LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A family of code coverage-based heuristics for effective fault localization

0164-1212/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Inc. A doi:10.1016/j.jss.2009.09.037 q This research was supported by the MKE (Minis Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Resea supervised by the NIPA (National IT Industry Prom (C1090-0902-0032)). * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 972 883 6619; fax E-mail addresses: ewong@utdallas.edu (W. Eric Wo (V. Debroy), bjchoi@ewha.ac.kr (B. Choi). 1 In this paper, we use ‘‘software” and ‘‘program” ‘‘bugs” and ‘‘faults” interchangeably. Locating faults in a program can be very time-consuming and arduous, and therefore, there is an increased demand for automated techniques that can assist in the fault localization process. In this paper a code coverage-based method with a family of heuristics is proposed in order to prioritize suspicious code according to its likelihood of containing program bugs. Highly suspicious code (i.e., code that is more likely to contain a bug) should be examined before code that is relatively less suspicious; and in this manner programmers can identify and repair faulty code more efficiently and effectively. We also address two important issues: first, how can each additional failed test case aid in locating program faults; and second, how can each additional successful test case help in locating program faults. We propose that with respect to a piece of code, the contribution of the first failed test case that executes it in computing its likelihood of containing a bug is larger than or equal to that of the second failed test case that executes it, which in turn is larger than or equal to that of the third failed test case that executes it, and so on. This principle is also applied to the contribution provided by successful test cases that execute the piece of code. A tool, vDebug, was implemented to automate the computation of the suspiciousness of the code and the subsequent prioritization of suspicious code for locating program faults. To validate our method case studies were performed on six sets of programs: Siemens suite, Unix suite, space, grep, gzip, and make. Data collected from the studies are supportive of the above claim and also suggest Heuristics III(a), (b) and (c) of our method can effectively reduce the effort spent on fault localization. 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Recent advances in colloidal gold nanobeacons for molecular photoacoustic imaging.

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) represents a hybrid, nonionizing modality, which has been of particular interest because of its satisfactory spatial resolution and high soft tissue contrast. PAI has the potential to provide both functional and molecular imaging in vivo since optical absorption is sensitive to physiological parameters. In this review we summarize our effort to advance molecular PAI with colloidal gold nanobeacons (GNB). GNB represents a robust nanoparticle platform that entraps multiple copies of tiny gold nanoparticles (2-4 nm) within a larger colloidal particle encapsulated by biocompatible synthetic or natural amphilines. The utilization of numerous small gold particles greatly amplifies the signal without exceeding the renal elimination threshold size. With fibrin-targeted GNB, the robust detection of microthrombus formed over a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque has been achieved, which offers an important opportunity to recognize patients with moderate lumen stenosis but high risk of stroke. With the use of second-generation smaller GNBs, the potential to improve sentinel lymph node assessment and biopsy was advanced with respect to rapidity and sensitivity of detection in mice. Finally, for angiogenesis, an essential microanatomical biomarker of tumor and cardiovascular disease progression, integrin-targeted GNBs allowed visualization of numerous angiogenic sprouts and bridges that were otherwise undetectable from inherent blood signal alone, offering sensitive and specific discrimination and quantification of angiogenesis in vivo.
Fully differential, 40 Gb/s regulated cascode transimpedance amplifier in 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology

A broadband differential Transimpedance amplifier (TIA) has been designed and measured in 0.13µm BiCMOS Technology. Regulated Cascode (RGC) configuration has been employed to reduce the effect of the large parasitic capacitor of the PIN diode. The added CPD, representing PIN diode parasitic capacitor, is 300fF. The TIA has 53.6 dBO differential transimpedance gain and 28GHz measured bandwidth. The total measured integrated input referred noise is 6.11µArms. The TIA chip including the TIA and 3 stages of buffer consumes 110mW power from a 3V power supply. The active chip area is 330µm×210µm and the total chip area including the pads is 1050µm×530µm.
User Experience in Service Design: A Case Study from Algeria

The design of crisis management services is crucial for emerging countries such as Algeria. It must take into account the experiences of diverse stakeholders. The authors investigate user experience (UX) practices from a service design perspective and describe a case study from Algeria exploring UX-driven service design for crisis management.
The lipogenesis pathway as a cancer target.

Lipids constitute some of nature’s most abundant molecules, being found in virtually all forms of life. They are derived by condensation reactions involving acetate units and may be divided into three broad categories: (1) Isoprenoids are also known as terpenoids or prenols. These compounds are constructed from five-carbon units, which themselves are the consequence of earlier steps commencing with acetate. This group encompasses sterols, steroids, secosteroids, bile acids, quinones, and hydroquinones, among others. (2) Polyketides or acetogenins represent a plethora of poly-βketoacid derived secondary metabolites often encountered in macrolide, aromatic, and polycyclic structures. (3) Fatty acids, the subject of this Perspective, are characterized by the presence of long chains of carbon atoms that impart distinctive hydrophobic character to that portion of whatever molecule they are a component. The chain generally terminates in a carboxyl, aldehyde, or alcohol functionality capable of forming ester, ether, or amide bonds with a wide variety of compounds, including proteins (proteolipids) and complex carbohydrates (saccharolipids, glycolipids, lipopolysaccharides, or lipoglycans). The eicosanoids (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) and sphingolipids (ceramides) also are included among the members of this group. Examples of the diversity of fatty acid derived substances are seen in Figure 1. The enzymatic processes by which the carbon chains of fatty acids are constructed have been a focus of biochemical research for over half a century, and more continues to be learned as X-ray crystallographic analyses provide increasingly detailed insight into the mechanisms by which these enzymes operate. In recent years there has been considerable interest in the role of these lipogenic enzymes in diabetes and obesity, as well as in the pathogenesis of cancer and as potential therapeutic targets in the search for new antitumor drugs. The latter has stemmed principally from numerous reports linking overexpression of several of the enzymes involved in de novo lipid biosynthesis with various human tumors and by recent advances in the structural biology of these key proteins. These enzymes include acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and ATP-citrate lyase, which operate in sequence and represent the primary linkage between carbohydrates and lipids in the cell’s metabolic economy. The objectives of this Perspective are to (1) provide an overview of the lipogenic process, primarily as it relates to these three enzymes, (2) examine the relationship of lipogenesis to tumor biology, and (3) outline the opportunities and prospects for targeting the process in the search for new anticancer drugs. ’OVERVIEW OF FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS
Neural complications in the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

STUDY DESIGN
Multicenter, prospective, consecutive clinical series.


OBJECTIVE
To report on neural complications in a prospective cohort study of 1301 children undergoing spinal fusion and instrumentation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).


SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA
The incidence of neural complications for spinal deformity surgery has been reported to be 0.26% to 17%. However, most studies have relied on retrospective voluntary reporting of nonconsecutive cases.


METHODS
A review of 1301 consecutive surgical cases was conducted using the Prospective Pediatric Scoliosis Study database, which is maintained by the Spinal Deformity Study Group.


RESULTS
There were 9 neural complications. There were 3 thecal penetrations, none of which required repair, and none of which demonstrated intraoperative neural monitoring changes or postoperative clinical sequelae. There were 2 nerve root injuries. In 1 nerve root injury, a positional compression femoral neurapraxia resolved over 6 months. The other was an L4 neurapraxia despite lowest instrumented vertebra L1, and resolved spontaneously by 3 months' follow-up. There were 4 spinal cord injuries. One required removal of implants and fusion in situ, 1 required relaxation of correction and in situ fusion with instrumentation, while the other 2 were observed after fusion and instrumentation with reduction. All resolved spontaneously within 3 months after operation.


CONCLUSION
The neural complication rate was 0.69%. Two thecal penetrations were due to medial placement of pedicle screws, and 1 was due to dissection during spine exposure. If these are eliminated, as they imply intraspinal entry but not direct neural injury, together with 1 positional neurapraxia, which is remote from the surgical field, our complication rate is 0.38%. This is consistent with other studies in the North American Literature, including multiple reports from the Scoliosis Research Society. Common themes are significant curve correction producing neural stretch and the use of sublaminar wires. None of the neural injuries was permanent. These results reaffirm that surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has a low but real neural complication rate.
Healthy weight management during pregnancy: what advice and information is being provided.

BACKGROUND
Being overweight or obese during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal morbidity and mortality attributed to pregnancy-related complications and also poses risks to the baby. The present study explores the information and advice given to pregnant women of different prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) classifications.


METHODS
Women with singleton pregnancies and members of the National Childbirth Trust were invited to take part in the study via either National Childbirth Trust antenatal classes or e-mail invitation. A questionnaire was developed to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The number of times that women from different BMI groups were weighed, whether weight gain, diet or exercise advice was received, as well as knowledge of weight gain recommendations was compared using Mann-Whitney U-tests and chi-squared tests. Qualitative data were analysed by thematic content analysis.


RESULTS
Sixty women took part in the study with complete data set available for 59 of them. The majority of participants (84.1%) were weighed at least once during pregnancy; overweight/obese women were weighed significantly more times than those who were underweight/normal weight (P = 0.014). Only 25.4% of women received weight gain advice; 64.3% received diet/exercise advice from a healthcare source. No significant difference was found with respect to whether advice was received or not when comparing BMI groups. Underweight/normal weight women tended to underestimate, whereas those who were overweight or obese overestimated weight gain recommendations. Themes derived from the qualitative data were: weight gain advice wanted, diet and exercise advice wanted, lack of advice and support, and anxiety.


CONCLUSIONS
Advice women receive antenatally on weight gain, diet and exercise is brief and generally not related to weight management. Clearer, more detailed and personalised advice is wanted, particularly on weight gain. A lack of advice and support from healthcare professionals leads women to seek information for themselves from potentially un-regulated sources, and also to feelings of anxiety in some cases.
Teaching and Learning with iPads, Ready or Not?

Within weeks of becoming available, the iPad reportedly sold over 3 million units, a brisker pace than other tablets in the personal computer realm. Much of the early success might be attributed to the almost 250,000 applications that could run on the device and a similar interface to the popular iPod Touch and iPhone. This article considers whether the sales spark that has ignited a hardware revolution (numerous device manufacturers have launched–e.g., HP, RIM, Samsung, Motorola, and HTC–or have plans to launch tablet devices over the next year) is being matched on the software front, with a particular focus on K-12 teaching and learning. Authors consider the potential affect both the iPad and its applications might have on teaching and learning in K-12 settings and whether these technologies allow educators and students to accomplish what they otherwise could not, from a teaching and learning perspective.
An Improved LSB Based Steganography Technique for RGB Color Images

This paper proposes an improved LSB(least Significant bit) based Steganography technique for images imparting better information security .It presents an embedding algorithm for hiding encrypted messages in nonadjacent and random pixel locations in edges and smooth areas of images. It first encrypts the secret message, and detects edges in the cover-image using improved edge detection filter. Message bits are then, embedded in the least significant byte of randomly selected edge area pixels and 1-3-4 LSBs of red, green, blue components respectively across randomly selected pixels across smooth area of image. It ensures that the eavesdroppers will not have any suspicion that message bits are hidden in the image and standard steganography detection methods can not estimate the length of the secret message correctly. The Proposed approach is better in PSNR value and Capacity as shown experimentally than existing techniques. Keywords—Data hiding, Image steganography,LSB Insertion,Edge detection.
Acupuncture of chronic headache disorders in primary care: randomised controlled trial and economic analysis.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the effects of a policy of using acupuncture, compared with a policy of avoiding acupuncture, on headache in primary care patients with chronic headache disorders. The effects of acupuncture on medication use, quality of life, resource use and days off sick in this population and the cost-effectiveness of acupuncture were also examined.


DESIGN
Randomised, controlled trial.


SETTING
General practices in England and Wales.


PARTICIPANTS
The study included 401 patients with chronic headache disorder, predominantly migraine.


INTERVENTIONS
Patients were randomly allocated to receive up to 12 acupuncture treatments over 3 months or to a control intervention offering usual care.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Outcome measures included headache score; assessment of Short Form 36 (SF-36) health status and use of medication at baseline, 3 months and 12 months; assessment of use of resources every 3 months; and assessment of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained.


RESULTS
Headache score at 12 months, the primary end-point, was lower in the acupuncture group than in controls. The adjusted difference between means was 4.6. This result was robust to sensitivity analysis incorporating imputation for missing data. Patients in the acupuncture group experienced the equivalent of 22 fewer days of headache per year. SF-36 data favoured acupuncture, although differences reached significance only for physical role functioning, energy and change in health. Compared with controls, patients randomised to acupuncture used 15% less medication, made 25% fewer visits to GPs and took 15% fewer days off sick. Total costs during the 1-year period of the study were on average higher for the acupuncture group than for controls because of the acupuncture practitioners' costs. The mean health gain from acupuncture during the year of the trial was 0.021 QALYs, leading to a base-case estimate of GBP9180 per QALY gained. This result was robust to sensitivity analysis. Cost per QALY dropped substantially when the analysis incorporated likely QALY differences for the years after the trial.


CONCLUSIONS
The study suggests that acupuncture leads to persisting, clinically relevant benefits for primary care patients with chronic headache, particularly migraine. It is relatively cost-effective compared with a number of other interventions provided by the NHS. Further studies could examine the duration of acupuncture effects beyond 1 year and the relative benefit to patients with migraine with compared to tension-type headache. Trials are also warranted examining the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of acupuncture in patients with headache receiving more aggressive pharmacological management.
Vaginal discharge and bleeding in girls younger than 6 years.

PURPOSE
Persistent unexplained vaginal discharge or bleeding in the pediatric population may be the only manifestation of a serious underlying medical or social problem. Therefore, these symptoms require careful and complete evaluation to identify the primary pathology accurately. We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients who presented for evaluation of persistent vaginal discharge or bleeding to determine if noninvasive imaging was a sensitive means of screening for gynecological pathology.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
The records of 24 girls younger than 6 years who presented with vaginal discharge or bleeding were reviewed retrospectively. All patients were evaluated with noninvasive imaging, a pelvic examination while under anesthesia, vaginoscopy and cystoscopy.


RESULTS
Noninvasive imaging was useful in identifying 5 of 7 vaginal foreign bodies. However, noninvasive imaging identified only 2 of 6 malignancies. These malignancies consisted of rhabdomyosarcoma (3 patients) and endodermal sinus tumor (3). Two girls also had benign vaginal mullerian papillomas that were not identified by noninvasive imaging. Noninvasive imaging did not aid in the diagnosis of sexual abuse.


CONCLUSIONS
Based on these data, we recommend that all girls younger than 6 years who present with persistent vaginal discharge or bleeding be evaluated with pelvic examination while under anesthesia, to be followed by vaginoscopy and cystoscopy if no readily identifiable pathology is found by simple genital examination alone, regardless of the results of noninvasive imaging studies.
Perceptions of risk in cyberspace Cyber Trust & Crime Prevention Project

This paper reviews the social scientific literature on public perception of risk. We begin with a discussion of the concept of risk and its place in the social sciences. Then we outline psychological research on cognition and emotion and how laypersons appraise uncertainty. This highlights the different ways in which experts and the public often approach risk. After this discussion we turn to the issue of trust and risk perception – a concept particularly apposite for the consideration of cyber crime.
Panoramic radiographic evaluation of the mandibular morphological changes in elderly dentate and edentulous subjects.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of the present study was to analyze the changes in the gonial angle, ramus height, condyle height and cortical bone thickness in relation to gender and dental status in elderly patients.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study population comprised 240 patients (age ranged from 60-69 years) who had digital panoramic radiographs taken for various purposes. One group consisted of 120 patients, 60 men and 60 women, who had all natural teeth present except for third molars. The second group consisted of the remaining 120 patients (60 men and 60 women) who were in a completely edentulous state (maxilla and mandible). The gonial angle, ramus height, condylar height and cortical bone thickness of the mandible were measured by computer software on their panoramic radiographs.


RESULTS
Women showed larger gonial angles than men, while men had greater cortical bone thickness and ramus height (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in condylar height was found between both genders (p > 0.05). Edentulous subjects had a larger gonial angle than dentate subjects, while dentate subjects had greater cortical bone thickness on both sides and left side of condylar height (p < 0.05). The gonial angle had statistically negative correlations with cortical bone thickness and ramus height, regardless of gender.


CONCLUSIONS
The outcomes of the present study indicate that the edentulous women undergo morphological changes of the mandible influenced by the dental status more than men.
Early multimodal rehabilitation following lumbar disc surgery: a randomised clinical trial comparing the effects of two exercise programmes on clinical outcome and lumbar multifidus muscle function.

BACKGROUND
The optimal components of postoperative exercise programmes following single-level lumbar discectomy have not been identified. Facilitating lumbar multifidus (LM) function after discectomy may improve postoperative recovery. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and muscle function outcomes of patients randomised to receive early multimodal rehabilitation following lumbar discectomy consisting of exercises targeting specific trunk muscles including the LM or general trunk exercises.


METHODS
We included participants aged 18 to 60 years who were scheduled to undergo single-level lumbar discectomy. After two postoperative weeks, participants were randomly assigned to receive an 8-week multimodal exercise programme including either general or specific trunk exercises. The primary outcome was pain-related disability (Oswestry Index). Secondary outcomes included low back and leg pain intensity (0-10 numeric pain rating scale), global change, sciatica frequency, sciatica bothersomeness and LM function measured with real-time ultrasound imaging. Treatment effects 10 weeks and 6 months after surgery were estimated with linear mixed models.


RESULTS
61 participants were randomised to receive a general trunk (n=32) or specific (n=29) exercise programme. There were no between-group differences in clinical or muscle function outcomes. Participants in both groups experienced improvements in most outcome measures.


CONCLUSIONS
Following lumbar discectomy, multimodal rehabilitation programmes comprising specific or general trunk exercises have similar effects on clinical and muscle function outcomes. Local factors such as the individual patient characteristics identified by specific assessment findings, clinician expertise and patient preferences should direct therapy selection when considering the types of exercises tested in this trial for inclusion in rehabilitation programmes following lumbar disc surgery.
Entrepreneurship Capital and Economic Performance

The neoclassical model of the production function, as applied by Robert Solow to build the neoclassical model of growth, linked labor and capital to output. More recently, Romer and others have expanded the model to include measures of knowledge capital. In this paper we introduce a new factor, entrepreneurship capital, and link it to output in the context of a production function model. This paper explains what is meant by entrepreneurship capital and why it should influence economic output. A production function model including several different measures of entrepreneurship capital is then estimated for German regions. The results indicate that entrepreneurship capital is a significant and important factor shaping output and productivity. These results suggest a new direction for policy that focuses on instruments to enhance entrepreneurship capital.