LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Shoulder pain in swimmers: a 12-month prospective cohort study of incidence and risk factors.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate shoulder pain incidence rates and selected risk factors for shoulder pain in competitive swimmers.


DESIGN
12-month prospective cohort study.


SETTING
Five swimming clubs in Melbourne, Australia.


PARTICIPANTS
74 (37 M, 37 F) competitive swimmers ranging in age from 11 to 27 years and performing at least five swim sessions per week.


ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS
Swimmers completed a baseline questionnaire regarding demographics, anthropometric features, swimming characteristics and training and injury history. Active shoulder internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) range of motion and passive joint laxity were measured.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS
Shoulder pain was self-reported over 12 months with significant interfering shoulder pain (SIP) defined as pain interfering (causing cessation or modification) with training or competition, or progression in training. A significant shoulder injury (SSI) was any SIP episode lasting for at least 2 weeks.


RESULTS
28/74 (38%) participants reported SIP while 17/74 (23%) reported SSI. Exposure-adjusted incidence rates were 0.3 injuries and 0.2 injuries per 1000 swim km for SIP and SSI, respectively. Swimmers with both high and low ER range were at 8.1 (1.5, 42.0) and 12.5 (2.5, 62.4) times greater risk of sustaining a subsequent SIP, respectively and 35.4 (2.8, 441.4) and 32.5 (2.7, 389.6) times greater risk of sustaining a SSI, respectively than those with mid-range ER. Similarly swimmers with a history of shoulder pain were 4.1 (95% CI: 1.3, 13.3) and 11.3 (95% CI: 2.6, 48. 4) times more likely to sustain a SIP and SSI, respectively.


CONCLUSION
Shoulder pain is common in competitive swimmers. Preventative programs should be particularly directed at those swimmers identified as being at risk of shoulder pain.
A novel feature selection algorithm for text categorization

With the development of the web, large numbers of documents are available on the Internet. Digital libraries, news sources and inner data of companies surge more and more. Automatic text categorization becomes more and more important for dealing with massive data. However the major problem of text categorization is the high dimensionality of the feature space. At present there are many methods to deal with text feature selection. To improve the performance of text categorization, we present another method of dealing with text feature selection. Our study is based on Gini index theory and we design a novel Gini index algorithm to reduce the high dimensionality of the feature space. A new measure function of Gini index is constructed and made to fit text categorization. The results of experiments show that our improvements of Gini index behave better than other methods of feature selection. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Maximum Performance Computing with Dataflow Engines

Multidisciplinary dataflow computing is a powerful approach to scientific computing that has led to orders-of-magnitude performance improvements for a wide range of applications.
Performance analysis for automated gait extraction and recognition in multi-camera surveillance

Many studies have confirmed that gait analysis can be used as a new biometrics. In this research, gait analysis is deployed for people identification in multi-camera surveillance scenarios. We present a new method for viewpoint independent markerless gait analysis that does not require camera calibration and works with a wide range of walking directions. These properties make the proposed method particularly suitable for gait identification in real surveillance scenarios where people and their behaviour need to be tracked across a set of cameras. Tests on 300 synthetic and real video sequences, with subjects walking freely along different walking directions, have been performed. Since the choice of the cameras’ characteristics is a key-point for the development of a smart surveillance system, the performance of the proposed approach is measured with respect to different video properties: spatial resolution, frame-rate, data compression and image quality. The obtained results show that markerless gait analysis can be achieved without any knowledge of camera’s position and subject’s pose. The extracted gait parameters allow recognition of people walking from different views with a mean recognition rate of 92.2% and confirm that gait can be effectively used for subjects’ identification in a multi-camera surveillance scenario.
Cognitive effectiveness of visual instructional design languages

The introduction of learning technologies into education is making the design of courses and instructional materials an increasingly complex task. Instructional design languages are identified as conceptual tools for achieving more standardized and, at the same time, more creative design solutions, as well as enhancing communication and transparency in the design process. In this article we discuss differences in cognitive aspects of three visual instructional design languages (E2ML, PoEML, coUML), based on user evaluation. Cognitive aspects are of relevance for learning a design language, creating models with it, and understanding models created using it. The findings should enable language constructors to improve the usability of visual instructional design languages in the future. The paper concludes with directions with regard to how future research on visual instructional design languages could strengthen their value and enhance their actual use by educators and designers by synthesizing existing efforts into a unified modeling approach for VIDLs.
Impact Models to Assess Regional Acidification

Sensitive receptors such as soil and fresh bodies of water are at the end of a long chain of events in the process of regional acidification. This chain begins thousands of kilometers upwind at the emitters of acidifying pollutants. The topics covered in this book are important in the study of regional acidification for two reasons. First, it is important to assess the sensitivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to the deposition of acidifying pollutants. If the sensitivity of an ecosystem is known, then international control strategies can be developed to reduce deposition in the receptor areas of greatest importance. This is an important factor in designing the most effective strategies because of the very high costs of reducing emissions of acidifying pollutants. 

Second, it is important to be able to predict changes in ecosystems for decades into the future, whether it be an improvement owing to decreases in acidifying emissions or, alas, a further deterioration because control strategies are nonexistent or inadequate. In either event, it is important to be able to judge the results of our actions. 

Decision makers tend to be mistrustful of models unless they can judge their reliability. The application and testing of the models in Part III of this book cover, therefore, an important facet of model building. 

This book is an ideal companion to another book that is forthcoming from the Transboundary Air Pollution Project at IIASA: The RAINS Model of Acidification: Science and Strategies in Europe. The latter book is a description of the development and use of the Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation (RAINS) model, an integrated assessment model for developing and determining control strategies to reduce regional acidification in Europe. Much of the research described in this book forms part of the foundation of the RAINS model. These two books cover a great deal of the present knowledge about assessing and dealing with a very important environmental problem in Europe regional acidification.
Effect of synbiotic in constipated adult women - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of clinical response.

BACKGROUND & AIMS
Synbiotic intake may selectively change microbiota composition, restore microbial balance in the gut and improve gastrointestinal functions. We have assessed the clinical response of chronically constipated women to a commercially available synbiotic, combining fructooligosaccharides with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains (LACTOFOS®).


METHODS
Following 1 week of non-interventional clinical observation, 100 constipated adult women, diagnosed by ROME III criteria, were randomized to receive two daily doses (6 g) of synbiotic or maltodextrin (placebo group), for 30 days. Treatment response was evaluated by patient's daily record of evacuation (stool frequency, consistency and shape, according to Bristol scale), abdominal symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating and flatulence) and constipation intensity (Constipation Scoring System AGACHAN).


RESULTS
Patients treated with synbiotic had increased frequency of evacuation, as well as stool consistency and shape nearer normal parameters than the placebo group, with significant benefits starting during the second and third weeks, respectively (interaction group/time, P<0.0001). There were no significant differences in abdominal symptoms, but AGACHAN score was better in the synbiotic than in the placebo group.


CONCLUSIONS
Dietary supplementation with a synbiotic composed of fructooligosaccharides with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium improved evacuation parameters and constipation intensity of chronically constipated women, without influencing abdominal symptoms.
High dose alkylator therapy for extracranial malignant rhabdoid tumors in children.

BACKGROUND
Extracranial malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is a rare pediatric cancer with a poor prognosis. The kidney is the most common site. Isolated reports have shown improvements in patient survival, but no specific treatment regimen has shown efficacy over others.


PROCEDURE
Retrospective review of patients diagnosed with extracranial MRT at Children's Hospital Los Angeles between 1983 and 2012.


RESULTS
The median age at presentation for the 21 patients was 13 months (range, 0-108 months). Ten patients had renal primary tumors. The median time to progression was 4 months (range, 0.4-7 months). The 5-year event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of the entire cohort was 38 ± 10.6%. After 2002, patients diagnosed with extracranial MRT were administered a chemotherapy regimen of vincristine, doxorubicin and high dose cyclophosphamide (VDC). The OS for the patients diagnosed before and after 2002 were 20 ± 12% and 54 ± 15%, respectively. Of the 13 patients who received VDC containing regimen, eight patients achieved a complete radiological remission; five of these patients are long-term survivors. Four patients who received autologous bone marrow transplantation were alive at last follow-up. All patients with unresectable primary tumors died. Patients who had disease progression or relapse did not survive.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with extracranial MRT have a poor prognosis. Treatment with high dose alkylator therapy followed by consolidation with high dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplant for those patients in radiographic complete remission appears to have a beneficial effect on survival.
Word Equations with Length Constraints: What's Decidable?

We prove several decidability and undecidability results for the satisfiability and validity problems for languages that can express solutions of word equations with length constraints. The atomic formulas over this language are equality over string terms (word equations), linear inequality over the length function (length constraints), and membership in regular sets. These questions are important in logic, program analysis, and formal verification. Variants of these questions have been studied for many decades and practical satisfiability procedures (aka SMT solvers) for these formulas have become increasingly important in the analysis of string-manipulating programs such as web applications and scripts. We prove three main theorems. First, we give a new proof of undecidability for the validity problem for the set of sentences written as a ∀∃ quantifier alternation applied to positive word equations. A corollary of this undecidability result is that this set is undecidable even with sentences with at most two occurrences of a string variable. Second, we consider Boolean combinations of quantifier-free formulas constructed out of word equations and length constraints. We show that if word equations can be converted to a solved form, a form relevant in practice, then the satisfiability problem for Boolean combinations of word equations and length constraints is decidable. Third, we show that the satisfiability problem for quantifier-free formulas over word equations in regular solved form, length constraints, and the membership predicate over regular expressions is also decidable.
Advancing students' computational thinking skills through educational robotics: A study on age and gender relevant differences

This work investigates the development of students’ computational thinking (CT) skills in the context of educational robotics (ER) learning activity. The study employs an appropriate CT model for operationalising and exploring students’ CT skills development in two different age groups (15 and 18 years old) and across gender. 164 students of different education levels (Junior high: 89; High vocational: 75) engaged in ER learning activities (2 hours per week, 11 weeks totally) and their CT skills were evaluated at different phases during the activity, using different modality (written and oral) assessment tools. The results suggest that: (a) students reach eventually the same level of CT skills development independent of their age and gender, (b) CT skills inmost cases need time to fully develop (students’ scores improve significantly towards the end of the activity), (c) age and gender relevant differences appear when analysing students’ score in the various specific dimensions of the CT skills model, (d) the modality of the skill assessment instrumentmay have an impact on students’ performance, (e) girls appear inmany situations to need more training time to reach the same skill level compared to boys. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Analysis of Socio-Economic Well-Being of Population in Khirthar National Park, Sindh: A Geographical Study

Abstract: Pakistanâ€™s two-third population lives in rural areas where the dependence on natural resources is foremost. National parks are protected areas where the natural environment is preserved for the future generations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the socio-economic aspects of the people living in such areas. For this a comparative study has been designed by selecting two areas of Kirthar National Park (KNP), Sindh, one within the boundary of park; Core and the other at the transition zone of the park. The data have been collected through extensive field survey and analyzed using correlation technique. The study can be helpful in assessing the interaction that exists between humans and dry natural environment. The results indicate a clear difference in the standard of living of the people living in these two selected areas. Such studies are very important from the point of view of rural development of local communities.
Does high soy milk intake reduce prostate cancer incidence? The Adventist Health Study (United States)

Objectives: Recent experimental studies have suggested that isoflavones (such as genistein and daidzein) found in some soy products may reduce the risk of cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between soy milk, a beverage containing isoflavones, and prostate cancer incidence. Methods: A prospective study with 225 incident cases of prostate cancer in 12,395 California Seventh-Day Adventist men who in 1976 stated how often they drank soy milk. Results: Frequent consumption (more than once a day) of soy milk was associated with 70 per cent reduction of the risk of prostate cancer (relative risk=0.3, 95 percent confidence interval 0.1-1.0, p-value for linear trend=0.03). The association was upheld when extensive adjustments were performed. Conclusions: Our study suggests that men with high consumption of soy milk are at reduced risk of prostate cancer. Possible associations between soy bean products, isoflavones and prostate cancer risk should be further investigated.
The Determinants of Capital Structure of Stock Exchange-listed Non-financial Firms in Pakistan

Capital structure refers to the different options used by a firm in financing its assets. Generally, a firm can go for different levels/mixes of debts, equity, or other financial arrangements. It can combine bonds, TFCs, lease financing, bank loans or many other options with equity in an overall attempt to boost the market value of the firm. In their attempt to maximise the overall value, firms differ with respect to capital structures. This has given birth to different capital structure theories that attempt to explain the variation in capital structures of firms over time or across regions. On the other hand, empirical evidence is also not sometime consistent in substantiating a particular capital structure theory. This paper attempts to answer the question of what determines the capital structure of Pakistani listed firms other than those in financial sector. According to the authors’ knowledge, it is the first thorough study to be conducted in Pakistan with regard to determinants of capital structure of listed non-financial firms. Though Booth, et al. (2001) have worked on the determinants of capital structure of 10 developing countries including Pakistan; however, their study analyses data only for the firms that were included in the KSE-100 Index from 1980 to 1987. The paper is organised as follows. Section 1 introduces the paper. In the next section, some of the theoretical literature concerning the determinants and effects of leverage is reviewed. In Section 3 we describe our data and we justify the choice of the variables used in our analysis. In Section 4 we estimate the model used in our analysis. The Fifth Section presents the results and conclusion.
Health and Safety Management in UK and Spanish SMEs: A Comparative Study

This paper reports on a survey carried out among United Kingdom (UK) and Spanish small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to establish their approach to health and safety management and determine views on participating in voluntary management accreditation schemes. The study revealed some key differences between the responding UK and Spanish SMEs. There was (a) an enhanced level of awareness of health and safety legislation; (b) a higher prevalence of safety and quality management systems, and (c) greater involvement of senior managers in managing health and safety in UK enterprises. Interest was expressed in a voluntary management accreditation scheme for health and safety by over half the UK and Spanish sample. Furthermore, those enterprises participating in a voluntary quality management accreditation scheme were more likely to be interested in a voluntary scheme for health and safety management. © 2000 National Safety Council and Elsevier Science Ltd.
Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs

The demand for renewable energy has led to construction of offshore wind farms with high-power turbines, and many more wind farms are being planned for the shallow waters of the world’s marine habitats. The growth of offshore wind farms has raised concerns about their impact on the marine environment. Marine mammals use sound for foraging, orientation and communication and are therefore possibly susceptible to negative effects of man-made noise generated from constructing and operating large offshore wind turbines. This paper reviews the existing literature and assesses zones of impact from different noise-generating activities in conjunction with wind farms on 4 representative shallow-water species of marine mammals. Construction involves many types of activities that can generate high sound pressure levels, and pile-driving seems to be the noisiest of all. Both the literature and modeling show that pile-driving and other activities that generate intense impulses during construction are likely to disrupt the behavior of marine mammals at ranges of many kilometers, and that these activities have the potential to induce hearing impairment at close range. The reported noise levels from operating wind turbines are low, and are unlikely to impair hearing in marine mammals. The impact zones for marine mammals from operating wind turbines depend on the low-frequency hearing-abilities of the species in question, on sound-propagation conditions, and on the presence of other noise sources such as shipping. The noise impact on marine mammals is more severe during the construction of wind farms than during their operation.
Gotta Learn Fast: A New Benchmark for Generalization in RL

In this report, we present a new reinforcement learning (RL) benchmark based on the Sonic the HedgehogTM video game franchise. This benchmark is intended to measure the performance of transfer learning and few-shot learning algorithms in the RL domain. We also present and evaluate some baseline algorithms on the new benchmark.
A review of refrigerant maldistribution

In recent years, conservation of energy has become a challenging issue in air-conditioning applications. In order to overcome this issue, many researchers have recommended the use of a Parallel Flow Condenser and a low Global Warming Potential and Ozone Depletion Potential refrigerant, such as R32, in air conditioning systems. However, PFC faces the critical challenge of flow maldistribution in the tubes. This literature review mainly examines the refrigerant maldistribution problem which has been investigated by previous researchers. It was found that many of the researchers did not properly analyse the influence of flow maldistribution profiles on the performance degradation of heat exchangers. In order to have a comprehensive analysis of tube-side maldistribution in Parallel Flow microchannel heat exchangers, it is recommended that the influence of the higher statistical moments of the probability density function of the flow maldistribution profiles on performance degradation be quantified. Additionally, R32 maldistribution should be analysed and compared with R410A, which is the current commonly used refrigerant in air conditioning units. Moreover, in order to have a realistic simulation of the effect of refrigerant flow maldistribution profiles on performance degradation of heat exchangers, the effect of superheat and sub-cooling must be analysed.