LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A Convective Heat-Transfer Model for Partial and Full Penetration Keyhole Mode Laser Welding of a Structural Steel

In the keyhole mode laser welding of many important engineering alloys such as structural steels, convective heat transport in the weld pool significantly affects temperature fields, cooling rates, and solidification characteristics of welds. Here we present a comprehensive model for understanding these important weld parameters by combining an efficient keyhole model with convective three-dimensional (3-D) heat-transfer calculations in the weld pool for both partial and full penetration laser welds. A modified turbulence model based on Prandtl s mixing length hypotheses is included to account for the enhanced heat and mass transfer due to turbulence in the weld pool by calculating spatially variable effective values of viscosity and thermal conductivity. The model has been applied to understand experimental results of both partial and full penetration welds of A131 structural steel for a wide range of welding speeds and input laser powers. The experimentally determined shapes of the partial and full penetration keyhole mode laser welds, the temperature profiles, and the solidification profiles are examined using computed results from the model. Convective heat transfer was the main mechanism of heat transfer in the weld pool and affected the weld pool geometry for A131 steel. Calculation of solidification parameters at the trailing edge of the weld pool showed nonplanar solidification with a tendency to become more dendritic with increase in laser power. Free surface calculation showed formation of a hump at the bottom surface of the full penetration weld. The weld microstructure becomes coarser as the heat input per unit length is increased, by either increasing laser power or decreasing welding velocity.
Development of an Interactive Lane Keeping Control System for Vehicle

The objective of this study is to develop a vision-based driver assistance system for lane detection and active keeping control based on the design of cooperative driving. This lane keeping system (LKS) can alert the driver beforehand to the danger of unintentional departure from the lane and then actively control the vehicle steering to help the driver keep the car within the lane more easily. A charge-coupled-device (CCD) camera is used as the front-end sensing for this system to detect the lane marks and instantaneously calculate the lateral deviation. In order to enhance the image recognition precision, an adaptive lane detection algorithm with dynamic calibration was developed. The lane keeping control strategy was designed in accordance with the vehicle dynamics to figure out the appropriate assisted steering torque and further control the column-type electric power steering (EPS) of vehicle. In this work, the electronic control unit (ECU) of LKS has been implemented with an embedded hardware for the consideration of access to flexible adjustment and volume production.
Avoiding and managing the failure of conventional crowns and bridges.

UNLABELLED
The replacement of crowns and bridges is a common procedure for many dental practitioners. When correctly planned and executed, fixed prostheses will provide predictable function, aesthetics and value for money. However, when done poorly, they are more likely to fail prematurely and lead to irreversible damage to the teeth and supporting structures beneath. Sound diagnosis, assessment and technical skills are essential when dealing with failed or failing fixed restorations. These skills are essential for the 21st century dentist. This paper, with treated clinical examples, illustrates the areas of technical skill and clinical decisions needed for this type of work. It also provides advice on how the risk of premature failure can, in general, be further reduced. The article also confirms the very real risk in the UK of dento-legal problems when patients experience unexpected problems with their crowns and bridges.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
This paper outlines clinical implications of failed fixed prosthodontics to the dental surgeon. It also discusses factors that we can all use to predict and reduce the risk of premature restoration failure. Restoration design, clinical execution and patient factors are the most frequent reasons for premature problems. It is worth remembering (and informing patients) that the health of the underlying supporting dental tissue is often irreversibly compromised at the time of fixed restoration failure.
Sonographic monitoring of midline shift in space-occupying stroke: an early outcome predictor.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) allows bedside imaging of intracranial hemodynamics and parenchymal structures. It provides reliable information regarding midline shift (MLS) in space-occupying hemispheric stroke. We studied the value of MLS measurement to predict fatal outcome at different time points after stroke onset.


METHODS
Forty-two patients with acute, severe hemispheric stroke were enrolled. Cranial computed tomography (CCT) and extracranial duplex sonography were performed on admission. TCCS was carried out 8+/-3, 16+/-3, 24+/-3, 32+/-3, and 40+/-3 hours after stroke onset. Lesion size was determined from follow-up CCT.


RESULTS
Twelve patients died as the result of cerebral herniation (group 1); 28 survived (group 2). Two patients received decompressive hemicraniectomy and were therefore excluded from further evaluation. MLS was significantly higher in group 1 as early as 16 hours after onset of stroke. Specificity and positive predictive values for death caused by cerebral herniation of MLS >/=2.5, 3.5, 4.0, and 5.0 mm after 16, 24, 32, and 40 hours were 1.0.


CONCLUSIONS
TCCS helps to estimate outcome as early as 16 hours after stroke onset and thus facilitates identification of patients who are unlikely to survive without decompressive craniectomy. Because of its noninvasive character and bedside suitability, sonographic monitoring of MLS might be a useful tool in management of critically ill patients who cannot undergo repeated CCT scans.
Role of endocannabinoid system in mental diseases

In the last decade, a large number of studies using Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active principle derivative of the marijuana plant, or cannabinoid synthetic derivatives have substantially contributed to advance the understanding of the pharmacology and neurobiological mechanisms produced by cannabinoid receptor activation. Cannabis has been historically used to relieve some of the symptoms associated with central nervous system disorders. Nowadays, there are anecdotal evidences for the use of cannabis in many patients suffering from multiple sclerosis or chronic pain. Following the historical reports on the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes, recent research has highlighted the potential of cannabinoids to treat a wide variety of clinical disorders. Some of these disorders that are being investigated are pain, motor dysfunctions, or psychiatric illness. On the other hand, cannabis abuse has been related to several psychiatric disorders such as dependence, anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment, and psychosis. Considering that cannabis or cannabinoid pharmaceutical preparations may no longer be exclusively recreational drugs but may also present potential therapeutic uses, it has become of great interest to analyze the neurobiological and behavioral consequences of their administration. This review attempts to link current understanding of the basic neurobiology of the endocannabi-noid system to novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention and its effects on the central nervous system.
Wideband and Low-Profile Omnidirectional Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna

A wideband low-profile omnidirectional circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna is proposed and investigated in this communication. The design utilizes two monopolar modes of a circular patch which connects to a modified ground plane by a set of conductive vias, to achieve wide-band impedance matching. The curved branches introduced at the edge of circular ground plane excite a degenerate mode and create CP fields. To verify the design, a prototype operating at 2.4 GHz-WLAN band has been fabricated and measured. Measured reflection coefficient, axial ratio (AR), radiation pattern, and antenna gain agree well with simulation results. The proposed prototype has a low profile of 0.024 λ0, a 10-dB impedance bandwidth of 19.8% and a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 19.3%. To further characterize the design concept, a parametric study of the proposed antenna is carried out using HFSS, and general design guidelines are provided.
A Kleene-Schützenberger theorem for Lindenmayerian rational power series

We dene L rational and L recognizable power series, and establish a Kleene- Schutzenberger theorem for Lindenmayerian power series by showing that a power series is L rational if and only if it is L recognizable.
Multilevel Inverters for Large Automotive Electric Drives

 Traditional high-frequency pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters for motor drives have several problems associated with their high frequency switching which produces high voltage change (dV/dt) rates. Multilevel inverters solve these problems because their devices switch at the fundamental frequency. Two different multilevel topologies are identified for use as a converter for electric drives, a cascade inverter with separate dc sources and a back-to-back diode clamped converter. The cascade inverter is a natural fit for large automotive electric drives because of the high VA ratings possible and because it uses several levels of dc voltage sources which would be available from batteries or fuel cells. The back-to-back diode clamped converter is ideal for use where a generator or alterntator produces ac voltage. Simulation and experimental results show the superiority of these two converters over PWM based drives.
Neural tissue management provides immediate clinically relevant benefits without harmful effects for patients with nerve-related neck and arm pain: a randomised trial.

QUESTION
What are the benefits and harms of neural tissue management in the short term for treating nerve-related neck and arm pain?


DESIGN
Randomised controlled trial.


PARTICIPANTS
Sixty participants with non-traumatic nerve-related neck and unilateral arm pain were randomised to experimental (n=40) or control (n=20) groups.


INTERVENTION
Both groups were advised to continue usual activities. The experimental group also received education, manual therapy, and nerve gliding exercises in 4 treatments over 2 weeks.


OUTCOME MEASURES
Primary outcomes were participant-reported improvement and worsening on a Global Rating of Change scale. Secondary outcomes were neck pain, arm pain, the Neck Disability Index, the Patient-Specific Functional Scale, and adverse events related to treatment. Follow-up occurred 3-4 weeks after baseline.


RESULTS
Numbers needed to treat favoured the experimental intervention for participant-reported improvement (2.7, 95% CI 1.7 to 6.5), neck pain (3.6, 95% CI 2.1 to 10), arm pain (3.6, 95% CI 2.1 to 10), Neck Disability Index (4.3, 95% CI 2.4 to 18.2), and Patient-Specific Functional Scale (3.0, 95% CI 1.9 to 6.7). The prevalence of worsening in the experimental (13%) and control (20%) groups were not different (RD -7%, 95% CI -28 to 13). Adverse events had minimal impact on daily activities and did not reduce the chance of improving with the experimental intervention (RR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.84).


CONCLUSION
These results enable physiotherapists to inform patients that neural tissue management provides immediate clinically relevant benefits beyond advice to remain active with no evidence of harmful effects.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ACTRN 12610000446066.
On the profitability of technical trading rules based on artificial neural networks

In this paper we investigate the profitability of a simple technical trading rule based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Our results, based on applying this investment strategy to the General Index of the Madrid Stock Market, suggest that, in absence of trading costs, the technical trading rule is always superior to a buy-and-hold strategy for both ‘‘bear’’ market and ‘‘stable’’ market episodes. On the other hand, we find that the buy-and-hold strategy generates higher returns than the trading rule based on ANN only for a ‘‘bull’’ market subperiod.  2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Motor Imagery Training Using a Hybrid BCI With Feedback

Goal: Motor imagery-related mu/beta rhythms, which can be voluntarily modulated by subjects, have been widely used in EEG-based brain computer interfaces (BCIs). Moreover, it has been suggested that motor imagery-specific EEG differences can be enhanced by feedback training. However, the differences observed in the EEGs of naive subjects are typically not sufficient to provide reliable EEG control and thus result in unintended feedback. Such feedback can frustrate subjects and impede training. In this study, a hybrid BCI paradigm combining motor imagery and steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) has been proposed to provide effective continuous feedback for motor imagery training. Methods: During the initial training sessions, subjects must focus on flickering buttons to evoke SSVEPs as they perform motor imagery tasks. The output/feedback of the hybrid BCI is based on hybrid features consisting of motor imagery- and SSVEP-related brain signals. In this context, the SSVEP plays a more important role than motor imagery in generating feedback. As the training progresses, the subjects can gradually decrease their visual attention to the flickering buttons, provided that the feedback is still effective. In this case, the feedback is mainly based on motor imagery. Results: Our experimental results demonstrate that subjects generate distinguishable brain patterns of hand motor imagery after only five training sessions lasting approximately 1.5 h each. Conclusion: The proposed hybrid feedback paradigm can be used to enhance motor imagery training. Significance: This hybrid BCI system with feedback can effectively identify the intentions of the subjects.
Organic and tight

Abstract We define organic sets and organically stationary sequences, which generalize tight sets and tightly stationary sequences respectively. We show that there are stationary many inorganic sets (Theorem 3) and stationary many sets that are organic but not tight (Theorem 4). Working in the Constructible Universe, we give a characterization of organic and tight sets in terms of fine structure (Theorem 7). We answer a related question posed in [J. Cummings, M. Foreman, M. Magidor, Canonical structure in the universe of set theory: Part two, Ann. Pure Appl. Logic 142 (2006) 55–75] about the combinatorial principle Coherent Squares (Corollary 9).
Diet of Engraulis encrasicolus in the northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean): ontogenetic changes and feeding selectivity

Ontogenetic variation in the diet of Engraulis encrasicolus (L.) was examined in the northern Adriatic Sea, off the River Po delta, by stomach contents analysis. Anchovy (10 to 130 mm total length) were collected during a 1 wk cruise in October 2002. Feeding activity was mainly diurnal in all the length classes: stomach fullness, calculated for each 10 mm size class, was always higher during the day than at night, with maximal values measured for the 40 to 49 and 50 to 59 mm size classes. All analysed life stages of E. encrasicolus had a strictly zooplanktivorous diet based on a few species of copepods. The principal prey of E. encrasicolus were small-sized copepods, measuring about 0.2 to 0.3 or 0.5 to 0.6 mm in prosoma length. The copepods Euterpina acutifrons and Oncaea spp. dominated anchovy diet during the day, both in terms of frequency, number and biomass, in all anchovy size classes. During the night, bivalve larvae were also important dietary items, with Oncaea spp. and E. acutifrons making up >69% of total prey number for all anchovy size classes. Within the considered size range, the dimensions of particles does not seem to be a limiting factor in food selection, and no relationship was found between anchovy length and the maximal dimension of ingested prey. Ivlev’s electivity index confirmed that European anchovy was able to select specific food items and preferred small copepods such as E. acutifrons and Oncaea spp., and bivalve and decapod larvae.
Passive Bistatic Radar and Waveform Diversity

This tutorial describes the basis of passive bistatic radar (PBR) systems, and in particular the nature of the waveforms of illuminators of opportunity that they exploit. It shows that there is a wide variety of such waveforms, from broadcast, communications and radionavigation transmissions, and that in general they are not optimum for radar purposes. In addition, they usually vary significantly as a function of time, with the imposed modulation. It is therefore necessary to understand the effect of the waveform on the performance of the passive bistatic radar, so as to be able to choose the most appropriate illuminator, and to use the waveform in the optimal way, and it is in this sense that PBR forms a part of the subject of waveform diversity. The tutorial presents a short summary of the properties of bistatic radar, then goes on to consider the specific case of passive bistatic radar. Next, two brief sections provide a review of the radar equation for bistatic radar and of the ambiguity function for bistatic radar, before considering the properties of a variety of different waveforms that may be used for passive bistatic radar purposes and how best to exploit them. Finally, a description is given of some practical passive bistatic radar systems and examples of results.
Peak Demand Reduction from Pre-Cooling with Zone Temperature Reset in an Office Building

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the potential for reducing peak-period electrical demand in moderate-weight commercial buildings by modifying the control of the HVAC system. An 80,000 ft office building with a medium-weight building structure and high window-to-wall ratio was used for a case study in which zone temperature set-points were adjusted prior to and during occupancy. HVAC performance data and zone temperatures were recorded using the building control system. Additional operative temperature sensors for selected zones and power meters for the chillers and the AHU fans were installed for the study. An energy performance baseline was constructed from data collected during normal operation. Two strategies for demand shifting using the building thermal mass were then programmed in the control system and implemented progressively over a period of one month. It was found that a simple demand limiting strategy performed well in this building. This strategy involved maintaining zone temperatures at the lower end of the comfort region during the occupied period up until 2 pm. Starting at 2 pm, the zone temperatures were allowed to float to the high end of the comfort region. With this strategy, the chiller power was reduced by 80100% (1 – 2.3 W/ft) during normal peak hours from 2 – 5 pm, without causing any thermal comfort complaints. The effects on the demand from 2 – 5 pm of the inclusion of pre-cooling prior to occupancy are unclear.
Look but don’t touch: Tactile disadvantage in processing modality-specific words

Recent neuroimaging research has shown that perceptual and conceptual processing share a common, modality-specific neural substrate, while work on modality switching costs suggests that they share some of the same attentional mechanisms. In three experiments, we employed a modality detection task that displayed modality-specific object properties (e.g., unimodal shrill, warm, crimson, or bimodal jagged, fluffy) for extremely short display times and asked participants to judge whether each property corresponded to a particular target modality (e.g., auditory, gustatory, tactile, olfactory, visual). Results show that perceptual and conceptual processing share a tactile disadvantage: people are less accurate in detecting expected information regarding the sense of touch than any other modality. These findings support embodied assertions that the conceptual system uses the perceptual system for the purposes of representation. We suggest that the tactile disadvantage emerges for linguistic stimuli due to the evolutionary adaptation of endogenous attention to incoming sensory stimuli.
Second Quantization and Bogoliubov Approximation

Recent experiments with trapped alkali atoms have drawn enormous interest to the theoretical studies concerning Bose-Einstein condensation. The purpose of this paper is to review one of the approaches to study bosonic matter at zero temperature, namely the Bogoliubov approximation. Review of a necessary tool, the second quantization, will also be made.
Assessment of PDA shunt and systemic blood flow in newborns using cardiac MRI.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remains common in preterm newborns, but uncertainty over optimal management is perpetuated by clinicians' inability to quantify its true haemodynamic impact. Our aim was to develop a technique to quantify ductal shunt volume and the effect of PDA on systemic blood flow volume in neonates. Phase contrast MRI sequences were optimized to quantify left ventricular output (LVO) and blood flow in the distal superior vena cava (SVC) (below the azygos vein insertion), descending aorta (DAo) and azygos vein. Total systemic flow was measured as SVC + DAo-azygos flow. Echo measures were included and correlated to shunt volumes. 75 infants with median (range) corrected gestation 33(+6) (26(+4) -38(+6) ) weeks were assessed. PDA was present in 15. In 60 infants without PDA, LVO matched total systemic flow (mean difference 2.06 ml/kg/min, repeatability index 13.2%). In PDA infants, ductal shunt volume was 7.9-74.2% of LVO. Multiple linear regression analysis correcting for gestational age showed that there was a significant association between ductal shunt volume and decreased upper and lower body flow (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001). However, upper body blood flow volumes were within the control group 95% confidence limits in all 15 infants with PDA, and lower body flow volumes within the control group limits in 12 infants with PDA. Echocardiographic assessment of reversed diastolic flow in the descending aorta had the strongest correlation with ductal shunt volume. We have demonstrated that quantification of shunt volume is feasible in neonates. In the presence of high volume ductal shunting the upper and lower body flow volume are somewhat reduced, but levels remain within or close to the normal range for preterm infants.
The Language of Fake News: Opening the Black-Box of Deep Learning Based Detectors

The digital information age has generated new outlets for content creators to publish so-called “fake news”, a new form of propaganda that is intentionally designed to mislead the reader. With the widespread effects of the fast dissemination of fake news, efforts have been made to automate the process of fake news detection. A promising solution that has come up recently is to use machine learning to detect patterns in the news sources and articles, specifically deep neural networks, which have been successful in natural language processing. However, deep networks come with lack of transparency in the decision-making process, i.e. the “black-box problem”, which obscures its reliability. In this paper, we open this “black-box” and we show that the emergent representations from deep neural networks capture subtle but consistent differences in the language of fake and real news: signatures of exaggeration and other forms of rhetoric. Unlike previous work, we test the transferability of the learning process to novel news topics. Our results demonstrate the generalization capabilities of deep learning to detect fake news in novel subjects only from language patterns.1