LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
How did the discussion go: Discourse act classification in social media conversations

Within last two decades, social media has emerged as almost an alternate world where people communicate with each other and express opinions about almost anything. This makes platforms like Facebook, Reddit, Twitter, Myspace etc. a rich bank of heterogeneous data, primarily expressed via text but reflecting all textual and non-textual data that human interaction can produce. We propose a novel attention based hierarchical LSTM model to classify discourse act sequences in social media conversations, aimed at mining data from online discussion using textual meanings beyond sentence level. The very uniqueness of the task is the complete categorization of possible pragmatic roles in informal textual discussions, contrary to extraction of question-answers, stance detection or sarcasm identification which are very much role specific tasks. Early attempt was made on a Reddit discussion dataset. We train our model on the same data, and present test results on two different datasets, one from Reddit and one from Facebook. Our proposed model outperformed the previous one in terms of domain independence; without using platformdependent structural features, our hierarchical LSTM with word relevance attention mechanism achieved F1-scores of 71% and 66% respectively to predict discourse roles of comments in Reddit and Facebook discussions. Efficiency of recurrent and convolutional architectures in order to learn discursive representation on the same task has been presented and analyzed, with different word and comment embedding schemes. Our attention mechanism enables us to inquire into relevance ordering of text segments according to their roles in discourse. We present a human annotator experiment to unveil important observations about modeling and data annotation. Equipped with our text-based discourse identification model, we inquire into how Subhabrata Dutta Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, e-mail: subha0009@gmail.com Tanmoy Chakraborty IIIT Delhi, India, e-mail: tanmoy@iiitd.ac.in Dipankar Das Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, e-mail: dipankar.dipnil2005@gmail.com 1 ar X iv :1 80 8. 02 29 0v 1 [ cs .C L ] 7 A ug 2 01 8 2 Subhabrata Dutta, Tanmoy Chakraborty and Dipankar Das heterogeneous non-textual features like location, time, leaning of information etc. play their roles in charaterizing online discussions on Facebook.
Left atrial remodeling and function in advanced heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND
Left atrial (LA) structure and function are altered in most heart failure (HF) patients, but there may be fundamental differences in LA properties between HF with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).


METHODS AND RESULTS
One hundred ninety-eight HF patients (51% HFpEF, New York Heart Association 3.1±0.7) and 40 HF-free controls underwent catheterization, echocardiography, and follow-up. Compared with controls, HF patients had larger and more dysfunctional left atria. At identical mean LA pressure (20 versus 20 mm Hg; P=0.9), HFrEF patients had larger LA volumes (LA volume index 50 versus 41 mL/m(2); P<0.001), whereas HFpEF patients had higher LA peak pressures, lower LA minimal pressures, higher LA stiffness (0.79 versus 0.48 mm Hg/mL; P<0.001), greater LA pulsatility (19 versus 13 mm Hg; P<0.001), and higher wall stress variations. Despite smaller LA volumes, better function, and less mitral regurgitation, HFpEF patients had more atrial fibrillation (42 versus 26%; P=0.02). LA dysfunction was associated with increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular dysfunction in both HF phenotypes. After a median follow-up of 350 days, 31 HFpEF and 28 HFrEF patients died. LA function (total LA EF) was associated with lower mortality in HFpEF (hazard ratio 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.9; P<0.05), but not in HFrEF.


CONCLUSIONS
HFrEF is characterized by greater eccentric LA remodeling, whereas HFpEF by increased LA stiffness, which might contribute to greater atrial fibrillation burden. LA function is associated with pulmonary vascular disease and right HF in both HF phenotypes, but is associated with outcome more closely in HFpEF, supporting efforts to improve LA function in this cohort.
A Brief Note on Jupiter's Magnetism

A recent model which gives the contribution of the earth's solid core to geo magnetism is seen to explain Jupiter's magnetism also.
Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India : An application of HOMER

Renewable energy-based off-grid or decentralised electricity supply has traditionally considered a single technology-based limited level of supply to meet the basic needs, without considering reliable energy provision to rural consumers. The purpose of this paper is to propose the best hybrid technology combination for electricity generation from a mix of renewable energy resources to satisfy the electrical needs in a reliable manner of an off-grid remote village, Palari in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. Four renewable resources, namely, small-scale hydropower, solar photovoltaic systems, wind turbines and bio-diesel generators are considered. The paper estimates the residential, institutional, commercial, agricultural and small-scale industrial demand in the pre-HOMER analysis. Using HOMER, the paper identifies the optimal off-grid option and compares this with conventional grid extension. The solution obtained shows that a hybrid combination of renewable energy generators at an off-grid location can be a cost-effective alternative to grid extension and it is sustainable, techno-economically viable and environmentally sound. The paper also presents a post-HOMER analysis and discusses issues that are likely to affect/influence the realisation of the optimal solution. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparing technical efficiency of farms with an automatic milking system and a conventional milking system.

Changing from a conventional milking system (CMS) to an automatic milking system (AMS) necessitates a new management approach and a corresponding change in labor tasks. Together with labor savings, AMS farms have been found to have higher capital costs, primarily because of higher maintenance costs and depreciation. Therefore, it is hypothesized that AMS farms differ from CMS farms in capital:labor ratio and possibly their technical efficiency, at least during a transition learning period. The current study used actual farm accounting data from dairy farms in the Netherlands with an AMS and a CMS to investigate the empirical substitution of capital for labor in the AMS farms and to determine if the technical efficiency of the AMS farms differed from the CMS farms. The technical efficiency estimates were obtained with data envelopment analysis. The 63 AMS farms and the 337 CMS farms in the data set did not differ in general farm characteristics such as the number of cows, number of hectares, and the amount of milk quota. Farms with AMS have significantly higher capital costs (€12.71 per 100 kg of milk) than CMS farms (€10.10 per 100 kg of milk). Total labor costs and net outputs were not significantly different between AMS and CMS farms. A clear substitution of capital for labor with the adoption of an AMS could not be observed. Although the AMS farms have a slightly lower technical efficiency (0.76) than the CMS farms (0.78), a significant difference in these estimates was not observed. This indicates that the farms were not different in their ability to use inputs (capital, labor, cows, and land) to produce outputs (total farm revenues). The technical efficiency of farms invested in an AMS in 2008 or earlier was not different from the farms invested in 2009 or 2010, indicating that a learning effect during the transition period was not observed. The results indicate that the economic performance of AMS and CMS farms are similar. What these results show is that other than higher capital costs, the use of AMS rather than a CMS does not affect farm efficiency and that the learning costs to use an AMS are not present as measured by any fall in technical efficiency.
Analysis of an E-Core Interior Permanent Magnet Linear Oscillating Actuator

This paper presents the design, analysis and experimental validation of a single-phase tubular E-core interior permanent magnet (IPM) linear oscillating actuator (LOA). Firstly, the topology is described and its electromagnetic performance, in terms of the air-gap flux density, flux-linkage, back-emf coefficient and thrust force-displacement characteristic, is analyzed by finite element analyses. It shows that it is simple to manufacture compared to E-core SPM actuators and solves the problem of significant leakage flux in C-core actuators. In addition, the E-core IPM actuator is capable of producing reluctance force due to the salient mover structure, which enhances the spring stiffness and is conducive to the oscillation, although has no contribution to the output power. The influence of the magnet pole ratio and split ratio on the performance of the IPM LOA is investigated, and the optimal parameters have been identified with reference to the peak value and flatness of the excitation force-displacement characteristic. Finally, the predicted thrust force characteristics are validated by measurements on a prototype actuator.
Is Metabolic Flexibility Altered in Multiple Sclerosis Patients?

OBJECTIVES
Metabolic flexibility is defined as ability to adjust fuel oxidation to fuel availability. Multiple sclerosis (MS) results in reduced muscle strength and exercise intolerance. We tested the hypothesis that altered metabolic flexibility contributes to exercise intolerance in MS patients.


METHODS
We studied 16 patients (all on glatiramer) and 16 matched healthy controls. Energy expenditure (EE), and carbohydrate (COX) and lipid oxidation (LOX) rates were determined by calorimetry, before and after an oral glucose load. We made measurements either at rest (canopy device) or during 40 min low-grade (0.5 W/kg) exercise (metabolic chamber). We also obtained plasma, and adipose tissue and skeletal muscle dialysate samples by microdialysis to study tissue-level metabolism under resting conditions.


RESULTS
At rest, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid levels did not differ between patients and controls. Fasting and postprandial COX was higher and LOX lower in patients. In adipose, fasting and postprandial dialysate glucose, lactate, and glycerol levels were higher in patients vs. controls. In muscle, fasting and postprandial dialysate metabolite levels did not differ significantly between the groups. During exercise, EE did not differ between the groups. However, COX increased sharply over 20 min in patients, without reaching a steady state, followed by an immediate decrease within the next 20 min and fell even below basal levels after exercise in patients, compared to controls.


CONCLUSIONS
Glucose tolerance is not impaired in MS patients. At rest, there is no indication for metabolic inflexibility or mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. The increased adipose tissue lipolytic activity might result from glatiramer treatment. Autonomic dysfunction might cause dysregulation of postprandial thermogenesis at rest and lipid mobilization during exercise.
2-year follow-up of trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND
Trastuzumab--a humanised monoclonal antibody against HER2--has been shown to improve disease-free survival after chemotherapy in women with HER2-positive early breast cancer. We investigated the drug's effect on overall survival after a median follow-up of 2 years in the Herceptin Adjuvant (HERA) study.


METHODS
HERA is an international multicentre randomised trial that compared 1 or 2 years of trastuzumab treatment with observation alone after standard neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy in women with HER2-positive node positive or high-risk node negative breast cancer. 5102 women participated in the trial; we analysed data from 1703 women who had been randomised for treatment with trastuzumab for 1 year and 1698 women from the control group, with median follow-up of 23.5 months (range 0-48 months). The primary endpoint of the trial was disease-free survival. Here, we assess overall survival, a secondary endpoint. Analyses were done on an intent-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with the European Clinical Trials Database, number 2005-002385-11.


FINDINGS
97 (5.7%) patients randomised to observation alone and 58 (3.4%) patients randomised to 1 year of treatment with trastuzumab were lost to follow-up. 172 women stopped trastuzumab prematurely. 59 deaths were reported for trastuzumab and 90 in the control group. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the risk of death with trastuzumab compared with observation alone was 0.66 (95% CI 0.47-0.91; p=0.0115). 218 disease-free survival events were reported with trastuzumab compared with 321 in the control group. The unadjusted HR for the risk of an event with trastuzumab compared with observation alone was 0.64 (0.54-0.76; p<0.0001).


INTERPRETATION
Our results show that 1 year of treatment with trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy has a significant overall survival benefit after a median follow-up of 2 years. The emergence of this benefit after only 2 years reinforces the importance of trastuzumab in the treatment of women with HER2-positive early breast cancer.
Virtual reality pain control during burn wound debridement in the hydrotank.

OBJECTIVE
Most burn-injured patients rate their pain during burn wound debridement as severe to excruciating. We explored the adjunctive use of water-friendly, immersive virtual reality (VR) to distract patients from their pain during burn wound debridement in the hydrotherapy tank (hydrotank).


SETTING
This study was conducted on inpatients at a major regional burn center.


PATIENTS
Eleven hospitalized inpatients ages 9 to 40 years (mean age, 27 y) had their burn wounds debrided and dressed while partially submerged in the hydrotank.


INTERVENTION
Although a nurse debrided the burn wound, each patient spent 3 minutes of wound care with no distraction and 3 minutes of wound care in VR during a single wound care session (within-subject condition order randomized).


OUTCOME MEASURES
Three 0 to 10 graphic rating scale pain scores (worst pain, time spent thinking about pain, and pain unpleasantness) for each of the 2 treatment conditions served as the primary dependent variables.


RESULTS
Patients reported significantly less pain when distracted with VR [eg, "worst pain" ratings during wound care dropped from "severe" (7.6) to "moderate" (5.1)]. The 6 patients who reported the strongest illusion of "going inside" the virtual world reported the greatest analgesic effect of VR on worst pain ratings, dropping from severe pain (7.2) in the no VR condition to mild pain (3.7) during VR.


CONCLUSIONS
Results provide the first available evidence from a controlled study that immersive VR can be an effective nonpharmacologic pain reduction technique for burn patients experiencing severe to excruciating pain during wound care. The potential applications of VR analgesia to other painful procedures (eg, movement or exercise therapy) and other pain populations are discussed.
Arrested Development: Theory and Evidence of Supply‐Side Speculation in the Housing Market

This paper studies the role of disagreement in amplifying housing cycles. Speculation is easier in the land market than in the housing market due to frictions that make renting less efficient than owner-occupancy. As a result, undeveloped land both facilitates construction and intensifies the speculation that causes booms and busts in house prices. This observation reverses the standard intuition that cities where construction is easier experience smaller house price booms. It also can explain why the largest house price booms in the United States between 2000 and 2006 occurred in areas with elastic housing supply. JEL Codes: D84, G12, G14, R31 ∗We thank John Campbell, Edward Glaeser, David Laibson, and Andrei Shleifer for outstanding advice and Bruno Biais, Tom Davidoff, Morris Davis, Robin Greenwood, Sam Hanson, Mitchell Hurwitz, Chris Mayer, Alp Simsek, Amir Sufi, Adi Sunderam, Jeremy Stein, Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh, Andrew Paciorek, Paul Willen, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. We also thank Harry Lourimore, Joe Restrepo, Hubble Smith, Jon Wardlaw, Anna Wharton, and CoStar employees for enlightening conversations and data. Prab Upadrashta provided excellent research assistance. Nathanson thanks the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program, the Bradley Foundation, the Becker Friedman Institute at the University of Chicago, and the Guthrie Center for Real Estate Research for financial support. Zwick thanks the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, the Neubauer Family Foundation, and the Harvard Business School Doctoral Office for financial support. Disclosure Statement (Charles G. Nathanson) During my time working on this paper, I received financial support from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program, the Becker Friedman Institute at the University of Chicago, the Guthrie Center for Real Estate Research at Northwestern University, and the Bradley Foundation, which is an organization that supports limited government, a topic tangentially related to the paper. None of these organizations reviewed the paper.
Sexualizing Media Use and Self-Objectification

Objectification theorists suggest that exposure to sexualizing media increases self-objectification among individuals. Correlational and experimental research examining this relation has received growing attention. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the influence of sexualizing media use on self-objectification among women and men. For this purpose, we analyzed 54 papers yielding 50 independent studies and 261 effect sizes. The data revealed a positive, moderate effect of sexualizing media on self-objectification (r 1⁄4 .19). The effect was significant and robust, 95% CI [.15, .23], p < .0001. We identified a conditional effect of media type, suggesting that the use of video games and/or online media led to stronger self-objectification effects when compared to television use. Other sample characteristics or study characteristics did not moderate the overall effect. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of sexualizing media exposure on women’s and men’s objectified selfconcept. We discuss future research directions and implications for practice. We hope that the article will stimulate researchers in their future work to address the research gaps outlined here. Moreover, we hope that the findings will encourage practitioners and parents to reflect on the role of the use of sexualizing media in the development of individuals’ self-objectification. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ suppl10.1177/0361684317743019
Self-help treatment for insomnia symptoms associated with chronic conditions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effectiveness of a self-help cognitive behavioral intervention in improving sleep quality in older adults reporting insomnia symptoms associated with chronic disease.


DESIGN
A pragmatic two-arm randomized controlled trial comparing supported self-help with treatment as usual (TAU).


SETTING
Primary care.


PARTICIPANTS
One hundred ninety-three self-referred individuals aged 55 to 87 with long-term conditions and chronic insomnia symptoms (as defined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition).


INTERVENTION
Self-help participants received six consecutive booklets, at weekly intervals, providing structured advice on important components of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I, including self-monitoring, sleep restriction, stimulus control procedures, and cognitive strategies), plus access to a telephone helpline. Control group participants received a single sheet of advice detailing standard sleep hygiene measures.


MEASUREMENTS
The primary outcome was sleep quality, measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Secondary outcomes were the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the subjective sleep efficiency index, and the Fatigue Severity Scale.


RESULTS
In the self-help group, sleep outcomes showed significant improvements after treatment (PSQI, P < .001; ISI, P < .001; sleep efficiency, P < .001) and at 3-month (PSQI, P = .002; ISI, P = .006; sleep efficiency, P = .001) and 6-month (PSQI, P = .003; ISI, P = .003; sleep efficiency, P = .001) follow-up. Effect sizes were moderate (range of adjusted Cohen d = 0.51-0.75). Treatment had no effect on levels of daytime fatigue. Most treated participants (73%) said they would recommend the self-help program to others.


CONCLUSION
Self-help CBT-I offers a practical first-line response to individual reporting insomnia symptoms associated with chronic disease in primary care settings. In these individuals, symptoms of daytime fatigue may be more closely associated with disease processes than with sleep quality.
Effect of Photo-Fenton Bleaching on Tetracycline-stained Dentin in vitro.

AIM
Tetracycline-stained tooth structure is difficult to bleach using nightguard tray methods. The possible benefits of in-office light-accelerated bleaching systems based on the photo-Fenton reaction are of interest as possible adjunctive treatments. This study was a proof of concept for possible benefits of this approach, using dentine slabs from human tooth roots stained in a reproducible manner with the tetracycline antibiotic demeclocycline hydrochloride.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Color changes overtime in tetra-cycline stained roots from single rooted teeth treated using gel (Zoom! WhiteSpeed(®)) alone, blue LED light alone, or gel plus light in combination were tracked using standardized digital photography. Controls received no treatment. Changes in color channel data were tracked overtime, for each treatment group (N = 20 per group).


RESULTS
Dentin was lighter after bleaching, with significant improvements in the dentin color for the blue channel (yellow shade) followed by the green channel and luminosity. The greatest changes occurred with gel activated by light (p < 0.0001), which was superior to effects seen with gel alone. Use of the light alone did not significantly alter shade.


CONCLUSION
This proof of concept study demonstrates that bleaching using the photo-Fenton chemistry is capable of lightening tetracycline-stained dentine. Further investigation of the use of this method for treating tetracycline-stained teeth in clinical settings appears warranted.


CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Because tetracycline staining may respond to bleaching treatments based on the photo-Fenton reaction, systems, such as Zoom! WhiteSpeed, may have benefits as adjuncts to home bleaching for patients with tetracycline-staining.
Risky Mortgages in a DSGE Model

Abstract This paper develops a DSGE model with housing, risky mortgages and endogenous default. Housing investment is subject to idiosyncratic risk and some mortgages are defaulted in equilibrium. An unanticipated increase in the standard deviation of housing investment produces a credit crunch where delinquencies and mortgage interest rates increase, lending is curtailed, and aggregate demand for non-durable goods falls. The economy experiences a recession as a consequence of the credit crunch. The paper compares economies that differ only in the riskiness of housing investment. Economies with lower risk are characterized by lower steady-state mortgage default rates and higher loanto-value and leverage ratios. The macroeconomic effects of an unanticipated increase in housing investment risk are amplified in high-leverage economies. Monetary policy plays an important role in the transmission of housing investment risk, as inertial interest rate rules generate deeper output contractions.