LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Trade-off between water transport efficiency and leaf life-span in a tropical dry forest

Drought-deciduous and evergreen species coexist in tropical dry forests. Drought-deciduous species must cope with greater seasonal leaf water-potential fluctuations than evergreen species and this may increase their susceptibility to drought-induced xylem embolism. The relationship between water transport efficiency and leaf life-span were determined for both groups. They differed in seasonal changes of both, wood water content (W c) and wood specific gravity (G). During the dry season, the W c in drought-deciduous species declined and the minimum value was recorded when leaf fall was complete. At this time, the volumetric fraction of gas (V g) increased indicating air entry into xylem vessels. In contrast, W c, G and V g changed only slightly throughout the year for evergreen species. Maximum hydraulic conductivity of drought-deciduous species was 2–6 times that of the evergreen species. but was severely reduced at leaf fall. In the evergreen species, similar water conductivities were measured during wet and dry seasons. The trade-off between xylem water transport capacity and leaf lifespan found in species coexisting in this forest reveals the existence of contrasting but successful adaptations to this environment. Drought-deciduous species maximize production in the short term with higher water transport efficiency which leads to the seasonal occurrence of embolisms. Conversely, the behaviour of evergreen species with reduced maximum efficiency is conservative but safe in relation to xylem embolism.
Automatically extracting information needs from complex clinical questions

OBJECTIVE
Clinicians pose complex clinical questions when seeing patients, and identifying the answers to those questions in a timely manner helps improve the quality of patient care. We report here on two natural language processing models, namely, automatic topic assignment and keyword identification, that together automatically and effectively extract information needs from ad hoc clinical questions. Our study is motivated in the context of developing the larger clinical question answering system AskHERMES (Help clinicians to Extract and aRrticulate Multimedia information for answering clinical quEstionS).


DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS
We developed supervised machine-learning systems to automatically assign predefined general categories (e.g. etiology, procedure, and diagnosis) to a question. We also explored both supervised and unsupervised systems to automatically identify keywords that capture the main content of the question.


RESULTS
We evaluated our systems on 4654 annotated clinical questions that were collected in practice. We achieved an F1 score of 76.0% for the task of general topic classification and 58.0% for keyword extraction. Our systems have been implemented into the larger question answering system AskHERMES. Our error analyses suggested that inconsistent annotation in our training data have hurt both question analysis tasks.


CONCLUSION
Our systems, available at http://www.askhermes.org, can automatically extract information needs from both short (the number of word tokens <20) and long questions (the number of word tokens >20), and from both well-structured and ill-formed questions. We speculate that the performance of general topic classification and keyword extraction can be further improved if consistently annotated data are made available.
Beyond Calvin: The Intellectual, Political and Cultural World of Europe's Reformed Churches, c. 1540-1620

List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction Reformed Ideas International Connections Politics and Rebellion Moral Discipline Religious Life and Culture Select Bibliography Notes Index
Drug use patterns in young German women and association with mental disorders.

BACKGROUND
There is a lack of data about drug use patterns in young women. Mental disorders may influence those drug use patterns.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate drug use patterns (prescribed drugs, self-medication) in general and in relation to the prevalence rates of mental disorders in young German women.


METHODS
A total of 2064 women (18-24 y old), obtained in a random clustered sample, were asked about their actual and former medication use. Moreover, a structured psychological interview (Diagnostic Interview for Mental Disorders) was conducted with each woman to evaluate the prevalence of mental disorders (according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition).


RESULTS
Oral contraceptives (55.9%), thyroid preparations (7.1%), respiratory system drugs (9.4%), and nervous system drugs (8%) were the most commonly used medications. Only 10% of the women with one or more mental disorders used psychotropic medication. As expected, women with mental disorders were significantly more likely to use antidepressants and psycholeptic agents (ie, sedatives/hypnotics, antipsychotics) than were women without any mental disorder. However, there were no significant differences in use of pain medication.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study indicate an apparently inadequate supply of drugs acting on the nervous system for women with mental disorders in Germany. Further studies on different age and gender groups are needed. It is important to evaluate the prevalence of diseases and drug use at the same time so as to identify deficits in drug therapy and optimize prescription and self-medication use.
Contrastive Summarization: An Experiment with Consumer Reviews

Contrastive summarization is the problem of jointly generating summaries for two entities in order to highlight their differences. In this paper we present an investigation into contrastive summarization through an implementation and evaluation of a contrastive opinion summarizer in the consumer reviews domain.
Processes of disengagement and engagement in assertive outreach patients: qualitative study.

BACKGROUND
Assertive outreach has been established to care for'difficult to engage' patients, yet little is known about how patients experience their disengagement with mainstream services and later engagement with outreach teams.


AIMS
To explore the views of disengagement and engagement held by patients of assertive outreach teams.


METHOD
In-depth interviews were conducted with 40 purposefully selected patients and analysed using components of both thematic analysis and grounded theory.


RESULTS
Patients reported a desire to be independent, a poor therapeutic relationship and a loss of control due to medication effects as most important for disengagement. Time and commitment of staff, social support and engagement without a focus on medication, and a partnership model of the therapeutic relationship were most relevant for engagement.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings underline the importance of a comprehensive care model, committed staff with sufficient time, and a focus on relationship issues in dealing with 'difficult to engage' patients.
Organizational impact of system quality, information quality, and service quality

Increased organizational dependence on information systems drives management attention towards improving information systems’ quality. A recent survey shows that ‘‘Improve IT quality” is one of the top concerns facing IT executives. As IT quality is a multidimensional measure, it is important to determine what aspects of IT quality are critical to organizations to help Chief Information Officers (CIOs) to devise effective IT quality improvement strategies. In this research, we model the relationship between information systems’ (IS) quality and organizational impact. We hypothesize greater organizational impact in situations in which system quality, information quality and service quality are high. We also hypothesize a positive relationship between system quality and information quality. We test our hypotheses using survey data. Our structural equation model exhibits a good fit with the observed data. Our results show that IS service quality is the most influential variable in this model (followed by information quality and system quality), thus highlighting the importance of IS service quality for organizational performance. This paper contributes theoretically to IS success models through the system quality-to-information quality and IS quality-to-organizational impact links. Implications of our results for practice and research are discussed. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Molecular modeling of lipid drug formulations

Lipid formulations can improve the bioavailability of drugs that have low aqueous solubility. A variety of chemical compounds, including triglyceride oils (lipids), fatty acid esters and surfactants, can be included in lipid formulations. This heterogeneity makes spectroscopic study of the in ternal structure of formulation difficult. Understanding of lipid formulations at a molecular level will greatly improve our knowledge of in vivo dispersion and solubilisation patterns of lipid formulations. Molecular dynamics studies have provided useful insight into the structure and dynamics of different types of aggregates, including mixed glycerides with and without propylene glycol [1] and bile salts [2]. To date, such studies have not been performed on lipid drug formulations . The objective of this research is to develop a molecular dynamics protocol to examine the interaction between drugs and formulations at the atomic level. To evaluate and parameterize the force field of choice we are calculating Gibbs free energy of solvation of a number of alcohols and short poly -(ethylene glycol) polymers. Following this, the aggregation behaviour of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), sodium glycochenodeoxycholate (GDX), different digestion products and polyethylene glycol surfactants will be investigated. Moreover, the phase diagram s of three component systems composed of i) bile salts, digested products and water and ii) surfactants, lipids and water will be modelled. Simulations are being performed using the molecular dynamics software suite GROMACS. Calculations are being performed on a high performance computing cluster at the Victorian Life Sciences Com putation Initiative (VLSCI). The methods highlighted in this study will prove to be an essential tool for formulators of lipid systems for oral administration. Published: 1 May 2012
CAMPS: a constraint-based architecturefor multiagent planning and scheduling

A new integrated architecture for distributed planning and scheduling is proposed that exploits constraints for problem decomposition and coordination. The goal is to develop an ecient method to solve densely constrained planning/scheduling problems in a distributed manner without sacri®cing solution quality. A prototype system (CAMPS) was implemented, in which a set of intelligent agents try to coordinate their actions for `satisfying' planning/ scheduling results by handling several intraand inter-agent constraints. The repair-based methodology for distributed planning/scheduling is described, together with the constraintbased mechanism of dynamic coalition formation among agents. Ó 1998 Chapman & Hall
Body weight dynamics and their association with physical function and mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study.

BACKGROUND
To estimate the associations of weight dynamics with physical functioning and mortality in older adults.


METHODS
Longitudinal cohort study using prospectively collected data on weight, physical function, and health status in four U.S. Communities in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Included were 3,278 participants (2,013 women and 541 African Americans), aged 65 or older at enrollment, who had at least five weight measurements. Weight was measured at annual clinic visits between 1992 and 1999, and summary measures of mean weight, coefficient of variation, average annual weight change, and episodes of loss and gain (cycling) were calculated. Participants were followed from 1999 to 2006 for activities of daily living (ADL) difficulty, incident mobility limitations, and mortality.


RESULTS
Higher mean weight, weight variability, and weight cycling increased the risk of new onset of ADL difficulties and mobility limitations. After adjustment for risk factors, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for weight cycling for incident ADL impairment was 1.28 (1.12, 1.47), similar to that for several comorbidities in our model, including cancer and diabetes. Lower weight, weight loss, higher variability, and weight cycling were all risk factors for mortality, after adjustment for demographic risk factors, height, self-report health status, and comorbidities.


CONCLUSIONS
Variations in weight are important indicators of future physical limitations and mortality in the elderly and may reflect difficulties in maintaining homeostasis throughout older ages. Monitoring the weight of an older person for fluctuations or episodes of both loss and gain is an important aspect of geriatric care.
Impact of therapeutic strategies on the prognosis of candidemia in the ICU.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the epidemiology of Candida bloodstream infections, variables influencing mortality, and antifungal resistance rates in ICUs in Spain.


DESIGN
Prospective, observational, multicenter population-based study.


SETTING
Medical and surgical ICUs in 29 hospitals distributed throughout five metropolitan areas of Spain.


PATIENTS
Adult patients (≥ 18 yr) with an episode of Candida bloodstream infection during admission to any surveillance area ICU from May 2010 to April 2011.


INTERVENTIONS
Candida isolates were sent to a reference laboratory for species identification by DNA sequencing and susceptibility testing using the methods and breakpoint criteria promulgated by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Prognostic factors associated with early (0-7 d) and late (8-30 d) mortality were analyzed using logistic regression modeling.


MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
We detected 773 cases of candidemia, 752 of which were included in the overall cohort. Among these, 168 (22.3%) occurred in adult ICU patients. The rank order of Candida isolates was as follows: Candida albicans (52%), Candida parapsilosis (23.7%), Candida glabrata (12.7%), Candida tropicalis (5.8%), Candida krusei (4%), and others (1.8%). Overall susceptibility to fluconazole was 79.2%. Cumulative mortality at 7 and 30 days after the first episode of candidemia was 16.5% and 47%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that early appropriate antifungal treatment and catheter removal (odds ratio, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08-0.91), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.19), and abdominal source (odds ratio, 8.15; 95% CI, 1.75-37.93) were independently associated with early mortality. Determinants of late mortality were age (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07), intubation (odds ratio, 7.24; 95% CI, 2.24-23.40), renal replacement therapy (odds ratio, 6.12; 95% CI, 2.24-16.73), and primary source (odds ratio, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.06-5.95).


CONCLUSIONS
Candidemia in ICU patients is caused by non-albicans species in 48% of cases, C. parapsilosis being the most common among these. Overall mortality remains high and mainly related with host factors. Prompt adequate antifungal treatment and catheter removal could be critical to decrease early mortality.
A Clandestine Notebook (1678-1679) on Spinoza, Beverland, Politics, the Bible and Sex

In the years 1678-1679 an Utrecht freethinker scribbled daring remarks in an unsightly jotter. His interests included sex, politics, religion and philosophy. It takes only a quick glance to see that he felt drawn towards all things radical - Spinoza figures prominently in his notebook, but even more so Adrianus Beverland, a notorious libertine known for his eroticism. Our author - as yet unidentified - was well-informed about political affairs, both local, national and international. He appears to have been connected with the well-to-do and the well-educated in Utrecht and beyond. His jottings broached any subject, as long as it was novel, exciting or juicy. Much seems to be taken down spontaneously, as gossip or alehouse bravado. The notebook, now kept in Utrecht University Library (ms. 1284) and published here for the first time, offers a rare insight into the uncensored fascinations of a member of the Dutch elite in a period in which society and ideas underwent drastic change.*
Glenoid morphology affects the incidence of radiolucent lines around cemented pegged polyethylene glenoid components

Radiolucent lines (RLL) are frequent findings around cemented all-polyethylene glenoid implants. The present study evaluates the frequency, extend and the clinical impact of RLL around a cemented two-pegged glenoid implant with special focus on the influence of preoperative glenoid morphology. Our hypothesis was that glenoid morphology does not affect clinical outcome and RLL in the investigated setting. Between 2003 and 2008, a total of 113 cases of total shoulder arthroplasties (Affinis, Mathys Ltd Bettlach, Switzerland) were performed in three surgical centres using a pegged cemented polyethylene glenoid component. A total of 90 cases could be evaluated clinically and radiographically. Clinical outcome was analysed using the constant score (CS) and range of motion assessment. Radiographic evaluation was performed in true anterior–posterior and axial views with special focus on loosening and RLL. Further, preoperative glenoid morphology was documented and its correlation to radiolucent lines and clinical outcomes was evaluated. At a mean of 58.8 (range 31.2–92.5)-month follow-up the CS improved from 21.5 points preoperatively to 62.3 points postoperatively. Radiolucent lines were found in 76.6 % of cases. If present, RLL were located at the backside of the implant (74.4 %) in the majority of the cases not around the pegs (10 %). There was no significant correlation between RLL and clinical outcome or follow-up time. The amount and extend of RLL were correlated to glenoid morphology with significantly higher values for glenoid types B2 and C according to Walch in comparison to glenoid types A1, A2 and B1. RLL did not affect clinical outcome and did not correlate with the follow-up time. Patients with glenoid morphology types B2 and C showed significantly worse radiographic results. Level IV case series study.
Discovering Different Types of Topics: Factored Topic Models

In traditional topic models such as LDA, a word is generated by choosing a topic from a collection. However, existing topic models do not identify different types of topics in a document, such as topics that represent the content and topics that represent the sentiment. In this paper, our goal is to discover such different types of topics, if they exist. We represent our model as several parallel topic models (called topic factors), where each word is generated from topics from these factors jointly. Since the latent membership of the word is now a vector, the learning algorithms become challenging. We show that using a variational approximation still allows us to keep the algorithm tractable. Our experiments over several datasets show that our approach consistently outperforms many classic topic models while also discovering fewer, more meaningful, topics. 1
The impact of hospital mergers on treatment intensity and health outcomes.

OBJECTIVE
To analyze the impact of hospital mergers on treatment intensity and health outcomes.


DATA
Hospital inpatient data from California for 1990 through 2006, encompassing 40 mergers.


STUDY DESIGN
I used a geographic-based IV approach to determine the effect of a zip code's exposure to a merger. The merged facility's market share represents exposure, instrumented with combined premerge shares. Additional specifications include Herfindahl Index (HHI), instrumented with predicted change in HHI.


RESULTS
The primary specification results indicate that merger completion is associated with a 3.7 percent increase in the utilization of bypass surgery and angioplasty and a 1.7 percent increase in inpatient mortality above averages in 2000 for the average zip code. Isolating the competition mechanism mutes the treatment intensity result slightly, but it more than doubles the merger exposure effect on inpatient mortality to a 3.9 percent increase. The competition mechanism is associated with a sizeable increase in number of procedures.


CONCLUSIONS
Unlike previous studies, this analysis finds that hospital mergers are associated with increased treatment intensity and higher inpatient mortality rates among heart disease patients. Access to additional outcome measures such as 30-day mortality and readmission rates might shed additional light on whether the relationship between these outcomes is causal.
The Making of Modern Social Psychology: The Hidden Story of How an International Social Science was Created

List of Figures and Tables. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Abbreviations. I: The Quest for a Social Psychology of Human Beings. 1. The Birth of a New Science. 2. Two Sources of Modern Social Psychology. II. The West European Experiment. 3. The West European Experiment. 3. Americans and Europeans. 4. The Transnational Committee: from New York to Rome. 5. The European Map of Social Psychology in the Mid-1960s. 6. The Second Milestone for European Social Psychology. 7. The Louvain Summer School. 8. The Ford Foundation and Fundraising for Europe. III. The east European Experiment. 9. The First Encounter of a Small Science with Big History. 10. A Strange Animal. IV. The Latin American Experiment. 11. Latin American Odyssey. 12. A Second Encounter with History. 13. An 'Invisible College.'. V. Crossing the Atlantic. 14. A Crisis Delayed. 15. Crossing the Atlantic. 16. Pilgrims' Progress. 17. Rays and Shadows above the Transnational Committee. Appendix. Notes. References. Index.
ASER: A Large-scale Eventuality Knowledge Graph

Understanding human’s language requires complex world knowledge. However, existing large-scale knowledge graphs mainly focus on knowledge about entities while ignoring knowledge about activities, states, or events, which are used to describe how entities or things act in the real world. To fill this gap, we develop ASER (activities, states, events, and their relations), a large-scale eventuality knowledge graph extracted from more than 11-billion-token unstructured textual data. ASER contains 15 relation types belonging to five categories, 194-million unique eventualities, and 64-million unique edges among them. Both human and extrinsic evaluations demonstrate the quality and effectiveness of ASER.
Silver nanowire transparent electrodes for liquid crystal-based smart windows

A significant manufacturing cost of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) smart windows results from the use of indium tin oxide (ITO) as the transparent electrode. In this work, films of silver nanowires are proposed as an alternative electrode and are integrated into PDLC smart windows. Both the materials and fabrication costs of the nanowire electrodes are significantly less than that of ITO electrodes. Additionally, nanowire electrodes are shown to exhibit superior electro-optical characteristics. The transmittance of a nanowire electrode-based PDLC smart window is both higher in the on-state and lower in the off-state compared to an equivalent device fabricated using ITO. Furthermore, it is found that a lower external field strength (voltage) is required to actuate the nanowire-based smart window. & 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.