LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Shunt-FACTS on Distance Protection of Transmission Lines

This paper presents the performance of distance protection of transmission lines when compensated with shunt flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers/devices. The performance of distance protection is evaluated for shunt-FACTS controllers applied for mid-point voltage control. The impact of two types of shunt FACTS controllers, static VAr compensators (SVC) and static synchronous compensators (STATCOM) on the transmission line distance protection are studied for different fault types, fault locations and system conditions. The dynamics of the shunt-FACTS controllers with their associated control systems are considered and simulated using RSCAD/RTDS testing environment. The performance of both the basic/non-pilot distance scheme and a directional comparison blocking (DCB) scheme are evaluated in this paper. The results of the commercial relay testing show the adverse effects of mid-point shunt-FACTS compensation of transmission line on both non-pilot and DCB distance protection schemes
Monitoring for Regional Anesthesia

Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 21 Basic Setup ................................................................................................................................... 22 Specifi c Monitors ......................................................................................................................... 24 Aspiration, Fractionation, and Speed of Injection .................................................................. 24 Intravenous Markers ............................................................................................................... 25 Neurostimulation .................................................................................................................... 26 Ultrasonography ..................................................................................................................... 26 Injection Pressure Monitoring ................................................................................................ 27 Monitors of Consciousness and Cerebral Perfusion .............................................................. 28 Clinical Pearls ............................................................................................................................. 30 Multiple-Choice Questions .......................................................................................................... 30 References .................................................................................................................................... 34
Oral infection by Diptera larvae in children: a case report.

BACKGROUND
Oral myiasis is usually caused by flies of the order Diptera. One of the causes of human myiasis is Cochliomyia hominivorax, which is a true obligate parasite of mammals.


METHODS
A case of oral myiasis in a 5-year-old girl is reported. She presented with a swelling on the hard palate accompanied by intense pain and a fetid odor. A literature review of oral myiasis reports in children was performed.


RESULTS
The poor oral hygiene, lip incompetence, open bite, and residence in a rural area were considered to be predisposing factors for larval infestation in this patient. Treatment consisted of manual larval removal and systemic therapy with antimicrobials.


CONCLUSIONS
The prevention of human myiasis should involve the control of fly populations and general cleanliness, such as reducing decomposition odors and cleaning and covering wounds. In addition, the public should be informed that individuals living in locations without basic sanitation are more predisposed to infestation.
Chemical-Functional Diversity in Cell-Penetrating Peptides

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a promising tool to overcome cell membrane barriers. They have already been successfully applied as carriers for several problematic cargoes, like e.g. plasmid DNA and (si)RNA, opening doors for new therapeutics. Although several hundreds of CPPs are already described in the literature, only a few commercial applications of CPPs are currently available. Cellular uptake studies of these peptides suffer from inconsistencies in used techniques and other experimental conditions, leading to uncertainties about their uptake mechanisms and structural properties. To clarify the structural characteristics influencing the cell-penetrating properties of peptides, the chemical-functional space of peptides, already investigated for cellular uptake, was explored. For 186 peptides, a new cell-penetrating (CP)-response was proposed, based upon the scattered quantitative results for cellular influx available in the literature. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a quantitative structure-property relationship study (QSPR), using chemo-molecular descriptors and our newly defined CP-response, learned that besides typical well-known properties of CPPs, i.e. positive charge and amphipathicity, the shape, structure complexity and the 3D-pattern of constituting atoms influence the cellular uptake capacity of peptides.
Elman Backpropagation as Reinforcement for Simple Recurrent Networks

Simple recurrent networks (SRNs) in symbolic time-series prediction (e.g., language processing models) are frequently trained with gradient descent--based learning algorithms, notably with variants of backpropagation (BP). A major drawback for the cognitive plausibility of BP is that it is a supervised scheme in which a teacher has to provide a fully specified target answer. Yet agents in natural environments often receive summary feedback about the degree of success or failure only, a view adopted in reinforcement learning schemes. In this work, we show that for SRNs in prediction tasks for which there is a probability interpretation of the network's output vector, Elman BP can be reimplemented as a reinforcement learning scheme for which the expected weight updates agree with the ones from traditional Elman BP. Network simulations on formal languages corroborate this result and show that the learning behaviors of Elman backpropagation and its reinforcement variant are very similar also in online learning tasks.
Distributed community detection in delay tolerant networks

Community is an important attribute of Pocket Switched Networks (PSN), because mobile devices are carried by people who tend to belong to communities. We analysed community structure from mobility traces and used for forwarding algorithms [12], which shows significant impact of community. Here, we propose and evaluate three novel distributed community detection approaches with great potential to detect both static and temporal communities. We find that with suitable configuration of the threshold values, the distributed community detection can approximate their corresponding centralised methods up to 90% accuracy.
Comic Chat

Comics have a rich visual vocabulary, and people find them appealing. They are also an effective form of communication. We have built a system, called Comic Chat, that represents on-line communications in the form of comics. Comic Chat automates numerous aspects of comics generation, including balloon construction and layout, the placement and orientation of comic characters, the default selection of character gestures and expressions, the incorporation of semantic panel elements, and the choice of zoom factor for the virtual camera. This paper describes the mechanisms that Comic Chat uses to perform this automation, as well as novel aspects of the program’s user interface. Comic Chat is a working program, allowing groups of people to communicate over the Internet. It has several advantages over other graphical chat programs, including the availability of a graphical history, and a dynamic graphical presentation. CR Categories: I.3.2 [Computer Graphics]: Graphics Systems— distributed /network graphics; K.8.1 [Personal Computing]: Application Packages; D.2.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: Tools and Techniques—user interfaces.
Advances in magnetic resonance imaging: how they are changing the management of prostate cancer.

CONTEXT
Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is emerging as the most commonly used imaging modality for prostate cancer (PCa) detection, treatment planning, and follow-up, its acceptance has not been uniform. Recently, great interest has been shown in multiparametric MRI, which combines anatomic T2-weighted (T2W) imaging with MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article is to review the current roles of these MR techniques in different aspects of PCa management: initial diagnosis, biopsy strategies, planning of radical prostatectomy (RP) and external radiation therapy (RT), and implementation of alternative focal therapies.


EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
The authors searched the Medline and Cochrane Library databases (primary fields: prostatic neoplasm, magnetic resonance). The search was performed without language restriction from January 2008 to November 2010.


EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Initial diagnosis: The data suggest that the combination of T2W MRI and DWI or MRSI with DCE-MRI has the potential to guide biopsy to the most aggressive cancer foci in patients with previously negative biopsies, increasing the accuracy of the procedure. Transrectal MR-guided prostate biopsy can improve PCa detection, but its availability is still limited and the examination time is rather long. Planning of RP: It appears that adding MRSI, DWI, and/or DCE-MRI to T2W MRI can facilitate better preoperative characterization of cancer with regard to location, size, and relationship to prostatic and extraprostatic structures, and it may also facilitate early detection of local recurrence. Thus, use of these MR techniques may improve surgical, oncologic, and functional management. Planning of external RT and focal therapies: MR techniques have similar potential in these areas, but the published data remain very limited.


CONCLUSIONS
MRI technology is continuously evolving, and more extensive use of MRI technology in clinical trials and practice will help to improve PCa diagnosis and treatment planning.
Antischistosomal activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against Schistosoma mansoni harbored in C57 mice

The repeated chemotherapy of schistosomiasis has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant schistosome strains. The development of such resistance has drawn the attention of many authors to alternative drugs. Many medicinal plants were studied to investigate their antischistosomal potency. The present work aimed to evaluate antischistosomal activity of crude aqueous extract of ginger against Schistosoma mansoni. Sixteen mice of C57 strain were exposed to 100 ± 10 cercariae per mouse by the tail immersion method; the mice were divided into two groups: untreated group and ginger-treated one. All mice were sacrificed at the end of 10th week post-infection. Worm recovery and egg counting in the hepatic tissues and faeces were determined. Surface topography of the recovered worms was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Histopathological examination of liver and intestine was done using routine histological procedures. The worm burden and the egg density in liver and faeces of mice treated with ginger were fewer than in non-treated ones. Scanning electron microscopical examination revealed that male worms recovered from mice treated with ginger lost their normal surface architecture, since its surface showed partial loss of tubercles’ spines, extensive erosion in inter-tubercle tegumental regions and numerous small blebs around tubercles. Histopathological data indicated a reduction in the number and size of granulomatous inflammatory infiltrations in the liver and intestine of treated mice compared to non-treated mice. The results of the present work suggested that ginger has antischistosomal activities and provided a basis for subsequent experimental and clinical trials.
Effect of anisotropy on microellipsometry in the TiTiO2 system

Abstract Electrochemical in situ ellipsometry with a focused laser beam (microellipsometry) is used to determine properties of oxide layers on single grains of Ti. The data for δ and Ψ differ from grain and also a strong dependence on the sample rotation around the surface normal occurs. This is due to the anisotropy of the Ti TiO 2 system. The measurements deliver information about the epitaxy of oxide layer formation and the orientation of the substratum's optical axis, which is proved by measurements on well-oriented single crystals. A method for data interpretation is presented which possibly allows the determination of oxide growth rates on Ti single grains despite their anisotropy. Measurements with microreflection spectroscopy and a photocurrent laser-scanning method confirm the microellipsometric results.
A Survey on (mobile) Wireless Sensor Network Experimentation Testbeds

With the development of new technologies, these last years have witnessed the emergence of a new paradigm: the Internet of Things (IoT) and of the physical world. We are now able to communicate and interact with our surrounding environment through the use of multiple tiny sensors, RFID technologies or small wireless robots. This allows a set of new applications and usages to be envisioned ranging from logistic and traceability purposes to emergency and rescue operations going through the monitoring of volcanos or forest fires. However, all this comes with several technical and scientific issues like how to ensure the reliability of wireless communications in disturbed environments, how to manage efficiently the low resources (energy, memory, etc) or how to set a safe and sustainable maintenance. All these issues are addressed by researchers all around the world but solutions designed for IoT need to face real experimentations to be validated. To ease such experimentations for IoT, several experimental test beds have been deployed offering diverse and heterogeneous services and tools. This article studies the different requirements and features such facilities should offer and survey the different experimental facilities currently available for the community, the different hardware used (as sensors and robots) and the scope of their services. We expect this survey assist a potential user to easily choose the one to use regarding his own needs. Finally, we identify existing gaps and difficulties and investigate new directions for such facilities.
Developing creativity, motivation, and self-actualization with learning systems

Developing learning experiences that facilitate self-actualization and creativity is among the most important goals of our society in preparation for the future. To facilitate deep understanding of a new concept, to facilitate learning, learners must have the opportunity to develop multiple and flexible perspectives. The process of becoming an expert involves failure, as well as the ability to understand failure and the motivation to move onward. Meta-cognitive awareness and personal strategies can play a role in developing an individual’s ability to persevere through failure, and combat other diluting influences. Awareness and reflective technologies can be instrumental in developing a meta-cognitive ability to make conscious and unconscious decisions about engagement that will ultimately enhance learning, expertise, creativity, and self-actualization. This paper will review diverse perspectives from psychology, engineering, education, and computer science to present opportunities to enhance creativity, motivation, and self-actualization in learning systems. r 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Sensitivity and specificity of 3-phase bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome of the upper extremity.

OBJECTIVES
Joint and bone alterations are seldom mentioned in the diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) even though they are important for long-term outcome. Altered periarticular bone metabolism can be detected by 3-phase bone scintigraphy (TPBS). Although frequently examining the diagnostic efficacy of TPBS is debatable.


METHODS
In all, 78 TPBS (45 CRPS/33 control group) were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. Sensitivity and specificity of the qualitative blinded reviewer analysis (n=57) compared with quantitative region of interest (ROI)-based analysis over the metacarpophalangeal, proximal, and distal interphalangeal joints (n=74) were evaluated. Patients' sex, age, duration of CRPS, inciting event, extent of joint alteration, and handedness were included as covariables.


RESULTS
Qualitative blinded reviewer TPBS analysis had a high specificity (83%-100%). However, sensitivity was 31% to 50%. Interrater reliability was moderate (kappa score 0.56). Using the ROI-based evaluation, the highest sensitivity (69%) and specificity (75%) (ROI score > or =1.32) was shown for phase 3, whereas sensitivity of phases 1 and 2 rapidly declined to 50%. Duration of CRPS until TPBS was the only variable with significant impact on ROI scores of phase 3 (F=23.7; P=0.000; R=0.42). ROI scores declined with increasing duration of CRPS.


DISCUSSION
In conclusion, TPBS is a highly specific tool for diagnosing CRPS of the upper limb. ROI evaluation of phase 3 within the first 5 months after onset of CRPS is an appropriate additional diagnostic tool to confirm or exclude CRPS of the upper extremity.
Effect of very low-intensity resistance training with slow movement on muscle size and strength in healthy older adults.

We previously reported that low-intensity [50% of one repetition maximum (1RM)] resistance training with slow movement and tonic force generation (LST) causes muscle hypertrophy and strength gain in older participants. The aim of this study was to determine whether resistance training with slow movement and much more reduced intensity (30%1RM) increases muscle size and strength in older adults. Eighteen participants (60-77 years) were randomly assigned to two groups. One group performed very low-intensity (30% 1RM) knee extension exercise with continuous muscle contraction (LST: 3-s eccentric, 3-s concentric, and 1-s isometric actions with no rest between each repetition) twice a week for 12 weeks. The other group underwent intermitted muscle contraction (CON: 1-s concentric and 1-s eccentric actions with 1-s rest between each repetition) for the same time period. The 1RM, isometric and isokinetic strengths, and cross-sectional image of the mid-thigh obtained by magnetic resonance imaging were examined before and after the intervention. LST significantly increased the cross-sectional area of the quadriceps muscle (5.0%, P<0.001) and isometric and isokinetic knee extension strengths (P<0.05). CON failed to increase muscle size (1.1%, P = 0.12), but significantly improved its strength (P<0.05). These results indicate that even if the intensity is as low as 30% 1RM, LST can increase muscle size and strength in healthy older adults. The large total contraction time may be related to muscle hypertrophy and strength gain. LST would be useful for preventing sarcopenia in older individuals.
SOLILOQUY : A Cautionary Tale

The Soliloquy primitive, first proposed by the third author in 2007, is based on cyclic lattices. It has very good efficiency properties, both in terms of public key size and the speed of encryption and decryption. There are straightforward techniques for turning Soliloquy into a key exchange or other public-key protocols. Despite these properties, we abandoned research on Soliloquy after developing (2010 to 2013) a reasonably efficient quantum attack on the primitive. A similar quantum algorithm has been recently published in some highly insightful independent work by Eisenträger, Hallgren, Kitaev, and Song [2]. However, their paper concentrates on computing unit groups of arbitrary degree number fields whereas we will show how to apply the approach to the special case of Soliloquy.
Classical political economy and British policy in India

Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Economic ideas and British policy towards India 3. Economic ideas and famine policy 4. Economic ideas and economic relations 5. Economic ideas and land taxation 6. Economic ideas and taxation policies 7. Political economy and a policy of economic development 8. The state and the policy for economic development 9. Conclusion Select bibliography Index.
Three-dimensional metallic photonic crystals with optical bandgaps.

The fabrication of fully three-dimensional photonic crystals with a bandgap at optical wavelengths is demonstrated by way of direct femtosecond laser writing of an organic-inorganic hybrid material with metal-binding moieties, and selective silver coating using electroless plating. The crystals have 600-nm intralayer periodicity and sub-100 nm features, and they exhibit well-defined diffraction patterns.
Effects of indole on drug resistance and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium revealed by genome-wide analyses

BACKGROUND
Many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria produce large quantities of indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities. Indole demonstrated to affect gene expression in Escherichia coli as an intra-species signaling molecule. In contrast to E. coli, Salmonella does not produce indole because it does not harbor tnaA, which encodes the enzyme responsible for tryptophan metabolism. Our previous study demonstrated that E. coli-conditioned medium and indole induce expression of the AcrAB multidrug efflux pump in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for inter-species communication; however, the global effect of indole on genes in Salmonella remains unknown.


RESULTS
To understand the complete picture of genes regulated by indole, we performed DNA microarray analysis of genes in the S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain ATCC 14028s affected by indole. Predicted Salmonella phenotypes affected by indole based on the microarray data were also examined in this study. Indole induced expression of genes related to efflux-mediated multidrug resistance, including ramA and acrAB, and repressed those related to host cell invasion encoded in the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1, and flagella production. Reduction of invasive activity and motility of Salmonella by indole was also observed phenotypically.


CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that indole is an important signaling molecule for inter-species communication to control drug resistance and virulence of S. enterica.
Motor learning principles for neurorehabilitation.

Neurorehabilitation is based on the assumption that motor learning contributes to motor recovery after injury. However, little is known about how learning itself is affected by brain injury, how learning mechanisms interact with spontaneous biological recovery, and how best to incorporate learning principles into rehabilitation training protocols. Here we distinguish between two types of motor learning, adaptation and skill acquisition, and discuss how they relate to neurorehabilitation. Functional recovery can occur through resolution of impairment (reacquisition of premorbid movement patterns) and through compensation (use of alternative movements or effectors to accomplish the same goal); both these forms of recovery respond to training protocols. The emphasis in current neurorehabilitation practice is on the rapid establishment of independence in activities of daily living through compensatory strategies, rather than on the reduction of impairment. Animal models, however, show that after focal ischemic damage there is a brief, approximately 3-4-week, window of heightened plasticity, which in combination with training protocols leads to large gains in motor function. Analogously, almost all recovery from impairment in humans occurs in the first 3 months after stroke, which suggests that targeting impairment in this time-window with intense motor learning protocols could lead to gains in function that are comparable in terms of effect size to those seen in animal models.