LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Integrated Source Case Investigation for Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV in the Caregivers and Household Contacts of Hospitalised Young Children Diagnosed with TB in South Africa: An Observational Study

BACKGROUND
Contact tracing, to identify source cases with untreated tuberculosis (TB), is rarely performed in high disease burden settings when the index case is a young child with TB. As TB is strongly associated with HIV infection in these settings, we used source case investigation to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed TB and HIV in the caregivers and household contacts of hospitalised young children diagnosed with TB in South Africa.


METHODS
Caregivers and household contacts of 576 young children (age ≤7 years) with TB diagnosed between May 2010 and August 2012 were screened for TB and HIV. The primary outcome was the detection of laboratory-confirmed, newly-diagnosed TB disease and/or HIV-infection in close contacts.


RESULTS
Of 576 caregivers, 301 (52·3%) self-reported HIV-positivity. Newly-diagnosed HIV infection was detected in 63 (22·9%) of the remaining 275 caregivers who self-reported an unknown or negative HIV status. Screening identified 133 (23·1%) caregivers eligible for immediate anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Newly-diagnosed TB disease was detected in 23 (4·0%) caregivers. In non-caregiver household contacts (n = 1341), the prevalence of newly-diagnosed HIV infection and TB disease was 10·0% and 3·2% respectively. On average, screening contacts of every nine children with TB resulted in the identification of one case of newly-diagnosed TB disease, three cases of newly diagnosed HIV-infection, and three HIV-infected persons eligible for ART.


CONCLUSION
In high burden countries, source case investigation yields high rates of previously undiagnosed HIV and TB infection in the close contacts of hospitalised young children diagnosed with TB. Furthermore, integrated screening identifies many individuals who are eligible for immediate ART. Similar studies, with costing analyses, should be undertaken in other high burden settings-integrated source case investigation for TB and HIV should be routinely undertaken if our findings are confirmed.
Neurological Complications in Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA): The Roles of History and Physical Examinations in the Diagnosis of EGPA

Objective To investigate the clinical symptoms, the physical and neurological findings, and the clinical course of neurological complications in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). Methods A retrospective chart review of EGPA cases managed by two referral hospitals was performed, with a focus on the neurological findings. The study analyzed the symptoms at the onset of EGPA and investigated their chronological relationship. The patient delay (the delay between the onset of symptoms and the initial consultation), and the physician delay (the delay from consultation to the initiation of therapy) were determined and compared. The involved nerves were identified thorough a neurological examination. The cases with central nervous system (CNS) involvement were described. Results The average duration of symptoms prior to the initiating of therapy for sensory disturbances, motor deficits, rash, edema, and fever was 23, 5, 21, 18, and 24 days, respectively. Among the EGPA-specific symptoms, sensory disturbance was often the first symptom (63%), and was usually followed by the appearance of rash within four days (63%). The average physician delay (32.9±38.3 days) was significantly longer than the average patient delay (7.9±7.8 days; p=0.010). Reduced touch sensation in the superficial peroneal area, and weakness of dorsal flexion of the first toe secondary to deep peroneal nerve involvement, were highly sensitive for identifying the presence of peripheral nerve involvement in our series of patients with EGPA. Two cases, with CNS involvement, had multiple skin lesions over their hands and feet (Janeway lesions). Conclusion Japanese physicians are not always familiar with EGPA. It is important for us to consider this disease, when an asthmatic patient complains about the new onset of an abnormal sensation in the distal lower extremities, which is followed several days later by rash.
The Religious Dimension of Lay Leadership in Catholic Schools: Preserving Catholic Culture in an Era of Change.

This article is a qualitative study of the practice of leadership in Catholic schools in Australia. Within an interpretivist framework, a multiple case study of six lay principals was employed. Findings suggest that successful leadership in Catholic schools is highly infl uenced by the cultural and spiritual capital that a principal brings to a school, signifying a fundamental importance of appointing principals who are not only professionally competent, but who are spiritually competent as well. The relationship between the lay Catholic principal in the parish and the parish priest emerged as a challenging issue in many contexts. Indeed, it was highly problematic for some principals.
Efficacy of ‘radioguided occult lesion localisation’ (ROLL) versus ‘wire-guided localisation’ (WGL) in breast conserving surgery for non-palpable breast cancer: a randomised controlled multicentre trial

For the management of non-palpable breast cancer, accurate pre-operative localisation is essential to achieve complete resection with optimal cosmetic results. Radioguided occult lesions localisation (ROLL) uses the radiotracer, injected intra-tumourally for sentinel lymph node identification to guide surgical excision of the primary tumour. In a multicentre randomised controlled trial, we determined if ROLL is superior to the standard of care (i.e. wire-guided localisation, WGL) for preoperative tumour localisation. Women (>18 years.) with histologically proven non-palpable breast cancer and eligible for breast conserving treatment with sentinel node procedure were randomised to ROLL or WGL. Patients allocated to ROLL received an intra-tumoural dose of 120 Mbq technetium-99 m nanocolloid. The tumour was surgically removed, guided by gamma probe detection. In the WGL group, ultrasound- or mammography-guided insertion of a hooked wire provided surgical guidance for excision of the primary tumour. Primary outcome measures were the proportion of complete tumour excisions (i.e. with negative margins), the proportion of patients requiring re-excision and the volume of tissue removed. Data were analysed according to intention-to-treat principle. This study is registered at ClinincalTrials.gov, number NCT00539474. In total, 314 patients with 316 invasive breast cancers were enrolled. Complete tumour removal with negative margins was achieved in 140/162 (86 %) patients in the ROLL group versus 134/152 (88 %) patients in the WGL group (P = 0.644). Re-excision was required in 19/162 (12 %) patients in the ROLL group versus 15/152 (10 %) (P = 0.587) in the WGL group. Specimen volumes in the ROLL arm were significantly larger than those in the WGL arm (71 vs. 64 cm3, P = 0.017). No significant differences were seen in the duration and difficulty of the radiological and surgical procedures, the success rate of the sentinel node procedure, and cosmetic outcomes. In this first multicentre randomised controlled comparison of ROLL versus WGL in patients with histologically proven breast cancer, ROLL is comparable to WGL in terms of complete tumour excision and re-excision rates. ROLL, however, leads to excision of larger tissue volumes. Therefore, ROLL cannot replace WGL as the standard of care.
IMPORTANCE OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS - MARKETING CHANNELS - FOR NATIONAL ECONOMY

The paper starts from the importance of merchandise distribution and distribution channels and mutual relationships of t he participants in them. Development of distribution channels based on the c oncentration processes and integration of functions is emphasized. In this context, the position of retail in distribution system is defined in terms o f its business units and new elements in their design related to the application of certain business models. The authors try to give hints for finding ways to c reate new forms of distribution channels and retail business units in the respective national economies. The foundations for such considerations are the theoretical assumptions about the development of new forms of r etail business units, as well as contemporary problems in the functioning of retail systems in individual countries. The basis for this development lies in new technolo gical possibilities, i.e. opportunities offered by modern information technologies and new understanding of the connection between phy sical commodity
Novel Consequent-Pole Hybrid Excited Machine With Separated Excitation Stator

A partitioned stator hybrid excited machine is proposed, in which the permanent magnets and field windings are alternately placed on an inner stator separated from the outer stator having armature windings. This machine inherits the features of brushless machines and benefits from better space utilization. The operating principle and the effects of slot/pole combinations are investigated in detail. Further, based on 2-D finite-element analysis, the electromagnetic performances of the proposed machines, including back-electromotive force, cogging torque, flux regulation range, torque capability, power factor and torque-speed curve, are evaluated. The results reveal that the proposed machines can exhibit wide flux regulation range as well as good torque density. The prototype is manufactured and tested to validate the predictions.
Outcomes in primary breast augmentation: a single surgeon's review of 1539 consecutive cases.

BACKGROUND
The use of implants in aesthetic breast surgery may lead to complications resulting in the need for reoperation. This study examines outcomes following breast augmentation in a single surgeon's practice and investigates the effect of implant selection and surgical technique on complications and reoperations.


METHODS
A retrospective review of a single surgeon's prospectively maintained database over 15 years was performed. All primary bilateral breast augmentation patients were included. Implant characteristics-including implant type, fill, shape, surface, and projection; incision type; and pocket location-were collected. Complications and reasons for reoperation were analyzed using survival analysis.


RESULTS
One thousand five hundred thirty-nine patients with 3078 implants were included. Implant types included 596 shaped textured gel, 515 round smooth saline, 192 round textured gel, and 236 round smooth gel implants. Follow-up ranged from 0 to 155 months (average, 18 months). Total complication and reoperation rates were 6.8 and 7.7 percent, respectively. Inframammary incisions and the use of shaped textured gel implants were associated with lower rates of complications. The use of a dual-plane II or III pocket, and implant volumes over 400 cc, were associated with higher rates of complications. Full-projection round implants had rates of complications and reoperations equivalent to those of moderate-projection devices. Both textured shaped gel implants and a subpectoral pocket location were associated with the lowest rates of capsular contracture.


CONCLUSION
This large series of breast implant patients demonstrates that both implant- and technique-related factors may influence complications and reoperations in breast implant surgery.


CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic, IV.
Comparison of two botulinum toxin type A preparations for treating crow's feet: a split-face, double-blind, proof-of-concept study.

BACKGROUND
This is the first double-blind, randomized, proof-of-concept study to compare the clinical effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) free of complexing proteins with a BoNTA complex (BTXCo) in the treatment of crow's feet.


PATIENTS AND METHOD
Twelve U of each product were compared in an intra-individual study in 21 participants with a facial wrinkle scale (FWS) score of 2 to 3. Evaluations were done for up to 4 months. Subjects with an improvement of at least 1 point on the FWS were considered responders.


RESULTS
One month after treatment, the percentage of responders was slightly higher for the BoNTA side (95%) than the BTXCo side (90%). After 4 months, both sides still showed good efficacy, with an 84% response rate and greater than 30% FWS reduction (no statistically significant difference between the products). After 1 month, FWS score at rest was approximately 66% lower for BoNTA, versus 63% lower for BTXCo. After 4 months, FWS reduction was approximately 50%.


CONCLUSION
Both botulinum toxin A products displayed high efficacy and good tolerability at a dose ratio of 1:1, with no statistically significant differences between them. The high response rates observed after 4 months suggest a good effectiveness beyond this observation period.
The evolution of carbon fibers with Fe3+ doping and effects on the mechanical properties of Cf/BAS composites

Abstract The barium aluminosilicate glass ceramic (BAS) is a potential material for high temperature application due to its high melting point and low thermal expansion coefficient. However, the low mechanical performance has limited its widely using in industry. A lot of effort has been made to reinforce the BAS matrix by incorporating carbon fibers, but the enhancement is limited by the strong interface bonding. In this work, the Fe 3+ was employed to promote graphization of carbon fibers and increase mechanical properties by weakening the interface bonding. The evolution of carbon fibers with Fe 3+ doping and effects on the mechanical properties of C f /BAS composites were investigated. The results indicate that the incorporation of 1.35 wt.% Fe 3+ could increase the flexural strength and fracture toughness of the composites by 28.11% and 37.10%, respectively. This is attributed to the formation of brick micro-crystalline graphite interface layer and carbon nano-sized grains in the matrix. When Fe 3+ doping content is higher than 1.35 wt.%, the mechanical performance of composites undergo a gradually decrease, resulting from the excessive erosion of carbon fiber, accompanied by the growth of carbon nanofiber on the fiber surface. The mechanisms of the evolution of carbon fiber and the effects on mechanical properties are discussed.
Co-isolation of high-quality DNA and RNA from coenocytic green algae

A protocol is presented for the simultaneous isolation of DNA and RNA from giant-celled green algae. The overall quality of the DNA was examined by the A260/A280 ratio, agarose gel electrophoresis, and restriction enzyme analysis. Denaturing gel electrophoresis and cDNA cloning were used to investigate the quality of the RNA. These assays indicated that both the DNA and RNA isolated by this procedure are of high quality, suitable for further molecular analyses. Since many of these algae are slow growing and therefore only a few grams may be available, the isolation of DNA and RNA from the same plant material has obvious advantages. Abbreviations: Etbr, ethidium bromide.
Reputation and social network analysis in multi-agent systems

The use of previous direct interactions is probably the best way to calculate a reputation but, unfortunately this information is not always available. This is especially true in large multi-agent systems where interaction is scarce. In this paper we present a reputation system that takes advantage, among other things, of social relations between agents to overcome this problem.
Effects of Shoulder Stabilization Exercise on Pain and Functional Recovery of
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Patients

[Purpose] This study examined the effects of scapular stabilization exercises immediately after surgery on pain and function in patients diagnosed with shoulder impingement syndrome. [Subjects] The subjects were assigned by random sampling to an experimental group (n=15) to which stabilization exercise was applied and a control group (n=15) to which ordinary physical treatment was applied. [Methods] To evaluate the degree of pain, a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) was used. The Constant-Murley Scale (CMS) was used to evaluate the functions of the shoulder joints. To determine the range of motion, a goniometer was used to measure range of shoulder motion. The simple shoulder test (SST) was used to determine the condition of the shoulder joints of the subjects. [Results] There were significant differences in all the items of the experimental group. The results of comparison of the therapeutic effect in the experimental and control groups revealed significant differences in active abduction, passive abduction, VAS, SST, and the CMS, except for pain. [Conclusion] The results suggest that shoulder stabilization exercise positively affects pain alleviation and functional recovery in shoulder impingement patients.
State of the art of graph-based data mining

The need for mining structured data has increased in the past few years. One of the best studied data structures in computer science and discrete mathematics are graphs. It can therefore be no surprise that graph based data mining has become quite popular in the last few years.This article introduces the theoretical basis of graph based data mining and surveys the state of the art of graph-based data mining. Brief descriptions of some representative approaches are provided as well.
Tourists' Perception of International Air Travel's Impact on the Global Climate and Potential Climate Change Policies

Tourism’s increasing contribution to climate change, especially through the use of air travel, is now acknowledged. This study seeks to explore tourists’ knowledge and awareness of aviation’s impact on the climate, their sense of personal responsibility and their reactions to specific climate change policies. A focus group approach – informed by interviews with international tourists leaving New Zealand – was chosen to involve tourists in discussing climate change and travel. In the focus groups, three policy options were discussed: voluntary initiatives, a global air travel charge and a per capita carbon budget. The global air travel tax emerged as a realistic compromise between restricting travel and achieving emissions reduction. When discussing individual responsibility for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, tourists distinguished between their travel and their everyday life, where responsibility for mitigation was perceived to be greater. The value of freedom to travel is firmly established in the minds of many tourists and limiting travel is considered unacceptable by the (hyper) mobile tourists who participated in this research. Only major societal changes to bring about behavioural change seem likely to reduce air travel’s contribution to climate change.
2012 IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Outstanding Paper Award

Lists the recipients of the 2012 IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Outstanding Paper award.
Peer-to-Peer Rental Markets in the Sharing Economy ∗

We develop a new dynamic model of peer-to-peer Internet-enabled rental markets for durable goods in which consumers may also trade their durable assets in (traditional) secondary markets, transaction costs and depreciation rates may vary with usage intensity, and consumers are heterogeneous in their price sensitivity and asset utilization rates. We characterize the stationary equilibrium of the model. We analyze the welfare and distributional effects of introducing these rental markets by calibrating our model with US automobile industry data and 2 years of transaction-level data we have obtained from Getaround, a large peer-to-peer car rental marketplace. Our counterfactual analyses vary marketplace access levels and matching frictions, showing that peer-to-peer rental markets change the allocation of goods significantly, substituting rental for ownership and lowering used-good prices while increasing consumer surplus. Consumption shifts are significantly more pronounced for below-median income users, who also provide a majority of rental supply. Our results also suggest that these below-median income consumers will enjoy a disproportionate fraction of eventual welfare gains from this kind of ’sharing economy’ through broader inclusion, higher quality rental-based consumption, and new ownership facilitated by rental supply revenues. (JEL D4, L1, L81) ∗Fraiberger: Department of Economics, New York University (email: samuel.fraiberger@nyu.edu). Sundararajan: Leonard N. Stern School of Business, New York University (email: digitalarun@nyu.edu). We thank the executive team at Getaround (and especially Padden Murphy, Jessica Scorpio, Sam Zaid and Ranjit Chacko) for numerous helpful conversations and for providing access to their anonymized data. We thank Anmol Bandhari, Andrew Caplin, Natalie Foster, Lisa Gansky, Shane Greenstein, Anindya Ghose, John Horton, John Lazarev, Alessandro Lizzeri, Romain Ranciere, Justin Rao, David Rothschild, Shachar Reichman, Marshall Van Alstyne, and seminar participants at Carnegie-Mellon University, New York University and the 2014 MIT/BU Platform Strategy Research Symposium for helpful discussions on preliminary versions of this work. Fraiberger and Sundararajan have no current or prior commercial relationship with Getaround.
Predictors of deterioration indicating a requirement for surgery in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVES
Careful course observation is necessary for cases of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury even when disturbed consciousness is mild on admission. This is because delayed enlargement of hematoma and progression of cerebral swelling may occur and result in an emergency craniotomy. Here, we investigated coagulopathy and abnormal fibrinolysis as a predictive factor of "deterioration requiring surgery" in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Sixty-one patients with mild to moderate (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 9-15) traumatic brain injury were admitted between June 2009 and October 2010. There were 54 subjects in the study, excluding those treated with oral antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants. Patients were classified into those with deterioration requiring surgery [op(+)] or those without deterioration requiring surgery [op(-)]. This was based on whether surgical treatment was performed for hematoma expansion, and exacerbated consciousness level within 3 days after admission. Age, GCS score on admission and blood test findings (platelet count, PT-INR, APTT, fibrinogen, FDP, and d-dimer) on admission were compared.


RESULTS
The op(+) and op(-) groups comprised 7 (13.0%) and 47 patients (87.0%), respectively. Platelet counts (24.8 vs 18.5 × 10(4)/μl) were decreased, and PT-INR (1.0 vs 1.2) was higher in the op(+) group. Specially, APTT (28.6 vs 39.1s), FDP (28.9 vs 112.9 μg/ml), and D-dimer (17.3 vs 69.6 μg/ml) values were significantly higher in the op(+) group.


CONCLUSIONS
Coagulopathy and abnormal fibrinolysis, which are measurable in routine medical practice, is associated with deterioration requiring surgery in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury, indicating that careful course observation is necessary.