LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A fuel-based assessment of off-road diesel engine emissions.

The use of diesel engines in off-road applications is a significant source of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM10). Such off-road applications include railroad locomotives, marine vessels, and equipment used for agriculture, construction, logging, and mining. Emissions from these sources are only beginning to be controlled. Due to the large number of these engines and their wide range of applications, total activity and emissions from these sources are uncertain. A method for estimating the emissions from off-road diesel engines based on the quantity of diesel fuel consumed is presented. Emission factors are normalized by fuel consumption, and total activity is estimated by the total fuel consumed. Total exhaust emissions from off-road diesel equipment (excluding locomotives and marine vessels) in the United States during 1996 have been estimated to be 1.2 x 10(9) kg NOx and 1.2 x 10(8) kg PM10. Emissions estimates published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are 2.3 times higher for both NOx and exhaust PM10 emissions than estimates based directly on fuel consumption. These emissions estimates disagree mainly due to differences in activity estimates, rather than to differences in the emission factors. All current emission inventories for off-road engines are uncertain because of the limited in-use emissions testing that has been performed on these engines. Regional- and state-level breakdowns in diesel fuel consumption by off-road mobile sources are also presented. Taken together with on-road measurements of diesel engine emissions, results of this study suggest that in 1996, off-road diesel equipment (including agriculture, construction, logging, and mining equipment, but not locomotives or marine vessels) was responsible for 10% of mobile source NOx emissions nationally, whereas on-road diesel vehicles contributed 33%.
An experimental comparison of gender classification methods

Successful face analysis requires robust methods. It has been hard to compare the methods due to different experimental setups. We carried out a comparison study for the state-of-the-art gender classification methods to find out their actual reliability. The main contributions are comprehensive and comparable classification results for the gender classification methods combined with automatic real-time face detection and, in addition, with manual face normalization. We also experimented by combining gender classifier outputs arithmetically. This lead to increased classification accuracies. Furthermore, we contribute guidelines to carry out classification experiments, knowledge on the strengths and weaknesses of the gender classification methods, and two new variants of the known methods. 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Streaming Technology in 3G Mobile Communication Systems

M any portal sites offer streaming audio and video services for accessing news and entertainment content on the Internet from a PC. 1,2 Currently, three incompatible proprietary solutions— offered by RealNetworks, Microsoft, and Apple— dominate the Internet streaming software market. In the near future, third-generation mobile communication systems will extend the scope of today's Internet streaming solutions by introducing standardized streaming services, targeting the mobile user's specific needs. 3 By offering data-transmission rates up to 384 Kbps for wide-area coverage and 2 Mbps for local-area coverage, 4 3G systems will be able to provide high-quality streamed Internet content to the rapidly growing mobile market. In addition to higher data rates, these systems also will offer value-added applications supported by an underlying network that combines streaming services with a range of unique mobile-specific services such as geographical positioning, user profiling, and mobile payment. 5 Mobile cinema ticketing is one example of such a service. First, the mobile network or a terminal integrated positioning system such as GPS would determine the user's geographical location. Then, the service would access a cinema database to generate a list of nearby movie theatres and a user profile database to determine what kind of movies the user likes best. Based on the geographical location information and user-defined preferences, the service would offer the user a selection of available movies and show times. The user would then have the option of using the mobile device to view corresponding movie trailers through a streaming service. Upon choosing a film, the user could purchase a ticket through payment software on the mobile device. This and other mobile application scenarios present numerous challenges, such as how to provide spectrum-efficient streaming services over varied radio-access networks to different types of end-user terminals. Our standard-based Interactive Media platform addresses these challenges by using an architecture that fits seamlessly into 3G mobile communication systems. An integral part of this architecture is a streaming proxy, which acts on both the service and transport levels. We recently conducted several field trials, which demonstrated that this platform is flexible enough to deal with different operator requirements and that it can provide high-quality streaming services in a mobile application environment. International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) and the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 4 will be among the first 3G mobile communication systems to offer wireless wide-band multimedia services using the Internet protocol. Two important technological changes will facilitate …
Reviewer recommendation for pull-requests in GitHub: What can we learn from code review and bug assignment?

Context: The pull-based model, widely used in distributed software development, offers an extremely low barrier to entry for potential contributors (anyone can submit of contributions to any project, through pull-requests). Meanwhile, the project’s core team must act as guardians of code quality, ensuring that pull-requests are carefully inspected before being merged into the main development line. However, with pull-requests becoming increasingly popular, the need for qualified reviewers also increases. GitHub facilitates this, by enabling the crowd-sourcing of pull-request reviews to a larger community of coders than just the project’s core team, as a part of their social coding philosophy. However, having access to more potential reviewers does not necessarily mean that it’s easier to find the right ones (the “needle in a haystack” problem). If left unsupervised, this process may result in communication overhead and delayed pull-request processing. Objective: This study aims to investigate whether and how previous approaches used in bug triaging and code review can be adapted to recommending reviewers for pull-requests, and how to improve the recommendation performance. Method: First, we extend three typical approaches used in bug triaging and code review for the new challenge of assigning reviewers to pull-requests. Second, we analyze social relations between contributors and reviewers, and propose a novel approach by mining each project’s comment networks (CNs). Finally, we combine the CNs with traditional approaches, and evaluate the effectiveness of all these methods on 84 GitHub projects through both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results: We find that CN-based recommendation can achieve, by itself, similar performance as the traditional approaches. However, the mixed approaches can achieve significant improvements compared to using either of them independently. Conclusion: Our study confirms that traditional approaches to bug triaging and code review are feasible for pull-request reviewer recommendations on GitHub. Furthermore, their performance can be improved significantly by combining them with information extracted from prior social interactions between developers on GitHub. These results prompt for novel tools to support process automation in social coding platforms, that combine social (e.g., common interests among developers) and technical factors (e.g., developers’ expertise). © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Heart failure etiology and response to milrinone in decompensated heart failure: results from the OPTIME-CHF study.

OBJECTIVES
The goal of this study was to assess the interaction between heart failure (HF) etiology and response to milrinone in decompensated HF.


BACKGROUND
Etiology has prognostic and therapeutic implications in HF, but its relationship to response to inotropic therapy is unknown.


METHODS
The Outcomes of a Prospective Trial of Intravenous Milrinone for Exacerbations of Chronic Heart Failure (OPTIME-CHF) study randomized 949 patients with systolic dysfunction and decompensated HF to receive 48 to 72 h of intravenous milrinone or placebo. The primary end point was days hospitalized from cardiovascular causes within 60 days. In a post-hoc analysis, we evaluated the interaction between response to milrinone and etiology of HF.


RESULTS
The primary end point was 13.0 days for ischemic patients and 11.7 days for nonischemic patients (p = 0.2). Sixty-day mortality was 11.6% for the ischemic group and 7.5% for the nonischemic group (p = 0.03). After adjustment for baseline differences, there was a significant interaction between etiology and the effect of milrinone. Milrinone-treated patients with ischemic etiology tended to have worse outcomes than those treated with placebo in terms of the primary end point (13.6 days for milrinone vs. 12.4 days for placebo, p = 0.055 for interaction) and the composite of death or rehospitalization (42% vs. 36% for placebo, p = 0.01 for interaction). In contrast, outcomes in nonischemic patients treated with milrinone tended to be improved in terms of the primary end point (10.9 vs. 12.6 days placebo) and the composite of death or rehospitalization (28% vs. 35% placebo).


CONCLUSIONS
Milrinone may have a bidirectional effect based on etiology in decompensated HF. Milrinone may be deleterious in ischemic HF, but neutral to beneficial in nonischemic cardiomyopathy.
Learning to classify species with barcodes

According to many field experts, specimens classification based on morphological keys needs to be supported with automated techniques based on the analysis of DNA fragments. The most successful results in this area are those obtained from a particular fragment of mitochondrial DNA, the gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) (the "barcode"). Since 2004 the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) promotes the collection of barcode specimens and the development of methods to analyze the barcode for several tasks, among which the identification of rules to correctly classify an individual into its species by reading its barcode. We adopt a Logic Mining method based on two optimization models and present the results obtained on two datasets where a number of COI fragments are used to describe the individuals that belong to different species. The method proposed exhibits high correct recognition rates on a training-testing split of the available data using a small proportion of the information available (e.g., correct recognition approx. 97% when only 20 sites of the 648 available are used). The method is able to provide compact formulas on the values (A, C, G, T) at the selected sites that synthesize the characteristic of each species, a relevant information for taxonomists. We have presented a Logic Mining technique designed to analyze barcode data and to provide detailed output of interest to the taxonomists and the barcode community represented in the CBOL Consortium. The method has proven to be effective, efficient and precise.
Implant-supported full-arch zirconia-based mandibular fixed dental prostheses. Eight-year results from a clinical pilot study.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the long-term clinical performance of implant-supported full-arch zirconia-based fixed dental prostheses (FDPs).


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ten patients received full-arch zirconia-based (Cercon) mandibular FDPs supported by four implants (Astra Tech). Nine patients received 10-unit FDPs and one patient received a 9-unit FDP. The FDPs were cemented onto individually prepared titanium abutments and were evaluated at baseline and after 12, 24, 36 and 96 months.


RESULTS
Nine patients attended the 8-year follow-up. None of the restorations showed bulk fracture, all FDPs were in use. Fractures of the veneering porcelain were, however, observed in eight patients. A total of 36 out of 89 units (40%) showed such fractures. Patient satisfaction was excellent despite the veneering material fractures.


CONCLUSION
Results from this 8-year pilot study suggest that implant-supported full-arch zirconia-based FDPs can be an acceptable treatment alternative.
Quench Behavior and Protection in Cryocooler-Cooled YBCO Pancake Coil for SMES

The thermal behavior of a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coil is significantly different from that of low-temperature superconducting (LTS) coil because it has a greater volumetric heat capacity at the temperature required for practical use. Therefore, the possibility of quench in HTS coils is much lower than that in LTS coils. In the application of the YBCO coil to Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) system, electrical charging and discharging are repeated; therefore, the superconducting characteristics of the YBCO coated conductor may deteriorate as a result of cyclic subjection to tensile strain. To enhance the reliability and safety of HTS coil, protection scheme assuming a quench is also required for HTS coil. In this study, we focus on the coil wound with YBCO laminated bundle (parallel) conductor supposing SMES application and investigate the characteristics of normal-zone propagation and the thermal behavior within the coil during a quench by using a newly developed computer code based on the finite element method and an equivalent circuit. And we also propose a quench detection method using observation of nonuniform current in YBCO laminated bundle conductor and discuss the validity of the detection method comparing with conventional quench-voltage detection.
Shallow-water gravity-flow deposits, Chapel Island Formation, southeast Newfoundland, Canada

A remarkable suite of shallow-water, gravity-flow deposits are found within very thinly-bedded siltstones and storm-generated sandstones of member 2 of the Chapel Island Formation in southeast Newfoundland. Medium to thick siltstone beds, termed unifites, range from non-graded and structureless (Type 1) to slightly graded with poorly developed lamination (Type 2) to well graded with lamination similar to that described for fine-grained turbidites (Type 3). Unifite beds record deposition from a continuum of flow types from liquefied flows (Type 1) to turbidity currents (Type 3). Calculations of time for pore-fluid pressure dissipation support the feasibility of such transitions. Raft-bearing beds consist of siltstone with large blocks or 'rafts" of thinly bedded strata derived from the underlying and adjacent substrate^ Characteristics suggest deposition from debris flows of variable strength. Estimates of debris strength and depositional slope are calculated for a pebbly mudstone bed using measurable and assumed parameters. An assumed density of 2 0 gem"' and a compaction estimate of 50% gives a strength estimate of ''9 7 dyn cm" ̂ and a depositional slope estimate of 0 77°. The lithologies and sedimentary structures in member 2 indicate an overall grain-size distribution susceptible to liquefaction. Inferred high sediment accumulation rates created underconsolidated sediments (metastable packing). Types of sediment failure included in situ liquefaction ('disturbed bedding'), sliding and slumping Raft-bearing debrites resulted from sliding and incorporation of water. Locally, hummocky cross-stratified sandstone directly overlies slide deposits and raft-bearing beds, linking sediment failure to the cyclical wave loading associated with large storms. The gravity flows of the Chapel Island Formation closely resemble those described from the surfaces of modern, mud-rich, marine deltas. Details of deltaic gravity-flow deposition from this and other outcrop studies further our understanding of modem deposits by adding a third dimension to studies primarily carried out with side-scan sonar.
Computer and internet use by persons after traumatic spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether computer and internet use by persons post spinal cord injury (SCI) is sufficiently prevalent and broad-based to consider using this technology as a long-term treatment modality for patients who have sustained SCI.


DESIGN
A multicenter cohort study.


SETTING
Twenty-six past and current U.S. regional Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems.


PARTICIPANTS
Patients with traumatic SCI (N=2926) with follow-up interviews between 2004 and 2006, conducted at 1 or 5 years postinjury.


INTERVENTIONS
Not applicable.


RESULTS
Results revealed that 69.2% of participants with SCI used a computer; 94.2% of computer users accessed the internet. Among computer users, 19.1% used assistive devices for computer access. Of the internet users, 68.6% went online 5 to 7 days a week. The most frequent use for internet was e-mail (90.5%) and shopping sites (65.8%), followed by health sites (61.1%). We found no statistically significant difference in computer use by sex or level of neurologic injury, and no difference in internet use by level of neurologic injury. Computer and internet access differed significantly by age, with use decreasing as age group increased. The highest computer and internet access rates were seen among participants injured before the age of 18. Computer and internet use varied by race: 76% of white compared with 46% of black subjects were computer users (P<.001), and 95.3% of white respondents who used computers used the internet, compared with 87.6% of black respondents (P<.001). Internet use increased with education level (P<.001): eighty-six percent of participants who did not graduate from high school or receive a degree used the internet, while over 97% of those with a college or associate's degree did.


CONCLUSIONS
While the internet holds considerable potential as a long-term treatment modality after SCI, limited access to the internet by those who are black, those injured after age 18, and those with less education does reduce its usefulness in the short term for these subgroups.
A Fast , Adaptive Variant of the Goemans-Williamson Scheme for the Prize-Collecting Steiner Tree Problem

We introduce a new variant of the Goemans-Williamson (GW) scheme for the Prize-Collecting Steiner Tree Problem (PCST). Motivated by applications in signal processing, the focus of our contribution is to construct a very fast algorithm for the PCST problem that still achieves a provable approximation guarantee. Our overall algorithm runs in time O(dm logn) on a graph with m edges, where all edge costs and node prizes are specified with d bits of precision. Moreover, our algorithm maintains the Lagrangian-preserving factor-2 approximation guarantee of the GW scheme. Similar to [Cole, Hariharan, Lewenstein, and Porat, SODA 2001], we use dynamic edge splitting in order to efficiently process all cluster merge and deactivation events in the moat-growing stage of the GW scheme. Our edge splitting rules are more adaptive to the input, thereby reducing the amount of time spent on processing intermediate edge events. Numerical experiments based on the public DIMACS test instances show that our edge splitting rules are very effective in practice. In most test cases, the number of edge events processed per edge is less than 2 on average. On a laptop computer from 2010, the longest running time of our implementation on a DIMACS challenge instance is roughly 1.3 seconds (the corresponding instance has about 340,000 edges). Since the running time of our algorithm scales nearly linearly with the input size and exhibits good constant factors, we believe that our algorithm could potentially be useful in a variety of applied settings.
Multi-parameter paraproducts

We prove that the classical Coifman-Meyer theorem holds on any polydisc $\T^d$ of arbitrary dimension $d\geq 1$.
The GNOME project: a case study of open source, global software development

Many successful free/open source software (FOSS) projects start with the premise that their contributors are rarely colocated, and as a consequence, these projects are cases of global software development (GSD). This article describes how the GNOME Project, a large FOSS project, has tried to overcome the disadvantages of GSD. The main goal of GNOME is to create a GUI desktop for Unix systems, and encompasses close to two million lines of code. More than 500 individuals (distributed across the world) have contributed to the project. This article also describes the software development methods and practices used by the members of the project, and its organizational structure. The article ends by proposing a list of practices that could benefit other global software development projects, both FOSS and commercial. Copyright  2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parents of children with psychopathology: psychiatric problems and the association with their child’s problems

Knowledge is lacking regarding current psychopathology in parents whose children are evaluated in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. This especially accounts for fathers. We provide insight into the prevalence rates of parental psychopathology and the association with their offspring psychopathology by analyzing data on psychiatric problems collected in 701 mothers and 530 fathers of 757 referred children. Prevalence rates of parental psychopathology were based on (sub)clinical scores on the adult self report. Parent–offspring associations were investigated in multivariate analyses taking into account co-morbidity. Around 20 % of the parents had a (sub)clinical score on internalizing problems and around 10 % on attention deficit hyperactivity (ADH) problems. Prevalence rates did not differ between mothers and fathers. Parent–offspring associations did not differ between girls and boys. Maternal anxiety was associated with all offspring problem scores. In addition, maternal ADH problems were associated with offspring ADH problems. Paternal anxiety and ADH problems scores were specifically associated with offspring internalizing and externalizing problem scores, respectively. Associations with offspring psychopathology were of similar magnitude for mothers and fathers and were not influenced by spousal resemblance. Our study shows that both fathers and mothers are at increased risk for psychiatric problems at the time of a child’s evaluation and that their problems are equally associated with their offspring problems. The results emphasize the need to screen mothers as well as fathers for psychiatric problems. Specific treatment programs should be developed for these families in especially high need.