LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The extra resource burden of in-hospital falls: a cost of falls study.

OBJECTIVE
To quantify the additional hospital length of stay (LOS) and costs associated with in-hospital falls and fall injuries in acute hospitals in Australia.


DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
A multisite prospective cohort study conducted during 2011-2013 in the control wards of a falls prevention trial (6-PACK). The trial included all admissions to 12 acute medical and surgical wards of six Australian hospitals. In-hospital falls data were collected from medical record reviews, daily verbal reports by ward nurse unit managers, and hospital incident reporting and administrative databases. Clinical costing data were linked for three of the six participating hospitals to calculate patient-level costs.


OUTCOME MEASURES
Hospital LOS and costs associated with in-hospital falls and fall injuries for each patient admission.


RESULTS
We found that 966 of a total of 27 026 hospital admissions (3.6%) involved at least one fall, and 313 (1.2%) at least one fall injury, a total of 1330 falls and 418 fall injuries. After adjustment for age, sex, cognitive impairment, admission type, comorbidity and clustering by hospital, patients who had an in-hospital fall had a mean increase in LOS of 8 days (95% CI, 5.8-10.4; P < 0.001) compared with non-fallers, and incurred mean additional hospital costs of $6669 (95% CI, $3888-$9450; P < 0.001). Patients with a fall-related injury had a mean increase in LOS of 4 days (95% CI, 1.8-6.6; P = 0.001) compared with those who fell without injury, and there was also a tendency to additional hospital costs (mean, $4727; 95% CI, -$568 to $10 022; P = 0.080).


CONCLUSION
Patients who experience an in-hospital fall have significantly longer hospital stays and higher costs. Programs need to target the prevention of all falls, not just the reduction of fall-related injuries.
Visualizing Reviews Summaries as a Tool for Restaurants Recommendation

Online customers opinions about products and services, in the form of reviews, are a major part of today's web culture. However, customers, when looking for a product or service, do not have the time or the desire to read even a small part of the available product reviews (which themselves may be lengthy and not easy to read). Moreover, they often would like to examine reviews of similar products, and get a comprehensive picture of how different aspects of these products compare. In this work, by introducing a generic framework for analyzing and presenting a visual summary based on comparative sentences extracted from customer reviews, we offer the user an easy and intuitive understanding of the differences between a set of products. The contribution of this study is twofold: First, it focuses on reviews of intangible services (using the restaurant domain as a case study), unlike most of the related studies that consider physical products. Second, it combines state-of-the-art text analysis techniques with an intuitive visualization into an easy to use prototype to visualize summarized service comparisons to the users.
MR imaging of the lymphatic system in patients with lipedema and lipo-lymphedema.

OBJECTIVE
To assess for the first time the morphology of the lymphatic system in patients with lipedema and lipo-lymphedema of the lower extremities by MR lymphangiography.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
26 lower extremities in 13 consecutive patients (5 lipedema, 8 lipo-lymphedema) were examined by MR lymphangiography. 18 mL of gadoteridol and 1 mL of mepivacainhydrochloride 1% were subdivided into 10 portions and injected intracutaneously in the forefoot. MR imaging was performed with a 1.5-T system equipped with high-performance gradients. For MR lymphangiography, a 3D-spoiled gradient-echo sequence was used. For evaluation of the lymphedema a heavily T2-weighted 3D-TSE sequence was performed.


RESULTS
In all 16 lower extremities (100%) with lipo-lymphedema, high signal intensity areas in the epifascial region could be detected on the 3D-TSE sequence. In the 16 examined lower extremities with lipo-lymphedema, 8 lower legs and 3 upper legs demonstrated enlarged lymphatic vessels up to a diameter of 3 mm. In two lower legs with lipo-lymphedema, an area of dermal back-flow was seen, indicating lymphatic outflow obstruction. In the 10 examined lower extremities with clinically pure lipedema, 4 lower legs and 2 upper legs demonstrated enlarged lymphatic vessels up to a diameter of 2 mm, indicating a subclinical status of lymphedema. In all examined extremities, the inguinal lymph nodes demonstrated a contrast material enhancement in the first image acquisition 15 min after injection.


CONCLUSION
MR lymphangiography is a safe and accurate minimal-invasive imaging modality for the evaluation of the lymphatic circulation in patients with lipedema and lipo-lymphedema of the lower extremities. If the extent of lymphatic involvement is unclear at the initial clinical examination or requires a better definition for optimal therapeutic planning, MR lymphangiography is able to identify the anatomic and physiological derangements and to establish an objective baseline.
Echocardiographic Predictors of Worse Outcome After Cardiac
Resynchronization Therapy

BACKGROUND
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is the recommended treatment by leading global guidelines. However, 30%-40% of selected patients are non-responders.


OBJECTIVE
To develop an echocardiographic model to predict cardiac death or transplantation (Tx) 1 year after CRT.


METHOD
Observational, prospective study, with the inclusion of 116 patients, aged 64.89 ± 11.18 years, 69.8% male, 68,1% in NYHA FC III and 31,9% in FC IV, 71.55% with left bundle-branch block, and median ejection fraction (EF) of 29%. Evaluations were made in the pre‑implantation period and 6-12 months after that, and correlated with cardiac mortality/Tx at the end of follow-up. Cox and logistic regression analyses were performed with ROC and Kaplan-Meier curves. The model was internally validated by bootstrapping.


RESULTS
There were 29 (25%) deaths/Tx during follow-up of 34.09 ± 17.9 months. Cardiac mortality/Tx was 16.3%. In the multivariate Cox model, EF < 30%, grade III/IV diastolic dysfunction and grade III mitral regurgitation at 6‑12 months were independently related to increased cardiac mortality or Tx, with hazard ratios of 3.1, 4.63 and 7.11, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.78.


CONCLUSION
EF lower than 30%, severe diastolic dysfunction and severe mitral regurgitation indicate poor prognosis 1 year after CRT. The combination of two of those variables indicate the need for other treatment options.
English Language Premium : Evidence from a policy experiment in India

A key question facing education policymakers in many emerging economies is whether to promote the local language, as opposed to English, in elementary schools. The dilemma is particularly strong in countries that underwent rapid globalization making English a lingua franca for international as well as domestic exchange. In this paper, we estimate the English premium in globalization globalizing economy, by exploiting an exogenous language policy intervention in India. English training was revoked from the primary grades of all public schools in the state of West Bengal. In a two-way fixed effects model we combine differences across birth cohorts and districts in the exposure to English education, to estimate the effect of the language policy on wage premium. In addition, since the policy was introduced only in the state of West Bengal, we combine other states with no such intervention to address the potential threat of differential district trends confounding our two-way estimates. Our results indicate a remarkably high English skill premium in the labor market. A 1% increase in the probability of learning English raises weekly wages by 1.6%. On the average this implies a 68% reduction in wages for those that do not learn English due to the change in language policy. We provide further evidence that occupational choice played a decisive role in determining the wage gap. JEL Classifications: H4, I2, J0, O1 1 We thank Sukkoo Kim, Sebastian Galiani, Charles Moul, Bruce Petersen, and Robert Pollak for their invaluable advice and support, Barry Chiswick for his helpful comments and seminar participants at the 2008 Canadian Economic Conference and NEUDC conference for the discussions. We also thank Daifeng He and Michael Plotzke for their feedback. We are grateful to the Bradley Foundation for providing research support and Center for Research in Economics and Strategy (CRES), in the Olin Business School, Washington University in St. Louis, for travel grants. All errors are ours. 2 Department of Economics, Washington University in St Louis, email: tchakrab@artsci.wustl.edu 3 Department of Economics, Washington University in St Louis, email: skapur@artsci.wustl.edu
Adaptive Machine Learning Winter 2018 Lecture 9 : Linear Bandits and Thompson Sampling

In the linear bandit problem a learning agent chooses an arm at each round and receives a stochastic reward. The expected value of this stochastic reward is an unknown linear function of the arm choice. As is standard in bandit problems, a learning agent seeks to maximize the cumulative reward over an n round horizon. The stochastic bandit problem can be seen as a special case of the linear bandit problem when the set of available arms at each round is the standard basis ei for the Euclidean space R, i.e. the vector ei is a vector with all 0s except for a 1 in the ith coordinate. As a result each arm is independent of the others and the reward associated with each arm depends only on a single parameter as is the case in stochastic bandits. The underlying algorithmic approach to solve this problem uses the optimism in the face of uncertainty (OFU) principle. The OFU principle solves the exploration-exploitation tradeoff in the linear bandit problem by maintaining a confidence set for the vector of coefficients of the linear function that governs rewards. In each round the algorithm chooses an estimate of the coefficients of the linear function from the confidence set and then takes an action so that the predicted reward is maximized. The problem reduces to constructing confidence sets for the vector of coefficients of the linear function based on the action-reward pairs observed in the past time steps. The linear bandit problem was first studied by Auer et al. (2002) [1] under the name of linear reinforcement learning. Since the introduction of the problem, several works have improved the analysis and explored variants of the problem. The most influential works include Dani et al. (2008) [2], Rusmevichientong et al. (2010) [3], and Abbasi et al. (2011) [4]. In each of these works the set of available arms remains constant, but the set is only restricted to being a bounded subset of a finite-dimensional vector space. Variants of the problem formulation have also been widely applied to recommendation systems following the work of Li et al. (2010) [5] within the context of web advertisement. An important property of this problem is that the arms are not independent because future arm choices depend on the confidence sets constructed from past choices. In the literature, several works including [5] have failed to recognize this property leading to faulty analysis. This fine detail requires special care which we explore in depth in Section 2.
Classification of Australian Native Forest Species Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Machine-Learning Classification Algorithms

Mapping forest species is highly relevant for many ecological and forestry applications. In Australia, the classification of native forest species using remote sensing data remains a particular challenge since there are many eucalyptus species that belong to the same genus and, thus, exhibit similar biophysical characteristics. This study assessed the potential of using hyperspectral remote sensing data and state-of-the-art machine-learning classification algorithms to classify Australian forest species at the leaf, canopy and community levels in Beecroft Peninsula, NSW, Australia. Spectral reflectance was acquired from an ASD spectrometer and airborne Hymap imagery for seven native forest species over an Australian eucalyptus forest. Three machine-learning classification algorithms: Support Vector Machine (SVM), AdaBoost and Random Forest (RF) were applied to classify the species. A comparative study was carried out between machine-learning classification algorithms and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The classification results show that all machine-leaning classification algorithms significantly improve the results produced by LDA. At the leaf level, RF achieved the best classification accuracy (94.7%), and SVM outperformed the other algorithms at both the canopy (84.5%) and community levels (75.5%). This study demonstrates that hyperspectral remote sensing and machine-learning classification has substantial potential for the classification of Australian native forest species.
Oxidative stress and COPD: the effect of oral antioxidants on skeletal muscle fatigue.

PURPOSE
Oxidative stress may contribute to exercise intolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study sought to determine the effect of an acute oral antioxidant cocktail (AOC, vitamins C and E, and alpha-lipoic acid) on skeletal muscle function during dynamic quadriceps exercise in COPD.


METHODS
Ten patients with COPD performed knee extensor exercise to exhaustion and isotime trials after either the AOC or placebo (PL). Pre- to postexercise changes in quadriceps maximal voluntary contractions and potentiated twitch forces (Q(tw,pot)) quantified quadriceps fatigue.


RESULTS
Under PL conditions, the plasma electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy signal was inversely correlated with the forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC), an index of lung dysfunction (r = -0.61, P = 0.02), and maximal voluntary contraction force (r = -0.56, P = 0.04). AOC consumption increased plasma ascorbate levels (10.1 ± 2.2 to 24.1 ± 3.8 μg · mL(-1), P < 0.05) and attenuated the area under the curve of the EPR spectroscopy free radical signal (11.6 ± 3.7 to 4.8 ± 2.2 AU, P < 0.05), but it did not alter the endurance time or quadriceps fatigue. The ability of the AOC to decrease the EPR spectroscopy signal, however, was prominent in those with high basal free radicals (n = 5, PL, 19.7 ± 5.8, to AOC, 5.8 ± 4.5 AU; P < 0.05) with minimal effects in those with low levels (n = 5, PL, 1.6 ± 0.5, to AOC, 3.4 ± 1.1 AU).


DISCUSSION
These data document a relation between directly measured free radicals and lung dysfunction and the ability of the AOC to decrease oxidative stress in COPD. Acute amelioration of free radicals, however, does not appear to affect dynamic quadriceps exercise performance.
[Contribution of exercise and diet in the management of knee osteoarthritis in the obese].

OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to determine whether exercise and weight loss are more effective either separately or in combination, in improving pain and physical function in obese adults with moderate knee osteoarthritis (OA).


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Forty-five obese adults, with a body mass index greater than 35 kg/m2 or 30<or=BMI<35 associated to at least one cardiovascular risk factor, suffering from knee pain with evident radiographic signs of knee OA, were involved in our study. All patients were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the study. The assessment parameters were weight loss, the bioelectric impedance analysis, pain, six-minute walk distance, cardiovascular parameters, and muscular strength. The physical function was measured with the Womac and the Lequesne indexes. Patients were randomized into four groups, a control group (G1), exercise only group (G2), diet plus exercise group (G3) and diet only group (G4).


RESULTS
There was no difference between the four groups at baseline. Significant improvement of function (Womac) was noticed in groups performing exercise only (G2) (26%), diet plus exercise (G3) (37.89%) and diet only (G4) (18.34%). We also noticed an improvement in pain in G2 (p=0.04), G3 (p<0.001) and G4 (p=0.02). The improvement of quadriceps strength was noted only in G2 (p=0.01) et G3 (p=0.001) without any change in control group and diet only group (G4). The improvement of cardiovascular parameters was observed only in G2 and G3. Weight loss, decreased BMI and waist circumference was more important in diet plus exercise group (G3).


CONCLUSION
The combination of weight loss and exercise provide better improvements in physical function and pain in obese adults with knee OA compared with either intervention alone. Exercise used alone or associated to dietary provides better improvements in physical capacity and muscle strength.
Web Usage Analysis and User Profiling

Today it is quite common for web page content to include an advertisement. Since advertisers often want to target their message to people with certain demographic attributes, the anonymity of Internet users poses a special problem for them. The purpose of the present research is to find an effective way to infer demographic information (e.g. gender, age or income) about people who use the Internet but for whom demographic information is not otherwise available. Our hope is to build a high quality database of demographic profiles covering a large segment of the Internet population without having to survey each individual Internet user. Though Internet users are largely anonymous, they nonetheless provide a certain amount of usage information. Usage information includes, but is not limited to, (a) search terms entered by the Internet user and (b) web pages accessed by the Internet user. In this paper, we describe an application of the Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) [1] information retrieval technique to construct a vector space in which we can represent the usage data associated with each Internet user of interest. Subsequently, we show how the LSA vector space enables us to produce demographic inferences by supplying the input to a three layer neural model trained using the scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) method.
Advances in NMR Probe Technology for Magnetic Field Monitoring

N. De Zanche, C. Barmet, J. A. Massner, K. P. Pruessmann Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Introduction Despite continued advances in MR hardware, imperfections in the magnetic field evolution during MR scans still hamper numerous MR procedures. Field perturbations are caused by a range of mechanisms, including eddy currents, limited gradient bandwidth, and heating effects. Often such errors can be addressed by means of signal processing. However, to do so these errors need to be accurately known. Reproducible field perturbations can be determined approximately by preparatory measurements (1, 2). Alternatively, it has recently been proposed to monitor the relevant field evolution directly during each actual scan, using NMR field probes (3, 4). In this work we present recent advances in the design and use of such probes.
The Total Delay Fault Model and Statistical Delay Fault Coverage

Delay testing at the operational system clock rate can detect system timing failures caused by delay faults. However, delay fault coverage in terms of the percentage of the number of tested faults may not be an effective measure of delay testing because, unlike a stuck-at-fault, the impact of a delay fault on proper system operation is dependent on its delay defect size rather than on its existence. The effectiveness of a delay test is dependent on the propagation delay of the path to be tested, the delay defect size, and the system clock interval. This paper presents a quantitative delay fault coverage model to provide a figure of merit for delay testing. System sensitivity of a path to a delay fault along that path and the effectiveness of a delay test are described in terms of the propagation delay of the path under test and the delay defect size. A new statistical delay fault coverage (SDFC) model is established. A new defect level model is also proposed as a function of the yield of a manufacturing process and the new statistical delay fault coverage. Finally, a new delay testing strategy driven by the defect level for delay faults is proposed.
Enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of silver nanoparticles against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammtory, and antiangiogenic due to its unique properties such as physical, chemical, and biological properties. The present study was aimed to investigate antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with conventional antibiotics against various human pathogenic bacteria. Here, we show that a simple, reliable, cost effective and green method for the synthesis of AgNPs by treating silver ions with leaf extract of Allophylus cobbe. The A. cobbe-mediated synthesis of AgNPs (AgNPs) was characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of antibiotics or AgNPs, or combinations of AgNPs with an antibiotic was evaluated using a series of assays: such as in vitro killing assay, disc diffusion assay, biofilm inhibition, and reactive oxygen species generation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumonia. The results suggest that, in combination with antibiotics, there were significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects at lowest concentration of AgNPs using a novel plant extract of A. cobbe, otherwise sublethal concentrations of the antibiotics. The significant enhancing effects were observed for ampicillin and vancomycin against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. These data suggest that combining antibiotics and biogenic AgNPs can be used therapeutically for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria. This study presented evidence of antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of A. cobbe-mediated synthesis of AgNPs and their enhanced capacity against various human pathogenic bacteria. These results suggest that AgNPs could be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Motion tracking as spatio-temporal motion boundary detection

The purpose of this study is to investigate tracking of moving objects in a sequence of images by detecting the surface generated by motion boundaries in the space–time domain. Estimation of this spatio-temporal surface is formulated as a Bayesian image partitioning problem. Minimization of the resulting energy functional seeks a solution biased toward smooth closed surfaces which coincide with motion boundaries, have small area, and partition the image into regions of contrasting motion activity. The Euler–Lagrange partial differential equations of minimization are expressed as level set evolution equations to obtain a topology independent and numerically stable algorithm. The formulation does not require estimation of the image motion field or assume a known background. It allows multiple non-simultaneous independent motions to occur and can account for camera motion without prior estimation of this motion. The analysis assumes short-range image motion. With moving cameras, it assumes that this short-range motion varies smoothly everywhere except across motion boundaries. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.