LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Backtest type and housing condition of pigs influence energy metabolism.

The behavioral response of piglets in a backtest early in life seems indicative of their coping strategy at a later age. Coping characteristics may depend on the interaction between backtest classification and housing conditions. We studied whether growth rate and partitioning of energy in adult gilts were related to response in the backtest early in life, and to housing in groups or individual stalls. During the suckling period, female piglets were subjected to the backtest. Each piglet was restrained on its back for 1 min, and the number of escape attempts was scored. Thirty-six high-resisting gilts and 36 low-resisting gilts were selected. After weaning, pigs were housed in 12 groups of six (three high-resisting and three low-resisting). From 7 mo of age onward, 36 gilts out of six groups were housed in individual stalls, whereas the other gilts remained group housed. At 13 mo of age, gilts were housed in clusters of three (three high-resisting or three low-resisting) for an experimental period of 7 d in climatic respiration chambers. Group-housed gilts were loose housed, and stall-housed gilts were housed in stalls within the chamber. Despite the fact that high-resisting and low-resisting gilts did not differ (P = 0.269) in initial BW, low-resisting gilts showed a higher (P = 0.039) ADG during the experimental period in association with a higher (P = 0.043) energy metabolizability. This suggests that, in line with the theory on coping strategies, high-resisting gilts may have more difficulties in adapting to a change in environment, (i.e., the change from home pen to climatic chamber). Group- and stall-housed gilts differed (P = 0.001) in initial BW, with group-housed gilts being heavier. During the experimental period, stall-housed gilts showed lower energy metabolizability (P = 0.001), lower energy retention (P = 0.001), and a higher energy requirement for maintenance (P = 0.001) due to a higher activity-related heat production (P = 0.001). This finding suggests that stall housing might have a negative influence on performance and partitioning of energy when animals are adapting to a change in their environment.
The accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator continuous glucose monitoring system in children with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the accuracy and precision of the FreeStyle Navigator continuous glucose monitoring system in children with type 1 diabetes.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 30 children with type 1 diabetes (mean age 11.2 +/- 4.1 years), the Navigator glucose values were compared with reference serum glucose values of blood samples obtained in an inpatient clinical research center and measured in a central laboratory using a hexokinase enzymatic method and in an outpatient setting with a FreeStyle meter. Median absolute difference (AD) and median relative absolute difference (RAD) were computed for sensor-reference and sensor-sensor pairs.


RESULTS
The median AD and RAD were 17 mg/dl and 12%, respectively, for 1,811 inpatient sensor-reference pairs and 20 mg/dl and 14%, respectively, for 8,639 outpatient pairs. The median RAD between two simultaneous Navigator measurements (n = 1,971) was 13%. Ninety-one percent of sensors in the inpatient setting and 81% of sensors in the outpatient setting had a median RAD < or = 20%.


CONCLUSIONS
The Navigator's accuracy does not yet approach the accuracy of current-generation home glucose meters, but it is sufficient to believe that the device has the potential to be an important adjunct to treatment of youth with type 1 diabetes.
Neuromuscular and lower limb biomechanical differences exist between male and female elite adolescent soccer players during an unanticipated run and crosscut maneuver.

BACKGROUND
Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries often occur during sports such as soccer and basketball in which cutting or landing maneuvers are frequently performed. These injuries are more common in female athletes, and identifying biomechanical or neuromuscular risk factors related to gender may help with the development of preventive training programs aimed at reducing anterior cruciate ligament injury.


HYPOTHESIS
Lower limb biomechanical and/or neuromuscular differences between male and female soccer players will be identified during unanticipated running and cutting maneuvers.


STUDY DESIGN
Descriptive laboratory study.


METHODS
A complete 3-dimensional kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic analysis of the lower limb for an unanticipated straight-run and crosscut maneuver was performed on 42 (male, 21; female, 21) elite adolescent soccer players.


RESULTS
For both maneuvers, female players had greater lateral gastrocnemius activity, normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contractions, and demonstrated a mediolateral gastrocnemii imbalance that was not present in male players. Rectus femoris activity for both maneuvers and vastus medialis and lateralis activity for the straight run only were also greater in female than in male athletes. Other notable differences captured for the maneuvers included female players having reduced hamstring activity, a reduced hip flexion moment, a reduced hip flexion angle, and an increased ankle eversion angle throughout stance compared with male players.


CONCLUSION
This is one of the first studies to identify gastrocnemii differences between genders as a possible anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factor. Additional biomechanical and neuromuscular differences were also identified as potential risk factors.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
These findings provide insight into the noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury gender bias and may help improve preventive training programs.
Horizontal Shear Transfer Between Ultra High Performance Concrete And Lightweight Concrete

Ultra high performance concrete, specifically Ductal® concrete, has begun to revolutionize the bridge design industry. This extremely high strength material has given smaller composite sections the ability to carry larger loads. As the forces being transferred through composite members are increasing in magnitude, it is vital that the equations being used for design are applicable for use with the new materials. Of particular importance is the design of the horizontal shear reinforcement connecting the bridge deck to the top flange of the beams. Without adequate shear transfer, the flexural and shearing capacities will be greatly diminished. The current design equations from ACI and AASHTO were not developed for use in designing sections composed of Ductal® and Lightweight concrete. Twenty-four push-off tests were performed to determine if the current horizontal shear design equations could accurately predict the horizontal shear strength of composite Ductal® and Lightweight concrete sections. Effects from various surface treatments, reinforcement ratios, and aspect ratios, were determined. The results predicted by the current design equations were compared to the actual results found during testing. The current design equations were all found to be conservative. For its ability to incorporate various cohesion and friction factors, it is recommended that the equation from AASHTO LRFD Specification (2004) be used for design.
Table-Based Direct Power Control for Three-Phase AC/DC Converters Under Unbalanced Grid Voltages

This paper proposes a simple but effective direct power control (DPC) strategy for three-phase ac/dc converters operating under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. An extended instantaneous power theory is adapted and applied in the proposed DPC, where the reactive power is expressed in the form of dot product of grid currents and delayed grid voltages. Neither complicated positive/negative sequence extraction of grid voltage/current nor power compensation is required. The switching table suitable to control both active power and reactive power is constructed by analyzing the influence of each converter voltage vector on power slopes. Compared to conventional table-based DPC using original pq theory, the proposed DPC achieves constant active power and reactive power as well as sinusoidal grid currents, while maintaining the simplicity and robustness as much as possible. The presented simulation and experimental results confirm the theoretical study and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Registration without ICP

We present a new approach to the geometric alignment of a point cloud to a surface and to related registration problems. The standard algorithm is the familiar ICP algorithm. Here we provide an alternative concept which relies on instantaneous kinematics and on the geometry of the squared distance function of a surface. The proposed algorithm exhibits faster convergence than ICP; this is supported both by results of a local convergence analysis and by experiments.
High thermal shock resistance realized by Ti/TiH2 doped tungsten-potassium alloys

Abstract Tungsten-potassium-titanium (W-K-Ti) alloys were fabricated by spark-plasma-sintering (SPS) and traditional rotary swaging (RS) techniques. Doping conditions and sintering methods were compared on the relative density, microstructure, hardness, recrystallization temperature, and the thermal shock resistance properties. Transient heat loads under 0.37 GW m −2 were applied on the W-K-Ti samples at room temperature for different cycles and pulsed durations. It was found that moderate Ti-doping (0.05 and 0.075 wt%) in W-K alloys can enhance the thermal shock resistance. Low-cycle thermal fatigue test suggested better thermal shock resistance in SPS-sintered W-K-Ti alloy (SPS-W-K-Ti) using TiH 2 dopant. The main reason was that the decomposition of TiH 2 significantly reduced the oxygen content of the ingots, which improved the ductility and thermal shock resistance of tungsten alloys. Further fracture analyses indicated that Ti-doping through TiH 2 formed intra- and inter- Ti-rich voids in TiH 2 -doped W-K alloy, while only intergranular Ti particles were found lying along grain boundaries in the Ti-doped one. The formation mechanism of the Ti-rich voids was investigated in detail. This work provides a potential route for obtaining plasma facing materials with high thermal shock resistance.
Decision Making among the Young: A Socialization Perspective

This article examines decision-making patterns among teen-age consumers. Variables associated with several stages in the decision-making process (information seeking, product evaluation, and purchase), as well as “anticipatory” cognitions regarding family decision making are examined within the context of general theories of socialization.
Delivery of genomic medicine for common chronic adult diseases: a systematic review.

CONTEXT
The greatest public health benefit of advances in understanding the human genome may be realized for common chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Attempts to integrate such knowledge into clinical practice are still in the early stages, and as a result, many questions surround the current state of this translation.


OBJECTIVE
To synthesize current information on genetic health services for common adult-onset conditions by examining studies that have addressed the outcomes, consumer information needs, delivery, and challenges in integrating these services.


DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE articles published between January 2000 and February 2008.


STUDY SELECTION
Original research articles and systematic reviews dealing with common chronic adult-onset conditions were reviewed. A total of 3371 citations were reviewed, 170 articles retrieved, and 68 articles included in the analysis.


DATA EXTRACTION
Data were independently extracted by one reviewer and checked by another with disagreement resolved by consensus. Variables assessed included study design and 4 key areas: outcomes of genomic medicine, consumer information needs, delivery of genomic medicine, and challenges and barriers to integration of genomic medicine.


DATA SYNTHESIS
Sixty-eight articles contributed data to the synthesis: 5 systematic reviews, 8 experimental studies, 35 surveys, 7 pre/post studies, 3 observational studies, and 10 qualitative reports. Three systematic reviews, 4 experimental studies, and 9 additional studies reported on outcomes of genetic services. Generally there were modest positive effects on psychological outcomes such as worry and anxiety, behavioral outcomes have shown mixed results, and clinical outcomes were less well studied. One systematic review, 1 randomized controlled trial, and 14 other studies assessed consumer information needs and found in general that genetics knowledge was reported to be low but that attitudes were generally positive. Three randomized controlled trials and 13 other studies assessed how genomic medicine is delivered and newer models of delivery. One systematic review and 19 other studies assessed barriers; the most consistent finding was the self-assessed inadequacy of the primary care workforce to deliver genetic services. Additional identified barriers included lack of oversight of genetic testing and concerns about privacy and discrimination.


CONCLUSION
Many gaps in knowledge about organization, clinician, and patient needs must be filled to translate basic and clinical science advances in genomics of common chronic diseases into practice.
Evaluation of an AIDS education programme for young adults.

STUDY OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the impact of an AIDS education programme designed for young adults.


DESIGN
A randomised trial with a pre-post test design.


SETTING
Participants were drawn from six youth training centres in the city of Nottingham, England.


STUDY POPULATION
All trainees aged 16-19 years attending the six centres were included in the sample and centres were randomly allocated to experimental (n = 173) and control (n = 164) groups. The response rate to both questionnaires was high (71%).


MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Data on sexual behaviour, knowledge, and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS were obtained by confidential questionnaire. Two thirds of the sample were sexually active. There were no differences between groups at pre-test and no differences by sex. The experimental group had a significantly higher level of knowledge than the control group post-test. Significantly more experimental than control trainees knew post-test that HIV could be transmitted via anal sex and through broken skin. In addition, twice as many experimental (53%) as control trainees (25%; p < 0.001) were aware that a cure for AIDS was unlikely in the near future. There were no observed effects on sexual behaviour, intentions, or attitudes.


CONCLUSIONS
The Streetwize UK educational programme had a significant impact on young adults' knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention in the short term. If community based AIDS education is to do more than merely inform, however, resources must be made available for peer led interventions and skills training.
Scaffolding Self-Explanation to Improve Learning in Exploratory Learning Environments

Successful learning though exploration in open learning environments has been shown to depend on whether students possess the necessary meta-cognitive skills, including systematic exploration, hypothesis generation and hypothesis testing. We argue that an additional meta-cognitive skill crucial for effective learning through exploration is self-explanation: spontaneously explaining to oneself available instructional material in terms of the underlying domain knowledge. In this paper, we describe how we have expanded the student model of ACE, an open learning environment for mathematical functions, to track a learner’s self-explanation behaviour and how we use this model to improve the effectiveness of a student’s exploration.
An Information Theoretic Analysis of Random Number Generator based on Cellular Automaton

Realization of Randomness had always been a controversial concept with great importance both from theoretical and practical Perspectives. This realization has been revolutionized in the light of recent studies especially in the realms of Chaos Theory, Algorithmic Information Theory and Emergent behavior in complex systems. We briefly discuss different definitions of Randomness and also different methods for generating it. The connection between all these approaches and the notion of Normality as the necessary condition of being unpredictable would be discussed. Then a complex-system-based Random Number Generator would be introduced. We will analyze its paradoxical features (Conservative Nature and reversibility in spite of having considerable variation) by using information theoretic measures in connection with other measures. The evolution of this Random Generator is equivalent to the evolution of its probabilistic description in terms of probability distribution over blocks of different lengths. By getting the aid of simulations we will show the ability of this system to preserve normality during the process of coarse graining. Keywords—Random number generators; entropy; correlation information; elementary cellular automata; reversibility
Bayesian network structures and inference techniques for automatic speech recognition

This paper describes the theory and implementation of Bayesian networks in the context of automatic speech recognition. Bayesian networks provide a succinct and expressive graphical language for factoring joint probability distributions, and we begin by presenting the structures that are appropriate for doing speech recognition training and decoding. This approach is notable because it expresses all the details of a speech recognition system in a uniform way using only the concepts of random variables and conditional probabilities. A powerful set of computational routines complements the representational utility of Bayesian networks, and the second part of this paper describes these algorithms in detail. We present a novel view of inference in general networks – where inference is done via a change-of-variables that renders the network tree-structured and amenable to a very simple form of inference. We present the technique in terms of straightforward dynamic programming recursions analogous to HMM a–b computation, and then extend it to handle deterministic constraints amongst variables in an extremely efficient manner. The paper concludes with a sequence of experimental results that show the range of effects that can be modeled, and that significant reductions in error-rate can be expected from intelligently factored state representations. 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nontraditional serum lipid variables and recurrent stroke risk.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Expert consensus guidelines recommend low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as the primary serum lipid target for recurrent stroke risk reduction. However, mounting evidence suggests that other lipid parameters might be additional therapeutic targets or at least also predict cardiovascular risk. Little is known about the effects of nontraditional lipid variables on recurrent stroke risk.


METHODS
We analyzed the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention study database comprising 3680 recent (<120 days) noncardioembolic stroke patients followed up for 2 years. Independent associations of baseline serum lipid variables with recurrent ischemic stroke (primary outcome) and the composite end point of ischemic stroke/coronary heart disease/vascular death (secondary outcomes) were assessed.


RESULTS
Of all variables evaluated, only triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio was consistently and independently related to both outcomes: compared with the lowest quintile, the highest triglycerides/HDL-C ratio quintile was associated with stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-2.32) and stroke/coronary heart disease/vascular death (1.39; 1.05-1.83), including adjustment for lipid modifier use. Compared with the lowest quintile, the highest total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio quintile was associated with stroke/coronary heart disease/vascular death (1.45; 1.03-2.03). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/HDL-C ratio, non-HDL-C, elevated triglycerides alone, and low HDL-C alone were not independently linked to either outcome.


CONCLUSIONS
Of various nontraditional lipid variables, elevated baseline triglycerides/HDL-C and total cholesterol/HDL-C ratios predict future vascular risk after a stroke, but only elevated triglycerides/HDL-C ratio is related to risk of recurrent stroke. Future studies should assess the role of triglycerides/HDL-C as a potential therapeutic target for global vascular risk reduction after stroke.
Rehabilitation , etiology , and self-regulation : The comprehensive good lives model of treatment for sexual offenders

In this paper, we draw upon two sets of theoretical resources to develop a comprehensive theory of sexual offender rehabilitation named the Good Lives Model-Comprehensive (GLM-C). The original Good Lives Model (GLM-O) forms the overarching values and principles guiding clinical practice in the GLM-C. In addition, the latest sexual offender theory (i.e., the Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending; ITSO) provides a clear etiological grounding for these principles. The result is a more substantial and improved rehabilitation model that is able to conceptually link latest etiological theory with clinical practice. Analysis of the GLM-C reveals that it also has the theoretical resources to secure currently used self-regulatory treatment practice within a meaningful structure. D 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recognition and sensing properties of a quinazolinylaminothiourea-based anion receptor in non-aqueous and aqueous CH3CN–DMSO medium

Abstract Quinazolinylaminothiourea 1 selectively recognized AcO − , F − and H 2 PO 4 − over other anions in CH 3 CN–DMSO (99:1, v/v), which was accompanied with a visible color change from colorless to yellow. Interestingly, the selectivity of receptor 1 for AcO − over F − and H 2 PO 4 − could be obviously improved in aqueous CH 3 CN–DMSO medium. UV–vis and 1 H NMR titration experiments showed that intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions between receptor 1 and guest anions were responsible for the observed recognition behaviors.
Correction factor for continuous monitoring of wood smoke fine particulate matter.

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has designated a handful of instruments as Federal Reference or Federal Equivalency Methods (FRM and FEM, respectively) for the monitoring of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). More commonly used for indoor exposure assessment studies are optical scanning devices such as the DustTrak (TSI) due to the their portability and affordability. It is recommended by the manufacturer of these instruments that a "correction factor" be applied when assessing source-specific conditions. In this study, DustTraks were collocated with multiple samplers in various environments in an effort to establish an indoor, wood smoke-source specific correction factor. The DustTrak was found to report PM2.5 levels on average 1.6 times higher than a filter based method in two indoor sampling programs. The DustTrak also reported indoor PM2.5 concentrations 1.7 times higher than a FRM sampler during a regional forest fire event. These real-world scenarios give a correction factor within a reasonable range of the results of a controlled laboratory experiment in which DustTraks reported PM2.5 approximately 2 times higher than a FEM. Our indoor wood smoke-specific correction factor of 1.65 will allow for DustTraks to be confidently used in quantifying PM2.5 exposures within indoor environments predominantly impacted by wood smoke.
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Solutions Using R and Bioconductor (Statistics for Biology and Health)

In this chapter, supervised machine learning methods are described in the context of microarray applications. The most widely used families of machine learning methods are described, along with various approaches to learner assessment. The Bioconductor interfaces to machine learning tools are described and illustrated. Key problems of model selection and interpretation are reviewed in examples.