LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Traditional and recent approaches in background modeling for foreground detection: An overview

Background modeling for foreground detection is often used in different applications to model the background and then detect the moving objects in the scene like in video surveillance. The last decade witnessed very significant publications in this field. Furthermore, several surveys can be found in literature but none of them addresses an overall review in this field. So, the purpose of this paper is to provide a complete survey of the traditional and recent approaches. First, we categorize the different approaches found in literature. We have classified them in terms of the mathematical models used and we have discussed them in terms of the critical situations that they claim to handle. Furthermore, we present the available resources, datasets and libraries. Then, we conclude with several promising directions for future research.
PID-fuzzy logic hybrid controller for grid-connected photovoltaic inverters

This paper presents a novel PID-Fuzzy logic hybrid controller to improve the dynamic response of the output active power and reactive power of a grid connected PV inverter. The combination of PID and flexible fuzzy logic controller makes the control of nonlinear objects, such as the electricity grid, more feasible. The proposed integrated PID- Fuzzy logic controller module automatically varies the coefficients Kp, Ki, Kd whenever there are any changes of the desired power and load. The comparison of simulation results, obtained separately from a PID-controller and a PID-Fuzzy controller embedded in a PV inverter, shows the advantages of the proposed algorithm in terms of time response, overshooting and stability error. It also shows that the proposed controller maintains its response better than the PID controller in many aspects, regardless of changes of grid parameters during operation.
Learning a synaptic learning rule

This paper presents an original approach to neural modeling based on the idea of searching, with learning methods, for a synaptic learning rule which is biologically plausible, and yields networks that are able to learn to perform diicult tasks. The proposed method of automatically nding the learning rule relies on the idea of considering the synaptic modiication rule as a parametric function. This function has local inputs and is the same in many neurons. The parameters that deene this function can be estimated with known learning methods. For this optimization, we give particular attention to gradient descent and genetic algorithms. In both cases, estimation of this function consists of a joint global optimization of (a) the synaptic modiication function, and (b) the networks that are learning to perform some tasks. The proposed methodology can be used as a tool to explore the missing pieces of the puzzle of neural networks learning. Both network architecture, and the learning function can be designed within constraints derived from biological knowledge.
Searching for Google's Value: Using Prediction Markets to Forecast Market Capitalization Prior to an Initial Public Offering

To inform theory and to investigate the practical application of prediction markets in a setting where the distribution of information across agents is critical, we conducted markets designed to forecast post-IPO valuations before a particularly unique IPO: Google. Because prediction markets allow us to infer the distribution of information before the IPO, the combination of results from our markets and the unique features of the IPO help us distinguish between underpricing theories. The evidence leans against theories which require large payments to buyers to overcome problems of asymmetric information between issuers and buyers. It is most consistent with theories where underpricing is in exchange for future benefits. This is but one of many potential applications for prediction markets in testing information-based theories. JEL Classification Codes: C53, C93, G10, G14, G24, G32
A qualitative study of Ottawa university students’ awareness, knowledge and perceptions of infertility, infertility risk factors and assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

BACKGROUND
Awareness of infertility risk factors is an essential first step to safeguard future fertility. Whereas several studies have examined university students' awareness of female fertility and related risk factors, the topic of male infertility has not been well examined. The objective of this study was to assess young men and women's awareness, knowledge and perceptions of infertility, male and female infertility risk factors and assisted reproductive technologies (ART).


METHODS
Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2008 with a multi-ethnic sample of sixteen male and twenty-three female Ottawa university students, followed by qualitative data analysis to identify major themes. Interview topics included awareness of male and female infertility risk factors, infertility diagnosis/treatments and personal options in the event of future infertility.


RESULTS
Participants were generally familiar with infertility as a biomedical health problem, could identify sex-specific risk factors but overestimated fertility of women in their thirties and ART success rates. Reproductive health knowledge gaps and confusion of the physiological life-stage of menopause with infertility were apparent. Most participants would pursue in vitro fertilization or international adoption in the event of personal infertility. Some participants wished to use a 'natural' approach and were concerned with potential side effects of ART-related medications.


CONCLUSIONS
The general awareness of infertility in young adults is promising and supports the potential uptake for health promotion of fertility preservation. This study underscores the continued need for comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and promotion for adolescents and young adults.
Problem-solving skills training for vulnerable families of children with persistent asthma: report of a randomized trial on health-related quality of life outcomes.

OBJECTIVES
To test the efficacy of problem-solving skill training (PST) in improving health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of children with persistent asthma from predominantly lower socioeconomic status (SES) Spanish-speaking Hispanic families.


METHODS
Randomized controlled trial comparing standard care waitlist (SC) control, home-visiting asthma education/care coordination (CC), and combined intervention (CC + PST) at baseline, after intervention, and 6-month follow-up. The primary outcome was parent proxy-report child HRQOL (PedsQL).


RESULTS
Participants (n = 252) were 83.3% Hispanic and 56.3% monolingual Spanish speakers, and 72.6% of mothers had not graduated high school. We found a significant (P = 0.05) intervention effect for parent proxy-reported child generic (but not asthma-specific) HRQOL, with CC + PST superior to SC [83.8 vs 79.8; adjusted mean difference of 4.05 points (95% confidence interval 0.63-7.4], but no difference between the CC and SC groups.


CONCLUSIONS
In this sample of vulnerable families of children with persistent asthma, a CC + PST intervention was efficacious in improving children's generic HRQOL.
A Discriminative Model for Joint Morphological Disambiguation and Dependency Parsing

Most previous studies of morphological disambiguation and dependency parsing have been pursued independently. Morphological taggers operate on n-grams and do not take into account syntactic relations; parsers use the “pipeline” approach, assuming that morphological information has been separately obtained. However, in morphologically-rich languages, there is often considerable interaction between morphology and syntax, such that neither can be disambiguated without the other. In this paper, we propose a discriminative model that jointly infers morphological properties and syntactic structures. In evaluations on various highly-inflected languages, this joint model outperforms both a baseline tagger in morphological disambiguation, and a pipeline parser in head selection.
Adoption of workplaces and reach of employees for a multi-faceted intervention targeting low back pain among nurses’ aides

BACKGROUND
Workplace adoption and reach of health promotion are important, but generally poorly reported. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the adoption of workplaces (organizational level) and reach of employees (individual level) of a multi-faceted workplace health promotion and work environment intervention targeting low back pain among nurses' aides in elderly care.


METHODS
Percentage of adopters was calculated among eligible workplaces and differences between adopters and non-adopters were evaluated through workplace registrations and manager questionnaires from all eligible workplaces. From the adopted workplaces reach was calculated among eligible employees as the percentage who responded on a questionnaire. Responders were compared with non-responders using data from company registrations. Among responders, comparisons based on questionnaire data were performed between those consenting to participate in the intervention (consenters) and those not consenting to participate in the intervention (non-consenters). Comparisons were done using Student's t-test for the continuous variables, Fisher's exact test for dichotomous variables and the Pearson's chi(2) for categorical variables. Moreover odds ratios for non-responding and non-consenting were investigated with binary logistic regression analyses.


RESULTS
The project was adopted by 44% of the offered workplaces. The main differences between adopters and non-adopters were that workplaces adopting the intervention had a more stable organization as well as a management with positive beliefs of the intervention's potential benefits. Of eligible employees, 71% responded on the questionnaire and 57% consented to participate. Non-responders and non-consenters did not differ from the responders and consenters on demographic factors and health. However, more non-responders and non-consenters were low skilled, worked less than 30 hours pr. week, and worked evening and nightshift compared to responders and consenters, respectively. Consenters had more musculoskeletal pain and reduced self-rated health, as well as higher physical exertion during work compared to non-consenters.


CONCLUSIONS
Our recruitment effort yielded a population of consenters that was representative of the target population of nurses' aides with respect to demographic factors, and health. Moreover more consenters had problems like pain and high physical exertion during work, which fitted the scope of the intervention.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
The study is registered as ISRCTN78113519.
Some HCI Priorities for GDPR-Compliant Machine Learning

The General Data Protection Regulation: An Opportunity for the CHI Community? (CHI-GDPR 2018), Workshop at ACM CHI’18, 22 April 2018, Montréal, Canada Abstract In this short paper, we consider the roles of HCI in enabling the better governance of consequential machine learning systems using the rights and obligations laid out in the recent 2016 EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)—a law which involves heavy interaction with people and systems. Focussing on those areas that relate to algorithmic systems in society, we propose roles for HCI in legal contexts in relation to fairness, bias and discrimination; data protection by design; data protection impact assessments; transparency and explanations; the mitigation and understanding of automation bias; and the communication of envisaged consequences of processing.
Somatosensory impairments are common after stroke but have only a small impact on post-stroke shoulder pain.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether somatosensory impairments are more common in individuals with post-stroke shoulder pain than in those without post-stroke shoulder pain and healthy controls.


DESIGN
Descriptive analysis of a convenience sample.


PARTICIPANTS
Forty-nine individuals with stroke, 24 with and 25 without post-stroke shoulder pain (median age 65 years), and 11 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.


METHODS
Perception and pain thresholds for cold, warm and heat (thermal thresholds), and pain thresholds for pressure and pin prick (mechanical thresholds) were assessed using quantitative sensory testing (QST). Passive range of motion, motor function, resistance to passive movements, light touch and proprioception were assessed in the upper extremities. Shoulder pain characteristics were recorded in the post-stroke shoulder pain group.


RESULTS
There were no significant differences between the group with post-stroke shoulder pain and the group without post-stroke shoulder pain in any of the QST assessments, but more participants in the post-stroke shoulder pain group reported abnormal cold sensation in the affected side. Both stroke groups had generally higher thermal thresholds and more extreme low or high mechanical thresholds than the healthy controls.


CONCLUSION
Somatosensory impairments are common among individuals with stroke compared with healthy controls. The non-significant differences in QST thresholds between the group with post-stroke shoulder pain and the group without post-stroke shoulder pain indicate that somatosensory impairments have only a small impact on post-stroke shoulder pain.
Dual-band flat-plate antenna with a shorted parasitic element for laptop applications

A novel dual-band flat-plate antenna with a shorted parasitic element for an internal laptop antenna for WLAN operation is presented. The proposed antenna is suitable to be integrated with the supporting metal frame for the display of the laptop and shows a low profile of 5 mm above the metal frame, thus making it easily embedded within the casing of the laptop as an internal antenna. Moreover, the proposed antenna can provide two separate impedance bandwidths of 190 MHz (about 8% centered at 2.4 GHz) and 2140 MHz (about 39% centered at 5.5 GHz), making it easily cover the required bandwidths for WLAN operation in the 2.4 GHz band (about 3.4% bandwidth required) and 5.2/5.8 GHz bands (about 13% bandwidth required). The proposed antenna is studied in detail in this study, and experimental and simulation results are presented.
Electronic monitoring of treatment adherence and validation of alternative adherence measures in tuberculosis patients: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE
To assess adherence to community-based directly observed treatment (DOT) among Tanzanian tuberculosis patients using the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) and to validate alternative adherence measures for resource-limited settings using MEMS as a gold standard.


METHODS
This was a longitudinal pilot study of 50 patients recruited consecutively from one rural hospital, one urban hospital and two urban health centres. Treatment adherence was monitored with MEMS and the validity of the following adherence measures was assessed: isoniazid urine test, urine colour test, Morisky scale, Brief Medication Questionnaire, adapted AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) adherence questionnaire, pill counts and medication refill visits.


FINDINGS
The mean adherence rate in the study population was 96.3% (standard deviation, SD: 7.7). Adherence was less than 100% in 70% of the patients, less than 95% in 21% of them, and less than 80% in 2%. The ACTG adherence questionnaire and urine colour test had the highest sensitivities but lowest specificities. The Morisky scale and refill visits had the highest specificities but lowest sensitivities. Pill counts and refill visits combined, used in routine practice, yielded moderate sensitivity and specificity, but sensitivity improved when the ACTG adherence questionnaire was added.


CONCLUSION
Patients on community-based DOT showed good adherence in this study. The combination of pill counts, refill visits and the ACTG adherence questionnaire could be used to monitor adherence in settings where MEMS is not affordable. The findings with regard to adherence and to the validity of simple adherence measures should be confirmed in larger populations with wider variability in adherence rates.
Arrhinencephaly associated with a deficiency involving chromosome 18.

and The Children's Hospital, Birmingham Bilateral harelip, cleft palate, and some form of arrhinencephalic malformation of the brain are among the more common striking features of tri-somy 13-15. These cranio-facial malformations are attributable to a defect of the prechordal meso-derm, and the most extreme form consists of cyclopia associated with a monoventricular brain. The facial and cerebral malformations do not necessarily correspond to each other in severity. For example, in a recent analysis of seven cases of trisomy 13-15, one child (Case 4) showed no cleft of the lip or palate but had an extreme form of monoventricular and Russell, 1966). Arrhinencephaly, with various degrees of involvement of the face and brain, is by no means confined to children with an abnormal karyotype. Landau, Barry, and Koch (1963) described severe cleft lip and palate associated with monoventricular arrhinencephaly in an infant with normal chromosomes. Cebocephaly, one of the more severe forms of this type of malformations, characterized by a single nostril and monoventricular arrhinence-phaly has also been observed with a normal karyo-type (De Myer, 1964). It is probable that such cases are reported less frequently than those with chromosomal abnormalities. N. E. France (personal communication, 1966) found that 4 out of 12 children with various types of arrhinencephaly had normal chromosomes; 6 showed trisomy 13-15, one trisomy 17-18, and one had a deficiency of part of the short arm of chromosome 5. (1963) reported 2 sibs with median harelip, cleft palate, and mono-ventricular arrhinencephaly; the chromosomes of O0 one were examined and showed a normal karyotype. There is general agreement that children with arrhinencephaly and normal chromosomes have few other malformations. This is in contrast to those with trisomy 13-15 where extracephalic malforma-tions are the rule. there have been 12 other reports (Table I). These include 2 with some variety of the arrhinence-phalic type of malformation of the face and brain. This paper described a further case, thus adding to the aetiological significance of the chromosomal deficiency. Case Report This male infant was born 12 days before term to a gravida-2 mother aged 25 years. Pregnancy was uneventful ; deliverywas byforceps because of foetal distress. The baby weighed 2-48 kg. (51 lb.) at birth, and measured 49 5 cm. (191 in.) in length. There was severe bilateral cleft lip and palate, with flattening of the nose, close-set eyes, and unusual configuration of the ears (Fig. 1 and 2). The skull …
Mataora : the living face : contemporary Maori art

Edited by bestselling author of Whale Rider, Witi Ihimaera, Mataora is a major publication of contemporary Maori art and has huge significance in the art world. It is a book whose contents, form, purpose and spirit have been determined by many of the artists whose work it features. Over 150 full colour illustrations and the words of the artists themselves reveal what Maori artists want to show us of their art. Over four years in production and with the contributions of more than forty artists and writers, Mataora is the most comprehensive artistic, cultural and political statement yet about the state of Maori art. Artists include carvers like Tuti Tukaokao; weavers like Aromea Tahiwi, Roma Potiki and Jacqueline Fraser; landscape artists and sculptors such as Darcy Nicholas, Arnold Wilson, Fred Graham, Emare Karaka, Robyn Kahukiwa and Michael Parekowhai; artists working in clay like Baye Riddell and Paerua Corneal. A veritable Who's Who of contemporary Maori artists working in Aotearoa. This is Mataora. Through brilliant artwork and the perceptive words of Robert Jahnke, the contributors to Mataora weave a story as old as Maori culture itself. It is the enthralling story of Maori art.
Stroke volume variation and indexed stroke volume measured using bioreactance predict fluid responsiveness in postoperative children.

BACKGROUND
Postoperative fluid management can be challenging in children after haemorrhagic surgery. The goal of this study was to assess the ability of dynamic cardiovascular variables measured using bioreactance (NICOM®, Cheetah Medical, Tel Aviv, Israel) to predict fluid responsiveness in postoperative children.


METHODS
Children sedated and mechanically ventilated, who require volume expansion (VE) during the immediate postoperative period, were included. Indexed stroke volume (SVi), cardiac index, and stroke volume variation (SVV) were measured using the NICOM® device. Responders (Rs) to VE were patients showing an increase in SV measured using transthoracic echocardiography of at least 15% after VE. Data are median [95% confidence interval (CI)].


RESULTS
Thirty-one patients were included, but one patient was excluded because of the lack of calibration of the NICOM® device. Before VE, SVi [33 (95% CI 31-36) vs 24 (95% CI 21-28) ml m(-2); P=0.006] and SVV [8 (95% CI 4-11) vs 13 (95% CI 11-15)%; P=0.004] were significantly different between non-responders and Rs. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of SVi and SVV for predicting fluid responsiveness were 0.88 (95% CI 0.71-0.97) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.66-0.96), for a cut-off value of 29 ml m(-2) (grey zone 27-29 ml m(-2)) and 10% (grey zone 9-15%), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study show that SVi and SVV non-invasively measured by bioreactance are predictive of fluid responsiveness in sedated and mechanically ventilated children after surgery.
"A Funky Language for Teenzz to Use": Representing Gulf Arabic in Instant Messaging

Introduction Background Linguistic Aspects of Writing Systems Sociolinguistic Perspectives Psycholinguistic Perspectives and Language Change Arabic Computer Character Sets and ASCII-ization Research Questions Methodology Findings ASCII-izing Consonants ASCII-izing Vowels ASCII-izing Arabic Morphophonology The Social Context of AA Conclusion References About the Authors