LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Statistical Physics for Natural Language Processing

In this paper we study the Enertex model that has been applied to fundamental tasks in Natural Language Processing (NLP) including automatic document summarization and topic segmentation. The model is language independent. It is based on the intuitive concept of Textual Energy, inspired by Neural Networks and Statistical Physics of magnetic systems. It can be implemented using simple matrix operations and on the contrary of PageRank algorithms, it avoids any iterative process.
Getting started on natural language processing with Python

(Note: This is a completely revised version of the article that was originally published in ACM Crossroads, Volume 13, Issue 4. Revisions were needed because of major changes to the Natural Language Toolkit project. The code in this version of the article will always conform to the very latest version of NLTK (v2.0b9 as of November 2010). Although the code is always tested, it is possible that a bug or two may have been introduced in the code during the course of this revision. If you find any, please report them to the author. If you are still using version 0.7 of the toolkit for some reason, please refer to http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds13-4/natural_language.html).
Action plans and coping plans for physical exercise: A longitudinal intervention study in cardiac rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of the present study was to test two brief planning interventions designed to encourage cardiac patients to engage in regular physical exercise following discharge from rehabilitation. The interventions comprised action plans on (a) when, where, and how to act, and (b) coping plans on how to deal with anticipated barriers.


DESIGN AND METHOD
An experimental longitudinal trial was conducted to test two interventions that either focused on action planning alone, or on a combination of action planning and coping planning. A total of 211 participants completed assessments at baseline and 2 months after discharge. Participants were randomly assigned to either one of the intervention groups or a standard-care control group.


RESULTS
Participants in the combined planning group did significantly more physical exercise 2 months post-discharge than those in the other groups.


CONCLUSIONS
The theoretical distinction between action planning and coping planning as introduced in the present study has proven useful in explaining changes in health-related behaviour. The combined planning intervention can be applied in the context of cardiac rehabilitation programmes.
The Bitcoin Mining Game

This article deals with the mining incentives in the Bitcoin protocol. The mining process is used to confirm and secure transactions. This process is organized as a speed game between individuals or firms – the miners – with different computational powers to solve a mathematical problem, bring a proof of work, spread their solution and reach consensus among the Bitcoin network nodes with it. First, we define and specify this game. Second, we analytically find its Nash equilibria in the two-player case. We analyze the parameters for which the miners would face the proper incentives to fulfill their function of transaction processors in the current situation. Finally, we study the block space market offer.
Acoustic and electroglottographic analyses of nonpathological, nonmodal phonation.

Languages where phonation type and tone are contrastive make use of extremely fine and controlled actions of laryngeal structures; hence, there is little opportunity to variation in either phonation or pitch. Nonetheless, many American Indian languages have contrastive nonmodal phonation, which, moreover, is subject to a great deal of variation. There are a few studies addressing the phonetics of nonmodal phonation in American Indian languages, and little is known about the phonetics/phonology interface of laryngeal features within the sound patterns of these languages. This article aims to contribute to the knowledge of nonmodal phonation through the detailed study of the phenomenon in Yalálag Zapotec (YZ) and American Indian language. A series of spectral and electrophysiological analyses contribute to the description of YZ nonmodal phonation and its variability across gender. It is argued that the temporal patterns in realization of laryngealization are a property of YZ speaker's grammar.
Synthesis of new pyrazolyl-2, 4-thiazolidinediones as antibacterial and antifungal agents

BACKGROUND
Thiazolidine-2, 4-diones (TZDs) have become a pharmacologically important class of heterocyclic compounds since their introduction in the form of glitazones into the clinical use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. TZDs lower the plasma glucose levels by acting as ligands for gamma peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors. In addition, this class of heterocyclic compounds possesses various other biological activities such as antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, insecticidal, etc. TZDs are also known for lowering the blood pressure thereby reducing the chances of heart failure and micro-albuminuria in the patients with type 2 diabetes.


RESULTS
We have described herein the synthesis of three series of compounds, namely, ethyl 2-((Z)-5-((3-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-2, 4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetates (4), methyl 2-((Z)-5-((3-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-2, 4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetates (5), and 2-((Z)-5-((3-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-2, 4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acids (6). The compounds 4 and 5 were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation between 3-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes (1) and ethyl/methyl 2-(2, 4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetates (3, 2) in alcohol using piperidine as a catalyst. The resultant compounds 4 and 5 having ester functionality were subjected to acidic hydrolysis to obtain 6. All the new compounds were tested for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity.


CONCLUSIONS
Knoevenagel condensation approach has offered an easy access to new compounds 4-6. Antimicrobial evaluation of the compounds has shown that some of the compounds are associated with remarkable antifungal activity. In case of antibacterial activity, these were found to be effective against Gram-positive bacteria. However, none of the compounds were found to be effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection: a clinical trial comparing lopinavir/ritonavir versus atazanavir each with zidovudine/lamivudine.

BACKGROUND
A clinical trial comparing the rate of discontinuation and tolerability of two post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens was performed.


METHODS
A total of 255 individuals attending the emergency rooms of six hospitals for exposure to HIV and criteria to receive PEP were randomized to receive zidovudine/lamivudine plus either lopinavir/ritonavir (n=131) or atazanavir (n=124; day 0). The primary end point was the rate of PEP discontinuation before day 28 of follow-up. Secondary end points were incidence of side effects, follow-up at days 90 and 180 and rate of seroconversions.


RESULTS
A total of 55 patients (29 in lopinavir/ritonavir and 26 in atazanavir arms) did not attend the first scheduled appointment (day 1) and were excluded from the analysis. The rate of discontinuation before day 28 owing to any cause was similar between groups (37/102 [36%] in lopinavir/ritonavir and 35/98 [36%] in atazanavir arms, P=0.82). Adverse events were the reason for discontinuation or switching of PEP in 33 individuals (16/102 [16%] in the lopinavir/ritonavir arm and 17/98 [17%] in the atazanavir arm, P=0.84). Adverse events were reported in 92/200 (46%) of individuals on PEP who attend at least the day 1 appointment (50/102 [49%] in the lopinavir/ritonavir arm and 42/98 [43%] in the atazanavir arm, P=0.38). There were no seroconversions.


CONCLUSIONS
The rate of discontinuation of PEP before day 28 was similar with zidovudine/lamivudine plus either lopinavir/ritonavir or atazanavir. The rate of discontinuation of PEP because of adverse events was low in both arms. Almost 50% of the patients of both arms suffered side effects. New strategies are needed to improve the tolerance.
Biweekly peglated liposomal doxorubicin/oxaliplatin for ovarian cancer resistant to taxane-platinum treatment: a Phase II study.

AIM
The aim of this Phase II study was to evaluate the activity and safety of biweekly pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) and oxaliplatin (L-OHP) in patients with platinum-taxane resistant ovarian cancer.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Treatment consisted of PLD (20 mg/m²) on Day 1; and L-OHP (50 mg/m²) administered on Days 1 and 2, every two weeks. Response to therapy was assessed using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors RECIST ; toxicity was evaluated by the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria.


RESULTS
Forty patients pretreated with platinum/taxane chemotherapy, with a median age of 61 years, were recruited for the study. Thirty-eight patients were available for response evaluation: three complete responses and nine partial responses were registered; resulting in an overall response rate of 31.5%. Twenty-eight patients gained clinical benefit (73.7%) from this chemotherapy regimen. Median time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) were 5.5 and 10 months respectively. The hematological and non-hematological toxicity profile was favorable. No Grade 4 toxicity was observed. Major toxicities included Grade 3 neutropenia (13.2%), Grade 2 palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (7.9%), and Grade 1-2 neuropathy in 15.8% of patients.


CONCLUSION
Biweekly PLD and L-OHP combination has high activity, with less than anticipated adverse toxicity, for treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. A comparison of the doublet PLD/L-OHP with single-agent treatment is warranted.
Porcelain laminate veneers. A retrospective evaluation after 1 to 10 years of service: Part II--Clinical results.

PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical quality of 191 porcelain laminate veneers and to explore the gingival response in a long-term survey.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
The clinical examination was made by two calibrated examiners following modified California Dental Association/Ryge criteria. In addition, margin index, papillary bleeding index, sulcus probing depth, and increase in gingival recession were recorded. Two age groups were formed to evaluate the influence of wearing time upon the clinical results. The results were statistically evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier survival estimation method, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test.


RESULTS
A failure rate of 4% was found. Six of the total of seven failures were seen when veneers were partially bonded to dentin. Marginal integrity was acceptable in 99% and was rated as excellent in 63%. Superficial marginal discoloration was present in 17%. Slight marginal recession was detected in 31%, and bleeding on probing was found in 25%.


CONCLUSION
Porcelain laminate veneers offer a predictable and successful treatment modality that preserves a maximum of sound tooth structure. An increased risk of failure is present only when veneers are partially bonded to dentin. The estimated survival probability over a period of 10 years is 91%.
MadMax: surviving out-of-gas conditions in Ethereum smart contracts

Ethereum is a distributed blockchain platform, serving as an ecosystem for smart contracts: full-fledged inter-communicating programs that capture the transaction logic of an account. Unlike programs in mainstream languages, a gas limit restricts the execution of an Ethereum smart contract: execution proceeds as long as gas is available. Thus, gas is a valuable resource that can be manipulated by an attacker to provoke unwanted behavior in a victim's smart contract (e.g., wasting or blocking funds of said victim). Gas-focused vulnerabilities exploit undesired behavior when a contract (directly or through other interacting contracts) runs out of gas. Such vulnerabilities are among the hardest for programmers to protect against, as out-of-gas behavior may be uncommon in non-attack scenarios and reasoning about it is far from trivial. 
 In this paper, we classify and identify gas-focused vulnerabilities, and present MadMax: a static program analysis technique to automatically detect gas-focused vulnerabilities with very high confidence. Our approach combines a control-flow-analysis-based decompiler and declarative program-structure queries. The combined analysis captures high-level domain-specific concepts (such as "dynamic data structure storage" and "safely resumable loops") and achieves high precision and scalability. MadMax analyzes the entirety of smart contracts in the Ethereum blockchain in just 10 hours (with decompilation timeouts in 8% of the cases) and flags contracts with a (highly volatile) monetary value of over $2.8B as vulnerable. Manual inspection of a sample of flagged contracts shows that 81% of the sampled warnings do indeed lead to vulnerabilities, which we report on in our experiment.
Recognition of allergic conjunctivitis in patients with allergic rhinitis

AIMS
To identify the incidence of allergic conjunctivitis in patients with allergic rhinitis.


METHODS
One hundred and eighty seven consecutive patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) were directly questioned if they have allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and this was clarified using standard screening questions relating to red, itchy and watery eyes recorded through a total ocular symptom score (TOSS). Patients were also asked about further symptoms that may be attributable to AC: eyelid dermatitis, frequent blinking; eye sensitivity and frontal headache from squinting or. blinking. All patients were given a drop of olopatadine hydrochloride 0.1% in each eye to help identify "silent" disease. 20 healthy non-atopic controls were also treated with olopatadine drops and questioned on ocular symptoms.


RESULTS
Fifty five percent of patients with AR were identified as having AC by direct questioning and the use of the TOSS questionaire. A further 41% were identifiable by asking additional questions and performing therapeutic challenge with olopadatine.


CONCLUSIONS
AC is a frequent comorbid condition occurring in 95% of our patients with AR. Only 55% of patients were able to identify that they had AC based on standard screening questions. Additional specific questioning and a therapeutic challenge in suspected patients can help identify patients who may benefit from treatment of AC.
A LITERATURE REVIEW AND FUTURE AGENDA FOR B 2 B BRANDING : CHALLENGES OF BRANDING IN A B 2 B CONTEXT Workin Progress Paper

Purpose of the paper and literature addressed: The existing body of research knowledge on brand management has been predominantly derived from business to consumer markets, particularly fast moving consumer goods. Business-to-business branding has received comparatively little attention in the academic literature due to the belief that industrial buyers are unaffected by the emotional values corresponding to brands. As a result branding in business-to-business marketing is at the nascent stage of its development. Main Contribution: The aim of the current paper is to critically review the extant research with a view of consolidating the literature and propose a future agenda for research on B2B branding. The models of both consumer and business to business branding need to be examined and assessed in order to determine whether further refinement is needed. It is necessary to determine what level of branding i.e. product or company is useful to buyers in determining their purchase criteria.
Optimal Liquidity Trading

We study optimal liquidity trading in a framework where trade size has a price impact. A liquidity trader wishes to trade a Þxed number of shares within a certain time horizon and to minimize the mean and variance of the costs of trading. Explicit formulas for the optimal trading strategies show that risk-averse liquidity traders reduce their order sizes over time and execute a higher fraction of their total trading volume in early periods when price volatility increases or price sensitivity decreases. In the presence of transaction fees, numerical simulations suggest that traders want to trade more frequently when price volatility or price sensitivity goes up. In the multi-asset case, price effects across assets have a substantial impact on trading behavior, as does continuous-time trading. What is the optimal trading sequence of a person who wishes to buy (or sell) a certain portfolio within a certain time, and knows how trades affect prices? Bertsimas and Lo (1998) show that to minimize the expected costs of trading a Þxed number of shares, a trader should split his orders evenly over time. They introduce an autocorrelated news process and consider different price processes to study how the even-split result changes in a risk-neutral world. We extend Bertsimas and Lo in several other directions by allowing risk aversion, nonstationary price-impact functions, transaction fees, and continuous trading. We focus exclusively on linear price-impact functions following Huberman and Stanzl (2000), who argue that in the absence of arbitrage opportunities, price-impact functions are linear. The trader wishes to minimize the mean and variance of total trading costs. A time-consistent solution of this optimization problem exists and is unique if arbitrage opportunities are ruled out. The most important feature is that the optimal trades are independent of past random shocks such as the arrival of new information. If the price-impact function is stationary, trade sizes decline over time. The comparative statics show that lower aversion to risk, lower price volatility, and higher sensitivity of price changes to trade size all lead to less aggressive initial trading, i.e., to more evenly distributed trade sizes. If price-impact functions are not stationary, more aggressive trading is desired when price sensitivity is lower. In practice, multiple assets are traded simultaneously. In this case, the traded volume of one asset presumably affects not only its own price but also the prices of other assets. To account for cross-price impacts, we extend the analysis to allow for trading a portfolio of securities and derive dynamic trading rules that describe how to optimally rebalance a portfolio. If the time between trades shrinks to zero, the discrete-time solution of the liquidity traders problem with risk aversion does not exhibit a well-deÞned continuous-time limit: the trader would like to trade with inÞnite speed in the beginning, for he only cares about the variance of his trading
A new perceptually motivated MVDR-based acoustic front-end (PMVDR) for robust automatic speech recognition

Acoustic feature extraction from speech constitutes a fundamental component of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. In this paper, we propose a novel feature extraction algorithm, perceptual-MVDR (PMVDR), which computes cepstral coefficients from the speech signal. This new feature representation is shown to better model the speech spectrum compared to traditional feature extraction approaches. Experimental results for small (40-word digits) to medium (5k-word dictation) size vocabulary tasks show varying degree of consistent improvements across different experiments; however, the new front-end is most effective in noisy car environments. The PMVDR front-end uses the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) spectral estimator to represent the upper envelope of the speech signal. Unlike Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), the proposed front-end does not utilize a filterbank. The effectiveness of the PMVDR approach is demonstrated by comparing speech recognition accuracies with the traditional MFCC front-end and recently proposed PMCC front-end in both noise-free and real adverse environments. For speech recognition in noisy car environments, a 40-word vocabulary task, PMVDR front-end provides a 36% relative decrease in word error rate (WER) over the MFCC front-end. Under simulated speaker stress conditions, a 35-word vocabulary task, the PMVDR front-end yields a 27% relative decrease in the WER. For a noise-free dictation task, a 5k-word vocabulary task, again a relative 8% reduction in the WER is reported. Finally, a novel analysis technique is proposed to quantify noise robustness of an acoustic front-end. This analysis is conducted for the acoustic front-ends analyzed in the paper and results are presented. 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Combing Context and Commonsense Knowledge Through Neural Networks for Solving Winograd Schema Problems

Solving Winograd Schema Problems Quan Liu†, Hui Jiang‡, Zhen-Hua Ling†, Xiaodan Zhu, Si Wei§, Yu Hu†§ † National Engineering Laboratory for Speech and Language Information Processing University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China ‡ Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Canada ` National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada § iFLYTEK Research, Hefei, China emails: quanliu@mail.ustc.edu.cn, hj@cse.yorku.ca, zhling@ustc.edu.cn, zhu2048@gmail.com siwei@iflytek.com, yuhu@iflytek.com Abstract
Use of neuromuscular electrostimulation in the treatment of dysphagia in patients with multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVES
We explored the possible effects of neuromuscular electrostimulation on the swallowing function of patients with multiple sclerosis and swallowing problems.


METHODS
Twenty-five patients (average age, 53.1 years; SD, 9.8 years) with multiple sclerosis and swallowing problems were treated for 3 weeks with 2 sessions per week of neuromuscular electrostimulation. The average time since the onset of multiple sclerosis was 16.5 years (SD, 10.2 years). Seventeen patients were examined with transnasal flexible endoscopy 1 week before treatment and 1 week after treatment.


RESULTS
After treatment, a significant decrease in pooling of saliva in the pyriform sinuses was seen in 6 patients (p = 0.03), and significantly less aspiration during swallowing of thin liquids (p <0.01) was seen in 9 patients. Overall, the 25 patients reported that their swallowing had improved (p <0.01), and in 20% of the patients,it had become less strenuous. No adverse effects of the treatment were reported.


CONCLUSIONS
Our study showed that the treatment of swallowing problems with neuromuscular electrostimulation in patients with multiple sclerosis in this sample was successful in the reduction of pooling of saliva and in the reduction of aspiration.