LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Insect stings: clinical features and management.

BACKGROUND
In human beings, local and systemic reactions can be caused both by blood-sucking insects and by venomous insect stings. In Central Europe, the insects that most commonly cause such reactions are honeybees, certain social wasps, mosquitoes, and flies.


METHODS
This article is based on a selective literature review, including guidelines from Germany and abroad.


RESULTS
Insect venom induces a toxic reaction at the site of the sting. Large local reactions are due to allergy and occur in up to 25% of the population; as many as 3.5% develop IgE-mediated, potentially life-threatening anaphylaxis, of which about 20 people die in Germany each year. Mastocytosis is found in 3% to 5% of patients with sting anaphylaxis, rendering these patients prone to very severe reactions. Blood-sucking by hematophagous insects can elicit a local allergic reaction, presenting as a wheal or papule, in at least 75% of the population. Large local reactions may ensue, but other diseases are rare. The acute symptoms of an insect sting are treated symptomatically. Patients who have had a systemic reaction or a large local reaction due to insect allergy must take permanent measures to avoid further allergen contact, and to make sure they can treat themselves adequately if stung again. Most patients with systemic anaphylactic reactions to bee or wasp stings need specific immunotherapy.


CONCLUSION
Insect stings can cause severe disease. Anaphylaxis due to bee or wasp stings is not a rare event; specific immunotherapy protects susceptible persons from further, potentially life-threatening reactions.
Anti-nucleosome antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: potential utility as a diagnostic tool and disease activity marker and its comparison with anti-dsDNA antibody.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the utility of anti-nucleosome antibodies and anti-dsDNA antibodies in diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and as a marker of disease activity.


METHODS
This is a hospital based observational study among 40 (37 females and 3 males) selected cases of SLE (> or = 4 ACR criteria) and 80 control. 40 cases of other systemic autoimmune disease (SAD) [e g. 29 cases of Rheumatoid arthritis, 4 cases of Systemic sclerosis/scleroderma, 4 cases of Sjögren syndrome, 3 cases of MCTD and 40 Healthy blood were taken as control. From each patient venous blood samples were collected and submitted for anti-nucleosome and anti-dsDNA antibodies assay by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).


RESULTS
Anti-nucleosome antibodies were positive in 19 (47.5%) SLE, 02 (05%) other SAD and none of the healthy persons. Anti dsDNA antibodies were positive in 15 (37.5%) SLE patients, 07 (17.5%) other SAD and 01(2.5%) healthy persons. For diagnosis of SLE, sensitivity of anti-ds DNA and anti-nucleosome antibody was found to be 37.5% and 47.50% respectively. The specificity of anti-nucleosome was 100% and that of anti-dsDNA was 97.50%. So, anti-nucleosome antibody test is more specific and more sensitive for diagnosis of SLE than anti-dsDNA. When SLE cases were compared with SAD, sensitivity of anti-dsDNA and anti-nucleosome antibody, for diagnosis of SLE, found to be 37.50% and 47.50% respectively but the specificity of anti-nucleosome was 95% and that of anti-dsDNA was 82.50%. Both antibodies show positive correlation with SLEDAI score .The correlation coefficient was stronger for anti-dsDNA antibodies (r = +0.550, P = < .001) than anti-nucleosome antibodies (r = +0.332, P = < .05) CONCLUSIONS: Anti-nucleosome antibodies show higher positivity than anti-dsDNA antibodies among SLE than other SAD and healthy population. Anti-nucleosome antibodies are more sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of SLE than anti-dsDNA antibodies. Anti-nucleosome and anti-dsDNA both show positive correlation with SLEDAI. But anti-dsDNA antibodies show stronger correlation with SLEDAI than anti-nucleosome. So, anti-nucleosome antibodies can be used as an additional marker for diagnosis of SLE and SLE disease activity.
Smartphone mobile application delivering personalized, real-time sun protection advice: a randomized clinical trial.

IMPORTANCE
Mobile smartphones are rapidly emerging as an effective means of communicating with many Americans. Using mobile applications (apps), they can access remote databases, track time and location, and integrate user input to provide tailored health information.


OBJECTIVE
A smartphone mobile app providing personalized, real-time sun protection advice was evaluated in a randomized clinical trial.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
The trial was conducted in 2012 and had a randomized pretest-posttest controlled design with a 10-week follow-up. Data were collected from a nationwide population-based survey panel. A sample of 604 non-Hispanic and Hispanic adults from the Knowledge Panel 18 years or older who owned an Android smartphone were enrolled.


INTERVENTIONS
The mobile app provided advice on sun protection (ie, protection practices and risk of sunburn) and alerts (to apply or reapply sunscreen and get out of the sun), hourly UV Index, and vitamin D production based on the forecast UV Index, the phone's time and location, and user input.


MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Percentage of days using sun protection and time spent outdoors (days and minutes) in the midday sun and number of sunburns in the past 3 months were collected.


RESULTS
Individuals in the treatment group reported more shade use (mean days staying in the shade, 41.0% vs 33.7%; P = .03) but less sunscreen use (mean days, 28.6% vs 34.5%; P = .048) than controls. There was no significant difference in number of sunburns in the past 3 months (mean, 0.60 in the treatment group vs 0.62 for controls; P = .87). Those who used the mobile app reported spending less time in the sun (mean days keeping time in the sun to a minimum, 60.4% for app users vs 49.3% for nonusers; P = .04) and using all protection behaviors combined more (mean days, 39.4% vs 33.8%; P = .04).


CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The mobile app improved some sun protection. Use of the mobile app was lower than expected but associated with increased sun protection. Providing personalized advice when and where people are in the sun may help reduce sun exposure.
Imperforate hymen causing hematocolpos and acute urinary retention in an adolescent girl.

Pelvic and abdominal pain is especially common in adolescent age group. Differential diagnosis could be gastrointestinal, renal, gynecological, and psychosomatic causes. The inability to pass urine, which is termed as acute urinary retention (AUR), is an uncommon cause of pelvic pain. The etiology of AUR is age dependent; and in childhood, severe voiding dysfunction may be drug induced with antihistamines or anticholinergic drugs, psychogenic, related to viral infections, congenital anomalies, neurological bladders, or mechanical compression of the urethra via the mass of pelvis [1,2]. Hematocolpos is defined as the accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina instead of its expulsion, which is usually because of an imperforate hymen. The incidence of imperforate hymen as a congenital obstructive abnormality of the female genital tract is 1:2,000 [3]. We report a case of an adolescent girl who complained of pelvic pain resulting from AUR because of an imperforate hymen, which also mimicked pelvic mass at the differential diagnosis. A 15-year-old girl referred to our tertiary center obstetrics and gynecology department from emergency service with the symptoms of acute severe lower abdominal pain and inability to pass urine. The tentative diagnosis in emergency service was a semisolid pelvic mass measuring about 12 7 9 cm diagnosed by transabdominal ultrasonography. Gynecological examination was not performed at the emergency service; instead, the patient was referred to the obstetrics and gynecology department of our hospital. At the admission of the patient, she seemed very uncomfortable and was cramping with an intermittent pelvic pain. Her temperature was 37 C, pulse rate was 90/min, respiration rate was 18/min, and the blood pressure was 110/78 mmHg. Her personal and family history revealed nothing unusual except the
Bethe free energy, Kikuchi approximations, and belief propagation algorithms

This is an updated and expanded version of TR2000-26, but it is still in draft form. More importantly, our analysis lets us build on the progress made in statistical physics since Bethe’s approximation was introduced in 1935. Kikuchi and others have shown how to construct more accurate free energy approximations, of which Bethe’s approximation is the simplest. Exploiting the insights from our analysis, we derive generalized belief propagation (GBP) versions of these Kikuchi approximations. These new message passing algorithms can be significantly more accurate than ordinary BP, at an adjustable increase in complexity. We illustrate such a new GBP algorithm on a grid Markov network and show that it gives much more accurate marginal probabilities than those found using ordinary BP. This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any commercial purpose. Permission to copy in whole or in part without payment of fee is granted for nonprofit educational and research purposes provided that all such whole or partial copies include the following: a notice that such copying is by permission of Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.; an acknowledgment of the authors and individual contributions to the work; and all applicable portions of the copyright notice. Copying, reproduction, or republishing for any other purpose shall require a license with payment of fee to Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright c ©Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc., 2001 201 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Phase I study of S-1 combined with irinotecan (CPT-11) in patients with advanced gastric cancer (OGSG 0002).

OBJECTIVE
A dose-escalation study of irinotecan (CPT-11) combined with S-1, a novel oral fluoropyrimidine, was performed to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), recommended dose (RD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) in advanced gastric cancer.


METHODS
S-1 was administered orally at 80 mg/m(2)/day for 21 consecutive days followed by a 2 week rest. CPT-11 was given intravenously on days 1 and 15 of each course, at an initial dose of 40 mg/m(2)/day, stepping up to 60, 80, 100 or 120 mg/m(2)/day depending on the DLT. Courses were repeated every 5 weeks, unless disease progression or severe toxicity was observed. At a level of the RD, five patients were added to conduct a pharmacokinetic (PK) study.


RESULTS
A total of 24 patients were entered in this study. The MTD of CPT-11 was considered to be 100 mg/m(2), because 50% of the patients (3/6) developed DLTs, diarrhea and rash. Therefore, the RD of CPT-11 was set at the dose immediately below 80 mg/m(2). The overall response rate (RR) by the criteria of the Japanese Research Society of Gastric Cancer was 58.3% (14/24) and the RR at the RD was 66.7% (6/9), suggesting promising clinical efficacy. There were no significant differences between the PK parameters of S-1 on days 10 and 15.


CONCLUSIONS
S-1 with CPT-11 can be combined safely without CPT-11 effect on S-1 PK data and holds promise as an effective regimen for advanced gastric cancer.
Parasitological contamination in salad vegetables in Tripoli-Libya

Background: Fresh vegetables are an important part of a healthy diet. Raw vegetables can be agent of transmission of intestinal parasites. The aim of the present study was to determine the parasitological contamination of salad vegetables sold at wholesale and retail markets in Tripoli-Libya. Methods: A total of 126 samples of salad vegetables obtained from wholesale and retail markets were examined for helminth eggs and Giardia spp. cysts of using standard methods. Results: Of the 36 tomato, 36 cucumber, 27 lettuce, and 27 cress samples examined eggs of Ascaris spp. were detected in 19%, 75%, 96% and 96%, respectively; eggs of Toxocara cati in 11%, 14%, 48% and 41%; eggs of Toxocara canis in 3%, 8%, 37% and 33%; and eggs of Taenia/Echinococcus spp. in 6%, 25%, 33% and 30%, respectively. Cysts of Giardia spp. were detected in 3%, 19%, 4% and 11%, respectively. Conclusion: Parasitological contamination of raw salad vegetables sold in wholesale and retail markets in Tripoli may pose a health risk to consumers of such products. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effectiveness and costs of acute day hospital treatment compared with conventional in-patient care: randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND
Data on effectiveness of acute day hospital treatment for psychiatric illness are inconsistent.


AIMS
To establish the effectiveness and costs of care in a day hospital providing acute treatment exclusively.


METHOD
In a randomised controlled trial, 206 voluntarily admitted patients were allocated to either day hospital treatment or conventional wards. Psychopathology, treatment satisfaction and subjective quality of life at discharge, 3 months and 12 months after discharge, readmissions to acute psychiatric treatment within 3 and 12 months, and costs in the index treatment period were taken as outcome criteria.


RESULTS
Day hospital patients showed significantly more favourable changes in psychopathology at discharge but not at follow-up. They also reported higher treatment satisfaction at discharge and after 3 months, but not after 12 months. There were no significant differences in subjective quality of life or in readmissions during follow-up. Mean total support costs were higher for the day hospital group.


CONCLUSIONS
Day hospital treatment for voluntary psychiatric patients in an inner-city area appears more effective in terms of reducing psychopathology in the shortterm and generates greater patient satisfaction than conventional in-patient care, but may be more costly.
Extracutaneous Merkel cell carcinomas harbor polyomavirus DNA.

Merkel cell carcinoma is a neuroendocrine tumor, with characteristic morphological and immunohistochemical features. Originally reported as primary carcinoma of skin, it has been described in numerous other sites such as lymph nodes, oral cavity, breast, vaginal walls, and salivary glands. Recent studies have revealed in cutaneous Merkel cell carcinomas a clonally integrated polyomavirus, named Merkel cell polyomavirus. The aim of the present study was to verify the presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in 5 cases of primary Merkel cell carcinomas of lymph nodes and 1 case of parotid gland to investigate similarities or differences among Merkel cell carcinomas from various sites. Cases studied were 5 primary Merkel cell carcinomas in lymph nodes, 1 in the parotid gland, and 12 in the skin. Twelve cases of primary and metastatic small cell carcinoma of the lung were also investigated. Immunohistochemistry for keratin 20, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and thyroid transcription factor 1 was performed in all cases. Viral DNA was studied using polymerase chain reaction assay and the products evaluated in agarose gel and sequenced. Cytokeratin 20 and Merkel cell polyomavirus were detected in all cases of primary Merkel cell carcinoma irrespective of their site of origin. On the contrary, all cases of pulmonary small cell carcinoma were negative for both Merkel cell polyomavirus and cytokeratin 20. It appears that cutaneous and extracutaneous Merkel cell carcinomas share similar histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features. This is further evidence that Merkel cell carcinomas are a multiorgan carcinoma and that Merkel cell polyomavirus might play a role in the pathogenesis of this neoplasm.
Lung ultrasound: its role in neonatology and pediatrics.

BACKGROUND
Lung ultrasound (LUS) has become more and more popular in the first decade of the 21(st) century, both in neonatal and in pediatric age groups. Several papers addressed the usefulness of this procedure mainly because of its possibility to be utilised at the bedside, without risk of irradiation along with simple and immediate interpretations of the images.


AIMS
The purpose of this paper is to update the knowledge on LUS related to the most common neonatal respiratory diseases and some pediatric acute lung diseases.


STUDY DESIGN
We describe the technique of LUS execution, the normal LUS appearance and the LUS findings in the most common neonatal and pediatric acute diseases.


SUBJECTS
LUS findings related to neonates of different gestational age as well as of pediatric patients from infancy to childhood are shown.


OUTCOME MEASURES
Issues on the evolution and effect of treatment related to LUS findings of neonatal and pediatric respiratory diseases are discussed.


RESULTS
LUS depicted peculiar and reproducible patterns in all the lung diseases described.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of LUS in the clinical field seems to be a reasonable and easy-to-use practice that can be considered an extension of the clinical exam. As a consequence of this feature, LUS, to fully express its potential, must be performed by the clinician in charge of the patient.
Weighted First-Order Logics over Semirings

We consider a first-order logic, a linear temporal logic, star-free expressions and counter-free Büchi automata, with weights, over idempotent, zerodivisor free and totally commutative complete semirings. We show the expressive equivalence (of fragments) of these concepts, generalizing in the quantitative setup, the corresponding folklore result of formal language theory.
Discrete and continuous conceptualizations of science: Implications for knowledge domain visualization

Visual depiction of the structure and evolution of science has been proposed as a key strategy for dealing with the large, complex, and increasingly interdisciplinary records of scientific communication. While every such visualization assumes the existence of spatial structures within the system of science, new methods and tools are rarely linked to thorough reflection on the underlying spatial concepts. Meanwhile, geographic information science has adopted a view of geographic space as conceptualized through the duality of discrete objects and continuous fields. This paper argues that conceptualization of science has been dominated by a view of its constituent elements (e.g., authors, articles, journals, disciplines) as discrete objects. It is proposed that, like in geographic information science, alternative concepts could be used for the same phenomenon. For example, one could view an author as either a discrete object at a specific location or as a continuous field occupying all of a discipline. It is further proposed that this duality of spatial concepts can extend to the methods by which low-dimensional geometric models of high-dimensional scientific spaces are created and used. This can result in new methods revealing different kinds of insights. This is demonstrated by a juxtaposition of two visualizations of an author’s intellectual evolution on the basis of either a discrete or continuous conceptualization. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Combinatorial analysis of proofs in projective and affine geometry

Abstract The axioms of projective and affine plane geometry are turned into rules of proof by which formal derivations are constructed. The rules act only on atomic formulas. It is shown that proof search for the derivability of atomic cases from atomic assumptions by these rules terminates (i.e., solves the word problem). This decision method is based on the central result of the combinatorial analysis of derivations by the geometric rules: The geometric objects that occur in derivations by the rules can be restricted to those known from the assumptions and cases. This “subterm property” is proved by permuting suitably the order of application of the geometric rules. As an example of the decision method, it is shown that there cannot exist a derivation of Euclid’s fifth postulate if the rule that corresponds to the uniqueness of the parallel line construction is taken away from the system of plane affine geometry.
Preserving cognition, quality of life, physical health and functional ability in Alzheimer's disease: the effect of physical exercise (ADEX trial): rationale and design.

BACKGROUND
Exercise is hypothesized to improve cognition, physical performance, functional ability and quality of life, but evidence is scarce. Previous studies were of short duration, often underpowered and involving home-based light exercise programs in patients with undefined dementia. The aim of the ADEX ('Preserving Cognition, Quality of Life, Physical Health and Functional Ability in Alzheimer's Disease: the Effect of Physical Exercise') trial is to establish whether aerobic exercise is effective in improving cognition as well as in reducing the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).


METHODS
The ADEX study is a multicenter, single-blind, randomized trial with two arms: an intervention group attending 16 weeks of continuously supervised moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise and a control group receiving usual care. We plan to recruit 192 patients with mild AD. The primary outcome measure is change from baseline in cognitive performance at 16 weeks (as measured by the Symbol Digit Modalities test).


CONCLUSIONS
To our knowledge this is the first large-scale controlled study to investigate the effects of supervised moderate aerobic exercise on cognition in patients with AD. Recruitment began in January 2012 and results are expected to be available in 2014. We summarize the methodological challenges we and other studies have faced in this type of complex multicenter intervention with unique challenges to study design.
Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.

CONTEXT
Little is known about the extent or severity of untreated mental disorders, especially in less-developed countries.


OBJECTIVE
To estimate prevalence, severity, and treatment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders in 14 countries (6 less developed, 8 developed) in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Face-to-face household surveys of 60 463 community adults conducted from 2001-2003 in 14 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The DSM-IV disorders, severity, and treatment were assessed with the WMH version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI), a fully structured, lay-administered psychiatric diagnostic interview.


RESULTS
The prevalence of having any WMH-CIDI/DSM-IV disorder in the prior year varied widely, from 4.3% in Shanghai to 26.4% in the United States, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 9.1%-16.9%. Between 33.1% (Colombia) and 80.9% (Nigeria) of 12-month cases were mild (IQR, 40.2%-53.3%). Serious disorders were associated with substantial role disability. Although disorder severity was correlated with probability of treatment in almost all countries, 35.5% to 50.3% of serious cases in developed countries and 76.3% to 85.4% in less-developed countries received no treatment in the 12 months before the interview. Due to the high prevalence of mild and subthreshold cases, the number of those who received treatment far exceeds the number of untreated serious cases in every country.


CONCLUSIONS
Reallocation of treatment resources could substantially decrease the problem of unmet need for treatment of mental disorders among serious cases. Structural barriers exist to this reallocation. Careful consideration needs to be given to the value of treating some mild cases, especially those at risk for progressing to more serious disorders.