LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
End-to-End Delay of Videoconferencing over Packet Switched Networks

Videoconferencing is an important global application it enables people around tha globe to interact when they are far from one another. In order for the participants in a videoconfierence call to interact naturally, the end-to-end delay should be below human perception about 100 tus. Since the global propagation delay can be about 100 ms, the actual end-to-end delay budget available to the system designer (excluding propagation delay) can be no more than 10 rns. We identifi the components of the end-to-end delay in various couiigurations with the object ive of understanding how it can be kapt below the desired 10 ms bound. We analyze these components going step-by-step through six system configurate ions obtained by comkdning three generic network nrchltect ures with two video encoding schemes. We study the transmission of raw video and variable tdt rate (VBR) MPEG video encoding over (i) circuit switching, (ii) synchronous packet switching, and ( ;ii) rrsynchronous packet switching. In addition, we show that constant bit rate (CBR) MPEG encoding delivers unacceptable delay, which is on the order of the group of pictures (GOP) time interval. ‘I%is ~t,~dy ShOWs that having a global common time. refamnc% together with time-driven priority (TDP) and VBR MPEG video encoding, provides adequate end-to-end delay, which is (i) below 10 ms, (ii) independent of the network instant load, and (iii) independent of the connection rate. The rssulting end-to-end delay (excluding propagation del~) can be smaller than the video frame period, wKlch is better than what can be obtained with circuit switching. KeywordsTime-driven Priority, MPEG, Videocrmference, Quality of Service End-to-end Delay, Performance Guarantees.
Continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring in children with type 1 diabetes.

PURPOSE
To determine whether the use of continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring will help in detecting unrecognized nocturnal hypoglycemia and in lowering hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (without increasing the risk for severe hypoglycemia) in children with type 1 diabetes.


METHODS
Eleven children with type 1 diabetes and HbA1c values consistently >8.0% were randomized either to the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) group or to the control group. The CGMS group used 6 3-day sensors within a 30-day period. Both groups self-monitored their blood glucose levels a minimum of 4 times daily. HbA1c levels were measured at the start, at 1-month, and after 3 months of study.


RESULTS
The 5 children using the CGMS had 17 asymptomatic episodes (85%) of glucose levels below 60 mg/dL (3.25 mmol/L) and 3 symptomatic episodes (15%) during the night in the study month. The 6 control children had 4 symptomatic nocturnal low episodes during the month. After the 30-day period of wearing the CGMS, the 5 children had a significantly lower mean HbA1c value compared with their initial value (mean +/- standard error of the mean [SEM] decrease =.36% +/-.07%). The mean decrease for the controls was.2% +/-.2%. After 3 months, 4 of the 5 children who used the CGMS continued to have lower HbA1c values in comparison to their initial values (mean +/- SEM decrease = 1.04% +/-.43%). Three of the 6 control participants also had lower HbA1c values at 3 months (mean +/- SEM decrease for the group =.62% +/-.44%). No severe hypoglycemic events occurred in either the CGMS or the control groups.


CONCLUSION
In this pilot trial, continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring was helpful in detecting asymptomatic nocturnal hypoglycemia as well as in lowering HbA1c values without increasing the risk for severe hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes.
Mathematics for teaching: What is it and why is it important that we talk about it?

Introduction I begin this paper with a brief discussion of what can be considered systemic ‘problems’ in mathematics education before moving on to the research problem I am currently investigating. This broad introduction will help locate the QUANTUM research project – a study of the mathematical work of teaching – that forms the substantive part of this paper. I will describe the research we are doing, its questions and objects. I will discuss some initial findings, what this research suggests for mathematics educators in the tertiary and school sectors, and so why it is important that we (communities of mathematics educators, and mathematicians) talk about it.
Secure Control Systems: A Quantitative Risk Management Approach

Critical infrastructures must continuously operate safely and reliably, despite a variety of potential system disturbances. Given their strict operating requirements, such systems are automated and controlled in real time by several digital controllers receiving measurements from sensors and transmitting control signals to actuators. Since these physical systems are often spatially distributed, there is a need for information technology (IT) infrastructures enabling the timely data flow between the system components. These networked control systems are ubiquitous in modern societies [1]. Examples include the electric power network, intelligent transport systems, and industrial processes.
Production of heavy selectrons in e - γ collisions

Abstract We study the production and decay of heavy selectrons in the e − γ mode of a linear collider of the next generation. The standard model backgrounds can be substantially reduced by appropriate kinematical cuts. As a consequence, selectrons far heavier than the kinematical threshold for pair production are shown to be easily discoverable for a considerable part of the supersymmetry parameter space. We also describe a model-independent kinematical measurement of the mass of the lightest neutralino.
Are Microgrids the Future of Energy?: DC Microgrids from Concept to Demonstration to Deployment

Microgrids are defined as groups of energy resources, both renewable and/or conventional, and loads located and interconnected in a specific physical area that appear as a single entity to the alternating-current (ac) electric grid. The use of distributed resources to power local loads combined with the capability to operate independently of the ac grid makes microgrids a technically feasible option to address the concerns of sustainability, resilience, and energy efficiency. Furthermore, microgrids can operate while completely separated from the grid, representing a lower-cost option to provide electrical power to regions in developing countries where conventional ac grids are not available or are too unreliable. When connected to the ac grid, microgrids appear as controlled entities within the power system that, instead of being a burden to the ac grid power-management system, represent a resource capable of supporting the grid. Energy storage as the element responsible for balancing generation with load is critical to the success of the microgrid concept, and it is more important as larger penetration of renewable resources is present in the microgrid. Accelerated improvements in performance and cost of energy-storage technologies during the last five years are making microgrids an economically viable option for power systems in the very near future (see Figure 1).
Collision Detection for Interactive Graphics Applications

Solid objects in the real world do not pass through each other when they collide. Enforcing this property of \solidness" is important in many interactive graphics applications; for example, solidness makes virtual reality more believable, and solidness is essential for the correctness of vehicle simulators. These applications use a collision-detection algorithm to enforce the solidness of objects. Unfortunately, previous collision-detection algorithms do not adequately address the needs of interactive applications. To work in these applications, a collision-detection algorithm must run at real-time rates, even when many objects can collide, and it must tolerate objects whose motion is speci ed \on the y" by a user. This dissertation describes a new collision-detection algorithm that meets these criteria through approximation and graceful degradation, elements of time-critical computing. The algorithm is not only fast but also interruptible, allowing an application to trade accuracy for speed as needed. The algorithm uses two forms of approximate geometry. The rst is a four-dimensional structure called a space-time bound. This structure provides a conservative estimate of where an object may be in the immediate future based on estimates of the object's acceleration. The algorithm uses space-time bounds to focus its attention on objects that are likely to collide. The second form of approximate geometry is a sphere-tree. This structure contains a hierarchy of unions of spheres, each union approximating the three-dimensional surface of an object at a di erent level of detail. Sphere-trees allow the algorithm to quickly nd approximate contacts between objects, and they allow the application to interrupt the algorithm in order to meet real-time performance goals. Automatically building sphere-trees is an interesting problem in itself, and this dissertation describes several approaches. The simplest approach is based on octrees, and more sophisticated approaches use simulated annealing and approximate medial-axis surfaces. Several of the steps in these algorithms are themselves signi cant. One step is a simple algorithm for checking whether a union of two-dimensional shapes covers a polygon. Another step builds Voronoi diagrams for three-dimensional data points, and does so more robustly and accurately than previous algorithms. An implementation of the collision-detection algorithm runs signi cantly faster than a previous algorithm in empirical tests. In particular, this implementation allows real-time performance in a sample application (a simple ight simulator) that is too slow with the previous algorithm; in some cases, the performance improves by more than two orders of magnitude. Experience with this sample application suggests that time-critical computing is not always simple to apply, but it provides enough bene ts that it deserves further exploration in other contexts. i
The unclampable ascending aorta in coronary artery bypass patients: A surgical challenge of increasing frequency.

BACKGROUND
The unclampable ascending aorta (UAA) is a condition increasingly encountered during CABG procedures. We report our experience with CABG patients with UAA and place particular emphasis on the preoperative diagnosis and surgical management.


METHODS AND RESULTS
UAA was diagnosed in 211 of 4812 consecutive CABG patients (4.3%). On the basis of the chest radiograph, echocardiogram, and coronary angiograph, a preoperative diagnosis was achieved in only 58 patients (27.4%). An age of >70 years, diabetes, smoking, unstable angina, diffuse coronaropathy, and peripheral vasculopathy were all predictors of UAA. Patients were treated with hypothermic ventricular fibrillation (no-touch technique n=129) or beating heart revascularization (no-pump technique n=82) depending on the possibility of founding an arterial cannulation site. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 2.8% (6 of 211) with no differences between the 2 surgical strategies. The no-touch technique was associated with a greater incidence of neurological complications (stroke and transient ischemic attack), renal insufficiency, and stay in the intensive care unit and hospital. However, at midterm follow-up, more patients of the no-pump group had ischemia recurrence.


CONCLUSIONS
A preoperative diagnosis of UAA is achievable only in a minority of patients, which highlights the necessity revising the current diagnostic protocols. The use of the no-touch technique is associated with an high perioperative risk but a superior possibility of complete revascularization, whereas adoption of the no-pump strategy ensures a smoother postoperative course at the expense of an higher incidence of ischemia recurrence.
Computer history resources

This poster session will highlight resources and teaching ideas used in a recent course the author taught on the history of communications and computing from the 1800s to present. This course was open only to honors students at the university. The people, companies, hardware, software, and controversies were discussed. A class project was on the history of computing at the university has yielded some very interesting discoveries.
Factors effective on medication errors: A nursing view

OBJECTIVE
Medication errors are the most common medical errors, which may result in some complications for patients. This study was carried out to investigate what influence medication errors by nurses from their viewpoint.


METHODS
In this descriptive study, 150 nurses who were working in Qazvin Medical University teaching hospitals were selected by proportional random sampling, and data were collected by means of a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic attributes (age, gender, working experience,…), and contributing factors in medication errors (in three categories including nurse-related, management-related, and environment-related factors).


FINDINGS
The mean age of the participant nurses was 30.7 ± 6.5 years. Most of them (87.1%) were female with a Bachelor of Sciences degree (86.7%) in nursing. The mean of their overtime working was 64.8 ± 38 h/month. The results showed that the nurse-related factors are the most effective factors (55.44 ± 9.14) while the factors related to the management system (52.84 ± 11.24) and the ward environment (44.0 ± 10.89) are respectively less effective. The difference between these three groups was significant (P = 0.000). In each aforementioned category, the most effective factor on medication error (ranked from the most effective to the least effective) were as follow: The nurse's inadequate attention (98.7%), the errors occurring in the transfer of medication orders from the patient's file to kardex (96.6%) and the ward's heavy workload (86.7%).


CONCLUSION
In this study nurse-related factors were the most effective factors on medication errors, but nurses are one of the members of health-care providing team, so their performance must be considered in the context of the health-care system like work force condition, rules and regulations, drug manufacturing that might impact nurses performance, so it could not be possible to prevent medication errors without paying attention to our health-care system in a holistic approach.
Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to determine whether cinnamon improves blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 60 people with type 2 diabetes, 30 men and 30 women aged 52.2 +/- 6.32 years, were divided randomly into six groups. Groups 1, 2, and 3 consumed 1, 3, or 6 g of cinnamon daily, respectively, and groups 4, 5, and 6 were given placebo capsules corresponding to the number of capsules consumed for the three levels of cinnamon. The cinnamon was consumed for 40 days followed by a 20-day washout period.


RESULTS
After 40 days, all three levels of cinnamon reduced the mean fasting serum glucose (18-29%), triglyceride (23-30%), LDL cholesterol (7-27%), and total cholesterol (12-26%) levels; no significant changes were noted in the placebo groups. Changes in HDL cholesterol were not significant.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study demonstrate that intake of 1, 3, or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
Predicting fluid responsiveness in children: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND
Administration of fluid to improve cardiac output is the mainstay of hemodynamic resuscitation. Not all patients respond to fluid therapy, and excessive fluid administration is harmful. Predicting fluid responsiveness can be challenging, particularly in children. Numerous hemodynamic variables have been proposed as predictors of fluid responsiveness. Dynamic variables based on the heart-lung interaction appear to be excellent predictors of fluid responsiveness in adults, but there is no consensus on their usefulness in children.


METHODS
We systematically reviewed the current evidence for predictors of fluid responsiveness in children. A systematic search was performed using PubMed (1947-2013) and EMBASE (1974-2013). Search terms included fluid, volume, response, respond, challenge, bolus, load, predict, and guide. Results were limited to studies involving pediatric subjects (infant, child, and adolescent). Extraction of data was performed independently by 2 authors using predefined data fields, including study quality indicators. Any variable with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve that was significantly above 0.5 was considered predictive.


RESULTS
Twelve studies involving 501 fluid boluses in 438 pediatric patients (age range 1 day to 17.8 years) were included. Twenty-four variables were investigated. The only variable shown in multiple studies to be predictive was respiratory variation in aortic blood flow peak velocity (5 studies). Stroke volume index, stroke distance variation, and change in cardiac index (and stroke volume) induced by passive leg raising were found to be predictive in single studies only. Static variables based on heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure, preload (central venous pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure), thermodilution (global end diastolic volume index), ultrasound dilution (active circulation volume, central blood volume, total end diastolic volume, total ejection fraction), echocardiography (left ventricular end diastolic area), and Doppler (stroke volume index, corrected flow time) did not predict fluid responsiveness in children. Dynamic variables based on arterial blood pressure (systolic pressure variation, pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation, difference between maximal or minimal systolic arterial blood pressure and systolic pressure at end-expiratory pause) and plethysmography (pulse oximeter plethysmograph amplitude variation) were also not predictive. There were contradicting results for plethymograph variation index and inferior vena cava diameter variation.


CONCLUSIONS
Respiratory variation in aortic blood flow peak velocity was the only variable shown to predict fluid responsiveness in children. Static variables did not predict fluid responsiveness in children, which was consistent with evidence in adults. Dynamic variables based on arterial blood pressure did not predict fluid responsiveness in children, but the evidence for dynamic variables based on plethysmography was inconclusive.
Conducting Feasibility Studies for Knowledge Based Systems

This paper describes how to carry out a feasibility study for a potential knowledge based system application. It discusses factors to be considered under three headings: the business case, the technical feasibility, and stakeholder issues. It concludes with a case study of a feasibility study for a KBS to guide surgeons in diagnosis and treatment of thyroid conditions.
Memory-Efficient Backpropagation Through Time

We propose a novel approach to reduce memory consumption of the backpropagation through time (BPTT) algorithm when training recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Our approach uses dynamic programming to balance a trade-off between caching of intermediate results and recomputation. The algorithm is capable of tightly fitting within almost any user-set memory budget while finding an optimal execution policy minimizing the computational cost. Computational devices have limited memory capacity and maximizing a computational performance given a fixed memory budget is a practical use-case. We provide asymptotic computational upper bounds for various regimes. The algorithm is particularly effective for long sequences. For sequences of length 1000, our algorithm saves 95% of memory usage while using only one third more time per iteration than the standard BPTT.
Comparative Effectiveness of Risk-adapted Surveillance vs Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in Clinical Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Testicular Cancer: A Retrospective Follow-up Study of 81 Patients.

PURPOSE
To retrospective assess the potential predictors for relapse and create an effective clinical mode for surveillance after orchidectomy in clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell testicular tumors (CSI-NSGCTs).


MATERIALS AND METHODS
We analyzed data for CSI-NSGCTs patients with non-lymphatic vascular invasion, %ECa < 50% (percentage of embryonal carcinoma < 50%), and negative or declining tumor markers to their half-life following orchidectomy (defined as low-risk patients); these patients were recruited from four Chinese centers between January 1999 and October 2013. Patients were divided into active surveillance group and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) group according to different therapeutic methods after radical orchidectomy was performed. The disease-free survival rates (DFSR) and overall survival rates (OSR) of the two groups were compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis.


RESULTS
A total of 121 patients with CSI-NSGCT were collected from four centers, and 81 low-risk patients, including 54 with active surveillance and 27 with RPLND, were enrolled at last. The median follow-up duration was 66.2 (range 6-164) months in the RPLND group and 65.9 (range 8-179) months in the surveillance group. OSR was 100% in active surveillance and RPLND groups, and DFSR was 89.8% and 87.0%, respectively. No significant difference was observed between these two groups (X2=0.108, P=0.743). No significant difference was observed between the patients with a low percentage of embryonal carcinoma (<50%) and those without embryonal carcinoma (87.0% and 91.9%, X2=0.154, P=0.645). No treatment-related complications were observed in the active surveillance group whereas minor and major complications were observed in 13.0% and 26.1% of the RPLND group, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Active surveillance resulted in similar DFSR and OSR compared with RPLND in our trial. Patients with low-risk CSI-NSGCTs could benefit from risk-adapted surveillance after these patients were subjected to radical orchidectomy.