LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Structural and optical properties of ZnO films grown on ion-plated Ga doped ZnO buffer layers by atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition using Zn and H2O as source materials

Abstract Zinc oxide (ZnO) films were grown on glass substrates with ion-platedGa-doped ZnO (GZO) buffer layers at various substrate temperatures by atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition using Zn powder and water as precursors. All the X-ray diffraction patterns of the ZnO/GZO films were dominated by a ZnO(002) peak, indicating the successful growth of highly c -axis oriented films. The substrate temperature dependence of growth rate was divided into three regions with the different activation energies, i.e. re-evaporation, mass-transport controlled and surface-controlled regions. Scanning-electron-microscope observations revealed that the films grown at the substrate temperature in the mass-transport-controlled region exhibited the terrace-like surface morphology with rock-like structures. Photoluminescence spectra of the ZnO/GZO films were composed of a near-band-edge (NBE) emission at a wavelength of about 380 nm and a broad-band emission spreading over the visible wavelength region, as regardless of the substrate temperature. The visible-broad-band emissions observed on many samples could be decomposed into two or three peak emissions with the Lorentzian shapes. With increasing substrate temperature, the wavelength of the emission showing the strongest intensity, which was obtained by the decomposition of the visible-broad-band emission, shifted towards longer wavelengths together with the broadening of its width.
Biomechanical comparison of different surface modifications for dental implants.

PURPOSE
A satisfactory clinical outcome in dental implant treatment relies on primary stability for immediate load bearing. While the geometric design of an implant contributes to mechanical stability, the nature of the implant surface itself is also critically important. Biomechanical and microcomputerized tomographic evaluation of implant osseointegration was performed to compare alternative structural, chemical and biochemical, and/or pharmaceutical surface treatments applied to an identical established implant design.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Dental implants with the same geometry but with 6 different surface treatments were tested in vivo in a sheep model (pelvis). Peri-implant bone density and removal torque were compared at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after implantation. Implant surfaces tested were: sandblasted and acid-etched titanium (Ti), sandblasted and etched zirconia, Ti coated with calcium phosphate (CaP), Ti modified via anodic plasma-chemical treatment (APC), bisphosphonate-coated Ti (Ti + Bisphos), and Ti coated with collagen containing chondroitin sulfate (CS).


RESULTS
All dental implants were well integrated at the time of sacrifice. There were no significant differences observed in peri-implant bone density between implant groups. After 8 weeks of healing, removal torque values for Ti, Ti + CaP, Ti + Bisphos, and Ti + collagen + CS were significantly higher than those for zirconia and Ti + APC.


CONCLUSIONS
Whereas the sandblasted/acid-etched Ti implant can still be considered the reference standard surface for dental implants, functional surface modifications such as bisphosphonate or collagen coating seem to enhance early peri-implant bone formation and should be studied further.
Chemical modulators of the innate immune response alter gypsy moth larval susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis

The gut comprises an essential barrier that protects both invertebrate and vertebrate animals from invasion by microorganisms. Disruption of the balanced relationship between indigenous gut microbiota and their host can result in gut bacteria eliciting host responses similar to those caused by invasive pathogens. For example, ingestion of Bacillus thuringiensis by larvae of some species of susceptible Lepidoptera can result in normally benign enteric bacteria exerting pathogenic effects. We explored the potential role of the insect immune response in mortality caused by B. thuringiensis in conjunction with gut bacteria. Two lines of evidence support such a role. First, ingestion of B. thuringiensis by gypsy moth larvae led to the depletion of their hemocytes. Second, pharmacological agents that are known to modulate innate immune responses of invertebrates and vertebrates altered larval mortality induced by B. thuringiensis. Specifically, Gram-negative peptidoglycan pre-treated with lysozyme accelerated B. thuringiensis-induced killing of larvae previously made less susceptible due to treatment with antibiotics. Conversely, several inhibitors of the innate immune response (eicosanoid inhibitors and antioxidants) increased the host's survival time following ingestion of B. thuringiensis. This study demonstrates that B. thuringiensis infection provokes changes in the cellular immune response of gypsy moth larvae. The effects of chemicals known to modulate the innate immune response of many invertebrates and vertebrates, including Lepidoptera, also indicate a role of this response in B. thuringiensis killing. Interactions among B. thuringiensis toxin, enteric bacteria, and aspects of the gypsy moth immune response may provide a novel model to decipher mechanisms of sepsis associated with bacteria of gut origin.
Protection and social order

Abstract Consider a simple world populated with two types of individuals, those who work and create wealth (peasants) and those who steal the property of others (bandits). With bandits about, peasants need to protect their output and can do so individually or collectively. Either way protection is costly; it consumes resources and interferes with an individual's ability to create wealth. This study investigates how individuals might make decisions in such circumstances, how those decisions evolve over time, and how broader societal characteristics can emerge from such decisions.
Intraoperative volume restriction in esophageal cancer surgery: an exploratory randomized clinical trial

AIM
To investigate whether the fluid volume administered during esophageal cancer surgery affects pulmonary gas exchange and tissue perfusion.


METHODS
An exploratory single-center randomized clinical trial was performed. Patients with esophageal cancer who underwent Lewis-Tanner procedure between June 2011 and August 2012 at the Department of Thoracic surgery "Jordanovac", Zagreb were analyzed. Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive a restrictive volume of intraoperative fluid (≤8 mL/kg/h) or a liberal volume (>8 mL/kg/h). Changes in oxygen partial pressure (Pao2), inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2), creatinine, and lactate were measured during and after surgery.


RESULTS
Overall 16 patients were randomized and they all were analyzed (restrictive group n=8, liberal group n=8). The baseline value Pao2/FiO2 ratio (restrictive) was 345.01±35.31 and the value six hours after extubation was 315.51±32.91; the baseline Pao2/FiO2 ratio (liberal) was 330.11±34.71 and the value six hours after extubation was 307.11±30.31. The baseline creatinine value (restrictive) was 91.91±12.67 and the value six hours after extubation was 100.88±18.33; the baseline creatinine value (liberal) was 90.88±14.99 and the value six hours after extubation was 93.51±16.37. The baseline lactate value (restrictive) was 3.93±1.33 and the value six hours after extubation was 2.69±0.91. The baseline lactate value (liberal) was 3.26±1.25 and the value six hours after extubation was 2.40±1.08. The two groups showed no significant differences in Pao2/FiO2 ratio (P=0.410), creatinine (P=0.410), or lactate (P=0.574).


CONCLUSIONS
Restriction of intraoperative applied volume does not significantly affect pulmonary exchange function or tissue perfusion in patients undergoing surgical treatment for esophageal cancer.
Less-redundant Text Summarization Using Ensemble Clustering Algorithm Based on GA and PSO

In this paper, a novel text clustering technique is proposed to summarize text documents. The clustering method, so called ‘Ensemble Clustering Method’, combines both genetic algorithms (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) efficiently and automatically to get the best clustering results. The summarization with this clustering method is to effectively avoid the redundancy in the summarized document and to show the good summarizing results, extracting the most significant and non-redundant sentence from clustering sentences of a document. We tested this technique with various text documents in the open benchmark datasets, DUC01 and DUC02. To evaluate the performances, we used F-measure and ROUGE. The experimental results show that the performance capability of our method is about 11% to 24% better than other summarization algorithms. Key-Words: Text Summarization; Extractive Summarization; Ensemble Clustering; Genetic Algorithms; Particle Swarm Optimization
Geometry of Interaction V: Logic in the hyperfinite factor

Geometry of Interaction is a transcendental syntax developed in the framework of operator algebras. This fifth installment of the program takes place inside a von Neumann algebra, the hyperfinite factor. It provides a built-in interpretation of cut-elimination as well as an explanation for light, i.e., complexity sensitive, logics.
Estimation of rotor angles of synchronous machines using artificial neural networks and local PMU-based quantities

This paper investigates a possibility for estimating rotor angles in the time frame of transient (angle) stability of electric power systems, for use in real-time. The proposed dynamic state estimation technique is based on the use of voltage and current phasors obtained from a phasor measurement unit supposed to be installed on the extra-high voltage side of the substation of a power plant, together with a multilayer perceptron trained off-line from simulations. We demonstrate that an intuitive approach to directly map phasor measurement inputs to the neural network to generator rotor angle does not offer satisfactory results. We found out that a good way to approach the angle estimation problem is to use two neural networks in order to estimate the sinðdÞ and cosðdÞ of the angle and recover the latter from these values by simple post-processing. Simulation results on a part of the Mexican interconnected system show that the approach could yield satisfactory accuracy for realtime monitoring and control of transient instability. r 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The importance of sputum cytology in the diagnosis of lung cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE
To assess the potential health and cost effects of initial testing with sputum cytology to diagnose lung cancer.


DESIGN
Cost-effectiveness analysis.


DATA SOURCES
Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program; cost data from Northern California Kaiser Permanente Hospitals and Universities of Stanford and Iowa; National Center for Health Statistics; and a MEDLINE search.


INTERVENTIONS
The use of sputum cytologies preceding other tests (ie, fine-needle aspiration, bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy) in patients with suspected lung cancer.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Mortality associated with testing and initial surgical treatment (eg, performance of thoracoscopy to remove a local-stage, centrally located cancer), cost of testing and initial treatment, life expectancy, lifetime cost of medical care, and cost-effectiveness.


RESULTS
In central lesions, sputum cytology as the first test was the dominant strategy because it both lowers medical-care costs ($2,516 per patient) and lowers the mortality risk (19 deaths in 100,000 patients) of the evaluation without adversely affecting long-term survival. In peripheral lesions, sputum cytology costs less then $25,000 per year of life saved if the pretest probability of cancer exceeds 50%. The estimated annual savings of adopting sputum cytology as the first test for diagnosing lung cancer in the United States is at least $30 million.


CONCLUSIONS
Experience in regional centers indicates that sputum cytologic testing is infrequently ordered before implementing invasive diagnostic techniques, even in patients with central lung masses. The study findings suggest that sputum cytology as the first test in suspected lung cancer is likely to be cost saving without adversely affecting patient outcomes.
Can Maxwell’s equations be obtained from the continuity equation?

We formulate an existence theorem that states that given localized scalar and vector time-dependent sources satisfying the continuity equation, there exist two retarded fields that satisfy a set of four field equations. If the theorem is applied to the usual electromagnetic charge and current densities, the retarded fields are identified with the electric and magnetic fields and the associated field equations with Maxwell's equations. This application of the theorem suggests that charge conservation can be considered to be the fundamental assumption underlying Maxwell's equations.
Frailty as a novel predictor of mortality and hospitalization in individuals of all ages undergoing hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVES
To quantify the prevalence of frailty in adults of all ages undergoing chronic hemodialysis, its relationship to comorbidity and disability, and its association with adverse outcomes of mortality and hospitalization.


DESIGN
Prospective cohort study.


SETTING
Single hemodialysis center in Baltimore, Maryland.


PARTICIPANTS
One hundred forty-six individuals undergoing hemodialysis enrolled between January 2009 and March 2010 and followed through August 2012.


MEASUREMENTS
Frailty, comorbidity, and disability on enrollment in the study and subsequent mortality and hospitalizations.


RESULTS
At enrollment, 50.0% of older (≥ 65) and 35.4% of younger (<65) individuals undergoing hemodialysis were frail; 35.9% and 29.3%, respectively, were intermediately frail. Three-year mortality was 16.2% for nonfrail, 34.4% for intermediately frail, and 40.2% for frail participants. Intermediate frailty and frailty were associated with a 2.7 times (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-7.07, P = .046) and 2.6 times (95% CI = 1.04-6.49, P = .04) greater risk of death independent of age, sex, comorbidity, and disability. In the year after enrollment, median number of hospitalizations was 1 (interquartile range 0-3). The proportion with two or more hospitalizations was 28.2% for nonfrail, 25.5% for intermediately frail, and 42.6% for frail participants. Although intermediate frailty was not associated with number of hospitalizations (relative risk = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.49-1.16, P = .21), frailty was associated with 1.4 times (95% CI = 1.00-2.03, P = .049) more hospitalizations independent of age, sex, comorbidity, and disability. The association between frailty and mortality (interaction P = .64) and hospitalizations (P = .14) did not differ between older and younger participants.


CONCLUSIONS
Adults of all ages undergoing hemodialysis have a high prevalence of frailty, more than five times as high as community-dwelling older adults. In this population, regardless of age, frailty is a strong, independent predictor of mortality and number of hospitalizations.
On Monotonicity-Preserving Stabilized Finite Element Approximations of Transport Problems

The aim of this work is to design monotonicity-preserving stabilized finite element techniques for transport problems as a blend of linear and nonlinear (shock-capturing) stabilization. As linear stabilization, we consider and analyze a novel symmetric projection stabilization technique based on a local Scott-Zhang projector. Next, we design a weighting of the aforementioned linear stabilization such that, when combined with a finite element discretization enjoying a discrete maximum principle (usually attained via nonlinear stabilization), it does not spoil these monotonicity properties. Then, we propose novel nonlinear stabilization schemes in the form of an artificial viscosity method where the amount of viscosity is proportional to gradient jumps either at finite element boundaries or nodes. For the nodal scheme, we prove a discrete maximum principle for time-dependent multidimensional transport problems. Numerical experiments support the numerical analysis and we show that the resulting methods provide excellent results. In particular, we observe that the proposed nonlinear stabilization techniques do an excellent work eliminating oscillations around shocks.
Assessing burn severity and comparing soil water repellency, Hayman Fire, Colorado

An important element of evaluating a large wildfire is to assess its effects on the soil in order to predict the potential watershed response. After the 55 000 ha Hayman Fire on the Colorado Front Range, 24 soil and vegetation variables were measured to determine the key variables that could be used for a rapid field assessment of burn severity. The percentage of exposed mineral soil and litter cover proved to be the best predictors of burn severity in this environment. Two burn severity classifications, one from a statistical classification tree and the other a Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) burn severity map, were compared with measured ‘ground truth’ burn severity at 183 plots and were 56% and 69% accurate, respectively. This study also compared water repellency measurements made with the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test and a mini-disk infiltrometer (MDI) test. At the soil surface, the moderate and highly burned sites had the strongest water repellency, yet were not significantly different from each other. Areas burned at moderate severity had 1Ð5 times more plots that were strongly water repellent at the surface than the areas burned at high severity. However, the high severity plots most likely had a deeper water repellent layer that was not detected with our surface tests. The WDPT and MDI values had an overall correlation of r D 0Ð64 p < 0Ð0001 and appeared to be compatible methods for assessing soil water repellency in the field. Both tests represent point measurements of a soil characteristic that has large spatial variability; hence, results from both tests reflect that variability, accounting for much of the remaining variance. The MDI is easier to use, takes about 1 min to assess a strongly water repellent soil and provides two indicators of water repellency: the time to start of infiltration and a relative infiltration rate. Copyright  2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
General Duality for Perpetual American Options

In this paper, we investigate the generalization of the Call-Put duality equality obtained in [1] for perpetual American options when the Call-Put payoff $(y-x)^+$ is replaced by $\phi(x,y)$. It turns out that the duality still holds under monotonicity and concavity assumptions on $\phi$. The specific analytical form of the Call-Put payoff only makes calculations easier but is not crucial unlike in the derivation of the Call-Put duality equality for European options. Last, we give some examples for which the optimal strategy is known explicitly.
Non-singular inhomogeneous stiff fluid cosmology

In this talk we show a stiff fluid solution of the Einstein equations for a cylindrically symmetric spacetime. The main features of this metric are that it is non-separable in comoving coordinates for the congruence of the worldlineS of the fluid and that it yields regular curvature invariants.
The successive mean quantization transform

This paper presents the successive mean quantization transform (SMQT). The transform reveals the organization or structure of the data and removes properties such as gain and bias. The transform is described and applied in speech processing and image processing. The SMQT is considered as an extra processing step for the mel frequency cepstral coefficients commonly used in speech recognition. In image processing the transform is applied in automatic image enhancement and dynamic range compression.
Behavior change techniques in top-ranked mobile apps for physical activity.

BACKGROUND
Mobile applications (apps) have potential for helping people increase their physical activity, but little is known about the behavior change techniques marketed in these apps.


PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to characterize the behavior change techniques represented in online descriptions of top-ranked apps for physical activity.


METHODS
Top-ranked apps (n=167) were identified on August 28, 2013, and coded using the Coventry, Aberdeen and London-Revised (CALO-RE) taxonomy of behavior change techniques during the following month. Analyses were conducted during 2013.


RESULTS
Most descriptions of apps incorporated fewer than four behavior change techniques. The most common techniques involved providing instruction on how to perform exercises, modeling how to perform exercises, providing feedback on performance, goal-setting for physical activity, and planning social support/change. A latent class analysis revealed the existence of two types of apps, educational and motivational, based on their configurations of behavior change techniques.


CONCLUSIONS
Behavior change techniques are not widely marketed in contemporary physical activity apps. Based on the available descriptions and functions of the observed techniques in contemporary health behavior theories, people may need multiple apps to initiate and maintain behavior change. This audit provides a starting point for scientists, developers, clinicians, and consumers to evaluate and enhance apps in this market.
Modular converter architecture for medium voltage ultra fast EV charging stations: Global system considerations

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are expected to contribute significantly to the reduction of CO2 emissions and other types of pollution within the next years. However, the concept of their ultra fast charging still poses demanding requirements, both in terms of the EV battery and the impact on the power grid. Towards this direction, emerging power electronics interfaces as well as energy storage technologies will play a significant role into making EV charging stations competitive with the existing gas station infrastructures. This paper focuses on the proposal of a power converter architecture, which aims for the interface between the three-phase medium voltage AC grid and the Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries. The transformerless AC/DC conversion stage motivates the choice of a suitable multilevel topology, namely the Cascaded H-Bridge Converter (CHB), where the medium voltage is split into several dedicated low voltage DC buses. At each of these levels, integrated stationary Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) play the role of power buffers, reducing thus the influence of the charging station on the distribution grid. The EV battery is then charged through parallel-connected isolated DC/DC converters, in order to achieve high currents and meet the standards for galvanic isolation.