LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Nethammer: Inducing Rowhammer Faults through Network Requests

A fundamental assumption in software security is that memory contents do not change unless there is a legitimate deliberate modification. Classical fault attacks show that this assumption does not hold if the attacker has physical access. Rowhammer attacks showed that local code execution is already sufficient to break this assumption. Rowhammer exploits parasitic effects in DRAM tomodify the content of a memory cell without accessing it. Instead, other memory locations are accessed at a high frequency. All Rowhammer attacks so far were local attacks, running either in a scripted language or native code. In this paper, we present Nethammer. Nethammer is the first truly remote Rowhammer attack, without a single attacker-controlled line of code on the targeted system. Systems that use uncached memory or flush instructions while handling network requests, e.g., for interaction with the network device, can be attacked using Nethammer. Other systems can still be attacked if they are protected with quality-of-service techniques like Intel CAT. We demonstrate that the frequency of the cache misses is in all three cases high enough to induce bit flips. We evaluated different bit flip scenarios. Depending on the location, the bit flip compromises either the security and integrity of the system and the data of its users, or it can leave persistent damage on the system, i.e., persistent denial of service. We investigated Nethammer on personal computers, servers, and mobile phones. Nethammer is a security landslide, making the formerly local attack a remote attack. With this work we invalidate all defenses and mitigation strategies against Rowhammer build upon the assumption of a local attacker. Consequently, this paradigm shift impacts the security of millions of devices where the attacker is not able to execute attacker-controlled code. Nethammer requires threat models to be re-evaluated for most network-connected systems. We discuss state-of-the-art countermeasures and show that most of them have no effect on our attack, including the targetrow-refresh (TRR) countermeasure of modern hardware. Disclaimer: This work on Rowhammer attacks over the network was conducted independently and unaware of other research groups working on truly remote Rowhammer attacks. Experiments and observations presented in this paper, predate the publication of the Throwhammer attack by Tatar et al. [81]. We will thoroughly study the differences between both papers and compare the advantages and disadvantages in a future version of this paper.
A weakness in the Bresson-Chevassut-Essiari-Pointcheval's Group Key Agreement scheme for low-power mobile devices

In this letter, we show that Bresson-Chevassut-Essiari-Pointcheval's Group Key Agreement scheme does not meet the main security properties: implicit key authentication, forward secrecy and known key security. Also, we propose an improved version, which fixes the security flaws, found in the scheme.
Independent and combined effects of calcium-vitamin D3 and exercise on bone structure and strength in older men: an 18-month factorial design randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT
Exercise and calcium-vitamin D are independently recognized as important strategies to prevent osteoporosis, but their combined effects on bone strength and its determinants remain uncertain.


OBJECTIVE
To assess whether calcium-vitamin D(3) fortified milk could enhance the effects of exercise on bone strength, structure, and mineral density in middle-aged and older men.


DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS
An 18-month factorial design randomized controlled trial in which 180 men aged 50-79 years were randomized to the following: exercise + fortified milk; exercise; fortified milk; or controls. Exercise consisted of progressive resistance training with weight-bearing impact activities performed 3 d/week. Men assigned to fortified milk consumed 400 ml/d of 1% fat milk containing 1000 mg/d calcium and 800 IU/d vitamin D(3).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Changes in bone mineral density (BMD), bone structure, and strength at the lumbar spine (LS), proximal femur, mid-femur, and mid-tibia measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and/or quantitative computed tomography.


RESULTS
There were no exercise-by-fortified milk interactions at any skeletal site. Main effect analysis showed that exercise led to a 2.1% (95% confidence interval, 0.5-3.6) net gain in femoral neck section modulus, which was associated with an approximately 1.9% gain in areal BMD and cross-sectional area. Exercise also improved LS trabecular BMD [net gain 2.2% (95% confidence interval, 0.2-4.1)], but had no effect on mid-femur or mid-tibia BMD, structure, or strength. There were no main effects of the fortified milk at any skeletal site.


CONCLUSION
A community-based multi-component exercise program successfully improved LS and femoral neck BMD and strength in healthy older men, but providing additional calcium-vitamin D(3) to these replete men did not enhance the osteogenic response.
The Effect of Regulation on Innovation in the Postal Sector

Postal regulators around the world are currently confronted with the question which regulatory regime maximizes social welfare. Economists have developed theoretical models to compare the welfare e¤ects of di¤erent regulatory scenarios (De Donder et al. 2005, Panzar 2002, Billette de Villemeur et al. 2003, Dietl and Waller 2002, Dietl et al. 2005). Although innovation is regarded as the driving force of social progress, economic development and welfare gains, relatively little is known about the e¤ect of regulation on innovation in the postal sector. Proponents of market liberalization often cite more innovations as the major benet when confronted with arguments such as the graveyard spiral and delivery economies of scale. To date, economists have not explicitly modelled the e¤ect of market liberalization, work sharing and other forms of postal regulation on innovation. We try to ll this gap by presenting a game-theoretic model that predicts the e¤ect of regulatory decisions on innovation incentives in letter markets. Our model focuses on process innovations which are by large the major innovations within the postal sector. We compare four di¤erent regulatory scenarios: postal monopoly, endto-end competition, and access regulation with and without bypass. These regulatory regimes represent the current and/or planned regulatory environment of developed countries. Quantitative results based on model parametrization will allow us to compare the innovation incentives, and the e¤ects of innovation on welfare. The paper is organized as follows. In the next section we present our model for each of the di¤erent regulatory scenarios. In section 3 we calibrate the model with Swiss data. Section 4 contains the main results, which
Neutrophil transmigration, focal adhesion kinase and endothelial barrier function.

Neutrophil activation is an essential component of innate immune defense against infection and injury. In response to inflammatory stimulation, circulating neutrophils undergo a series of dynamic and metabolic changes characterized by β2-intergrin mediated adhesion to microvascular endothelium and subsequent transendothelial migration. During this process, neutrophils release granular contents containing digestive enzymes and produce cytotoxic agents such as reactive oxygen species and cytokines. These products target endothelial barriers inducing phosphorylation-triggered junction dissociation, actin stress fiber formation, and actomyosin contraction, manifest as paracellular hyperpermeability. Endothelial cell-matrix focal adhesions play an integral role in this process by providing structural support for endothelial conformational changes that facilitate neutrophil transmigration, as well as by recruiting intracellular molecules that constitute the hyperpermeability signaling cascades. As a central connector of the complex signaling network, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is activated following neutrophil adhesion, and further mediates the reorganization of endothelial integrin-matrix attachments in a pattern coordinating with cytoskeleton contraction and junction opening. In this review, we present recent experimental evidence supporting the importance of FAK in neutrophil-dependent regulation of endothelial permeability. The discussion focuses on the mechanisms by which neutrophils activate FAK and its downstream effects on endothelial barriers.
UGR'16: A new dataset for the evaluation of cyclostationarity-based network IDSs

The evaluation of algorithms and techniques to implement intrusion detection systems heavily rely on the existence of well designed datasets. In the last years, a lot of efforts have been done toward building these datasets. Yet, there is still room to improve. In this paper, a comprehensive review of existing datasets is first done, making emphasis on their main shortcomings. Then, we present a new dataset that is built with real traffic and up-to-date attacks. The main advantage of this dataset over previous ones is its usefulness for evaluating IDSs that consider long-term evolution and traffic periodicity. Models that consider differences in daytime/nighttime or weekdays/weekends can also be trained and evaluated with it. We discuss all the requirements for a modern IDS evaluation dataset and analyze how the one presented here meets the different needs. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Menstrual cycle, pregnancy and oral contraceptive use alter attraction to apparent health in faces.

Previous studies demonstrating changes in women's face preferences have emphasized increased attraction to cues to possible indirect benefits (e.g. heritable immunity to infection) that coincides with periods of high fertility (e.g. the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle). By contrast, here we show that when choosing between composite faces with raised or lowered apparent health, women's preferences for faces that are perceived as healthy are (i) stronger during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle than during the late follicular, fertile phase, (ii) stronger in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women and (iii) stronger in women using oral contraceptives than in women with natural menstrual cycles. Change in preference for male faces was greater for short- than long-term relationships. These findings indicate raised progesterone level is associated with increased attraction to facial cues associated with possible direct benefits (e.g. low risk of infection) and suggest that women's face preferences are influenced by adaptations that compensate for weakened immune system responses during pregnancy and reduce the risk of infection disrupting foetal development.
Posterior vitreous detachment and retinal detachment after cataract surgery.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate possible changes of vitreous status in emmetropic eyes after uneventful phacoemulsification surgery, and possible related complications such as the onset of retinal detachment (RD).


DESIGN
Retrospective case series.


PARTICIPANTS
Four hundred fifty-three emmetropic eyes from 453 patients (mean age, 62.03+/-5.57 years) subjected to uneventful phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in the capsular bag were considered in the study. They had a refractive error within +/-0.5 diopters (mean, -0.21+/-0.08). Eyes with peripheral retinal lattice degeneration were included only if asymptomatic and only if the degeneration involved one retinal quadrant. After cataract surgery, the 453 eyes were evaluated preoperatively at days 1, 15, and 30 and months 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60. The whole period of follow-up was 5 years.


METHODS
Evaluation of vitreous status by biomicroscopic examination, indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy, and B-scan ultrasonography.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Postoperative onset of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and RD.


RESULTS
After cataract surgery, a PVD occurred in 107 of 141 (75.88%) eyes without preoperative PVD or lattice degeneration. Posterior vitreous detachment occurred in 41 of 47 eyes (87.23%) with preoperative lattice degeneration and no PVD. Eyes with preoperative lattice degeneration and postoperative PVD showed a higher incidence of RD after cataract surgery (21.27%) than eyes without preoperative PVD or lattice degeneration (0.70%). In all patients with lattice degeneration, RD originated from horseshoe retinal tears on lattice areas located on the superior quadrants. No correlation was observed between the development of RD and age.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that the onset of postoperative PVD should be considered an important risk factor for the development of RD after cataract surgery, particularly in eyes with lattice areas.
Validation of electronic medical record-based phenotyping algorithms: results and lessons learned from the eMERGE network.

BACKGROUND
Genetic studies require precise phenotype definitions, but electronic medical record (EMR) phenotype data are recorded inconsistently and in a variety of formats.


OBJECTIVE
To present lessons learned about validation of EMR-based phenotypes from the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) studies.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
The eMERGE network created and validated 13 EMR-derived phenotype algorithms. Network sites are Group Health, Marshfield Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Northwestern University, and Vanderbilt University.


RESULTS
By validating EMR-derived phenotypes we learned that: (1) multisite validation improves phenotype algorithm accuracy; (2) targets for validation should be carefully considered and defined; (3) specifying time frames for review of variables eases validation time and improves accuracy; (4) using repeated measures requires defining the relevant time period and specifying the most meaningful value to be studied; (5) patient movement in and out of the health plan (transience) can result in incomplete or fragmented data; (6) the review scope should be defined carefully; (7) particular care is required in combining EMR and research data; (8) medication data can be assessed using claims, medications dispensed, or medications prescribed; (9) algorithm development and validation work best as an iterative process; and (10) validation by content experts or structured chart review can provide accurate results.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite the diverse structure of the five EMRs of the eMERGE sites, we developed, validated, and successfully deployed 13 electronic phenotype algorithms. Validation is a worthwhile process that not only measures phenotype performance but also strengthens phenotype algorithm definitions and enhances their inter-institutional sharing.
Chemical Variation In Lodgepole Pine With Sapwood/Heartwood, Stem Height, and Variety

The chemical variation in lodgepole pine over its geographical range with sapwood/heartwood, stem height, and variety was investigated. In both varieties, latifolia and murrayana, the heartwood was significantly higher in extractives than the sapwood, whereas the sapwood was significantly higher in holocellulose and alpha-cellulose than the heartwood. The sapwood and heartwood did not differ in pH and lignin content. Ash, lignin, and holocellulose content were positively correlated with stem height in latifolia and murrayana. Extractive and alpha-cellulose content were negatively correlated with stem height. The stem height variations appeared to be related to the heartwood/sapwood ratio, proportion of mature and juvenile wood, and the specific gravity. The variation between latifolia and murrayana in ash, extractive, and lignin content and pH was small. In contrast, the holocellulose and alpha-cellulose content was 2% higher in murrayana than in latifolia. The polysaccharide variation may be influenced by climate and site conditions as well as genetic differences.
Collaborative Mobile Charging

The limited battery capacity of sensor nodes has become one of the most critical impediments that stunt the deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Recent breakthroughs in wireless energy transfer and rechargeable lithium batteries provide a promising alternative to power WSNs: mobile vehicles/robots carrying high volume batteries serve as mobile chargers to periodically deliver energy to sensor nodes. In this paper, we consider how to schedule multiple mobile chargers to optimize energy usage effectiveness, such that every sensor will not run out of energy. We introduce a novel charging paradigm, collaborative mobile charging, where mobile chargers are allowed to intentionally transfer energy between themselves. To provide some intuitive insights into the problem structure, we first consider a scenario that satisfies three conditions, and propose a scheduling algorithm, PushWait, which is proven to be optimal and can cover a one-dimensional WSN of infinite length. Then, we remove the conditions one by one, investigating chargers' scheduling in a series of scenarios ranging from the most restricted one to a general 2D WSN. Through theoretical analysis and simulations, we demonstrate the advantages of the proposed algorithms in energy usage effectiveness and charging coverage.
A Study of Whole Classroom Mathematical Discourse and Teacher Change

This article presents a comparison of the first 2 years of an experienced middle school mathematics teacher’s efforts to change her classroom practice as a result of an intervening professional development program. The teacher’s intention was for her teaching to better reflect her vision of reform-based mathematics instruction. We compared events from the 1st and 2nd year’s whole class discussions within a multilevel framework that considered the flow of information and the nature of peerand teacher-directed scaffolding. Discourse analyses of classroom videos served both as an analytic tool for our study of whole classroom interactions, as well as a resource for promoting discussion and reflection during professional development meetings. The results show that there was little change in the teacher’s specific goals and beliefs in light of a self-evaluation of her Year 1 practices, but substantial changes in how she set out to enact those goals. In Year 2, the teacher maintained a central, social scaffolding role, but removed herself as the analytic center to invite greater student participation. Consequently, student-led discussion increased manifold, but lacked the mathematical precision offered previously by the teacher. The analyses lead to insights about how classroom interactions can be shaped by a teacher’s beliefs and interpretations of educational reform recommendations.
Efficacy and effectiveness as aspects of cluster randomized trials with nursing home residents: methodological insights from a pneumonia prevention trial.

This report discusses how methodological aspects of study efficacy and effectiveness combine in cluster randomized trials in nursing homes. Discussion focuses on the relationships between these study aspects in the Pneumonia Reduction in Institutionalized Disabled Elders (PRIDE) trial, an ongoing cluster randomized clinical trial of pneumonia prevention among nursing home residents launched in October 2009 in Greater New Haven, Connecticut. This clinical trial has enrolled long-term care nursing home residents, over 65years in age, who have either inadequate oral care or swallowing difficulty, previously identified risk factors for pneumonia. It has used a multicomponent intervention consisting of manual tooth/gum brushing, 0.12% chlorhexidine oral rinse administered twice daily by nurses, and upright feeding positioning at meals to reduce rates of radiographically documented pneumonia. Cluster randomization is attractive for nursing home intervention studies because physical proximity and administrative arrangements make it difficult to deliver different interventions to residents of the same nursing home. Implementing an intervention in an entire home requires integration into the daily life of residents and into the administrative procedures of the nursing home. This characteristic of nursing home cluster randomized trials makes them approximate "real-world" research contexts, but implementation can be challenging. The PRIDE trial of pneumonia prevention utilized specific methodological choices that include both efficacy and effectiveness elements. Cluster randomized trials in nursing homes having elements of both efficacy and effectiveness (i.e., hybrid designs) can address some of the methodological challenges of conducting clinical research in nursing homes; they have distinctive advantages and some limitations.
Begin with the real-world patients of non-goal-achieved hypercholesterolemia in taiwan through the ezetimibe/simvastatin tablet - The BRAVO Study.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a combination of 10 mg ezetimibe and 20 mg simvastatin in Taiwanese patients with hypercholesterolemia.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A prospective, open-label, multi-center, hospital-based cohort study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a single tablet combination of ezetimibe/simvastatin for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Taiwanese adults without low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goal achievement, based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, were treated with ezetimibe/simvastatin once daily for 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients achieving LDL-C treatment goals after 6 weeks of treatment. Secondary endpoints included percentage change from baseline of LDL-C, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride. Safety and tolerability were assessed via clinical and laboratory examinations. The clinicaltrial.gov identifier of this study was NCT00654628.


RESULTS
In total, 173 patients with a mean age of 57.9 ± 10.4 years were included. Of these, 57.8% were female and the average body mass index was 25.5 ± 3.4 kg/m(2). After 6 weeks of treatment, the great majority of the patients had reached their treatment goals (90.4% for LDL-C; 87% for TC; and 59% for TG). LDL-C levels were significantly reduced from 156.8 ± 30.8 mg/dL at baseline to 75.9 ± 25.4 mg/dL (51.4%, P < 0.0001) after only 6 weeks of therapy. Forty-nine adverse events (AEs), including one non-drug related serious AE, were reported. For non-serious AEs, the most common reported AEs during the entire study period were myalgia and upper respiratory infection (both n = 7). Nine patients dropped out of the study, reportedly due to AEs.


CONCLUSIONS
A single tablet combination of 10 mg ezetimibe and 20 mg simvastatin in Taiwanese patients with hypercholesterolemia provided high LDL-C goal attainment rates and resulted in significant reductions in LDL-C.