LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The validation of a clinical algorithm for the prevention and management of pulmonary dysfunction in intubated adults--a synthesis of evidence and expert opinion.

BACKGROUND
Pulmonary dysfunction (PDF) in intubated patients remains a serious and costly complication of intensive care unit care. Optimal cardiopulmonary therapy strategies to prevent and manage PDF need clarification to reduce practice variability. The purpose of this paper is to report on the content validation of an evidence-based clinical management algorithm (EBCMA) aimed at the prevention, identification and management of PDF in critically ill patients.


METHODS
Forty-four draft algorithm statements extracted from the extant literature by the primary research team were verified and rated by research clinicians (n = 7) in an electronic three-round Delphi process. Statements which reached a priori defined consensus [semi-interquartile range (SIQR) <0.5] were collated into the EBCMA.


RESULTS
One hundred per cent response rate. Forty-four statements were added after round one. Consensus was reached on rating of 83% (73/88) statements. Differences in interpretation of the existing evidence base, and variations in accepted clinical practice were identified. Four themes were identified where panel failed to reach consensus.


CONCLUSION
The internationally agreed hierarchical framework of current available evidence and clinical expertise developed through this Delphi process provides clinicians with a tool to inform clinical practice. This tool has the potential to reduce practice variability thereby maximizing safety and treatment outcome. The clinical utility of the EBCMA requires further evaluation.
Perceived stress mediates the relationship between emotional loneliness and sleep quality over time in older adults.

OBJECTIVE
Both loneliness and poor sleep quality are common occurrences in late life and both are detrimental to physical and mental health. While loneliness may be difficult to intervene upon, there may be correlated factors, which, if alleviated, could mitigate the effects of loneliness and sleep quality on health in late life.


DESIGN
A longitudinal, observational study whereby we gathered predictive variables at baseline and dependent variable (sleep) at follow-up.


METHOD
We investigated the relationship between loneliness at baseline and sleep quality at follow-up in a group of 447 older adults attending the clinic for research participation. Loneliness, stress and sleep quality were all measured using self-report validated psychometric tools.


RESULTS
We found that loneliness, specifically emotional loneliness, predicted sleep quality at follow-up, controlling for demographic factors and for sleep quality at baseline. Upon applying mediation methods to the data, we then found that this relationship was mediated in part by perceived stress.


CONCLUSION
We conclude that the impact of emotional loneliness on sleep quality in older adults is partly because of the stress experienced as a result of feeling lonely.
A comparative study of vehicles' routing algorithms for route planning in smart cities

Vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a generic name referring to optimization problems in transportation, distribution and logistics industry. They mainly focus on serving a number of customers by a number of vehicles. Route planning techniques is one of the main tasks of VRP which aims to find an optimal route from a starting point to a destination on a road map. As road traffic conditions may change during the car journey (e.g., increase/decrease of the congestion level, road incidents etc), the optimal route should be re-evaluated as soon as an update in traffic conditions is available. Choosing an appropriate route planning algorithm among the existing algorithms in the literature to apply it in real road networks is an important task for any transportation application. In this paper, we first present a classification of the different route planning algorithms, and then explain how we compare and analyze their performance when they are applied in real road networks. For the purpose of comparison, we simulate the behavior of these algorithms during runtime using Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) package and TRACI. We have chosen Dijkstra, the most wellknown shortest path algorithm, to be the first algorithm to be implemented in SUMO. Upon reception of any traffic conditions update that affects the current optimal route of a car, we use TRACI to re-apply the algorithm and change this cars route accordingly. In the near future, our target is to simulate other algorithms and compare their performance based on the quality of the obtained best route.
An Empirical Study of Client-Side JavaScript Bugs

Context: Client-side JavaScript is widely used in web applications to improve user-interactivity and minimize client-server communications. Unfortunately, web applications are prone to JavaScript faults. While prior studies have demonstrated the prevalence of these faults, no attempts have been made to determine their root causes and consequences. Objective: The goal of our study is to understand the root causes and impact of JavaScript faults and how the results can impact JavaScript programmers, testers and tool developers. Method: We perform an empirical study of 317 bug reports from 12 bug repositories. The bug reports are thoroughly examined to classify and extract information about the fault's cause (the error) and consequence (the failure and impact). Result: The majority (65%) of JavaScript faults are DOM-related, meaning they are caused by faulty interactions of the JavaScript code with the Document Object Model (DOM). Further, 80% of the highest impact JavaScript faults are DOM-related. Finally, most JavaScript faults originate from programmer mistakes committed in the JavaScript code itself, as opposed to other web application components such as the server-side or HTML code. Conclusion: Given the prevalence of DOM-related faults, JavaScript programmers need development tools that can help them reason about the DOM. Also, testers should prioritize detection of DOM-related faults as most high impact faults belong to this category. Finally, developers can use the error patterns we found to design more powerful static analysis tools for JavaScript.
The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of lay counsellor-delivered psychological treatments for harmful and dependent drinking and moderate to severe depression in primary care in India: PREMIUM study protocol for randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND
The leading mental health causes of the global burden of disease are depression in women and alcohol use disorders in men. A major hurdle to the implementation of evidence-based psychological treatments in primary care in developing countries is the non-availability of skilled human resources. The aim of these trials is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of two psychological treatments developed for the treatment of depression and alcohol use disorders in primary care in India.


METHODS/DESIGN
This study protocol is for parallel group, randomized controlled trials (Healthy Activity Program for moderate to severe depression, Counselling for Alcohol Problems for harmful and dependent drinking) in eight primary health centres in Goa, India. Adult primary care attendees will be screened with the Patient Health Questionnaire for depression and, in men only, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test for drinking problems. Screen-positive attendees will be invited to participate; men who screen positive for both disorders will be invited to participate in the Counselling for Alcohol Problems trial. Those who consent will be allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive either the respective psychological treatment plus enhanced usual care or enhanced usual care only using a computer generated allocation sequence, stratified by primary health centre and, for depression, by sex. The enhanced usual care comprises providing primary health centre doctors with contextualized World Health Organization guidelines and screening results. Psychological treatments will be delivered by lay counsellors, over a maximum period of three months. Primary outcomes are severity of disorder and remission rates at three months post-enrolment and, for the Counselling for Alcohol Problems trial, drinking and the impact of drinking on daily lives. Secondary outcomes include severity of disorder and remission rates at 12 months, disability scores, suicidal behaviour and economic impact, and cost-effectiveness at three and 12 months. 500 participants with depression and 400 participants with harmful drinking will be recruited. Primary analyses will be intention-to-treat.


DISCUSSION
These trials may offer a new approach for the treatment of moderate-severe depression and drinking problems in primary care that is potentially scalable as it relies on delivery by a single pool of lay counsellors.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Both trials are registered with the International Society for the Registration of Clinical Trials (Healthy Activity Programme registration number ISRCTN95149997; Counselling for Alcohol Problems registration number ISRCTN76465238).
A Hybrid Controller for Vision-Based Navigation of Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Environments

This paper presents a new hybrid control approach for vision-based navigation applied to autonomous robotic automobiles in urban environments. It is composed by a visual servoing (VS) for road lane following (as deliberative control) and a dynamic window approach (DWA) for obstacle avoidance (as reactive control). Typically, VS applications do not change the velocities to stop the robot in dangerous situations or avoid obstacles while performing the navigation task. However, in several urban conditions, these are elements that must be dealt with to guarantee the safe movement of the car. As a solution for this problem, in this paper, a line-following VS controller will be used to perform road lane following tasks with obstacle avoidance, validating its control outputs in a new image-based dynamic window approach (IDWA). The final solution combines the benefits of both controllers (VS+IDWA) for optimal lane following and fast obstacle avoidance, taking into account the car kinematics and some dynamics constraints. Experiments in a challenging scenario with both simulated and real experimental car show the viability of the proposed methodology.
QoS-Predictions Service: Infrastructural Support for Proactive QoS- and Context-Aware Mobile Services (Position Paper)

Today’s mobile data applications aspire to deliver services to a user anywhere anytime while fulfilling his Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. However, the success of the service delivery heavily relies on the QoS offered by the underlying networks. As the services operate in a heterogeneous networking environment, we argue that the generic information about the networks’ offered-QoS may enable an anyhow mobile service delivery based on an intelligent (proactive) selection of ‘any’ network available in the user’s context (location and time). Towards this direction, we develop a QoS-predictions service provider, which includes functionality for the acquisition of generic offered-QoS information and which, via a multidimensional processing and history-based reasoning, will provide predictions of the expected offered-QoS in a reliable and timely manner. We acquire the generic QoS-information from distributed mobile services’ components quantitatively (actively and passively) measuring the applicationlevel QoS, while the reasoning is based on statistical data mining and pattern recognition techniques.
Does the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI), based on a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA), predict mortality in cancer patients? Results of a prospective observational trial.

OBJECTIVE
Despite the lack of definitive data on the impact of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) in the geriatric oncology setting, the broad use of any form of CGA is strongly recommended before any treatment decision in elderly cancer patients (ECP); currently there is no consensus about the best format for this geriatric assessment. The aim of this study was to firstly test the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) in ECP with locally advanced or metastatic disease.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients aged ≥70years with inoperable or metastatic solid cancer consecutively admitted to our Program of Geriatric Oncology were assessed by a multidisciplinary team and received a basal CGA to calculate the MPI score.


RESULTS
A hundred and sixty patients entered the study. In the Cox's regression model, MPI, CIRS-SI, BSA, GDS, MMSE, chemotherapy and a diagnosis of primary lung cancer were associated with mortality at 6 and 12months. The ROC curves confirmed the prognostic value of MPI, with the best discriminatory power for mortality at both 6 and 12months.


CONCLUSION
The present study is the first to indicate that the MPI retains its prognostic value even in elderly cancer patients with advanced stage of disease. The CIRS-SI and the GDS may potentiate the prognostic value of MPI.
Unique Effects of Acute Aripiprazole Treatment on the Dopamine D2 Receptor Downstream cAMP-PKA and Akt-GSK3β Signalling Pathways in Rats

Aripiprazole is a wide-used antipsychotic drug with therapeutic effects on both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and reduced side-effects. Although aripiprazole was developed as a dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) partial agonist, all other D2R partial agonists that aimed to mimic aripiprazole failed to exert therapeutic effects in clinic. The present in vivo study aimed to investigate the effects of aripiprazole on the D2R downstream cAMP-PKA and Akt-GSK3β signalling pathways in comparison with a D2R antagonist--haloperidol and a D2R partial agonist--bifeprunox. Rats were injected once with aripiprazole (0.75 mg/kg, i.p.), bifeprunox (0.8 mg/kg, i.p.), haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle. Five brain regions--the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), caudate putamen (CPu), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) were collected. The protein levels of PKA, Akt and GSK3β were measured by Western Blotting; the cAMP levels were examined by ELISA tests. The results showed that aripiprazole presented similar acute effects on PKA expression to haloperidol, but not bifeprunox, in the CPU and VTA. Additionally, aripiprazole was able to increase the phosphorylation of GSK3β in the PFC, NAc, CPu and SN, respectively, which cannot be achieved by bifeprunox and haloperidol. These results suggested that acute treatment of aripiprazole had differential effects on the cAMP-PKA and Akt-GSK3β signalling pathways from haloperidol and bifeprunox in these brain areas. This study further indicated that, by comparison with bifeprunox, the unique pharmacological profile of aripiprazole may be attributed to the relatively lower intrinsic activity at D2R.
Lamivudine and alpha interferon combination treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: a randomised trial.

UNLABELLED
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND METHODS: Alpha interferon is the generally approved therapy for HBe antigen positive patients with chronic hepatitis B, but its efficacy is limited. Lamivudine is a new oral nucleoside analogue which potently inhibits hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication. To investigate the possibility of an additive effect of interferon-lamivudine combination therapy compared with interferon or lamivudine monotherapy, we conducted a randomised controlled trial in 230 predominantly Caucasian patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and HBV DNA positive chronic hepatitis B. Previously untreated patients were randomised to receive: combination therapy of lamivudine 100 mg daily with alpha interferon 10 million units three times weekly for 16 weeks after pretreatment with lamivudine for eight weeks (n=75); alpha interferon 10 million units three times weekly for 16 weeks (n=69); or lamivudine 100 mg daily for 52 weeks (n=82). The primary efficacy end point was the HBeAg seroconversion rate at week 52 (loss of HBeAg, development of antibodies to HBeAg and undetectable HBV DNA).


RESULTS
The HBeAg seroconversion rate at week 52 was 29% for the combination therapy, 19% for interferon monotherapy, and 18% for lamivudine monotherapy (p=0.12 and p=0.10, respectively, for comparison of the combination therapy with interferon or lamivudine monotherapy). The HBeAg seroconversion rates at week 52 for the combination therapy and lamivudine monotherapy were significantly different in the per protocol analysis (36% (20/56) v 19% (13/70), respectively; p=0.02). The effect of combining lamivudine and interferon appeared to be most useful in patients with moderately elevated alanine aminotransferase levels at baseline. Adverse events with the combination therapy were similar to interferon monotherapy; patients receiving lamivudine monotherapy had significantly fewer adverse events.


CONCLUSIONS
HBeAg seroconversion rates at one year were similar for lamivudine monotherapy (52 weeks) and standard alpha interferon therapy (16 weeks). The combination of lamivudine and interferon appeared to increase the HBeAg seroconversion rate, particularly in patients with moderately elevated baseline aminotransferase levels. The potential benefit of combining lamivudine and interferon should be investigated further in studies with different regimens of combination therapy.
Continuous and Discontinuous Shock Absorber Control through Skyhook Strategy in Semi-Active Suspension System ( 4 DOF Model )

Active vibration isolation systems are less commonly used than passive systems due to their associated cost and power requirements. In principle, semi-active isolation systems can deliver the versatility, adaptability and higher performance of fully active systems for a fraction of the power consumption. Various semi-active control algorithms have been suggested in the past. This paper studies the 4DOF model of semi-active suspension performance controlled by on–off and continuous skyhook damping control strategy. The frequency and transient responses of model are evaluated in terms of body acceleration, roll angle and tire deflection and are compared with that of a passive damper. The results show that the semi-active system controlled by skyhook strategy always provides better isolation than a conventional passively damped system except at tire natural frequencies. Keywords—Semi-active suspension system, Skyhook, Vibration isolation, 4DOF model.
Simple Recurrent Units for Highly Parallelizable Recurrence

Common recurrent neural architectures scale poorly due to the intrinsic difficulty in parallelizing their state computations. In this work, we propose the Simple Recurrent Unit (SRU), a light recurrent unit that balances model capacity and scalability. SRU is designed to provide expressive recurrence, enable highly parallelized implementation, and comes with careful initialization to facilitate training of deep models. We demonstrate the effectiveness of SRU on multiple NLP tasks. SRU achieves 5–9x speed-up over cuDNN-optimized LSTM on classification and question answering datasets, and delivers stronger results than LSTM and convolutional models. We also obtain an average of 0.7 BLEU improvement over the Transformer model (Vaswani et al., 2017) on translation by incorporating SRU into the architecture.1
State of the science in health professional education: effective feedback.

BACKGROUND
Effective feedback may be defined as feedback in which information about previous performance is used to promote positive and desirable development. This can be challenging as educators must acknowledge the psychosocial needs of the recipient while ensuring that feedback is both honest and accurate. Current feedback models remain reductionist in their approach. They are embedded in the hierarchical, diagnostic endeavours of the health professions. Even when it acknowledges the importance of two-way interactions, feedback often remains an educator-driven, one-way process.


LESSONS FROM THE LITERATURE
An understanding of the various types of feedback and an ability to actively seek an appropriate approach may support feedback effectiveness. Facilitative rather than directive feedback enhances learning for high achievers. High-achieving recipients undertaking complex tasks may benefit from delayed feedback. It is hypothesised that such learners are supported by reducing interruptions during the task. If we accept that medical students and doctors are high achievers, we can draw on some guiding principles from a complex and rarely conclusive literature. Feedback should focus on the task rather than the individual and should be specific. It should be directly linked to personal goals. Self-assessment as a means to identify personal learning requirements has no theoretical basis. Motivated recipients benefit from challenging facilitated feedback from external sources.


A NEW MODEL
To achieve truly effective feedback, the health professions must nurture recipient reflection-in-action. This builds on self-monitoring informed by external feedback. An integrated approach must be developed to support a feedback culture. Early training and experience such as peer feedback may over time support the required cultural change. Opportunities to provide feedback must not be missed, including those to impart potentially powerful feedback from high-stakes assessments. Feedback must be conceptualised as a supported sequential process rather than a series of unrelated events. Only this sustained approach will maximise any effect.
Facilitation of primary coronary angioplasty by early start of a glycoprotein 2b/3a inhibitor: results of the ongoing tirofiban in myocardial infarction evaluation (On-TIME) trial.

AIM
Although primary angioplasty is effective despite additional transportation delay, improved patency before PCI might be obtained by starting pharmacological pre-treatment before transportation.


METHODS AND RESULTS
From June 2001 to November 2002, 507 patients with acute myocardial infarction, who were transferred to a PCI centre, were randomised to early, pre-hospital initiation of Tirofiban (Early) or to initiation in the catheterisation laboratory (Late). The primary end-point was TIMI flow grade 3 of the infarct-related vessel (IRV) at initial angiography, as assessed by an independent core-lab. The effect of Tirofiban on each TIMI flow component, the presence of thrombus at initial angiography and pre-PCI myocardial blush grade were secondary end-points. A large proportion of patients (41%) was diagnosed and randomised in the ambulance, without intervention of a physician. In the Early group, Tirofiban was administered a median of 59 min (range 11-178 min) earlier than in the Late group. At initial angiography, TIMI 3 flow was present in 19% the Early group and in 15% in the Late group (P = 0.22). The combined incidence of TIMI 2 or 3 flow was present in 43% in the Early group and in 34% in the Late group, respectively (P = 0.04). Thrombus or a fresh occlusion was present in 60% and 73% in the Early and Late group, respectively (P = 0.002). A pre-PCI myocardial blush grades 2 or 3 was more often present in the Early group (30% vs. 22%, P = 0.04). However, no difference in TIMI 3 flow or myocardial blush grade was found between the groups, post-PCI. At one-year follow-up, the combined incidence of death or recurrent MI was not different between the groups (7.0% vs. 7.0%, P = 0.99).


CONCLUSION
Early initiation of Tirofiban did not improve initial TIMI 3 flow of the IRV significantly. Despite a better patency (TIMI 2 or 3 flow), a lower prevalence of thrombus or fresh occlusion and a better myocardial perfusion in the infarct-related region pre-PCI, no beneficial effect on post-PCI angiographic or clinical outcome was found, as compared to initiation of Tirofiban in the catheterisation laboratory.