LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
An Effective Control Technique for Medium-Voltage High-Power Induction Motor Fed by Cascaded Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter

For a cascaded neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter applied to the medium-voltage high-power induction-motor (IM) drives, an effective control technique is proposed in this paper. The novel sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (PWM) pulse-rotation-control approach, for a wide range of output voltage, provides a simple way to implement vector control for IM when the cascaded NPC inverter is employed. The proposed method presents great benefits to the cascaded NPC inverter. The output voltages and power of all inverter modules and the two series-capacitor dc voltages of each inverter module are perfectly balanced. Moreover, a low switch frequency of all inverter modules supports a synthesized high-frequency PWM phase voltage. The internal voltage drop of the inverter, due to the cascade structure of many insulated-gate bipolar transistor-diode modules' series connection, is analyzed, which causes the distorted phase voltages and currents at low speeds when the frequency and the output voltage are low. The current closed-loop control compensates the distortion of phase voltages and currents. A rotor-flux-oriented vector control is combined with back-electromotive-force-based model reference adaptive system speed estimation, which results in a speed closed-loop control. The voltage sensors together with the filters of changeable parameters ensure the precision of speed estimation for the whole frequency range. The experimental tests are carried out through an 800-kW 4160-V IM drive fed by the 1-MVA 6000-V 17-level cascaded NPC inverter. The results verify the proposed scheme.
Current status and key issues in image steganography: A survey

Steganography and steganalysis are the prominent research fields in information hiding paradigm. Steganography is the science of invisible communication while steganalysis is the detection of steganography. Steganography means “covered writing” that hides the existence of the message itself. Digital steganography provides potential for private and secure communication that has become the necessity of most of the applications in today’s world. Various multimedia carriers such as audio, text, video, image can act as cover media to carry secret information. In this paper, we have focused only on image steganography. This article provides a review of fundamental concepts, evaluation measures and security aspects of steganography system, various spatial and transform domain embedding schemes. In addition, image quality metrics that can be used for evaluation of stego images and cover selection measures that provide additional security to embedding scheme are also highlighted. Current research trends and directions to improve on existing methods are suggested. c ⃝ 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Essential tremor: an overdiagnosed condition?

The diagnosis of essential tremor (ET) and its differentiation from other types of tremor is often difficult. In 1994 Bain et al. defined a classical phenotype by studying 20 patients with pure essential tremor and similarly affected family members in at least three generations. We assessed how many of the patients diagnosed by different neurologists at our institution as having ET conformed to this defined phenotype. We randomly selected 50 patients who were diagnosed with ET by any neurologist at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery since the publication of the Bain et al. report, and determined the number of patients who had clinical features compatible with the phenotype that it had defined. Only 25 (50%) of these patients had ET so defined. Ten patients clearly had alternative diagnoses: four had clear additional dystonia, two neuropathic tremor, two had unilateral leg tremor, one drud-induced tremor, and one sudden onset after head trauma. The remaining 15 patients also had atypical features including myoclonus (one), onset in a body part other than the arms (six), sudden onset (two), rest tremor (seven), onset after the age of 65 years (four), a family member with an isolated head tremor (one), or reduced armswing (two). The diagnosis of ET is overused even among experienced neurologists, and other types of tremor should be considered in atypical patients before making this diagnosis.
The Impact of Water and Sanitation on Childhood Mortality in Nigeria: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys, 2003–2013

In Nigeria, approximately 109 million and 66 million people lack access to sanitation facilities and water, respectively. This study aimed to determine whether children under 5 years old without access to improved water and sanitation facilities are at higher risk of death in Nigeria. Pooled 2003, 2008 and 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data were used to examine the impact of water and sanitation on deaths of children aged 0-28 days, 1-11 months, and 12-59 months using Cox regression analysis. Survival information of 63,844 children was obtained, which included 6285 deaths of children under 5 years old; there were 2254 cases of neonatal mortality (0-28 days), 1859 cases of post-neonatal mortality (1-11 months) and 2,172 cases of child mortality (1-4 years old). Over a 10-year period, the odds of neonatal, post-neonatal and child deaths significantly reduced by 31%, 41% and 47% respectively. The risk of mortality from both unimproved water and sanitation was significantly higher by 38% (Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-1.66) for post-neonatal mortality and 24% (HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04-1.48) for child mortality. The risk of neonatal mortality increased by 6% (HR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.85-1.23) but showed no significant effect. The Nigerian government needs to invest more in water and sanitation to reduce preventable child deaths.
Fault diagnosis in chemical processes using Fisher discriminant analysis, discriminant partial least squares, and principal component analysis

Ž . Principal component analysis PCA is the most commonly used dimensionality reduction technique for detecting and diagnosing faults in chemical processes. Although PCA contains certain optimality properties in terms of fault detection, and Ž . has been widely applied for fault diagnosis, it is not best suited for fault diagnosis. Discriminant partial least squares DPLS has been shown to improve fault diagnosis for small-scale classification problems as compared with PCA. Fisher’s discrimiŽ . nant analysis FDA has advantages from a theoretical point of view. In this paper, we develop an information criterion that automatically determines the order of the dimensionality reduction for FDA and DPLS, and show that FDA and DPLS are more proficient than PCA for diagnosing faults, both theoretically and by applying these techniques to simulated data collected from the Tennessee Eastman chemical plant simulator. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Complete phenotypic and metabolic profiles of a large consecutive cohort of untreated Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the complete metabolic and phenotypic profiles of a large cohort of untreated, consecutively recruited Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), for whom a registry for Korean women with PCOS was constructed.


DESIGN
Observational study.


SETTING
Three infertility clinics and 10 university hospitals.


PATIENT(S)
Eight hundred sixty-five women with PCOS were recruited using the Rotterdam criteria.


INTERVENTION(S)
Standardized evaluation protocol and web-based case report form.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
Metabolic and phenotypic profiles.


RESULT(S)
The subjects with PCOS mainly consisted of young and nonobese women. The most problematic subjective symptom was menstrual disturbance or infertility, and, on average, the patients seemed to menstruate every 2 months. PCO morphology was observed in 96.5% of the patients. Although few women visited hospitals owing to HA symptoms alone, hirsutism was observed in one-third of the patients (33.9%) and half (47.4%) of the patients had biochemical HA. About one-fifth (20.1%) of the patients had generalized obesity, and one-third (33.2%) had central obesity. Prevalence of dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome were 35.7%, 3.5%, 4.0%, and 13.7%, respectively. Prevalence of prediabetes was 20.8%, and a substantial proportion of additional subjects with normal fasting plasma glucose or oral glucose tolerance tests were identified as having prediabetes by hemoglobin A1C testing.


CONCLUSION(S)
Our well-defined cohort provided comprehensive estimates of the features of metabolic and phenotypic profiles related to PCOS in Korean women. Further longitudinal follow-up studies are needed to investigate the changes in phenotypic and metabolic markers in this PCOS cohort.
Subliminal advertising: What you see is what you get

Subliminal Advertising: What You See Is What You Get This paper provides an evaluation of the evidence and arguments advanced in support of the effectiveness of various subiiminal advertising techniques. Such practices are purported to infiuence consumer behavior by subconsciousiy aitering preferences or attitudes toward consumer products. Whiie there is some marginai evidence that subliminai stimuii may infiuence affective reactions, the marketing relevance of this finding remains to be documented. The notion that subiiminai directives can infiuence motives or actions is contradicted by a large body of research evidence and is incompatibie with theoreticai conceptions of perception and motivation.
Muscle dysmorphia: Could it be classified as an addiction to body
image?

BACKGROUND
Muscle dysmorphia (MD) describes a condition characterised by a misconstrued body image in which individuals who interpret their body size as both small or weak even though they may look normal or highly muscular.MD has been conceptualized as a type of body dysmorphic disorder, an eating disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder symptomatology. METHOD AND AIM: Through a review of the most salient literature on MD, this paper proposes an alternative classification of MD--the ‘Addiction to Body Image’ (ABI) model--using Griffiths (2005)addiction components model as the framework in which to define MD as an addiction.


RESULTS
It is argued the addictive activity in MD is the maintaining of body image via a number of different activities such as bodybuilding, exercise,eating certain foods, taking specific drugs (e.g., anabolic steroids), shopping for certain foods, food supplements,and the use or purchase of physical exercise accessories). In the ABI model, the perception of the positive effects on the self-body image is accounted for as a critical aspect of the MD condition (rather than addiction to exercise or certain types of eating disorder).


CONCLUSIONS
Based on empirical evidence to date, it is proposed that MD could be re-classified as an addiction due to the individual continuing to engage in maintenance behaviours that may cause long-term harm.
Electrochemical Study and Modeling of H2S Corrosion of Mild Steel

The internal corrosion of mild steel in the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) represents a significant challenge in oil production and natural gas treatment facilities, but the true mechanisms involved in H2S corrosion are still not fully understood. The lack of knowledge makes the prediction, prevention and/or control of aqueous H2S corrosion of mild steel much more difficult. In the present study H2S corrosion mechanisms were experimentally investigated in short term corrosion tests (1-2hr), conducted in 1 wt% NaCl solution at different pH (pH2 to pH5), at different temperature (30C to 80C), under various H2S/N2 concentration ratios (0-10%) and flow rates, using a X65 mild steel rotating cylinder electrode. Corrosion rates were measured by linear polarization resistance (LPR). Corrosion mechanisms were investigated by using potentiodynamic sweeps and by comparison with electrochemical modeling. LPR results showed that corrosion rates increased with increasing temperature, partial pressure of H2S, flow rate and decreasing pH. Results of potentiodynamic sweeps show the presence of H2S could affect both cathodic reactions and the anodic reaction. A new electrochemical model was developed and can be used to predict the effect of temperature, pH, pH2S and flow on corrosion mechanisms of mild steel in aqueous solutions containing H2S.
Spatial patterns in thunderstorm rainfall events and their coupling with watershed hydrological response

Weather radar systems provide detailed information on spatial rainfall patterns known to play a significant role in runoff generation processes. In the current study, we present an innovative approach to exploit spatial rainfall information of air mass thunderstorms and link it with a watershed hydrological model. Observed radar data are decomposed into sets of rain cells conceptualized as circular Gaussian elements and the associated rain cell parameters, namely, location, maximal intensity and decay factor, are input into a hydrological model. Rain cells were retrieved from radar data for several thunderstorms over southern Arizona. Spatial characteristics of the resulting rain fields were evaluated using data from a dense rain gauge network. For an extreme case study in a semi-arid watershed, rain cells were derived and fed as input into a hydrological model to compute runoff response. A major factor in this event was found to be a single intense rain cell (out of the five cells decomposed from the storm). The path of this cell near watershed tributaries and toward the outlet enhanced generation of high flow. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis to cell characteristics indicated that peak discharge could be a factor of two higher if the cell was initiated just a few kilometers aside. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Who gets the Carrot and Who gets the Stick? Evidence of Gender Disparities in Executive Remuneration

This paper offers a new explanation of the gender pay gap in leadership positions by examining the relationship between managerial bonuses and company performance. Drawing on fi ndings of gender studies, agency theory, and the leadership literature, we argue that the gender pay gap is a context-specifi c phenomenon which results partly from the fact that company performance has a moderating impact on pay inequalities. Employing a matched sample of 192 female and male executive directors of UK listed fi rms we corroborate the existence of the gender pay disparities in corporate boardrooms. In line with our theoretical predictions, we fi nd that bonuses awarded to men are not only larger than those allocated to women, but also that managerial compensation of male executive directors is much more performance-sensitive than that of female executives. The contribution of attributional and expectancy-related dynamics to these patterns is highlighted in line with previous work on gender stereotypes and implicit leadership theories such as the romance of leadership. Gender differences in risk-taking and confi dence are also considered as potential explanations for the observed pay disparities. The implications of organizations’ indifference to women’s performance are examined in relation to issues surrounding the recognition and retention of female talent.
Treatment of Incidental Prostate Cancer by Active Surveillance: Results of the HAROW Study.

OBJECTIVE
To report on a cohort of patients with incidental prostate cancer (IPC) that was treated by an active surveillance (AS) protocol in the HAROW study.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
The HAROW study is an observational study on the management of localized prostate cancer in Germany. Treating urologists were reporting clinical parameters, information on therapy and clinical course of disease at 6-month intervals.


RESULTS
In total, 3,169 patients were enrolled. In 224 patients were found an IPC and 104 (46%) of them were put on an AS protocol. The mean follow-up was 26.5 months. Tumor progression was noted in 16 patients. In 11 patients, AS was replaced by a definite intervention. In univariate and multivariate analyses, only PSA density correlated with progression.


CONCLUSION
This is the first prospective description of an IPC patient cohort on AS as part of an outcomes research study. AS was selected as a therapeutic strategy in nearly half of the patients (46%). Only a minor proportion (16%) displayed progression. Of the clinical parameters, only PSA density correlated with progression.
The effect of two different renal denervation strategies on blood pressure in resistant hypertension: Comparison of full-length versus proximal renal artery ablation.

BACKGROUND
Renal denervation (RDN) is used to manage blood pressure (BP) in patients with resistant hypertension (rHT), but effectiveness is still a concern, and key arterial portion for successful RDN is not clear.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of proximal versus full-length renal artery ablation in patients with resistant hypertension (rHT).


METHODS
Forty-seven patients with rHT were randomly assigned to receive full-length ablation (n = 23) or proximal ablation (n = 24) of the renal arteries. All lesions were treated with radiofrequency energy via a saline-irrigated catheter. Office BP was measured during 12 months of follow-up and ambulatory BP at baseline and 6 months (n = 15 in each group).


RESULTS
Compared with full-length ablation, proximal ablation reduced the number of ablation points in both the right (6.1 ± 0.7 vs. 3.3 ± 0.6, P < 0.001) and the left renal arteries (6.2 ± 0.7 vs. 3.3 ± 0.8, P < 0.001), with significantly shorter RF delivery time (P < 0.001), but higher RF power (P = 0.011). Baseline office BPs was 179.4 ± 13.7/102.8 ± 9.4 mm Hg in the full-length group and 181.9 ± 12.8/103.5 ± 8.9 mm Hg in the proximal group (P > 0.5). Similar office BPs was reduced by -39.4 ± 11.5/-20.9 ± 7.1 mm Hg at 6 months and -38.2 ± 10.3/-21.5 ± 5.8 mm Hg at 12 months in the full-length group (P < 0.001), -42.0 ± 11.6/-21.4 ± 7.9 mm Hg at 6 months and -40.9 ± 10.3/-22.1 ± 5.6 mm Hg at 12 months in the proximal group (P < 0.001), and progressive BP reductions were observed over the 6 months (P < 0.001) in both groups. The drop in ambulatory 24-hr SBP and DBP were significantly less than the drop in office BP (P < 0.001). No renovascular or other adverse complications were observed.


CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that proximal RDN has a similar efficacy and safety profile compared with full-length RDN, and propose the proximal artery as the key portion for RDN. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fair Trade in tourism

Tourism as an industry is increasing rapidly in developing countries. Due to historical inequality in global trading relationships on the basis of `core±periphery' dependency, globalisation and liberalised free trade, mainstream mass tourism reinforces the social and economic disadvantages of southern destinations. The `Fair Trade Movement' has sought to redress unequal trading by promoting fair trade in commodities with small producers in the South, enabling them to take control over the production and marketing process and challenging the power of transnational corporations. This paper examines the feasibility of fair trade in tourism. It explores the obstacles and opportunities that might lead to establishing a de®nition of fair trade in tourism, incorporating criteria that would be workable and practical for both partners in the South and North. Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 18 October 1997; Revised 16 July 1998; Accepted 10
Reducing calorie sales from supermarkets – ‘silent’ reformulation of retailer-brand food products

BACKGROUND
Food product reformulation is seen as one among several tools to promote healthier eating. Reformulating the recipe for a processed food, e.g. reducing the fat, sugar or salt content of the foods, or increasing the content of whole-grains, can help the consumers to pursue a healthier life style. In this study, we evaluate the effects on calorie sales of a 'silent' reformulation strategy, where a retail chain's private-label brands are reformulated to a lower energy density without making specific claims on the product.


METHODS
Using an ecological study design, we analyse 52 weeks' sales data - enriched with data on products' energy density - from a Danish retail chain. Sales of eight product categories were studied. Within each of these categories, specific products had been reformulated during the 52 weeks data period. Using econometric methods, we decompose the changes in calorie turnover and sales value into direct and indirect effects of product reformulation.


RESULTS
For all considered products, the direct effect of product reformulation was a reduction in the sale of calories from the respective product categories - between 0.5 and 8.2%. In several cases, the reformulation led to indirect substitution effects that were counterproductive with regard to reducing calorie turnover. However, except in two insignificant cases, these indirect substitution effects were dominated by the direct effect of the reformulation, leading to net reductions in calorie sales between -3.1 and 7.5%. For all considered product reformulations, the reformulation had either positive, zero or very moderate negative effects on the sales value of the product category to which the reformulated product belonged.


CONCLUSIONS
Based on these findings, 'silent' reformulation of retailer's private brands towards lower energy density seems to contribute to lowering the calorie intake in the population (although to a moderate extent) with moderate losses in retailer's sales revenues.
An effective similarity measure via genetic algorithm for content based image retrieval with extensive features

Recently, the construction of large datasets has been facilitated by the developments in data storage and image acquisition technologies. In order to manage these datasets in an efficient manner development of suitable information systems are necessary. Content-Based Image Retrieval is commonly utilized in most of the systems. Based on image content, CBIR extracts images that are relevant to the given query image from large image databases. Most of the CBIR systems available in the literature extract only concise feature sets that limit the retrieval efficiency. In this paper, extensive features are extracted from the database images and stored in the feature library. The extensive features set is comprised of shape feature along with the color, texture and the contourlet features, which are utilized in the previous work. When a query image is given, the features are extracted in the similar fashion. Subsequently, Genetic Algorithm-based similarity measure is performed between the query image features and the database image features. The Squared Euclidean Distance (SED) aids the similarity measure in determining the Genetic Algorithm fitness. Hence, from the Genetic Algorithm-based similarity measure, the database images that are relevant to the given query image are retrieved. The proposed CBIR technique is evaluated by querying different images and the retrieval efficiency is evaluated by determining precision-recall values for the retrieval results.
A New Induction Motor V / F Control Method using Dspic 30 f 5011

This paper presents design and development of a three phase induction motor drive using IGBTs at the inverter power stage with volts hertz control (V/F) in closed loop using dsPIC30F5011 as a controller. It is a 16 bit high performance digital signal controller (DSC). DSC is a single chip embedded controller that integrates the controller attributes of a microcontroller with the computation and throughput capabilities of a DSP in a single core. A 1.5HP, 3-phase, 415V, 50Hz induction motor is used as load for the inverter. Digital Storage Oscilloscope Textronix TDS2024B is used to record and analyze the various waveforms. The experimental results for V/F control of 3Phase induction motor using dsPIC30F5011 chip clearly shows constant volts per hertz and stable inverter line to line output voltage.