LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Health consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting in the Gambia, evidence into action

BACKGROUND
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful traditional practice with severe health complications, deeply rooted in many Sub-Saharan African countries. In The Gambia, the prevalence of FGM/C is 78.3% in women aged between 15 and 49 years. The objective of this study is to perform a first evaluation of the magnitude of the health consequences of FGM/C in The Gambia.


METHODS
Data were collected on types of FGM/C and health consequences of each type of FGM/C from 871 female patients who consulted for any problem requiring a medical gynaecologic examination and who had undergone FGM/C in The Gambia.


RESULTS
The prevalence of patients with different types of FGM/C were: type I, 66.2%; type II, 26.3%; and type III, 7.5%. Complications due to FGM/C were found in 299 of the 871 patients (34.3%). Even type I, the form of FGM/C of least anatomical extent, presented complications in 1 of 5 girls and women examined.


CONCLUSION
This study shows that FGM/C is still practiced in all the six regions of The Gambia, the most common form being type I, followed by type II. All forms of FGM/C, including type I, produce significantly high percentages of complications, especially infections.
Incorporating fuzziness in XML and mapping fuzzy relational data into fuzzy XML

In this paper, we present an approach for incorporating fuzzy and imprecise data in XML documents. We describe the ways to introduce fuzziness using both possibility theory and similarity relations. We then show how to map the data from a fuzzy relational database into a fuzzy XML document, with the corresponding XML schema. This approach will aid in liberating the data stored in fuzzy relational databases onto the web as fuzzy XML documents.
Sensor requirements for activity recognition on smart watches

The new generation of watches is smart. Smart watches are connected to the internet and provide sensor functionality that allows an enhanced human-computer-interaction. Smart watches provide a gesture interaction and a permanent monitoring of physical activities. In comparison to other electronic home consumer devices with integrated sensors, Smart watches provide monitoring data for 24h per day, many watches are water resistant and can be worn constantly. The integrated sensors are varying in performance and are not intended to distinguish between different states of activity and inactivity. This paper reports on identified requirements on sensors of smart watches for detection of activity, inactivity as well as sleep detection. Hereby a new measurement quantity is introduced and applications of heart beat detection or wearing situation are presented.
miR-21 Is a Promising Novel Biomarker for Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Gastric Cancer

Background. Gastric cancer (GC) is an important malignant disease around the world. Abnormalities of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in carcinogenesis of various cancers. In the present study, we examined miR-21 expression in human gastric cancer with lymph node metastasis and attempted to uncover its relationship with clinicopathologic data, especially with lymph node metastasis. Materials and Methods. The expression levels of miR-21 in the tumor specimens of GC patients were quantified by RT-PCR. The correlation between miR-21 level and multiple clinicopathological factors was then examined by Mann-Whitney test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results. The expression level of miR-21 was higher in GC patients with lymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Expression level of miR-21 was significantly correlated with histologic type, T stage, lymph node metastasis and pTNM stage. The overall survival rates in GC patients with low upregulated miR-21 expression were significantly higher than those with high upregulated miR-21 (P < 0.05). Conclusion. A close association is implicated between the elevated miR-21and lymph node metastasis, which could potentially be exploited as a practical biomarker for lymph node metastasis in patients with GC.
The working hours of general practitioners 2000-2008.

BACKGROUND
There is little reliable information available on the working hours of general practitioners (GPs). The purpose of our study is to describe the development of weekly working hours of Norwegian general practitioners in the period from 2000 to 2008, as well as the length of their patient lists and their perceived workload.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
General practitioners in the reference panel of the Research Institute of the Norwegian Medical Association have reported their weekly working hours for 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008, and the length of their patient lists for 2002 and 2008. We used non-overlapping 95 per cent confidence intervals for testing inter-group differences in interval variables and proportions.


RESULTS
From 227 to 316 general practitioners responded to each survey round. Average weekly working hours constituted 45.1 hours (95 per cent CI: 43.6-46.5 hours) in 2000 and 46.4 hours (95 per cent CI: 45.2-47.6 hours) in 2008. The number of hours increased for women GPs, while the number of hours remained basically unchanged for men from 2000 to 2008. Average length of the patient lists in 2002 and 2008 constituted 1,325 and 1,278 for men, and 1,155 and 1,144 for women GPs respectively. The proportion of GPs who responded that they perceived their workload as unacceptable decreased significantly, from 38.1 per cent in 2000 to 25.5 per cent in 2008.


INTERPRETATION
Average weekly working hours for GPs increased by approximately one hour from 2000 to 2008, and this increase is found mainly among women GPs. We believe that the reduction in the proportion reporting to have an unacceptable workload can be explained by the introduction of the list-patient system, which has given the doctors better control of their own workload.
Regulation of dietary choice by the decision-making circuitry

To advance our understanding of how the brain makes food decisions, it is essential to combine knowledge from two fields that have not yet been well integrated: the neuro-computational basis of decision-making and the homeostatic regulators of feeding. This Review integrates these two literatures from a neuro-computational perspective, with an emphasis in describing the variables computed by different neural systems and how they affect dietary choice. We highlight what is unique about feeding decisions, the mechanisms through which metabolic and endocrine factors affect the decision-making circuitry, why making healthy food choices is difficult for many people, and key processes at work in the obesity epidemic.
MRI BRAIN IMAGE SEGMENTATION USING MODIFIED FUZZY C-MEANS CLUSTERING ALGORITHM

Brain tumor extraction and its analysis are challenging tasks in medical image processing because brain image and its structure is complicated that can be analyses only by expert radiologists. Segmentation plays an important role in the processing of medical images. MRI(Magnetic resonance imaging) has become a particularly useful medical diagnostic tool for diagnosis of brain and other medical images. Apply different pre-processing method on MRI image. In the first, MR image of brain is acquired and pre-processing is done to remove the noise and to sharpen the image Segmentation by using Modified Fuzzy c-mean.Other segmentation methods,fuzzy c-mean clustering result analysis. An experiment show that the techniques are accurately identifies and segments the brain tumor in MR images.
Automatic Single-View Character Model Reconstruction

In this paper we present a new method for automatically constructing 3D meshes from a single input image. With the increasing content demands of modern digital entertainment and the expectation of involvement from users, automatic artist-free systems are an important step in allowing user generated content and rapid game prototyping. Our system proposes a novel heuristic for the creation of a 3D mesh from a single piece of non-occluding 2D concept art. By extracting a skeleton structure, approximating the 3D orientation and analysing line curvature properties, appropriate centrepoints can be found around which to create the cross-sectional slices used to build a final triangle mesh. Our results show that a single 2D input image can be used to generate a rigged 3D low-polygon model suitable for use in realtime applications.
DE-310, a macromolecular prodrug of the topoisomerase-I-inhibitor exatecan (DX-8951), in patients with operable solid tumors

Background: DE-310 is composed of the topoisomerase-I-inhibitor DX-8951 (exatecan) and a biodegradable macromolecular carrier, which are covalently linked by a peptidyl spacer. In pre-clinical studies, high levels and prolonged retention of conjugated DX-8951 (carrier-bound DX-8951) have been observed in tumor tissues following DE-310 administration. This phenomenon is explained as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. DX-8951 and G-DX-8951 (glycyl-DX-8951) exerting anti-tumor activity in vivo are released from DE-310 by enzymatic cleavage of the spacer. Methods: To quantify the concentration of conjugated DX-8951, DX-8951 and G-DX-8951 in human tissues, six patients with different solid tumor types received 6.0 mg/m2 of DE-310 (as equvalent of DX-8951) as a single three-hour infusion administered 7 days (±2 days) prior to scheduled tumor resection. Drug concentrations were then determined in the resected tissues. To evaluate the plasma PK of DE-310, plasma samples were taken up to 42 days post dosing. Results: There were no severe side effects of the DE-310 infusion. Concentrations of conjugated DX-8951, DX-8951 and G-DX-8951 were in general similar in tumor and relevant normal tissue samples and preferential accumulation of DE-310, DX-8951 and G-DX-8951 in human tumor tissues was not observed. Conclusions: These data indicate that there is distribution of DE-310 into tissue and that DX-8951 and G-DX-8951 are released slowly over an extended period from DE-310 providing prolonged exposure similar to a continuous infusion. However, the similarity in the concentrations in tumor and relevant normal tissues does not support the EPR concept in the studied human cancers.
Fundamentals of Business Intelligence

In this chapter, we provide definitions of Business Intelligence (BI) and outline the development of BI over time, particularly carving out current questions of BI. Different scenarios of BI applications are considered and business perspectives and views of BI on the business process are identified. Further, the goals and tasks of BI are discussed from a management and analysis point of view and a method format for BI applications is proposed. This format also gives an outline of the book’s contents. Finally, examples from different domain areas are introduced which are used for demonstration in later chapters of the book. 1.1 Definition of Business Intelligence If one looks for a definition of the term Business Intelligence (BI) one will find the first reference already in 1958 in a paper of H.P. Luhn (cf. [14]). Starting from the definition of the terms “Intelligence” as “the ability to apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in such a way as to guide action towards a desired goal” and “Business” as “a collection of activities carried on for whatever purpose, be it science, technology, commerce, industry, law, government, defense, et cetera”, he specifies a business intelligence system as “[an] automatic system [that] is being developed to disseminate information to the various sections of any industrial, scientific or government organization.” The main task of Luhn’s system was automatic abstracting of documents and delivering this information to appropriate so-called action points. This definition did not come into effect for 30 years, and in 1989Howard Dresner coined the term Business Intelligence (BI) again. He introduced it as an umbrella term for a set of concepts and methods to improve business decision making, using systems based on facts. Many similar definitions have been given since. In Negash [18], important aspects of BI are emphasized by stating that “. . . business intelligence systems provide actionable information delivered at the right time, at the right location, and in the right form to assist decision makers.” Today one can find many different definitions which show that at the top level the intention of BI has not changed so much. For example, in [20] BI is defined as “an integrated, company-specific, IT-based total approach for managerial decision © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 W. Grossmann, S. Rinderle-Ma, Fundamentals of Business Intelligence, Data-Centric Systems and Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-46531-8_1 1
Efficient parallel VLSI architecture for linear feedback shift registers

Linear feedback shift register (LFSR) is an important part of the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) operations and BCH encoders. This paper presents a novel high speed parallel LFSR architecture based on parallel Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter design, pipelining and retiming algorithms. A new formulation is proposed to modify the LFSR into the form of an IIR filter. Then pipelining and retiming algorithms are applied to further reduce the critical path in the parallel architecture. A comparison between the proposed and previous architectures shows that our parallel architecture achieves a critical path same as that of previous designs with a reduced hardware cost.
Towards a Simple but Useful Ontology Design Pattern Representation Language

The need for a representation language for ontology design patterns has long been recognized. However, the body of literature on the topic is still rather small and does not sufficiently reflect the diverse requirements on such a language. Herein, we propose a simple but useful and extendable approach which is fully compatible with the Web Ontology Language and should be easy to adopt by the community.
What is visual culture studies

Introduction: Visual Culture Studies: History, Theory, Practice Visual Culture, Everyday Life, Difference and Visual Literacy - Interview with Nicholas Mirzoeff Mixing it up: The Media, the Senses and Global Politics - Interview with W.J.T. Mitchell Globalization, cosmopolitanism, politics and the citizen - Interview with Susan Buck-Morss in conversation with Laura Mulvey and Marquard Smith On the State of Cultural Studies - Interview with Paul Gilroy Disability Studies, the Humanities and the Limits of the Visible - Interview with Lennard J. Davis Naming, Networks and Scientific Regimes of Vision - Interview with Lisa Cartwright Phenomenology, Mass Media and Being-in-the-World - Interview with Vivian Sobchack Performance, live Culture and Things of the Heart - Interview with Peggy Phelan Cultural Cartography, Materiality and the Fashioning of Emotion - Interview with Giuliana Bruno Visual Studies, Historiography and Aesthetics - Mark A. Cheetham, Michael Ann Holly and Keith Moxe in Conversation That Visual Turn: The Advent of Visual Culture - Interview with Martin Jay Polemics, Postmodernism, Immersion, Militarized Space - Interview with Hal Foster The Object of Visual Culture Studies and Preposterous History - Interview with Mieke Bal
A giant cystic leiomyoma mimicking an ovarian malignancy☆

INTRODUCTION
Leiomyoma of the uterus is the most common type of tumor affecting the female pelvis and arises from uterine smooth muscle. The size of leiomyomas varies from microscopic to giant; giant myomas are exceedingly rare. We report an unusual case of a large, cystic, pedunculated uterine leiomyoma mimicking a primary malignant ovarian tumor on sonography and CT.


PRESENTATION OF CASE
A 58-year-old postmenopausal nulliparous woman presented with a history of lower abdominal pain and distension for a period of approximately 12 months. The patient's personal history revealed difficulty in walking, tiredness and recent weight gain of approximately 25kg. Sonography and CT examination showed a large mass that filled the abdomen. A preoperative diagnosis of a primary malignant ovarian tumor was made. The patient underwent laparotomy, total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-ooferectomy. The histology revealed a leiomyoma with extensive cystic degeneration.


DISCUSSION
The current established management of uterine fibroids may involve expectant, surgical, or medical management or uterine artery embolization or a combination of these treatments. A surgical approach is preferred for management of giant leiomyomas.


CONCLUSION
Pedunculated leiomyomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a multilocular and predominantly cystic adnexal mass.
Elastomeric Origami: Programmable Paper-Elastomer Composites as Pneumatic Actuators

This paper describes the development of soft pneumatic actuators based on composites consisting of elastomers with embedded sheet or fiber structures (e.g., paper or fabric) that are flexible but not extensible. On pneumatic inflation, these actuators move anisotropically, based on the motions accessible by their composite structures. They are inexpensive, simple to fabricate, light in weight, and easy to actuate. This class of structure is versatile: the same principles of design lead to actuators that respond to pressurization with a wide range of motions (bending, extension, contraction, twisting, and others). Paper, when used to introduce anisotropy into elastomers, can be readily folded into three-dimensional structures following the principles of origami; these folded structures increase the stiffness and anisotropy of the elastomeric actuators, while keeping them light in weight. These soft actuators can manipulate objects with moderate performance (for example, they can lift loads up to 120 times their weight). They can also be combined with other (for example, electrical) components to increase their functionality. 2
Relations in biomedical ontologies

To enhance the treatment of relations in biomedical ontologies we advance a methodology for providing consistent and unambiguous formal definitions of the relational expressions used in such ontologies in a way designed to assist developers and users in avoiding errors in coding and annotation. The resulting Relation Ontology can promote interoperability of ontologies and support new types of automated reasoning about the spatial and temporal dimensions of biological and medical phenomena.
What does risperidone add to parent training and stimulant for severe aggression in child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

OBJECTIVE
Although combination pharmacotherapy is common in child and adolescent psychiatry, there has been little research evaluating it. The value of adding risperidone to concurrent psychostimulant and parent training (PT) in behavior management for children with severe aggression was tested.


METHOD
One hundred sixty-eight children 6 to 12 years old (mean age 8.89 ± 2.01 years) with severe physical aggression were randomized to a 9-week trial of PT, stimulant (STIM), and placebo (Basic treatment; n = 84) or PT, STIM, and risperidone (Augmented treatment; n = 84). All had diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional-defiant disorder (n = 124) or conduct disorder (n = 44). Children received psychostimulant (usually Osmotic Release Oral System methylphenidate) for 3 weeks, titrated for optimal effect, while parents received PT. If there was room for improvement at the end of week 3, placebo or risperidone was added. Assessments included parent ratings on the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (Disruptive-Total subscale was the primary outcome) and Antisocial Behavior Scale; blinded clinicians rated change on the Clinical Global Impressions scale.


RESULTS
Compared with Basic treatment (PT + STIM [44.8 ± 14.6 mg/day] + placebo [1.88 mg/day ± 0.72]), Augmented treatment (PT + STIM [46.1 ± 16.8 mg/day] + risperidone [1.65 mg/day ± 0.75]) showed statistically significant improvement on the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form Disruptive-Total subscale (treatment-by-time interaction, p = .0016), the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form Social Competence subscale (p = .0049), and Antisocial Behavior Scale Reactive Aggression subscale (p = .01). Clinical Global Impressions scores were substantially improved for the 2 groups but did not discriminate between treatments (Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement score ≤2, 70% for Basic treatment versus 79% for Augmented treatment). Prolactin elevations and gastrointestinal upset occurred more with Augmented treatment; other adverse events differed modestly from Basic treatment; weight gain in the Augmented treatment group was minor.


CONCLUSIONS
Risperidone provided moderate but variable improvement in aggressive and other seriously disruptive child behaviors when added to PT and optimized stimulant treatment. Clinical trial registration information-Treatment of Severe Childhood Aggression (The TOSCA Study), URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov, unique identifier: NCT00796302.
HBsAg seroclearance after nucleoside analogue therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B: clinical outcomes and durability.

OBJECTIVE
Little is known about the long-term clinical outcome and durability of HBsAg seroclearance following nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).


DESIGN
During a median follow-up period of 6 years (33 567 patient-years) of 5409 CHB patients who were initially treated with lamivudine or entecavir, a total of 110 achieved HBsAg seroclearance (0.33% annual seroclearance rate) and were included in this study.


RESULTS
Baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level >5 times of upper limit of normal was associated with higher probability of HBsAg seroclearance (HR 1.80, p<0.01), while HBeAg positivity (HR 0.46, p<0.01), high HBV DNA level (log(10) IU/mL; HR 0.61, p<0.01), and cirrhosis (HR 0.48, p<0.01) were inversely associated with the probability of HBsAg seroclearance by multivariable analysis. During follow-up for 287 patient-years after HBsAg seroclearance, only two patients with baseline cirrhosis developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or died (0.7% annual risk), which was of a significantly lower rate compared with propensity score-matched patients without HBsAg seroclearance (HR 0.09, p<0.01). HBsAg reversion and/or HBV DNA reversion occurred in 18 patients, most of which were transient with extremely low serum levels of HBsAg (0.05-1.00 IU/mL) and HBV DNA (17-1818 IU/mL). None required retreatment. The cumulative probability of anti-HBs seroconversion (detection of anti-HBs) at 4 years was 67.4% by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Selection for lamivudine-resistance HBV mutants during treatment was not associated with composite reversion (p=0.66).


CONCLUSIONS
HBsAg seroclearance achieved after NUC treatment was associated with favourable clinical outcomes and was durable in most cases during long-term follow-up.