LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal imaging: endoscopic ultrasound.

The development of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) since its introduction in the early 1980s has added greatly to the quality of imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. EUS is probably the investigation of choice for local staging of several gastrointestinal tumors and evaluation of submucosal masses. In addition to well-established indications, newer applications of EUS are emerging. For example, EUS is proving useful in evaluation of other pathologies such as chronic pancreatitis and choledocholithiasis. However, the applications of EUS are no longer limited to the gastrointestinal system, and recent studies have suggested that it has a significant role to play in the staging of nongastrointestinal tumors, such as non–small cell lung cancer. EUS has progressed from being a purely imaging modality to one that can provide a tissue diagnosis by fine needle aspiration (FNA) and deliver therapy (interventional EUS). Indeed, EUS-guided FNA should now be regarded as a routine extension of EUS. The ability to obtain tissue under EUS has made its acceptance more widespread. The field of interventional EUS is one that is in its relative infancy, but many potential applications are under investigation, and there is real promise with several of these applications. It is likely, as with the development of interventional endoscopic techniques, that many of these procedures will be accepted as standard in the future. There continue to be technological advances in the instrumentation used, such as miniprobes and thinner video echoendoscopes. Because the impact of EUS on patient care is increasingly documented in terms of both improved diagnostic accuracy and reduction in costs, the clinical applications of this tool will be difficult to ignore. After years of being limited mainly to academic centers, EUS is finally being performed more widely, but there are training issues that remain to be addressed. This review describes the established and more tentative indications for EUS (Table 1) and covers the applications of EUS in FNA and as an interventional tool. Potential future applications are also discussed. Instrumentation
Chronic disease self-management and exercise in COPD as pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial

PURPOSE
Both exercise and self-management are advocated in pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The widely used 6-week, group-based Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) increases self-reported exercise, despite supervised exercise not being a program component. This has been little explored in COPD. Whether adding supervised exercise to the CDSMP would add benefit is unknown. We investigated the CDSMP in COPD, with and without a formal supervised exercise component, to address this question.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Adult outpatients with COPD were randomized to the CDSMP with or without one hour of weekly supervised exercise over 6 weeks. The primary outcome measure was 6-minute walk test distance (6MWD). Secondary outcomes included self-reported exercise, exercise stage of change, exercise self-efficacy, breathlessness, quality of life, and self-management behaviors. Within- and between-group differences were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis.


RESULTS
Of 84 subjects recruited, 15 withdrew. 6MWD increased similarly in both groups: CDSMP-plus-exercise (intervention group) by 18.6±46.2 m; CDSMP-alone (control group) by 20.0±46.2 m. There was no significant difference for any secondary outcome.


CONCLUSION
The CDSMP produced à small statistically significant increase in 6MWD. The addition of a single supervised exercise session did not further increase exercise capacity. Our findings confirm the efficacy of a behaviorally based intervention in COPD, but this would seem to be less than expected from conventional exercise-based pulmonary rehabilitation, raising the question of how, if at all, the small gains observed in this study may be augmented.
Application of teaching active methodologies: Experience that improves the significant learning

Actually, university education proposes a teaching based on competences promoting the significant learning. Chilean universities are in a period of implementation of the teaching-learning process based on a model focused on learning, this is making the teacher in a facilitator of learning through the carrying out of educational innovation. This article presents the empirical experience of incorporating the active methodologies to a sample for this empirical study was composed of students from Basic Computing and Programming subjects, where project- based on competences learning was implemented in a collaborative atmosphere integrating of the geology career. This is an exploratory and descriptive study where the data were obtained through the application of questionnaires that measured to approaching teaching (ATI), learning processes (SPQ), learning experience (CEQ) and methodological innovation satisfaction. The application and analysis of the results of the surveys reflects the implementation of active methodologies contribution in the classroom developing the meaningful learning.
Neurofeedback in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – a controlled multicenter study of a non-pharmacological treatment approach

BACKGROUND
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood and has often a chronic course persisting into adulthood. However, up to 30% of children treated with stimulants either fail to show an improvement or suffer adverse side effects, including decreased appetite, insomnia and irritability and there is no evidence of long term efficacy of stimulants for ADHD. A series of studies has shown that neurofeedback is an effective additional or alternative treatment for children with ADHD, leading to e.g. significant and stable improvement in behavior, attention and IQ. Significant treatment effects of neurofeedback have also been verified in meta-analyses. Most of the trials, however, have been criticized for methodological difficulties, particularly lacking appropriate control conditions and number of patients included. This randomized study examines the efficacy of slow cortical potentials (SCP) -neurofeedback, controlling unspecific effects of the setting by comparing two active treatment modalities.


METHODS/DESIGN
A total of 144 patients with ADHD, older than six and younger than ten years, in some cases with additional pharmacological treatment, are included in this trial. In five trial centres patients are treated either with SCP-feedback or electromyographic (EMG) -feedback in 25 sessions within 3 months. A comprehensive test battery is conducted before and after treatment and at follow-up 6 month later, to assess core symptoms of ADHD, general psychopathology, attentional performance, comorbid symptoms, intelligence, quality of life and cortical arousal.


DISCUSSION
The efficacy of SCP-feedback training for children with ADHD is evaluated in this randomized controlled study. In addition to behavior ratings and psychometric tests neurophysiological parameters serve as dependent variables. Further, the choice of EMG-biofeedback as an active control condition is debated.


TRIALS REGISTRATION
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN76187185. Registered 5 February 2009.
Efficacy to effectiveness transition of an Educational Program to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening (EPICS): study protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND
African Americans have the highest incidence and mortality and are less likely than whites to have been screened for colorectal cancer (CRC). Many interventions have been shown to increase CRC screening in research settings, but few have been evaluated specifically for use in African-American communities in real world settings. This study aims to identify the most efficacious approach to disseminate an evidence-based intervention in promoting colorectal screening in African Americans and to identify the factors associated with its efficacy.


METHODS/DESIGN
In this study, investigators will recruit 20 community coalitions and 7,200 African-Americans age 50 to 74 to test passive and active approaches to disseminating the Educational Program to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening (EPICS); to measure the extent to which EPICS is accepted and the fidelity of implementation in various settings and to estimate the potential translatability and public health impact of EPICS. This four-arm cluster randomized trial compares the following implementation strategies: passive arms, (web access to facilitator training materials and toolkits without technical assistance (TA) and (web access, but with technical assistance (TA); active arms, (in-person access to facilitator training materials and toolkits without TA and (in-person access with TA). Primary outcome measures are the reach (the proportion of representative community coalitions and individuals participating) and efficacy (post-intervention changes in CRC screening rates). Secondary outcomes include adoption (percentage of community coalitions implementing the EPICS sessions) and implementation (quality and consistency of the intervention delivery). The extent to which community coalitions continue to implement EPICS post-implementation (maintenance) will also be measured. Cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted.


DISCUSSION
Implementing EPICS in partnership with community coalitions, we hypothesized, will result in more rapid adoption than traditional top-down approaches, and resulting changes in community CRC screening practices are more likely to be sustainable over time. With its national reach, this study has the potential to enhance our understanding of barriers and enablers to the uptake of educational programs aimed at eliminating cancer disparities.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01805622.
Big Data Processing for Full-Text Search and Visualization with Elasticsearch

In this paper, the task of using Big Data to identify specific individuals on the indirect grounds of their interaction with information resources is considered. Possible sources of Big Data and problems related to its processing are analyzed. Existing means of data clustering are considered. Available software for full-text search and data visualization is analyzed, and a system based on Elasticsearch engine and MapReduce model is proposed for the solution of user verification problem. Keywords—Big Data processing; verification; elasticsearch; MapReduce; data clustering
Early exposure to the combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and thimerosal-containing vaccines and risk of autism spectrum disorder.

OBJECTIVE
This case-control study investigated the relationship between the risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) onset, and early exposure to the combined Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine and thimerosal consumption measured from vaccinations in the highly genetically homogenous Japanese population.


METHODS
Vaccination histories at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months from birth were investigated in ASD cases (189 samples), and controls (224 samples) matching age and sex in each case. Crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to determine relationship between MMR vaccination and ASD. The differences in mean values of the thimerosal dosage between cases and controls were analyzed using an unpaired t-test. MMR vaccination and thimerosal dosage were also investigated using a conditional multiple-regression model.


RESULTS
There were no significant differences in MMR vaccination and thimerosal dosage between cases and controls at any age. Furthermore, the ORs (95% CIs) of MMR vaccination and thimerosal dosage associated with ASD in the conditional multiple regression model were, respectively, 0.875 (0.345-2.222) and 1.205 (0.862-1.683) at age 18 months, 0.724 (0.421-1.243) and 1.343 (0.997-1.808) at 24 months, and 1.040 (0.648-1.668) and 0.844 (0.632-1.128) at 36 months. Thus, there were no significant differences.


CONCLUSIONS
No convincing evidence was found in this study that MMR vaccination and increasing thimerosal dose were associated with an increased risk of ASD onset.
Trust Study of E-Commerce in China Based on B2C Model

The paper firstly elaborates e-commerce trust issues in detail, explores the practical significance of the trust problems. Then puts forward some widespread trust problems in Chinese e-commerce and sets up a framework for Chinese e-commerce trust system according to the specific national conditions of China. Some solutions to the current trust will be given in the end of the paper.
Syphilis Infection during Pregnancy: Fetal Risks and Clinical Management

Congenital syphilis is still a cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Untreated maternal infection leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including early fetal loss, stillbirth, prematurity, low birth weight, neonatal and infant death, and congenital disease among newborns. Clinical manifestations of congenital syphilis are influenced by gestational age, stage of maternal syphilis, maternal treatment, and immunological response of the fetus. It has been traditionally classified in early congenital syphilis and late congenital syphilis. Diagnosis of maternal infection is based on clinical findings, serological tests, and direct identification of treponemes in clinical specimens. Adequate treatment of maternal infection is effective for preventing maternal transmission to the fetus and for treating fetal infection. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital syphilis includes noninvasive and invasive diagnosis. Serological screening during pregnancy and during preconception period should be performed to reduce the incidence of congenital syphilis.
Assessment of >/=50% and <50% intracranial stenoses by transcranial color-coded duplex sonography.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
A favorable risk-benefit ratio for warfarin compared with aspirin has been reported for the prevention of major vascular events in symptomatic >/=50% intracranial stenoses. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) criteria providing an accurate detection of >/=50% and <50% stenoses of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries and basilar and vertebral arteries were evaluated retrospectively with angiography used as the standard of reference.


METHODS
Prospectively collected TCCS, extracranial color-coded duplex sonography, and intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography data of 310 patients were reviewed. The patients had angiography for confirmation of symptomatic extracranial >/=70% carotid stenoses, symptomatic stenoses (peak systolic velocity higher than the corresponding mean value +2 SDs of 104 normal subjects), and occlusions of the middle cerebral or basilar artery previously assessed by ultrasound. The sonographer was not aware of angiographic findings.


RESULTS
TCCS would have detected all 31 of >/=50% intracranial stenoses with 1 false-positive and 35 of 38 <50% stenoses with 3 false-positives. One of 69 stenoses (1%) and 280 of 2741 normal arteries (10%) were missed because of inadequate insonation windows. The corresponding peak systolic velocity cutoffs for >/=50%/<50% stenoses were >/=155/>/=120 cm/s (anterior cerebral artery), >/=220/>/=155 cm/s (middle cerebral artery), >/=145/>/=100 cm/s (posterior cerebral artery), >/=140/>/=100 cm/s (basilar artery), and >/=120/>/=90 cm/s (vertebral artery).


CONCLUSIONS
TCCS may reliably assess >/=50% and <50% basal cerebral artery narrowing and prove useful for noninvasive management of patients with symptomatic intracranial stenoses.
Do Sheep Cause Wars

Scare Tactics: The Politics of International Rivalry. By Michael P. Colaresi Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005. 232 pp., $34.95 (ISBN: 0-8156-3066-2).

International conflict can emerge from seemingly benign interactions. In 1955, some 480 sheep straying into Jordan from Israel led Israeli defense minister Moshe Dayan to call for immediate military action against Jordan (p. xv).

So begins Michael Colaresi's fascinating book, Scare Tactics: The Politics of International Rivalry . Actually, the answer is “no.” Sheep do not cause wars. In principle, Colaresi argues, sheep could trigger a war, but only in the context of an ongoing international rivalry and only when “a distinct constellation of domestic and international pressures” exists (p. xvi). Given that the Israeli sheep in 1955 did not trigger a war, the book's setup is a “bait-and-switch.” So is the book's title. It has nothing to do with “scare tactics.” Nonetheless, it is well worth reading.

Colaresi's real goal is to improve our understanding of the circumstances under which rivalries will escalate or de-escalate. He begins with a literature review in which he shows persuasively that this is something not particularly well understood. The most serious weakness of existing theories, Colaresi suggests, is that they fail to integrate domestic and international factors. As a result, they inappropriately privilege considerations at one level of analysis or the other, and they fail to specify thresholds or directions for change (either toward conflict or toward peace). In making this argument, Colaresi's chief targets are Paul Diehl and Gary Goertz's punctuated equilibrium model of rivalry initiation and termination (Goertz and Diehl 1995; Diehl and Goertz 2000) and Jack Snyder's (1991) logrolling and coalition-building theory of overexpansion, but Colaresi also takes a hard look at theories that focus on power transitions, diversion, regime type, and learning. Colaresi offers an alternative …
Validation of Photograph-Based Toxicity Score for Topical 5-Fluorouracil Cream Application.

BACKGROUND
An objective tool quantifying the toxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) from photographs was recently reported, and its reliability was confirmed.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to validate the photograph-based toxicity score.


METHODS
Photograph-based toxicity scores of participants assigned to the 5-FU arm of a randomized placebo-controlled trial were tested for correlations with their patient-reported symptom scores and baseline characteristics.


RESULTS
Each pair of individual and overall scores of patient-reported symptoms and photograph-based toxicity was correlated at 2 and 4 weeks (correlation coefficient range, 0.34-0.95; P < .001 for all). Older age, more actinic keratoses, previous topical 5-FU use, and more keratinocyte carcinomas on the face and ears in the previous 5 years were correlated with increased 5-FU toxicity at 2 weeks (P < .05). An increase in the total number of 5-FU applications during the trial was correlated with less severe toxicity at 2 weeks (P < .001), but with increased toxicity at 4 weeks (P < .001).


CONCLUSION
This study provides evidence for construct validity of the photograph-based 5-FU toxicity score. The tool can be used to objectively measure 5-FU toxicity in clinical or research setting, and it can be a prototype for toxicity measurements of other topical medications.
3 D Sketching using MultiView Deep Volumetric Prediction

Sketch-based modeling strives to bring the ease and immediacy of drawing to the 3D world. However, while drawings are easy for humans to create, they are very challenging for computers to interpret due to their sparsity and ambiguity. We propose a data-driven approach that tackles this challenge by learning to reconstruct 3D shapes from one or more drawings. At the core of our approach is a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that predicts occupancy of a voxel grid from a line drawing. This CNN provides an initial 3D reconstruction as soon as the user completes a single drawing of the desired shape. We complement this single-view network with an updater CNN that refines an existing prediction given a new drawing of the shape created from a novel viewpoint. A key advantage of our approach is that we can apply the updater iteratively to fuse information from an arbitrary number of viewpoints, without requiring explicit stroke correspondences between the drawings. We train both CNNs by rendering synthetic contour drawings from hand-modeled shape collections as well as from procedurally-generated abstract shapes. Finally, we integrate our CNNs in an interactive modeling system that allows users to seamlessly draw an object, rotate it to see its 3D reconstruction, and refine it by re-drawing from another vantage point using the 3D reconstruction as guidance. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Conference’17, July 2017, Washington, DC, USA © 2018 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). ACM ISBN 978-x-xxxx-xxxx-x/YY/MM. https://doi.org/10.1145/nnnnnnn.nnnnnnn This is the authors version of the work. It is posted by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definite version will be published in PACMCGIT.
The assessment of body image investment: an extensive revision of the appearance schemas inventory.

OBJECTIVE
The Appearance Schemas Inventory (ASI) is a 14-item instrument that assesses body image investment in relation to certain beliefs or assumptions about the importance, meaning, and influence of appearance in one's life. Despite empirical support of the ASI, critical examination evinces several limitations of this assessment. These problems entail the inclusion of explicitly self-evaluative items and social stereotypes, few behavioral items, and a repeated failure to find expected gender differences on the ASI.


METHOD
We initially constructed a 45-item measure (40 new items plus 5 original items) and administered it, along with the original ASI and other validational assessments, to 603 college students (468 women and 135 men).


RESULTS
The end result was a 20-item revision of the inventory (ASI-R), which included two factors: Self-Evaluative Salience and Motivational Salience. For both genders, the composite ASI-R and its two factors had high internal consistency and were significantly convergent with other pertinent measures of body image and psychosocial functioning. The ASI-R and its two subscales showed significant gender differences, whereas the original ASI did not. We also examined racial differences on the ASI-R, its correlations with body mass, and its unique contribution to the prediction of disturbed eating attitudes.


DISCUSSION
We offer this measure as an improved, psychometrically sound replacement for the ASI.