LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Women's fear of crime and preference for formidable mates: How specific are the underlying psychological mechanisms?

15 Previous research shows that feelings of vulnerability, as measured by fear of crime, are associated 16 with preferences for physically formidable and dominant mates (PPFDM), ostensibly because of the 17 physical protection such mates can afford. In the lab and in the field, we tested whether the 18 relationship between PPFDM and fear of crime is pronounced when the risk of crime is relatively 19 high, and for crimes that are evolutionarily more costly. In Study 1, women were presented with 20 daytime and night time images that featured a lone shadowy male figure, crime hotspots and 21 safespots, and they reported their risk of victimisation in the situation depicted in the image. In 22 Study 2, we had female participants walk through crime hotspots and safespots in a city centre 23 during the daytime, and had them report their perceived victimisation risk for different types of 24 crime, perpetrated by a maleversus female. Participants in Study 1 and 2 also completed a scale 25 that measures PPFDM. In both studies, we found that PPFDM was positively associated with fear of 26 crime in hotspots and in safespots. Additionally, fear of crime was significantly affected by risk 27 situation (i.e., safespot versus hotspot, night time versus daytime). The relationship between PPFDM 28 and fear, however, did not vary in relation to risk situation, perpetrator gender, or crime type, 29 suggesting that the psychological mechanisms underlying the relationship between perceived risk of 30 victimisation and PPFDM are general in nature. Women who prefer physically formidable and 31 dominant mates tend to feel more at risk of crime, regardless of the situational risk factors present. 32
Towards a Better Understanding of Predict and Count Models

In a recent paper, Levy and Goldberg [2] pointed out an interesting connection between prediction-based word embedding models and count models based on pointwise mutual information. Under certain conditions, they showed that both models end up optimizing equivalent objective functions. This paper explores this connection in more detail and lays out the factors leading to differences between these models. We find that the most relevant differences from an optimization perspective are (i) predict models work in a low dimensional space where embedding vectors can interact heavily; (ii) since predict models have fewer parameters, they are less prone to overfitting. Motivated by the insight of our analysis, we show how count models can be regularized in a principled manner and provide closed-form solutions for L1 and L2 regularization. Finally, we propose a new embedding model with a convex objective and the additional benefit of being intelligible.
A copula-based approach to account for dependence in stress-strength models

The focus of stress-strength models is on the evaluation of the probability R = P (Y < X) that stress Y experienced by a component does not exceed strength X required to overcome it. In reliability studies, X and Y are typically modeled as independent. Nevertheless, in many applications such an assumption may be unrealistic. This is an interesting methodological issue, especially as the estimation of R for dependent stress and strength has received only limited attention to date. This paper aims to fill this gap by evaluating R taking into account the association between X and Y via a copula-based approach. We calculate a closed-form expression for R by modeling the dependence through a Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern copula and one of its extensions, numerical solutions for R are, instead, provided when members of Frank’s copula family are employed. The marginal distributions are assumed to belong to the Burr system (i.e. Burr III, Dagum or Singh-Maddala type). In all the cases, we prove that neglect of the existing dependence leads to higher or lower values of R than is the case. keywords and Phrases: Reliability, Burr distributions, Kendall’s tau, Farlie-GumbelMorgenstern copula, Frank copula
Efficacy and safety of levomilnacipran sustained release 40 mg, 80 mg, or 120 mg in major depressive disorder: a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE
This phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of fixed-dose levomilnacipran sustained release (SR) compared with placebo in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD); the study was conducted from September 2009-May 2011.


METHOD
Outpatients met DSM-IV-TR criteria for MDD with an ongoing major depressive episode ≥ 8 weeks' duration. After a 1-week placebo lead-in, patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 179) or levomilnacipran SR 40 mg (n = 181), 80 mg (n = 181), or 120 mg (n = 183) once daily for 8 weeks of double-blind treatment, followed by a 2-week double-blind down-taper. The primary efficacy parameter was change from baseline on the clinician-rated Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score. The prespecified secondary efficacy parameter was change from baseline in Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) total score. Additional efficacy measures included the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS(17)) and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and -Improvement (CGI-I). Safety and tolerability were also evaluated.


RESULTS
The least squares mean difference (LSMD) for change from baseline in MADRS total score was significantly superior to placebo for all dose groups: -3.23 (P = .0186), -3.99 (P = .0038), and -4.86 (P = .0005) for levomilnacipran SR 40, 80, and 120 mg, respectively. The LSMD was significantly different for levomilnacipran SR 80 mg and 120 mg versus placebo on the SDS (-2.51 and -2.57, respectively, P < .05 for both doses), HDRS(17) (-2.09 and -2.34, respectively, P < .05 for both doses), CGI-S (-0.43 [P < .01] and -0.35 [P < .05], respectively), and CGI-I (-0.34 and -0.32, respectively, P < .05 for both doses) assessments. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (≥ 10% of any treatment group) were headache, nausea, constipation, dry mouth, increased heart rate, and hyperhidrosis.


CONCLUSIONS
Levomilnacipran SR demonstrated significant improvement in depressive symptoms and functioning relative to placebo. In this study, levomilnacipran SR was generally well tolerated.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00969709.
The Hemiptera (Insecta) of Canada: Constructing a Reference Library of DNA Barcodes

DNA barcode reference libraries linked to voucher specimens create new opportunities for high-throughput identification and taxonomic re-evaluations. This study provides a DNA barcode library for about 45% of the recognized species of Canadian Hemiptera, and the publically available R workflow used for its generation. The current library is based on the analysis of 20,851 specimens including 1849 species belonging to 628 genera and 64 families. These individuals were assigned to 1867 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), sequence clusters that often coincide with species recognized through prior taxonomy. Museum collections were a key source for identified specimens, but we also employed high-throughput collection methods that generated large numbers of unidentified specimens. Many of these specimens represented novel BINs that were subsequently identified by taxonomists, adding barcode coverage for additional species. Our analyses based on both approaches includes 94 species not listed in the most recent Canadian checklist, representing a potential 3% increase in the fauna. We discuss the development of our workflow in the context of prior DNA barcode library construction projects, emphasizing the importance of delineating a set of reference specimens to aid investigations in cases of nomenclatural and DNA barcode discordance. The identification for each specimen in the reference set can be annotated on the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD), allowing experts to highlight questionable identifications; annotations can be added by any registered user of BOLD, and instructions for this are provided.
Svelte integrated delivery system performance examined through diagnostic catheter delivery: the SPEED registry.

AIMS
The multi-center SPEED registry evaluated the procedural success and in-hospital clinical outcomes of direct stenting with the Svelte 'all-in-one' coronary stent Integrated Delivery System (IDS) through diagnostic catheters to identify the clinical indications for which this approach is appropriately suited.


METHODS & RESULTS
Forty-eight (48) patients with 54 lesions of lengths ≤20 mm and RVD 2.5-3.5 mm were targeted for direct stenting through diagnostic catheters (4-6F) via radial or femoral approach. Procedural characteristics early in an investigator's experience (28 lesions) were compared with outcomes following experience (26 lesions). Procedure, device and strategy success were realized in 54 (100%), 50 (93%) and 46 (85%) lesions, respectively, with strategy success significantly related to RVD (P = 0.05), lesion location (P = 0.01), and diagnostic catheter size (P = 0.05). Significant improvement in crossing and intervention time and trends toward improvement in device and strategy success, reductions in procedure and radiation time and contrast use were observed.


CONCLUSIONS
Direct stenting through diagnostic catheters via radial or femoral approach using the Svelte IDS is feasible and associated with good in-hospital outcomes. This approach offers the attractive option of assessing lesions via diagnostic catheter and, depending upon vessel anatomy and lesion morphology, continuing with ad-hoc interventional treatment using the same diagnostic catheter. Improvements in strategy success and procedural efficiencies, based on operator experience, facilitate catheter downsizing and reduce intervention time, ancillary product use and overall procedure costs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rosiglitazone decreases bone mineral density and increases bone turnover in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

CONTEXT
Postmenopausal status and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are independent risk factors for fractures. An increased fracture risk has been observed with rosiglitazone (RSG), a thiazolidinedione, in patients with T2DM.


DESIGN AND SETTING
This was a randomized, double-blind study in postmenopausal women with T2DM. A 52-week double-blind phase (RSG or metformin [MET]) was followed by a 24-week open-label phase, during which time all patients received MET.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary endpoint was to assess the mean percentage change in bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck (FN) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry from baseline to week 52 in the RSG treatment group. Key secondary objectives included assessment of changes in BMD at the total hip, trochanter, and lumbar spine and to evaluate RSG effects on bone turnover markers.


RESULTS
From baseline to week 52, RSG was associated with a reduction in FN BMD by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (-1.47%). During the open-label phase (weeks 52-76), no further loss in FN BMD was observed. A decrease in BMD occurred at the total hip during RSG or MET treatment at 52 weeks (-1.62 and -0.72%, respectively). Total hip BMD loss by RSG was attenuated after switching to MET and was similar between treatment groups at the end of the open-label phase. From baseline to week 52, bone turnover markers significantly increased with RSG compared with MET, but decreased significantly during the open-label phase.


CONCLUSIONS
RSG for 52 weeks in postmenopausal women with T2DM was associated with small reductions in FN, total hip, and lumbar spine BMD and increased bone turnover markers. These effects are attenuated after cessation of RSG treatment.
The natural history of adult pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a prospective multicentre study

BACKGROUND
The natural history of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) has been unclear due to the absence of prospective studies. The rate of patients who experience an early progression of their disease is unknown. Additionally, conflicting effects of smoking cessation on the outcome of PLCH have been reported.


METHODS
In this prospective, multicentre study, 58 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed PLCH were comprehensively evaluated over a two-year period. Our objectives were to estimate the incidence of early progression of the disease and to evaluate the impact of smoking status on lung function outcomes. Lung function deterioration was defined as a decrease of at least 15% in FEV1 and/or FVC and/or DLCO, compared with baseline values. At each visit, smoking status was recorded based on the patients' self-reports and urinary cotinine measurements that were blinded for the patients. The cumulative incidence of lung function outcomes over time was estimated using the non-parametric Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox models with time-dependent covariates were used to calculate the hazards ratios of the lung function deterioration associated with smoking status with adjustment for potential confounders.


RESULTS
The cumulative incidence of lung function deterioration at 24 months was 38% (22% for FEV1 and DLCO, and 9% for FVC). In the multivariate analysis, smoking status and PaO2 at inclusion were the only factors associated with the risk of lung function deterioration. The patients' smoking statuses markedly changed over time. Only 20% of the patients quit using tobacco for the entire study period. Nevertheless, being a non-smoker was associated with a decreased risk of subsequent lung function deterioration, even after adjustment for baseline predictive factors. By serial lung computed tomography, the extent of cystic lesions increased in only 11% of patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Serial lung function evaluation on a three- to six-month basis is essential for the follow-up of patients with recently diagnosed PLCH to identify those who experience an early progression of their disease. These patients are highly addicted to tobacco, and robust efforts should be undertaken to include them in smoking cessation programs.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov: No: NCT01225601 .
Charles Babbage and the engines of perfection [Reviews]

The Reviews Department includes reviews of publications, films, audio and videotapes, and exhibits relating to the history of computing. Full length studies of technical, economic, business, social and institutional aspects or other works of interest to Annals readers are briefly noted, with appropriate bibliographic information. Colleagues are encouraged to recommend works they wish to review and to suggest titles to the Reviews Editor.
Fasting intact proinsulin is a highly specific predictor of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE
In later stages of type 2 diabetes, proinsulin and proinsulin-like molecules are secreted in increasing amounts with insulin. A recently introduced chemiluminescence assay is able to detect the uncleaved "intact" proinsulin and differentiate it from proinsulin-like molecules. This investigation explored the predictive value of intact proinsulin as an insulin resistance marker.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In total, 48 patients with type 2 diabetes (20 women and 28 men, aged 60 +/- 9 years [means +/- SD], diabetes duration 5.1 +/- 3.8 years, BMI 31.2 +/- 4.8 kg/m2, and HbA1c 6.9 +/- 1.2%) were studied by means of an intravenous glucose tolerance test and determination of fasting values of intact proinsulin, insulin, resistin, adiponectin, and glucose. Insulin resistance was determined by means of minimal model analysis (MMA) (as the gold standard) and homeostatis model assessment (HOMA).


RESULTS
There was a significant correlation between intact proinsulin values and insulin resistance (MMA P<0.05 and HOMA P<0.01). Elevation of intact proinsulin values above the reference range (>10 pmol/l) showed a very high specificity (MMA 100% and HOMA 92.9%) and a moderate sensitivity (MMA 48.6% and HOMA 47.1%) as marker for insulin resistance. Adiponectin values were slightly lower in the insulin resistant group, but no correlation to insulin resistance could be detected for resistin in the cross-sectional design.


CONCLUSIONS
Elevated intact proinsulin seems to indicate an advanced stage of beta-cell exhaustion and is a highly specific marker for insulin resistance. It might be used as arbitrary marker for the therapeutic decision between secretagogue, sensitizer, or insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes.
The Economic Approach to Cities

The economic approach to cities relies on a spatial equilibrium for workers, employers and builders. The worker’s equilibrium implies that positive attributes in one location, like access to downtown or high wages, are offset by negative attributes, like high housing prices. The employer’s equilibrium requires that high wages be offset by a high level of productivity, perhaps due to easy access to customers or suppliers. The search for the sources of productivity differences that can justify high wages is the basis for the study of agglomeration economies which has been a significant branch of urban economics in the past 20 years. The builder’s equilibrium condition pushes us to understand the causes of supply differences across space that can explain why some places have abundant construction and low prices while others have little construction and high prices. Since the economic theory of cities emphasizes a search for exogenous causes of endogenous outcomes like local wages, housing prices and city growth, it is unsurprising that the economic empirics on cities have increasingly focused on the quest for exogenous sources of variation. The economic approach to urban policy emphasizes the need to focus on people, rather than places, as the ultimate objects of policy concern and the need for policy to anticipate the mobility of people and firms. * I am grateful to the Taubman Center for State and Local Government for financial support. Kristina Tobio provided excellent research assistance. This essay was written for an edited multi-disciplinary volume on how different disciplines approach cities and it is meant to give non-economists a sense of the economic approach to cities. 2
Variables associated with feeding tube placement in head and neck cancer.

OBJECTIVE
To identify clinical factors associated with enteral feeding tube placement in a head and neck cancer population.


DESIGN
A self-administered survey was given to patients being treated for head and neck cancer while they were waiting to be seen in 1 of 4 otolaryngology clinics. The post hoc analysis presented here combines survey and chart review data to determine clinical and demographic variables associated with feeding tube placement.


SETTING
Four otolaryngology clinics.


PATIENTS
Otolaryngology clinic patients being treated for head and neck cancer.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Enteral feeding tube placement.


RESULTS
Of the 724 patients eligible for this study, 14% (n = 98) required enteral feeding tube placement. Multivariate analysis found the following variables to be independently associated with feeding tube placement: oropharynx/hypopharynx tumor site (odds ratio [OR], 2.4; P = .01), tumor stage III/IV (OR, 2.1; P = .03), flap reconstruction (OR, 2.2; P = .004), current tracheotomy (OR, 8.0; P<.001), chemotherapy (OR, 2.6; P<.001), and increased age (OR, 1.3; P = .02). In addition, there was a curvilinear relationship between time since treatment and feeding tube placement, with about 30% having a feeding tube at 1 month posttreatment, tapering down during the first 3 years to about 8% and leveling off thereafter.


CONCLUSIONS
Identification of factors associated with an increased risk of feeding tube placement may allow physicians to better counsel patients regarding the possibility of feeding tube placement during treatment. Since feeding tube placement has been linked to decreased quality of life in head and neck cancer, such counseling is an integral part of the clinical management of these patients.
Definition of descriptors for semantic image interpretation

A lot of effort has been put into researching image interpretation, but there is still no universally accepted approach to map low-level feature into high level image semantic interpretation [1]. In this paper, a method for continuous low-level features vector quantization is presented so as to define appropriate values for descriptive variables. The similarity among different concepts of the domain is examined and compared by using the measure of similarity which is based on the probabilistic model and the measure of distance. Also, an abstract image description vector suitable for image analysis is given.
The transverse myocutaneous gracilis flap: technical refinements.

UNLABELLED
Autologous free tissue transfer is an ideal method for breast reconstruction. The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is considered the gold-standard procedure worldwide. However, in selected patients this flap cannot be performed to achieve satisfactory outcomes. The transverse myocutaneous gracilis (TMG) flap is one of the most recent additions to the armamentarium of breast-reconstructive surgeons. This flap can provide adequate autologous tissue with a hidden scar. Since its description for breast reconstruction in 2004, no series have been published and its recognition is still lacking. The main criticism of this flap is the lack of volume that can be achieved and the potential for donor morbidity. We report upon a 2-year experience with the use of TMG flaps for breast reconstruction, assessing the potential indications and introducing some technical refinements in order to expand the role of this flap in breast reconstruction.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Information regarding all TMG flaps performed in the period between January 2006 and December 2007 was prospectively collected. Indications and outcomes were reviewed. The surgical technique was revised and standardised to achieve a routine set-up.


RESULTS
During the study period, 19 TMG flaps were performed in 12 patients (seven double procedures: five bilateral cases and two stacked flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction). One flap was lost 9 days postoperatively. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 2 years. We detail our surgical technique and describe refinements to speed up flap harvest, increase flap volume, optimise flap inset and minimise donor-site complications.


CONCLUSION
Although the DIEP flap is still our preferred choice for breast reconstruction, the TMG flap is suitable as a first-line option in small-to-moderate breasted women or as a second-line choice for larger-breasted women for whom the DIEP flap may not be the preferred choice. It is also a reliable salvage flap in cases of previous flap failure.
Fatal Half Measures: The Culture of Democracy in the Soviet Union

In essays and poetry, the author reveals the growth of his own intellectual and artistic development, and that of his contemporaries and the cultural and social pressures they continually confronted. He defends his theory that "perestroika" has been quietly underway since the death of Stalin.
Comment on the ``Invariance of the Tunneling Method for Dynamical Black Holes''

In the recent paper arXiv:0906.1725 it has been guessed that a ``correct'' treatment of the semi-classical tunneling based on the Hamilton-Jacobi equation gives the standard Hawking formula, contrary to was asserted in my previous paper arXiv:0904.4572. Here I confirm my calculation showing where the article of Di Criscienzo et al. is wrong.