LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
FinFET domino logic with independent gate keepers

Scaling of single-gate MOSFET faces great challenges in the nanometer regime due to the severe shortchannel effects that cause an exponential increase in the sub-threshold and gate-oxide leakage currents. Double-gate FinFET technology mitigates these limitations by the excellent control over a thin silicon body by two electrically coupled gates. In this paper a variable threshold voltage keeper circuit technique using independent-gate FinFET technology is proposed for simultaneous power reduction and speed enhancement in domino logic circuits. The threshold voltage of a keeper transistor is dynamically modified during circuit operation to reduce contention current without sacrificing noise immunity. The optimum independent-gate keeper gate bias conditions are identified for achieving maximum savings in delay and power while maintaining identical noise immunity as compared to the standard tied-gate FinFET domino circuits. With the variable threshold voltage double-gate keeper circuit technique the evaluation speed is enhanced by up to 49% and the power consumption is reduced by up to 46% as compared to the standard domino logic circuits designed for similar noise margin in a 32 nm FinFET technology. & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Maternal alcohol use and sudden infant death syndrome and infant mortality excluding SIDS.

BACKGROUND
Improvements in the rate of infant mortality (death in first year of life) have not occurred in recent years. This study investigates the association between maternal alcohol-use disorder and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and infant mortality not classified as SIDS using linked, population-based health and mortality data.


METHODS
Exposed mothers were identified through the presence of an International Classification of Diseases 9/10 alcohol diagnosis, a proxy for alcohol-use disorder, recorded on health, mental health, and/or drug and alcohol datasets (1983-2005). Comparison mothers without an alcohol diagnosis were frequency matched to exposed mothers on maternal age within maternal race and year of birth of their children. All offspring with their birth recorded on the Midwives Notification System compose the exposed (n = 21 841) and comparison (n = 56 054) cohorts. Cases of SIDS (n = 303) and infant mortality excluding SIDS (n = 598) were identified through linkage with the Western Australian Mortality Register. Analyses were conducted by using Cox regression and results presented as adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).


RESULTS
The highest risk of SIDS occurred when a maternal alcohol diagnosis was recorded during pregnancy (aHR 6.92, 95% CI 4.02-11.90) or within 1 year postpregnancy (aHR 8.61, 95% CI 5.04-14.69). An alcohol diagnosis recorded during pregnancy more than doubled the risk of infant deaths (excluding SIDS) (aHR 2.35, 95% CI 1.45-3.83). Maternal alcohol-use disorder is attributable for at least 16.41% (95% CI 9.73%-23.69%) of SIDS and 3.40% (95% CI 2.28%-4.67%) of infant deaths not classified as SIDS.


CONCLUSIONS
Maternal alcohol-use disorder is a significant risk factor for SIDS and infant mortality excluding SIDS.
Introduction to Clifford's Geometric Algebra

Geometric algebra was initiated by W.K. Cli fford over 130 years ago. It unifies all branches of physics, and h s found rich applications in robotics, signal processing, ra y t cing, virtual reality, computer vision, vector field pr ocessing, tracking, geographic information systems and neural compu ting. This tutorial explains the basics of geometric algebra , with concrete examples of the plane, of 3D space, of spacetim e, and the popular conformal model. Geometric algebras are ideal to represent geometric transformations in the genera l framework of Clifford groups (also called versor or Lipschitz groups). Geometric (algebra based) calculus allows, e.g., to optimize learning algorithms of Cli fford neurons, etc.
efining urban resilience : A review

Fostering resilience in the face of environmental, socioeconomic, and political uncertainty and risk has captured the attention of academics and decision makers across disciplines, sectors, and scales. Resilience has become an important goal for cities, particularly in the face of climate change. Urban areas house the majority of the world’s population, and, in addition to functioning as nodes of resource consumption and as sites for innovation, have become laboratories for resilience, both in theory and in practice. This paper reviews the scholarly literature on urban resilience and concludes that the term has not been well defined. Existing definitions are inconsistent and underdeveloped with respect to incorporation of crucial concepts found in both resilience theory and urban theory. Based on this literature review, and aided by bibliometric analysis, the paper identifies six conceptual tensions fundamental to urban resilience: (1) definition of ‘urban’; (2) understanding of system equilibrium; (3) positive vs. neutral (or negative) conceptualizations of resilience; (4) mechanisms for system change; (5) adaptation versus general adaptability; and (6) timescale of action. To advance this burgeoning field, more conceptual clarity is needed. This paper, therefore, proposes a new definition of urban resilience. This definition takes explicit positions on these tensions, but remains inclusive and flexible enough to enable uptake by, and collaboration among, varying disciplines. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the definition might serve as a boundary object, with the acknowledgement that applying resilience in different contexts requires answering: Resilience for whom and to what? When? Where? And why? © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
'Remind-to-move' treatment versus constraint-induced movement therapy for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.

AIM
To evaluate 'remind-to-move' (RTM) treatment by comparing it with constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) and conventional rehabilitation of the upper extremity in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP).


METHOD
Seventy-three children (44 males, 29 females; mean age 11y 8mo, standard deviation [SD] 3y 1mo) - with 20, 38, and 15 in Manual Ability Classification System levels I, II, and III respectively - were recruited from three special schools and randomly selected for an RTM (n=25) or CIMT (n=24) programme (for 75h over 3wks) or for conventional rehabilitation (n=24). The Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Subtest 3), the Caregiver Functional Use Survey, and arm movement duration captured by accelerometers were used at the baseline, post-test, and 1-month and 3-month follow-ups.


RESULTS
Both the RTM and CIMT treatments achieved significant gains in manual capacities and spontaneous hand use immediately after the intervention compared with conventional rehabilitation, but there were no significant differences between the two interventions.


INTERPRETATION
The RTM treatment demonstrated similar therapeutic effects with CIMT in manual dexterity and functional hand use, but both interventions were superior to conventional rehabilitation. RTM is recommended as an alternative treatment for the hemiplegic upper extremity in children with CP.
Network Virtualization: Technologies, Perspectives, and Frontiers

Network virtualization refers to a broad set of technologies. Commercial solutions have been offered by the industry for years, while more recently the academic community has emphasized virtualization as an enabler for network architecture research, deployment, and experimentation. We review the entire spectrum of relevant approaches with the goal of identifying the underlying commonalities. We offer a unifying definition of the term “network virtualization” and examine existing approaches to bring out this unifying perspective. We also discuss a set of challenges and research directions that we expect to come to the forefront as network virtualization technologies proliferate.
An analysis of the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire using the Rasch measurement model.

BACKGROUND
Bullying is a problem in schools in many countries. There would be a benefit in the availability of a psychometrically sound instrument for its measurement, for use by teachers and researchers. The Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire has been used in a number of studies but comprehensive evidence on its validity is not available.


AIMS
To examine the conceptual design, construct validity and reliability of the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) and to provide further evidence on the prevalence of different forms of bullying behaviour.


SAMPLE
All 335 pupils (160 [47.8%] girls; 175 [52.2%]) boys, mean age 11.9 years [range 11.2-12.8 years]), in 21 classes of a stratified sample of 7 Greek Cypriot primary schools.


METHOD
The OBVQ was administered to the sample. Separate scales were created comprising (a) the items of the questionnaire concerning the extent to which pupils are being victimized; and (b) those concerning the extent to which pupils express bullying behaviour. Using the Rasch model, both scales were analysed for reliability, fit to the model, meaning, and validity. Both scales were also analysed separately for each of two sample groups (i.e. boys and girls) to test their invariance.


RESULTS
Analysis of the data revealed that the instrument has satisfactory psychometric properties; namely, construct validity and reliability. The conceptual design of the instrument was also confirmed. The analysis leads also to suggestions for improving the targeting of items against student measures. Support was also provided for the relative prevalence of verbal, indirect and physical bullying. As in other countries, Cypriot boys used and experienced more bullying than girls, and boys used more physical and less indirect forms of bullying than girls.


CONCLUSIONS
The OBVQ is a psychometrically sound instrument that measures two separate aspects of bullying, and whose use is supported for international studies of bullying in different countries. However, improvements to the questionnaire were also identified to provide increased usefulness to teachers tackling this significant problem facing schools in many countries.
On maximum-likelihood estimation of clock offset

Delay measurements from timing message exchanges between two clocks produce a maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) of the clock offset when fixed delays in each direction are equal and unknown, and variable delays in each direction have an exponential distribution with an unknown mean. It is shown that the MLE corresponds to a previously proposed estimator of clock offset. The ML interpretation of the estimator provides further insight and motivation for its use.
Accelerating Stochastic Gradient Descent

There is widespread sentiment that fast gradient methods (e.g. Nesterov’s acceleration, conjugate gradient, heavy ball) are not effective for the purposes of stochastic optimization due to their instability and error accumulation. Numerous works have attempted to quantify these instabilities in the face of either statistical or non-statistical errors (Paige, 1971; Proakis, 1974; Polyak, 1987; Greenbaum, 1989; Roy and Shynk, 1990; Sharma et al., 1998; d’Aspremont, 2008; Devolder et al., 2014; Yuan et al., 2016). This work considers these issues for the special case of stochastic approximation for the least squares regression problem, and our main result refutes this conventional wisdom by showing that acceleration can be made robust to statistical errors. In particular, this work introduces an accelerated stochastic gradient method that provably achieves the minimax optimal statistical risk faster than stochastic gradient descent. Critical to the analysis is a sharp characterization of accelerated stochastic gradient descent as a stochastic process. We hope this characterization gives insights towards the broader question of designing simple and effective accelerated stochastic methods for more general convex and non-convex optimization problems.
TeleKinect : A Telepresence Platform for Shared Experiences in a Composited Video Environment

TeleKinect is a platform for collaborate interactions at a distance in the same virtual space. The framework supports the real-time videos transport of foreground elements from remote locations and composites them into a merged virtual space. In this position paper we present two applications that utilize the framework for shared experiences at a distance: WaaZam is an application focused on supporting social engagement through creative play. It is focused on how users can collaboratively customize the environment and build sets and studios as places to be together at a distance. The project presents potential scenarios where users can do things together like broadcasting, karaoke, presentations, teaching, and watching television. InReach explores how remote collaborates can "reach into" a shared digital workspace where they can manipulate virtual objects and 3D data. The demo presents scenarios where users can manipulate simple 3D data for discussion, visualization, and online education environments for classroom purposes. Author
A basic diagnostic headache diary (BDHD) is well accepted and useful in the diagnosis of headache. a multicentre European and Latin American study.

AIMS
We tested the usability and usefulness of the basic diagnostic headache diary (BDHD) for the diagnosis of migraine, tension-type headache and medication-overuse headache in European and Latin American countries.


METHODS
Patients were subdivided into two groups according to a 1:1 randomization list. Those in group 1 were sent the BDHD before their first visit to the headache centre and asked to complete it for at least 1 month. Those in group 2 made their first visit to the headache centre without receiving the BDHD.


RESULTS
A total of 626 patients from nine countries and 16 centres completed the study. The BDHD entries were complete in 97.5% of cases. BDHD information and clinical interview were, when taken together, considered complete for diagnosis in 97.7% of cases in group 1 whereas the information obtained by clinical interview alone in group 2 was considered complete in only 86.8% of cases (p < 0.001). The median number of diagnoses per patient in group 1 was significantly higher than in group 2 (p = 0.04). The BDHD was very well accepted by both patients and doctors.


CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that the BDHD is a useful tool in the diagnostic assessment of the most frequent and disabling forms of primary headache and in headache management.
Performance-Enhanced Direct Detection Optical OFDM Transmission With CAZAC Equalization

Direct detection optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DDO-OFDM) transmission with constant amplitude zero autocorrelation (CAZAC) sequence equalization is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Simulation results show that more than 2-dB peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction can be realized using CAZAC equalization, and 50-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) transmission of 4.11-Gb/s QPSK-OFDM can be achieved with bit-error rate (BER) under forward error correction limit. Transmission performance of QPSK-based DDO-OFDM system is analyzed in both OB2B configuration and fiber link with and without CAZAC equalization. More than 2.5-dB optical receiver sensitivity improvements can be obtained thanks to the PAPR reduction enjoyed by CAZAC equalization. Signal-to-noise ratio for every subcarrier derived from error vector magnitude is estimated and its flatness is confirmed to be much improved with CAZAC equalization. The performance improvements brought by CAZAC equalization can be extended to other modulation formats, and 8.22-Gb/s 16-quadratic-amplitude modulation-OFDM signals transmission using CAZAC equalization is demonstrated with over 1.5 dB enhancement in receiver sensitivity.
A critical analysis of the current knowledge of surgical anatomy related to optimization of cancer control and preservation of continence and erection in candidates for radical prostatectomy.

CONTEXT
Detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the prostate and adjacent tissues is mandatory during radical prostatectomy to ensure reliable oncologic and functional outcomes.


OBJECTIVE
To review critically and to summarize the available literature on surgical anatomy of the prostate and adjacent structures involved in cancer control, erectile function, and urinary continence.


EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A search of the PubMed database was performed using the keywords radical prostatectomy, anatomy, neurovascular bundle, fascia, pelvis, and sphincter. Relevant articles and textbook chapters were reviewed, analyzed, and summarized.


EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Anatomy of the prostate and the adjacent tissues varies substantially. The fascia surrounding the prostate is multilayered, sometimes either fused with the prostate capsule or clearly separated from the capsule as a reflection of interindividual variations. The neurovascular bundle (NVB) is situated between the fascial layers covering the prostate. The NVB is composed of numerous nerve fibers superimposed on a scaffold of veins, arteries, and variable amounts of adipose tissue surrounding almost the entire lateral and posterior surfaces of the prostate. The NVB is also in close, cage-like contact to the seminal vesicles. The external urethral sphincter is a complex structure in close anatomic and functional relationship to the pelvic floor, and its fragile innervation is in close association to the prostate apex. Finally, the shape and size of the prostate can significantly modify the anatomy of the NVB, the urethral sphincter, the dorsal vascular complex, and the pubovesical/puboprostatic ligaments.


CONCLUSIONS
The surgical anatomy of the prostate and adjacent tissues involved in radical prostatectomy is complex. Precise knowledge of all relevant anatomic structures facilitates surgical orientation and dissection during radical prostatectomy and ideally translates into both superior rates of cancer control and improved functional outcomes postoperatively.
Marginality, Cultural Brokerage, and School Aides: A Success Story in Education

This article will relate one of our more insightful interdisciplinary concepts—the marginal individual as cultural broker—to the world of public schooling and, in the process, allow us to better comprehend the contributions of a much maligned and misunderstood educational employee, the school aide.
Big Scholarly Data in CiteSeerX: Information Extraction from the Web

We examine CiteSeerX, an intelligent system designed with the goal of automatically acquiring and organizing large-scale collections of scholarly documents from the world wide web. From the perspective of automatic information extraction and modes of alternative search, we examine various functional aspects of this complex system with an eye towards ongoing and future research developments.
Mating Behavior and Reproductive Potential in the Turnip Moth Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

We investigated the lifetime mating potential and the reproductive behavior of male and female turnip moths Agrotis segetum (Schiff.) under field and laboratory conditions. The sex ratio was 1 : 1 in a lab-reared population as well as in two wild populations. Males were capable of mating repetitively a relatively large number of times (mean of 6.7 ± 2.7 matings) when given access to new virgin females throughout their lifetimes. Females seldom mated more than once (mean ± 1.3 ± 0.6 matings), indicating a male-biased operational sex ratio. The mean potential lifetime mating was five times higher in males, while the coefficient of variance was lower in males. There was no differences in longevity between animals that were allowed to mate and animals not allowed to mate, indicating no direct costs or benefits of mating in physiological terms. In males, the number of matings was positively correlated with longevity, but this was not the case in females. Nor was there a correlation between the number of female matings and the number of fertilized eggs. There was a negative correlation between the number of eggs fertilized and the number of times males had previously mated, indicating that male ejaculates were limited. Male spermatophore size also decreased with number of achieved matings. Laboratory-reared females attracted males in the field throughout their lifetimes, with a peak at 3–7 days of age. Wild males, allowed to choose between pairs of caged females in the field, were attracted in equal numbers to females of different ages. Females did not show any mate-rejection behavior in the field. They mated with the first male that courted them. No incidence of mate replacement by males arriving later to already courted females were recorded.
Weighted dynamic time warping for time series classification

Dynamic time warping (DTW), which finds the minimum path by providing non-linear alignments between two time series, has been widely used as a distance measure for time series classification and clustering. However, DTW does not account for the relative importance regarding the phase difference between a reference point and a testing point. This may lead to misclassification especially in applications where the shape similarity between two sequences is a major consideration for an accurate recognition. Therefore, we propose a novel distance measure, called a weighted DTW (WDTW), which is a penaltybased DTW. Our approach penalizes points with higher phase difference between a reference point and a testing point in order to prevent minimum distance distortion caused by outliers. The rationale underlying the proposed distance measure is demonstrated with some illustrative examples. A new weight function, called the modified logistic weight function (MLWF), is also proposed to systematically assign weights as a function of the phase difference between a reference point and a testing point. By applying different weights to adjacent points, the proposed algorithm can enhance the detection of similarity between two time series. We show that some popular distance measures such as DTW and Euclidean distance are special cases of our proposed WDTW measure. We extend the proposed idea to other variants of DTW such as derivative dynamic time warping (DDTW) and propose the weighted version of DDTW. We have compared the performances of our proposed procedures with other popular approaches using public data sets available through the UCR Time Series Data Mining Archive for both time series classification and clustering problems. The experimental results indicate that the proposed approaches can achieve improved accuracy for time series classification and clustering problems. & 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.