LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic debridement of massive rotator cuff tears: negative prognostic factors

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that may lead to poor outcomes after arthroscopic debridement in massive rotator cuff tears. Thirty-three patients (10 women and 23 men) with massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears underwent arthroscopy by a single surgeon. The preoperative diagnosis was based on the clinical examination and MRI. Their mean age was 69 years (range 62–79 years), and the average follow-up was 31 months (range 24–46 months). If indicated, the performed arthroscopic debridement included acromioplasty, debridement of the cuff, resection of the distal part of the clavicle or tenotomy of the long head of the biceps. In 28 cases (85%) acromioplasties and in 6 cases (18%) biceps tenotomies were performed, 2 of which were a single tenotomy without any associated acromioplasty. One patient had been managed with concomitant resection of the distal part of the clavicle. The Constant and Murley Score improved by a mean of 30 points, from a mean of 37 points (range 21–52) preoperatively to a mean of 67 points (range 31–82) at the time of follow-up. Some 82% of the patients were satisfied with the procedure. The result was considered unsatisfactory because of inadequate pain relief in 4 shoulders, because of limited active abduction in 1 and because of limited external rotation in 1. A poor outcome was associated with a complete tear of the subscapularis tendon in 6 patients. The radiological study showed no significant narrowing of the subacromial space. Our early results suggest that arthroscopic debridement is an excellent treatment for elderly patients with modest functional demands. However, its long-term consequences remain to be evaluated by studies with lengthy follow-up. Prognostic factors that may lead to a negative outcome are preoperative superior migration of the humeral head, presence of subscapularis tear, presence of glenohumeral arthritis and decreased range of motion.
Environments and System Types of Virtual Reality Technology in STEM: a Survey

Virtual Reality (VR) technology has been used widely today in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields. The VR is emerging computer interface distinguished by high degrees of immersion, trustworthy, and interaction. The goal of VR is making the user believe, as much as possible, that he is within the computergenerated environment. The VR has become one of the important technologies to be discussed regarding its applications, usage, and its different types that can achieve huge benefits in the real world. This survey paper introduces detail information about VR systems and requirements to build correct VR environment. Moreover, this work presents a comparison between system types of VR. Then, it presents the tools and software used for building VR environments. After that, we epitomize a road of the map for selecting appropriate VR system according to the field of applications. Finally, we introduce the conclusion and future predictions to develop the VR systems. Keywords—Virtual reality; 3D graphics; immersion; 3D images; navigation; multimedia
Hardware-assisted middleware: Acceleration of garbage collection operations

Although the virtualization technology brings many benefits to cloud computing environments, as the virtual machines provide more features, the middleware layer has become bloated, introducing a high overhead. Our ultimate goal is to provide hardware-assisted solutions to improve the middleware performance in cloud computing environments. As a starting point, in this paper, we design, implement, and evaluate specialized hardware instructions to accelerate GC operations. We select GC because it is a common component in virtual machine designs and it incurs high performance and energy consumption overheads. We performed a profiling study on various GC algorithms to identify the GC performance hotspots, which contribute to more than 50% of the total GC execution time. By moving these hotspot functions into hardware, we managed to achieve an order of magnitude speedup.
Study of Peer-to-Peer Network Based Cybercrime Investigation: Application on Botnet Technologies

xvii List of Publications xix
Molecular pathways: VCAM-1 as a potential therapeutic target in metastasis.

Interactions between disseminated tumor cells (DTC) and stromal cells in the microenvironment are critical for tumor colonization of distal organs. Recent studies have shown that vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is aberrantly expressed in breast cancer cells and mediates prometastatic tumor-stromal interactions. Moreover, the usefulness of VCAM-1 to DTCs in 2 different organs--lung and bone--is based on distinct mechanisms. In the lungs, VCAM-1 on the surface of cancer cells binds to its counterreceptor, the α4β1 integrin (also known as very-late antigen, VLA-4), on metastasis-associated macrophages, triggering VCAM-1-mediated activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase growth and survival pathway in the cancer cells. In the bone marrow, cancer cell VCAM-1 attracts and tethers α4 integrin-expressing osteoclast progenitors to facilitate their maturation into multinucleated osteoclasts that mediate osteolytic metastasis. These findings highlight the importance of direct interactions between DTCs and stromal cells during tumor dissemination and draw attention to the possibility of targeting the α4 integrin-VCAM-1 interactions in metastatic breast cancer. Anti-α4 integrin inhibitors have been developed to treat various diseases driven by massive leukocyte infiltrates and have gained U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval or are undergoing clinical trials. Testing these drugs against tumor-stromal leukocyte interactions may provide a new strategy to suppress lung and bone relapse of breast cancer.
Adding handles to the helicoid

There exist two new embedded minimal surfaces, asymptotic to the helicoid. One is periodic, with quotient (by orientation-preserving translations) of genus one. The other is nonperiodic of genus one. We have constructed two minimal surfaces of theoretical interest. The first is a complete, embedded, singly periodic minimal surface (SPEMS) that is asymptotic to the helicoid, has infinite genus, and whose quotient by translations has genus one. The quotient of the helicoid by translations has genus zero and the helicoid itself is simply connected. Theorem 1. There exists an embedded singly periodic minimal surface W1, asymptotic to the helicoid and invariant under a translation T . The quotient surface W1/T has genus equal to one and two ends. W1 contains a vertical axis, as does the helicoid, and W1/T contains two horizontal lines. The second surface is a complete, properly embedded minimal surface of finite topology with infinite total curvature. It is the first such surface to be found since the helicoid, which was discovered in the eighteenth century. (See Figure 1(a).) Theorem 2. There exists a complete, properly embedded minimal surface, He1, of genus-one, whose one end is of helicoidal type. He1 contains a vertical line, like the helicoid, and one horizontal line that crosses it. Schwarz reflection in these two lines generates the symmetry group of the surface. (See Figure 1(b).) 1. History and context Except for the plane, the helicoid is the only ruled minimal surface. Its discovery is attributed to Meusnier in 1776; together with the catenoid (Euler, c. 1744) these were the only minimal surfaces explicitly known to eighteenth century mathematics. The next major discovery came from Scherk in the 1830s: multiple families of periodic minimal surfaces, including the famous families of singly and doubly periodic examples that bear his name [11, 15]. That the surfaces in these Received by the editors July 1, 1992 and, in revised form, December 6, 1992. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 53A10; Secondary 58E12, 49Q06. The first author was supported by the National Science Foundation under grants, DMS-9101903 and DMS-9011083 and by the U.S. Department of Energy under grant DE-FG02-86ER25015 of the Applied Mathematical Science subprogram of the Office of Energy Research. The second author was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under grant DE-FG02-86ER25015 of the Applied Mathematical Science subprogram of the Office of Energy Research. The third author was partially supported by Sonderforschungsbereich SFB256 at Bonn. c ©1993 American Mathematical Society 0273-0979/93 $1.00 + $.25 per page
Eigenmode Tomography of Surface Charge Oscillations of Plasmonic Nanoparticles by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

Plasmonic devices designed in three dimensions enable careful tuning of optical responses for control of complex electromagnetic interactions on the nanoscale. Probing the fundamental characteristics of the constituent nanoparticle building blocks is, however, often constrained by diffractionlimited spatial resolution in optical spectroscopy. Electron microscopy techniques, including electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), have recently been developed to image surface plasmon resonances qualitatively at the nanoscale in three dimensions using tomographic reconstruction techniques. Here, we present an experimental realization of a distinct method that uses direct analysis of modal surface charge distributions to reconstruct quantitatively the three-dimensional eigenmodes of a silver right bipyramid on a metal oxide substrate. This eigenmode tomography removes ambiguity in two-dimensional imaging of spatially localized plasmonic resonances, reveals substrate-induced mode degeneracy breaking in the bipyramid, and enables EELS for the analysis not of a particular electron-induced response but of the underlying geometric modes characteristic of particle surface plasmons.
Capitalism and urbanization in a new key? The cognitive-cultural dimension

The cognitive-cultural dimensions of contemporary capitalism are identified by reference to its leading sectors, basic technologies, labor relations systems and market structures. Cognitive-cultural systems of production and work come to ground preeminently in large city regions. This state of affairs is manifest in the diverse clusters of high-technology sectors, service functions, neo-artisanal manufacturing activities and cultural-products industries that are commonly found in these regions. It is also manifest in the formation of a broad stratum of high-skill, cognitive-cultural employees in urban areas. Many of these employees are engaged in distinctive forms of work-based learning, creativity and innovation. At the same time, the cognitive-cultural economy in contemporary cities is invariably complemented by large numbers of low-wage, low-skill jobs, and the individuals drawn into these jobs are often migrants from developing countries. The ideological-cum-political ramifications of this situation are subject to analysis in the context of a critique of the currently fashionable idea of the "creative city." I advance the claim that we need to go beyond advocacies about local economic development that prescribe the deployment of packages of selected amenities as a way of attracting elite workers into given urban areas. Instead, I propose that policy makers should pay more attention to the dynamics of the cognitive-cultural production system as such, and that in the interests of shaping viable urban communities in contemporary capitalism we must be more resolute in attempts to rebuild sociability, solidarity and democratic participation.
Black African and Caribbean British Communities’ Perceptions of Memory Problems: “We Don’t Do Dementia.”

OBJECTIVES
We aimed to identify and explore the barriers to help-seeking for memory problems, specifically within UK Black African and Caribbean communities.


METHOD
We purposively recruited participants from community groups and subsequent snowball sampling, to achieve a maximum variation sample and employed thematic analysis. Our qualitative semi-structured interviews used a vignette portraying a person with symptoms of dementia, and we asked what they or their family should do. We stopped recruiting when no new themes were arising.


RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE
We recruited 50 people from a range of age groups, country of origin, time in the UK, religion and socio-economic background. Some of the barriers to presentation with dementia have been reported before, but others were specific to this group and newly identified. Many people recognised forgetfulness but neither that it could be indicative of dementia, nor the concept of dementia as applying to them. Dementia was viewed as a white person's illness. Participants felt there was little point in consulting a doctor for forgetfulness. Many thought that seeing a GP was only for severe problems. Some said that their culture was secretive and highly valued privacy of personal affairs and therefore did not want to discuss what they regarded as a private and stigmatising problem with a GP. Participants did not appreciate their GP could refer to memory services who have more time and expertise. They were concerned about harm from medication and compulsory institutionalisation. Care should be from the family. Any intervention should emphasise the legitimacy of seeing a doctor early for memory concerns, that dementia is a physical illness which also occurs in the Black community, that help and time are available from memory services whose role is to prolong independence and support families in caring.
Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis and enable the organism to prepare for, respond to and manage stress, either physical or emotional. Cortisol, the principal GC in humans, is synthesized in the adrenal cortex. It is released in the circulation in a pulsatile and circadian pattern. GC secretion is governed by hypothalamus and pituitary. The hypothalamus senses changes in the external and internal environment that may disrupt the homeostatic balance of the organism (i.e. stressors), and responds by releasing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) from parvocellular neurons projecting from the paraventricular nucleus to the median eminence. These neurohormones are released into the anterior pituitary where they act synergistically via specific receptors (CRH-R1 and V1B receptor, respectively) to trigger the release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the corticotrope cells into the systemic circulation. In turn, ACTH exerts its actions on the adrenal cortex via specific receptors, type 2 melanocortin receptors (MC2-R), to initiate the synthesis of cortisol, which is released immediately into the systemic circulation by diffusion. Hypothalamic CRH and AVP, pituitary ACTH and adrenal GCs comprise the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In this brief review, the HPA axis and the various factors that regulate its function are described.
6LoWPAN: a study on QoS security threats and countermeasures using intrusion detection system approach

Fuelled to bring the Internet of Things concept to real life, the Internet Engineering Task Force is working on 6LoWPAN, in which the standard allows a vast number of smart objects to be deployed in local wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using the huge address space of IPv6 for data and information harvesting through the Internet. From the security point of view, 6LoWPAN/WSN will be open to security threats from the local network itself and the Internet. Cryptography techniques applied as the front line of defence or deterrent can easily be broken because of the weak secure nature of LoWPAN devices and the wireless environment. Compromised nodes could lead to insider attacks without being detected by any cryptography checking. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is, primarily needed as a second line of defence to monitor the network operations and raise an alarm in case of any anomaly. This paper analyses potential security threats in 6LoWPAN and reviews the current countermeasures, in particular, the IDS-based solutions for countering insider/internal threats. Additionally, it discovers three novel QoS-related security threats, namely rank attack, local repair attack, and resource depleting attack, which are more seriously affecting the routing protocol for low-power and lossy network, the routing protocol used to establish 6LoWPAN network topology. A new two-layer IDS concept is introduced as a countermeasure method for securing the routing protocol for low-power and lossy network-built network topology from the internal QoS attacks. Potential research works are also presented to provide baseline reference to researchers in this field. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agency Costs, Leverage, and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Test of Causality

This paper focuses on different avenues of corporate social responsibility as alternative methods for alleviating agency problems between shareholders and bondholders. Specifically, the paper documents the relationship between capital structure (leverage) and corporate social responsibility. Using agency theory, a positive causal relationship is shown between leverage and certain corporate social responsibility measures and a lower cost of debt financing for firms with strong levels of corporate social responsibility. Increasing corporate involvement in current environmental and diversity issues “Granger causes” increases in firm leverage (and vice versa). However, this is not the case for other areas of corporate social responsibility including community contributions. I. Introduction A substantial body of literature addresses the agency problem inherent between corporate managers and shareholders. Two principle solutions to the problem exist: increasing effectiveness of monitoring the managers, and aligning incentives between shareholders and managers. Both solutions come at a non-trivial cost to equity holders who must balance the marginal benefits with marginal costs of each option. Similar resolutions can be made for other corporate agency problems, although little research has been done in these areas. In this paper, agency problems between bondholders and shareholders and potential alleviation of the problem through different avenues of corporate social responsibility are examined. Specifically, the relationship between capital structure (leverage) and corporate social responsibility is studied. Using agency theory, this paper documents a positive causal relationship between leverage and certain corporate social responsibility measures and a lower cost of debt financing for firms with strong levels of corporate social responsibility. Increasing corporate involvement in both environmental and diversity issues has an impact on firm leverage since the expropriation of wealth from shareholders to bondholders is reduced and incentives are more closely aligned as the goal becomes one of maximizing firm value rather than shareholder value when a discrepancy occurs between the two. However, this is not the case for other areas of corporate social responsibility including community and, to some extent, employee contributions. By studying the agency problem between bondholders and shareholders and by introducing corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a means to alleviate these problems, this paper contributes to the literature by offering a unique perspective on agency theory. In addition, it
Semantic Service Bus: Architecture and Implementation of a Next Generation Middleware

In this paper we present a middleware for the service oriented architecture, called the Semantic Service Bus. It is an advanced middleware possessing enhanced features, as compared to the conventional service buses. It is distinguished by the fact that it uses semantic description of service capabilities, and requirements towards services to enable more elaborate service discovery, selection, routing, composition and data mediation. The contributions of the paper are the conceptual architecture of the Semantic Service Bus and a prototypical implementation supporting different semantic Web service technologies (OWL-S and WSMO) and conventional Web services. Since mission critical application scenarios (for SOA) involve complex orchestrations of services, we have chosen to utilize semantically annotated service orchestrations as the applications to employ this middleware.
“One Size Fits All”: An Existential-Constructivist Perspective on the Crisis Intervention Approach with Suicidal Individuals

The empirical data on the relationship between suicide and suicide attempts are interpreted as suggesting that the contemporary assessment and intervention approaches to suicidal individuals are, by and large, ineffective. In support of our argument, we focus on the crisis intervention model as one example and suggest that the crisis intervention approach to responding to suicidal individuals is at best, ineffective and, at worst, can be viewed as exacerbating suicidal risk through its distancing, marginalizing, and stigmatizing effects. Additionally, we hypothesize that the mechanics of the crisis intervention model contribute to the societal message that a meaning and contextual-based discussion of suicidality is taboo and that this message tends to continue into more long-term psychotherapeutic approaches. Along these lines, we present an alternative to the crisis intervention model grounded in an existential-constructivist theory of suicidal behavior and the principles of therapeutic and feminist assessment philosophies as an heuristic intended to stimulate the development of new and innovative approaches to working with suicidal individuals.
Brief Announcement: ZeroBlock: Timestamp-Free Prevention of Block-Withholding Attack in Bitcoin

Bitcoin was recently introduced as a peer-to-peer electronic currency in order to facilitate transactions outside the traditional financial system. The core of Bitcoin, the Blockchain, is the history of all transactions committed by the system. This distributed ledger is similar to a distributed shared register where miners write and read blocks. New blocks in the Blockchain contain the last transactions in the system and are added by miners after a block mining process that consists in solving a difficult cryptographic puzzle. Although, the reward is the main motivation for the mining process in Bitcoin, it also may be an incentive for attacks such as selfish mining. In this paper we propose and theoretically analyze a solution for one of the major problems in Bitcoin : selfish mining or block-withholding attack. This attack is conducted by adversarial miners in order to either earn undue rewards or waste the computational power of honest miners. Contrary to the best to date solution for preventing blockwithholding, [23], our solution, ZeroBlock, prevents this attack by using a novel timestamp-free technique that exploits the Poisson nature of the proof-of-work and the current knowledge on the propagation of information in Bitcoin [3]. Note that previous solutions are vulnerable to forgeable time-stamps. Additionally, our solution is compliant with miners churn.