LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A structural model of health behavior: a pragmatic approach to explain and influence health behaviors at the population level.

BACKGROUND
Behavior is influenced by individual-level attributes as well as by the conditions under which people live. Altering policies, practices, and the conditions of life can directly and indirectly influence individual behavior. This paper builds on existing ecological theories of health behavior by specifying structural mechanisms by which population-level factors effect change in individual health behaviors.


METHODS
This paper moves ecological theory from model building to a pragmatic characterization of structural interventions. We examined social and environmental factors beyond individual control and mechanisms as to how they influence behavior.


RESULTS
Four categories of structural factors are identified: (1) availability of protective or harmful consumer products, (2) physical structures (or physical characteristics of products), (3) social structures and policies, and (4) media and cultural messages. The first three can directly influence individuals through facilitating or constraining behavior. The fourth, media, operates by changing individual-level attitudes, beliefs, and cognitions, as well as group norms.


CONCLUSION
Interventions that target the four identified structural factors are a means to provide conditions that not only reduce high-risk behavior but also prevent the adoption of high-risk behaviors. Structural interventions are important and underutilized approaches for improving our nation's health.
A demand model with departure time choice for within-day dynamic traffic assignment

A within-day dynamic demand model is formulated, embodying, in addition to the classic generation, distribution and modal split stages, an actual demand model taking into account departure time choice. The work focuses on this last stage, represented through an extension of the discrete choice framework to a continuous choice set. The dynamic multimodal supply and equilibrium model based on implicit path enumeration, which have been developed in previous work are outlined here, to define within-day dynamic elastic demand stochastic multimodal equilibrium as a fixed point problem on users flows and transit line frequencies. A MSA algorithm capable, in the case of Logit route choice models, of supplying equilibrium flows and frequencies on real dimension networks, is presented, as well as the specific procedures implementing the departure time choice and actual demand models. Finally, the results obtained on a test network are presented and conclusions are drawn. keywords: within-day dynamic traffic assignment, elastic demand, departure time choice
The Colonization of East Germany

I would like to briefly discuss some of the social, economic, and cultural aspects of the German unification process, specifically the differences between East and West German society now being registered in the process of transition to a united Germany.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
What's the role of perceived social support and coping styles in depression and anxiety?

BACKGROUND
Due to the excessive and pathologic effects of depression and anxiety, it is important to identify the role of protective factors, such as effective coping and social support. This study examined the associations between perceived social support and coping styles with depression and anxiety levels.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
This cross sectional study was part of the Study on the Epidemiology of Psychological, Alimentary Health and Nutrition project. A total 4658 individuals aged ≥20 years was selected by cluster random sampling. Subjects completed questionnaires, which were used to describe perceived social support, coping styles, depression and anxiety. t-test, Chi-square test, pearson's correlation and Logistic regression analysis were used in data analyses.


RESULTS
The results of Logistic regression analysis showed after adjusting demographic characteristics for odd ratio of anxiety, active copings such as positive re-interpretation and growth with odds ratios; 95% confidence interval: 0.82 (0.76, 0.89), problem engagement (0.92 [0.87, 0.97]), acceptance (0.82 [0.74, 0.92]) and also among perceived social supports, family (0.77 [0.71, 0.84]) and others (0.84 [0.76, 0.91]) were protective. In addition to, for odd ratio of depression, active copings such as positive re-interpretation and growth (0.74 [0.69, 0.79]), problem engagement (0.89 [0.86, 0.93]), and support seeking (0.96 [0.93, 0.99]) and all of social support types (family [0.75 (0.70, 0.80)], friends [0.90 (0.85, 0.95)] and others [0.80 (0.75, 0.86)]) were protective. Avoidance was risk factor for both of anxiety (1.19 [1.12, 1.27]) and depression (1.22 [1.16, 1.29]).


CONCLUSION
This study shows active coping styles and perceived social supports particularly positive re-interpretation and family social support are protective factors for depression and anxiety.
An evaluation of estimation methods for determining addition in presbyopes.

PURPOSE
The optical correction of presbyopia must be handled individually. Our aim was to compare the methods used in addition to the refractive near vision, with the final addition used in presbyopic patients.


METHODS
Eighty healthy subjects with a mean age of 49.7 years (range 40 to 60 years) were studied. Tentative near additions were determined using four different techniques: one-half amplitude accommodation with minus lenses (AAL); one-third accommodative demand with positive lens (ADL); balanced range of accommodation with minus and positive lenses (BRA) and crossed cylinder test with initial myopisation (CCT). The power of the addition was then refined to arrive at the final addition.


RESULTS
The mean tentative near additions were lower than the final addition for ADL and BRA addition methods. The mean differences between tentative and final additions were low for all the tests examined (less than 0.25 D). The intervals between the 95% limits of agreement differed substantially and were always higher than ±0.50 D.


CONCLUSION
All the methods used displayed similar behavior and provided a tentative addition close to the final addition. The coefficient of agreements (COA) detected suggests that every tentative addition should be adjusted according to the particular needs of the patient.
Ink-jet fabrication of electronic components

Nanosized metallic particles dispersed in a polymeric matrix have been used conventionally as a paste or ink to print electrically active patterns on different substrates. The potential of ink-jet printing in this field is clearly important but the challenge to date has been how to achieve prints of low volume resistivity from the very low viscosity ink required for ink-jet printing. In this study, ink-jet printing techniques were used to directly deposit metallic conductive patterns to produce wiring boards, antennas, electrodes and so forth. In these methods, aqueous solutions of metal salt and reducing agent were ink-jet printed consecutively onto the substrate, where an immediate chemical reduction transformed the metal cations into very fine metallic particles. The best performing reducing agent for ink-jet metal deposition was found to be ascorbic acid at neutral pH. Using this chemistry, nanosized silver patterns, composed of particles in the size range 10–200 nm, were successfully formed using a standard office ink-jet thermal-head printer. Deposited layers of silver with high electrical conductance up to 1.89 × 105 S m−1 and sheet resistance up to 0.5 / were printed whilst higher conductivities might be expected using more appropriate devices. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Ideal patterns of strategic alignment and business performance

Strategic alignment or "fit" is a notion that is deemed crucial in understanding how organizations can translate their deployment of information technology (IT) into actual increases in performance. While previous theoretical and methodological works have provided foundations for identifying the dimensions and performance impacts of the strategic alignment between IT, strategy, and structure, few attempts have been made to test the proposed theory empirically and operationalize fit systemically. Based on a gestalt perspective of fit and theory-based ideal coalignment patterns, an operational model of strategic alignment is proposed and empirically validated through a mail survey of 110 small firms. Using cluster analysis, it was found that low-performance firms exhibited a conflictual coalignment pattern of business strategy, business structure, IT strategy, and IT structure that distinguished them from other firms. © 2003 Elsevier B. V. Ali rights reserved.
An Analysis of Smart Grid Attacks and Countermeasures

The threat of malicious attacks against the security of the Smart Grid infrastructure cannot be overlooked. The ever-expanding nature of smart grid user base implies that a larger set of vulnerabilities are exploitable by the adversary class to launch malicious attacks. Extensive research has been conducted to identify various threat types against the smart grid, and to propose counter-measures against these. Work has also been done to measure the significance of threats and how attacks can be perpetrated in a smart grid environment. Through this paper, we categorize these smart grid threats, and how they can transpire into attacks. In particular, we provide five different categories of attack types, and also perform an analysis of the various countermeasures thereof proposed in the literature. 
A New Single-Ended Fault-Location Scheme for Utilization in an Integrated Power System

This paper presents a new single-ended fault-location method based on impedance measurement for distribution power systems. The algorithm, which involves an iteration estimate of the prefault voltage and least square curve fitting, provides fast and accurate fault location by comparing the calculated line reactance between the fault point and the measurement point with the known line reactance. The fault voltage and current transients measured at the measurement point are transformed into the frequency domain by the fast Fourier transform (FFT), and in order to increase the speed and accuracy of fault location, only high-frequency transient information was used. The advantages of this new method, compared with traditional single-end impedance measurement fault-location algorithms (distance protection scheme), are demonstrated both through simulation and laboratory measurements.
La impureza de lo conversacional: vanguardia, autobiografía e historia en los tránsitos

Taking as basis the analysis of some texts by Jose Coronel Urtecho, this article maintains that a conversational poetics deploys as a rhetoric that goes beyond its uses in poetry to insert itself into a heterogeneous discursive space that includes autobiography, essay and history. The context of the Sandinista revolution of the 1980s allows conversational rhetoric to be incorporated into an autobiographical logic of judging history through literary and plastic representation which reorders the social hierarchies. This context
The cost of pressure ulcers in the UK.

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the annual cost of treating pressure ulcers in the UK.


DESIGN
Costs were derived from a bottom-up methodology, based on the daily resources required to deliver protocols of care reflecting good clinical practice.


SETTING
Health and social care system in the UK.


SUBJECTS
Patients developing a pressure ulcer.


METHODS
A bottom-up costing approach is used to estimate treatment cost per episode of care and per patient for ulcers of different grades and level of complications. Also, total treatment cost to the health and social care system in the UK.


RESULTS
The cost of treating a pressure ulcer varies from pound 1,064 (Grade 1) to pound 10,551 (Grade 4). Costs increase with ulcer grade because the time to heal is longer and because the incidence of complications is higher in more severe cases. The total cost in the UK is pound 1.4- pound 2.1 billion annually (4% of total NHS expenditure). Most of this cost is nurse time.


CONCLUSIONS
Pressure ulcers represent a very significant cost burden in the UK. Without concerted effort this cost is likely to increase in the future as the population ages. To the extent that pressure ulcers are avoidable, pressure damage may be indicative of clinical negligence and there is evidence that litigation could soon become a significant threat to healthcare providers in the UK, as it is in the USA.
Complexity of First Order ID-Logic

First Order ID-Logic interprets general first order, nonmonotone, inductive definability by generalizing the wellfounded semantics for logic programs. We show that, for general (thus perhaps infinite) structures, inference in First Order ID-Logic is complete 1 over the natural numbers. We also prove a Skolem Theorem for the logic: every consistent formula of First Order ID-Logic has a countable model.
Improving preventive care in high risk children with asthma: lessons learned.

OBJECTIVES
Rates of preventive asthma care after an asthma emergency department (ED) visit are low among inner-city children. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of a clinician and caregiver feedback intervention (INT) on improving preventive asthma care following an asthma ED visit compared to an attention control group (CON).


METHODS
Children with persistent asthma and recent asthma ED visits (N = 300) were enrolled and randomized into a feedback intervention or an attention control group and followed for 12 months. All children received nurse visits. Data were obtained from interviews, child salivary cotinine levels and pharmacy records. Standard t-test, chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests were used to test for differences between the groups for reporting greater than or equal to two primary care provider (PCP) preventive care visits for asthma over 12 months.


RESULTS
Children were primarily male, young (3-5 years), African American and Medicaid insured. Mean ED visits over 12 months was high (2.29 visits). No difference by group was noted for attending two or more PCP visits/12 months or having an asthma action plan (AAP). Children having an AAP at baseline were almost twice as likely to attend two or more PCP visits over 12 months while controlling for asthma control, group status, child age and number of asthma ED visits.


CONCLUSIONS
A clinician and caregiver feedback intervention was unsuccessful in increasing asthma preventive care compared to an attention control group. Further research is needed to develop interventions to effectively prevent morbidity in high risk inner-city children with frequent ED utilization.
Introduction: digital literacies: concepts, policies and practices

Th is book supports an emerging trend toward emphasizing the plurality of digital literacy; recognizing the advantages of understanding digital literacy as digital literacies. In the book world this trend is still marginal. In December 2007, Allan Martin and Dan Madigan’s collection Digital Literacies for Learning (2006) was the only English-language book with “digital literacies” in the title to show up in a search on Amazon.com. Th e plural form fares better among English-language journal articles (e.g., Anderson & Henderson, 2004; Ba, Tally, & Tsikalas, 2002; Bawden, 2001; Doering et al., 2007; Myers, 2006; Snyder, 1999; Th omas, 2004) and conference presentations (e.g., Erstad, 2007; Lin & Lo, 2004; Steinkeuhler, 2005), however, and is now reasonably common in talk on blogs and wikis (e.g., Couros, 2007; Davies, 2007). Nonetheless, talk of digital literacy, in the singular, remains the default mode. Th e authors invited to contribute to this book were chosen in light of three reasons we (the editors) identify as important grounds for promoting the idea of digital literacies in the plural. Th is, of course, does not mean the contributing authors would necessarily subscribe to some or all of these reasons. Th at was
Peripheral Blood MCEMP1 Gene Expression as a Biomarker for Stroke Prognosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
A limitation when making early decisions on stroke management is the lack of rapid diagnostic and prognostic testing. Our study sought to identify peripheral blood RNA biomarkers associated with stroke. The secondary aims were to assess the discriminative capacity of RNA biomarkers for primary stroke type and stroke prognosis at 1-month.


METHODS
Whole-blood gene expression profiling was conducted on the discovery cohort: 129 first-time stroke cases that had blood sampling within 5 days of symptom onset and 170 control participants with no history of stroke.


RESULTS
Through multiple regression analysis, we determined that expression of the gene MCEMP1 had the strongest association with stroke of 11 181 genes tested. MCEMP1 increased by 2.4-fold in stroke when compared with controls (95% confidence interval, 2.0-2.8; P=8.2×10(-22)). In addition, expression was elevated in intracerebral hemorrhage when compared with ischemic stroke cases (P=3.9×10(-4)). MCEMP1 was also highest soon after symptom onset and had no association with stroke risk factors. Furthermore, MCEMP1 expression independently improved discrimination of 1-month outcome. Indeed, discrimination models for disability and mortality that included MCEMP1 expression, baseline modified Rankin Scale score, and primary stroke type improved discrimination when compared with a model without MCEMP1 (disability Net Reclassification Index, 0.76; P=3.0×10(-6) and mortality Net Reclassification Index, 1.3; P=1.1×10(-9)). Significant associations with MCEMP1 were confirmed in an independent validation cohort of 28 stroke cases and 34 controls.


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that peripheral blood expression of MCEMP1 may have utility for stroke diagnosis and as a prognostic biomarker of stroke outcome at 1-month.
The First Multilingual Surface Realisation Shared Task (SR'18): Overview and Evaluation Results

We report results from the SR’18 Shared Task, a new multilingual surface realisation task organised as part of the ACL’18 Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation. As in its English-only predecessor task SR’11, the shared task comprised two tracks with different levels of complexity: (a) a shallow track where the inputs were full UD structures with word order information removed and tokens lemmatised; and (b) a deep track where additionally, functional words and morphological information were removed. The shallow track was offered in ten, and the deep track in three languages. Systems were evaluated (a) automatically, using a range of intrinsic metrics, and (b) by human judges in terms of readability and meaning similarity. This report presents the evaluation results, along with descriptions of the SR’18 tracks, data and evaluation methods. For full descriptions of the participating systems, please see the separate system reports elsewhere in this volume.
Safe surgical technique: cement-augmented pedicle screw instrumentation and balloon-guided kyphoplasty for a lumbar burst fracture in a 97-year-old patient

BACKGROUND
During the last few years, an increasing number of unstable thoracolumbar fractures, especially in elderly patients, has been treated by dorsal instrumentation combined with a balloon kyphoplasty. This combination provides additional stabilization to the anterior spinal column without any need for a second ventral approach.


CASE PRESENTATION
We report the case of a 97-year-old male patient with a lumbar burst fracture (type A3-1.1 according to the AO Classification) who presented prolonged neurological deficits of the lower limbs - grade C according to the modified Frankel/ASIA score. After a posterior realignment of the fractured vertebra with an internal screw fixation and after an augmentation with non-absorbable cement in combination with a balloon kyphoplasty, the patient regained his mobility without any neurological restrictions.


CONCLUSION
Especially in older patients, the presented technique of PMMA-augmented pedicle screw instrumentation combined with balloon-assisted kyphoplasty could be an option to address unstable vertebral fractures in "a minor-invasive way". The standard procedure of a two-step dorsoventral approach could be reduced to a one-step procedure.
Next generation of novel psychoactive substances on the horizon - A complex problem to face.

BACKGROUND
The last decade has seen a rapid and continuous growth in the availability and use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) across the world. Although various products are labeled with warnings "not for human consumption", they are intended to mimic psychoactive effects of illicit drugs of abuse. Once some compounds become regulated, new analogues appear in order to satisfy consumers' demands and at the same time to avoid criminalization. This review presents updated information on the second generation of NPS, introduced as replacements of the already banned substances from this class, focusing on their pharmacological properties and metabolism, routes of administration, and effects in humans.


METHODS
Literature search, covering years 2013-2015, was performed using the following keywords alone or in combination: "novel psychoactive substances", "cathinones", "synthetic cannabinoids", "benzofurans", "phenethylamines", "2C-drugs", "NBOMe", "methoxetamine", "opioids", "toxicity", and "metabolism".


RESULTS
More than 400 NPS have been reported in Europe, with 255 detected in 2012-2014. The most popular are synthetic cannabimimetics and psychostimulant cathinones; use of psychedelics and opioids is less common. Accumulating experimental and clinical data indicate that potential harms associated with the use of second generation NPS could be even more serious than those described for the already banned drugs.


CONCLUSIONS
NPS are constantly emerging on the illicit drug market and represent an important health problem. A significant amount of research is needed in order to fully quantify both the short and long term effects of the second generation NPS, and their interaction with other drugs of abuse.
Analysis of Electromagnetic Interference on DC Line From Parallel AC Line in Close Proximity

As the need for electric power grows continuously, transmission systems with more delivery capability, such as HVDC lines, are also needed. However, one of the biggest obstacles to construct a new transmission system is the obtaining of sufficient right-of-way, due mainly to the economical and ecological reasons. As a consequence, ac and dc transmission lines are to be built in parallel sharing the same right-of-way. In this paper, the electromagnetic interference in a dc line, due to the capacitive and inductive coupling from a parallel ac line in close proximity, is studied in detail. A multiconductor transmission line model is elaborated in the electromagnetic transient program to calculate the induced voltage from an ac line upon a dc line. A method based on Fourier series theory, to obtain the direct current flowing into the converting transformer, is presented. The generated interferences upon the dc line are calculated and analyzed through an example regarding steady state and fault conditions. Finally, the influence of various parameters upon such interferences is discussed. The paper provides an insight on how to control the generated electromagnetic interference in the dc line on account of the induced voltage from the neighboring ac line.
Economic credentialing: when hospitals play hard ball.

This doctor's hospital threatened to terminate her privileges because of her husband's interest in a competing hospital.