LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
“The Right to Make Choices”: The National Resource Center for Supported Decision‐Making

Research shows that self-determination and the right to make life choices are key elements for a meaningful and independent life. Yet, older adults and people with disabilities are often placed in overly broad and restrictive guardianships, denying them their right to make daily life choices about where they live and who they interact with, their finances, and their health care. Supported decision-making (SDM)—where people use trusted friends, family members, and professionals to help them understand the situations and choices they face, so they may make their own decisions—is a means for increasing self-determination by encouraging and empowering people to make decisions about their lives to the maximum extent possible. This article examines the implications of overly broad guardianship and the potential for supported decision-making to address such circumstances. It introduces the National Resource Center for Supported Decision-Making as one means to advance the use of supported decision-making and increase self-determination.
Electrocardiographic findings at presentation, in relation to in-hospital mortality and 30-day outcome of patients with acute coronary syndromes; the GREECS study.

BACKGROUND
We sought to evaluate the impact of initial electrocardiographic findings at presentation on in-hospital mortality and 30-day outcome of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).


METHODS
From October 2003 to September 2004, a sample of 6 hospitals located in several urban and rural Greek regions was selected, and almost all survivors 24 h after an admission for ACS were enrolled into the study (2172 patients were included in the study; 76% were men and 24% women). ECG and biochemical indices of myocardial damage were considered in all patients. Electrocardiographic findings at presentation were categorized as ST-elevation (STE), non-STE and non-diagnostic ECG abnormalities.


RESULTS
Of the 2172 patients, 34% had STE, 24% had non-STE and the 32% of them had non-diagnostic ECG abnormalities. After adjusting for age, sex and various other risk factors we observed that patients with STE had 3.3 (95% CI 1.4 to 7.7) higher risk of dying during hospitalization compared to those who had non-diagnostic ECG abnormalities. Furthermore, patients with non-STE had 1.5 (95% CI 0.9 to 2.5) higher risk of having an event (death or re-hospitalization due to CVD) during the first 30-days following discharge as compared to those who had non-diagnostic ECG abnormalities. All patients presented with non-STE ACS had higher 30-day event rates.


CONCLUSION
Patients with STE had higher in-hospital mortality, but lower longer term event rate after ACS in our population, irrespective of age, gender and other characteristics.
The functions and dysfunctions of hierarchy

Functionalist accounts of hierarchy, longstanding in the social sciences, have gained recent prominence in studies of leadership, power, and status. This chapter takes a critical look at a core implication of the functionalist perspective – namely, that steeper hierarchies help groups and organizations perform better than do flatter structures. We review previous research relevant to this question, ranging from studies of communication structures in small groups to studies of compensation systems in large corporations. This review finds that in contrast to strong functionalist assertions, the effects of steeper hierarchies are highly mixed. Sometimes steeper hierarchies benefit groups and sometimes they harm groups. We thus propose five conditions that moderate the effects of hierarchy steepness: (1) the kinds of tasks on which the group is working; (2) whether the right individuals have been selected as leaders; (3) how the possession of power modifies leaders’ psychology; (4) whether the hierarchy facilitates or hampers intra-group coordination; and (5) whether the hierarchy affects group members’ motivation in positive or deleterious ways. # 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Semantic Foundation for Role-Related Concepts in Enterprise Modelling

In this paper, we provide a semantic foundation for role-related concepts in enterprise modelling. We use a conceptual modelling framework to provide a well-founded underpinning for these concepts. We review a number of enterprise modelling approaches in light of the concepts described. This allows us to understand the various approaches, to contrast them and to identify problems in the definition and/or usage of these concepts.
Bayesian Modeling of Facial Similarity

In previous work, we advanced a new technique for direct visual matching of images for the purposes of face recognition and image retrieval, using a probabilistic measure of similarity based primarily on a Bayesian (MAP) analysis of image differences, leading to a d̈ual̈basis similar to eigenfaces. The performance advantage of this probabilistic matching technique over standard Euclidean nearest-neighbor eigenface matching was recently demonstrated using results from DARPAś 1996F̈ERET̈face recognition competition, in which this probabilistic matching algorithm was found to be the top performer. We have further developed a simple method of replacing the costly compution of nonlinear (online) Bayesian similarity measures by the relatively inexpensive computation of linear (offline) subspace projections and simple (online) Euclidean norms, thus resulting in a significant computational speed-up for implementation with very large image databases as typically encountered in real-world applications. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 11, M. S. Kearns, S. A. Solla, D. A. Cohn, (Eds.), MIT Press, 1999. This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any commercial purpose. Permission to copy in whole or in part without payment of fee is granted for nonprofit educational and research purposes provided that all such whole or partial copies include the following: a notice that such copying is by permission of Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.; an acknowledgment of the authors and individual contributions to the work; and all applicable portions of the copyright notice. Copying, reproduction, or republishing for any other purpose shall require a license with payment of fee to Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright c ©Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc., 1999 201 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
The Welfare Effects of Location and Quality in Oligopoly

In this paper we argue that two important causes of welfare losses in oligopolistic markets have been neglected. We show that in models where location is endogenous, welfare losses arising from wrong locations or from lack of market coverage may be substantial despite firms competing in prices. In contrast, welfare losses arising from quality choice are modest but they might vary discontinuously with the size of the market.
The Combination of Trypan Blue and Brilliant Blue G-Assisted Vitrectomy for Macular Pucker: Histopathological Findings.

PURPOSE
To report on the combined use of trypan blue (TB) and brilliant blue G (BBG) for staining the epiretinal membrane (ERM) and internal limiting membrane (ILM) during vitrectomy and to describe the histopathological findings.


METHODS
10 surgical specimens were removed from 10 eyes with macular pucker during vitrectomy using a commercially available combination of TB and BBG for ERM and ILM staining and peeling. Specimens were evaluated using light and transmission electron microscopy.


RESULTS
In all cases the combination of TB and BBG was useful for identifying and delineating ERM and ILM. No complications related to the use of the dye were observed during or after surgery. Glial cells were present in all specimens. Hyalocytes were observed in 6 cases and myofibroblasts in 3 of them. In 7 cases native vitreous collagen fibrils were found on the ILM, while in 5 specimens newly formed collagen was present. No clinical evidence of toxicity was observed during the 3-month follow-up.


CONCLUSION
The combined use of TB and BBG appeared to be very useful intraoperatively to improve the visualization of ERM and ILM, thus facilitating their complete removal. Anatomical and histopathological findings demonstrated the safety and the efficacy of this vital dye.
HARQ Aware Frequency Domain Packet Scheduler with Different Degrees of Fairness for the UTRAN Long Term Evolution

In this paper we evaluate the performance of downlink channel dependent scheduling in time and frequency domains. The investigation is based on the 3GPP UTRAN long term evolution (LTE) parameters. A scheduler framework is developed encompassing frequency domain packet scheduling, HARQ management and inter-user fairness control. It is shown that by dividing the packet scheduler into a time-domain and a frequency-domain part the fairness between users can be effectively controlled. Different algorithms are applied in each scheduler part, and the combined performance is evaluated in terms of cell throughput, coverage, and capacity. We show that frequency-domain packet scheduling can provide a gain of around 35% in both throughput and coverage over opportunistic time-domain only scheduling. Furthermore, it is shown that by using an equal throughput scheduler, coverage can be improved by 100% at the expense of a 5% loss in average cell throughput in comparison with the proportional fair scheduler.
Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS): remote sensing and GIS investigations of the Earth's cryosphere

Concerns over greenhouse-gas forcing and global temperatures have initiated research into understanding climate forcing and associated Earth-system responses. A significant component is the Earth’s cryosphere, as glacier-related, feedback mechanisms govern atmospheric, hydrospheric and lithospheric response. Predicting the human and natural dimensions of climate-induced environmental change requires global, regional and local information about ice-mass distribution, volumes, and fluctuations. The Global Land-Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) project is specifically designed to produce and augment baseline information to facilitate glacier-change studies. This requires addressing numerous issues, including the generation of topographic information, anisotropicreflectance correction of satellite imagery, data fusion and spatial analysis, and GIS-based modeling. Field and satellite investigations indicate that many small glaciers and glaciers in temperate regions are downwasting and retreating, although detailed mapping and assessment are still required to ascertain regional and global patterns of ice-mass variations. Such remote sensing/GIS studies, coupled with field investigations, are vital for producing baseline information on glacier changes, and improving our understanding of the complex linkages between atmospheric, lithospheric, and glaciological processes. Michael P. Bishop, Jeffrey A. Olsenholler and John F. Shroder Department of Geography/Geology University of Nebraska at Omaha Omaha, NE 68182 U.S.A. Roger G. Barry and Bruce H. Raup National Snow/Ice Data Center University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309 U.S.A. Andrew B. G. Bush and Luke Copland Department of Earth/Atmos. Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3 Canada
A REVIEW OF COLOR IMAGE ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES

Image encryption plays an important role to ensure confidential transmission and storage of image over internet. However, a real–time image encryption faces a greater challenge due to large amount of data involved. This paper presents a review on image encryption techniques of both full encryption and partial encryption schemes in spatial, frequency and hybrid domains.
Two methods of using APL in the teaching of probability and statistics

This paper gives a brief discussion of the use of APL as a programming language and also as a notation in the teaching of an introductory course in probability and statistics, and compares the two methods with a conventional approach to the subjects.
The theory-practice relationship: reflective skills and theoretical knowledge as key factors in bridging the gap between theory and practice in initial nursing education.

AIM
This paper is a report of a correlational study of the relations of nursing students' acquired reflective skills, practical skills and theoretical knowledge on their perception of coherence between theory and practice.


BACKGROUND
Reflection is considered a key factor in bridging the gap between theory and practice. However, it is not evident whether reflective skills are primarily generic in nature or whether they develop from a theoretical knowledge base or the acquisition of practical skills.


METHOD
This study is a secondary analysis of existing data. The data are part of a student survey that was conducted among third-year nursing students in Norway during the spring of 2007. A total of 446 nursing students participated in this study and the response rate was 71%. Structural equation modelling analyses were performed.


FINDINGS
The results indicate that students' perception of coherence between theory and practice during initial nursing education is directly influenced by reflective skills and theoretical knowledge. The results also reveal that reflective skills have mediating effects and that practical skills have a fully mediated and theoretical knowledge a partially mediated influence on students' perception of coherence.


CONCLUSION
The findings imply that helping students perceive coherence between theory and practice in nursing education, developing students' reflective skills and strengthening the theoretical components of the initial nursing education programme might be beneficial. The results suggest that reflective thinking is not merely a generic skill but rather a skill that depends on the acquisition of relevant professional knowledge and experience.
Serum pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy subjects with different cholesterol levels

In this study, we investigated serum pro-oxidantantioxidant balance in 210 healthy subjects divided into groups with low and high atherogenic risk according to the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C). Diene conjugate (DC), malondialdehyde (MDA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), vitamin E, and vitamin C levels and antioxidant activity (AOA) were determined in the serum. Endogenous DC and copperinduced MDA levels were also measured in the LDL fraction isolated by precipitation with buffered heparin from plasma in 80 healthy subjects with different serum LDL-C levels. Subjects with a high atherogenic risk had significantly higher plasma DC, MDA, and PUFA levels, but lower vitamin E/TC values and AOA than subjects with low atherogenic risk. Endogenous DC and copper-induced MDA levels in the LDL fraction were increased in subjects with serum LDL-C levels higher than 4.14 mM compared with those with normal LDL-C levels. In conclusion, this study clearly indicates that a disturbance in serum pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance and an increase in LDL oxidation are concomitant with higher TC and LDL-C and lower HDL-C levels in the serum.
Spatiotemporal segregation of endothelial cell integrin and nonintegrin extracellular matrix-binding proteins during adhesion events

Bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) attachments to laminin, fibronectin, and fibrinogen are inhibited by soluble arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD)-containing peptides, and YGRGDSP activity is responsive to titration of either soluble peptide or matrix protein. To assess the presence of RGD-dependent receptors, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting studies were conducted and demonstrated integrin beta 1, beta 3, and associated alpha subunits as well as a beta 1 precursor. Immunofluorescence of BAECs plated on laminin, fibronectin, and fibrinogen reveals different matrix-binding specificities of each of these integrin subclasses. By 1 h after plating, organization of beta 1 integrin into fibrillar streaks is influenced by laminin and fibronectin, whereas beta 3 integrin punctate organization is influenced by fibrinogen and the integrin spatial distribution changes with time in culture. In contrast, the nonintegrin laminin-binding protein LB69 only organizes after cell-substrate contact is well established several hours after plating. Migration of BAECs is also mediated by both integrin and nonintegrin matrix-binding proteins. Specifically, BAEC migration on laminin is remarkably sensitive to RGD peptide inhibition, and, in its presence, beta 1 integrin organization dissipates and reorganizes into perinuclear vesicles. However, RGD peptides do not alter LB69 linear organization during migration. Similarly, agents that block LB69--e.g., antibodies to LB69 as well as YIGSR-NH2 peptide--do not inhibit attachment of nonmotile BAECs to laminin. However, both anti-LB69 and YIGSR-NH2 inhibit late adhesive events such as spreading. Accordingly, we propose that integrin and nonintegrin extracellular matrix-binding protein organizations in BAECs are both temporally and spatially segregated during attachment processes. High affinity nonintegrin interaction with matrix may create necessary stable contacts for longterm attachment, while lower affinity integrins may be important for initial cell adhesion as well as for transient contacts of motile BAECs.
Minutiae extraction scheme for fingerprint recognition systems

A complete minutiae extraction scheme for automatic fingerprint recognition systems is presented. The proposed method uses improving alternatives for the image enhancement process, leading consequently to an increase of the reliability in the minutiae extraction task. In the first stages, image normalization and orientation field of the fingerprint are calculated. The local orientation of the ridges will serve as parameter for the next processing stages. Details for the adaptive morphological filtering used to ridge extraction and background noise elimination are described. Evaluation results are obtained from both inked and scanned fingerprints. Conclusions in terms of Goodness Index (GI), which compares the results obtained by automatic minutiae extraction with manually extracted ones, are provided in order to test the global performance of this approach.
An empirical study of semantic similarity in WordNet and Word2Vec

This thesis performs an empirical analysis of Word2Vec by comparing its output to WordNet, a well-known, human-curated lexical database. It finds that Word2Vec tends to uncover more of certain types of semantic relations than others – with Word2Vec returning more hypernyms, synonomyns and hyponyms than hyponyms or holonyms. It also shows the probability that neighbors separated by a given cosine distance in Word2Vec are semantically related in WordNet. This result both adds to our understanding of the stillunknown Word2Vec and helps to benchmark new semantic tools built from word vectors. Word2Vec, Natural Language Processing, WordNet, Distributional Semantics
Perceptual visual quality metrics: A survey

Visual quality evaluation has numerous uses in practice, and also plays a central role in shaping many visual processing algorithms and systems, as well as their implementation, optimization and testing. In this paper, we give a systematic, comprehensive and up-to-date review of perceptual visual quality metrics (PVQMs) to predict picture quality according to human perception. Several frequently used computational modules (building blocks of PVQMs) are discussed. These include signal decomposition, justnoticeable distortion, visual attention, and common feature and artifact detection. Afterwards, different types of existing PVQMs are presented, and further discussion is given toward feature pooling, viewing condition, computer-generated signal and visual attention. Six often-used image metrics (namely SSIM, VSNR, IFC, VIF, MSVD and PSNR) are also compared with seven public image databases (totally 3832 test images). We highlight the most significant research work for each topic and provide the links to the extensive relevant literature. 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Julius Bernstein (1839–1917): pioneer neurobiologist and biophysicist

Julius Bernstein belonged to the Berlin school of “organic physicists” who played a prominent role in creating modern physiology and biophysics during the second half of the nineteenth century. He trained under du Bois-Reymond in Berlin, worked with von Helmholtz in Heidelberg, and finally became Professor of Physiology at the University of Halle. Nowadays his name is primarily associated with two discoveries: (1) The first accurate description of the action potential in 1868. He developed a new instrument, a differential rheotome (= current slicer) that allowed him to resolve the exact time course of electrical activity in nerve and muscle and to measure its conduction velocity. (2) His ‘Membrane Theory of Electrical Potentials’ in biological cells and tissues. This theory, published by Bernstein in 1902, provided the first plausible physico-chemical model of bioelectric events; its fundamental concepts remain valid to this day. Bernstein pursued an intense and long-range program of research in which he achieved a new level of precision and refinement by formulating quantitative theories supported by exact measurements. The innovative design and application of his electromechanical instruments were milestones in the development of biomedical engineering techniques. His seminal work prepared the ground for hypotheses and experiments on the conduction of the nervous impulse and ultimately the transmission of information in the nervous system. Shortly after his retirement, Bernstein (1912) summarized his electrophysiological work and extended his theoretical concepts in a book Elektrobiologie that became a classic in its field. The Bernstein Centers for Computational Neuroscience recently established at several universities in Germany were named to honor the person and his work.
Gaze tracking system at a distance for controlling IPTV

Gaze tracking is used for detecting the position that a user is looking at. In this research, a new gaze-tracking system and method are proposed to control a large-screen TV at a distance. This research is novel in the following four ways as compared to previous work: First, this is the first system for gaze tracking on a large-screen TV at a distance. Second, in order to increase convenience, the user's eye is captured by a remote gaze-tracking camera not requiring a user to wear any device. Third, without the complicated calibrations among the screen, the camera and the eye coordinates, the gaze position on the TV screen is obtained by using a simple 2D method based on a geometric transform with pupil center and four cornea specular reflections. Fourth, by using a near-infrared (NIR) passing filter on the camera and NIR illuminators, the pupil region becomes distinctive in the input image irrespective of the change in the environmental visible light. Experimental results showed that the proposed system could be used as a new interface for controlling a TV with a 60-inch-wide screen (16:9).