LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space

The World Wide Web has enabled the creation of a global information space comprising linked documents. As the Web becomes ever more enmeshed with our daily lives, there is a growing desire for direct access to raw data not currently available on the Web or bound up in hypertext documents. Linked Data provides a publishing paradigm in which not only documents, but also data, can be a first class citizen of the Web, thereby enabling the extension of the Web with a global data space based on open standards the Web of Data. In this Synthesis lecture we provide readers with a detailed technical introduction to Linked Data. We begin by outlining the basic principles of Linked Data, including coverage of relevant aspects of Web architecture. The remainder of the text is based around two main themes the publication and consumption of Linked Data. Drawing on a practical Linked Data scenario, we provide guidance and best practices on: architectural approaches to publishing Linked Data; choosing URIs and vocabularies to identify and describe resources; deciding what data to return in a About the Book The book is published by Morgan & Claypool in the series Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology edited by James Hendler and Frank van Harmelen. Please cite the book as: Tom Heath and Christian Bizer (2011) Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space (1st edition). Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology, 1:1, 1-136. Morgan & Claypool. DOI: 10.2200/S00334ED1V01Y201102WBE001 ISBN: 9781608454303 (paperback) ISBN: 9781608454310 (ebook) Copyright © 2011 by Morgan & Claypool. All rights reserved. Access Options l HTML Version ¡ You are currently reading the free HTML version of the book, the most recent of which is always available at http://linkeddatabook.com/book. l PDF Version ¡ If you are a member of an organization that has licensed the Morgan & Claypool Synthesis Lectures collection, you can download the book from Morgan & Claypool. ¡ If you are not a member of an organization that has licensed the Morgan & Claypool Synthesis Lectures collection, you can buy unlimited electronic access from Morgan & Claypool for 30 US$. l Hard Copy ¡ Available from Morgan & Claypool for 35 US$. ¡ Available from Amazon US for ~28 USD. ¡ Available from Amazon UK for ~22 GBP. 페이지 1 / 87 Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space 2011-04-06 http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/ description of a resource on the Web; methods and frameworks for automated linking of data sets; and testing and debugging approaches for Linked Data deployments. We give an overview of existing Linked Data applications and then examine the architectures that are used to consume Linked Data from the Web, alongside existing tools and frameworks that enable these. Readers can expect to gain a rich technical understanding of Linked Data fundamentals, as the basis for application development, research or further study.
Attrition and Achievement Gaps in Online Learning

Attrition in online learning is generally higher than in traditional settings, especially in large-scale online learning environments. A systematic analysis of individual differences in attrition and performance in 20 massive open online courses (N > 67,000) revealed a geographic achievement gap and a gender achievement gap. Online learners in Africa, Asia, and Latin America scored substantially lower grades and were only half as likely to persist than those in Europe, Oceania, and Northern America. Women also exhibited lower persistence and performance than men. Yet more persistent learners were only marginally more satisfied with their achievement. The primary obstacle for most learners was finding time for the course, which was partly related to low levels of volitional control. Self-ascribed successful learners reported higher levels of goal striving, growth mindset, and feelings of social belonging than unsuccessful ones. Insights into why learners leave online courses inform models of attrition and targeted interventions to support learners achieve their goals.
Successful treatment of perineal necrotising fasciitis and associated pubic bone osteomyelitis with the vacuum assisted closure system

BACKGROUND
Acute necrotising fasciitis is a life-threatening condition, which requires urgent surgical intervention. Surgical debridement is invariably associated with large areas of tissue loss.


CASE PRESENTATION
We present a 58-year old woman with a past history of cervical carcinoma who presented with necrotising fasciitis of the perineum and upper thighs with associated pubic bone osteomyelitis. Following extensive debridement, a Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC) system was applied to the large residual defect to facilitate skin graft application and optimise wound healing.


CONCLUSION
This case demonstrates the successful management of a complex and potentially lethal wound of the perineum with debridement, skin grafting and the VAC system.
Numerical optimisation of trawls design to improve their energy efficiency

Trawls energy efficiency is greatly affected by the drag, as well as by the swept area regarding pelagic trawls and by the swept width for bottom ones. The drag results in an increase of the energy consumption and the sweeping influences the catch. In order to reduce the drag per swept area (or width) a numerical tool dedicated to the automatic optimisation of the trawl design has been developed. Based on a finite element method model for flexible netting structures, the tool modifies step by step a reference design. For each step the best-modified design, in terms of drag per swept area (or width), is kept. Such a methodology was used in two cases: which show a 43% increase in energy efficiency regarding the pelagic trawl case and 27% for the bottom trawl one.
Dendritic Cell-Based Xenoantigen Vaccination for Prostate Cancer Immunotherapy 1

Many tumor-associated Ags represent tissue differentiation Ags that are poorly immunogenic. Their weak immunogenicity may be due to immune tolerance to self-Ags. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is just such an Ag that is expressed by both normal and malignant prostate tissue. We have previously demonstrated that PAP can be immunogenic in a rodent model. However, generation of prostate-specific autoimmunity was seen only when a xenogeneic homolog of PAP was used as the immunogen. To explore the potential role of xenoantigen immunization in cancer patients, we performed a phase I clinical trial using dendritic cells pulsed with recombinant mouse PAP as a tumor vaccine. Twenty-one patients with metastatic prostate cancer received two monthly vaccinations of xenoantigen-loaded dendritic cells with minimal treatment-associated side effects. All patients developed T cell immunity to mouse PAP following immunization. Eleven of the 21 patients also developed T cell proliferative responses to the homologous self-Ag. These responses were associated with Ag-specific IFNand/or TNFsecretion, but not IL-4, consistent with induction of Th1 immunity. Finally, 6 of 21 patients had clinical stabilization of their previously progressing prostate cancer. All six of these patients developed T cell immunity to human PAP following vaccination. These results demonstrate that xenoantigen immunization can break tolerance to a self-Ag in humans, resulting in a clinically significant antitumor effect. The Journal of Immunology, 2001, 167: 7150–7156.
Towards Autonomous Excavation of Fragmented Rock: Experiments, Modelling, Identification and Control

Towards Autonomous Excavation of Fragmented Rock: Experiments, Modelling, Identification and Control Joshua Alexander Marshall Master of Science (Engineering) Department of Mechanical Engineering Queen’s University August, 2001 Increased competition and recent globalization in the minerals industry has resulted in further demands for advanced mining equipment technology. The autonomous excavation problem for fragmented rock entails the design of a control system capable of regulating the complicated bucket-rock interactions that occur during excavation operations. A notable amount of previous work has been performed to address the excavation automation problem, although this work has mainly focused on the excavation of granular material such as soil rather than on rock. Moreover, none has resulted in widespread industry adoption of automated rock loading technologies. This thesis revisits the autonomous excavation problem for fragmented rock from a fresh perspective, and in particular, focuses on the problem of autonomous excavation using load-haul-dump (LHD) underground mining machines. First, an extensive review of the state-of-the-art in autonomous excavation is provided. Then, results of pioneering full-scale experimental studies are provided. These studies were carried out with the intent of identifying the evolution of machine parameters during freespace motions of the employed LHD mechanism, and during a selection of excavation trials conducted by skilled operators in fragmented rock typical of an underground hard-rock mining scenario. It was discovered that information contained within actuating cylinder pressure signals might offer a means for identification of the bucket-rock interaction status. Having reviewed the conventional techniques for development of robot dynamical equations of motion, the results are presented of modelling the LHD loader mechanism
Prevalence of tinea pedis, tinea unguium of toenails and tinea capitis in school children from Barcelona.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the prevalence of tinea capitis, tinea pedis, and tinea unguium in children from several schools of Barcelona city.


METHODS
During the period of 2003-2004, a prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in 1,305 children (9% immigrant population) between the ages 3 and 15 in 17 schools in Barcelona. A systematic examination of the feet, (including nails and scalp), was performed to identify lesions compatible with tinea. Cultures of scalp and feet samples were done and analysis of environmental samples was performed for dermatophyte isolation.


RESULTS
Dermatophytes were isolated in 2.9% of the samples with a prevalence of 2.5% in feet, 0.23% in scalp, and 0.15% in nails of the feet. The predominant etiologic agents in feet were Trichophyton mentagrophytes in 45.7% of the cases and Trichophyton rubrum in 31.4%. In the nails, T. rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans were isolated, while T. mentagrophytes (2 cases) and Trichophyton violaceum (1 case) were identified in scalp samples. Forty-five per cent of dermatophytes were isolated from healthy feet, the majority of cases in children 13- 15-years-old (p < 0.05). Microsporum gypseum was the only agent identified in the environmental samples, and was also found in one of the cases of tinea pedis.


CONCLUSION
The results of this study demonstrate a low prevalence of tinea capitis and tinea unguium in school children of Barcelona. On the contrary, high prevalence of dermatophytes in feet was found. It highlights the high prevalence of healthy carriers of dermatophytes in feet.
Constructing Probability Boxes and Dempster-Shafer Structures

This report summarizes a variety of the most useful and commonly applied methods for obtaining Dempster-Shafer structures, and their mathematical kin probability boxes, from empirical information or theoretical knowledge. The report includes a review of the aggregation methods for handling agreement and conflict when multiple such objects are obtained from different sources. * The work described in this report was performed for Sandia National Laboratories under Contract No. 19094
Antipsychotic-induced type 2 diabetes: Evidence from a large health plan database

Case evidence suggests that some of the atypical antipsychotics may induce type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of antipsychotic treatment with type 2 diabetes in a large health plan database. Claims data for patients with psychosis within a health plan of nearly 2 million members were analyzed using logistic regression. Frequencies of newly treated type 2 diabetes in patients untreated with antipsychotics and among patients treated with quetiapine, risperidone, olanzapine, and conventional antipsychotics were compared. Based on exposure measured in months of antipsychotic treatment, quetiapine and risperidone patients had estimated odds of receiving treatment for type 2 diabetes that were lower than those of patients untreated with antipsychotics (not statistically significant); patients treated with conventional antipsychotics had estimated odds that were virtually equivalent to those of patients untreated with antipsychotics; olanzapine alone had odds that were significantly greater than those of patients untreated with antipsychotics (P = 0.0247). Odds ratios based on 8 months of screening for pre-existing type 2 diabetes and assuming 12 months of antipsychotic treatment were: risperidone = 0.660 (95% CI 0.311-1.408); olanzapine = 1.426 (95% CI 1.046-1.955); quetiapine = 0.976 (95% CI 0.422-2.271); and conventional antipsychotics = 1.049 (95% CI 0.688-1.613). Case reports, prospective trials, and other retrospective studies have increasingly implicated olanzapine and clozapine as causing or exacerbating type 2 diabetes. Few have implicated risperidone while evidence on quetiapine has been limited. This study supports earlier findings on risperidone versus olanzapine and builds evidence on quetiapine. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the association of antipsychotic treatment with type 2 diabetes.
No-truncation approach to cosmic microwave background anisotropies

We offer a method of calculating the source term in the line-of-sight integral for cosmic microwave background anisotropies without using a truncated partial-wave expansion in the Boltzmann hierarchy.
A task-level adaptive MapReduce framework for real-time streaming data in healthcare applications

Healthcare scientific applications, such as body area network, require of deploying hundreds of interconnected sensors to monitor the health status of a host. One of the biggest challenges is the streaming data collected by all those sensors, which needs to be processed in real time. Follow-up data analysis would normally involve moving the collected big data to a cloud data center for status reporting and record tracking purpose. Therefore, an efficient cloud platform with very elastic scaling capacity is needed to support such kind of real time streaming data applications. The current cloud platform either lacks of such a module to process streaming data, or scales in regard to coarse-grained compute nodes. In this paper, we propose a task-level adaptive MapReduce framework. This framework extends the generic MapReduce architecture by designing each Map and Reduce task as a consistent running loop daemon. The beauty of this new framework is the scaling capability being designed at the Map and Task level, rather than being scaled from the compute-node level. This strategy is capable of not only scaling up and down in real time, but also leading to effective use of compute resources in cloud data center. As a first step towards implementing this framework in real cloud, we developed a simulator that captures workload strength, and provisions the amount of Map and Reduce tasks just in need and in real time. To further enhance the framework, we applied two streaming data workload prediction methods, smoothing and Kalman filter, to estimate the unknown workload characteristics. We see 63.1% performance improvement by using the Kalman filter method to predict the workload. We also use real streaming data workload trace to test the framework. Experimental results show that this framework schedules the Map and Reduce tasks very efficiently, as the streaming data changes its arrival rate. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ∗ Corresponding author at: Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Tel.: +1
Some justifications about the learning by disturbin g strategy

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) are evolving towards a more cooperative relationship between the system and the student. More and more, learning is considered as a constructive process rather than a simple transfer of knowledge. This trend has brought to light new cooperative tutoring strategies. One of these tutoring strategies, the learning companion, designed to overcome some of the limitations of the classical tutoring model, involves a student and two simulated participants: a tutor and another student. More recently a new strategy, learning by disturbing, has been proposed. In this strategy, the simulated student is a troublemaker whose role is to deliberately disturb the human student. This article describes the learning by disturbing strategy by contrasting it with the learning companion strategy. In addition, some links are drawn between this new strategy and the psychology of learning, in particular the cognitive dissonance theory.
The Reformation in historical thought

The scope of this book includes the whole field of historical writing on the Reformation, from Luther to the present.
Assessment of atrial electromechanical coupling characteristics in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate atrial conduction abnormalities obtained by Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) and electrocardiogram analysis in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients.


METHODS
A total of 40 patients with AS (22 males /18 females, 37.82 +/- 10.22 years), and 42 controls (22 males/20 females, 35.74 +/- 9.98 years) were included. Systolic and diastolic left ventricular (LV) functions were measured by using conventional echocardiography and DTI. Interatrial and intraatrial electromechanical coupling (PA) intervals were measured with DTI. P-wave dispersion (PD) was calculated from the 12-lead electrocardiogram.


RESULTS
Atrial electromechanical coupling at the left lateral mitral annulus (PA lateral) was significantly delayed in AS patients (61.65 +/- 7.81 vs 53.69 +/- 6.75 ms, P < 0.0001). Interatrial (PA lateral - PA tricuspid), intraatrial electromechanical coupling intervals (PA septum - PA tricuspid), maximum P-wave (Pmax) duration, and PD were significantly longer in AS patients (23.50 +/- 7.08 vs 14.76 +/- 5.69 ms, P < 0.0001; 5.08 +/- 5.24 vs 2.12 +/- 2.09 ms, P = 0.001; 103.85 +/- 6.10 vs 97.52 +/- 6.79 ms, P < 0.0001; and 48.65 +/- 6.17 vs 40.98 +/- 5.37 ms, P < 0.0001, respectively). Reflecting LV diastolic function mitral A-wave and E/A, mitral E-wave deceleration time (DT), Am and Em/Am were significantly different between the groups (P < 0.05). We found a significant correlation between interatrial electromechanical coupling interval with PD (r = 0.536, P < 0.01). Interatrial electromechanical coupling interval was positively correlated with DT (r = 0.422, P < 0.01) and inversely correlated with E/A (r =-0.263, P < 0.05) and Em/Am (r =-0.263, P < 0.05).


CONCLUSION
This study shows that atrial electromechanical coupling intervals and PD are delayed, and LV diastolic functions are impaired in AS patients.
Factors affecting the accurate placement of percutaneous pedicle screws during minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion

We retrospectively evaluated 488 percutaneous pedicle screws in 110 consecutive patients that had undergone minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MITLIF) to determine the incidence of pedicle screw misplacement and its relevant risk factors. Screw placements were classified based on postoperative computed tomographic findings as “correct”, “cortical encroachment” or as “frank penetration”. Age, gender, body mass index, bone mineral density, diagnosis, operation time, estimated blood loss (EBL), level of fusion, surgeon’s position, spinal alignment, quality/quantity of multifidus muscle, and depth to screw entry point were considered to be demographic and anatomical variables capable of affecting pedicle screw placement. Pedicle dimensions, facet joint arthritis, screw location (ipsilateral or contralateral), screw length, screw diameter, and screw trajectory angle were regarded as screw-related variables. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine relations between these variables and the correctness of screw placement. The incidence of cortical encroachment was 12.5% (61 screws), and frank penetration was found for 54 (11.1%) screws. Two patients (0.4%) with medial penetration underwent revision for unbearable radicular pain and foot drop, respectively. The odds ratios of significant risk factors for pedicle screw misplacement were 3.373 (95% CI 1.095–10.391) for obesity, 1.141 (95% CI 1.024–1.271) for pedicle convergent angle, 1.013 (95% CI 1.006–1.065) for EBL >400 cc, and 1.003 (95% CI 1.000–1.006) for cross-sectional area of multifidus muscle. Although percutaneous insertion of pedicle screws was performed safely during MITLIF, several risk factors should be considered to improve placement accuracy.
Components of Spatial Intelligence

This chapter identifies two basic components of spatial intelligence, based on analyses of performance on tests of spatial ability and on complex spatial thinking tasks in domains such as mechanics, chemistry, medicine, and meteorology. The first component is flexible strategy choice between mental imagery (or mental simulation more generally) and more analytic forms of thinking. Research reviewed here suggests that mental simulation is an important strategy in spatial thinking, but that it is augmented by more analytic strategies such as task decomposition and rule-based reasoning. The second is meta-representational competence [diSessa, A. A. (2004). Metarepresentation: Native competence and targets for instruction. Cognition and Instruction, 22, 293–331], which encompasses ability to choose the optimal external representation for a task and to use novel external representations productively. Research on this aspect of spatial intelligence reveals large individual differences in ability to adaptively choose and use external visual–spatial representations for a task. This research suggests that we should not just think of interactive external visualizations as ways of augmenting spatial intelligence, but also consider the types of intelligence that are required for their use. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Volume 52 # 2010 Elsevier Inc. ISSN 0079-7421, DOI: 10.1016/S0079-7421(10)52007-3 All rights reserved.
A New Class of Discretization Methods for the Solution of Linear Differential-Algebraic Equations with Variable Coefficients

We discuss new discretization methods for linear differential–algebraic equations with variable coefficients. We introduce numerical methods to compute the local invariants of such differential–algebraic equations that were introduced by the authors in a previous paper. Using these quantitities we are able to determine numerically global invariances like the strangeness index, which generalizes the differentiation index for differential–algebraic equations that in particular include undetermined solution components. Based on these methods we then obtain regularization schemes, which allow us to employ general solution methods. The new methods are tested on a number of numerical examples.