LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Understanding physicians’ behavior toward alerts about nephrotoxic medications in outpatients: a cross-sectional analysis

BACKGROUND
Although most outpatients are relatively healthy, many have chronic renal insufficiency, and high override rates for suggestions on renal dosing have been observed. To better understand the override of renal dosing alerts in an outpatient setting, we conducted a study to evaluate which patients were more frequently prescribed contraindicated medications, to assess providers' responses to suggestions, and to examine the drugs involved and the reasons for overrides.


METHODS
We obtained data on renal alert overrides and the coded reasons for overrides cited by providers at the time of prescription from outpatient clinics and ambulatory hospital-based practices at a large academic health care center over a period of 3 years, from January 2009 to December 2011. For detailed chart review, a group of 6 trained clinicians developed the appropriateness criteria with excellent inter-rater reliability (κ=0.93). We stratified providers by override frequency and then drew samples from the high- and low-frequency groups. We measured the rate of total overrides, rate of appropriate overrides, medications overridden, and the reason(s) for override.


RESULTS
A total of 4120 renal alerts were triggered by 584 prescribers in the study period, among which 78.2% (3,221) were overridden. Almost half of the alerts were triggered by 40 providers and one-third was triggered by high-frequency overriders. The appropriateness rates were fairly similar, at 28.4% and 31.6% for high- and low-frequency overriders, respectively. Metformin, glyburide, hydrochlorothiazide, and nitrofurantoin were the most common drugs overridden. Physicians' appropriateness rates were higher than the rates for nurse practitioners (32.9% vs. 22.1%). Physicians with low frequency override rates had higher levels of appropriateness for metformin than the high frequency overriders (P=0.005).


CONCLUSION
A small number of providers accounted for a large fraction of overrides, as was the case with a small number of drugs. These data suggest that a focused intervention targeting primarily these providers and medications has the potential to improve medication safety.
An observational study of benzodiazepine prescription during inpatient alcohol detoxification for patients with vs. without chronic pretreatment with high-dosage baclofen.

High-dose baclofen is prescribed as a maintenance treatment to reduce alcohol use in patients with alcohol use disorder. Nevertheless, some patients still have massive alcohol intakes and require inpatient alcohol withdrawal. To compare the oral dose of benzodiazepine prescribed to manage alcohol withdrawal symptoms in patients with vs. without steady-state pretreatment with high-dose baclofen. Retrospective chart review study. Prescribed benzodiazepine dose expressed in diazepam-equivalent was compared between groups. Thirty-one patients were assessed in the high-dose maintenance baclofen group and compared to 31 matched patients not receiving baclofen. No statistically significant difference was evident between groups regarding levels of benzodiazepines prescribed. The mean diazepam-equivalent dose during the first 7 days was 294 ± 149 mg in the baclofen group vs. 310 ± 133 mg (t-test = 0.440, P = 0.661) in matched controls. Steady-state high-dose baclofen before an inpatient alcohol cessation hospitalization does not lower the needed benzodiazepine dose in the management of alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
Evidence that a tax on sugar sweetened beverages reduces the obesity rate: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND
Excess intake of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been shown to result in weight gain. To address the growing epidemic of obesity, one option is to combine programmes that target individual behaviour change with a fiscal policy such as excise tax on SSBs. This study evaluates the literature on SSB taxes or price increases, and their potential impact on consumption levels, obesity, overweight and body mass index (BMI). The possibility of switching to alternative drinks is also considered.


METHODS
The following databases were used: Pubmed/Medline, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Google Scholar, Econlit, National Bureau of Economics Research (NBER), Research Papers in Economics (RePEc). Articles published between January 2000 and January 2013, which reported changes in diet or BMI, overweight and/or obesity due to a tax on, or price change of, SSBs were included.


RESULTS
Nine articles met the criteria for the meta-analysis. Six were from the USA and one each from Mexico, Brazil and France. All showed negative own-price elasticity, which means that higher prices are associated with a lower demand for SSBs. Pooled own price-elasticity was -1.299 (95% CI: -1.089 - -1.509). Four articles reported cross-price elasticities, three from the USA and one from Mexico; higher prices for SSBs were associated with an increased demand for alternative beverages such as fruit juice (0.388, 95% CI: 0.009 - 0.767) and milk (0.129, 95% CI: -0.085 - 0.342), and a reduced demand for diet drinks (-0.423, 95% CI: -0.628 - -1.219). Six articles from the USA showed that a higher price could also lead to a decrease in BMI, and decrease the prevalence of overweight and obesity.


CONCLUSIONS
Taxing SSBs may reduce obesity. Future research should estimate price elasticities in low- and middle-income countries and identify potential health gains and the wider impact on jobs, monetary savings to the health sector, implementation costs and government revenue. Context-specific cost-effectiveness studies would allow policy makers to weigh these factors.
Probabilistic Power Flow Analysis With Generation Dispatch Including Photovoltaic Resources

This paper proposes a novel probabilistic power flow (PPF) algorithm considering generation dispatch. The intent is to examine the influence of uncertainty due to photovoltaic (PV) generation resources and loads. PV generation uncertainty may have a significant impact on transmission systems since this resource is easily influenced by changing environmental conditions. However, it is prudent to include generation dispatch in the PPF algorithm since the dispatching strategy compensates for PV generation injections and influences the uncertainty in the results. The proposed PPF algorithm is based on the cumulant method. The Gram-Charlier expansion is applied to approximate the distribution of probabilistic variables. Furthermore, this paper also proposes a probabilistic optimal power dispatching strategy which considers uncertainty problems in the economic dispatch and optimizes the expected value of the total cost with the overload probability as a constraint. The Arizona area of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system is used to test the proposed PPF algorithm and compare results with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS).
The impact of social networks on parents' vaccination decisions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Parents decide whether their children are vaccinated, but they rarely reach these decisions on their own. Instead parents are influenced by their social networks, broadly defined as the people and sources they go to for information, direction, and advice. This study used social network analysis to formally examine parents' social networks (people networks and source networks) related to their vaccination decision-making. In addition to providing descriptions of typical networks of parents who conform to the recommended vaccination schedule (conformers) and those who do not (nonconformers), this study also quantified the effect of network variables on parents' vaccination choices.


METHODS
This study took place in King County, Washington. Participation was limited to US-born, first-time parents with children aged ≤18 months. Data were collected via an online survey. Logistic regression was used to analyze the resulting data.


RESULTS
One hundred twenty-six conformers and 70 nonconformers completed the survey. Although people networks were reported by 95% of parents in both groups, nonconformers were significantly more likely to report source networks (100% vs 80%, P < .001). Model comparisons of parent, people, and source network characteristics indicated that people network variables were better predictors of parents' vaccination choices than parents' own characteristics or the characteristics of their source networks. In fact, the variable most predictive of parents' vaccination decisions was the percent of parents' people networks recommending nonconformity.


CONCLUSIONS
These results strongly suggest that social networks, and particularly parents' people networks, play an important role in parents' vaccination decision-making.
Introduction to the CoNLL-2000 Shared Task Chunking

We describe the CoNLL-2000 shared task: dividing text into syntactically related nonoverlapping groups of words, so-called text chunking. We give background information on the data sets, present a general overview of the systems that have taken part in the shared task and briefly discuss their performance. 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n Text chunking is a useful preprocessing step for parsing. There has been a large interest in recognizing non-overlapping noun phrases (Ramshaw and Marcus (1995) and follow-up papers) but relatively little has been written about identifying phrases of other syntactic categories. The CoNLL-2000 shared task at tempts to fill this gap. 2 T a s k d e s c r i p t i o n Text chunking consists of dividing a text into phrases in such a way that syntactically related words become member of the same phrase. These phrases are non-overlapping which means that one word can only be a member of one chunk. Here is an example sentence: [NP He ] [vP reckons ] [NP the current account deficit ] [vP will narrow ] [pp to ] [NP only £ 1.8 billion ] [pp in ][NP September ] . Chunks have been represented as groups of words between square brackets. A tag next to the open bracket denotes the type of the chunk. As far as we know, there are no annotated corpora available which contain specific information about dividing sentences into chunks of words of arbitrary types. We have chosen to work with a corpus with parse information, the Wall Street Journal WSJ part of the Penn Treebank II corpus (Marcus et al., 1993), and to extract chunk information from the parse trees in this corpus. We will give a global description of the various chunk types in the next section.
The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers

BACKGROUND
The Koreans are generally considered a northeast Asian group because of their geographical location. However, recent findings from Y chromosome studies showed that the Korean population contains lineages from both southern and northern parts of East Asia. To understand the genetic history and relationships of Korea more fully, additional data and analyses are necessary.


METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation in the hypervariable segments I and II (HVS-I and HVS-II) and haplogroup-specific mutations in coding regions in 445 individuals from seven east Asian populations (Korean, Korean-Chinese, Mongolian, Manchurian, Han (Beijing), Vietnamese and Thais). In addition, published mtDNA haplogroup data (N = 3307), mtDNA HVS-I sequences (N = 2313), Y chromosome haplogroup data (N = 1697) and Y chromosome STR data (N = 2713) were analyzed to elucidate the genetic structure of East Asian populations. All the mtDNA profiles studied here were classified into subsets of haplogroups common in East Asia, with just two exceptions. In general, the Korean mtDNA profiles revealed similarities to other northeastern Asian populations through analysis of individual haplogroup distributions, genetic distances between populations or an analysis of molecular variance, although a minor southern contribution was also suggested. Reanalysis of Y-chromosomal data confirmed both the overall similarity to other northeastern populations, and also a larger paternal contribution from southeastern populations.


CONCLUSION
The present work provides evidence that peopling of Korea can be seen as a complex process, interpreted as an early northern Asian settlement with at least one subsequent male-biased southern-to-northern migration, possibly associated with the spread of rice agriculture.
Acute hemodynamic effects of captopril in children with a congestive or restrictive cardiomyopathy.

The acute hemodynamic effects of captopril were evaluated at cardiac catheterization in 16 children (age, 0.3-18 years) with cardiomyopathy. Twelve children had congestive cardiomyopathy, whereas four had restrictive cardiomyopathy. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained 30 and 60 minutes after the oral administration of captopril (0.5 mg/kg). Blood pressures were measured in the aorta, pulmonary artery, right atrium, and pulmonary capillary wedge position; cardiac outputs were measured by the thermodilution technique. Hemodynamic data could not be obtained after the administration of captopril in one child with congestive cardiomyopathy because of an immediate, severe hypotensive response. In 11 of 12 children with congestive cardiomyopathy, cardiac index increased by 22%, from 2.3 to 2.8 l/min/m2 (p less than 0.05), and stroke volume increased by 22%, from 23 to 28 ml/m2 (p less than 0.05). Systemic vascular resistance decreased from 32 to 21 units.m2 (p less than 0.01), but the mean aortic pressure did not change significantly. In contrast, four children with restrictive cardiomyopathy had no change in cardiac output after captopril, but there was a trend toward significant arterial hypotension (mean aortic pressure decreased from 78 to 59 mm Hg). Thus, captopril acutely reduced systemic vascular resistance and increased both cardiac output and stroke volume in children with congestive cardiomyopathy. In children with restrictive cardiomyopathy, however, captopril did not affect cardiac output, but it did decrease aortic pressure. These data indicate that captopril may benefit children with a congestive cardiomyopathy but that captopril probably should not be used in children with restrictive disease.
Hybrid Cryptography

This paper considers the idea that other schemes besides asymmetric encryption schemes can benefit from a formalisation of the principles of hybrid cryptography. The main focus of research in hybrid cryptography has been in producing efficient asymmetric encryption schemes. Not only have several schemes been proposed, but also a generic method of constructing hybrid encryption schemes from lowerlevel primitives with independent security criteria. There has also been some work on producing hybrid signcryption schemes, but, so far, no independent generic construction paradigms have been proposed for the signcryption setting. We review the generic KEM–DEM construction for a hybrid encryption scheme, as proposed by Cramer and Shoup [18, 38], and consider the problems associated with extending the ideas behind the KEM–DEM construction to digital signature schemes and signcryption schemes. This paper shows that it is possible to construct very simple hybrid signcryption schemes with outsider security, in a manner similar to the generic construction for a hybrid encryption scheme. However we have to extend the construction significantly in order to propose a generic hybrid construction for a signcryption scheme with insider security. In passing, we note that it is not possible to construct efficient hybrid signature schemes.
Factors Affecting Students ’ Performance in Chemistry : Case Study in Zanzibar Secondary Schools

The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of chemistry in Zanzibar Secondary Schools. It was conducted in all regions of Zanzibar in public and private secondary schools and Ministry of Education officials. The objective of the study included finding out causes of poor performance in chemistry. Views, opinions, and suggestions of teachers and students to improve performance of chemistry and a descriptive survey was adopted for the study. 45 teachers and 200 students were randomly sampled from 15 secondary schools in Zanzibar and ten Ministry of Education officials were purposively sampled for the study. Questionnaires and open-ended interview schedules were the main instruments used in obtaining relevant data from respondents. Data collected from the field was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis involved content analysis of the responses obtained through interviews and quantitative analysis involved generation of tables, frequencies and percentages. The results revealed that there were shortages of trained teachers, lack of proficiency in the language of instruction (English) and major facilities like laboratories and books. These led to poor delivery of subject matter and consequently resulting in poor performance. Based on the findings, this study recommends that provision of trained, competent, and effective teachers as vital aspects to be considered. Government through Ministry of Education should put effort to stalk libraries and equip laboratories with modern books and instruments. In addition, the ministry should strengthen teachers’ training and encourage use of instructional media in class and make conducive learning environment to both teachers and students. Keywords—Zanzibar, secondary schools, chemistry, science, performance and factors.
Conventional monotherapy compared to a "sawtooth" treatment strategy in the radiographic progression of rheumatoid arthritis over the first eight years.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in two inception cohorts of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to compare their radiographic outcomes.


METHODS
A recent onset RA cohort was collected in Heinola in 1973-1975, and another in Jyväskylä in 1983-1989. The cohorts were followed up prospectively and treated with available DMARDs. The radiographic outcomes of 103 and 85 seropositive cohort patients from Heinola and Jyväskylä respectively were assigned Larsen scores (0-100) for their wrist, hand and foot radiographs in years 0, 1, 3, and 8, and compared with each other.


RESULTS
In this study it was seen that DMARD treatment for RA became more extensive over time. The earlier cohort patients were treated with gold sodium thiomalate, chloroquine and D-penicillamine, while 8 additional DMARDs and various DMARD combinations were used for the later cohort patients. At the 8 year visit, 23%, 33%, and 2% of the Heinola patients, and 6%, 45%, and 21% of the Jyväskylä patients respectively were being treated with chloroquine, other single DMARDs, or DMARD combinations. Destruction in the peripheral joints remained lower in the more extensively treated cohort; from 0 to 8 years the median Larsen score increased from 1 to 25.5 and from 0 to 12 (p = 0.001) for the Heinola and the Jyväskylä patients, respectively.


CONCLUSION
Our result supports a role of DMARDs in preventing joint destruction in RA in the long-term.
Effect of Tang No.1 granule (1) in treating patients with impaired glucose tolerance.

OBJECTIVE
To observe the therapeutic effect of Tang No.1 granule (1, T1G) in treating patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).


METHODS
One hundred and forty patients with IGT and with Pi-Wei dampness-heat syndrome type were assigned randomly according to their visiting sequence into two equal groups. The control group received only general knowledge about IGT, but to the treated group, based on current knowledge available, T1G was given additionally for 6 months. Changes in related laboratory indexes, including fasting plasma glucose and insulin (FPG and FINS), plasma glucose 2 h after meal (2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), were observed.


RESULTS
The levels of FPG, 2hPG, HbA1c, FINS, TG and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased after treatment in the treated group, showing a significant difference compared to the control group (P<0.01). Among them, HbA1c decreased from 7.08+or-1.41% to 6.56+or-1.29% in the treated group, while in the control group, it decreased from 7.02+or-1.37% to 6.93+or-1.31%. The level of LDL was also reduced in the treated group after treatment (P<0.05). In the treated group, 13 out of 68 patients (19.12%) had their glucose tolerance reversed to normal, while in the control group, only 2/64 (3.1%) got it reverse; a comparison between the two groups in terms of reversion rate showed a significant difference (P<0.01). No severe adverse reaction was found in the therapeutic course.


CONCLUSIONS
T1G has good clinical effect as a treatment intervention for IGT, as it could improve glycometabolism, significantly depress the levels of post-prandial blood sugar and blood lipids, alleviate clinical symptoms of patients, and effectively cut-off and reverse the yielding and development of diabetes mellitus.
Morse Theory for Filtrations and Efficient Computation of Persistent Homology

We introduce an efficient preprocessing algorithm to reduce the number of cells in a filtered cell complex while preserving its persistent homology groups. The technique is based on an extension of combinatorial Morse theory from complexes to filtrations.
Exploring Google Earth Engine Platform for Big Data Processing: Classification of Multi-Temporal Satellite Imagery for Crop Mapping

Many applied problems arising in agricultural monitoring and food security require reliable crop maps at national or global scale. Large scale crop mapping requires processing and management of large amount of heterogeneous satellite imagery acquired by various sensors that consequently leads to a “Big Data” problem. The main objective of this study is to explore efficiency of using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform when classifying multi-temporal satellite imagery with potential to apply the platform for a larger scale (e.g., country level) and multiple sensors (e.g., Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2). In particular, multiple state-of-the-art classifiers available in the GEE platform are compared to produce a high resolution (30 m) crop classification map for a large territory (∼28,100 km2 and 1.0 M ha of cropland). Though this study does not involve large volumes of data, it does address efficiency of the GEE platform to effectively execute complex workflows of satellite data processing required with large scale applications such as crop mapping. The study discusses strengths and weaknesses of classifiers, assesses accuracies that can be achieved with different classifiers for the Ukrainian landscape, and compares them to the benchmark classifier using a neural network approach that was developed in our previous studies. The study is carried out for the Joint Experiment of Crop Assessment and Monitoring (JECAM) test site in Ukraine covering the Kyiv region (North of Ukraine) in 2013. We found that GEE provides very good performance in terms of enabling access to the remote sensing products through the cloud platform and providing pre-processing; however, in terms of classification accuracy, the neural network based approach outperformed support vector machine (SVM), decision tree and random forest classifiers available in GEE.