LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actor

Model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been demonstrated on a range of challenging decision making and control tasks. However, these methods typically suffer from two major challenges: very high sample complexity and brittle convergence properties, which necessitate meticulous hyperparameter tuning. Both of these challenges severely limit the applicability of such methods to complex, real-world domains. In this paper, we propose soft actor-critic, an offpolicy actor-critic deep RL algorithm based on the maximum entropy reinforcement learning framework. In this framework, the actor aims to maximize expected reward while also maximizing entropy. That is, to succeed at the task while acting as randomly as possible. Prior deep RL methods based on this framework have been formulated as Q-learning methods. By combining off-policy updates with a stable stochastic actor-critic formulation, our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on a range of continuous control benchmark tasks, outperforming prior on-policy and off-policy methods. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, in contrast to other off-policy algorithms, our approach is very stable, achieving very similar performance across different random seeds.
Automatic PCB Inspection Algorithms: A Survey

1 abstract The importance of the inspection process has been magniied by the requirements of the modern manufacturing environment. In electronics mass-production manufacturing facilities, an attempt is often made to achieve 100 % quality assurance of all parts, subassemblies, and nished goods. A variety of approaches for automated visual inspection of printed circuits have been reported over the last two decades. In this survey, algorithms and techniques for the automated inspection of printed circuit boards are examined. A classiication tree for these algorithms is presented and the algorithms are grouped according to this classiication. This survey concentrates mainly on image analysis and fault detection strategies, these also include the state-of-the-art techniques. A summary of the commercial PCB inspection systems is also presented. 2 Introduction Many important applications of vision are found in the manufacturing and defense industries. In particular, the areas in manufacturing where vision plays a major role are inspection, measurements , and some assembly tasks. The order among these topics closely reeects the manufacturing needs. In most mass-production manufacturing facilities, an attempt is made to achieve 100% quality assurance of all parts, subassemblies, and nished products. One of the most diicult tasks in this process is that of inspecting for visual appearance-an inspection that seeks to identify both functional and cosmetic defects. With the advances in computers (including high speed, large memory and low cost) image processing, pattern recognition, and artiicial intelligence have resulted in better and cheaper equipment for industrial image analysis. This development has made the electronics industry active in applying automated visual inspection to manufacturing/fabricating processes that include printed circuit boards, IC chips, photomasks, etc. Nello 1] gives a summary of the machine vision inspection applications in electronics industry. 01
Quality of Green Beans, Bell Peppers and Spinach Stored in Polyethylene Bags

Quality attributes of packaged and unpackaged vegetables generally decreased nonlinearly during storage at 10°C or ZO”C, and most of the decrease was greater at 20°C than at 10°C. Packaging reduced weight loss of green beans and spinach kept at 20°C; and reduced chlorophyll loss of green beans at 10°C and of spinach at 20°C. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) benefited by packaging of green beans and spinach kept at 10°C. Packaging had an effect on thiamin (vitamin Br) of only spinach held at 10°C and 20°C and had no effect on riboflavin (vitamin Bz). Loss of these quality attributes appears to be enhanced with water loss.
An Example Usage of the JCSE

This is an example tex file which demonstrates the functionalities of JCSE LTEXtemplate. Lengthening the abstract for testing purpose: Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Gigabit switches must work. After years of key research into checksums, we confirm the simulation of cache coherence, which embodies the confusing principles of cryptoanalysis. GulyFlea, our new methodology for read-write information, is the solution to all of these grand challenges. Category: Embedded Computing
Endometriosis and pregnancy outcome: are pregnancies complicated by endometriosis a high-risk group?

OBJECTIVES
Increased incidence of preterm birth, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) babies have been reported in women with endometriosis, but the study populations included women in whom a definitive diagnosis was not attainable, and women who conceived via in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer (IVF/ET), which, in itself, is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome. Thus there is a lack of consensus on the effects of endometriosis on pregnancy outcome. This study compared the pregnancy outcomes of women with or without a definitive diagnosis of endometriosis on laparoscopy.


STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective comparison of pregnancy outcomes of 108 women who underwent managed delivery of pregnancies established after laparoscopic investigation of infertility. Women with factors known to affect pregnancy outcome, such as age ≥41 years, conception via IVF/ET and multiple births, were excluded. Forty-nine of the study participants had endometriosis (En+ group) and 59 participants did not have endometriosis (En- group).


RESULTS
There were no significant differences in mean (±standard deviation) age (33±3.8 vs 33.6±4.1 years), history of miscarriage, history of preterm birth and history of PIH between the two groups. Ovulation induction was used for infertility treatment in 26.5% of the En+ group and 30.5% of the En- group, and artificial insemination was used in 30.6% of the En+ group and 32.2% of the En- group. Regarding pregnancy outcomes, no significant differences in miscarriage (18.4% vs 18.6%), subchorionic haematoma (5.0% vs 2.1%), preterm birth (7.5% vs 8.3%), PIH (15.0% vs 12.5%), caesarean section (32.5% vs 22.9%), gestational age at delivery (38.9±1.5 vs 38.8±1.7 weeks), birth weight (3013.3±480 vs 2934.5±639.5g) and SGA babies (2.5% vs 2.1%) were found between the En+ and En- groups. Placental abruption did not occur in either group. One neonate had trisomy 21 in the En+ group, and one woman had gestational diabetes in the En- group.


CONCLUSION
Endometriosis may not affect pregnancy outcome, but there is a need for a large prospective study.
Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: past, present and future

Endoscopic techniques have undergone tremendous advancement in the past years. From the management of phlogistic pathologies, we have learned to manage skull base lesions and even selected intracranial diseases. Current anatomical knowledge plus computer-aided surgery has enabled surgeons to remove large lesions in the paranasal sinuses extending beyond the boundaries of the sinuses themselves. In this sense, management of benign diseases via endoscopic routes is nowadays well accepted whilst the role of endoscopic techniques in sinonasal malignancies is still under investigation. Nowadays, it is possible to tackle different pathologies placed not only in the ventral skull base, but also extended laterally (infratemporal fossa and petrous apex) and even, in really selected cases, within the orbit. The ability to resect and reconstruct has improved significantly. At the moment, the improvement in surgical techniques, like the four-handed technique, has rendered endoscopic procedures capable of managing complex pathologies, according the same surgical principles of the open approaches. From now onwards, frameless neuronavigation, modular approaches, intraoperative imaging systems and robotic surgery are and will be an increasingly important part of endonasal surgery, and they will be overtaken by further evolution.
Measurement of oxidatively-induced clustered DNA lesions using a novel adaptation of single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay).

The two basic groups of complex DNA damage are double-strand breaks (DSBs) and non-DSB oxidatively-induced clustered DNA lesions (OCDLs). The single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or comet assay has been widely used for the detection of low levels of various types of DNA lesions including single-strand breaks (SSBs), DSBs, and oxidized bases per individual cell. There are limited data on the use of the comet assay for the detection of non-DSB clustered DNA lesions using different repair enzymes as enzymatic probes. This unit discusses a novel adaptation of the comet assay used to measure these unique types of lesions. Until now OCDL yields have been measured using primarily pulsed-field agarose gel electrophoresis. The advantages offered by the current approach are: (1) measurement of OCDL levels per individual cell; (2) use of a small number of cells (∼10,000) and relatively low doses of ionizing radiation (1 to 2 Gy) or low levels of oxidative stress, which are not compatible with standard agarose gel electrophoresis; and finally, (3) the assay is fast and allows direct comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results.
Food and Nutrient Intake and Nutritional Status of Finnish Vegans and Non-Vegetarians

BACKGROUND
Vegetarian and vegan diets have become more popular among adolescents and young adults. However, few studies have investigated the nutritional status of vegans, who may be at risk of nutritional deficiencies.


OBJECTIVE
To compare dietary intake and nutritional status of Finnish long-term vegans and non-vegetarians.


METHODS
Dietary intake and supplement use were estimated using three-day dietary records. Nutritional status was assessed by measuring biomarkers in plasma, serum, and urine samples. Vegans' (n = 22) data was compared with those of sex- and age-matched non-vegetarians (n = 19).


RESULTS
All vegans adhered strictly to their diet; however, individual variability was marked in food consumption and supplementation habits. Dietary intakes of key nutrients, vitamins B12 and D, were lower (P < 0.001) in vegans than in non-vegetarians. Nutritional biomarker measurements showed lower concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), iodine and selenium (corrected for multiple comparisons, P < 0.001), Vegans showed more favorable fatty acid profiles (P < 0.001) as well as much higher concentrations of polyphenols such as genistein and daidzein (P < 0.001). Eicosapentaenoic acid proportions in vegans were higher than expected. The median concentration of iodine in urine was below the recommended levels in both groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Long-term consumption of a vegan diet was associated with some favorable laboratory measures but also with lowered concentrations of key nutrients compared to reference values. This study highlights the need for nutritional guidance to vegans.
Low incidence of paradoxical reductions in HDL-C levels in dyslipidemic patients treated with fenofibrate alone or in combination with ezetimibe or ezetimibe/simvastatin

Fibrates have been reported to cause paradoxical decreases in HDL-C in certain patients. This post-hoc analysis explored the frequency/magnitude of HDL-C reductions in a pooled database of mixed dyslipidemic patients (LDL-C:3.4-5.7 mmol/L;TG:1.7-5.7 mmol/L) receiving placebo (PBO), fenofibrate (FENO), ezetimibe plus FENO (EZE+FENO), or EZE/simvastatin plus FENO (EZE/SIMVA+FENO) for 12 weeks. PBO-treated patients had the highest incidence of HDL-C reductions from baseline (45%) compared with patients taking FENO (14%), EZE+FENO (9%), or EZE/SIMVA+FENO (9%). Reductions <30% reflected natural variability since the largest reduction in HDL-C approached 30% in the PBO group. Only 3 patients exhibited HDL-C reductions ≥30% (i.e., 2 patients in the FENO group and 1 in the EZE+FENO group). There were no differences in demographic/biochemical characteristics between patients with and without HDL-C reductions. The incidence of paradoxical HDL-C reductions was low in mixed dyslipidemic patients receiving FENO alone or combined with EZE or EZE/SIMVA. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00092560 and NCT00092573
Metastasizing patent claims on BRCA1.

Many patents make claims on DNA sequences; some include claims on oligonucleotides related to the primary patented gene. We used bioinformatics to quantify the reach of one such claim from patent 4,747,282 on BRCA1. We find that human chromosome 1 (which does not contain BRCA1) contains over 300,000 oligonucleotides covered by this claim, and that 80% of cDNA and mRNA sequences contributed to GenBank before the patent application was filed also contain at least one claimed oligonucleotide. Any "isolated" DNA molecules that include such 15 bp nucleotide sequences would fall under the claim as granted by the US Patent and Trademark Office. Anyone making, using, selling, or importing such a molecule for any purpose within the United States would thus be infringing the claim. This claim and others like it turn out, on examination, to be surprisingly broad, and if enforced would have substantial implications for medical practice and scientific research.
Involutivity of field equations

We prove involutivity of Einstein, Einstein–Maxwell, and other field equations by calculating the Spencer cohomology of these systems. The relation with Cartan method is traced in detail. Basic implications through Cartan–Kahler theory are derived.
An inventory of primary air pollutants and CO2 emissions from cement production in China, 1990–2020

Direct emissions of air pollutants from the cement industry in China were estimated by developing a technology-based methodology using information on the proportion of cement produced from different types of kilns and the emission standards for the Chinese cement industry. Historical emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were estimated for the years 1990e2008, and future emissions were projected up to 2020 based on current energy-related and emission control policies. Compared with the historical high (4.36 Tg of PM2.5, 7.16 Tg of PM10 and 10.44 Tg of TSP in 1997), PM emissions are predicted to drop substantially by 2020, despite the expected tripling of cement production. Certain other air pollutant emissions, such as CO and SO2, are also predicted to decrease with the progressive closure of shaft kilns. NOX emissions, however, could increase because of the promotion of precalciner kilns and the rapid increase of cement production. CO2 emissions from the cement industry account for approximately one eighth of China’s national CO2 emissions. Our analysis indicates that it is possible to reduce CO2 emissions from this industry by approximately 12.8% if advanced energy-related technologies are implemented. These technologies will bring co-benefits in reducing other air pollutants as well. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Construction Supply Chain Maturity Model - Conceptual Framework

Construction supply chain management has been researched and discussed in various academic and industry segments for a few years now. Members of FIATECH are discussing and defining the processes, standards, and schemas around construction supply chain management. There is a growing realization among the members of the AEC community of the need to remove inefficiencies in the construction supply chain and improve operational excellence, but the steps to achieve them is not clear. In this paper, the authors will present a conceptual framework of construction supply chain maturity model (CSCMM) to address the above issues, drawing on similar research done in manufacturing supply chains and software processes. The objective of the framework will be to provide a roadmap for members to realizing operational excellence so that collectively the construction project can realize the benefits of improved performance. This paper will explore the maturity model and its benefits to performance of both firm level and construction project level performance.
Using Uniject to increase the use of prophylactic oxytocin for management of the third stage of labor in Latin America.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate a multifaceted intervention for effectiveness in increasing the use of prophylactic oxytocin by birth attendants (obstetricians, midwives, and nurses) working in small maternity hospitals in Argentina.


METHODS
A before-and-after quasi-experimental study was conducted in 5 small maternity hospitals. The study intervention consisted of training birth attendants in the active management of the third stage of labor, distributing oxytocin in Uniject (Hipofisina BIOL Uniject; Laboratorios BIOL, Buenos Aires, Argentina), and using posters as reminders. The primary outcome was the rate of prophylactic oxytocin use in the 6 months before and the 6 months of the intervention period. Secondary outcomes included use of controlled cord traction and uterine massage, and birth attendants' acceptance of the use of oxytocin in Uniject.


RESULTS
The use of prophylactic oxytocin showed a median rate of 14.6% at baseline and 85.6% during the intervention period. 96% of birth attendants reported that the Uniject device facilitated oxytocin 1 administration.


DISCUSSION
Prophylactic oxytocin in the third stage of labor is a beneficial intervention with current low use, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. If the results shown in the present study were further replicated, this strategy could be an effective method for improving prophylactic oxytocin use in other similar Latin American hospitals.
Efficacy of psychosocial intervention in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease: the multicentre, rater blinded, randomised Danish Alzheimer Intervention Study (DAISY)

OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy at 12 months of an early psychosocial counselling and support programme for outpatients with mild Alzheimer's disease and their primary care givers.


DESIGN
Multicentre, randomised, controlled, rater blinded trial.


SETTING
Primary care and memory clinics in five Danish districts.


PARTICIPANTS
330 outpatients with mild Alzheimer's disease and their 330 primary care givers.


INTERVENTIONS
Participating dyads (patient and primary care giver) were randomised to control support during follow-up or to control support plus DAISY intervention (multifaceted and semi-tailored counselling, education, and support).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Primary outcomes at 12 months for patients were change from baseline in mini mental state examination (MMSE) score, Cornell depression scale score, and proxy rated European quality of life visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) score. For care givers, outcomes were change from baseline in geriatric depression scale (GDS 30 items) score and EQ-VAS score.


RESULTS
Because of multiple testing, statistical significance was set at an adjusted P limit of <0.0005. At 12 months there were no significant differences between the two allocation groups in changes from baseline in the primary and secondary outcomes. However, although non-significant with the adjusted P limit, a small difference was observed for one of the primary patient outcomes (Cornell depression scale score) in patients in favour of the DAISY intervention group before and after adjusting for attrition (P = 0.0146 and P = 0.0103 respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
The multifaceted, semi-tailored intervention with counselling, education, and support for patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and their care givers did not have any significant effect beyond that with well structured follow-up support at 12 months after adjustment for multiple comparisons. The small positive effect found in the unadjusted primary outcome addressing depressive symptoms in patients may call for further research focusing on patients with Alzheimer's disease and comorbid depression.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ISRCTN74848736.
Best conventional therapy versus modular impairment-oriented training for arm paresis after stroke: a single-blind, multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND
The study investigated whether passive splinting or active motor training as either individualized best conventional therapy or as standardized impairment-oriented training (IOT) would be superior in promoting motor recovery in subacute stroke patients with mildly or severely paretic arms.


METHODS
A total of 148 anterior circulation ischemic stroke patients were randomly assigned to 45 minutes of additional daily arm therapy over 3 to 4 weeks as either (a) passive therapy with inflatable splints or active arm motor therapy as either (b) individualized best conventional therapy (CONV) or (c) standardized IOT, that is Arm BASIS training for severe paresis or Arm Ability training for mild paresis.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
included the following: Fugl-Meyer arm motor score (severely paretic arms) and the TEMPA time scores (mildly affected arms). Pre-post (immediate effects) and pre-4 weeks follow-up analyses (long-term effects) were performed.


RESULTS
Overall improvements were documented (mean baseline and change scores efficacy: Fugl-Meyer, arm motor scores, 24.4, +9.1 points; TEMPA, 119, -26.6 seconds; P<.0001), but with no differential effects between splint therapy and the combined active motor rehabilitation groups. Both efficacy and effectiveness analyses indicated, however, bigger immediate motor improvements after IOT as compared with best conventional therapy (Fugl-Meyer, arm motor scores: IOT +12.3, CONV +9.2 points; TEMPA: IOT -31.1 seconds, CONV -20.5 seconds; P=.0363); for mildly affected patients long-term effects could also be substantiated.


CONCLUSIONS
Specificity of active training seemed more important for motor recovery than intensity (therapy time). The comprehensive modular IOT approach promoted motor recovery in patients with either severe or mild arm paresis.