LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A psychological perspective on augmented reality in the mathematics classroom

Physical objects and virtual information are used as teaching aids in classrooms everywhere, and until recently, merging these two worlds has been difficult at best. Augmented reality offers the combination of physical and virtual, drawing on the strengths of each. We consider this technology in the realm of the mathematics classroom, and offer theoretical underpinnings for understanding the benefits and limitations of AR learning experiences. The paper presents a framework for understanding AR learning from three perspectives: physical, cognitive, and contextual. On the physical dimension, we argue that physical manipulation affords natural interactions, thus encouraging the creation of embodied representations for educational concepts. On the cognitive dimension, we discuss how spatiotemporal alignment of information through AR experiences can aid student’s symbolic understanding by scaffolding the progression of learning, resulting in improved understanding of abstract concepts. Finally, on the contextual dimension, we argue that AR creates possibilities for collaborative learning around virtual content and in non-traditional environments, ultimately facilitating personally meaningful experiences. In the process of discussing these dimensions, we discuss examples from existing AR applications and provide guidelines for future AR learning experiences, while considering the pragmatic and technological concerns facing the widespread implementation of augmented reality inside and outside the classroom. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Improving the Transformer Translation Model with Document-Level Context

Although the Transformer translation model (Vaswani et al., 2017) has achieved state-ofthe-art performance in a variety of translation tasks, how to use document-level context to deal with discourse phenomena problematic for Transformer still remains a challenge. In this work, we extend the Transformer model with a new context encoder to represent document-level context, which is then incorporated into the original encoder and decoder. As large-scale document-level parallel corpora are usually not available, we introduce a two-step training method to take full advantage of abundant sentence-level parallel corpora and limited document-level parallel corpora. Experiments on the NIST ChineseEnglish datasets and the IWSLT FrenchEnglish datasets show that our approach improves over Transformer significantly. 1
Local anaesthetic wound infiltration and abdominal nerves block during caesarean section for postoperative pain relief.

BACKGROUND
Caesarean section delivery is becoming more frequent. Childbirth is an emotion-filled event and the mother needs to bond with her newborn baby as early as possible. Any intervention that leads to improvement in pain relief is worthy of investigation. Local anaesthetics, either on their own or in combination with opioids or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, have been employed as an adjunct to other postoperative pain relief strategies. Conflicting reports were noted.


OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of local anaesthetic agent wound infiltration/irrIgation and/or abdominal nerve blocks on post-caesarean section pain and the mother's well being and interaction with her baby.


SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (April 2009).


SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials of pre-emptive local analgesia during caesarean section.


DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
One author extracted data. The second author checked the data.


MAIN RESULTS
Twenty studies (1150 women) were included. Women who had caesarean section performed under regional analgesia and had wound infiltration had a decrease in morphine consumption at 24 hours (SMD -1.70mg; 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.75 to -0.94) compared to placebo.In women under general anaesthesia, with caesarean section wound infiltration and peritoneal spraying with local anaesthetic (one study, 100 participants), the need for opioid rescue was reduced (risk ratio (RR) 0.51; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.69). The numerical pain score (0 to10) within the first hour was also reduced (mean difference (MD) -1.46; 95% CI -2.60 to -0.32).Women with regional analgesia who had local anaesthetic and non-steriodal anti-inflammatory cocktail wound infiltration consumed less morphine (one study, 60 participants; MD -7.40 mg; 95% CI -9.58 to -5.22) compared to local anaesthetic control.Women who had regional analgesia with abdominal nerves blocked had decreased opioid consumption (four studies, 175 participants; MD -25.80 mg; 95% CI -50.39 to -5.37).For the outcome of visual analogue scale 0 to 10 over 24 hours, no advantage was demonstrated in the single study of 50 participants who had wound infiltrated with a mixture of local analgesia and narcotics versus local analgesia.Addition of ketamine to the local analgesia in women who had regional analgesia does not confer any advantage.


AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Local analgesia infiltration and abdominal nerve blocks as adjuncts to regional analgesia and general anaesthesia are of benefit in caesarean section by reducing opioid consumption. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as an adjuvant may confer additional pain relief.
Learning Temporal Dynamics for Video Super-Resolution: A Deep Learning Approach

Video super-resolution (SR) aims at estimating a high-resolution video sequence from a low-resolution (LR) one. Given that the deep learning has been successfully applied to the task of single image SR, which demonstrates the strong capability of neural networks for modeling spatial relation within one single image, the key challenge to conduct video SR is how to efficiently and effectively exploit the temporal dependence among consecutive LR frames other than the spatial relation. However, this remains challenging because the complex motion is difficult to model and can bring detrimental effects if not handled properly. We tackle the problem of learning temporal dynamics from two aspects. First, we propose a temporal adaptive neural network that can adaptively determine the optimal scale of temporal dependence. Inspired by the inception module in GoogLeNet [1], filters of various temporal scales are applied to the input LR sequence before their responses are adaptively aggregated, in order to fully exploit the temporal relation among the consecutive LR frames. Second, we decrease the complexity of motion among neighboring frames using a spatial alignment network that can be end-to-end trained with the temporal adaptive network and has the merit of increasing the robustness to complex motion and the efficiency compared with the competing image alignment methods. We provide a comprehensive evaluation of the temporal adaptation and the spatial alignment modules. We show that the temporal adaptive design considerably improves the SR quality over its plain counterparts, and the spatial alignment network is able to attain comparable SR performance with the sophisticated optical flow-based approach, but requires a much less running time. Overall, our proposed model with learned temporal dynamics is shown to achieve the state-of-the-art SR results in terms of not only spatial consistency but also the temporal coherence on public video data sets. More information can be found in http://www.ifp.illinois.edu/~dingliu2/videoSR/.
Transnational Corporations as ‘Keystone Actors’ in Marine Ecosystems

Keystone species have a disproportionate influence on the structure and function of ecosystems. Here we analyze whether a keystone-like pattern can be observed in the relationship between transnational corporations and marine ecosystems globally. We show how thirteen corporations control 11-16% of the global marine catch (9-13 million tons) and 19-40% of the largest and most valuable stocks, including species that play important roles in their respective ecosystem. They dominate all segments of seafood production, operate through an extensive global network of subsidiaries and are profoundly involved in fisheries and aquaculture decision-making. Based on our findings, we define these companies as keystone actors of the Anthropocene. The phenomenon of keystone actors represents an increasingly important feature of the human-dominated world. Sustainable leadership by keystone actors could result in cascading effects throughout the entire seafood industry and enable a critical transition towards improved management of marine living resources and ecosystems.
THE NEXT PARADIGM SHIFT : FROM VEHICULAR NETWORKS TO VEHICULAR CLOUDS

The past decade has witnessed a growing interest in vehicular networking and its vast array of potential applications. Increased wireless accessibility of the Internet from vehicles has triggered the emergence of vehicular safety applications, locationspecific applications, and multimedia applications. Recently, Professor Olariu and his coworkers have promoted the vision of Vehicular Clouds (VCs), a non-trivial extension, along several dimensions, of conventional Cloud Computing. In a VC, the under-utilized vehicular resources including computing power, storage and Internet connectivity can be shared between drivers or rented out over the Internet to various customers, very much as conventional cloud resources are. The goal of this chapter is to introduce and review the challenges and opportunities offered by what promises to be the Next Paradigm Shift:From Vehicular Networks to Vehicular Clouds. Specifically, the chapter introduces VCs and discusses some of their distinguishing characteristics and a number of fundamental research challenges. To illustrate the huge array of possible applications of the powerful VC concept, a number of possible application scenarios are presented and discussed. As the adoption and success of the vehicular cloud concept is inextricably related to security and privacy issues, a number of security and privacy issues specific to vehicular clouds are discussed as well. Additionally, data aggregation and empirical results are presented. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: Cutting Edge Directions, Second Edition. Edited by Stefano Basagni, Marco Conti, Silvia Giordano, and Ivan Stojmenovic. © 2013 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
BIM in facilities management applications: a case study of a large university complex

Purpose – Building information modelling (BIM) in facilities management (FM) applications is an emerging area of research based on the theoretical proposition that BIM information, generated and captured during the lifecycle of a facility, can improve its management. Using this proposition as a starting point, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the value of BIM and the challenges affecting its adoption in FM applications. Design/methodology/approach – Two inter-related research methods are utilised. The literature is utilised to identify the application areas, value and challenges of BIM in FM. Due to the lack of case studies identified in the literature review, and to provide empirical evidence of the value and challenges of BIM in FM, a case study of Northumbria University’s city campus, is used to empirically explore the value and challenges of BIM in FM. Findings – The results demonstrated that BIM value in FM stems from improvement to current manual processes of information handover; improvement to the accuracy of FM data, improvement to the accessibility of FM data and efficiency increase in work order execution. The main challenges were the lack of methodologies that demonstrate the tangible benefits of BIM in FM, the limited knowledge of implementation requirement including BIM for FM modelling requirements, the interoperability between BIM and FM technologies, the presence of disparate operational systems managing the same building and finally, the shortage of BIM skills in the FM industry. Originality/value – There is lack of real-life cases on BIM in FM especially for existing assets despite new constructions representing only 1-2 per cent of the total building stock in a typical year. The originality of this paper stems from both adding a real-life case study of BIM in FM and providing empirical evidence of both the value and challenges of BIM in FM applications.
Association of Second and Third Trimester Weight Gain in Pregnancy with Maternal and Fetal Outcomes

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between weekly weight gain, during the second and third trimesters, classified according to the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM/NRC) recommendations, and maternal and fetal outcomes.


METHODS
Gestational weight gain was evaluated in 2,244 pregnant women of the Brazilian Study of Gestational Diabetes (Estudo Brasileiro do Diabetes Gestacional--EBDG). Outcomes were cesarean delivery, preterm birth and small or large for gestational age birth (SGA, LGA). Associations between inadequate weight gain and outcomes were estimated using robust Poisson regression adjusting for pre-pregnancy body mass index, trimester-specific weight gain, age, height, skin color, parity, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.


RESULTS
In fully adjusted models, in the second trimester, insufficient weight gain was associated with SGA (relative risk [RR] 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-2.33), and excessive weight gain with LGA (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.16-2.31); in third trimester, excessive weight gain with preterm birth (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.08-2.70) and cesarean delivery (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.03-1.44). Women with less than recommended gestational weight gain in the 2nd trimester had a lesser risk of cesarean deliveries (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71-0.96) than women with adequate gestational weight gain in this trimester.


CONCLUSION
Though insufficient weight gain in the 3rd trimester was not associated with adverse outcomes, other deviations from recommended weight gain during second and third trimester were associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. These findings support, in part, the 2009 IOM/NRC recommendations for nutritional monitoring during pregnancy.
Ankle syndesmosis: a qualitative and quantitative anatomic analysis.

BACKGROUND
Syndesmosis sprains can contribute to chronic pain and instability, which are often indications for surgical intervention. The literature lacks sufficient objective data detailing the complex anatomy and localized osseous landmarks essential for current surgical techniques.


PURPOSE
To qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the anatomy of the 3 syndesmotic ligaments with respect to surgically identifiable bony landmarks.


STUDY DESIGN
Descriptive laboratory study.


METHODS
Sixteen ankle specimens were dissected to identify the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL), posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL), interosseous tibiofibular ligament (ITFL), and bony anatomy. Ligament lengths, footprints, and orientations were measured in reference to bony landmarks by use of an anatomically based coordinate system and a 3-dimensional coordinate measuring device.


RESULTS
The syndesmotic ligaments were identified in all specimens. The pyramidal-shaped ITFL was the broadest, originating from the distal interosseous membrane expansion, extending distally, and terminating 9.3 mm (95% CI, 8.3-10.2 mm) proximal to the central plafond. The tibial cartilage extended 3.6 mm (95% CI, 2.8-4.4 mm) above the plafond, a subset of which articulated directly with the fibular cartilage located 5.2 mm (95% CI, 4.6-5.8 mm) posterior to the anterolateral corner of the tibial plafond. The primary AITFL band(s) originated from the tibia 9.3 mm (95% CI, 8.6-10.0 mm) superior and medial to the anterolateral corner of the tibial plafond and inserted on the fibula 30.5 mm (95% CI, 28.5-32.4 mm) proximal and anterior to the inferior tip of the lateral malleolus. Superficial fibers of the PITFL originated along the distolateral border of the posterolateral tubercle of the tibia 8.0 mm (95% CI, 7.5-8.4 mm) proximal and medial to the posterolateral corner of the plafond and inserted along the medial border of the peroneal groove 26.3 mm (95% CI, 24.5-28.1 mm) superior and posterior to the inferior tip of the lateral malleolus.


CONCLUSION
The qualitative and quantitative anatomy of the syndesmotic ligaments was reproducibly described and defined with respect to surgically identifiable bony prominences.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Data regarding anatomic attachment sites and distances to bony prominences can optimize current surgical fixation techniques, improve anatomic restoration, and reduce the risk of iatrogenic injury from malreduction or misplaced implants. Quantitative data also provide the consistency required for the development of anatomic reconstructions.
Knowledge of the abortion legislation among South African women: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND
In order to ensure that legalized abortion in South Africa improves reproductive health, women must know that abortion is a legal option in the case of unwanted pregnancy. This study investigated knowledge of abortion legislation eight years after the introduction of legal abortion services in one province of South Africa.


METHODS
In 2004/2005, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 831 sexually-active women attending 26 public health clinics in one urban and one rural health region of the Western Cape Province.


RESULTS
Thirty-two percent of women did not know that abortion is currently legal. Among those who knew of legal abortion, few had knowledge of the time restrictions involved.


CONCLUSION
In South Africa there is an unmet need among women for information on abortion. Strategies should be developed to address this gap so that women are fully informed of their rights to a safe and legal termination of pregnancy.
Relationships between epistaxis, migraines, and triggers in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS
To identify whether relationships exist between epistaxis and migraines in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), to potentially provide further preventative and therapeutic options for the debilitating nosebleeds that are often very difficult to manage in clinical practice.


STUDY DESIGN
Study participants were recruited from a UK specialist service, and online following advertisement by the HHT Foundation International. They completed a nonbiased questionnaire in which paired questions on nosebleeds and migraines were separated by at least 17 other questions.


METHODS
Migraines were defined as headaches with associated autonomic and/or neurological features. The reported frequencies and precipitants of epistaxis and migraines were compared using numerical scales applied equally for each condition.


RESULTS
The 220 HHT-affected respondents reported frequent nosebleeds, 153 (69.5%) used iron tablets, and 39 (17.7%) had received at least 10 blood transfusions. Migraines displaying typical features were reported by 51 (23.2%), and were more common with pulmonary or cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Thirty of 51 (58.8%) migraine sufferers reported that nosebleeds occurred at the same time as their migraines. More frequent migraines were reported by patients with more frequent nosebleeds (r2=15%, P=.007), or transfusions (r2=16.9%, P=.004). In menstrual, lifestyle, and dietary analyses, consistency was observed between factors having no effect, and those provoking both nosebleeds and migraines in multiple patients (premenses; activity; lack of sleep; stress; caffeine, cheese, alcohol, and chocolate).


CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrate an unexpected and provocative association between nosebleeds and migraines in HHT patients. Evaluation of whether antimigraine approaches limit HHT nosebleeds may be appropriate.


LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
4.
Impact of atrial fibrillation on early complications and one year-survival after cardioverter defibrillator implantation: results from the German DEVICE registry.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
Outcome data of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are conflicting. The German DEVICE registry aims to add further information on this particular cohort.


METHODS AND RESULTS
The German DEVICE registry is a nationwide prospective multicenter database of ICD implantations. 3261 patients are included (81% males, 2701 (82.8%) first ICD implantations, 560 (17.2%) ICD replacements). Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT-D) was performed in 882 patients (27.0%). Sinus rhythm (SR) was present in 2654 (81.4%) and atrial fibrillation (AF) in 607 (18.6%). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) did not differ between groups (SR 32.3%, AF 30.4%; p = 0.09). AF patients were older (AF 70.9 versus SR 63.9 years; p < 0.0001), presented with more co-morbidities (diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease; all p < 0.001). In-hospital complications were not significantly different between groups (p = 0.58). Follow-up information after one year was available in 2967 patients (91%). One-year overall mortality after first ICD implantation was 4.9% for SR and 11.2% for AF patients (p < 0.0001); mortality one year after ICD replacement was 8.4% for SR and 12.0% for AF (p = 0.34). No statistically significant difference between SR and AF patients receiving a CRT device was observed (SR 6.9%, AF 10.7%, p = 0.16) in terms of one-year mortality.


CONCLUSION
The German DEVICE registry demonstrates that patients with AF who receive ICD devices are older, have more co-morbidity and more severe heart failure. AF carries an independent 1.39 fold risk (95% CI 1.02-1.89) of death after one year in patients only with first ICD implantation.
Principles of Stator DC Winding Excited Vernier Reluctance Machines

Stator dc winding excited Vernier reluctance machines (DC-VRMs) are one novel kind of Vernier reluctance machines, and have doubly salient structure and additional dc field windings in their stators to generate the exciting field. These machines advantages include a wide speed range, due to the flexible exciting field by the dc winding and a robust rotor structure without permanent magnets or windings. In this paper, the nature and principles of DC-VRMs are first illustrated theoretically with winding function and harmonic theories. First, by considering the permeance modulation function, the equations and harmonics of the exciting field are obtained. Next, based on these results, the stator/rotor pole combinations and armature winding configuration methods are proposed. Additionally, the expressions for the self-inductance, mutual inductance, the back electromotive force (back-EMF) of armature windings are summarized with the winding function theories. Also, the effects of permeance, field, and armature winding harmonics on inductance harmonics are analyzed. The equation for electromagnetic torque is also given, and the design parameters that may influence the machine's torque are provided. Finally, the inductances and torque in synchronous reference frame are analyzed. All the analytical results are validated by finite element analyses and some experimental results are also given to validate the theoretical analysis.