LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Supplementary feeding with either ready-to-use fortified spread or corn-soy blend in wasted adults starting antiretroviral therapy in Malawi: randomised, investigator blinded, controlled trial

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of two different food supplements on body mass index (BMI) in wasted Malawian adults with HIV who were starting antiretroviral therapy.


DESIGN
Randomised, investigator blinded, controlled trial.


SETTING
Large, public clinic associated with a referral hospital in Blantyre, Malawi.


PARTICIPANTS
491 adults with BMI <18.5.


INTERVENTIONS
Ready-to-use fortified spread (n=245) or corn-soy blend (n=246).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES



PRIMARY OUTCOMES
changes in BMI and fat-free body mass after 3.5 months.


SECONDARY OUTCOMES
survival, CD4 count, HIV viral load, quality of life, and adherence to antiretroviral therapy.


RESULTS
The mean BMI at enrolment was 16.5. After 14 weeks, patients receiving fortified spread had a greater increase in BMI and fat-free body mass than those receiving corn-soy blend: 2.2 (SD 1.9) v 1.7 (SD 1.6) (difference 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.2 to 0.8), and 2.9 (SD 3.2) v 2.2 (SD 3.0) kg (difference 0.7 kg, 0.2 to 1.2 kg), respectively. The mortality rate was 27% for those receiving fortified spread and 26% for those receiving corn-soy blend. No significant differences in the CD4 count, HIV viral load, assessment of quality of life, or adherence to antiretroviral therapy were noted between the two groups.


CONCLUSION
Supplementary feeding with fortified spread resulted in a greater increase in BMI and lean body mass than feeding with corn-soy blend.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN67515515.
Acceptor and Connector Design Patterns for Initializing Communication Services

This paper describes the Connector and Acceptor patterns. The intent of these patterns is to decouple the active and passive connection roles, respectively, from the tasks a communication service performs once connections are established. Common examples of communication services that utilize these patterns include WWW browsers, WWW servers, object request brokers, and “superservers” that provide services like remote login and file transfer to client applications. This paper illustrates how the Connector and Acceptor patterns can help decouple the connection-related processing from the service processing, thereby yielding more reusable, extensible, and efficient communication software. When used in conjunction with related patterns like the Reactor [1], Active Object [2], and Service Configurator [3], the Acceptor and Connector patterns enable the creation of highly extensible and efficient communication software frameworks [4] and applications [5]. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 outlines background information on networking and communication protocols necessary to appreciate the patterns in this paper; Section 3 motivates the need for the Acceptor and Connector patterns and illustrates how they have been applied to a production application-level Gateway; Section 4 describes the Acceptor and Connector patterns in detail; and Section 5 presents concluding remarks.
Effects of Thai Massage on Spasticity in Young People with Cerebral Palsy.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effects of Thai massage on muscle spasticity in young people with cerebral palsy.


MATERIAL AND METHOD
Young people with spastic diplegia, aged 6-18 years old, were recruitedfrom the Srisungwan School in Khon Kaen Province. Spasticity of right quadriceps femoris muscles was measured using Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) at pre- and immediately post 30-minute session of Thai massage. Thai massage was applied on the lower back and lower limbs. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to compare the outcome between pre- and post treatment.


RESULTS
Seventeen participants with spastic diplegia aged 13.71 +/- 3.62 years old participated. A significant difference of MAS was observed between pre- and post treatment (1+, 1; p<0.01). No adverse events were reported.


CONCLUSION
Thai massage decreased muscle spasticity and is suggested to be an alternative treatmentfor reducing spasticity in young people with cerebral palsy.
Stable ultrathin partially oxidized copper film electrode for highly efficient flexible solar cells.

Advances in flexible optoelectronic devices have led to an increasing need for developing highly efficient, low-cost, flexible transparent conducting electrodes. Copper-based electrodes have been unattainable due to the relatively low optical transmission and poor oxidation resistance of copper. Here, we report the synthesis of a completely continuous, smooth copper ultra-thin film via limited copper oxidation with a trace amount of oxygen. The weakly oxidized copper thin film sandwiched between zinc oxide films exhibits good optoelectrical performance (an average transmittance of 83% over the visible spectral range of 400-800 nm and a sheet resistance of 9 Ω sq(-1)) and strong oxidation resistance. These values surpass those previously reported for copper-based electrodes; further, the record power conversion efficiency of 7.5% makes it clear that the use of an oxidized copper-based transparent electrode on a polymer substrate can provide an effective solution for the fabrication of flexible organic solar cells.
The Transport Disruption Ontology

This paper presents the Transport Disruption ontology, a formal framework for modelling travel and transport related events that have a disruptive impact on traveller’s journeys. We discuss related models, describe how transport events and their impacts are captured, and outline use of the ontology within an interlinked repository of the travel information to support intelligent transport systems.
Fuzzy hierarchical TOPSIS for supplier selection

This study simplifies the complicated metric distance method [L.S. Chen, C.H. Cheng, Selecting IS personnel using ranking fuzzy number by metric distance method, Eur. J. Operational Res. 160 (3) 2005 803–820], and proposes an algorithm to modify Chen’s Fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) [C.T. Chen, Extensions of the TOPSIS for group decision-making under fuzzy environment, Fuzzy Sets Syst., 114 (2000) 1–9]. From experimental verification, Chen directly assigned the fuzzy numbers 1̃ and 0̃ as fuzzy positive ideal solution (PIS) and negative ideal solution (NIS). Chen’s method sometimes violates the basic concepts of traditional TOPSIS. This study thus proposes fuzzy hierarchical TOPSIS, which not only is well suited for evaluating fuzziness and uncertainty problems, but also can provide more objective and accurate criterion weights, while simultaneously avoiding the problem of Chen’s Fuzzy TOPSIS. For application and verification, this study presents a numerical example and build a practical supplier selection problem to verify our proposed method and compare it with other methods. 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 5 5342601x5312; fax: +886 5 531 2077. E-mail addresses: jwwang@mail.nhu.edu.tw (J.-W. Wang), chcheng@yuntech.edu.tw (C.-H. Cheng), lendlice@ms12.url.com.tw (K.-C. Huang).
Lithographic aerial image simulation with FPGA-based hardwareacceleration

Lithography simulation, as an essential step in design for manufacturability (DFM), is still far from computationally efficient. Most leading companies use large clusters of server computers to achieve acceptable turn-around time. Thus co-processor acceleration is very attractive for obtaining increased computational performance with reduced power consumption. This paper describes an implementation of a customized accelerator on FPGA using a polygon-based simulation model. An application-specific memory partitioning scheme is designed to meet the bandwidth requirements for a large number of processing elements. Deep loop pipelining and ping-pong buffer based function block pipelining are also implemented in our design. Initial results show a 15X speedup versus the software implementation running on a microprocessor, and more speedup is expected via further performance tuning. The implementation also leverages state-of-art C-to-RTL synthesis tools. At the same time, we also identified the need for manual architecture-level exploration for parallel implementations
Genital and anal injuries requiring surgical repair in females less than 21 years of age.

STUDY OBJECTIVE
The injuries of sexually abused and assaulted girls seldom require surgical repair, and genital and anal injuries due to other causes appear to require repair uncommonly. We sought to determine the causes of genital and anorectal injuries requiring surgical repair in relation to such variables as injury sites and severity.


DESIGN
Retrospective study


SETTING
A large tertiary care children's hospital


PARTICIPANTS
Forty-four girls less than 21 years of age who required surgical repair of genital injuries between June 1986 and April 2007 were identified.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Information collected included the victims' ages, trauma mechanisms, and sites and severity of injuries.


RESULTS
Injuries requiring repair of the genital and anal areas were uncommon in the 20 year period of this study. Although most injuries were due to straddle and impalement mechanisms, sexual abuse or assault was identified in 25% of the girls. The remaining 11% were victims of motor vehicle accidents. Straddle/impalement injuries involved only the external genitalia, vestibule, perineum, or posterior fourchette of 21 of the 28 girls (76%) with those injuries. The injuries of 9 of the 11 sexually abused/assaulted girls (82%) also involved the hymen, vagina, anus, or rectum. Injuries due to sexual abuse/assault and motor vehicle accidents (MVA) had average severity scores of 2.1 and 2.2, respectively, while straddle injuries had an average severity score of 1.4. (Exact Pearson chi-square P < 0.003.) The ages of the girls were unrelated to the severity of their injuries.


CONCLUSIONS
Although straddle/impalement was the most commonly found mechanism of genital and anorectal injury requiring surgical repair, sexual abuse or assault was identified in 25% of the girls. Sexual abuse and assault should always be considered and assessed appropriately when such injuries are found. Consultation of a social worker or child abuse specialist may be appropriate, especially when injuries clearly not due to an MVA involve the vagina or anorectum. A suspicion of sexual abuse or assault should be reported to the legally mandated state agency in accordance with the laws of state.
Effect of mother-infant early skin-to-skin contact on breastfeeding status: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of mother-infant early skin-to-skin contact on breastfeeding behavior of infants.


STUDY DESIGN
A randomized controlled trial.


PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY
The study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, from November to December 2009.


METHODOLOGY
Eligible mothers were assessed for the successful breastfeeding by using IBFAT tool. The time to initiate the first feed, time to effective breastfeeding, maternal satisfaction with the care provided, preference for the same care in future and level of exclusive breastfeeding at the age of one month were also noted. The data was compared by using X2 and t-test. Significant p-value was taken as < 0.05.


RESULTS
A total of 183 mother-infant pairs (92 in skin-to-skin care [SSC] group and 91 in conventional care [CC] group) were analyzed for breastfeeding behavior of the infants. The first breastfeed was 26.25% more successful in SSC group (58.8% in SSC group as compared to 32.5% in CC group with p-value of 0.001). In SSC group, the mean time to initiate first breastfeed was 61.6 minutes shorter than CC group (40.62 vs. 101.88; p < 0.001). Mean time to achieve effective breastfeeding was 207 minutes earlier in SSC group (149.69 vs. 357.50; p < 0.001). The level of satisfaction in the mothers of SSC group was significantly high as compared to controls (56% vs. 6.2%). Similarly, 53.8% mothers of SSC group showed preference for similar care in future as compared to 5% in CC group. In SSC group 85.3% infants were exclusively breastfed at one month as compared to 65.7% in CC group (p=0.025).


CONCLUSION
Maternal-infant early skin-to-skin contact significantly enhanced the success of first breastfeed and continuation of exclusive breastfeeding till one month of age. It also reduced the time to initiate first feed and time to effective breastfeeding.
Effects of crown-root angle on stress distribution in the maxillary central incisors’ PDL during application of intrusive and retraction forces: a three-dimensional finite element analysis

BACKGROUND
Different crown-root angulations of maxillary central incisors can be assumed as a potential reason for many underscored outcomes of orthodontic treatments. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the different crown-root angles on stress distributions in the maxillary central incisor's periodontal ligament (PDL) during application of intrusive and retraction forces using a 3D finite element method.


METHODS
Two models of a maxillary central incisor were constructed using ANSYS software: the first one with an angle of 166.7° (as a sample of the maxillary central incisor in a class II, division 2 patient) and the other one with an angle of 173.4° (normal angulation). Each of the samples was loaded twice by an intrusive force (0.25 N) and a retraction force (0.5 N) through the ideal position of brackets.


RESULTS
FEM results showed little difference between stress distributions in the two models during intrusion (ten thousandth) compared to retraction (thousandth). In the application of retraction force, the stress concentration on the curved tooth was less than the other.


CONCLUSION
To produce similar patterns of stress in the PDL, orthodontists can apply 1.18 times heavier retraction forces on the maxillary central incisors in class II, division 2 patients compared to class I patients.
Microbial Ecology: Finding Structure in the Rare Biosphere

Protists (unicellular eukaryotes) play important roles in marine ecosystems but are tremendously diverse and many remain uncharacterized. Deep-sequencing of a universal marker gene has helped resolve community composition patterns among rare and abundant protistan sequence groups in coastal European waters.
Miniopen Oblique Lateral L5-S1 Interbody Fusion: A Report of 2 Cases

Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) has been widely used for minimally invasive anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), but an approach to L5-S1 is difficult because of the iliac crest. In the current study, we present 2 cases using minimally invasive oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) of L5-S1. The patients showed foraminal stenosis between L5 and S1 and severe low back and leg pain. The patients were placed in a lateral decubitus position and underwent OLIF surgery (using a cage and bone graft from the iliac crest) without posterior decompression. Posterior screws were used in the patients. Pain scores significantly improved after surgery. There was no spinal nerve, major vessel, peritoneal, or urinary injury. OLIF surgery was minimally invasive and produced good surgical results without complications.
Robots with Display Screens: A Robot with a More Humanlike Face Display Is Perceived To Have More Mind and a Better Personality

It is important for robot designers to know how to make robots that interact effectively with humans. One key dimension is robot appearance and in particular how humanlike the robot should be. Uncanny Valley theory suggests that robots look uncanny when their appearance approaches, but is not absolutely, human. An underlying mechanism may be that appearance affects users' perceptions of the robot's personality and mind. This study aimed to investigate how robot facial appearance affected perceptions of the robot's mind, personality and eeriness. A repeated measures experiment was conducted. 30 participants (14 females and 16 males, mean age 22.5 years) interacted with a Peoplebot healthcare robot under three conditions in a randomized order: the robot had either a humanlike face, silver face, or no-face on its display screen. Each time, the robot assisted the participant to take his/her blood pressure. Participants rated the robot's mind, personality, and eeriness in each condition. The robot with the humanlike face display was most preferred, rated as having most mind, being most humanlike, alive, sociable and amiable. The robot with the silver face display was least preferred, rated most eerie, moderate in mind, humanlikeness and amiability. The robot with the no-face display was rated least sociable and amiable. There was no difference in blood pressure readings between the robots with different face displays. Higher ratings of eeriness were related to impressions of the robot with the humanlike face display being less amiable, less sociable and less trustworthy. These results suggest that the more humanlike a healthcare robot's face display is, the more people attribute mind and positive personality characteristics to it. Eeriness was related to negative impressions of the robot's personality. Designers should be aware that the face on a robot's display screen can affect both the perceived mind and personality of the robot.
On Relating Type Theories and Set Theories

The original motivation1 for the work described in this paper was to determine the proof theoretic strength of the type theories implemented in the proof development systems Lego and Coq, [12],[4]. These type theories combine the impredicative type of propositions2, from the calculus of constructions, [5], with the inductive types and hierarchy of type universes of Martin-Lof’s constructive type theory, [13]. Intuitively there is an easy way to determine an upper bound on the proof theoretic strength. This is to use the ‘obvious’ types-as-sets interpretation of these type theories in a strong enough classical axiomatic set theory. The elementary forms of type of Martin-Lof’s type theory have their familiar set theoretic interpretation, the impredicative type of propositions can be interpreted as a two element set and the hierarchy of type universes can be interpreted using a corresponding hierarchy of strongly inaccessible cardinal numbers. The assumption of the existence of these cardinal numbers goes beyond the proof theoretic strength of ZFC. But Martin-Lof’s type theory, even with its W types and its hierarchy of universes, is not fully impredicative and has proof theoretic strength way below that of second order arithmetic. So it is not clear that the strongly inaccessible cardinals used in our upper bound are really needed. Of course the impredicative type of propositions does give a fully impredicative type theory, which certainly pushes up the proof theoretic strength to a set theory3, Z−, whose strength is well above that of second order arithmetic. The hierarchy of type universes will clearly lead to some further strengthening. But is it necessary to go beyond ZFC to get an upper bound?
Enhanced Charge-Transfer Kinetics by Anion Surface Modification of LiFePO4.

Nitrogen and sulfur adsorption/chemisorption on LiFePO4 particles is characterized by DFT calculations and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.
Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

This chapter covers various aspects of seismic design of reinforced concrete structures with an emphasis on design for regions of high seismicity. Because the requirement for greater ductility in earthquake-resistant buildings represents the principal departure from the conventional design for gravity and wind loading, the major part of the discussion in this chapter will be devoted to considerations associated with providing ductility in members and structures. The discussion in this chapter will be confined to monolithically cast reinforced-concrete buildings. The concepts of seismic demand and capacity are introduced and elaborated on. Specific provisions for design of seismic resistant reinforced concrete members and systems are presented in detail. Appropriate seismic detailing considerations are discussed. Finally, a numerical example is presented where these principles are applied. Provisions of ACI-318/95 and IBC-2000 codes are identified and commented on throughout the chapter.
Largest Inscribed Rectangles in Convex Polygons (Extended Abstract)

We consider approximation algorithms for the problem of computing an inscribed rectangle having largest area in a convex polygon on n vertices. If the order of the vertices of the polygon is given, we present a deterministic approximation algorithm that computes an inscribed rectangle of area at least 1− times the optimum in running time O( 1 log 1 log n). Furthermore, a randomized approximation algorithm is given that works with high probability and achieves a running time of O( 1 log n).
Supporting Decision-Making for Self-Adaptive Systems: From Goal Models to Dynamic Decision Networks

[Context/ Motivation] Different modeling techniques have been used to model requirements and decision-making of self-adaptive systems (SASs). Specifically, goal models have been prolific in supporting decision-making depending on partial and total fulfilment of functional (goals) and non-functional requirements (softgoals). Different goalrealization strategies can have different effects on softgoals which are specified with weighted contribution-links. The final decision about what strategy to use is based, among other reasons, on a utility function that takes into account the weighted sum of the different effects on softgoals. [Questions/Problems] One of the main challenges about decisionmaking in self-adaptive systems is to deal with uncertainty during runtime. New techniques are needed to systematically revise the current model when empirical evidence becomes available from the deployment. [Principal ideas/results] In this paper we enrich the decision-making supported by goal models by using Dynamic Decision Networks (DDNs). Goal realization strategies and their impact on softgoals have a correspondence with decision alternatives and conditional probabilities and expected utilities in the DDNs respectively. Our novel approach allows the specification of preferences over the softgoals and supports reasoning about partial satisfaction of softgoals using probabilities. We report results of the application of the approach on two different cases. Our early results suggest the decision-making process of SASs can be improved by using DDNs.
Adam Smith and modern economics : from market behaviour to public choice

An introduction to some of the latest economic concepts and debates viewed in the context of the work of Adam Smith. His work's continuing relevance is seen in the focus in the 80s on refutable hypotheses in his writing which can now be tested with systematic data not available in his time.