LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Validity of negative high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging in transient acute cerebrovascular events.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
A significant amount of strokes are reported to be diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) negative in acute imaging. We attempted to quantify the rate of false-negative high-resolution (hr) DWI and to identify a valid screening tool to guide follow-up MRI to diagnose infarction initially not visible on hrDWI.


METHODS
An a priori-defined post hoc analysis of a prospective 3T MRI cohort of acute cerebrovascular events imaged within 24 hours of ictus. Basic demographics, risk factors, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, and imaging parameters were recorded.


RESULTS
Of 151 patients with negative acute hrDWI, 63 received follow-up scans depicting infarction in 7 cases (11.1%). Persistence of clinical symptoms as established by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale on the following day was strongly associated with infarction on follow-up MRI (odds ratios, 17.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.83-108.12). Negative predictive value of follow-up National Institute of Health Stroke Scale was 0.96.


CONCLUSIONS
Infarcts are frequently invisible on initial hrDWI, but we may well trust in negative hrDWI in completely transient cerebrovascular events.
Tactical Conflict Detection in Terminal Airspace

Air traffic systems have long relied on automated short-term conflict prediction algorithms to warn controllers of impending conflicts (losses of separation). The complexity of terminal airspace has proven difficult for such systems, as it often leads to excessive false alerts. Thus, the legacy system, calledConflictAlert, which currently provides shortterm alerts in both en route and terminal airspace, is often inhibited or desensitized in areas where frequent false alerts occur, even though the alerts are provided only when an aircraft is in dangerous proximity of other aircraft. This research investigates how a minimal level of flight-intent information may be used to improve short-term conflict detection in terminal airspace such that it can be used by the controller to maintain legal aircraft separation. The flight-intent information includes a site-specific nominal arrival route and inferred altitude clearances in addition to the flight plan that includes the area-navigation departure route. A new tactical conflict detection algorithm is proposed, which uses a single analytic trajectory, determined from the flight intent and the current state information of the aircraft, and includes a complex set of current, dynamic separation standards for terminal airspace. The new algorithm is compared with an algorithm that models a known en route algorithm and another algorithm that models Conflict Alert. This is done by analysis of false-alert rate and alert lead time with the use of recent real-world data of arrival and departure operations and a large set of operational error cases from theDallas/ Fort Worth terminal radar approach control. The new algorithm yielded a false-alert rate of two per hour and an average alert lead time of 38 s.
Finding Communities in Dynamic Social Networks

Communities are natural structures observed in social networks and are usually characterized as "relatively dense" subsets of nodes. Social networks change over time and so do the underlying community structures. Thus, to truly uncover this structure we must take the temporal aspect of networks into consideration. Previously, we have represented framework for finding dynamic communities using the social cost model and formulated the corresponding optimization problem [33], assuming that partitions of individuals into groups are given in each time step. We have also presented heuristics and approximation algorithms for the problem, with the same assumption [32]. In general, however, dynamic social networks are represented as a sequence of graphs of snapshots of the social network and the assumption that we have partitions of individuals into groups does not hold. In this paper, we extend the social cost model and formulate an optimization problem of finding community structure from the sequence of arbitrary graphs. We propose a semi definite programming formulation and a heuristic rounding scheme. We show, using synthetic data sets, that this method is quite accurate on synthetic data sets and present its results on a real social network.
Carvedilol for the treatment of refractory facial flushing and persistent erythema of rosacea.

Rosacea is a common facial disorder characterized by centrofacial erythema, flushing, telangiectasia, edema, papules, pustules, ocular lesions, and rhinophyma in various combinations. The skin lesions most commonly affect the convex areas of the nose, cheeks, chin, and forehead. Rosacea is classified as erythematotelangiectatic (ETR), papulopustular, and phymatous subtypes, and as ocular and granulomatous variants. The ETR subtype is typified by frequent episodes of facial flushing, telangiectasias, and persistent centrofacial erythema and may be accompanied by facial edema, burning, or stinging. Severe flushing can cause significant physical discomfort and emotional stress to the patients, and currently no satisfactory treatments are available.
Status of Problem-Based Learning Research in Pharmacy Education: A Call for Future Research.

Problem-based learning has been increasingly used in pharmacy education. Problem-based learning serves to enhance such skills as problem-solving, critical thinking, clinical reasoning and self-directed learning. The present review draws on previous research into PBL in medical education, and elucidates the applications and outcomes of PBL as applied to pharmacy education. Thus, this article serves to: review the current status of PBL research in pharmacy education, identify trends and student outcomes from the pharmacy courses that have used PBL; present a brief review of PBL research in medical education; and recommend future directions for PBL research in pharmacy education.
Euclidean Rings of Algebraic Integers

Let K be a finite Galois extension of the field of rational numbers with unit rank greater than 3. We prove that the ring of integers of K is a Euclidean domain if and only if it is a principal ideal domain. This was previously known under the assumption of the generalized Riemann hypothesis for Dedekind zeta functions. We now prove this unconditionally.
Pharmacy refill data can be used to predict virologic failure for patients on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil

INTRODUCTION
Pharmacy adherence measures such as pharmacy dispensing ratios (PDRs) have previously been shown to be predictive of virologic outcomes. We aimed to determine the optimal interval of PDR assessment for predicting virologic failure for HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART).


METHODS
Using national Brazilian ART pharmacy refill data, we examined PDRs for patients ≥18 years of age with at least one HIV RNA level ≥180 days after ART initiation on or after 1 January 2011. Patients with a documented ART change ≤270 days prior to viral load test date were excluded. Logistic regression models were used to describe associations between virologic failure, defined as an HIV RNA level ≥400 copies/mL and PDRs, defined as the number of days index drug dispensed (non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor or protease inhibitor) per 180- and 90-day, interval preceding viral load testing, adjusting for sex, age, race, time since ART initiation and index drug. Backward elimination of insignificant variables was performed after adjusting for PDR. A predictive probability of virologic failure was calculated using the corresponding odds ratios for the PDR and any other significant variables. The diagnostic performance of the PDR interval was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for the predictive probability with respect to virologic failure. Results and Discussion A total of 1,025 patients were included (68% were male, median age 40 years, median time on ART 3.4 years). The PDR was found to be significantly associated with virologic failure for all of the PDR intervals (p < 0.001). There was an increased risk of virologic failure for all PDRs <0.95. The 90-180 days interval had a AUROC of 0.842, compared to 0.841 and 0.829 for the 0-180 days and 0-90 days intervals, respectively. The PDR performed well as a predictive tool to identify patients in virologic failure with the 90-180-days interval prior to viral load testing being marginally more predictive.


CONCLUSIONS
The validation and use of the pharmacy dispensing ratio using public pharmacy refill data could aid in early identification of patients with poor adherence and prevent development of treatment failure and drug resistance in Brazil.
Some Simple Economics of Crowdfunding

Citation Agrawal, Ajay K., Catalini, Christian, and Goldfarb, Avi. "Some Simple Economics of Crowdfunding." Innovation Policy and the Economy 2013, ed. Josh Lerner and Scott Stern, Univeristy of Chicago Press, 2014, 1-47. © 2014 National Bureau of Economic Research Innovation Policy and the Economy As Published http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/I/bo185081 09.html Publisher University of Chicago Press
PRECAMBRIAN-CAMBRIAN CARBONATE BASINS IN OHIO AND INDIANA

ABSTRACT In the last decade the perception of the ideas about the rocks below the Mount Simon Sandstone in southwestern Ohio have undergone dramatic change. This change is due to a stratigraphic test hole (DGS2627) in Warren County and a number of seismic lines scattered throughout the region. Some of this recently recognized complexity was actually known 70 years ago when a hole (Friend #1 Mattinson) was drilled 404 m into rocks below the Mount Simon Sandstone in Southern Clark County. This well, though reported in the literature at the time was generally forgotten until recently. The original reports on this well and more recent study of the cutting have led us to collect 40 km of seismic data in the area around the well. The limited portion of the basin covered by the present seismic data is 6 km by 6 km. The eastern edge appears to be near South Charleston but the basin is continuing to thicken at the western end of the seismic lines. On the basis of the Friend #1 Mattinson cuttings we know that the upper part of the pre-Mount Simon rock is carbonate. Our interpretation is that the carbonate rock may be 1220 m thick and this unit lies on rock with seismic characteristics similar to the Middle Run Formation in Warren County. The top of the carbonate unit is very irregular suggesting an unconformity with the Mount Simon deposited on a karst surface. The only other location where we have found carbonate rock described below the Mount Simon is in Jay County, Indiana about 140 km to the northwest. The Friend #1 Mattinson well reports provided evidence of hydrocarbon potential and the seismic sections show several possible trap types. Much is unknown about the basin but we think the evidence points to the potential for hydrocarbon production. A modern well is needed in the vicinity of the Friend #1 Mattinson well to clarify the nature of the basin and to test its production potential.
Differential diagnosis between functional and organic impotence by radioisotope penogram following visual sexual stimulation.

SHIRAI, M., NAKAMURA, M. and MATSUDA, S. Differential Diagnosis between Functional and Organic Impotence by Radioisotope Penogram Following Visual Sexual Stimulation. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1973, 111 (2), 187-195 The radioisotope penogram, which measures changes of blood flow through the penis, was developed and applied as a measure of objective differentiation between functional and organic impotence. In the present study, changes in the radio isotope penogram curve were studied following visual sexual stimulation. In patients with functional impotence, the penogram curve rose in response to visual sexual stimulation. However in cases with an organic defect in the nervous system which participates in erection, including the upper erection center, there was no change in the penogram curve despite that the sexual excitation occurred in response to visual sexual stimulation. Therefore, this method was found to be useful for the differential diagnosis. impotence; radioisotope peno gram; visual sexual stimulation
Minimally Invasive Estimation of Systemic Vascular Parameters

A cardiovascular parameter estimator to identify the systemic vascular parameters was developed using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm. Measurements from a ventricular assist device (VAD) and arterial pressure were used in the estimator. The systemic vascular parameters are important indices of heart condition. However, obtaining these parameters usually requires invasive measurements, which are difficult to obtain under most clinical environments. Including a VAD model into the estimator and using the signals from a VAD to identify the cardiovascular parameters for VAD patients would minimize the need for indwelling sensors. This paper illustrates the use of a Novacor left ventricular assist system (LVAS) model with a cardiovascular model in the estimator to identify the systemic vascular parameters: characteristic resistance, blood inertance at the aorta, systemic compliance, and systemic resistance. Performance of the estimator was evaluated using data from a computer simulation and from a mock circulatory system experiment. Robustness of the estimator to the available measurements was also described. The estimation results showed that the estimates converged with reasonable accuracy in a limited time when the LVAS pump volume and arterial pressure were used as measurements. These parameter estimates can provide additional diagnostic information for patient and device monitoring and can be used for future VAD control development. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC01: 8719Uv, 8719Hh
Alcohol-Induced Blackouts: A Review of Recent Clinical Research with Practical Implications and Recommendations for Future Studies.

BACKGROUND
Alcohol-induced blackouts, or memory loss for all or portions of events that occurred during a drinking episode, are reported by approximately 50% of drinkers and are associated with a wide range of negative consequences, including injury and death. As such, identifying the factors that contribute to and result from alcohol-induced blackouts is critical in developing effective prevention programs. Here, we provide an updated review (2010 to 2015) of clinical research focused on alcohol-induced blackouts, outline practical and clinical implications, and provide recommendations for future research.


METHODS
A comprehensive, systematic literature review was conducted to examine all articles published between January 2010 through August 2015 that focused on vulnerabilities, consequences, and possible mechanisms for alcohol-induced blackouts.


RESULTS
Twenty-six studies reported on alcohol-induced blackouts. Fifteen studies examined prevalence and/or predictors of alcohol-induced blackouts. Six publications described the consequences of alcohol-induced blackouts, and 5 studies explored potential cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced blackouts.


CONCLUSIONS
Recent research on alcohol-induced blackouts suggests that individual differences, not just alcohol consumption, increase the likelihood of experiencing an alcohol-induced blackout, and the consequences of alcohol-induced blackouts extend beyond the consequences related to the drinking episode to include psychiatric symptoms and neurobiological abnormalities. Prospective studies and a standardized assessment of alcohol-induced blackouts are needed to fully characterize factors associated with alcohol-induced blackouts and to improve prevention strategies.
The biomechanical analysis of three plating fixation systems for periprosthetic femoral fracture near the tip of a total hip arthroplasty

BACKGROUND
A variety of techniques are available for fixation of femoral shaft fractures following total hip arthroplasty. The optimal surgical repair method still remains a point of controversy in the literature. However, few studies have quantified the performance of such repair constructs. This study biomechanically examined 3 different screw-plate and cable-plate systems for fixation of periprosthetic femoral fractures near the tip of a total hip arthroplasty.


METHODS
Twelve pairs of human cadaveric femurs were utilized. Each left femur was prepared for the cemented insertion of the femoral component of a total hip implant. Femoral fractures were created in the femurs and subsequently repaired with Construct A (Zimmer Cable Ready System), Construct B (AO Cable-Plate System), or Construct C (Dall-Miles Cable Grip System). Right femora served as matched intact controls. Axial, torsional, and four-point bending tests were performed to obtain stiffness values.


RESULTS
All repair systems showed 3.08 to 5.33 times greater axial stiffness over intact control specimens. Four-point normalized bending (0.69 to 0.85) and normalized torsional (0.55 to 0.69) stiffnesses were lower than intact controls for most comparisons. Screw-plates provided either greater or equal stiffness compared to cable-plates in almost all cases. There were no statistical differences between plating systems A, B, or C when compared to each other (p > 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Screw-plate systems provide more optimal mechanical stability than cable-plate systems for periprosthetic femur fractures near the tip of a total hip arthroplasty.
Influence of Selenium on Hepatic Mitochondrial Antioxidant Capacity in Ducklings Intoxicated with Aflatoxin B1

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of selenium on hepatic mitochondrial antioxidant capacity in ducklings administrated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Ninety 7-day-old ducklings were randomly divided into three groups (groups I–III). Group I was used as a blank control. Group II was administered with AFB1 (0.1 mg/kg body weight). Group III was administered with AFB1 (0.1 mg/kg body weight) plus selenium (sodium selenite, 1 mg/kg body weight). All treatments were given once daily for 21 days. The results showed that the activities of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione reductase (GR) in group II ducklings significantly decreased when compared with group I (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the content of hepatic mitochondrial malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased (P < 0.01). However, the activities of hepatic mitochondrial SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GR in group III ducklings significantly increased when compared with group II (P < 0.05). In addition, the content of hepatic mitochondrial MDA significantly decreased (P < 0.01). These results revealed that AFB1 significantly induced hepatic mitochondrial antioxidant dysfunction. However, sodium selenite could significantly ameliorate the negative effect induced by AFB1.
Long-term open-label study of tanezumab for moderate to severe osteoarthritic knee pain.

OBJECTIVE
This study was designed to evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of repeated doses of the humanized anti-nerve growth factor antibody, tanezumab, during open-label treatment of patients with OA knee pain.


DESIGN
The current study (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00399490) was a multicenter, phase II, open-label, multiple-dose extension of an earlier randomized clinical trial. All patients (N=281) received infusions of tanezumab 50μg/kg on Days 1 and 56 with subsequent doses administered at 8-week intervals (up to a total of eight infusions). The primary endpoint of this study was safety. Effectiveness evaluations included overall knee pain, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index subscales, and subject global assessment (SGA) of response to therapy on 0-100 point visual analog scales.


RESULTS
Repeated administration of tanezumab resulted in a low incidence of treatment-related adverse events (AEs; 7.5%). The rate of serious AEs was also low (2.8%) with none considered treatment-related. Few AEs of abnormal peripheral sensation were reported; hypoesthesia was reported by nine patients (3.2%), paresthesia by seven patients (2.5%), and hyperesthesia, peripheral neuropathy, and sensory disturbance were each reported by one patient (0.4% for each). Most AEs of abnormal peripheral sensation were rated as mild (95%) and the majority (65%) resolved before study completion. At Week 8, overall knee pain and SGA improved from baseline by a mean (± standard error) of -12.8 (±1.78) and 8.0 (±1.66), respectively. Similar improvements occurred for WOMAC subscales.


CONCLUSIONS
Repeated injections of tanezumab in patients with moderate to severe knee OA provide continued pain relief and improved function with a low incidence of side effects. Additional studies to define the efficacy and duration of pain reduction and to provide a more complete assessment of long-term safety are warranted.
Principles of Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic chemistry. Metal cations and oxo anions in aqueous solution. Ionic solids and precipitation reactions of hydrated ions. Oxides and polynuclear oxo anions of the elements: their physical, chemical and environmental properties. Oxidation-reduction chemistry of the elements. Properties of the elements themselves. Coordination compounds and the Lewis acid-base concept. The hard and soft acid-base (HSAB) principle. The halides, nitrides and sulfides of the elements. The hydrides and organometallic derivatives of the elements. The underlying reasons for periodic trends. Summary: applying theory to chemical reality. Laboratory experiments in the principles of descriptive inorganic chemistry. Appendices: (A) Answers to selected exercises (B) Glossary (C) Frequently used tables. Index.
Pilot study exploring quality of life and barriers to leisure-time physical activity in persons with moderate to severe multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND
we sought to assess how impairment (physiological/psychological) and disability (social/environmental) are associated with physical and leisure/recreation activity levels and quality of life (QOL) in people with moderate/severe multiple sclerosis (MS). We conducted a cross-sectional survey at the MS Comprehensive Care Center, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, of a convenience sample of 43 people (50 eligible) with MS and Expanded Disability Status Scale scores of 6.0 to 8.0. The main outcome measures were QOL measured by MSQOL-54, physical activity measured by Physical Activity Disability Scale, and leisure/recreation activity measured by Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire. We analyzed the canonical correlations among physical and leisure/recreation activity levels and (1) impairment and (2) QOL.


RESULTS
higher levels of physical and leisure/recreation activity were associated with lower levels of apathy and depression and higher levels of cognition, self-efficacy, and QOL (physical and mental). Major barriers reported included fatigue, lack of motivation, and cost.


CONCLUSION
impairments and social/environmental disabilities create barriers to physical and leisure/recreation activity. Additional research is needed to determine, for people with MS, what supports might increase participation in physical and leisure/recreation activities and whether this increase yields improved QOL.
An abstract axiomatization of the notion of entropy

We present an abstract axiomatization of generalized entropy using the notion of ordinal number and the new concept of systemic set of equivalence relations. The axiomatization applies to arbitrary sets and extends previous results obtained for the finite case.