LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and double adenoma.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the utility of parathyroid hormone (PTH) monitoring for double adenomas (DAs).


DESIGN
Retrospective chart review.


SETTING
Tertiary referral center.


PATIENTS
The study included 47 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who had DAs identified during first-time parathyroid exploration.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Intraoperative PTH levels were measured in every case, and the intraoperative PTH assay and its influence on surgical outcome were examined.


RESULTS
A total of 47 of 552 consecutive patients (8.5%) with primary hyperparathyroidism were found to have DAs; 457 patients (82.7%) had single adenomas; and 48 patients (8.6%) had disease in more than 2 glands. The mean (SD) age of the patients with DAs was 58 (14) years, and 26 patients (55%) were female. The mean (SD) preoperative intact PTH level was 129 (57) pg/mL (to convert to nanograms per liter, multiply by 1), and the preoperative serum calcium level was 11.0 (0.6) mg/dL (to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.25). In all patients, the intraoperative PTH levels decreased by 79.7% (11.4%) from baseline after removal of both abnormal parathyroid glands. When the location could be confirmed, the second adenoma was ipsilateral in 17 patients (36%) and contralateral in 27 patients (64%). The mean (SD) postoperative intact PTH level was 46 (26) pg/mL at 6 months, and the cure rate was 98%.


CONCLUSIONS
Intraoperative PTH monitoring and maintenance of normocalcemia after surgery confirm previous reports that DAs do exist and are not simply missed cases of 4-gland hyperplasia. Intraoperative PTH monitoring accurately predicted the success of parathyroidectomy in 98% of patients with DAs.
Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse?: Understanding Historical Change : Understanding Historical Change

A concise introduction to the basic elements of argumentative prose and the conceptual tools necessary to understand, analyze, criticize, and construct arguments: as well as to the philosophical mainstays of metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophical analysis.
Numerical simulations of radar rainfall error propagation

[1] The primary advantage of radar observations of precipitation compared with traditional rain gauge measurements is their high spatial and temporal resolution and large areal coverage. Unfortunately, radar data require vigorous quality control before being converted into precipitation products that can be used as input to hydrologic models. In this study we coupled a physically based atmospheric model of convective rainfall with an active microwave radiative transfer model to simulate radar observation of thunderstorms. We used the atmospheric model to simulate a well-documented tornadic supercell storm that occurred near Del City, Oklahoma, on 20 May 1977. We then generated radar observations of that storm and used them to evaluate the propagation of radar rainfall errors through distributed hydrologic simulations. This physically based methodology allows us to directly examine the impact of radar rainfall estimation errors on land-surface hydrologic predictions and to avoid the limitations imposed by the use of rain gauge data. Results indicate that the geometry of the radar beam and coordinate transformations, due to radar-watershed-storm orientation, have an effect on radar rainfall estimation and runoff prediction errors. In addition to uncertainty in the radar reflectivity versus rainfall intensity relationship, there are significant range-dependent and orientation-related radar rainfall estimation errors that should be quantified in terms of their impact on runoff predictions. Our methodology provides a tool for performing experiments that address some operational issues related to the process of radar rainfall estimation and its uses in hydrologic prediction.
World Trade Center human identification project: experiences with individual body identification cases.

AIM
To present individual body identification efforts, as part of the World Trade Center (WTC) mass disaster identification project.


METHODS
More than 500 samples were tested by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and short tandem repeat (STR) typing. The extent to which the remains were fragmented and affected by taphonomic factors complicated the identification project. Anthropologists reviewed 19,000 samples, and detected inconsistencies in 69, which were further split into 239 new cases and re-sampled by DNA specialists.


RESULTS
The severity and nature of the disaster required an interdisciplinary effort. DNA profiling of 500 samples was successful in 75% of the cases. All discrepancies, which occurred between bone and tissue samples taken from the same body part, were resolved by re-sampling and re-testing of preferably bone tissue. Anthropologists detected inconsistencies in 69 cases, which were then split into 239 new cases. Out of 125 "split" cases, 65 were excluded from their original case. Of these 65 cases, 37 did not match any profiles in M-FISys, probably because profiles were incomplete or no exemplar for the victim was available. Out of the 60 remains not excluded from their original case, 30 were partial profiles and did not reach the statistical requirement to match their original case, because the population frequency of the DNA profile had to be </=1 in 10(9) for men and </=1 in 10(8) for women.


CONCLUSION
Due to transfer of soft tissue and other commingling of remains, DNA testing alone would have led to problems if only soft tissue would have been tested. This was one of the reasons that forensic anthropologists were needed to evaluate the consistency between all linked body parts. Especially in disasters with a high potential for commingling, the described anthropological review process should be part of the investigation.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for mammalian bites.

BACKGROUND
Bites by mammals are a common problem and they account for up to 1% of all visits to hospital emergency rooms. Dog and cat bites are the most common and people are usually bitten by their own pets or by an animal known to them. School-age children make up almost a half of those bitten. Prevention of tetanus, rabies and wound infection are the priorities for staff in emergency rooms. The use of antibiotics may be useful to reduce the risk of developing a wound infection.


OBJECTIVES
To determine if the use of prophylactic antibiotics in mammalian bites is effective in preventing bite wound infection.


SEARCH STRATEGY
Relevant RCTs were identified by electronic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register databases in November 2000.


SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials which studied patients with bites from all mammals. Comparisons were made between antibiotics and placebo or no intervention. The outcome of interest was the number of infections at the site of bite.


DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two reviewers extracted the data independently. All analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat method.


MAIN RESULTS
Eight studies were included. The use of prophylactic antibiotics was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the rate of infection after bites by humans. Prophylactic antibiotics did not appear to reduce the rate of infection after bites by cats or dogs. Wound type, e.g. laceration or puncture, did not appear to influence the effectiveness of the prophylactic antibiotic. Prophylactic antibiotics were associated with a statistically significant reduction in the rate of infection in hand bites (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.86; NNT = 4, 95% CI 2 to 50).


REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
There is evidence from one trial that prophylactic antibiotics reduces the risk of infection after human bites but confirmatory research is required. There is no evidence that the use of prophylactic antibiotics is effective for cat or dog bites. There is evidence that the use of antibiotic prophylactic after bites of the hand reduces infection but confirmatory research is required.
The effect of antidepressant treatment on HIV and depression outcomes: results from a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND
Depression is a major barrier to HIV treatment outcomes.


OBJECTIVE
To test whether antidepressant management decision support integrated into HIV care improves antiretroviral adherence and depression morbidity.


DESIGN
Pseudo-cluster randomized trial.


SETTING
Four US infectious diseases clinics.


PARTICIPANTS
HIV-infected adults with major depressive disorder.


INTERVENTION
Measurement-based care (MBC) - depression care managers used systematic metrics to give HIV primary-care clinicians standardized antidepressant treatment recommendations.


MEASUREMENTS
Primary - antiretroviral medication adherence (monthly unannounced telephone-based pill counts for 12 months). Primary time-point - 6 months. Secondary - depressive severity, depression remission, depression-free days, measured quarterly for 12 months.


RESULTS
From 2010 to 2013, 149 participants were randomized to intervention and 155 to usual care. Participants were mostly men, Black, non-Hispanic, unemployed, and virally suppressed with high baseline self-reported antiretroviral adherence and depressive severity. Over follow-up, no differences between arms in antiretroviral adherence or other HIV outcomes were apparent. At 6 months, depressive severity was lower among intervention participants than usual care [mean difference -3.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.6, -1.7], probability of depression remission was higher [risk difference 13%, 95% CI 1%, 25%), and suicidal ideation was lower (risk difference -18%, 95% CI -30%, -6%). By 12 months, the arms had comparable mental health outcomes. Intervention arm participants experienced an average of 29 (95% CI: 1-57) more depression-free days over 12 months.


CONCLUSION
In the largest trial of its kind among HIV-infected adults, MBC did not improve HIV outcomes, possibly because of high baseline adherence, but achieved clinically significant depression improvements and increased depression-free days. MBC may be an effective, resource-efficient approach to reducing depression morbidity among HIV patients.
A randomized controlled trial comparing manipulation with mobilization for recent onset neck pain.

UNLABELLED
A randomized controlled trial comparing manipulation with mobilization for recent onset neck pain.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether neck manipulation is more effective for neck pain than mobilization.


DESIGN
Randomized controlled trial with blind assessment of outcome.


SETTING
Primary care physiotherapy, chiropractic, and osteopathy clinics in Sydney, Australia.


PARTICIPANTS
Patients (N=182) with nonspecific neck pain less than 3 months in duration and deemed suitable for treatment with manipulation by the treating practitioner.


INTERVENTIONS
Participants were randomly assigned to receive treatment with neck manipulation (n=91) or mobilization (n=91). Patients in both groups received 4 treatments over 2 weeks.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The number of days taken to recover from the episode of neck pain.


RESULTS
The median number of days to recovery of pain was 47 in the manipulation group and 43 in the mobilization group. Participants treated with neck manipulation did not experience more rapid recovery than those treated with neck mobilization (hazard ratio=.98; 95% confidence interval, .66-1.46).


CONCLUSIONS
Neck manipulation is not appreciably more effective than mobilization. The use of neck manipulation therefore cannot be justified on the basis of superior effectiveness.
McPAD: A multiple classifier system for accurate payload-based anomaly detection

Anomaly-based network Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are valuable tools for the defense-in-depth of computer networks. Unsupervised or unlabeled learning approaches for network anomaly detection have been recently proposed. Such anomaly-based network IDS are able to detect (unknown) zero-day attacks, although much care has to be dedicated to controlling the amount of false positives generated by the detection system. As a matter of fact, it is has been shown [2] that the false positive rate is the true limiting factor for the performance of IDS, and that in order to substantially increase the Bayesian detection rate, P (Intrusion|Alarm), the IDS must have a very low false positive rate (e.g., as low as 10−5 or even lower). In this paper we present McPAD (Multiple-Classifier Payload-based Anomaly Detector), a new accurate payload-based anomaly detection system that consists of an ensemble of one-class classifiers. We show that our anomaly detector is very accurate in detecting network attacks that bear some form of shell-code in the malicious payload. This holds true even in the case of polymorphic attacks and for very low false positive rates. Furthermore, we experiment with advanced polymorphic blending attacks and we show that in some cases even in the presence of such sophisticated attacks and for a low false positive rate our IDS still has a relatively high detection rate.
A Comprehensive Survey of Deep Learning in Remote Sensing: Theories, Tools and Challenges for the Community

In recent years, deep learning (DL), a rebranding of neural networks (NNs), has risen to the top in numerous areas, namely computer vision (CV), speech recognition, and natural language processing. Whereas remote sensing (RS) possesses a number of unique challenges, primarily related to sensors and applications, inevitably RS draws from many of the same theories as CV, e.g., statistics, fusion, and machine learning, to name a few. This means that the RS community should not only be aware of advancements such as DL, but also be leading researchers in this area. Herein, we provide the most comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art RS DL research. We also review recent new developments in the DL field that can be used in DL for RS. Namely, we focus on theories, tools, and challenges for the RS community. Specifically, we focus on unsolved challenges and opportunities as they relate to (i) inadequate data sets, (ii) human-understandable solutions for modeling physical phenomena, (iii) big data, (iv) nontraditional heterogeneous data sources, (v) DL architectures and learning algorithms for spectral, spatial, and temporal data, (vi) transfer learning, (vii) an improved theoretical understanding of DL systems, (viii) high barriers to entry, and (ix) training and optimizing the DL. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. [DOI: 10.1117/1.JRS.11.042609]
Preparation and Evaluation of Dermal Delivery System of Griseofulvin Containing Vitamin E-TPGS as Penetration Enhancer

Griseofulvin, an antifungal agent, is a BCS class II drug slowly, erratically, and incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in humans. The clinical failure of the conventional oral therapy of griseofulvin is most likely attributed to its poor solubility and appreciable inter- and intra-subject variation in bioavailability from different commercial products. Moreover, the conventional oral therapy is associated with numerous adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The purpose of the study was to formulate a topical application of griseofulvin which would deliver the drug locally in a therapeutically effective concentration. Griseofulvin was solubilized in ethanol, d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), and combinations of ethanol with varying amounts of TPGS; then, it was incorporated in the Carbopol (980 NF) base. The formulations were characterized and evaluated ex vivo using Laca mice skin, microbiologically against Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis and clinically in a small group of patients. The current study suggested that TPGS and ethanol synergistically enhanced the drug permeation and drug retention in the skin. The selected formulation F VII was found to be effective against M. gypseum and M. canis, non-sensitizing, histopathologically safe, stable at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C with respect to percent drug content, permeation characteristics, pH, transparency, feel, viscosity, and clinically effective in a small group of subjects. The proposed topical formulation of griseofulvin may be an effective and convenient alternative to the currently available oral therapy for the treatment of superficial fungal infections.
Evolution of ventral hernia repair.

PURPOSE
The aim of this review was to look at relevant data and research on the evolution of ventral hernia repair.


METHODS
Resources including books, research, guidelines, and online articles were reviewed to provide a concise history of and data on the evolution of ventral hernia repair.


RESULTS
The evolution of ventral hernia repair has a very long history, from the recognition of ventral hernias to its current management, with significant contributions from different authors. Advances in surgery have led to more cases of ventral hernia formation, and this has required the development of new techniques and new materials for ventral hernia management. The biocompatibility of prosthetic materials has been important in mesh development. The functional anatomy and physiology of the abdominal wall has become important in ventral hernia management. New techniques in abdominal wall closure may prevent or reduce the incidence of ventral hernia in the future.


CONCLUSION
The management of ventral hernia is continuously evolving as it responds to new demands and new technology in surgery.
Longitudinal lung function and structural changes in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Longitudinal lung function and structural changes in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia Sylvain Blanchon, Marie Magnin, Pierrick Cros, Estelle Escudier, Malika Mahloul, Aline Tamalet, Annick Clément, Hubert Ducou Le Pointe, Nicole Beydon
Maximum tolerated dose in a phase I trial on adaptive dose painting by numbers for head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE
To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in a phase I trial on adaptive dose-painting-by-numbers (DPBN) for non-metastatic head and neck cancer.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Adaptive intensity-modulated radiotherapy was based on voxel intensity of pre-treatment and per-treatment [(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET) scans. Dose was escalated to a median total dose of 80.9 Gy in the high-dose clinical target volume (dose level I) and 85.9 Gy in the gross tumor volume (dose level II). The MTD would be reached, if ≥ 33% of patients developed any grade ≥ 4 toxicity (DLT) up to 3 months follow-up.


RESULTS
Between February 2007 and August 2009, seven patients at dose level I and 14 at dose level II were treated. All patients completed treatment without interruption. At a median follow-up for surviving patients of 38 (dose level I) and 22 months (dose level II) there was no grade ≥ 4 toxicity during treatment and follow-up but six cases of mucosal ulcers at latency of 4-10 months, of which five (36%) were observed at dose level II. Mucosal ulcers healed spontaneously in four patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Considering late mucosal ulcers as DLT, the MTD of a median dose of 80.9 Gy has been reached in our trial.
Application of seismic interferometry to extract P- and S-wave propagation and observation of shear-wave splitting from noise data at Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada

We extract downward-propagating Pand S-waves from industrial noise generated by human and/or machine activity at the surface propagating down a borehole at Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada, and measure shear-wave splitting from these data. The continuous seismic data are recorded at eight sensors along a downhole well during steam injection into a 420–470-m-deep oil reservoir. We crosscorrelate the waveforms observed at the top sensor and other sensors to extract estimates of the direct Pand S-wave components of the Green’s function that account for wave propagation between sensors. Fast high-frequency and slow low-frequency signals propagating vertically from the surface to the bottom are found for the vertical and horizontal components of the wave motion, which are identified with Pand S-waves, respectively. The fastest S-wave polarized in the east-northeast–westsouthwest direction is about 1.9% faster than the slowest S-wave polarized in the northwest-southeast direction. The direction of polarization of the fast S-wave is rotated clockwise by 40° from the maximum principal stress axis as estimated from the regional stress field. This study demonstrates the useful application of seismic interferometry to field data to determine structural parameters, which are Pand S-wave velocities and a shear-wave-splitting coefficient, with high accuracy.
Safety profile of adenosine stress perfusion imaging: results from the Adenoscan Multicenter Trial Registry.

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to determine the safety of adenosine infusion at 140 micrograms/kg per min in conjunction with radionuclide imaging in 9,256 consecutive patients.


BACKGROUND
Adenosine produces maximal myocardial hyperemia directly with a rapid onset of action. In addition, when used in conjunction with radionuclide perfusion imaging, it has proven efficacy for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients unable to exercise. Because the ultrashort half-life (< 10s) allows dose titration and rapid reversal of side effects, it may be safer than other available pharmacologic agents.


METHODS
Patients were prospectively entered at 21 clinical sites. Information on safety and adverse events during and immediately after adenosine infusion was maintained in the Adenoscan Multicenter Trial Registry.


RESULTS
The infusion protocol was completed in 80% of patients, required dose reduction in 13% and was terminated early in 7%. Interpretable imaging studies were obtained in 98.7% of patients, and 0.8% of patients received aminophylline. Minor and well tolerated side effects were reported in 81.1% of patients. There were no deaths, one myocardial infarction, seven episodes of severe bronchospasm and one episode of pulmonary edema. Transient atrioventricular (AV) node block occurred in 706 patients (first-degree in 256, second-degree in 378 and third-degree in 72) and resolved spontaneously in most patients (n = 508) without alteration in the adenosine infusion. There were no sustained episodes of AV block. Patients > 70 years of age had an increased risk of developing AV block (age < 70, 7.05% vs. > or = 70, 9.44%, p = 0.001, relative risk 1.37).


CONCLUSIONS
Adenosine infusion is safe. Vasodilator and negative dromotropic side effects are generally well tolerated. Serious side effects are relatively rare, and they reverse with termination of adenosine infusion. Interpretable radionuclide studies were obtained in 98.7% of patients and aminophylline reversal was seldom required.