LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A Realist's View of Ethics

ABSTRACT Realism is as grounded in ethics and morality as other analytical and policy approaches to international politics. Realists think as deeply about moral questions as others, and their fundamental virtue of prudence as well as their consideration of the interests of others produces moderation in action. Without a vision of their own, realists lack zealotry, thus often causing less harm than ideological and moralistic advocates of strong action.
The psychosocial burden of psoriatic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the psychosocial impact of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), describe how health-related quality of life (QoL) is affected in patients with PsA, discuss measures used to evaluate the psychosocial impact of PsA, and review studies examining the effect of therapy on QoL.


METHODS
A targeted review on the impact of PsA on QoL and the role of tailored psychosocial management in reducing the psychosocial burden of the disease was performed. PubMed literature searches were conducted using the terms PsA, psychosocial burden, QoL, and mood/behavioral changes. Articles were deemed relevant if they presented information regarding the psychosocial impact of PsA, methods used to evaluate these impacts, or ways to manage/improve management of PsA and its resulting comorbidities. The findings of this literature search are descriptively reviewed and the authors׳ expert opinion on their interpretation is provided.


RESULTS
The psychosocial burden of PsA negatively affects QoL. Patients suffer from sleep disorders, fatigue, low-level stress, depression and mood/behavioral changes, poor body image, and reduced work productivity. Additionally, each patient responds to pain differently, depending on a variety of psychological factors including personality structure, cognition, and attention to pain. Strategies for evaluating the burdens associated with PsA and the results of properly managing patients with PsA are described.


CONCLUSIONS
PsA is associated with a considerable psychosocial burden and new assessment tools, specific to PsA, have been developed to help quantify this burden in patients. Future management algorithms of PsA should incorporate appropriate assessment and management of psychological and physical concerns of patients. Furthermore, patients with PsA should be managed by a multidisciplinary team that works in coordination with the patient and their family or caregivers.
Liraglutide: from clinical trials to clinical practice.

Liraglutide, a once-daily glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is approved for use as monotherapy in the USA and Japan (but not in Europe or Canada) and in combination with selected oral agents (all regions) for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Guidance from local advisory bodies is emerging on the most appropriate place for liraglutide in the treatment pathway. It is apparent from its phase 3 clinical trial programme that liraglutide provides superior glycaemic control compared with that achieved with other antidiabetic agents used early in the treatment pathway (e.g. glimepiride and sitagliptin). Key additional benefits include a low incidence of hypoglycaemia and clinically relevant weight loss, although these benefits may be ameliorated by concomitant sulphonylurea (SU) treatment and, in the case of hypoglycaemia, reduction of the SU dose may be necessary. Overall, the profile of liraglutide is similar and, in some aspects, superior to twice-daily exenatide. The implementation of liraglutide therapy is straightforward, with simple dose titration from the starting dose of 0.6 to 1.2 mg/day after 1 week; some patients may benefit from additional titration to 1.8 mg/day. Treatment is self-administered by subcutaneous injection. This contrasts with other agents used early in the treatment pathway, but clinical data suggest patients' overall treatment satisfaction with liraglutide is similar (1.2 mg) or better (1.8 mg) than that with sitagliptin despite differing administration methods. Some patients may experience nausea when initiating liraglutide treatment, but the titration regimen is designed to improve tolerability and clinical data indicate nausea is transient.
Coordination mechanisms of supply chain systems

Supply chain management (SCM) has become an important management paradigm. As supply chain members are often separate and independent economic entities, a key issue in SCM is to develop mechanisms that can align their objectives and coordinate their activities so as to optimize system performance. In this paper, we provide a review of coordination mechanisms of supply chain systems in a framework that is based on supply chain decision structure and nature of demand. This framework highlights the behavioral aspects and information need in the coordination of a supply chain. The identification of these issues points out several directions of future research in this area. 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Handling of Constraints in Finite-Element Response Sensitivity Analysis

In this paper, the direct differentiation method DDM for finite-element FE response sensitivity analysis is extended to linear and nonlinear FE models with multi-point constraints MPCs . The analytical developments are provided for three different constraint handling methods, namely: 1 the transformation equation method; 2 the Lagrange multiplier method; and 3 the penalty function method. Two nonlinear benchmark applications are presented: 1 a two-dimensional soil-foundation-structure interaction system and 2 a three-dimensional, one-bay by one-bay, three-story reinforced concrete building with floor slabs modeled as rigid diaphragms, both subjected to seismic excitation. Time histories of response parameters and their sensitivities to material constitutive parameters are computed and discussed, with emphasis on the relative importance of these parameters in affecting the structural response. The DDMbased response sensitivity results are compared with corresponding forward finite difference analysis results, thus validating the formulation presented and its computer implementation. The developments presented in this paper close an important gap between FE responseonly analysis and FE response sensitivity analysis through the DDM, extending the latter to applications requiring response sensitivities of FE models with MPCs. These applications include structural optimization, structural reliability analysis, and finite-element model updating. DOI: 10.1061/ ASCE EM.1943-7889.0000053 CE Database subject headings: Finite element method; Constitutive models; Constraints; Sensitivity analysis; Soil-structure interactions.
Improved suppression of recurrent atrial fibrillation with dual-site right atrial pacing and antiarrhythmic drug therapy.

OBJECTIVES
We compared the safety, tolerance and effectiveness of overdrive high right atrial (RA), dual-site RA and support (DDI or VDI) pacing (SP) in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) and bradycardias.


BACKGROUND
Optimal pacing methods for AF prevention remain unclear.


METHODS
Patients (n = 118) were randomized to each of three pacing modes in a crossover trial.


RESULTS
Mode adherence was superior for dual-site RA (5.8 months) compared with SP (3.3 months; p < 0.001) and high RA pacing (4.7 months; p = 0.006). Adverse event-free survival improved with dual-site RA (p = 0.007 vs. SP) and was comparable to high RA (p = 0. 75). AF-free survival trended to improve with dual-site RA (hazard ratio [HR] 0.715, p = 0.07 vs. SP) but not high RA (HR = 0.71, p = 0.19) or when dual-site RA was compared with high RA (HR = 0.835, p = 0.175). Time-to-recurrence was longer in dual-site RA (1.77 months) compared with high RA (0.62 months, p < 0.09) or SP (0.44 months, p < 0.05). In antiarrhythmic drug-treated patients, dual-site RA reduced recurrence risk compared with SP (HR = 0.638, p = 0.011) and high RA (HR = 0.669, p = 0.06). In patients with < or =1 AF event/week, dual-site RA improved AF suppression (HR = 0.464, p = 0.004 vs. SP; HR = 0.623, p = 0.006 vs. high RA). Dual-site RA improved AF-free and mode survival (p < 0.03 vs. high RA, p < 0.001 vs. SP) and reduced asymptomatic AF (p < 0.01 vs. high RA).


CONCLUSION
Dual-site RA is safe and better tolerated than high RA and SP. In patients on antiarrhythmics, dual-site RA prolonged and high RA trended to prolong time-to-recurrent AF compared with SP. Dual-site RA provides superior symptomatic and asymptomatic AF prevention compared with high RA in patients with symptomatic AF frequency of < or =1/week.
The Kaya HDSS, Burkina Faso: a platform for epidemiological studies and health programme evaluation.

The Kaya Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Kaya HDSS) is located in the North Central region of Burkina Faso in the Kaya health district. The main purposes of the Kaya HDSS are to study demographic, infectious and chronic disease indicators in the district, to observe changes in health over time, evaluate health programmes and to provide a basis for policy decisions and capacity building in order to enhance the health of the community. Kaya HDSS was established in late 2007 following a baseline census of the population of the HDSS area. Homes were visited every 6 months to collect demographic information and data on morbidity and mortality. A verbal autopsy questionnaire is used to collect information on the causes of death. The Kaya HDSS reached 64,480 residents in 10,587 households by the end of 2011, with an average of 6.1 ± 4.3 persons per household. The site is 70% urban and 30% rural. The population is 51.8% female. Over 55% of deaths occur outside health facilities. Malaria is the leading cause of death, primarily affecting children under 5 years of age (44%) and those 5 to 14 years old (36%). The Kaya HDSS data can be obtained by sending a request via the HDSS website (http://kaya-hdss.org/).
Core and Lumbopelvic Stabilization in Runners.

Core muscles provide stability that allows generation of force and motion in the lower extremities, as well as distributing impact forces and allowing controlled and efficient body movements. Imbalances or deficiencies in the core muscles can result in increased fatigue, decreased endurance, and injury in runners. Core strengthening should incorporate the intrinsic needs of the core for flexibility, strength, balance, and endurance, and the function of the core in relation to its role in extremity function and dysfunction. Specific exercises are effective in strengthening the core muscles.
Coronary CT angiography with low radiation dose

With the introduction of 64-slice CT and dual-source CT technology, coronary CT angiography (CCTA) has emerged as a useful diagnostic imaging modality for the noninvasive assessment of coronary heart disease. Recently, the risks associated with ionizing radiation on CT have raised serious concerns. The main concern of exposure to ionizing radiation is the potential risk of cancer. CCTA involves much higher radiation dose with the advances in the spatial and temporal resolution of cardiac CT. Currently, various dose-saving algorithms, such as ECG (electrocardiography)-based dose modulation, reduced tube voltage, and prospective ECG gating, high-pitch helical scanning are available to lower radiation exposure during cardiac CT. Therefore, careful selection of CT scanning protocols is needed to keep the radiation exposure ‘as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)’. In this review we will discuss the radiation dose safety issues, the measurement of radiation dose and current use of dose-saving techniques in CCTA.
Dual-Band Dipole Antenna for RFID Tag Applications

New design of a dipole antenna with rectangular fractal shape radiator element with two operating bands for radio frequency identification (RFID) is presented. By using fractal shape slot and metal meander patch, the proposed antenna has the wide and dual measured return loss bandwidth. Besides, the omnidirectional radiation pattern of the design antenna cover the entire frequency range including ultra high frequency (UHF, 860 MHz~960 MHz) band and microwave (2.45 GHz) band has been obtained. Several properties of the proposed antenna for dual-band operation such as impedance bandwidth, radiation pattern and measured gain have been investigated numerically and experimentally in detail.
Don't Fear the Reaper: Refuting Bostrom's Superintelligence Argument

In recent years prominent intellectuals have raised ethical concerns about the consequences of artificial intelligence. One concern is that an autonomous agent might modify itself to become " superintelligent " and, in supremely effective pursuit of poorly specified goals, destroy all of humanity. This paper considers and rejects the possibility of this outcome. We argue that this scenario depends on an agent's ability to rapidly improve its ability to predict its environment through self-modification. Using a Bayesian model of a reasoning agent, we show that there are important limitations to how an agent may improve its predictive ability through self-modification alone. We conclude that concern about this artificial intelligence outcome is misplaced and better directed at policy questions around data access and storage. The appetite of the public and prominent intellectuals for the study of the ethical implications of artificial intelligence has increased in recent years. One captivating possibility is that artificial intelligence research might result in a 'superintelli-gence' that puts humanity at risk. (Russell 2014) has called for AI researchers to consider this possibility seriously because , however unlikely, its mere possibility is grave. (Bostrom 2014) argues for the importance of considering the risks of artificial intelligence as a research agenda. For Bostrom, the potential risks of artificial intelligence are not just at the scale of industrial mishaps or weapons of mass destruction. Rather, Bostrom argues that artificial intelligence has the potential to threaten humanity as a whole and determine the fate of the universe. We approach this grand thesis with a measure of skepticism. Nevertheless, we hope that by elucidating the argument and considering potential objections in good faith, we can get a better grip on the realistic ethical implications of artificial intelligence. This paper is in that spirit. We consider the argument for this AI doomsday scenario proposed by Bostrom (Bostrom 2014). Section 1 summarizes Bostrom's argument and motivates the work of the rest of the paper. In focuses on the conditions of an " intelligence explosion " that would lead to a dominant machine intelligence averse to humanity. Section 2 argues that rather than speculating broadly about general artificial intelligence, we can predict outcomes of artificial intelligence by considering more narrowly a few tasks that are essential to instrumental reasoning. Section 3 considers recalcitrance, the resistance of a system to improvements to its own intelligence, and the ways it can limit intelligence explosion. Section 4 contains …
Consumption, health, gender, and poverty

Standard methods of poverty measurement assume that an individual is poor if he or she lives in a family whose income or consumption lies below an appropriate poverty line. Such methods can provide only limited insight into male and female poverty separately. Nevertheless, there are reasons why household resources are linked to the gender composition of the household; women’s earnings are often lower than men’s, families in some countries control their fertility through differential stopping rules, and women live longer than men. It is also possible to link family expenditure patterns to the gender composition of the household, something we illustrate using data from India and South Africa. Such a procedure provides useful information on who gets what, but cannot tell us how total resources are allocated between males and females. More can be gleaned from data on consumption by individual household members, and for many goods, collecting such information is good survey practice in any case. Even so, we suspect that it will be some time before such information can be used routinely to produce estimates of poverty by gender. A more promising approach is likely to come within a broader definition of poverty that includes health (and possibly education) as well as income. We discuss recent work on collecting self-reported measures of non-fatal health, and argue that such measures are already useful for assessing the relative health status of males and females. The evidence is consistent with non-elderly women generally having poorer health than non-elderly men. We emphasize the importance of simultaneously measuring poverty in multiple dimensions. The different components of wellbeing are correlated, and it is misleading to look at any one in isolation from the others.
Opinion leaders and changes over time: a survey

BACKGROUND
Opinion leaders represent one way to disseminate new knowledge and influence the practice behaviors of physicians. This study explored the stability of opinion leaders over time, whether opinion leaders were polymorphic (i.e., influencing multiple practice areas) or monomorphic (i.e., influencing one practice area), and reach of opinion leaders in their local network.


METHODS
We surveyed surgeons and pathologists in Ontario to identify opinion leaders for colorectal cancer in 2003 and 2005 and to identify opinion leaders for breast cancer in 2005. We explored whether opinion leaders for colorectal cancer identified in 2003 were re-identified in 2005. We examined whether opinion leaders were considered polymorphic (nominated in 2005 as opinion leaders for both colorectal and breast cancer) or monomorphic (nominated in 2005 for only one condition). Social-network mapping was used to identify the number of local colleagues identifying opinion leaders.


RESULTS
Response rates for surgeons were 41% (2003) and 40% (2005); response rates for pathologists were 42% (2003) and 37% (2005). Four (25%) of the surgical opinion leaders identified in 2003 for colorectal cancer were re-identified in 2005. No pathology opinion leaders for colorectal cancer were identified in both 2003 and 2005. Only 29% of surgical opinion leaders and 17% of pathology opinion leaders identified in the 2005 survey were considered influential for both colorectal cancer and breast cancer. Social-network mapping revealed that only a limited number of general surgeons (12%) or pathologists (7%) were connected to the social networks of identified opinion leaders.


CONCLUSIONS
Opinion leaders identified in this study were not stable over a two-year time period and generally appear to be monomorphic, with clearly demarcated areas of expertise and limited spheres of influence. These findings may limit the practicability of routinely using opinion leaders to influence practice.
Solving the Prerequisites : Improving Question Answering on the bAbI Dataset

The aim of this project is to make progress towards building a machine learning agent that understands natural language and can perform basic reasoning. Towards this nebulous goal, we focus on question answering: Can an agent answer a query based on a given set of natural language facts? We combine LSTM sentence embedding models with an attention mechanism and obtain good results on the Facebook bAbI dataset [1], outperforming [2] on 1 task and achieving similar performance on several others.
The Vehicle-Routing Problem with Delivery and BackHaul Options

In this article we consider a version of the vehicle-routing problem (VRP): A fleet of identical capacitated vehicles serves a system of one warehouse and N customers of two types dispersed in the plane. Customers may require deliveries from the warehouse, back hauls to the warehouse, or both. The objective is to design a set of routes of minimum total length to serve all customers, without violating the capacity restriction of the vehicles along the routes. The capacity restriction here, in contrast to the VRP without back hauls is complicated because amount of capacity used depends on the order the customers are visited along the routes. The problem is NP-hard. We develop a lower bound on the optimal total cost and a heuristic solution for the problem. The routes generated by the heuristic are such that the back-haul customers are served only after terminating service to the delivery customers. However, the heuristic is shown to converge to the optimal solution, under mildprobabilistic conditions, as fast as N-0.5. The complexity of the heuristic, as well as the computation of the lower bound, is U ( N ’ ) if all customers have unit demand size and O ( N 3 log N) otherwise, independently of the demand sizes.
5α-Reductase Type 1 Modulates Insulin Sensitivity in Men

CONTEXT
5α-Reductase (5αR) types 1 and 2 catalyze the A-ring reduction of steroids, including androgens and glucocorticoids. 5α-R inhibitors lower dihydrotestosterone in benign prostatic hyperplasia; finasteride inhibits 5αR2, and dutasteride inhibits both 5αR2 and 5αR1. In rodents, loss of 5αR1 promotes fatty liver.


OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to test the hypothesis that inhibition of 5αR1 causes metabolic dysfunction in humans.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This double-blind randomized controlled parallel group study at a clinical research facility included 46 men (20-85 years) studied before and after intervention.


INTERVENTION
Oral dutasteride (0.5 mg daily; n = 16), finasteride (5 mg daily; n = 16), or control (tamsulosin; 0.4 mg daily; n = 14) was administered for 3 months.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Glucose disposal was measured during a stepwise hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Data are mean (SEM).


RESULTS
Dutasteride and finasteride had similar effects on steroid profiles, with reduced urinary androgen and glucocorticoid metabolites and reduced circulating DHT but no change in plasma or salivary cortisol. Dutasteride, but not finasteride, reduced stimulation of glucose disposal by high-dose insulin (dutasteride by -5.7 [3.2] μmol/kg fat-free mass/min, versus finasteride +7.2 [3.0], and tamsulosin +7.0 [2.0]). Dutasteride also reduced suppression of nonesterified fatty acids by insulin and increased body fat (by 1.6% [0.6%]). Glucose production and glycerol turnover were unchanged. Consistent with metabolic effects of dutasteride being mediated in peripheral tissues, mRNA for 5αR1 but not 5αR2 was detected in human adipose tissue.


CONCLUSION
Dual inhibition of 5αRs, but not inhibition of 5αR2 alone, modulates insulin sensitivity in human peripheral tissues rather than liver. This may have important implications for patients prescribed dutasteride for prostatic disease.
Style-based Text Categorization: What Newspaper Am I Reading?

Style-based Text Categorization: What Newspaper Am I Reading?
A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination—Development to date and future potential

NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Membrane Science. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Membrane Science, vol 370, issue 1-2, 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.036