of active research. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the safety and technical performance of a novel wireless pulmonary artery pressure monitoring system in 17 patients with symptomatic HF.


METHODS
The monitoring system consists of a sensor, delivery catheter, interrogator, and home monitoring device. The HF sensor was implanted into a distal branch of the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary artery pressures were monitored using the external device, which powers the HF sensor and transmits the hemodynamic data from the patient's home to a secure Internet database. The accuracy of the system was assessed by comparison with standard right heart catheterization (RHC).


RESULTS
The HF sensor was safely and successfully implanted in all patients. Agreement between the HF sensor and RHC for systolic, diastolic, and mean pulmonary artery pressures was excellent, with correlation coefficients of 0.94, 0.85, and 0.95, respectively (all P < .0001). Using Bland-Altman plots, the average differences for systolic, diastolic, and mean pulmonary artery pressures for the HF sensor vs RHC were -4.4 ± 0.3, 2.5 ± 1.0, and -0.8 ± 1.3 mm Hg, respectively. There were no serious device-related adverse events. A postmortem analysis of the HF sensor in a patient who died 12 months after implant demonstrated complete endothelialization and no evidence of thrombosis.


CONCLUSIONS
This trial supports the safety and accuracy of this pulmonary artery pressure monitoring system in patients with HF and the conduct of randomized trials of implantable hemodynamic monitoring in HF, using this system.