LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Provision of antiretroviral treatment in conflict settings: the experience of Médecins Sans Frontières

INTRODUCTION
Many countries ravaged by conflict have substantial morbidity and mortality attributed to HIV/AIDS yet HIV treatment is uncommonly available. Universal access to HIV care cannot be achieved unless the needs of populations in conflict-affected areas are addressed.


METHODS
From 2003 Médecins Sans Frontières introduced HIV care, including antiretroviral therapy, into 24 programmes in conflict or post-conflict settings, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV care and treatment activities were usually integrated within other medical activities. Project data collected in the Fuchia software system were analysed and outcomes compared with ART-LINC data. Programme reports and other relevant documents and interviews with local and headquarters staff were used to develop lessons learned.


RESULTS
In the 22 programmes where ART was initiated, more than 10,500 people were diagnosed with HIV and received medical care, and 4555 commenced antiretroviral therapy, including 348 children. Complete data were available for adults in 20 programmes (n = 4145). At analysis, 2645 (64%) remained on ART, 422 (10%) had died, 466 (11%) lost to follow-up, 417 (10%) transferred to another programme, and 195 (5%) had an unclear outcome. Median 12-month mortality and loss to follow-up were 9% and 11% respectively, and median 6-month CD4 gain was 129 cells/mm 3.Patient outcomes on treatment were comparable to those in stable resource-limited settings, and individuals and communities obtained significant benefits from access to HIV treatment. Programme disruption through instability was uncommon with only one program experiencing interruption to services, and programs were adapted to allow for disruption and population movements. Integration of HIV activities strengthened other health activities contributing to health benefits for all victims of conflict and increasing the potential sustainability for implemented activities.


CONCLUSIONS
With commitment, simplified treatment and monitoring, and adaptations for potential instability, HIV treatment can be feasibly and effectively provided in conflict or post-conflict settings.
Validation of a general nutrition knowledge questionnaire in a Turkish student sample.

OBJECTIVE
To validate the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire developed by Parmenter and Wardle (1999) in a Turkish student sample.


DESIGN
The original questionnaire of Parmenter and Wardle (1999) was modified and translated into Turkish. The modified questionnaire was administered to second year undergraduate students. Some students completed the questionnaire twice for the measurement of test-retest reliability. Statistical analysis was performed on the responses to measure the internal reliability, test-retest reliability and construct validity.


SETTING
Students completed the questionnaire under supervision. The questionnaire was completed at the end of lectures. Retest was carried out two weeks after first administration of the test.


SUBJECTS
A total of 195 undergraduate students studying either nutrition and dietetics (n 90) or engineering (n 105) participated in the study. Of these, 125 students completed the questionnaire on two occasions.


RESULTS
Overall internal reliability (Cronbach's α = 0·89) and test-retest reliability (0·86) were high. Significant differences between the scores of the two groups of students indicated that the questionnaire had satisfactory construct validity.


CONCLUSIONS
The modified version of the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire can be used as a tool to examine the nutrition knowledge of adults in Turkey. In the next stage of the study, some adjustments need to be made to the items that led to low reliability values so that these items will be more applicable to the eating habits and patterns of Turkish people.
Improvement in healing and reduction in HIV shedding with episodic acyclovir therapy as part of syndromic management among men: a randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND
It is uncertain whether episodic acyclovir will enhance ulcer healing if delivered at primary health care settings, because there is often a delay in treatment initiation.


METHODS
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 5-day acyclovir (400 mg 3 times daily) was conducted among men with genital ulcers in South Africa. Participants received syndromic management; were tested for ulcer etiology, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2); and were seen over the course of a month to evaluate ulcer healing and HIV-1 RNA shedding. Outcomes were ulcer duration and HIV-1 RNA shedding, assessed on day 7 among HIV-1-seropositive participants with a herpetic ulcer.


RESULTS
A total of 309 men received acyclovir, and 306 received placebo; 63% were HIV-1 positive. There were 295 HIV-1-positive participants with a herpetic ulcer. Acyclovir improved ulcer healing--61% of those receiving acyclovir healed by day 7, compared with 42% of those receiving placebo (adjusted relative risk, 1.4 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.8]; P= .003). Acyclovir also improved healing by a median of 3 days (P= .002) and reduced HIV-1 ulcer shedding on day 7 (24% for acyclovir vs 37% for placebo; P= .05).


CONCLUSIONS
Addition of acyclovir to syndromic management will improve healing of genital ulcers and may potentially reduce HIV transmission in combination with other interventions.
The Rational Unified Process - An Introduction, 3rd Edition

The Rational Unified Process (RUP) is a saleable product from Rational/IBM.The RUP unifes the entire software development team and seeks to optimizethe productivity of each and every team member by putting the...
Play interventions to reduce anxiety and negative emotions in hospitalized children

BACKGROUND
Hospitalization is a stressful and threatening experience, which can be emotionally devastating to children. Hospital play interventions have been widely used to prepare children for invasive medical procedures and hospitalization. Nevertheless, there is an imperative need for rigorous empirical scrutiny of the effectiveness of hospital play interventions, in particular, using play activities to ease the psychological burden of hospitalized children. This study tested the effectiveness of play interventions to reduce anxiety and negative emotions in hospitalized children.


METHODS
A non-equivalent control group pre-test and post-test, between subjects design was conducted in the two largest acute-care public hospitals in Hong Kong. A total of 304 Chinese children (ages 3-12) admitted for treatments in these two hospitals were invited to participate in the study. Of the 304 paediatric patients, 154 received hospital play interventions and 150 received usual care.


RESULTS
Children who received the hospital play interventions exhibited fewer negative emotions and experienced lower levels of anxiety than those children who received usual care.


CONCLUSION
This study addressed a gap in the literature by providing empirical evidence to support the effectiveness of play interventions in reducing anxiety and negative emotions in hospitalized children. Findings from this study emphasize the significance of incorporating hospital play interventions to provide holistic and quality care to ease the psychological burden of hospitalized children.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02665403 . Registered 22 January 2016.
The Use Of Indirect Resin Composites In Clinical Practice: A Case Series

Since the first application of indirect composite resins, numerous advances in adhesive dentistry have been made. Furthermore, improvements in structure, composition and polymerization techniques led to the development of a second-generation of indirect resin composites (IRCs). IRCs have optimal esthetic performance, enhanced mechanical properties and reparability. Due to these characteristics they can be used for a wide range of clinical applications. IRCs can be used for inlays, onlays, crowns’ veneering material, fixed dentures prostheses and removable prostheses (teeth and soft tissue substitution), both on teeth and implants. The purpose of this article is to review the properties of these materials and describe a case series of patients treated with different type of restorations in various indications. *Corresponding author: Aikaterini Petropoulou, Clinical Instructor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, Tel: +306932989104; E-mail: aikatpetropoulou@gmail.com Received November 10, 2013; Accepted November 28, 2013; Published November 30, 2013 Citation: Petropoulou A, Pantzari F, Nomikos N, Chronopoulos V, Kourtis S (2013) The Use of Indirect Resin Composites in Clinical Practice: A Case Series. Dentistry 3: 173. doi:10.4172/2161-1122.1000173 Copyright: © 2013 Petropoulou A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Intraoperative Gamma Detection Of125I-Lanreotide in Women With Primary Breast Cancer

Background: Somatostatin receptors are present in most human breast cancers. We performed a pilot trial of intraoperative tumor-gamma detection using the radiolabeled somatostatin analog 125I-lanreotide in 13 women with 14 primary breast carcinomas. Methods: All patients were given125I-lanreotide intravenously before surgery. Patients underwent lumpectomy, and postresection margins were evaluated with the gamma probe. Axillary dissection specimens were evaluated ex vivo. Results: Seven of 13 women had gamma probe-positive or clinically suspicious margins reexcised at the time of lumpectomy. Four of six probe-positive margins were histologically positive, and two of six probe-positive margins were histologically negative; a single clinically suspicious margin was histologically positive. A total of 270 axillary lymph nodes were evaluated ex vivo by gamma probe and histology. McNemar’s contingency tests demonstrated a highly statistical correlation between histology and gamma probe counts (P < .0001). Conclusions: The overall accuracy of nodal evaluation with125I-lanreotide/intraoperative gamma detection was 77%; the negative predictive value of this technique was 97%, however. This technique predicted the presence of tumor in 20% of axillary lymph nodes that were negative by routine histology. This technique appears safe and is able to detect positive tumor resection margins and accurately predict axillary lymph node negativity. Further trials of this technique are required to validate its utility.
A secret story about the Yagi antenna

A hitherto unpublicized story about a note thrown away by a British soldier named Newmann in Singapore during World War II, which revealed to the Japanese that the Yagi-Uda antenna was being used by the British in radar systems, is related. The invention of the Yagi-Uda antenna and its practical use in Europe are briefly discussed, and the role of radar and the Yagi-Uda antenna in Japan's defeat in the Pacific discussed. The history of Newmann's note is recounted in detail, and portions of the note itself are reproduced.<<ETX>>
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides and IgG4-related disease: A new overlap syndrome.

OBJECTIVE
Atypical manifestations have been described in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV), such as pachymeningitis, orbital mass or chronic periaortitis. Because these manifestations have been associated to the spectrum of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), we hypothesized that both diseases could overlap.


METHODS
We conducted a European retrospective multicenter observational study including patients fulfilling ACR and Chapel Hill criteria for AAV and IgG4-RD Comprehensive Diagnostic Criteria.


RESULTS
Eighteen patients were included (median age 55.5years, 13 men). AAV and IgG4-RD were diagnosed concomitantly in 13/18 (72%) patients; AAV preceded IgG4-RD in 3/18 (17%) while IgG4-RD preceded AAV in 2/18 (11%). AAV diagnoses included granulomatosis with polyangiitis in 14 (78%), microscopic polyangiitis in 3 (17%), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis in one case. IgG4-RD diagnosis included definite IgG4-RD in 5 (28%) cases, probable IgG4-RD in 5 (28%) and possible IgG4-RD in 8 (44%). IgG4-RD manifestations were chronic periaortitis in 9/18 (50%) patients, orbital mass and tubulointerstitial nephritis in 4 (22%) cases, prevertebral fibrosis in 3 (17%), pachymeningitis and autoimmune pancreatitis in 2 (11%) cases. Patients required median number of 2 (range 0-4) lines of immunosuppressants in combination with glucocorticoids. During the follow-up (median 49,8months, range 17,25-108months), AAV manifestations relapsed in 10/18 (56%) cases and IgG4-RD lesions in 5/18 (28%). When used, mainly for relapses, rituximab showed response in all cases.


CONCLUSION
AAV and IgG4-RD may overlap. Clinicians should consider that atypical manifestations during AAV could be related to IgG4-RD rather than to refractory granulomatous or vasculitic lesions.
Effect of a 24-Month Physical Activity Intervention vs Health Education on Cognitive Outcomes in Sedentary Older Adults: The LIFE Randomized Trial.

IMPORTANCE
Epidemiological evidence suggests that physical activity benefits cognition, but results from randomized trials are limited and mixed.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether a 24-month physical activity program results in better cognitive function, lower risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia, or both, compared with a health education program.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
A randomized clinical trial, the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) study, enrolled 1635 community-living participants at 8 US centers from February 2010 until December 2011. Participants were sedentary adults aged 70 to 89 years who were at risk for mobility disability but able to walk 400 m.


INTERVENTIONS
A structured, moderate-intensity physical activity program (n = 818) that included walking, resistance training, and flexibility exercises or a health education program (n = 817) of educational workshops and upper-extremity stretching.


MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Prespecified secondary outcomes of the LIFE study included cognitive function measured by the Digit Symbol Coding (DSC) task subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (score range: 0-133; higher scores indicate better function) and the revised Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT-R; 12-item word list recall task) assessed in 1476 participants (90.3%). Tertiary outcomes included global and executive cognitive function and incident MCI or dementia at 24 months.


RESULTS
At 24 months, DSC task and HVLT-R scores (adjusted for clinic site, sex, and baseline values) were not different between groups. The mean DSC task scores were 46.26 points for the physical activity group vs 46.28 for the health education group (mean difference, -0.01 points [95% CI, -0.80 to 0.77 points], P = .97). The mean HVLT-R delayed recall scores were 7.22 for the physical activity group vs 7.25 for the health education group (mean difference, -0.03 words [95% CI, -0.29 to 0.24 words], P = .84). No differences for any other cognitive or composite measures were observed. Participants in the physical activity group who were 80 years or older (n = 307) and those with poorer baseline physical performance (n = 328) had better changes in executive function composite scores compared with the health education group (P = .01 for interaction for both comparisons). Incident MCI or dementia occurred in 98 participants (13.2%) in the physical activity group and 91 participants (12.1%) in the health education group (odds ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.80 to 1.46]).


CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Among sedentary older adults, a 24-month moderate-intensity physical activity program compared with a health education program did not result in improvements in global or domain-specific cognitive function.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01072500.
How ‘ social ’ are social media ? A cross-cultural comparison of online and offline purchase decision influences

Traditional word of mouth (WOM) involves personal communications among family, friends, and others. Today, social media sites like Facebook offer the possibility of electronic word of mouth (eWOM), a mediated form of WOM. Little is known about the best way for marketers to use social media. Even less is known about international differences in consumer usage of social media and how eWOM influences consumer decision-making. This study helps address that research gap and uses cultural dimensions to compare the use of social media and other information sources for consumer decision-making across 50 countries. The results indicate that the use of information sources that influence online purchase decisions strongly varies by culture. For example, relationship-oriented collectivists rely to a greater extent than individualists on social media, which are an alternative for interpersonal WOM communication. Interestingly culture affects the influence of social media on purchases differently than the influence of traditional WOM through family or friends. Furthermore, there are major differences in online complaint behavior by country, due to cultural variations.
Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries by Major League Soccer Team Physicians

BACKGROUND
The treatment and rehabilitation procedures of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in elite soccer players are controversial. Points of debate include surgical timing, technique, graft choice, rehabilitation, and return-to-sport criteria and timing.


PURPOSE
To identify practice preferences among current Major League Soccer (MLS) team orthopaedic surgeons for ACL injuries.


STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 4.


METHODS
The survey was administered at the MLS team physician annual meeting in January 2013. At least 1 orthopaedic surgeon representative from each of the 19 clubs (16 from the United States, 3 from Canada) was in attendance. Teams with more than 1 affiliated orthopaedic surgeon were given an additional survey to be completed either at the meeting or returned via e-mail. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney (return-to-play parameters, running, and ball drills), and Fisher exact tests (graft selection, bracing, continuous passive motion) were applied to the various data sets from the survey responses.


RESULTS
A 100% survey participation rate was achieved (22 team orthopaedic surgeons representing 19 MLS teams). A single-incision, arthroscopically assisted, single-bundle reconstruction was the most common technique (91%). Surgeons were split regarding femoral tunnel drilling (50% transtibial, 46% accessory medial). Autograft bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) was the most common preferred graft choice (68%). The biggest concerns about BPTB autograft and hamstring autograft were anterior knee pain (76%) and hamstring weakness (46%), respectively. Most surgeons did not recommend postoperative continuous passive motion (64%) or functional bracing (68%). Most surgeons permitted return to sport without restrictions at 6 to 8 months following surgery (82%). Surgeons who routinely used functional bracing after ACL surgery more frequently used hamstring autograft than those who used BPTB autograft (P = .04).


CONCLUSION
This article successfully describes current management of ACL injuries among MLS team orthopaedic surgeons. The preference for single-bundle BPTB autograft is similar to published data in the National Football League and National Basketball Association.
CLUSTER SUPERCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

The paper describes the architecture of SCIT supercomputer system of cluster type and the base architecture features used during this research project. This supercomputer system is put into research operation in Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics NAS of Ukraine from the early 2006 year. The paper may be useful for those scientists and engineers that are practically engaged in a cluster supercomputer systems design, integration and services.
Self-propelled jumping drops on superhydrophobic surfaces

We report a self-propelled jumping phenomenon for coalescing drops on superhydrophobic surfaces. The spontaneous motion is powered by surface energy released upon coalescence. On a horizontal, chilled superhydrophobic surface with an apparent contact angle close to 180°, coalescing drops of water condensate spontaneously jump out of plane, against gravity. In the capillary-inertial regime, the velocity scales as v / r, where is the surface tension, is the density, and r is the drop radius before coalescence. Therefore, smaller drops jump with a higher velocity Fig. 1 , as long as the drop diameter is above 100 m where viscous effects are not dominating. On a heated Leidenfrost surface with liquid drops floating on a vapor layer which resembles superhydrophobicity, the mechanism of the out-of-plane directionality was revealed by releasing two drops from opposing synchronized gates to induce coalescence. The jumping motion resulted from the evolving liquid bridge of the coalescing drops impinging against the substrate Fig. 2 a ; the liquid bridge initiated well above the surface because of the high contact angle of the drops. As a confirmation of the impingement mechanism, when bouncing drops coalesced away from the substrate, no appreciable jumping occurred Fig. 2 b .
The Locke Marital Adjustment Test and Social Desirability

MARITAL happiness or marital satisfaction measures have been criticized on many grounds.1 One criticism suggests that since failure or unhappiness in marriage is such a deplorable occurrence in our society, respondents would be loath to admit it. This tendency to conceal marital unhappiness would not likely be uniformly distributed in the population. Probably it would be especially prominent in persons with a strong need for being socially approved or presenting themselves in a socially desirable light. The discovery of the social desirability response set among others has threatened an otherwise sophisticated testing movement with the charge that its tests all measure the same thing. Unfortunately, methodological studies of marital satisfaction instruments have been few in number. Thus, it is not known whether these instruments too are open to the charge that the subject, compelled by a social desirability response set, informs the researcher not of his actual happiness but instead informs him of the degree of happiness thought to be socially appropriate. This note supplies some data on such criticism of one marital happiness test, the Locke Short Marital Adjustment Test.2
Low-dose aspirin and breast cancer risk: results by tumour characteristics from a randomised trial

The Women's Health Study trial previously reported no overall effect of low-dose aspirin (100 mg every other day) on invasive breast cancer over an average of 10 years of treatment. The present subgroup analyses further show no effects by tumour characteristics at diagnosis, suggesting that low-dose aspirin has no preventive effect on breast cancer.