LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Orthodontic Tooth Movement with Clear Aligners

Clear aligners provide a convenient model to measure orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). We examined the role of in vivo aligner material fatigue and subject-specific factors in tooth movement. Fifteen subjects seeking orthodontic treatment at the University of Florida were enrolled. Results were compared with data previously collected from 37 subjects enrolled in a similar protocol. Subjects were followed prospectively for eight weeks. An upper central incisor was programmed to move 0.5 mm. every two weeks using clear aligners. A duplicate aligner was provided for the second week of each cycle. Weekly polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impressions were taken, and digital models were fabricated to measure OTM. Initial and final cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained to characterize OTM. Results were compared to data from a similar protocol, where subjects received a new aligner biweekly. No significant difference was found in the amount of OTM between the two groups, with mean total OTM of 1.11 mm. (standard deviation (SD) 0.30) and 1.07 mm. (SD 0.33) for the weekly aligner and biweekly control groups, respectively (P = 0.72). Over eight weeks, in two-week intervals, material fatigue does not play a significant role in the rate or amount of tooth movement.
Translating the Hemoglobin A1C with More Easily Understood Feedback: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Previous work has indicated that for patients with diabetes, there is value in understanding glycemic control. Despite these findings, patient understanding of the hemoglobin A1C value (A1C) is notably poor. In this study, we test the effect of two alternative communication formats of the A1C on improving glycemic control among patients with poorly controlled diabetes. 177 patients with poorly controlled diabetes were randomized to one of three study arms that varied in the information they received: (1) a “diabetes report card” containing individualized information about glycemic control for each participant with letter grades ranging from A to F; (2) a “report card” containing a face whose emotion reflected current glycemic control; or (3) a “report card” with glycemic control expressed with the A1C value (standard arm). The primary study outcome was change in A1C at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included changes in participant perceptions of their glycemic control. The average A1C for enrolled participants was 9.9 % (S.D. 1.7) and did not differ significantly among study arms. We noted no significant differences in change in A1C at 6 months between the standard and experimental arms. Using multiple imputation to account for missing A1C values, the changes in A1C for the letter grade, face, and standard arms were -0.55 % (-1.15, 0.05), -0.89 % (-1.49, -0.29), and -0.74 % (-1.51, 0.029), respectively (p = 0.67 for control vs. grade, p = 0.76 for control vs. face). Feedback to patients with poorly controlled diabetes in the form of letter grades and faces did not differentially impact glycemic control at 6 months or participant perceptions of current control. These efforts to improve communication and patient understanding of disease management targets need further refinement to significantly impact diabetes outcomes. NCT01143870
Readmission to an Acute Care Hospital During Inpatient Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the incidence of, causes for, and factors associated with readmission to an acute care hospital (RTAC) during inpatient rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury (TBI).


DESIGN
Prospective observational cohort.


SETTING
Inpatient rehabilitation.


PARTICIPANTS
Individuals with TBI admitted consecutively for inpatient rehabilitation (N=2130).


INTERVENTIONS
Not applicable.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
RTAC incidence, RTAC causes, rehabilitation length of stay (RLOS), and rehabilitation discharge location.


RESULTS
A total of 183 participants (9%) experienced RTAC for a total of 210 episodes. Of 183 participants, 161 patients experienced 1 RTAC episode, 17 had 2, and 5 had 3. The mean time from rehabilitation admission to first RTAC was 22±22 days. The mean duration in acute care during RTAC was 7±8 days. Eighty-four participants (46%) had ≥1 RTAC episodes for medical reasons, 102 (56%) had ≥1 RTAC episodes for surgical reasons, and 6 (3%) participants had RTAC episodes for unknown reasons. Most common surgical RTAC reasons were neurosurgical (65%), pulmonary (9%), infection (5%), and orthopedic (5%); most common medical reasons were infection (26%), neurological (23%), and cardiac (12%). Any RTAC was predicted as more likely for patients with older age, history of coronary artery disease, history of congestive heart failure, acute care diagnosis of depression, craniotomy or craniectomy during acute care, and presence of dysphagia at rehabilitation admission. RTAC was less likely for patients with higher admission FIM motor scores and education less than high school diploma. RTAC occurrence during rehabilitation was significantly associated with longer RLOS and smaller likelihood of discharge home.


CONCLUSIONS
Approximately 9% of patients with TBI experienced RTAC episodes during inpatient rehabilitation for various medical and surgical reasons. This information may help inform interventions aimed at reducing interruptions in rehabilitation for RTAC. RTACs were associated with longer RLOS and discharge to an institutional setting.
Raloxifene modifies the insulin sensitivity and lipid profile of postmenopausal insulin resistant women.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of raloxifene on the insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant postmenopausal women.


STUDY DESIGN
This placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study involved 64 postmenopausal women aged between 45 and 55 years. All subjects were screened with the insulin resistance homeostasis model assessment (IR-HOMA) and those patients in the lowest quartile (n = 16) were assigned as insulin sensitive and those in the highest quartile as insulin resistant (n = 16). Patients in both groups received either raloxifene hydrochloride (60 mg/day) or a placebo for a period of 12 weeks. Insulin sensitivity, the serum lipid profile and anthropometric measurements were established before and after therapy.


RESULTS
Women with the highest IR-HOMA scores were associated with a significantly higher weight, body mass index, waist and waist-to-hip ratio (p < 0.05). Raloxifene significantly reduced the IR-HOMA scores from 5.76 ± 2.91 to 1.93 ± 0.96 (p = 0.02) and modified the lipid profile in insulin-resistant patients when compared with the placebo group and those patients receiving raloxifene in the insulin-sensitive group.


CONCLUSION
Raloxifene reduced insulin resistance and modified the lipid profile in insulin-resistant postmenopausal women.
Knowledge, attitiude and practice of breastfeeding among postnatal mothers

The current study is designed to explore the practices, knowledge and attitude towards breastfeeding among postnatal mothers and factors that determine them. This descriptive study was carried out in the Neonatal Division, Department of Pediatrics at a tertiary care hospital in South India during April – July 2009. The data was collected from 100 postnatal mothers by trained interviewers using a structured proforma. In addition to demographic data, mothers were also asked about their knowledge on and attitude towards breastfeeding and the practices they follow. Scoring of the responses to questions was done and the data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The knowledge of the mothers was inadequate in areas of time of initiation of breastfeeding (92%), colustrum feeding (56%), duration of exclusive breastfeeding (38%), knowledge on expressed breastmilk (51%) and continuation of breastfeeding while baby is sick. Better scores corre-lated significantly with higher maternal age, better maternal education, higher socioeconomic status and having received antenatal care from tertiary care centers and private practitioners. There is still a need for programmes, which support and encourage breast-feeding particularly at a primary care level, focusing more on younger, less well-educated women and those from lower socioeconomic class.
Cognitive Benefits and Costs of Bilingualism in Elementary School Students: The Case of Mathematical Word Problems.

Previous research has emphasized the importance of language for learning mathematics. This is especially true when mathematical problems have to be extracted from a meaningful context, as in arithmetic word problems. Bilingual learners with a low command of the instructional language thus may face challenges when dealing with mathematical concepts. At the same time, speaking two languages can be associated with cognitive benefits with regard to attentional control processes, although such benefits have only been found in highly proficient bilinguals. In the present study, we attempted to disentangle the effects of bilingual proficiency on mathematical problem solving in Turkish–German bilingual elementary school students. We examined whether the positive cognitive effects of bilingualism could be found not only in highly proficient bilinguals but also in students with an immigrant background and a low command of the instructional or native language. Our findings emphasize the importance of language proficiency for mathematics problem solving, as shown by the predictive value of students’ proficiency in the language of testing (German/Turkish) for their performance on mathematical word problems. No additional effect of the language of instruction (German) was found for problem solving in the bilingual students’ native language (Turkish). Furthermore, bilinguals gained scores comparable to those of their monolingual peers on word problems that required attentional control skills although performing significantly below their monolingual classmates on ordinary word problems, suggesting that bilinguals have an advantage when it comes to attentional control. Finally, bilingual students with a relatively high command of the instructional language performed better on word problems presented in German than on those presented in Turkish, thus facing cognitive costs when transferring knowledge from one language to the other. Implications of our findings for bilingual education are discussed.
Sleep Dynamic Therapy for Cerro Grande Fire evacuees with posttraumatic stress symptoms: a preliminary report.

BACKGROUND
Sleep disturbance is common among disaster survivors with posttraumatic stress symptoms but is rarely addressed as a primary therapeutic target. Sleep Dynamic Therapy (SDT), an integrated program of primarily evidence-based, nonpharmacologic sleep medicine therapies coupled with standard clinical sleep medicine instructions, was administered to a large group of fire evacuees to treat posttraumatic insomnia and nightmares and determine effects on posttraumatic stress severity.


METHOD
The trial was an uncontrolled, prospective pilot study of SDT for 66 adult men and women, 10 months after exposure to the Cerro Grande Fire. SDT was provided to the entire group in 6, weekly, 2-hour sessions. Primary and secondary outcomes included validated scales for insomnia, nightmares, posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression, assessed at 2 pretreatment baselines on average 8 weeks apart, weekly during treatment, posttreatment, and 12-week follow-up.


RESULTS
Sixty-nine participants completed both pretreatment assessment, demonstrating small improvement in symptoms prior to starting SDT. Treatment and posttreatment assessments were completed by 66 participants, and 12-week follow-up was completed by 59 participants. From immediate pretreatment (second baseline) to posttreatment, all primary and secondary scales decreased significantly (all p values < .0001) with consistent medium-sized effects (Cohen's d = 0.29 to 1.09), and improvements were maintained at follow-up. Posttraumatic stress disorder subscales demonstrated similar changes: intrusion (d = 0.56), avoidance (d = 0.45), and arousal (d = 0.69). Fifty-three patients improved, 10 worsened, and 3 reported no change in posttraumatic stress.


CONCLUSION
In an uncontrolled pilot study, chronic sleep symptoms in fire disaster evacuees were treated with SDT, which was associated with substantive and stable improvements in sleep disturbance, posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression 12 weeks after initiating treatment.
Interpretation of thyroid function tests

The introduction of sensitive thyrotropin assays and free thyroid hormone measurements has simplified the interpretation of thyroid function tests. However, important pitfalls and difficult cases still exist. In this review, thyroid function test results are grouped into six different patterns. We propose that if assays for thyrotropin, free T3, and free T4 are all done, knowledge of these patterns coupled with clinical details and simple additional tests allow a diagnosis to be made in almost all cases.
The CHOICE trial: adalimumab demonstrates safety, fistula healing, improved quality of life and increased work productivity in patients with Crohn's disease who failed prior infliximab therapy.

BACKGROUND
Adalimumab induces and maintains remission in adults with Crohn's disease.


AIM
To evaluate safety, fistula healing, quality of life and work productivity in adalimumab-treated patients who failed infliximab, including primary nonresponders.


METHODS
After a ≥8-week infliximab washout, patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease received open-label adalimumab as induction (160/80 mg at weeks 0/2) and maintenance (40 mg every other week) therapies. At/after 8 weeks, patients with flare/nonresponse could receive weekly therapy. Minimum study duration was 8 weeks, continuing until the commercial availability of adalimumab for Crohn's disease.


RESULTS
Of 673 patients enrolled, 17% were infliximab primary nonresponders and 83% were initial responders. Three percent of patients had serious infections (mainly abscesses). Complete fistula healing was achieved by 34/88 (39%) patients with baseline fistulas. Improvements in quality of life and work productivity were sustained from week 4 to week 24 for all patients, as well as the subgroup of primary nonresponders.


CONCLUSIONS
Blinded clinical trials have shown adalimumab to be both an effective first-line therapy for anti-TNF-naïve patients and an important treatment option for infliximab-refractory or -intolerant patients. This trial presents open-label experience to support further the safety and effectiveness of adalimumab in patients who failed infliximab therapy, including primary nonresponders (NCT00338650).
Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales

www.frontiersinecology.org © The Ecological Society of America E generate a range of goods and services important for human well-being, collectively called ecosystem services. Over the past decade, progress has been made in understanding how ecosystems provide services and how service provision translates into economic value (Daily 1997; MA 2005; NRC 2005). Yet, it has proven difficult to move from general pronouncements about the tremendous benefits nature provides to people to credible, quantitative estimates of ecosystem service values. Spatially explicit values of services across landscapes that might inform land-use and management decisions are still lacking (Balmford et al. 2002; MA 2005). Without quantitative assessments, and some incentives for landowners to provide them, these services tend to be ignored by those making land-use and land-management decisions. Currently, there are two paradigms for generating ecosystem service assessments that are meant to influence policy decisions. Under the first paradigm, researchers use broad-scale assessments of multiple services to extrapolate a few estimates of values, based on habitat types, to entire regions or the entire planet (eg Costanza et al. 1997; Troy and Wilson 2006; Turner et al. 2007). Although simple, this “benefits transfer” approach incorrectly assumes that every hectare of a given habitat type is of equal value – regardless of its quality, rarity, spatial configuration, size, proximity to population centers, or the prevailing social practices and values. Furthermore, this approach does not allow for analyses of service provision and changes in value under new conditions. For example, if a wetland is converted to agricultural land, how will this affect the provision of clean drinking water, downstream flooding, climate regulation, and soil fertility? Without information on the impacts of land-use management practices on ecosystem services production, it is impossible to design policies or payment programs that will provide the desired ecosystem services. In contrast, under the second paradigm for generating policy-relevant ecosystem service assessments, researchers carefully model the production of a single service in a small area with an “ecological production function” – how provision of that service depends on local ecological variables (eg Kaiser and Roumasset 2002; Ricketts et al. 2004). Some of these production function approaches also use market prices and non-market valuation methods to estimate the economic value of the service and how that value changes under different ecological conditions. Although these methods are superior to the habitat assessment benefits transfer approach, these studies lack both the scope (number of services) and scale (geographic and temporal) to be relevant for most policy questions. What is needed are approaches that combine the rigor of the small-scale studies with the breadth of broad-scale assessments (see Boody et al. 2005; Jackson et al. 2005; ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and 6-month antidepressant remission in depressed Caucasian patients.

BACKGROUND
Whether the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism can predict antidepressant drug efficacy in depressed patients remains unclear, suggesting that it may depend on antidepressant classes. We assessed the impact of Val66Met polymorphism on antidepressant response and remission depending on antidepressant classes.


METHODS
In a 6-month prospective, real-world setting, treatment study, 345 Caucasian depressed patients requiring a new or different drug treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), a serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) or a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), were genotyped and assessed for response and remission.


RESULTS
231 (67%) patients were homozygous for the Val66 allele (Val/Val) and 114 (33%) were carriers of Met allele (Met). 152 (44.1%) patients were treated with SSRI, the others with SNRI/TCA. Both response and remission were explained by interactions between the Val66Met polymorphism and antidepressant drug classes (multivariate models adjusted for propensity-scores: p=0.02 and p=0.03 respectively). With SSRI, Val/Val patients had a higher response rate 3 months post-treatment than Met patients (68.1% versus 44%; adjusted-OR: 3.04, IC95% [1.05; 9.37], p=0.04). With SNRI/TCA, Val/Val patients had a lower remission rate 6 months post-treatment than Met patients (33.3% versus 60.9%, adjusted-OR: 0.27, IC95% [0.09; 0.76], p=0.02).


LIMITATIONS
Limited sample size.


CONCLUSIONS
This study argues for a personalized prescription of antidepressants in Caucasian patients with major depressive disorder, based on the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism: SSRI should be preferred for Val/Val patients and SNRI/TCA for Met patients. Further studies are required to confirm these data.
Coherent coupling between a ferromagnetic magnon and a superconducting qubit

Rigidity of an ordered phase in condensed matter results in collective excitation modes spatially extending to macroscopic dimensions. A magnon is a quantum of such collective excitation modes in ordered spin systems. Here, we demonstrate the coherent coupling between a single-magnon excitation in a millimeter-sized ferromagnetic sphere and a superconducting qubit, with the interaction mediated by the virtual photon excitation in a microwave cavity. We obtain the coupling strength far exceeding the damping rates, thus bringing the hybrid system into the strong coupling regime. Furthermore, we use a parametric drive to realize a tunable magnon-qubit coupling scheme. Our approach provides a versatile tool for quantum control and measurement of the magnon excitations and may lead to advances in quantum information processing.
Efficacy and Safety of a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Hochu-ekki-to in the Long-term Management of Kikyo (Delicate Constitution) Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: A 6-month, Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study

Hochu-ekki-to is a traditional herbal (Kampo) medicine that has been shown to be effective for patients with Kikyo (delicate, easily fatigable, or hypersensitive) constitution. Previous case reports have suggested that this herbal drug was effective for a certain subgroup of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Hochu-ekki-to in the long-term management of Kikyo patients with AD. In this multicenter, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 91 Kikyo patients with AD were enrolled. Kikyo condition was evaluated by a questionnaire scoring system. All patients continued their ordinary treatments (topical steroids, topical tacrolimus, emollients or oral antihistamines) before and after their protocol entry. Hochu-ekki-to or placebo was orally administered twice daily for 24 weeks. The skin severity scores, total equivalent amount (TEA) of topical agents used for AD treatment, prominent efficacy (cases with skin severity score = 0 at the end of the study) rate and aggravated rate (more than 50% increase of TEA of topical agents from the beginning of the study) were monitored and evaluated. Seventy-seven out of 91 enrolled patients completed the 24-week treatment course (Hochu-ekki-to: n = 37, placebo: n = 40). The TEA of topical agents (steroids and/or tacrolimus) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the Hochu-ekki-to group than in the placebo group, although the overall skin severity scores were not statistically different. The prominent efficacy rate was 19% (7 of 37) in the Hochu-ekki-to group and 5% (2 of 40) in the placebo group (P = 0.06). The aggravated rate was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the Hochu-ekki-to group (3%; 1 of 37) than in the placebo group (18%; 7 of 39). Only mild adverse events such as nausea and diarrhea were noted in both groups without statistical difference. This placebo-controlled study demonstrates that Hochu-ekki-to is a useful adjunct to conventional treatments for AD patients with Kikyo constitution. Use of Hochu-ekki-to significantly reduces the dose of topical steroids and/or tacrolimus used for AD treatment without aggravating AD.