LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Sugar alcohols—their role in the modern world of sweeteners: a review

observed. It was mainly due to the developments in biological studies, the change of a population lifestyle and the increase in the consumer awareness concerning food products. The health quality of food depends mainly on nutrients, but also on foreign substances such as food additives. The presence of foreign substances in the food can be justified, allowed or tolerated only when they are harmless to our health. Epidemic obesity and diabetes encouraged the growth of the artificial sweetener industry. There are more and more people who are trying to lose weight or keeping the weight off; therefore, sweeteners can be now found in almost all food products. There are two main types of sweeteners, i.e., nutritive and artificial ones. The latter does not provide calories and will not influence blood glucose; however, some of nutritive sweeteners such as sugar alcohols also characterize with lower blood glucose response and can be metabolized without insulin, being at the same time natural compounds. Sugar alcohols (polyols or polyhydric alcohols) are low digestible carbohydrates, which are obtained by substituting and aldehyde group with a hydroxyl one [1, 2]. As most of sugar alcohols are produced from their corresponding aldose sugars, they are also called alditols [3]. Among sugar alcohols can be listed hydrogenated monosaccharides (sorbitol, mannitol), hydrogenated disaccharides (isomalt, maltitol, lactitol) and mixtures of hydrogenated mono-diand/or oligosaccharides (hydrogenated starch hydrolysates) [1, 2, 4]. Polyols are naturally present in smaller quantities in fruits as well as in certain kinds of vegetables or mushrooms, and they are also regulated as either generally recognized as safe or food additives [5–7]. Food additives are substances that are added intentionally to foodstuffs in order to perform certain technological functions such as to give color, to sweeten or to help in food preservation. Abstract Epidemic obesity and diabetes encouraged the changes in population lifestyle and consumers’ food products awareness. Food industry has responded people’s demand by producing a number of energy-reduced products with sugar alcohols as sweeteners. These compounds are usually produced by a catalytic hydrogenation of carbohydrates, but they can be also found in nature in fruits, vegetables or mushrooms as well as in human organism. Due to their properties, sugar alcohols are widely used in food, beverage, confectionery and pharmaceutical industries throughout the world. They have found use as bulk sweeteners that promote dental health and exert prebiotic effect. They are added to foods as alternative sweeteners what might be helpful in the control of calories intake. Consumption of low-calorie foods by the worldwide population has dramatically increased, as well as health concerns associated with the consequent high intake of sweeteners. This review deals with the role of commonly used sugar alcohols such as erythritol, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol as sugar substitutes in food industry.
Review and Outlook on Basin Ecological Compensation

With the development of economics and ecological environment degradation of basin,basin ecological compensation attracts extensive attention of scholars. This paper reviews the basin ecological compensation from aspects of concept,classification and mechanism design.It also summaries the deficiencies of informed researches and proposes the future research directions in accordance with the existing deficiencies.
A Model Seeker: Extracting Global Constraint Models from Positive Examples

Sequence Generator Projection Constraint Conjunction 1 scheme(612,34,18,34,1) id alldifferent*18 2 scheme(612,34,18,2,2) id alldifferent*153 3 scheme(612,34,18,1,18) id alldifferent*34 4 scheme(612,34,18,1,18) absolute value symmetric alldifferent([1..18])*34 5 scheme(612,34,18,17,1) absolute value alldifferent*36 6 repart(612,34,18,34,9) id sum ctr(0)*306 7 repart(612,34,18,34,9) id twin*1 8 repart(612,34,18,34,9) id elements([i,-i ])*1 9 first(9,[1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17]) id strictly increasing*1 10 vector(612) id global cardinality([-18.. -1-17,0-0,1..18-17])*1 11 repart(612,34,18,34,9) id sum powers5 ctr(0)*306 12 repart(612,34,18,34,9) id sum cubes ctr(0)*306 13 repart(612,34,18,34,3) sign global cardinality([-1-3,0-0,1-3])*102 14 scheme(612,34,18,34,1) sign global cardinality([-1-17,0-0,1-17])*18 15 repart(612,34,18,17,9) sign global cardinality([-1-2,0-0,1-2])*153 16 repart(612,34,18,2,9) sign global cardinality([-1-17,0-0,1-17])*18 17 scheme(612,34,18,1,18) sign global cardinality([-1-9,0-0,1-9])*34 18 repart(612,34,18,34,9) sign sum ctr(0)*306 19 repart(612,34,18,34,9) sign twin*1 20 repart(612,34,18,34,9) absolute value twin*1 21 repart(612,34,18,34,9) sign elements([i,-i ])*1 22 scheme(612,34,18,34,1) sign among seq(3,[-1])*18 23 repart(612,34,18,34,9) absolute value elements([i,i ])*1 24 first(9,[1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17]) absolute value strictly increasing*1 25 first(6,[1,4,7,10,13,16]) absolute value strictly increasing*1 26 scheme(612,34,18,34,1) absolute value nvalue(17)*18 Selected Example Results
Peripheral neuropathy in ANCA-associated vasculitis: outcomes from the European Vasculitis Study Group trials.

OBJECTIVES
To describe the incidence and prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV); to evaluate the correlation of neuropathy with other clinical manifestations; and to review the long-term outcome of treated neuropathy.


METHODS
Presence of neuropathy was determined using items from the BVAS and vasculitis damage index (VDI) during 5 years from enrollment into clinical trials conducted by the European Vasculitis Study Group (EUVAS).


RESULTS
Forty (8%) of 506 patients had vasculitic neuropathy at baseline. Incidence of vasculitic motor-involving neuropathy was identical between microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) [16 (7%) out of 237] and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) [19 (7%) out of 269], P = 0.94. Pure sensory neuropathy was reported in 5 (2%) out of 269 patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis, but not in patients with MPA, P = 0.065. Vasculitic neuropathy at baseline was associated with systemic [odds ratio (OR) = 1.81], cutaneous (OR = 1.29), mucous membranes (OR = 1.21) and ENT (OR = 1.14) manifestations of vasculitis (P < 0.05 for all). There was no association between neuropathy and renal, chest, cardiovascular or abdominal vasculitis or with overall mortality. Of the 40 patients with vasculitic neuropathy at baseline, 35% had complete resolution within 6 months. The cumulative prevalence of chronic neuropathy at any time up to 5 years was 15% (75 of 506). Chronic neuropathy was associated with older age [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.03], higher BVAS (HR = 1.07) and lower baseline creatinine (HR = 0.82) (P < 0.01 for all).


CONCLUSION
Peripheral neuropathy is an occasional accompaniment of AAV that typically remits in concert with non-neuropathic manifestations, usually involves motor nerves, often produces long-lasting symptoms and is not associated with life-threatening organ involvement.
Genetic algorithm-based heuristic for feature selection in credit risk assessment

In this paper, an advanced novel heuristic algorithm is presented, the hybrid genetic algorithm with neural networks (HGA-NN), which is used to identify an optimum feature subset and to increase the classification accuracy and scalability in credit risk assessment. This algorithm is based on the following basic hypothesis: the high-dimensional input feature space can be preliminarily restricted to only the important features. In this preliminary restriction, fast algorithms for feature ranking and earlier experience are used. Additionally, enhancements are made in the creation of the initial population, as well as by introducing an incremental stage in the genetic algorithm. The performances of the proposed HGA-NN classifier are evaluated using a real-world credit dataset that is collected at a Croatian bank, and the findings are further validated on another real-world credit dataset that is selected in a UCI database. The classification accuracy is compared with that presented in the literature. Experimental results that were achieved using the proposed novel HGA-NN classifier are promising for feature selection and classification in retail credit risk assessment and indicate that the HGA-NN classifier is a promising addition to existing data mining techniques. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Osmotic Computing: A New Paradigm for Edge/Cloud Integration

Osmotic computing is a new paradigm to support the efficient execution of Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications at the network edge. This paradigm is founded on the need for a holistic distributed system abstraction enabling the deployment of lightweight microservices on resource-constrained IoT platforms at the network edge, coupled with more complex microservices running on large-scale datacenters. This paradigm is driven by the significant increase in resource capacity/capability at the network edge, along with support for data transfer protocols that enable such resources to interact more seamlessly with datacenter-based services. This installment of "Blue Skies" discusses osmotic computing features, challenges, and future directions.
Effect of calendar aging on li ion battery degradation and SOH

This paper discusses the impact of calendar ageing on the anode and the concentration of lithium ions in the anode structure. It discusses the modeling of the calendar ageing, its implementation in the 3D First Principle Based Degradation Model (3DM) of the battery and the results that were observed as a result of calendar ageing over a period of 4–6 years. The paper also relates these physical degradation phenomena with the impact that they have on the parameters of the Equivalent Circuit Model of the battery. The paper uses the capacity degradation and the increase in the internal resistance of the battery to showcase the impact of calendar ageing on the State of Health of the battery.
Five-year changes in periodontal disease measures among postmenopausal females: the Buffalo OsteoPerio study.

BACKGROUND
Understanding of longitudinal characteristics of periodontal disease in older females is limited. This study examined 5-year changes in periodontal disease measures among postmenopausal females.


METHODS
Participants were 1,025 postmenopausal, 53- to 83-year-old females who completed baseline (1997 to 2001) and 5-year follow-up (2002 to 2006) whole-mouth oral examinations in a study ancillary to the Women's Health Initiative. Periodontal disease was characterized using probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), alveolar crest height (ACH), and tooth loss. Differences in measures between examinations were used to characterize patterns of change.


RESULTS
Baseline prevalence of none/mild, moderate, and severe periodontal disease defined using criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was 27%, 58%, and 15%, respectively. Tooth loss attributable to periodontitis occurred in 13% of females. Mean ± SD changes in whole-mouth mean measures showed progression when based on ACH (-0.19 ± 0.49 mm) yet relatively stable disease when based on PD (0.11 ± 0.42 mm) and CAL (0.06 ± 0.58 mm). Mean change in worst-site ACH was greater (P <0.001) in females with severe periodontitis and osteoporosis at baseline and with tooth loss during follow-up. Periodontal changes did not differ according to baseline age, hormone therapy use, smoking status, or age at menopause.


CONCLUSIONS
Five-year changes in periodontal measures among generally healthy postmenopausal females were, on average, small and did not suggest a consistent pattern of disease progression. Females with history of severe periodontitis or osteoporosis may experience accelerated oral bone loss despite stability or small improvement in routine probing measures.
Constructing Red−Black Trees

This paper explores the structure of red black trees by solving an apparently simple prob lem given an ascending sequence of elements construct a red black tree which contains the elements in symmetric order Several extreme red black tree shapes are character ized trees of minimum and maximum height trees with a minimal and with a maximal proportion of red nodes These characterizations are obtained by relating tree shapes to various number systems In addition connections to left complete trees AVL trees and half balanced trees are highlighted
Pretreatment prognostic factors for overall survival in primary resistant acute myeloid leukemia.

AIM
Primary resistant acute myeloid leukemia has a very poor prognosis. We assessed pretreatment parameters for their significance as prognostic factors in the overall survival (OS) of 53 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients who had failed to achieve complete remission (CR) after first-line standard-dose remission-induction therapy.


RESULTS
During the period January 2005-December 2009, 53 with acute myeloid leukemia received two cycles of the 3+7 protocol as a first-line standard-dose remission-induction therapy (ARA-C, days 1-7 and daunorubicin, days 1-3). The HiDAC (5 patients), MiDAC (7 patients), and FLAG-IDA protocols (3 patients) were given as salvage therapy. None of these patients achieved CR. There were 27 (51%) males and 26 (49%) females (median age, 55 years, range 28-76). The median white blood cell count was 53 (range 0.9 -350)×10(9)/L, platelets 44 (range 3-856×10(9)/l) and bone marrow blasts 67%. HCT-IC comorbidity scores were 3 in two (3.8%) patients, 2 in 11 (20.8%), 1 in 12 (22.6%) and 0 in 16 (30.2%) patients. Median OS was 3.9 months (range 1 -20 months). The hepatomegaly, white blood cell count, ECOG PS, serum level of lactate dehydrogenase, dysplastic changes, coexpression of CD64, CD15, CD11b, comorbidities and disease cytogenetics influenced survival.


CONCLUSION
This single-center study evaluated the significance of pretreatment factors, and found that patient age, comorbidities, ECOG performance status, leukocytosis, hepatomegaly, LDH, and the disease cytogenetics were factors which influenced the outcomes of primary resistant patients with acute myeloid leukemia. An understanding of these factors may help to predict OS in cases where CR has not been achieved and may help when making further treatment decisions.
Seasonal mixed layer salinity balance of the tropical North Atlantic Ocean

[1] In this study the causes of the seasonal cycle of mixed layer salinity in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean are investigated from a combination of satellite, atmospheric reanalysis, and in situ data sets. Results indicate that the salinity balance varies regionally, leading to a seasonal cycle in sea surface salinity (SSS) with significant spatial inhomogeneity. For example, horizontal salinity advection plays a key role in the salinity balance of the western tropical North Atlantic (10–25 N, 50–65 W), where seasonal variations in SSS are relatively large. In contrast, in the north-central basin (15–25 N, 20–50 W), freshening from meridional advection balances an excess of evaporation over precipitation, resulting in a very weak seasonal cycle of mixed layer salinity. Farther south (5–15 N, 20–45 W), seasonal variations of precipitation are more significant and drive a pronounced seasonal cycle of mixed layer salinity. Throughout most of the tropical North Atlantic the sum of the surface moisture flux and horizontal advection underestimates the mixed layer salinity tendency during boreal fall and winter. This is the time of year with highest wind speeds and highest negative buoyancy flux, suggesting that vertical turbulent entrainment of high-salinity thermocline water may be important. Daily measurements from a moored buoy in the central tropical North Atlantic are consistent with this interpretation. The results of this study highlight the complexity of the seasonal salinity balance in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean and the need for continued in situ monitoring of upper ocean salinity and currents to complement future space-based surface salinity measurements.
Some challenging typing issues in object-oriented languages

In this paper we discuss some of the remaining problems in the design of static type systems for object-oriented programming languages. We look at typing problems involved in writing a simple interpreter as a good example of a simple problem leading to dicult typing issues. The diculties encountered seem to arise in situations where a programmer desires to simultaneously refine mutually interdependent classes and object types.
Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe and its prevention by available vaccines

Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE), which is caused by a Flavivirus, is the most common tick-transmitted disease in Central and Eastern Europe and Russia. Today, TBE is endemic in 27 European countries, and has become an international public health problem. The epidemiology of TBE is changing owing to various factors, such as improvements in diagnosis and case reporting, increased recreational activities in areas populated by ticks, and changes in climatic conditions affecting tick habitats. Vaccination remains the most effective protective measure against TBE for people living in risk zones, occupationally exposed subjects and travelers to endemic areas. The vaccines currently in use are FSME-Immun(®), Encepur(®), EnceVir(®) and TBE vaccine Moscow(®). The numerous studies performed on the efficacy and safety of these vaccines have shown a high level of immunogenicity and an excellent safety profile. Several studies have also shown a high level of cross-protection among strains belonging to different subtypes.   In the present paper we attempted to describe the continuously changing epidemiology of TBE in European States and to overview clinical development of available vaccines paying particular attention on cross-protection elicited by the vaccines.
Integration of Usability Techniques into the Software Development Process

Software development organisations are paying more and more attention to the usability of their software products. To raise the usability level of the software product, it is necessary to employ usability techniques, but their use is far from straightforward since they are not, in most cases, integrated with the software engineering development processes. Offering average software developers a way to integrate usability activities and techniques into their existing software development process can bridge the gap between usability and software engineering practice. The only requirement is for the existing process to be based on iterative refinement. We present a handy grouping of usability techniques as increments that developers can introduce into their software development process. We have arrived at this result by surveying the usability literature, adapting usability concepts to software engineering terminology, and examining the development time constraints on the application of usability activities and techniques.
Geometric and mathematical proportions and their relations to maxillary anterior teeth.

AIM
One of the critical aspects of esthetic dentistry is creating geometric or mathematical proportions to relate the successive widths of the anterior teeth. The golden proportion, the recurring esthetic dental (RED) proportion, and the golden percentage are theories introduced in this field. The aim of this study was to investigate the existence of the golden proportion, RED proportion, and the golden percentage between the widths of the maxillary anterior teeth in individuals with natural dentition.


METHODS AND MATERIALS
Standardized frontal images of 376 dental student smiles were captured. The images were transferred to a personal computer, the widths of the maxillary anterior teeth were measured, and calculations were made according to each of the above mentioned theories. The data were statistically analyzed using paired student T-test (level of significance P<0.05).


RESULTS
The golden proportion was found to be accurate between the width of the right central and lateral incisors in 31.3% of men and 27.1% of women. The values of the RED proportion were not constant, and the farther the one moves distally from the midline the higher the values. Furthermore, the results revealed the golden percentage was rather constant in terms of relative tooth width. The width of the central incisor represents 23%, the lateral incisor 15%, and the canine 12% of the width of the six maxillary anterior teeth as viewed from the front.


CONCLUSIONS
Both the golden proportion and the RED proportion are unsuitable methods to relate the successive widths of the maxillary anterior teeth. However, the golden percentage theory seems to be applicable to relate the successive widths of the maxillary anterior teeth if percentages are adjusted taking into consideration the ethnicity of the population.
An unusual cause of acute renal failure in a newborn: hydrometrocolpos

Here we report on an unusual cause of acute renal failure in a newborn: hydrometrocolpos due to imperforate hymen. Hymenotomy resolved all of the laboratory and clinical abnormalities of the patient and the baby was sent home healthy.
Intensification of diabetes medication and risk for 30-day readmission.

AIM
To examine the association of in-hospital diabetes regimen intensification with subsequent 30-day risk for unplanned readmission/emergency department admission.


METHODS
We retrospectively studied 1949 adults with Type 2 diabetes receiving primary care within an academic health network admitted to the hospital between January 2007 and December 2009. Glucose therapy intensification was defined as new start of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents, or addition of prandial insulin or insulin mixtures. The association of glucose therapy intensification with subsequent 30-day risk for unplanned readmission/emergency department admission was examined, with focus on medicine service patients with poorly controlled glycaemia (baseline HbA(1c) ≥ 64 mmol/mol).


RESULTS
One in six patients (324/1949, 17%) had early readmission/emergency department admission. Compared with patients without early readmission, readmitted patients were more often male (58 vs. 52%, P = 0.03), had higher Charlson co-morbidity score [mean (sd) 3.0 (2.0) vs. 2.8 (1.8), P = 0.02], longer length of stay [5 (4.4) vs. 3.9 (3.3) days, P < 0.01] and were more often discharged home with nursing services (38 vs. 32%, P = 0.03). Overall, glucose therapy intensification was not associated with early hospital readmission/emergency department admission (odds ratio 0.94, 95% CI 0.64-1.37, P = 0.74). However, among medicine service patients with baseline HbA(1c) ≥ 64 mmol/mol (8%), glucose therapy intensification was associated with a significantly decreased early readmission risk (adjusted odds ratio 0.33, 95% CI 0.12-0.88, P = 0.03) and lower post-discharge HbA(1c) {mean decrease (sd): 20 (26) mmol/mol [1.8 (2.4)%] vs. 7 (15) mmol/mol [0.6 (1.4)%], P < 0.01}.


CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes medical regimen intensification during hospitalization was not associated with early readmission. Among patients with elevated HbA(1c) , glucose therapy intensification was associated with a decreased 30-day readmission/emergency department admission risk and lower outpatient HbA(1c) levels. Our findings support the safety and durable impact of diabetes regimen optimization during hospital admission.
Randomised placebo-controlled trial of lisinopril in normotensive patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria

Methods We carried out a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril in 530 men and women with IDDM aged 20–59 years with normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria. Patients were recruited from 18 European centres, and were not on medication for hypertension. Resting blood pressure at entry was at least 75 and no more than 90 mm Hg diastolic, and no more than 155 mm Hg systolic. Urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) was centrally assessed by means of two overnight urine collections at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.