LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
to Electronic Warfare Scenarios 1 . 1 Defi nitions and EW Role in the Military Field

The formal military terminology [1] defines electronic warfare (EW) as a military action whose objective is control of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). This objective is achieved through offensive electronic attack (EA), defensive electronic protection (EP), intelligence gathering and threat recognition electronic warfare support (ES) actions. These current definitions give each function a broader scope with respect to terminology used previously, which was, respectively, electronic countermeasures (ECM), electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM), and electronic warfare support measures (ESM). The new EA function definition includes, in addition to the previous ECM function, the use of direct energy weapons (DEWs), antiradiation missiles (ARM), and electromagnetic and nuclear pulses (EMP and NEMP) to destroy enemy electronic equipment. The new EP function definition includes, in addition to the previous ECCM function, the use of electromagnetic emissions control (EMCON), the electromagnetic hardening of electronic equipment, EW frequency conflict removal, and communications security (COMSEC) actions. The new ES function definition is not very different from the previous ESM definition as both include near-real-time threat recognition in support of immediate decisions relevant to EA, EP, weapon avoidance, and targeting actions. The classification of the EW functions is shown in Figure 1.1. EW is one of the military actions of command and control (C2) warfare, whose objective is to obtain C2 superiority by breaking the connectivity of the adversary C2, thus leading to success in military operations. C2 systems are, in fact, the links through which the commanders' decisions, based on the information and intelligence that flow through those systems, are communicated to battlefield forces. A C2 system is a network of nodes, each consisting of a number of subsystems, such as sensors, navigation systems, command and data fusion centers, and communication links. A critical node is an element whose disruption or destruction 2 Introduction to Electronic Warfare Scenarios immediately degrades the ability of a C2 system to effectively conduct combat operations. C2 warfare (C2W) consists of five military actions, which are integrated in both C2 protection and C2 attack actions:
Optimization of machining parameters of Wire-EDM based on Grey relational and statistical analyses

Grey relational analyses are applied to determine the optimal selection of machining parameters for the Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (Wire-EDM) process. The Grey theory can provide a solution for a system in which the model is unsure or the information is incomplete. Besides, it provides an efficient solution to the uncertainty, multi-input and discrete data problem. Based on Taguchi quality design concept, an L18 mixed-orthogonal array table was chosen for the experiments. With both Grey relational analysis and a statistical method, it is found that the table feedrate had a significant influence on the metal removal rate, whilst the gap width and surface roughness were mainly influenced by pulseon time. Moreover, the optimal machining parameters’ setting for maximum metal removal rate and minimum surface roughness (or a desired surface roughness or a desired gap width) could be obtained by this approach.
Human Genome Editing and Ethical Considerations

Editing human germline genes may act as boon in some genetic and other disorders. Recent editing of the genome of the human embryo with the CRISPR/Cas9 editing tool generated a debate amongst top scientists of the world for the ethical considerations regarding its effect on the future generations. It needs to be seen as to what transformation human gene editing brings to humankind in the times to come.
[Variability in renal dysfunction defining criteria and detection methods in intensive care units: are the international consensus criteria used for diagnosing renal dysfunction?].

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate variability in the detection and prevention of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the intensive care unit (ICU), and application of the international recommendations in this field (Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative [ADQI] and Acute Kidney Injury Network [AKIN]).


DESIGN
A prospective, observational, multicenter study.


SETTING
A total of 42 ICUs in 32 hospitals (78% in third level hospitals and 70.7% general units) recruited for a study on the prevalence of AKI (COFRADE).


INTERVENTIONS
Survey.


VARIABLES
Aspects related to AKI detection and prevention and renal replacement therapy protocols.


RESULTS
The method used for estimating glomerular filtration rate was serum creatinine in 36.6%, creatinine clearance in 41.5% and equations in 22%; none reported using cystatin-C. Only 39.1% ICUs acknowledged the use of stratification systems (13 RIFLE and 3 AKIN). A total of 48.8% ICUs had no written protocols for AKI prevention, 31.7% reported using them only for contrast nephropathy, 7.3% for nephrotoxic drugs and 12.2% for both. In contrast, 63.4% participants had written protocols for renal replacement therapy, 70.7% had implemented a training program, and 53.7% had some method for adjusting doses of drugs when on renal replacement therapy.


CONCLUSIONS
We observed important variability regarding diagnostic criteria and prevention of AKI in Spanish ICUs, the application of ADQI or AKIN recommendations still being low in our units. Renal replacement therapy seems to generate more concern among our intensivists than AKI management.
The Adoption of Electronic Banking in Tunisia : An Exploratory Study

This paper aims to check if the current and prompt technological revolution altering the whole world has crucial impacts on the Tunisian banking sector. Particularly, this study seeks some clues on which we can rely in order to understand the customers’ behavior regarding the adoption of electronic banking. To achieve this purpose, an empirical research is carried out in Tunisia and it reveals that a panoply of factors is affecting the customers-attitude toward e-banking. For instance; age, gender and educational qualifications seem to be important and they split up the group into electronic banking adopters and traditional banking defenders and so, they have significant influence on the customers’ adoption of e-banking. Furthermore, this study shows that despite the presidential incentives and in spite of being fully aware of the e-banking’s benefits, numerous respondents are still using the conventional banking. It is worthy to mention that the fear of loss because of transactions errors or hackers plays a significant role in alienating Tunisian customers from online banking. Finally, a number of this study’s limitations are highlighted and some research perspectives are suggested. JIBC December 2009, Vol. 14, No. 3 2
Real Time Video Scene Detection and Classification

The VISION (video indexing for searching over networks) digital video library system has been developed in our laboratory as a testbed for evaluating automatic and comprehensive mechanisms for video archive creation and content-based search, ®ltering and retrieval of video over local and wide area networks. In order to provide access to video footage within seconds of broadcast, we have developed a new pipelined digital video processing architecture which is capable of digitizing, processing, indexing and compressing video in real time on an inexpensive general purpose computer. These videos were automatically partitioned into short scenes using video, audio and closed-caption information. The resulting scenes are indexed based on their captions and stored in a multimedia database. A clientserver-based graphical user interface was developed to enable users to remotely search this archive and view selected video segments over networks of dierent bandwidths. Additionally, VISION classi®es the incoming videos with respect to a taxonomy of categories and will selectively send users videos which match their individual pro®les. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Uncertainty and risk in wildland fire management: a review.

Wildland fire management is subject to manifold sources of uncertainty. Beyond the unpredictability of wildfire behavior, uncertainty stems from inaccurate/missing data, limited resource value measures to guide prioritization across fires and resources at risk, and an incomplete scientific understanding of ecological response to fire, of fire behavior response to treatments, and of spatiotemporal dynamics involving disturbance regimes and climate change. This work attempts to systematically align sources of uncertainty with the most appropriate decision support methodologies, in order to facilitate cost-effective, risk-based wildfire planning efforts. We review the state of wildfire risk assessment and management, with a specific focus on uncertainties challenging implementation of integrated risk assessments that consider a suite of human and ecological values. Recent advances in wildfire simulation and geospatial mapping of highly valued resources have enabled robust risk-based analyses to inform planning across a variety of scales, although improvements are needed in fire behavior and ignition occurrence models. A key remaining challenge is a better characterization of non-market resources at risk, both in terms of their response to fire and how society values those resources. Our findings echo earlier literature identifying wildfire effects analysis and value uncertainty as the primary challenges to integrated wildfire risk assessment and wildfire management. We stress the importance of identifying and characterizing uncertainties in order to better quantify and manage them. Leveraging the most appropriate decision support tools can facilitate wildfire risk assessment and ideally improve decision-making.
Receptor model source attributions for Utah's Salt Lake City airshed and the impacts of wintertime secondary ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosol.

UNLABELLED
Communities along Utah's Wasatch Front are currently developing strategies to reduce daily average PM2.5 levels to below National Ambient Air Quality Standards during wintertime persistent stable atmospheric conditions, or cold-air pools. Speciated PM2.5 data from the Wasatch Front airshed indicate that wintertime exceedances of the PM2.5 standard are mainly driven by high levels of ammonium nitrate. Stable wintertime conditions foster the formation of ammonium nitrate aerosol when sufficient sources of NO(x), ammonia, and oxidative capacity exist. However this work demonstrates that secondary ammonium chloride aerosol can also be a significant source of secondary wintertime PM2.5 if sufficient sources of atmospheric chlorine exist. Two factor analysis techniques, positive matrix factorization (PMF) and Unmix, were used to identify contributors to PM2.5 at three monitoring stations along Utah's Wasatch Front: Bountiful, Lindon, and Salt Lake City. The monitoring data included chemically speciated PM2.5 data for 227, 227, and 429 days at each location, respectively, during the period from May 2007 through May 2011. PMF identified 10-12 factors and Unmix identified 4-5 factors for each of the locations. The wintertime PMF and Unmix results showed large contributions from secondary PM2.5 when PM2.5 concentrations exceeded 20 microg/m3. PMF identified both ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosol as significant secondary contributors to PM2.5 (10-15% of total PM2.5 from ammonium chloride) during wintertime pollution episodes. Subsequent ion balance analysis of the monitoring data confirmed the presence of significant ammonium chloride aerosol on these highly polluted days at all three monitoring sites. The directly emitted primary PM2.5 portions of the source attribution results were further compared to county-level emissions inventories and showed generally good agreement for Salt Lake City and Lindon during wintertime except for wood smoke and fugitive dust, which have higher contributions in the receptor modeling results than in the emissions inventories.


IMPLICATIONS
The study suggests that secondary ammonium chloride aerosol can be a significant source ofwintertime PM2.5 in an ammonia-rich environment, like the Wasatch Front airshed, if sufficient sources of atmospheric chlorine exist. During wintertime, cold-air-pool events, the source attribution results generally agree with the county emission inventories with the exception of wood smoke and cooking sources. At the Salt Lake City monitoring station, the estimated contributions from wood smoke and cooking are nearly double those of the corresponding inventory, suggesting that they are nearly as important as gasoline emissions.
Learning to Interpret Natural Language Navigation Instructions from Observations

The ability to understand natural-language instructions is critical to building intelligent agents that interact with humans. We present a system that learns to transform natural-language navigation instructions into executable formal plans. Given no prior linguistic knowledge, the system learns by simply observing how humans follow navigation instructions. The system is evaluated in three complex virtual indoor environments with numerous objects and landmarks. A previously collected realistic corpus of complex English navigation instructions for these environments is used for training and testing data. By using a learned lexicon to refine inferred plans and a supervised learner to induce a semantic parser, the system is able to automatically learn to correctly interpret a reasonable fraction of the complex instructions in this corpus.
Fast image blending using watersheds and graph cuts

Please cite this article in press as: N. Gra doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2008.04.014 This paper presents a novel approach for combining a set of registered images into a composite mosaic with no visible seams and minimal texture distortion. To promote execution speed in building large area mosaics, the mosaic space is divided into disjoint regions of image intersection based on a geometric criterion. Pair-wise image blending is performed independently in each region by means of watershed segmentation and graph cut optimization. A contribution of this work – use of watershed segmentation on image differences to find possible cuts over areas of low photometric difference – allows for searching over a much smaller set of watershed segments, instead of over the entire set of pixels in the intersection zone. Watershed transform seeks areas of low difference when creating boundaries of each segment. Constraining the overall cutting lines to be a sequence of watershed segment boundaries results in significant reduction of search space. The solution is found efficiently via graph cut, using a photometric criterion. The proposed method presents several advantages. The use of graph cuts over image pairs guarantees the globally optimal solution for each intersection region. The independence of such regions makes the algorithm suitable for parallel implementation. The separated use of the geometric and photometric criteria leads to reduced memory requirements and a compact storage of the input data. Finally, it allows the efficient creation of large mosaics, without user intervention. We illustrate the performance of the approach on image sequences with prominent 3-D content and moving objects. 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Leveraging motion capture and 3D scanning for high-fidelity facial performance acquisition

This paper introduces a new approach for acquiring high-fidelity 3D facial performances with realistic dynamic wrinkles and finescale facial details. Our approach leverages state-of-the-art motion capture technology and advanced 3D scanning technology for facial performance acquisition. We start the process by recording 3D facial performances of an actor using a marker-based motion capture system and perform facial analysis on the captured data, thereby determining a minimal set of face scans required for accurate facial reconstruction. We introduce a two-step registration process to efficiently build dense consistent surface correspondences across all the face scans. We reconstruct high-fidelity 3D facial performances by combining motion capture data with the minimal set of face scans in the blendshape interpolation framework. We have evaluated the performance of our system on both real and synthetic data. Our results show that the system can capture facial performances that match both the spatial resolution of static face scans and the acquisition speed of motion capture systems.
Predictive data mining in clinical medicine: Current issues and guidelines

BACKGROUND
The widespread availability of new computational methods and tools for data analysis and predictive modeling requires medical informatics researchers and practitioners to systematically select the most appropriate strategy to cope with clinical prediction problems. In particular, the collection of methods known as 'data mining' offers methodological and technical solutions to deal with the analysis of medical data and construction of prediction models. A large variety of these methods requires general and simple guidelines that may help practitioners in the appropriate selection of data mining tools, construction and validation of predictive models, along with the dissemination of predictive models within clinical environments.


PURPOSE
The goal of this review is to discuss the extent and role of the research area of predictive data mining and to propose a framework to cope with the problems of constructing, assessing and exploiting data mining models in clinical medicine.


METHODS
We review the recent relevant work published in the area of predictive data mining in clinical medicine, highlighting critical issues and summarizing the approaches in a set of learned lessons.


RESULTS
The paper provides a comprehensive review of the state of the art of predictive data mining in clinical medicine and gives guidelines to carry out data mining studies in this field.


CONCLUSIONS
Predictive data mining is becoming an essential instrument for researchers and clinical practitioners in medicine. Understanding the main issues underlying these methods and the application of agreed and standardized procedures is mandatory for their deployment and the dissemination of results. Thanks to the integration of molecular and clinical data taking place within genomic medicine, the area has recently not only gained a fresh impulse but also a new set of complex problems it needs to address.
Surface uplift of Tibet and Cenozoic global cooling

Continental weathering on a global scale infl uences ocean chemistry and imposes a net drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 that modulates global climate (Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983). This observation, in addition to seawater Sr records that suggest an increase in continental weathering after ca. 40 Ma, led researchers to suggest that the uplift and erosion of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen over the past 40 m.y. has drawn down atmospheric CO 2 and cooled the globe, leading to the glacial climate that persists today (e.g., Raymo and Ruddiman, 1992; Edmond, 1992). Model-ing of tectonic-climate feedbacks associated with increased weathering of the Himalaya and Tibet suggests that two primary biogeochemical processes , silicate weathering and organic carbon burial, can account for the lowering of atmospheric CO 2 necessary to force global cooling (Raymo et al., 1988; Zachos and Kump, 2005). At the time of these inferences, accurate records of both atmospheric pCO 2 and the surface uplift history of the Himalaya and Tibet were lacking. Now, in light of a growing body of atmospheric pCO 2 reconstructions and paleoelevation records, we can test the theory that increased weathering associated with growing mountain belts leads to the drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 and global cooling. The Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) at ca. 34 Ma marks the fi rst major decline in Cenozoic global temperatures and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation. Critical to the argument that continental weathering has caused the drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 is documentation of the temporal relationship between the surface uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen relative to major cooling events, such as the EOT. Dupont-Nivet et al. (2008, p. 987 in this issue) and other researchers focused on the early elevation history of Tibet (Cyr et al. on the timing and magnitude of the early surface uplift of Tibet (Fig. 1). Rowley and Currie (2006) and DeCelles et al. (2007) use stable isotope paleoaltimetry to show that central Tibet has been at an elevation similar to its modern elevation since ca. 40–26 Ma. Precise age constraints reported by DeCelles et al. (2007) indicate a minimum age of 26 Ma at which high elevations were obtained. However, neither of these studies documents a change in surface elevation that pinpoints the timing of surface uplift in central Tibet. Another paleoelevation study based on stable isotopes in the Hoh Xil basin of north-central Tibet (Cyr et al., 2005) suggests ≤2 …
Top-cited Articles in Chemical Engineering in Science Citation Index Expanded : A Bibliometric Analysis

This study aimed to identify and to analyze characteristics of top-cited articles published in the Web of Science chemical engineering subject category from 1899 to 2011. Articles that have been cited more than 100 times were assessed regarding publication outputs, and distribution of outputs in journals. Five bibliometric indicators were used to evaluate source countries, institution and authors. A new indicator, Y-index, was created to assess quantity and quality of contribution to articles. Results showed that 3828 articles, published between 1931 and 2010, had been cited at least 100 times. Among them 54% published before 1991, and 49% top-cited articles originated from US. The top eight productive institutions were all located in US. The top journals were Journal of Catalysis, AIChE Journal, Chemical Engineering Science and Journal of Membrane Science. Y-index was successfully applied to evaluate publication character of authors, institutions, and countries/regions.
Collective Generation of Natural Image Descriptions

We present a holistic data-driven approach to image description generation, exploiting the vast amount of (noisy) parallel image data and associated natural language descriptions available on the web. More specifically, given a query image, we retrieve existing human-composed phrases used to describe visually similar images, then selectively combine those phrases to generate a novel description for the query image. We cast the generation process as constraint optimization problems, collectively incorporating multiple interconnected aspects of language composition for content planning, surface realization and discourse structure. Evaluation by human annotators indicates that our final system generates more semantically correct and linguistically appealing descriptions than two nontrivial baselines.