LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Oral Fluid HIV Test Performance in an HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Trial in Bangkok, Thailand.

BACKGROUND
Rapid easy-to-use HIV tests offer opportunities to increase HIV testing among populations at risk of infection. We used the OraQuick Rapid HIV-1/2 antibody test (OraQuick) in the Bangkok Tenofovir Study, an HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis trial among people who inject drugs.


METHODS
The Bangkok Tenofovir Study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. We tested participants' oral fluid for HIV using OraQuick monthly and blood using a nucleic-acid amplification test (NAAT) every 3 months. We used Kaplan-Meier methods to estimate the duration from a positive HIV NAAT until the mid-point between the last non-reactive and first reactive oral fluid test and proportional hazards to examine factors associated with the time until the test was reactive.


RESULTS
We screened 3678 people for HIV using OraQuick. Among 447 with reactive results, 436 (97.5%) were confirmed HIV-infected, 10 (2.2%) HIV-uninfected, and one (0.2%) had indeterminate results. Two participants with non-reactive OraQuick results were, in fact, HIV-infected at screening yielding 99.5% sensitivity, 99.7% specificity, a 97.8% positive predictive value, and a 99.9% negative predictive value. Participants receiving tenofovir took longer to develop a reactive OraQuick (191.8 days) than participants receiving placebo (16.8 days) (p = 0.02) and participants infected with HIV CRF01_AE developed a reactive OraQuick earlier than participants infected with other subtypes (p = 0.04).


DISCUSSION
The oral fluid HIV test performed well at screening, suggesting it can be used when rapid results and non-invasive tools are preferred. However, participants receiving tenofovir took longer to develop a reactive oral fluid test result than those receiving placebo. Thus, among people using pre-exposure prophylaxis, a blood-based HIV test may be an appropriate choice.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00119106.
The Origins of the French Revolution

This revised edition, first published in 1980, when it attempted to construct a new account of the origins of the French Revolution, draws on the important work that has appeared since. Whereas the broad lines of interpretation remain the same, a number of important points have been amended or reappraised in the light of continuing research.
FP-BNN: Binarized neural network on FPGA

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have attracted significant attention for their excellent accuracy especially in areas such as computer vision and artificial intelligence. To enhance their performance, technologies for their hardware acceleration are being studied. FPGA technology is a promising choice for hardware acceleration, given its low power consumption and high flexibility which makes it suitable particularly for embedded systems. However, complex DNN models may need more computing and memory resources than those available in many current FPGAs. This paper presents FP-BNN, a binarized neural network (BNN) for FPGAs, which drastically cuts down the hardware consumption while maintaining acceptable accuracy. We introduce a Resource-Aware Model Analysis (RAMA) method, and remove the bottleneck involving multipliers by bit-level XNOR and shifting operations, and the bottleneck of parameter access by data quantization and optimized on-chip storage. We evaluate the FP-BNN accelerator designs for MNIST multi-layer perceptrons (MLP), Cifar-10 ConvNet, and AlexNet on a Stratix-V FPGA system. An inference performance of Tera opartions per second with acceptable accuracy loss is obtained, which shows improvement in speed and energy efficiency over other computing platforms. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Phrasier: A System for Interactive Document Retrieval Using Keyphrases

UsersÕ information needs are often too complex to be effectively expressed in standard query interfaces to full-text retrieval systems. A typical need is to find documents that are similar to a given source document, yet describing the content of a document in a few terms is a difficult task. We describe Phrasier, an interactive system for browsing, querying and relating documents within a digital library. Phrasier exploits keyphrases that have been automatically extracted from source documents to create links to similar documents and to suggest appropriate query phrases to users. PhrasierÕs keyphrase-based retrieval engine returns ranked lists of documents that are similar to a given source text. Evaluation indicates that PhrasierÕs keyphrase-based retrieval performs as well as full-text retrieval when recall and relevance scores assigned by human assessors are considered.
Linearized Modeling of Switched Reluctance Motor for Closed-Loop Current Control

Current control of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) is challenging due to nonlinearity and double saliency of the machine. A linear proportional-integral (PI)-based current controller, which is popular in other electrical machines, cannot be directly applied, as this requires a linearized machine model. This paper examines different small-signal linearized models for an SRM and identifies the model best suited for the purpose of current controller design. This paper then utilizes this linearized model to propose a fixed proportional-integral (PI)-based current controller, the parameters of which can be selected directly from the machine parameters. This paper also proposes a simple method to evaluate back-electromotive force (EMF) for the purpose of disturbance rejection during current control. The performance of the proposed fixed-PI-based control with back-EMF compensation is better than that of delta modulation in terms of current ripple; it is comparable to that of variable-gain PI with back-EMF compensation in terms of current ripple and current reference tracking. While variable-gain PI requires knowledge of the entire flux-linkage characteristics and involves calculation of controller gains in every sampling interval, the proposed method requires only limited details of the motor characteristics and is much simpler to implement.
Ant colony optimization techniques for the vehicle routing problem

This research applies the meta-heuristic method of ant colony optimization (ACO) to an established set of vehicle routing problems (VRP). The procedure simulates the decision-making processes of ant colonies as they forage for food and is similar to other adaptive learning and artificial intelligence techniques such as Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithms. Modifications are made to the ACO algorithm used to solve the traditional traveling salesman problem in order to allow the search of the multiple routes of the VRP. Experimentation shows that the algorithm is successful in finding solutions within 1% of known optimal solutions and the use of multiple ant colonies is found to provide a comparatively competitive solution technique especially for larger problems. Additionally, the size of the candidate lists used within the algorithm is a significant factor in finding improved solutions, and the computational times for the algorithm compare favorably with other solution methods. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Treadmill training and overground gait: decision making for a toddler with spina bifida.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
This case report describes a decision-making process that was used to progress a home-based intervention that coupled treadmill and walker stepping for a preambulatory toddler with spina bifida.


CASE DESCRIPTION
The toddler in this report had an L4-L5 level lesion, and began this home-based intervention at 18 months of age when she was pulling to stand.


INTERVENTION
The intervention included parameters for treadmill stepping that prepared this toddler for gait with orthotics and was progressed to overground walking with a walker using a decision-making algorithm based on data obtained from a parent log and coded video.


OUTCOMES
This toddler progressed from not stepping at the start of the study to ambulating 150 m with a walker at age 23 months, after 18 weeks of this intervention.


DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The intervention and decision-making process used in this study were family centered and may be applicable to gait intervention with other populations.
Employee turnover: a neural network solution

In today’s working environment, a company’s human resources are truly the only sustainable competitive advantage. Product innovations can be duplicated, but the synergy of a company’s workforce cannot be replicated. It is for this reason that not only attracting talented employees but also retaining them is imperative for success. The study of employee turnover has attempted to explain why employees leave and how to prevent the drain of employee talent. This paper focuses on using a neural network (NN) to predict turnover. If turnover can be found to be predictable the identification of at-risk employees will allow us to focus on their specific needs or concerns in order to retain them in the workforce. Also, by using a Modified Genetic Algorithm to train the NN we can also identify relevant predictors or inputs, which can give us information about how we can improve the work environment as a whole. This research found that a NNSOA trained NN in a 10-fold cross validation experimental design can predict with a high degree of accuracy the turnover rate for a small mid-west manufacturing company. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Randomized, Double Blind Controlled Trial of Subcutaneous Recombinant Human Interleukin-11 Versus Prednisolone in Active Crohn's Disease

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-11 has shown benefit in animal inflammatory bowel disease models. Recently, recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) has been observed to induce remission in a subset of patients with mild to moderate Crohn's disease (CD). The present study compared the efficacy of rhIL-11 versus prednisolone in remission induction in CD.METHODS: Patients with active CD were randomly assigned to receive either subcutaneous rhIL-11 (1 mg once weekly) and prednisolone placebo tablets, or active prednisolone (60 mg/day) and rhIL-11 placebo, for 12 weeks. Prednisolone/placebo was tapered after week 1, and patients were assessed every second week.RESULTS: Fifty-one patients received medication: 13/27 (rhIL-11) and 17/24 (prednisolone) completed 12 weeks of treatment. Remission rates (intent to treat) for rhIL-11 versus prednisolone were 4%versus 46% at week 4 (p < 0.001) and 19%versus 50% at week 6 (p < 0.05). Response to treatment (ΔCDAI > 100) was seen in 19% (rhIL-11) versus 63% (prednisolone) after 4 weeks (p < 0.002) and 37%versus 63% after 6 weeks (p= 0.1). After 12 weeks of treatment, it was observed that 22% (rhIL-11) versus 21% (prednisolone) had remained in remission. Frequent side effects of rhIL-11 included fever (n = 3), rash (4), arthralgia/arthritis (3), nausea/vomiting (3), and headache (6).CONCLUSION: rhIL-11 is well tolerated but significantly inferior when compared to prednisolone in short-term remission induction in patients with active CD. In this patient cohort, both treatments appeared to be poor in maintaining remission over a period of 3 months.
Global Navigation for Humanoid Robots Using Sampling-Based Footstep Planners

The objective of humanoid navigation is to plan the global locomotion path for humanoid robots in complex global environments. It is different from wheeled mobile robot navigation because of the biped's unique abilities to step upon/over obstacles and the stability requirement is difficult. Sampling-based footstep planning that considers the aforementioned characteristics is a goal-directed navigation approach for humanoid robots. This paper will describe two footstep planning approaches, including our improvements on the previous deterministic sampling-based approach and the newly proposed randomized sampling-based approach. Numerical experiments are also given to verify the feasibility and planning performance of the two approaches.
What Makes a Helpful Online Review? A Study of Customer Reviews on Amazon.com

Customer reviews are increasingly available online for a wide range of products and services. They supplement other information provided by electronic storefronts such as product descriptions, reviews from experts, and personalized advice generated by automated recommendation systems. While researchers have demonstrated the benefits of the presence of customer reviews to an online retailer, a largely uninvestigated issue is what makes customer reviews helpful Carol Saunders was the accepting senior editor for this paper. Both authors contributed equally to this paper. to a consumer in the process of making a purchase decision. Drawing on the paradigm of search and experience goods from information economics, we develop and test a model of customer review helpfulness. An analysis of 1,587 reviews from Amazon.com across six products indicated that review extremity, review depth, and product type affect the perceived helpfulness of the review. Product type moderates the effect of review extremity on the helpfulness of the review. For experience goods, reviews with extreme ratings are less helpful than reviews with moderate ratings. For both product types, review depth has a positive effect on the helpfulness of the review, but the product type moderates the effect of review depth on the helpfulness of the review. Review depth has a greater positive effect on the helpfulness of the review for search goods than for experience goods. We discuss the implications of our findings for both theory and practice.
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III and the Cognitive Abilities Test ( Form 6 ) : Are the general factors the same ?

This study investigated the concurrent validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children— Third Edition (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991) and Form 6 of the Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT6; Lohman & Hagen, 2001a). The standard battery of WISC-III and level D of CogAT6 were administered to 91 6th-grade students. The representativeness of the sample was first investigated by comparing the covariance matrix for each test battery with the covariance matrix reported for the standardization sample. Relationships between observed scores and latent factors on the two test batteries were then explored. It was expected that the general and verbal factors on the two tests would be highly correlated and that the WISC-III Performance scale would show highest correlations with the CogAT6 Nonverbal score. Latent factors for WISC-III Verbal Scale and the CogAT6 Verbal Battery correlated r = .87; whereas latent factors for WISC-III Performance Scale and the CogAT6 Nonverbal Battery correlated only r = .64. However, latent general factors on the two batteries correlated at least r = .97. It is argued that this correlation is plausible. Implications of these results for the interpretations of scores on both tests are discussed.
Chapter 5.6 Syn- to Post-Orogenic Magmatism

Abstract Syn- to post-tectonic intrusive rocks occur in the Kaoko Belt, but only west of the Purros Lineament and in the Southern Kaoko Zone. In the Damara Belt, granites occur almost exclusively in the Central Zone with some extending into the Northern Zone. The Donkerhuk Granite forms a major batholith along the northern edge of the Southern Zone and a few small plugs of alkali-feldspar granite intruded the eastern Southern Marginal Zone. Syn-tectonic granites are absent in the Gariep Belt, where only post-tectonic plutonic rocks occur along the Kuboos-Bremen line. In the Saldania Belt, however, a whole range from syn- to post-tectonic intrusive and extrusive rocks exists.
Origins of life: The cooperative gene

The origin of life on Earth remains one of the great unsolved mysteries. A new study suggests that cooperation among molecules could have contributed to the transition from inanimate chemistry to biology. See Article p.72
Automatic Detection of Solar Photovoltaic Arrays in High Resolution Aerial Imagery

The quantity of small scale solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays in the United States has grown rapidly in recent years. As a result, there is substantial interest in high quality information about the quantity, power capacity, and energy generated by such arrays, including at a high spatial resolution (e.g., cities, counties, or other small regions). Unfortunately, existing methods for obtaining this information, such as surveys and utility interconnection filings, are limited in their completeness and spatial resolution. This work presents a computer algorithm that automatically detects PV panels using very high resolution color satellite imagery. The approach potentially offers a fast, scalable method for obtaining accurate information on PV array location and size, and at much higher spatial resolutions than are currently available. The method is validated using a very large (135 km) collection of publicly available (Bradbury et al., 2016) aerial imagery, with over 2700 human annotated PV array locations. The results demonstrate the algorithm is highly effective on a per-pixel basis. It is likewise effective at object-level PV array detection, but with significant potential for improvement in estimating the precise shape/size of the PV arrays. These results are the first of their kind for the detection of solar PV in aerial imagery, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach and establishing a baseline performance for future investigations. 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Financial Frictions, Aggregation, and the Lucas Critique

agent model; (ii) taste and technology parameters in the DSGE model are not policy invariant; (iii) fiscal policy predictions from the DSGE model are inaccurate.
Change-Point Detection in Time-Series Data by Direct Density-Ratio Estimation

Change-point detection is the problem of discovering time points at which properties of time-series data change. This covers a broad range of real-world problems and has been actively discussed in the community of statistics and data mining. In this paper, we present a novel non-parametric approach to detecting the change of probability distributions of sequence data. Our key idea is to estimate the ratio of probability densities, not the probability densities themselves. This formulation allows us to avoid non-parametric density estimation, which is known to be a difficult problem. We provide a change-point detection algorithm based on direct density-ratio estimation that can be computed very efficiently in an online manner. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated through experiments using artificial and real datasets. keywords: change-point detection, direct density-ratio estimation, kernel methods, time-series data
Mapping the internal geometry of tactile space.

A large body of research has shown spatial distortions in the perception of tactile distances on the skin. For example, perceived tactile distance is increased on sensitive compared to less sensitive skin regions, and larger for stimuli oriented along the medio-lateral axis than the proximo-distal axis of the limbs. In this study we aimed to investigate the spatial coherence of these distortions by reconstructing the internal geometry of tactile space using multidimensional scaling (MDS). Participants made verbal estimates of the perceived distance between 2 touches applied sequentially to locations on their left hand. In Experiment 1 we constructed perceptual maps of the dorsum of the left hand, which showed a good fit to the actual configuration of stimulus locations. Critically, these maps also showed clear evidence of spatial distortion, being stretched along the medio-lateral hand axis. Experiment 2 replicated this result and showed that no such distortion is apparent on the palmar surface of the hand. These results show that distortions in perceived tactile distance can be characterized by geometrically simple and coherent deformations of tactile space. We suggest that the internal geometry of tactile space is shaped by the geometry of receptive fields in somatosensory cortex. (PsycINFO Database Record
Efficient In-Package Decoupling Capacitor Optimization for I/O Power Integrity

With high integration density of today's electronic system and reduced noise margins, maintaining high power integrity becomes more challenging for high performance design. Inserting decoupling capacitors is one important and effective solution to improve the power integrity. The existing decoupling capacitor optimization approaches meet constraints on input impedance. In this paper, we show that impedance metric leads to large overdesign and then develop a noise-driven optimization algorithm for decoupling capacitors in packages for power integrity. We use the simulated annealing algorithm to minimize the total cost of decoupling capacitors under the constraints of a worst case noise bound. The key enabler for efficient optimization is an incremental worst case noise computation based on fast Fourier transform over incremental impedance matrix evaluation. Compared to the existing impedance-based approaches, our algorithm reduces the decoupling capacitor cost by 3times and is also more than 10times faster even with explicit noise computation
Some Methods of Minimization of Calculations in High Energy Physics

Two approaches to calculations' minimization in High Energy Physics are considered. The first one is the method of covariant calculations for the amplitudes of processes with polarized Dirac particles. The second one connects with the possibility to reduce the expressions for the traces of products of ten and more Dirac gamma-matrices.
Analyzing client interactivity in streaming media

This paper provides an extensive analysis of pre-stored streaming media workloads, focusing on the client interactive behavior. We analyze four workloads that fall into three different domains, namely, education, entertainment video and entertainment audio. Our main goals are: (a) to identify qualitative similarities and differences in the typical client behavior for the three workload classes and (b) to provide data for generating realistic synthetic workloads.
A positive effect of AII inhibitors on peritoneal membrane function in long-term PD patients.

BACKGROUND
Experimental studies showed that inhibition of AII effects attenuates the development of peritoneal membrane fibrosis and neoangiogenesis. The latter leads to an increase of peritoneal solute transport and ultrafiltration failure. The results of a single-centre study showed that use of ACEI/ARB can prevent the increase of small solute transport in long-term PD patients. Our aim was to investigate whether these results would also be present in a larger population and influence patient and technique survival in long-term PD.


METHODS
We analysed data from 217 long-term CAPD patients, participating in the Netherlands Cooperative Study on Adequacy of Dialysis (NECOSAD). Included patients underwent CAPD therapy for at least 2 years; 120 of them were treated with the ACE/AII inhibitors-ACEI/ARB group. The control group consisted of 87 patients who received none of the above drugs and 10 patients who had them for <25% of their time on PD.


RESULTS
A significant difference in the time course of peritoneal transport was found between the two groups. The value of 24-h D/P creatinine was associated with the PD duration (P = 0.01) and its time course was influenced by use of ACEI/ARB (P = 0.05). We found no effect of ACEI/ARB on patient survival, but some benefit was found for the technique survival: in a multivariate model the hazard ratio for the group with the longest use of ACEI/ARB was 0.5 (CI 0.22-1.4), P = 0.19.


CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that AII inhibition prevents the increase in small solute transport in long-term PD. These drugs may also have some positive influence on PD technique survival.