LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Centrality and network flow

Centralitymeasures, or at least popular interpretations of thesemeasures,make implicit assumptions about the manner in which traffic flows through a network. For example, some measures count only geodesic paths, apparently assuming that whatever flows through the network only moves along the shortest possible paths. This paper lays out a typology of network flows based on two dimensions of variation, namely the kinds of trajectories that traffic may follow (geodesics, paths, trails, or walks) and the method of spread (broadcast, serial replication, or transfer). Measures of centrality are then matched to the kinds of flows that they are appropriate for. Simulations are used to examine the relationship between type of flow and the differential importance of nodes with respect to key measurements such as speed of reception of traffic and frequency of receiving traffic. It is shown that the off-the-shelf formulas for centrality measures are fully applicable only for the specific flow processes they are designed for, and that when they are applied to other flow processes they get the “wrong” answer. It is noted that the most commonly used centrality measures are not appropriate for most of the flows we are routinely interested in. A key claim made in this paper is that centrality measures can be regarded as generating expected values for certain kinds of node outcomes (such as speed and frequency of reception) given implicit models of how traffic flows, and that this provides a new and useful way of thinking about centrality. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bracketing programme constructs

Amused by the Levity of {3} and annoyed by th e attitude of {2}, I should like to make a seriou s contribution to the do. .sod controversy. In the realm of expressions of the traditional. arithmetic kind, the use of brackets and parentheses L clarify and disambiguate generally goes unchallenged. Certainly for expressions of Limited complexity th e method usually works for the human reader : whilst fo r a machine free of problems of the psychology o perception, greater depths of nesting present n o theoretical difficulty. As Lisp and Algol-68 have shewn, the same metho d may be applied to bracketing other programm e constructs : yet the majority of human readers tend t) find this Lacking in clarity. Lisp provides n<' alternative, and has accordingly been much abused an d reviled. Algol-68 permits the use of symmetric keywor d pairs, such as comment. . .tnemmoc : probably the on e example of a symmetry which is not beautiful. The origin of the controversy lies in th e realisation that the method pioneered by Algol-• 0 an y adopted by many other Languages since, namely the us e of begin. . .end pairs, suffers from the fact that ont o END looks pretty much the same as any other : and whe n a number of END''s occur in direct succession a commonly observed phenomenon-it is difficult for a human to match BEGIN's with ENO's and see how th e programme is really structured. Even the technique o f "prettyprint ing" does not solve the proolem : for whe n a compiler complains "Missing ENO" the programmer stil t has to determine which construct has been incorrectl y terminated .
The HybrEx Model for Confidentiality and Privacy in Cloud Computing

This paper proposes a new execution model for confidentiality and privacy in cloud computing, called the HybrEx (Hybrid Execution) model. The HybrEx model provides a seamless way for an organization to utilize their own infrastructure for sensitive, private data and computation, while integrating public clouds for nonsensitive, public data and computation. We outline how to realize this model in one specific execution environment, MapReduce over Bigtable.
A survey of Community Question Answering

With the advent of numerous community forums, tasks associated with the same have gained importance in the recent past. With the influx of new questions every day on these forums, the issues of identifying methods to find answers to said questions, or even trying to detect duplicate questions, are of practical importance and are challenging in their own right. This paper aims at surveying some of the aforementioned issues, and methods proposed for tackling the same.
Prognostic significance of angiogenic growth factor serum levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

BACKGROUND
In patients with acute coronary syndromes, compensatory processes are initiated, including angiogenesis and endothelial regeneration of ruptured or eroded plaques. Angiogenic growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are upregulated during ischemia. However, it is unknown whether their serum levels are related to clinical outcome.


METHODS AND RESULTS
We measured VEGF, HGF, and bFGF levels in 1090 patients with acute coronary syndromes. Angiographic evaluation was performed at baseline as well as death, and nonfatal myocardial infarctions were recorded during 6-month follow-up. HGF and VEGF, but not bFGF, were significantly and independently associated with the patients' outcome. Patients with elevated VEGF serum levels suffered from adverse outcome (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.50 [1.52 to 4.82]; P=0.002). VEGF elevation was associated with evidence of ischemia and was a significant predictor of the effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition. In contrast, patients with high HGF levels had a significantly lower event rate compared with patients with low HGF levels (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.33 [0.21 to 0.51]; P<0.001). HGF levels did not correlate with evidence of ischemia and did not predict the effect of abciximab. Intriguingly, however, HGF levels significantly correlated with angiographically visible collateralization of the target vessel (22.4% versus 10.5%; P<0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
The angiogenic growth factors VEGF and HGF are independent predictors of the patients' prognosis in acute coronary syndromes. Whereas VEGF elevation correlated with the evidence of myocardial ischemia and indicated an adverse outcome, HGF elevation was independent of ischemia and associated with improved collateralization as well as a favorable prognosis.
Pathological burst fracture in the cervical spine with negative red flags: a case report.

OBJECTIVE
To report on a case of a pathological burst fracture in the cervical spine where typical core red flag tests failed to identify a significant lesion, and to remind chiropractors to be vigilant in the recognition of subtle signs and symptoms of disease processes.


CLINICAL FEATURES
A 61-year-old man presented to a chiropractic clinic with neck pain that began earlier that morning. After a physical exam that was relatively unremarkable, imaging identified a burst fracture in the cervical spine.


INTERVENTION & OUTCOMES
The patient was sent by ambulance to the hospital where he was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. No medical intervention was performed on the fracture.


SUMMARY
The patient's initial physical examination was largely unremarkable, with an absence of clinical red flags. The screening tools were non-diagnostic. Pain with traction and the sudden onset of symptoms prompted further investigation with plain film imaging of the cervical spine. This identified a pathological burst fracture in the C4 vertebrae.
Converted-wave seismic exploration: Applications

Converted seismic waves (P-to-S on reflection) are being increasingly used to explore for subsurface targets. Rapid advancements in multicomponent acquisition methods and processing techniques have led to numerous applications for P-S images. Uses that have arisen include sand/shale differentiation, carbonate identification, definition of interfaces with low P-wave contrast, anisotropy analysis, imaging through gas zones, shallow high-resolution imaging, and reservoir monitoring. Marine converted-wave analysis using 4-C recordings (a three-component geophone plus a hydrophone) has generated some remarkable images.
Underestimation of myelodysplastic syndrome incidence by cancer registries: Results from a population-based data linkage study.

BACKGROUND
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) appear to be underreported to cancer registries, with important implications for cancer and transfusion support service planning and delivery. Two population-based databases were linked to estimate MDS incidence more accurately.


METHODS
Data from the statewide Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and Victorian Admitted Episode Dataset (VAED, capturing all inpatient admissions), in Australia, were linked. Incidence rates were calculated based on VCR reported cases and using additional MDS cases identified in VAED. Differences between reported and nonreported cases were assessed. A multivariate capture-recapture method was used to estimate missed cases.


RESULTS
Between 2003 and 2010, 2692 cases were reported to VCR and an additional 1562 cases were identified in VAED. Annual incidence rate for those aged 65 years and older based on VCR was 44 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 43-45 per 100,000) and 68 per 100,000 (95% CI = 67-70 per 100,000) using both data sets. Cases not reported to VCR were more likely to have had previous malignancies recorded in VAED (23% versus 19%, P = .003) and to require red cell transfusion (59% versus 54%, P = .003). Using the multivariate model, an estimated 1292 cases were missed by both data sources: the re-estimate was 5546 (95% CI = 5438-5655) MDS cases, with an annual incidence in those aged 65 or older of 103 per 100,000 (95% CI = 100-106).


CONCLUSIONS
This study reports a higher incidence of MDS using 2 data sources from a large and well-defined population than reported using cancer registry notifications alone.
Association between treatment or usual care region and hospitalization for fall-related traumatic brain injury in the Connecticut Collaboration for Fall Prevention.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the association between the treatment region (TR) or usual care region (UCR) of the Connecticut Collaboration for Fall Prevention (CCFP), a clinical intervention for prevention of falls, and the rate of hospitalization for fall-related traumatic brain injury (FR-TBI) in persons aged 70 and older and to describe the Medicare charges for FR-TBI hospitalizations.


DESIGN
Using a quasi-experimental design, rates of hospitalization for FR-TBI were recorded over an 8-year period (2000-2007) in two distinct geographic regions (TR and UCR) chosen for their similarity in characteristics associated with occurrence of falls.


SETTING
Two geographical regions in Connecticut.


PARTICIPANTS
More than 200,000 persons aged 70 and older.


INTERVENTION
Clinicians in the TR translated research protocols from the Yale Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques, a successful fall-prevention randomized clinical trial, into discipline- and site-specific fall-prevention procedures for integration into their clinical practices.


MEASUREMENTS
Rate of hospitalization for FR-TBI in persons aged 70 and older.


RESULTS
Connecticut Collaboration for Fall Prevention's TR exhibited lower rates of hospitalization for FR-TBI than the UCR (risk ratio = 0.84, 95% credible interval = 0.72-0.99).


CONCLUSION
The significantly lower rate of hospitalization for FR-TBI in CCFP's TR suggests that the engagement of practicing clinicians in the implementation of evidence-based fall-prevention practices may reduce hospitalizations for FR-TBI.
Intraperitoneal catheter outcomes in a phase III trial of intravenous versus intraperitoneal chemotherapy in optimal stage III ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate reasons for discontinuing intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy, and to compare characteristics of patients who did versus did not successfully complete six cycles of IP chemotherapy.


METHODS
In a phase III trial, women with optimal stage III ovarian or peritoneal carcinoma were randomly allocated to receive IP therapy (paclitaxel 135 mg/m(2) intravenously (IV) over 24 h, cisplatin 100 mg/m(2) IP day 2, paclitaxel 60 mg/m(2) IP day 8) every 21 days for six cycles. Patients unable to receive IP therapy were treated with the alternate (IV) regimen. Variables compared included surgical procedures prior to enrollment, timing of IP catheter insertion, and primary and contributing reasons for discontinuing IP therapy.


RESULTS
Among 205 eligible patients randomly allocated to the IP arm, 119 (58%) did not complete six cycles of IP therapy. Forty (34%) patients discontinued IP therapy primarily due to catheter complications and 34 (29%) discontinued for unrelated reasons. Hysterectomy, appendectomy, small bowel resection, and ileocecal resection were not associated with failure to complete six cycles. IP therapy was not initiated in 16% of patients who did versus 5% of those who did not have a left colon or rectosigmoid colon resection (P = 0.015). There was no association between timing of catheter insertion and failure to complete IP therapy.


CONCLUSIONS
In this multi-institutional setting, it was difficult to deliver six cycles of IP therapy without complications. There appears to be an association between rectosigmoid colon resection and the inability to initiate IP therapy. Catheter choice, timing of insertion, and how surgical treatment of ovarian cancer influences the successful completion of intraperitoneal chemotherapy require further study.
Semantic Frame-Based Document Representation for Comparable Corpora

Document representation is a fundamental problem for text mining. Many efforts have been done to generate concise yet semantic representation, such as bag-of-words, phrase, sentence and topic-level descriptions. Nevertheless, most existing techniques counter difficulties in handling monolingual comparable corpus, which is a collection of monolingual documents conveying the same topic. In this paper, we propose the use of frame, a high-level semantic unit, and construct frame-based representations to semantically describe documents by bags of frames, using an information network approach. One major challenge in this representation is that semantically similar frames may be of different forms. For example, "radiation leaked" in one news article can appear as "the level of radiation increased" in another article. To tackle the problem, a text-based information network is constructed among frames and words, and a link-based similarity measure called SynRank is proposed to calculate similarity between frames. As a result, different variations of the semantically similar frames are merged into a single descriptive frame using clustering, and a document can then be represented as a bag of representative frames. It turns out that frame-based document representation not only is more interpretable, but also can facilitate other text analysis tasks such as event tracking effectively. We conduct both qualitative and quantitative experiments on three comparable news corpora, to study the effectiveness of frame-based document representation and the similarity measure SynRank, respectively, and demonstrate that the superior performance of frame-based document representation on different real-world applications.
A Vector Space Approach for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis

Vector representations for language have been shown to be useful in a number of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. In this thesis, we aim to investigate the effectiveness of word vector representations for the research problem of Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA), which attempts to capture both semantic and sentiment information encoded in user generated content such as product reviews. In particular, we target three ABSA sub-tasks: aspect term extraction, aspect category detection, and aspect sentiment prediction. We investigate the effectiveness of vector representations over different text data, and evaluate the quality of domain-dependent vectors. We utilize vector representations to compute various vector-based features and conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate their effectiveness. Using simple vector-based features, we achieve F1 scores of 79.9% for aspect term extraction, 86.7% for category detection, and 72.3% for aspect sentiment prediction. Co Thesis Supervisor: James Glass Title: Senior Research Scientist Co Thesis Supervisor: Mitra Mohtarami Title: Postdoctoral Associate 3
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sertraline with naltrexone for alcohol dependence.

INTRODUCTION
Significant preclinical evidence exists for a synergistic interaction between the opioid and the serotonin systems in determining alcohol consumption. Naltrexone, an opiate receptor antagonist, is approved for the treatment of alcohol dependence. This double-blind placebo-controlled study examined whether the efficacy of naltrexone would be augmented by concurrent treatment with sertraline, a selective serotonin receptor uptake inhibitor (SSRI).


METHODS
One hundred and thirteen participants meeting DSM IV alcohol dependence criteria, who were abstinent from alcohol between 5 and 30 days, were randomly assigned to receive one of two treatments at two sites. One group received naltrexone 12.5 mg once daily for 3 days, 25 mg once daily for 4 days, and 50 mg once daily for the next 11 weeks, together with placebo sertraline. The other group received naltrexone as outlined and simultaneously received sertraline 50 mg once daily for 2 weeks, followed by 100 mg once daily for 10 weeks. Both groups received group relapse prevention psychotherapy on a weekly basis.


RESULTS
Compliance and attendance rates were comparable and high. The groups did not differ on the two primary outcomes, time to first drink and time to relapse to heavy drinking, or on secondary treatment outcomes. With the exception of sexual side effects which were more common in the combination group, most adverse events were similar for the two conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
As the doses are tested in combination with specialized behavioral therapy, this study does not provide sufficient evidence for the combined use of sertraline and naltrexone above naltrexone alone.
Arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides.

Arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides are short cationic peptides capable of traversing the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. While successful intracellular delivery of many biologically active macromolecules has been accomplished using these peptides, their mechanisms of cell entry are still under investigation. Recent dialogue has centered on a debate over the roles that direct translocation and endocytotic pathways play in internalization of cell-penetrating peptides. In this paper, we review the evidence for the broad range of proposed mechanisms, and show that each distinct process requires negative Gaussian membrane curvature as a necessary condition. Generation of negative Gaussian curvature by cell-penetrating peptides is directly related to their arginine content. We illustrate these concepts using HIV TAT as an example.
Nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in subjects with isolated action tremor.

BACKGROUND
Isolated action tremor (IAT) is the hallmark clinical feature of essential tremor (ET), but it may also be a prominent feature of some individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) suggesting a pathogenic relationship between these two disorders.


OBJECTIVES
We investigated the integrity of the striatal presynaptic dopaminergic system in subjects presenting IAT to improve the diagnostic accuracy and to explore any putative relationships between ET and PD.


METHODS
The striatal dopaminergic system was examined by means of dopamine transporter imaging using (123)I-(fluoropropyl)-2ß-carbomethoxy-3ß-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane ([123I]-FP-CIT) single-photon emission tomography (DAT-SPECT) in a clinical series of individuals with IAT, excluding those with associated resting tremor and bradykinesia.


RESULTS
Among 167 incidental individuals with IAT eligible for DAT-SPECT (Male/Female = 58.9/41.1%; Age = 67.8 ± 14.3 years), reduced striatal uptake was observed in 114 out of 167 (68.3%), whereas normal striatal binding was observed in the remaining 53 subjects (31.7%). Onset of tremor after 50 years and asymmetrical distribution of tremor were predictive variables of nigrostriatal denervation, whereas gender, family history and the presence of intentional, cephalic or voice tremors were not associated with nigrostriatal denervation.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that IAT is a frequent presenting symptom in a subset of individuals with PD, often misdiagnosed as ET, and that DAT-SPECT can help differentiate between these two disorders. Current diagnostic criteria for ET should be revised to include asymmetry and late-onset tremor as predictors of nigrostriatal denervation.
Group swimming and aquatic exercise programme for children with autism spectrum disorders: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of a 14-week aquatic exercise programme for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).


DESIGN
Non-randomized control trial.


METHODS
Twelve children participated in this pilot study with seven participants in the aquatic exercise group and five in the control group. The programme was held twice per week for 40 minutes per session. Swimming skills, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, mobility skills and participant and parent satisfaction were measured before and after the intervention.


RESULTS
No significant between-group changes were found. Within-group improvements for swimming skills were found for the intervention group. Programme attendance was high. Parents and children were very satisfied with the programme activities and instructors.


CONCLUSIONS
This pilot programme was feasible and showed potential for improving swimming ability in children with ASD. Exercise intensity was low for some participants, most likely contributing to a lack of significant findings on fitness outcomes.
Boosting Structured Prediction for Imitation Learning

The Maximum Margin Planning (MMP) (Ratliff et al., 2006) algorithm solves imitation learning problems by learning linear mappings from features to cost functions in a planning domain. The learned policy is the result of minimum-cost planning using these cost functions. These mappings are chosen so that example policies (or trajectories) given by a teacher appear to be lower cost (with a lossscaled margin) than any other policy for a given planning domain. We provide a novel approach, MMPBOOST , based on the functional gradient descent view of boosting (Mason et al., 1999; Friedman, 1999a) that extends MMP by “boosting” in new features. This approach uses simple binary classification or regression to improve performance of MMP imitation learning, and naturally extends to the class of structured maximum margin prediction problems. (Taskar et al., 2005) Our technique is applied to navigation and planning problems for outdoor mobile robots and robotic legged locomotion.
Vehicle detection for traffic flow analysis

TYAs paper looks at some of the algorithms that can be used for effective detection and tracking of vehicles, in particular for statistical analysis. The main methods for tracking discussed and implemented are blob analysis, optical flow and foreground detection. A further analysis is also done testing two of the techniques using a number of video sequences that include different levels of difficulties.
On the asymptotic proportion of connected matroids

Very little is known about the asymptotic behavior of classes of matroids. Wemake a number of conjectures about such behaviors. For example, we conjecture that asymptotically almost every matroid: has a trivial automorphism group; is arbitrarily highly connected; and is not representable over any field. We prove one result: the proportion of labeled n-element matroids that are connected is asymptotically at least 1/2. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.