LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A bird's eye view of PMTCT coverage at two regional hospitals and their referral clinics in a resource-limited setting.

BACKGROUND
While countries strengthen their health information systems, local health managers require alternative strategies to monitor their prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programmes to improve coverage and service delivery.


OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the use of a postpartum audit to establish PMTCT coverage and programme deficiencies at hospitals and multiple primary health care facilities.


METHODS
A cross-sectional hospital-based medical chart audit of pregnant women admitted in labour to their regional hospital. Their antenatal hand-held medical records were added to a hospital-issued maternity chart that was used to record further obstetric and perinatal management during their hospital stay. Women recuperating in the postnatal wards up to 48 hours after delivery at two hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal participated. Data included their antenatal attendance, access to HIV counselling and testing (HCT), and access to nevirapine (NVP) for PMTCT.


RESULTS
Fifty-three clinics were indirectly evaluated as a result of the postpartum audit. All clinics provided HCT and the average HIV testing rate was 91% (range 40 - 100); 15% (N = 8) of these clinics with HIV testing rates of < 80% were identified. The median frequency of NVP dispensing at 53 clinics was 87% (interquartile range 67 - 100); among these 30% (N = 16) with NVP dispensing frequencies of < 80% were identified.


CONCLUSION
An exit survey by trained nurses at a maternity hospital can provide health services management with a quick estimate of antenatal and PMTCT coverage of multiple primary health facilities in a specified catchment area. Challenges in the PMTCT programme at primary health clinic and hospital levels were highlighted.
The Digitization of Word of Mouth: Promise and Challenges of Online Feedback Mechanisms

Online feedback mechanisms harness the bidirectional communication capabilities of the Internet to engineer large-scale, word-of-mouth networks. Best known so far as a technology for building trust and fostering cooperation in online marketplaces, such as eBay, these mechanisms are poised to have a much wider impact on organizations. Their growing popularity has potentially important implications for a wide range of management activities such as brand building, customer acquisition and retention, product development, and quality assurance. This paper surveys our progress in understanding the new possibilities and challenges that these mechanisms represent. It discusses some important dimensions in which Internet-based feedback mechanisms differ from traditional word-of-mouth networks and surveys the most important issues related to their design, evaluation, and use. It provides an overview of relevant work in game theory and economics on the topic of reputation. It discusses how this body of work is being extended and combined with insights from computer science, management science, sociology, and psychology to take into consideration the special properties of online environments. Finally, it identifies opportunities that this new area presents for operations research/management science (OR/MS) research. (Reputation Mechanisms; Online Feedback; Electronic Markets; Trust; Internet; Game Theory )
An Architectural Approach Towards the Future Internet of Things

Many of the initial developments towards the Internet of Things have focused on the combination of Auto-ID and networked infrastructures in businessto-business logistics and product life cycle applications. However, a future Internet of Things can provide a broader vision and also enable everyone to access and contribute rich information about things and locations. The success of social networks to share experience and personalised insights shows also great potential for integration with business-centric applications. The integration and interoperability with mainstream business software platforms can be enhanced and extended by real-time analytics, business intelligence and agent-based autonomous services. Information sharing may be rewarded through incentives, thus transforming the Internet of Things from a cost-focused experiment to a revenue-generating infrastructure to enable trading of enriched information and accelerate business innovation. Mash-ups and end-user programming will enable people to contribute to the Internet of Things with data, presentation and functionality. Things-generated physical world content and events from Auto-ID, sensors, actuators or meshed networks will be aggregated and combined with information from virtual worlds, such as business databases and Web 2.0 applications, and processed based on new business intelligence concepts. Direct action on the physical world will be supported through machine-interfaces and introduction of agile strategies. This chapter aims to provide a concept for a future architecture of the Internet of Things, including a definition, a review of developments, a list of key requirements and a technical design for possible implementation of the future Internet of Things. As open issues, the evaluation of usability by stakeholders in user-centric as well as business-centric scenarios is discussed and the need for quantifying costs and benefits for businesses, consumers, society and the environment is emphasised. Finally, guidelines are derived, for use by researchers as well as practitioners. Information Management, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 1 D. Uckelmann et al. (eds.), Architecting the Internet of Things, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-19157-2_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 2 D. Uckelmann, M. Harrison, F. Michahelles 1.
Quantitating physical activity in COPD using a triaxial accelerometer.

STUDY OBJECTIVE
To determine the reliability, validity, and stability of a triaxial accelerometer for walking and daily activity measurement in a COPD sample.


DESIGN
Cross-sectional, correlational, descriptive design.


SETTING
Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program in a university-affiliated Veterans Affairs medical center.


PARTICIPANTS
Forty-seven outpatients (44 men and 3 women) with stable COPD (FEV(1), 37% predicted; SD, 16%) prior to entry into a pulmonary rehabilitation program.


MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
Test-retest reliability of a triaxial movement sensor (Tritrac R3D Research Ergometer; Professional Products; Madison, WI) was evaluated in 35 of the 47 subjects during three standardized 6-min walks (intraclass correlation coefficient [rICC] = 0.84). Pearson correlations evaluated accelerometer concurrent validity as a measure of walking (in vector magnitude units), compared to walking distance in all 47 subjects during three sequential 6-min walks (0. 84, 0.85, and 0.95, respectively; p < 0.001). The validity of the accelerometer as a measure of daily activity over 3 full days at home was evaluated in all subjects using Pearson correlations with other indicators of functional capacity. The accelerometer correlated with exercise capacity (maximal 6-min walk, r = 0.74; p < 0.001); level of obstructive disease (FEV(1) percent predicted, r = 0.62; p < 0.001); dyspnea (Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire, dyspnea over the past 30 days, r = - 0.29; p < 0.05); and activity self-efficacy (Activity Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, r = 0.43; p < 0.01); but not with self-report of daily activity (Modified Activity Recall Questionnaire, r = 0.14; not significant). Stability of the accelerometer to measure 3 full days of activity at home was determined by an rICC of 0.69.


CONCLUSIONS
This study provides preliminary data suggesting that a triaxial movement sensor is a reliable, valid, and stable measure of walking and daily physical activity in COPD patients. It has the potential to provide more precise measurement of everyday physical functioning in this population than self-report measures currently in use, and measures an important dimension of functional status not previously well-described.
Energy-Efficient Scheduling of Periodic Real-Time Tasks on Lightly Loaded Multicore Processors

For lightly loaded multicore processors that contain more processing cores than running tasks and have dynamic voltage and frequency scaling capability, we address the energy-efficient scheduling of periodic real-time tasks. First, we introduce two energy-saving techniques for the lightly loaded multicore processors: exploiting overabundant cores for executing a task in parallel with a lower frequency and turning off power of rarely used cores. Next, we verify that if the two introduced techniques are supported, then the problem of minimizing energy consumption of real-time tasks while meeting their deadlines is NP-hard on a lightly loaded multicore processor. Finally, we propose a polynomial-time scheduling scheme that provides a near minimum-energy feasible schedule. The difference of energy consumption between the provided schedule and the minimum-energy schedule is limited. The scheme saves up to 64 percent of the processing core energy consumed by the previous scheme that executes each task on a separate core.
IMPROVING PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT LESSONS LEARNED

-risks, and balance formalization and portfolio management, improvement.
Daclizumab use in patients with pediatric multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND
Daclizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody specific for the interleukin 2 receptor α chain, reduces clinical and magnetic resonance imaging disease activity in patients with adult-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) as monotherapy or add-on therapy with interferon.


OBJECTIVE
To report the use of daclizumab in pediatric-onset MS.


DESIGN
Case series.


SETTING
Two comprehensive pediatric MS centers.


PATIENTS
Seven patients with pediatric-onset MS with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging disease activity despite first-line disease-modifying therapy.


INTERVENTION
Intravenous daclizumab, 1 mg/kg monthly.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Annualized relapse rates, Expanded Disability Status Scale scores, contrast-enhancing lesions, and adverse effects.


RESULTS
Treatment with daclizumab, primarily combined with interferon, was associated with reductions in annualized relapse rates and contrast-enhancing lesions and with reduction or stabilization of Expanded Disability Status Scale scores in each patient. However, 4 patients had relapses and new contrast-enhancing lesions during daclizumab treatment. No significant adverse effects occurred.


CONCLUSION
Daclizumab may be a safe and at least partially effective treatment option for patients with pediatric-onset MS with disease activity despite first-line disease-modifying therapy.
Machine Learning of Linear Differential Equations using Gaussian Processes

Article history: Received 25 May 2017 Received in revised form 25 July 2017 Accepted 26 July 2017 Available online 1 August 2017
Heparin-bonded covered stents versus bare-metal stents for complex femoropopliteal artery lesions: the randomized VIASTAR trial (Viabahn endoprosthesis with PROPATEN bioactive surface [VIA] versus bare nitinol stent in the treatment of long lesions in superficial femoral artery occlusive disease).

OBJECTIVES
The hypothesis that endovascular treatment with covered stents has equal risks but higher efficacy than bare-metal stents (BMS) in long femoropopliteal artery disease was tested.


BACKGROUND
Although endovascular treatment of short superficial femoral artery lesions revealed excellent results, efficacy in long lesions remains unsatisfactory.


METHODS
In a prospective, randomized, single-blind, multicenter study, 141 patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease were assigned to treatment with heparin-bonded, covered stents (Viabahn 72 patients) or BMS (69 patients). Clinical outcomes and patency rates were assessed at 1, 6, and 12 months.


RESULTS
Mean ± SD lesion length was 19.0 ± 6.3 cm in the Viabahn group and 17.3 ± 6.6 cm in the BMS group. Major complications within 30 days were observed in 1.4%. The 12-month primary patency rates in the Viabahn and BMS groups were: intention-to-treat (ITT) 70.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58 to 0.80) and 55.1% (95% CI: 0.41 to 0.67) (log-rank test p = 0.11); treatment per-protocol (TPP) 78.1% (95% CI: 0.65 to 0.86) and 53.5% (95% CI: 0.39 to 0.65) (hazard ratio: 2.23 [95% CI: 1.14 to 4.34) (log-rank test p = 0.009). In lesions ≥20 cm, (TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus class D), the 12-month patency rate was significantly longer in VIA patients in the ITT analysis (VIA 71.3% vs. BMS 36.8%; p = 0.01) and the TPP analysis (VIA 73.3% vs. BMS 33.3%; p = 0.004). Freedom from target lesion revascularization was 84.6% for Viabahn (95% CI: 0.72 to 0.91) versus 77.0% for BMS (95% CI: 0.63 to 0.85; p = 0.37). The ankle-brachial index in the Viabahn group significantly increased to 0.94 ± 0.23 compared with the BMS group (0.85 ± 0.23; p < 0.05) at 12 months.


CONCLUSIONS
This randomized trial in symptomatic patients with peripheral arterial disease who underwent endovascular treatment for long femoropopliteal lesions demonstrated significant clinical and patency benefits for heparin-bonded covered stents compared with BMS in lesions ≥20 cm and for all lesions in the TPP analysis. In the ITT analysis for all lesions, which was flawed by major protocol deviations in 8.5% of the patients, the difference was not significant. (GORE VIABAHN® endoprosthesis with bioactive propaten surface versus bare nitinol stent in the treatment of TASC B, C and D lesions in superficial femoral artery occlusive disease; ISRCTN48164244).
Semantic metadata interoperability in digital libraries: a constructivist grounded theory approach

This paper highlights problems of semantic metadata interoperability in digital libraries. The prevalence of a plethora of standards and a lack of semantic interoperability can partly be attributed to the absence of theoretical foundations to underpin current metadata approaches and solutions. Contemporary metadata standards and interoperability approaches are mainly top-down and hierarchical, and, hence, fail to take into account the diversity of cultural, linguistic and local perspectives that abound. To overcome this, it is proposed that a social constructivist approach should be adopted by libraries and other cultural heritage institutions when archiving information objects that need to be enriched with metadata, thereby reflecting the diversity of views and perspectives that can be held by their users. Following on Charmaz [1], a constructivist grounded theory method is employed to investigate how library professionals and library users view metadata standards, collaborative metadata approaches and semantic web technologies in relation to semantic metadata interoperability. This method allows an active interplay between the researcher and the participants who can be either Library and Information Science researchers, librarians or library users. Following the completion first phase of data collection, preliminary reflections are presented, with emphasis on how Library and Information Science professionals view current metadata practices, especially as used in academic library contexts. However, as the study is ongoing one, it is too early to generate theoretical categories and conclusions.
Pediatric appendicitis score.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
Morbidity in children treated with appendicitis results either from late diagnosis or negative appendectomy. A Prospective analysis of efficacy of Pediatric Appendicitis Score for early diagnosis of appendicitis in children was conducted.


METHODS
In the last 5 years, 1,170 children aged 4 to 15 years with abdominal pain suggestive of acute appendicitis were evaluated prospectively. Group 1 (734) were patients with appendicitis and group 2 (436) nonappendicitis. Multiple linear logistic regression analysis of all clinical and investigative parameters was performed for a model comprising 8 variables to form a diagnostic score.


RESULTS
Logistic regression analysis yielded a model comprising 8 variables, all statistically significant, P <.001. These variables in order of their diagnostic index were (1) cough/percussion/hopping tenderness in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen (0.96), (2) anorexia (0.88), (3) pyrexia (0.87), (4) nausea/emesis (0.86), (5) tenderness over the right iliac fossa (0.84), (6) leukocytosis (0.81), (7) polymorphonuclear neutrophilia (0.80) and (8) migration of pain (0.80). Each of these variables was assigned a score of 1, except for physical signs (1 and 5), which were scored 2 to obtain a total of 10. The Pediatric Appendicitis Score had a sensitivity of 1, specificity of 0.92, positive predictive value of 0.96, and negative predictive value of 0.99.


CONCLUSION
Pediatric appendicitis score is a simple, relatively accurate diagnostic tool for accessing an acute abdomen and diagnosing appendicitis in children.
High performance metal hydride based thermal energy storage systems for concentrating solar power applications

Abstract Thermal energy storage systems based on metal hydride pairs using high efficiency materials are evaluated. The low temperature metal hydrides NaAlH 4 and Na 3 AlH 6 were cycled to determine stability of hydrogen capacity over extended cycling. Addition of aluminum and expanded natural graphite were found to enhance the cycling stability of NaAlH 4 . Potential high temperature metal hydrides were investigated based on NaMg materials. A techno-economic analysis was performed to evaluate the performance a thermal energy storage system based on two metal hydride pairs: NaMgH 3 :NaAlH 4 and NaMgH 2 F:Na 3 AlH 6 . The resulting analysis suggests that the two systems have the potential to reach low cost and high efficiency performance targets.
Mobile learning in resource-constrained environments: a case study of medical education.

BACKGROUND
The achievement of the millennium development goals may be facilitated by the use of information and communication technology in medical and health education.


AIMS
This study intended to explore the use and impact of educational technology in medical education in resource-constrained environments.


METHODS
A multiple case study was conducted in two Nepalese teaching hospitals. The data were analysed using activity theory as an analytical basis.


RESULTS
There was little evidence for formal e-learning, but the findings indicate that students and residents adopted mobile technologies, such as mobile phones and small laptops, as cultural tools for surprisingly rich 'informal' learning in a very short time. These tools allowed learners to enhance (a) situated learning, by immediately connecting virtual information sources to their situated experiences; (b) cross-contextual learning by documenting situated experiences in the form of images and videos and re-using the material for later reflection and discussion and (c) engagement with educational content in social network communities.


CONCLUSION
By placing the students and residents at the centre of the new learning activities, this development has begun to affect the overall educational system. Leveraging these tools is closely linked to the development of broad media literacy, including awareness of ethical and privacy issues.
Effect of oral insulin on insulin autoantibody levels in the Diabetes Prevention Trial Type 1 oral insulin study

Our aim was to evaluate insulin autoantibody (IAA) levels over time in the Diabetes Prevention Trial Type 1 (DPT-1) oral insulin study to determine the effect of oral insulin compared with placebo on IAA levels. The DPT-1 trial randomised 372 relatives of subjects with type 1 diabetes, positive for IAA and with normal IVGTTs and OGTTs, to oral insulin 7.5 mg daily or placebo. Subjects were followed with IVGTTs, OGTTs and serial IAA measurements. The change in IAA level over time was modelled statistically using mixed model longitudinal data analysis with spatial exponential law for unevenly spaced data. In a separate analysis, subjects were divided into four groups by treatment and diabetes status at the end of the study. IAA levels were compared amongst the groups at randomisation, last sampling and at the maximum level. Longitudinal data analysis showed that treatment did not affect levels of IAA over time. After controlling for age, the IAA levels at randomisation and the last visit and the maximum values were different in the four groups. Significantly higher levels were noted in groups that developed diabetes compared with those that did not, with no significant difference by treatment group. This suggests that IAA levels over time were not influenced by oral insulin in subjects already positive for IAA at the start of treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov ID no.: NCT00004984.
Harlequin fetus.

We report a case of harlequin fetus born to the consanguineous parents. She had the typical skin manifestations of thick armour like scales with fissures, complete ectropion and eclabium, atrophic and crumpled ears and swollen extremities with gangrenous digits. Supportive treatment was given but the neonate died on the 4th day.
Training RNN simulated vehicle controllers using the SVD and evolutionary algorithms

We describe an approach to creating a controller for The Open Car Racing Simulator (TORCS), based on The Simulated Car Racing Championship (SCRC) client, using unsupervised evolutionary learning for recurrent neural networks. Our method of training the recurrent neural network controllers relies on combining the components of the singular value decomposition of two different neural network connection matrices.
Electrical treeing caused by rapid DC-voltage grounding of XLPE cable insulation

This report presents results from an experimental investigation using Rogowski shaped test objects with needle implants, either fully insulated or in contact with one of the electrodes. In both cases abrupt grounding caused electric breakdown to be initiated at a voltage much lower than the short term breakdown voltage. Reduced breakdown strength occurred due to increased DC pre-stress level, number of rapid voltage groundings and rate of voltage reduction. The observations are explained by the concept of a field limited space charge injection (FLSC). When slowly increasing the applied voltage a cloud of homo charge is likely to be injected into the high field region around the needle tip resulting in reduced local electric stress preventing electrical tree formation. In case of rapid voltage grounding the injected charge will move in the opposite direction, towards the tip electrode. Due to the high local field enhancement, increased electric conductivity, high dissipated power and electromechanical forces may cause electrical treeing and breakdown
Eff ect of improved tuberculosis screening and isoniazid preventive therapy on incidence of tuberculosis and death in patients with HIV in clinics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil : a stepped wedge , cluster-randomised trial

Methods We did a stepped wedge, cluster-randomised trial with patients actively enrolled in 29 HIV clinics in Rio de Janeiro. Clinic staff were trained in tuberculosis screening, use of tuberculin skin tests, and use of isoniazid preventive therapy. Clinics were randomly allocated a date to begin the intervention period, with two clinics beginning the intervention every 2 months starting from Sept 1, 2005. The primary outcome was tuberculosis incidence alone or combined with death in the control versus intervention periods until Aug 31, 2009. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00107887.