LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Impact of low voltage DC system on reliability of electricity distribution

Power electronic converters have growing importance in electricity distribution, generation, and in energy use. Therefore, it is relevant to study how the shorter lifetimes of power electronics compared to the traditional network components affect on the reliability of the electricity distribution and to its total costs. The main contribution of this paper is related to defining the impact of the low voltage DC (LVDC) distribution system on the reliability of electricity distribution and dependencies between the supply quality experienced by the customers and the reliability of power electronics. A methodology is introduced for evaluating the development of supply reliability and defining the limits of the converter reliability. The proposed methodology is used in presented example studies. The objectives are approached from two main viewpoints: The converter level and the distribution system level. The total costs of the LVDC distribution are approached further in paper [1]. INTRODUCTION Reliability of power electronic converters depends on the operating circumstances. On the distribution system level, the reliability impact of power electronic converters depends strongly on their amount and locations in the distribution network. The fault rates of the converters are high compared to traditional distribution network components. On the other hand, power electronics and DC distribution enable the use of such technical solutions that improve the power quality and the reliability of electricity distribution and especially the quality experienced by a customer.[2] LVDC distribution system in general consists of a distribution transformer, a rectifier, a DC link, DC/AC inverter units, filters, and customer loads. In the LVDC distribution system, the DC connection is used to avoid the need to construct a medium voltage (mv) branch line and traditional AC low voltage (lv) network to provide electricity to a group of customers. The LVDC distribution network contains only a wide DC connection between MV main line and coupling points of the customers, where the DC voltage is inverted back to AC voltage. The LVDC system provides an economically feasible solution to develop the distribution system and the power quality at the customer.[2] The transmission capacity of the LVDC system enables replacing parts of a medium voltage network with low cost lv cables. In addition, this reduces the number of medium voltage faults affecting numerous customers. Fig. 1 illustrates the network concept of the LVDC system and the protection zones in the network.[1][2] AC/DC HV/MV Primary substation
Stereotactic breast biopsy as an alternative to open excisional biopsy

Background: Health care cost continues to play a dominant role in our society. Technological advances are expensive, with the possible exception of stereotactic breast biopsy. We must learn other alternatives that give the same diagnostic accuracy at lower cost. The intention of this study was to find other acceptable alternatives to open excisional breast biopsies. Methods: Patients were referred to Baylor University Medical Center betwee between May 1990 and June 1992 for stereotactic breast biopsy of nonpalpable mammographic abnormalities. Before stereotactic biopsy, lesions were categorized into low or high suspicion for malignancy based on screening mammography. Slides were reviewed by a pathologist and the histological diagnosis was compared with mammographic characterization. Benign histology confirming the low-suspicion mammographic abnormality demonstrated mammographic and histologic correlation. Mammographic follow-up was recommended. Results: Two hundred twenty-five women underwent 250 stereotactic breast biopsies. Malignancy was diagnosed in 47 patients; the remaining 203 lesions were benign on pathological examination and are being followed regularly. Seventy-eight percent of the lesions were characterized as low suspicion for malignancy, and 22% were characterized as high suspicion. The average cost saving per lesion using stereotactic biopsy was $1,629. Conclusion: Stereotactic breast biopsy is an acceptable, less expensive alternative to open excisional biopsy for diagnosing nonpalpable mammographic findings.
Memantine induces reversible neurologic impairment in patients with MS.

BACKGROUND
Cognitive dysfunction is very common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and it severely impairs patients' quality of life. Thus, we explored whether memantine might improve cognitive performance in patients with MS.


METHODS
We conducted a pilot trial with memantine (30 mg/day) in patients with MS with cognitive impairment. The trial was designed as a 1-year, randomized, double-blind, crossover study comparing memantine against a placebo in 60 patients with MS and cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was defined as the performance 1.5 standard deviations below the normative data in at least two tests of two cognitive domains in the Brief Repeatable Battery-Neuropsychology. The primary endpoint was improvement of verbal memory and the secondary endpoints were safety and improvements in the other cognitive domains, disability and quality of life. The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.org: NCT00638833.


RESULTS
Although 19 patients had been included, the trial was halted after nine patients reported a worsening of their neurologic symptoms that deteriorated their quality of life. Seven of the nine patients in the memantine arm had blurred vision, fatigue, severe headache, increased muscle weakness, walking difficulties, or unstable gait. Only two patients in the placebo group reported neurologic symptoms and in both cases they were related with changes in their disease-modifying therapy. The adverse events only occurred on reaching the maximum dose (30 mg/day). After stopping medication, the patients reverted to their baseline disability within a few days.


CONCLUSIONS
Memantine at a dose of 30 mg/day may induce transient worsening of neurologic symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland

Abstract Within the neovolcanic zones of Iceland many volcanoes grew upward through icecaps that have subsequently melted. These steep-walled and flat-topped basaltic subglacial volcanoes, called tuyas, are composed of a lower sequence of subaqueously erupted, pillowed lavas overlain by breccias and hyaloclastites produced by phreatomagmatic explosions in shallow water, capped by a subaerially erupted lava plateau. Glass and whole-rock analyses of samples collected from six tuyas indicate systematic variations in major elements showing that the individual volcanoes are monogenetic, and that commonly the tholeiitic magmas differentiated and became more evolved through the course of the eruption that built the tuya. At Herdubreid, the most extensively studies tuya, the upward change in composition indicates that more than 50 wt.% of the first erupted lavas need crystallize over a range of 60°C to produce the last erupted lavas. The S content of glass commonly decreases upward in the tuyas from an average of about 0.08 wt.% at the base to
Evaluation of a nurse-care management system to improve outcomes in patients with complicated diabetes.

OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated the efficacy of a nurse-care management system designed to improve outcomes in patients with complicated diabetes.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this randomized controlled trial that took place at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in Santa Clara, CA, 169 patients with longstanding diabetes, one or more major medical comorbid conditions, and HbA(lc) >10% received a special intervention (n = 84) or usual medical care (n = 85) for 1 year. Patients met with a nurse-care manager to establish individual outcome goals, attended group sessions once a week for up to 4 weeks, and received telephone calls to manage medications and self-care activities. HbA(lc), LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, and psychosocial factors were measured at baseline and 1 year later. Annualized physician visits were determined for the year before and during the study.


RESULTS
At 1 year, the mean reductions in HbA(lc), total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were significantly greater for the intervention group compared with the usual care group. Significantly more patients in the intervention group met the goals for HbA(1c) (<7.5%) than patients in usual care (42.6 vs. 24.6%, P < 0.03, chi(2)). There were no significant differences in any of the psychosocial variables or in physician visits.


CONCLUSIONS
A nurse-care management program can significantly improve some medical outcomes in patients with complicated diabetes without increasing physician visits.
Effect of light intensity on algal biomass accumulation and biodiesel production for mixotrophic strains Chlorella kessleri and Chlorella protothecoide cultivated in highly concentrated municipal wastewater.

In this research, the effect of light intensity on biomass accumulation, wastewater nutrient removal through algae cultivation, and biodiesel productivity was investigated with algae species Chlorella kessleri and Chlorella protothecoide. The light intensities studied were 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 200 µmol m(-2) s(-1). The results showed that light intensity had profound impact on tested responses for both strains, and the dependence of these responses on light intensity varied with different algae strains. For C. kessleri, the optimum light intensity was 120 µmol m(-2) S(-1) for all responses except for COD removal. For C. protothecoide, the optimum light intensity was 30 µmol m(-2) S(-1). The major components of the biodiesel produced from algae biomass were 16-C and 18-C FAME, and the highest biodiesel contents were 24.19% and 19.48% of dried biomass for C. kessleri and C. protothecoide, respectively. Both species were capable of wastewater nutrients removal under all lighting conditions with high removal efficiencies.
A Simple Goal Seeking Navigation Method for a Mobile Robot Using Human Sense, Fuzzy Logic and Reinforcement Learning

This paper proposes a new fuzzy logic-based navigation method for a mobile robot moving in an unknown environment. This method allows the robot obstacles avoidance and goal seeking without being stuck in local minima. A simple Fuzzy controller is constructed based on the human sense and a fuzzy reinforcement learning algorithm is used to fine tune the fuzzy rule base parameters. The advantages of the proposed method are its simplicity, its easy implementation for industrial applications, and the robot joins its objective despite the environment complexity. Some simulation results of the proposed method and a comparison with previous works are provided. Key-words — Fuzzy logic, Reinforcement learning, Mobile robot navigation, Obstacle avoidance.
Trends, Predictors, and Outcomes of Stroke After Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in the United States.

BACKGROUND
Postoperative stroke is a devastating complication after aortic valve replacement (AVR). Our objective was to use a large national database to identify the incidence of and risk factors for stroke after AVR, as well as to determine incremental mortality, resource use, and cost of stroke.


METHODS
We identified 360,437 patients who underwent isolated surgical AVR between 1998 and 2011 from the National Inpatient Sample (NIH) database. Mean age was 66 ± 32 years. Multivariable regression and propensity matching were used to identify risk factors and the effect of stroke on outcomes. Patients were stratified according to the Elixhauser comorbidity score (ECS) into low- (0-5), medium- (6-15), and high-risk (16+) categories.


RESULTS
Stroke after AVR occurred in 5,092 (1.45%) patients. The incidence of stroke declined from 1.69% in 1999 to 0.94% in 2011 (p < 0.001). Increasing age and higher comorbidities were the main predictors of stroke (each p < 0.001). The highest-volume centers (>200 AVRs/y) had the lowest rate of stroke (1.2%). After multivariable adjustment, high-volume centers had lower odds of stroke in medium-risk (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-0.94) and high-risk patients (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22-0.68) compared with the lowest-volume centers. For low-risk patients, volume was not associated with stroke. Patients who experienced stroke were hospitalized for 4 days longer, had an average of $10,496 higher costs, and had 2.74 (95% CI, 1.97-3.80) times higher odds of in-hospital mortality compared with those who did not experience stroke (all p < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of stroke after AVR has decreased but remains a significant cause of morbidity in medium- and high-risk patients. Superior outcomes can be achieved in medium- to high-risk patients at high-volume centers.
Variation of hadron masses in finite nuclei

The quark-meson coupling model, based on a mean-field description of nonoverlapping nucleon bags bound by the self-consistent exchange of {sigma}, {omega}, and {rho} mesons, is extended to investigate the change of hadron properties in finite nuclei. Relativistic Hartree equations for spherical nuclei have been derived from a relativistic quark model of the structure of bound nucleons and mesons. Using this unified, self-consistent description of both infinite nuclear matter and finite nuclei, we investigate the properties of some closed-shell nuclei and study the changes in the hadron masses of the nonstrange vector mesons, the hyperons, and the nucleon in those nuclei. We find a new, simple scaling relation for the changes of the hadron masses, which can be described in terms of the number of nonstrange quarks in the hadron and the value of the scalar mean field in a nucleus. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
ON WEAKLY PRIMARY IDEALS

Weakly prime ideals in a commutative ring with non-zero identity have been introduced and studied in [1]. Here we study the weakly primary ideals of a commutative ring. We define a proper ideal P of R to be weakly primary if 0 6= pq ∈ P implies p ∈ P or q ∈ Rad(P ), so every weakly prime ideal is weakly primary. Various properties of weakly primary ideals are considered. For example, we show that a weakly primary ideal P that is not primary satisfies Rad(P ) = Rad(0). Also, we show that an intersection of a family of weakly primary ideals that are not primary is weakly primary. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 13C05, 13C13, 13A15.
Determinants of diversity in afrotropical herbivorous insects (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): plant diversity, vegetation structure or abiotic factors?

UCL Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Department of Plant Systematics, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, Department of Biogeography, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, Department of Botany, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Department of Population Ecology, Vienna Ecology Centre, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Durable hepatitis B surface antigen decline in hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients treated with pegylated interferon-α2b: relation to response and HBV genotype.

BACKGROUND
On-treatment decline of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) may reflect the immunomodulatory effect of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We compared HBsAg decline across HBV genotypes between combined responders (HBeAg loss and HBV DNA<10,000 copies/ml at week 78), HBeAg responders (HBeAg loss with HBV DNA>10,000 copies/ml) and non-responders.


METHODS
HBsAg was measured at baseline, on-treatment and 6 months post-treatment in 221 HBeAg-positive CHB patients treated with PEG-IFN with or without lamivudine for 52 weeks, and in a representative subgroup of 142 patients at long-term follow-up (LTFU; mean 3.0 years).


RESULTS
On-treatment HBsAg decline significantly varied according to HBV genotype (A and B more than C and D; P<0.001). On-treatment HBsAg decline also differed between patients with a combined response (n=43) and those without (n=178; 3.34 versus 0.69 log IU/ml decline at week 52; P<0.001). Among patients without a combined response, no difference was observed between HBeAg responders (n=41) versus non-responders (n=137). HBsAg decline was sustained in combined responders and progressed to 3.75 log IU/ml at LTFU. Patients with a combined response achieved pronounced HBsAg declines, irrespective of HBV genotype, and those who achieved HBsAg levels <1,000 IU/ml at week 78 had a high probability of a sustained response and HBsAg clearance through LTFU.


CONCLUSIONS
On-treatment HBsAg decline during PEG-IFN therapy for HBeAg-positive CHB depends upon HBV genotype. Patients with a combined response to PEG-IFN achieve a pronounced HBsAg decline, irrespective of HBV genotype, which is sustained through 3 years of off-treatment follow-up.
The NIDES Statistical Component Description and Justification

Preface SRI International has prepared this document as a full and complete disclosure of the Next-Generation Intrusion-Detection Expert System (NIDES) [3] statistical algorithm , including how it works, what decisions influenced the form of the algorithm, and the rationale behind those decisions. We have divided this document into four sections:  Chapter 1 is a description of the NIDES statistical algorithm. It describes what the algorithm is and how it functions.  Chapter 2 is a broad justification for the NIDES statistical algorithm. This section also includes a comparison to other statistical approaches to intrusion detection.  Chapter 3 is a set of statistical criteria that can be used to evaluate the ap-propriateness of any statistical approach to intrusion detection. Although we did not formally use these criteria in the development of the NIDES statistical algorithm, they nevertheless had an important influence on the development of the algorithm. They may also be used to evaluate the suggestions of other statistical algorithm developers.  Chapter 4 is a set of specific questions and answers that can be posed about the NIDES statistical algorithm. In this section we explore in more depth the specific choices we made in developing the NIDES statistical algorithm. We have found it convenient to use the question-and-answer format to address the relationship of the NIDES statistical algorithm to the work of Helman et al.
Das T1-Blasenkarzinom

Bei der Nachresektion nach T1-Blasentumoren kann eine exakte Relokalisation des ehemaligen infiltrativen Tumorareals wegen reaktiver Veränderungen, multipler Narben oder wechselnder Operateure erschwert sein. In unserer Untersuchung haben wir die Bedeutung der exakten Tumordokumentation und die Lokalisation und Rate der Residualtumore analysiert. Von Juli 2007 bis Februar 2012 sind an unserer Klinik 167 Nachresektionen nach einem T1 high grade-Blasentumor durchgeführt worden. Neben der Residualtumorrate und klinischen Parametern wurde die Lokalisation der Residualtumore untersucht, die anhand unserer standardisierten Blasentumordokumentation evaluiert wurde. Es zeigte sich eine Residualtumorrate von 58,1 % (97 von 167 Patienten). In 85,6 % (83 von 97 Patienten) der Fälle war das Residuum im Bereich des ehemaligen Tumorareals: davon 41,2 % (n = 40) ausschließlich im Areal des ehemaligen Tumors, 44,3 % (n = 43) multifokal im ehemaligen Areal und zusätzlich an neuen Arealen. Bei 11 Patienten (11,3 %) lag ein Residualtumor im Bereich des ehemaligen Tumorareals vor, welches endoskopisch vom Operateur als unauffällig eingeschätzt und erst histologisch bestätigt wurde. T1 high grade-Blasentumore zeigten eine relevante Rate von Residualtumoren in der Nachresektion, was nach unseren Ergebnissen die leitliniengerechte obligate Nachresektion rechtfertigt. In den meisten Fällen ist das ehemalige Tumorareal betroffen. Eine exakte Nachresektion des ehemaligen Tumorareals ist durch die vorgestellte Blasentumordokumentation auch bei multiplen Narben, reaktiven Veränderungen und wechselnden Operateuren gezielt möglich. For control resection of T1 bladder tumors an exact relocalization of the previously infiltrating tumor spread can be complicated by postreactive alterations, multiple scar tissue or change of surgeons. In this study the results of control transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) after T1 high grade bladder tumors with the focus on localization and importance of standardized exact documentation were analyzed. From July to February 2012 a control resection was performed in 167 patients due to a T1 high grade bladder cancer. The rates of residual tumor tissue and localization were investigated with standardized tumor documentation. Out of 167 patients with T1 bladder cancer who underwent a control resection tumor tissue was found in 58.1 % (97 out of 167) and in 85.6 % (83 out of 97) the primary site was affected (41.2 % only at primary site and 44.3 % additionally at other locations). In 11 patients (11.3 %) residual tumor tissue at the initial site was only detected histologically. Our results indicate that T1 high grade bladder cancers show a relevant rate of residual tumor tissue at control resection which confirms the clinical guidelines of the European Association of Urology (EAU) on mandatory resection. In most cases the primary tumor site is affected. The standardized bladder tumor documetation allows well-directed control resection also in patients with multiple scars and post-TUR alterations, even when performed by a different surgeon.
Effect of Ezetimibe on Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Profile in Obese and Dyslipidaemic Patients

Aim: To evaluate the effect of ezetimibe on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in obese and dyslipidaemic patients. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 12 obese, dyslipidaemic patients, independently of their basal insulin sensitivity. At the beginning of the study, a metabolic profile was measured, and insulin sensitivity estimated using the euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique. The volunteers were randomly assigned to receive ezetimibe (10 mg/day in the morning) or placebo for a period of 90 days. After intervention, a similar metabolic profile was measured and a second clamp study was performed. Results: Ezetimibe administration for 90 days decreased total (6.0 ± 0.5 vs. 4.2 ± 0.9 mmol/L, p = 0.011) and low-density lipoprotein (4.0 ± 0.7 vs. 2.2 ± 0.8 mmol/L, p=0.003) cholesterol concentrations without modification of insulin sensitivity (3.0 ± 0.6 vs. 2.9 ± 0.7 mg/kg/min, p = 0.345). Conclusions: Ezetimibe significantly decreased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations without affecting insulin sensitivity in obese and dyslipidaemic patients.