LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Research Paper: Integrating SNOMED CT into the UMLS: An Exploration of Different Views of Synonymy and Quality of Editing

OBJECTIVE
The integration of SNOMED CT into the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) involved the alignment of two views of synonymy that were different because the two vocabulary systems have different intended purposes and editing principles. The UMLS is organized according to one view of synonymy, but its structure also represents all the individual views of synonymy present in its source vocabularies. Despite progress in knowledge-based automation of development and maintenance of vocabularies, manual curation is still the main method of determining synonymy. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of human judgment of synonymy.


DESIGN
Sixty pairs of potentially controversial SNOMED CT synonyms were reviewed by 11 domain vocabulary experts (six UMLS editors and five noneditors), and scores were assigned according to the degree of synonymy.


MEASUREMENTS
The synonymy scores of each subject were compared to the gold standard (the overall mean synonymy score of all subjects) to assess accuracy. Agreement between UMLS editors and noneditors was measured by comparing the mean synonymy scores of editors to noneditors.


RESULTS
Average accuracy was 71% for UMLS editors and 75% for noneditors (difference not statistically significant). Mean scores of editors and noneditors showed significant positive correlation (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient 0.654, two-tailed p < 0.01) with a concurrence rate of 75% and an interrater agreement kappa of 0.43.


CONCLUSION
The accuracy in the judgment of synonymy was comparable for UMLS editors and nonediting domain experts. There was reasonable agreement between the two groups.
Chiropractic use and changes in health among older medicare beneficiaries: a comparative effectiveness observational study.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chiropractic on 5 outcomes among Medicare beneficiaries: increased difficulties performing activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental ADLs (IADLs), and lower body functions, as well as lower self-rated health and increased depressive symptoms.


METHODS
Among all beneficiaries, we estimated the effect of chiropractic use on changes in health outcomes among those who used chiropractic compared with those who did not, and among beneficiaries with back conditions, we estimated the effect of chiropractic use relative to medical care, both during a 2- to 15-year period. Two analytic approaches were used--one assumed no selection bias, whereas the other adjusted for potential selection bias using propensity score methods.


RESULTS
Among all beneficiaries, propensity score analyses indicated that chiropractic use led to comparable outcomes for ADLs, IADLs, and depressive symptoms, although there were increased risks associated with chiropractic for declines in lower body function and self-rated health. Propensity score analyses among beneficiaries with back conditions indicated that chiropractic use led to comparable outcomes for ADLs, IADLs, lower body function, and depressive symptoms, although there was an increased risk associated with chiropractic use for declines in self-rated health.


CONCLUSION
The evidence in this study suggests that chiropractic treatment has comparable effects on functional outcomes when compared with medical treatment for all Medicare beneficiaries, but increased risk for declines in self-rated health among beneficiaries with back conditions.
The Impact of Patient Profiles and Procedures on Hospitalization Costs through Length of Stay in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Patients Based on a Japanese Administrative Database

BACKGROUND
Community-acquired pneumonia is a common cause of patient hospitalization, and its burden on health care systems is increasing in aging societies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the factors that affect hospitalization costs in community-acquired pneumonia patients while considering the intermediate influence of patient length of stay.


METHODS
Using a multi-institutional administrative claims database, we analyzed 30,041 patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia who had been discharged between April 1, 2012 and September 30, 2013 from 289 acute care hospitals in Japan. Possible factors associated with hospitalization costs were investigated using structural equation modeling with length of stay as an intermediate variable. We calculated the direct, indirect (through length of stay), and total effects of the candidate factors on hospitalization costs in the model. Lastly, we calculated the ratio of indirect effects to direct effects for each factor.


RESULTS
The structural equation model showed that higher disease severities (using A-DROP, Barthel Index, and Charlson Comorbidity Index scores), use of mechanical ventilation, and tube feeding were associated with higher hospitalization costs, regardless of the intermediate influence of length of stay. The severity factors were also associated with longer length of stay durations. The ratio of indirect effects to direct effects on total hospitalization costs showed that the former was greater than the latter in the factors, except in the use of mechanical ventilation.


CONCLUSIONS
Our structural equation modeling analysis indicated that patient profiles and procedures impacted on hospitalization costs both directly and indirectly. Furthermore, the profiles were generally shown to have greater indirect effects (through length of stay) on hospitalization costs than direct effects. These findings may be useful in supporting the more appropriate distribution of health care resources.
Comparing efficacies of 0.5% apraclonidine with 4% cocaine in the diagnosis of horner syndrome in pediatric patients.

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of 0.5% apraclonidine with that of 4% cocaine and to evaluate its safety in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome in pediatric patients.


METHODS
This was a randomized, crossover study, wherein 10 patients with a probable diagnosis of Horner syndrome were assigned to undergo pharmacological testing with 4% cocaine and 0.5% apaconidine. The difference in the pupil diameters of each eye was recorded under dim light before and 1 h after 0.5% apraclonidine or 4% cocaine was instilled. Any adverse effects were noted during examination or reported by the patients' parents were recorded.


RESULTS
The mean differences in pupil diameter before and after 4% cocaine testing were -2.08 and -2.97 mm, respectively (P = 0.0047). All patients had an anisocoria greater than 1 mm after 4% cocaine testing. The mean difference in pupil diameter before and after 0.5% apraclonidine was instilled were -2.04 and +1.08 mm, respectively (P = 0.005). All patients showed a reversal of anisocoria after 0.5% apraclonidine testing. Conjunctival hyperemia was noted in 2 patients, but systemic adverse effects were not noted during examination nor reported by the patients' parents.


CONCLUSIONS
The application of 0.5% apraclonidine in pediatric patients is safe and effective in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome.
Stenting after optimal lesion debulking (sold) registry. Angiographic and clinical outcome.

BACKGROUND
Coronary stenting has reduced restenosis in focal de novo lesions, but its impact has been less pronounced in complex lesion subsets. Preliminary data suggest a role for plaque burden in promoting intimal hyperplasia after stent implantation. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that plaque removal with directional atherectomy before stent implantation may lower the intensity of late neointimal hyperplasia, reducing the incidence of in-stent restenosis.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Seventy-one patients with 90 lesions underwent directional atherectomy before coronary stenting. Intravascular ultrasound-guided stenting was performed in 73 lesions (81%). Clinical success was achieved in 96% of patients. Procedural complications were as follows: emergency bypass surgery in 1 patient (1.4%), who died 2 weeks later; Q-wave myocardial infarction in 2 patients (2.8%); and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction in 8 patients (11.3%). None of the patients had stent thrombosis at follow-up. Angiographic follow-up was performed in 89% of eligible patients at 5.7+/-1.7 months. Loss index was 0.33 (95% CI, 0.26 to 0.40), and angiographic restenosis was 11% (95% CI, 5% to 20%). Clinical follow-up was performed in all patients at 18+/-3 months. Target lesion revascularization was 7% (95% CI, 3% to 14%).


CONCLUSIONS
Directional atherectomy followed by coronary stenting could be performed with good clinical success rate. Also, these data point to a possible reduction in angiographic restenosis and a significant reduction in the need for repeated coronary interventions. Therefore, a randomized clinical trial seems appropriate to test the validity of this approach.
Electropolymerized Polyaniline Stabilized Tungsten Oxide Nanocomposite Films: Electrochromic Behavior and Electrochemical Energy Storage

Polyaniline (PANI)/tungsten oxide (WO3) nanocomposite films were fabricated by electropolymerization of aniline monomers onto WO3 coated indium tin oxide (ITO) glass slides, which were prepared by spin coating technique and followed by annealing at 500 °C for 2 h. The morphology and crystalline structure of the composite films were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results confirm chemical interactions between the polymer matrix and the WO3 particles and reveal a well crystallized PANI/WO3 nanocomposite structure. The optical properties and electrochemical capacitive behaviors of the composite films for electrochromic (EC) and energy storage devices applications were investigated using spectroelectrochemistry (SEC), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge−discharge measurements. The composite films show dual electrochromism at both positive and negative potentials arising from PANI and WO3, respectively. A coloration efficiency of 98.4 cm C−1 was obtained for the composite film, which was much higher than that of WO3 (36.3 cm 2 C−1) and PANI (50.0 cm C−1) thin film. An areal capacitance of 0.025 F cm−2 that is comparable to that of pure PANI (0.075 F cm−2) is derived from CV at a scan rate of 5 mV/s with a broader working potential window of 1.3 V. The cyclic stability studies reveal that the composite films exhibit much more enhanced durability and retain significant charge storage or discharge capacity after 1000 charge−discharge cycles. However, pure PANI loses most of the charge storage or discharge capacity after 350 cycles. The chemical bonding between PANI matrix and WO3 particles is believed to play an important role in enhancing the stability of the nanocomposite film.
Predicting asthma in preschool children with asthma symptoms: study rationale and design

BACKGROUND
In well-child care it is difficult to determine whether preschool children with asthma symptoms actually have or will develop asthma at school age. The PIAMA (Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy) Risk Score has been proposed as an instrument that predicts asthma at school age, using eight easy obtainable parameters, assessed at the time of first asthma symptoms at preschool age. The aim of this study is to present the rationale and design of a study 1) to externally validate and update the PIAMA Risk Score, 2) to develop an Asthma Risk Appraisal Tool to predict asthma at school age in (specific subgroups of) preschool children with asthma symptoms and 3) to test implementation of the Asthma Risk Appraisal Tool in well-child care.


METHODS AND DESIGN
The study will be performed within the framework of Generation R, a prospective multi-ethnic cohort study. In total, consent for postnatal follow-up was obtained from 7893 children, born between 2002 and 2006. At preschool age the PIAMA Risk Score will be assessed and used to predict asthma at school age. Discrimination (C-index) and calibration will be assessed for the external validation. We will study whether the predictive ability of the PIAMA Risk Score can be improved by removing or adding predictors (e.g. preterm birth). The (updated) PIAMA Risk Score will be converted to the Asthma Risk Appraisal Tool- to predict asthma at school age in preschool children with asthma symptoms. Additionally, we will conduct a pilot study to test implementation of the Asthma Risk Appraisal Tool in well-child care.


DISCUSSION
Application of the Asthma Risk Appraisal Tool in well-child care will help to distinguish preschool children at high- and low-risk of developing asthma at school age when asthma symptoms appear.This study will increase knowledge about the validity of the PIAMA risk score and might improve risk assessment of developing asthma at school age in (specific subgroups of) preschool children, who present with asthma symptoms at well-child care.
Stability of Class II treatment with an edgewise crowned Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition: Skeletal and dental changes.

INTRODUCTION
The objectives of this research were to assess skeletal and dental changes in patients with Class II malocclusion treated with the edgewise crowned Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition and to measure the stability of treatment after a second phase of fixed appliance therapy.


METHODS
Twenty-two patients (ages, 8.4 ± 1.0 years) with Class II Division 1 malocclusion treated consecutively with the edgewise crowned Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition were studied. Lateral cephalograms were taken before Herbst treatment, immediately after Herbst treatment, and after a second phase of fixed appliance therapy. The results were compared with a control group of untreated Class II subjects selected from the Bolton-Brush study, matched by age, sex, and craniofacial morphology. A total of 37 sagittal, vertical, and angular cephalometric variables were evaluated. Changes in overjet and molar relationship were calculated. Changes due to growth were subtracted to obtain the net changes due to treatment. The data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the t tests.


RESULTS
Overcorrection with the Herbst appliance resulted in an average reduction in overjet of 7.0 mm and a change in molar relationship of 6.6 mm. Several factors contributed to the change in overjet: restraint of the forward movement of the maxilla (0.4 mm), forward movement of the mandible (2.0 mm), backward movement of the maxillary incisors (3.7 mm), and forward movement of the mandibular incisors (0.9 mm). Skeletal changes together with a 3.1-mm backward movement of the maxillary molars and a 1.1-mm forward movement of the mandibular molars contributed to the changes in molar relationship. After the second phase of fixed appliance therapy, the change in overjet was reduced to 2.8 mm. Most of the remaining overjet corrections were contributed by the restraint of maxillary growth (2.8 mm). The mandible moved posteriorly by 1.6 mm, and the mandibular incisors moved forward by 0.2 mm. Change in molar relationship was reduced to 2.2 mm. The maxillary molars moved backward by 0.2 mm, and the mandibular molars moved forward by 0.8 mm.


CONCLUSIONS
Overcorrection of Class II malocclusion with the edgewise crowned Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition resulted in a significant reduction in overjet and correction of the molar relationship. A portion of the correction was maintained after a second phase of fixed appliance therapy because of the continuous restraint of maxillary growth and the dentoalveolar adaptations.
Natural Resources/Environmental Sustainability

A green roadway should be designed, built, and maintained so that it protects the natural environment, is respectful of people and place, and is part of an effort to achieve a sustainable future.
Eating disorders.

Eating disorders mainly affect females but approximately one in ten individuals with an eating disorder is male. It is difficult to accurately estimate the frequency of occurrence of eating disorders due in part to the secretive nature of the disorder. In Australia, anorexia nervosa affects approximately 0.5 per cent of females, bulimia nervosa 2-3 per cent and EDNOS 2-3 per cent. Individuals with an eating disorder have significant problems with eating habits, weight management practices and attitudes about weight and body shape. These eating related attitudes and behaviours can have numerous negative consequences including:
The decision-making process.

• Talk with faculty members who are best acquainted with the field(s) of study that interest you. • Talk with professionals in the occupations you wish to enter about the types of degrees and/or credentials they hold or recommend for entry or advancement in field. • Browse program websites or look through catalogs and graduate school reference books (some of these are available in the CSC Resource Library) and determine prerequisites, length and scope of program, etc. • Narrow down your choices based on realistic assessment of your strengths and the programs, which will meet your needs.
Convergence of Online Gradient Method for Pi-sigma Neural Networks with Inner-penalty Terms

This paper investigates an online gradient method with innerpenalty for a novel feed forward network it is called pi-sigma network. This network utilizes product cells as the output units to indirectly incorporate the capabilities of higherorder networks while using a fewer number of weights and processing units. Penalty term methods have been widely used to improve the generalization performance of feed forward neural networks and to control the magnitude of the network weights. The monotonicity of the error function and weight boundedness with innerpenalty term and both weak and strong convergence theorems in the training iteration are proved. Keyword: Convergence, Pi-sigma Network, Online Gradient Method, Inner-penalty, Boundedness
Experiencing uncertain HIV treatment delivery in a transitional setting: qualitative study.

BACKGROUND
Advances in HIV treatment availability mean that the promise of highly active anti-retroviral treatment to turn HIV into a manageable chronic illness is becoming a reality for millions. However the mutability of the virus means that treatment adherence demands are high, and the supply of these life-saving treatments needs to be constant. The onus is generally placed on the individual to adhere, and there is little focus in research or policy on the state's adherence to delivering treatment consistently.


METHODS
We undertook in-depth qualitative interviews to explore the narratives of HIV treatment experience among 41 people living with HIV (PLHIV) infection and 18 HIV treatment service providers in Serbia and Montenegro, a transitional setting in which state delivered and funded HIV treatment is inconsistently available. Data were analysed inductively and thematically.


FINDINGS
Treatment shortages were common so the delivery of appropriate HIV treatment was not continuous. Access to reliable treatment and supply forecast information was weak and uneven. The insecure treatment situation fostered significant anxiety amongst PLHIV.


INTERPRETATION
In the absence of reliable and sustained treatment access, information and support, PLHIV absorb the anxieties of system failures. This uncertainty led to an individuation of "treatment". PLHIV adopted rationing strategies to mediate their anxiety, energy and hope. This predominately resulted in varying forms of disengagement and neglect for social change. It is likely that this has significant negative implications for the promotion of HIV treatment advocacy and anti-stigma efforts.
Towards safe real-time robot teleoperation: automatic whole-sensitive arm collision avoidance frees the operator for global control

In traditional teleoperation systems, the operator is saddled with two distinct tasks: 1) move the robot arm to its desired position, and 2) avoid obstacles that can obstruct the robot arm manipulator . T accomplish these tasks, an area of current teleoperation research is involved with providing the operator with as much input information about the task site as possible using, for example, stereo vision and feedback of contact forces. These methods presume that humans operators are capable of planning the motion for the entire body of a robot arm operating in a cluttered environment. However, studies have shown that the operators, first, cannot address both tasks in real-time, and second, are not good at generating collision-free motion. Recent results in sensor-based motion planning suggest that the collision avoidance task can be handled automatically , thus freeing the operator for global control. We propose to use for this purpose wholesensitive arm manipulators whose whole bodies are covered with a sensitive skin sensor to detect nearby objects. The data from the sensitive skin is used along with the sensor data processing and motion planning algorithms, to avoid collisions for the entire robot arm body in an unknown or time-varying environment. The result is a highly efficient, safe and robust hybrid system in which the shift of motion control between the operator and the automatic system is done transparently and in real-time. The motion of the master arm is either executed faithfully , or, to avoid collisions, is used as general guidance for the slave arm.
Normative values for testicular volume measured by ultrasonography in a normal population from infancy to adolescence.

BACKGROUND/AIMS
We obtained reference data for testicular volume measured by ultrasound in asymptomatic boys aged 0.5-18 years. In addition, we assessed the validity of the Prader orchidometer per age group by correlating it with the volume measurement by ultrasound.


METHODS
The study only included healthy boys with two scrotal testes at birth and at the time of the examination. For each boy the testicular volume of both testes was measured by ultrasound and the Prader orchidometer. Testicular volumes were measured for boys aged from 1 to 18 years. The boys' ages were rounded down to the last birthday if it had occurred less than 6 months previously or rounded up to the next birthday if it was going to be within 6 months.


RESULTS
The volume measurement by the Prader orchidometer according to reference curves showed a statistically significant correlation. Moreover, the testicular volumes measured by the Prader orchidometer showed an accurate goodness of fit with US measurements (R(2) = 0.956).


CONCLUSION
Normative values are provided for testicular volume measured by ultrasound in boys aged 0.5-18 years. An accurate correlation was found between volume measurements by ultrasound and by the Prader orchidometer (R(2) = 0.956). Therefore, volume measurement by the Prader orchidometer, as generally used in the practice by doctors, can be used as a valid parameter for monitoring testicular growth.
An E-learning System Architecture based on Cloud Computing

The massive proliferation of affordable computers, Internet broadband connectivity and rich education content has created a global phenomenon in which information an d communication technology (ICT) is being used to tra nsform education. Therefore, there is a need to redesign t he educational system to meet the needs better. The advent of comp uters with sophisticated software has made it possible to solv e many complex problems very fast and at a lower cost. This paper introduces the characteristics of the current E-Learning and then analyses the concept of cloud computing and describes the archit e ture of cloud computing platform by combining the features of E-L earning. The authors have tried to introduce cloud computing to e-learning, build an e-learning cloud, and make an active research an d exploration for it from the following aspects: architecture, const ruc ion method and external interface with the model. Keywords—Architecture, Cloud Computing, E-learning, Information Technology