LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Using Reflexive Eye Movements for Fast Challenge-Response Authentication

Eye tracking devices have recently become increasingly popular as an interface between people and consumer-grade electronic devices. Due to the fact that human eyes are fast, responsive, and carry information unique to an individual, analyzing person's gaze is particularly attractive for effortless biometric authentication. Unfortunately, previous proposals for gaze-based authentication systems either suffer from high error rates, or require long authentication times.
 We build upon the fact that some eye movements can be reflexively and predictably triggered, and develop an interactive visual stimulus for elicitation of reflexive eye movements that supports the extraction of reliable biometric features in a matter of seconds, without requiring any memorization or cognitive effort on the part of the user. As an important benefit, our stimulus can be made unique for every authentication attempt and thus incorporated in a challenge-response biometric authentication system. This allows us to prevent replay attacks, which are possibly the most applicable attack vectors against biometric authentication.
 Using a gaze tracking device, we build a prototype of our system and perform a series of systematic user experiments with 30 participants from the general public. We investigate the performance and security guarantees under several different attack scenarios and show that our system surpasses existing gaze-based authentication methods both in achieved equal error rates (6.3\%) and significantly lower authentication times (5 seconds).
Interactions of familial and hormonal risk factors for large bowel cancer in women.

BACKGROUND
Family history of colorectal cancer has been consistently associated with an increased personal risk of this disease. Since evidence suggests that hormones are related to colon cancer risk in women, the effect of family history on large bowel incidence may be modified according to endogenous and exogenous hormone levels.


METHODS
We analysed data from a population-based case-control study of female colorectal cancer to evaluate family history and cancer risk. Cases (n = 702) were female residents of Wisconsin with a new diagnosis of colorectal cancer, identified through a statewide tumour registry. Controls (n = 2274) were randomly selected from lists of licensed drivers and from rosters of Medicare beneficiaries. All relative risks (RR) were adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking and alcohol history, education, and use of hormone replacement therapy.


RESULTS
Compared with women who reported no history of cancer in a first degree relative, women with a family history had an RR of 2.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.60-2.68). Regardless of which parent was affected, risks were increased about twofold, while sibling history was associated with about a 50% increase in risk. Risk was greater if more than one family member was affected (RR 3.65, 95% CI: 1.81-7.37). The association between family history and risk was stronger for colon cancer than for rectal cancer. There were no indications that exogenous hormonal factors, notably hormone replacement use, modified these risks. There was a suggestion that high parity attenuated the risks associated with family history (P = 0.07).


CONCLUSIONS
These results confirm that family history of colorectal cancer is associated with a doubling of risk for large bowel cancer in women; some histories were associated with greater risk. This relation was not substantially different among subgroups of women with varying exogenous and endogenous hormone exposures.
Approximation Algorithms for Min-Sum k-Clustering and Balanced k-Median

We consider two closely related fundamental clustering problems in this paper. In Min-Sum k -Clustering, one is given n points in a metric space and has to partition them into k clusters while minimizing the sum of pairwise distances between points in the same cluster. In the Balanced k -Median problem, the instance is the same and the objective is to obtain a partitioning into k clusters $$C_1,\ldots ,C_k$$ C 1 , … , C k , where each cluster $$C_i$$ C i is centered at a point $$c_i$$ c i , while minimizing the total assignment cost of the points in the metric; the cost of assigning a point j to a cluster $$C_i$$ C i is equal to $$|C_i|$$ | C i | times the distance between j and $$c_i$$ c i in the metric. In this article, we present an $$O(\log n)$$ O ( log n ) -approximation for both these problems. This is an improvement over the $$O(\epsilon ^{-1}\log ^{1 + \epsilon } n)$$ O ( ϵ - 1 log 1 + ϵ n ) -approximation (for any constant $$\epsilon > 0$$ ϵ > 0 ) obtained by Bartal, Charikar, and Raz [STOC ’01]. We also obtain a quasi-PTAS for Balanced k-Median in metrics with constant doubling dimension. As in the work of Bartal et al., our approximation for general metrics uses embeddings into tree metrics. The main technical contribution in this paper is an O(1)-approximation for Balanced k-Median in hierarchically separated trees (HSTs). Our improvement comes from a more direct dynamic programming approach that heavily exploits the properties of standard HSTs. In this way, we avoid the reduction to special types of HSTs that were considered by Bartal et al., thereby avoiding an additional $$O(\epsilon ^{-1} \log ^\epsilon n)$$ O ( ϵ - 1 log ϵ n ) loss.
A multicentre cohort study of acute heart failure syndromes in Korea: rationale, design, and interim observations of the Korean Acute Heart Failure (KorAHF) registry.

AIMS
The Korean Acute Heart Failure registry (KorAHF) aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics, management, hospital course, and long-term outcomes of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) in Korea.


METHODS AND RESULTS
This is a prospective observational multicentre cohort study funded by the Korea National Institute of Health. Patients hospitalized for AHFS in 10 tertiary university hospitals across the country have been consecutively enrolled since March 2011. The study is expected to complete the scheduled enrolment of 5000 patients some time in 2014, and follow-up is planned through 2016. As of April 2012, the interim analysis of 2066 consecutive subjects was performed to understand the baseline characteristics of the population. The mean age was 69 ± 14 years; 55% were male; and 50% were de novo heart failure. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 40 ± 18%. Ischaemia was both the leading cause (38%) and the most frequent aggravating factor (26%) of AHFS. ACE inhibitors/ARBs and beta-blockers were prescribed at discharge in 65% and 51% of the patients, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 5.2%, and 0.9% of patients received urgent heart transplantation. Low blood pressure and azotaemia were the most important predictors of in-hospital mortality. The post-discharge 30-day and 180-day all-cause mortality were 1.2% and 9.2%, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Our analysis reveals that the prognosis of AHFS in Korea is poor and that there are specific features, including lower blood pressures at admission and lower rates of heart failure related to hypertension, compared with other registries. Adherence to current guidelines should be improved.
On Sequent Systems and Resolution for QBFs

Quantified Boolean formulas generalize propositional formulas by admitting quantifications over propositional variables. We compare proof systems with different quantifier handling paradigms for quantified Boolean formulas (QBFs) with respect to their ability to allow succinct proofs. We analyze cut-free sequent systems extended by different quantifier rules and show that some rules are better than some others. Q-resolution is an elegant extension of propositional resolution to QBFs and is applicable to formulas in prenex conjunctive normal form. In Q-resolution, there is no explicit handling of quantifiers by specific rules. Instead the forall reduction rule which operates on single clauses inspects the global quantifier prefix. We show that there are classes of formulas for which there are short cut-free tree proofs in a sequent system, but any Q-resolution refutation of the negation of the formula is exponential.
Emancipatory catastrophism: What does it mean to climate change and risk society?

The metamorphosis of the world is about the hidden emancipatory side effect of global risk. This article argues that the talk about bads produces ‘common goods’. As such, the argument goes beyond what has been at the heart of the world risk society theory so far: it is not about the negative side effects of goods but the positive side effects of bads. They are producing normative horizons of common goods. This is what the author defines as ‘emancipatory catastrophism’. Emancipatory catastrophism can be seen and analysed by using three conceptual lenses: first, the anticipation of global catastrophe violates sacred (unwritten) norms of human existence and civilization; second, thereby it causes an anthropological shock, and, third, a social catharsis.
Men ’ s attractiveness predicts their preference for female facial femininity when judging for short-term , but not long-term , partners

It is well established that women’s preferences for masculinity are contingent on their own market-value and the duration of the sought relationship, but few studies have investigated similar effects in men. Here, we tested whether men’s attractiveness predicts their preferences for feminine face shape in women when judging for longand short-term relationship partners. We found that attractive men expressed a stronger preference for facial femininity compared to less attractive men. The relationship was evident when men judged women for a short-term, but not for a long-term, relationship. These findings suggest that market-value may influence men’s preferences for feminine characteristics in women’s faces and indicate that men’s preferences may be subject to facultative variation to a greater degree than was previously thought. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Facilitating understanding of mental health problems in GP consultations: a qualitative study using taped-assisted recall.

BACKGROUND
Mental health problems are common in primary care and most are managed solely by the GP. Patients strive to understand their mental health problems, and facilitating patients' understanding may be important in their care, yet little is known about this process in GP consultations.


AIM
To explore how patients' understanding of common mental health problems is developed in GP consultations.


DESIGN OF STUDY
Qualitative study.


SETTING
Ten general practices in North Central London.


METHOD
Fourteen patients and their GPs were interviewed using the taped-assisted recall (TAR) method, and asked how understanding of the patients' mental health problems had been discussed in a recent consultation. The resulting 42 transcripts of the GP-patient consultations and separate GP and patient TAR interviews were analysed using qualitative thematic and process analytic methods.


RESULTS
Patients considered understanding their mental health problems to be important, and half reported their GP consultations as helpful in this respect. The process of coming to an understanding was predominantly patient-led. Patients suggested their own explanations, and these were facilitated and focused by the doctors' questioning, listening, validating, and elaborating aspects they considered important. Both doctors and patients experienced constraints on the extent to which developing understanding of problems was possible in GP consultations.


CONCLUSION
GPs can help patients understand their mental health problems by recognising patients' own attempts at explanation and helping to shape and develop these.
First assessment of needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy during EUS-FNA procedures of the pancreas (with videos).

BACKGROUND
Challenges in EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA) include sampling error, nondiagnostic cytology, and limited on-site cytological evaluation. A prototype needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) probe is a submillimeter probe that provides real-time imaging at the microscopic level through the FNA needle.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the feasibility of nCLE during EUS-FNA of pancreatic lesions.


DESIGN
Feasibility study.


SETTING
Multicenter, tertiary care.


PATIENTS
Eighteen patients presenting for EUS-FNA.


INTERVENTIONS
Patients were injected with 2.5 mL of 10% fluorescein. The lesion was interrogated with the nCLE probe positioned at the tip of a 19-gauge FNA needle.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS
Device integrity, technical ease, safety, and image acquisition.


RESULTS
Cases included 16 cysts and 2 masses. There were no device malfunctions. Technical challenges were encountered in 6 of 18 attempts to image and reflected challenges with a postloading technique, the longer ferule tip, and a transduodenal approach. Technical feasibility to perform imaging with nCLE during a pancreatic EUS-FNA procedure was achieved in 17 of 18 cases. Ten cases had good to very good image quality. Two serious adverse events occurred; both were pancreatitis requiring hospitalization.


LIMITATIONS
Limited sample size, small number of patients with confirmed pathological diagnosis, lack of coregistered pathology and images.


CONCLUSIONS
nCLE in the pancreas is technically feasible via a 19-gauge needle under endosonographic guidance. Future studies will address identification of structures, diagnostic accuracy, and complication profiles. The rate of pancreatitis needs to be further clarified and mitigated.
Fraudulent Financial Reporting: How Do We Close the Knowledge Gap?

Fraudulent financial reporting (FFR) is an issue of great concern to the business community. Previous academic and professional research offers important insights into the FFR problem; however, FFR remains difficult to detect and represents an ongoing, serious threat to investor confidence. We believe that much more remains to be learned about FFR, and we offer a host of future research questions, using the fraud diamond to organize our thinking. Answering these questions will require a “marriage” between researchers, who have the necessary analysis skills, and practitioners and regulators, who have access to rich data underlying instances of FFR. A national fraud center, as envisioned by the U.S. Treasury’s Advisory Committee on the Auditing Profession (ACAP 2008), may provide the platform for bringing together researchers and those with data, so that our understanding of FFR can expand. Such understanding is the key to preventing and detecting FFR in the future. Fraudulent Financial Reporting: How Do We Close the Knowledge Gap?
Prevention of COPD exacerbation by lysozyme: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study

BACKGROUND/AIM
Lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetyl-muramyl hydrolase) is widely used as a mucolytic and anti-inflammatory agent in Japan. We evaluated the effects of long-term lysozyme administration on COPD exacerbation.


METHODS
In a 1-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial, patients with moderate-to-severe COPD and one or more episodes of COPD exacerbation in the previous year before enrollment were selected. Lysozyme (270 mg) or placebo was administered orally for 52 weeks as an add-on to the standard therapies such as bronchodilators. COPD exacerbation, pulmonary function, and COPD assessment test scores were analyzed. An exacerbation was defined as worsening of more than one symptom of COPD (cough, sputum volume, purulent sputum, or breathlessness) leading to a change in medication. The primary endpoint was exacerbation rate.


RESULTS
A total of 408 patients were randomly assigned to the lysozyme and placebo groups. The baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. The exacerbation rate was not significantly different between the two groups (1.4 vs 1.2; P=0.292, Poisson regression). However, a subgroup analysis showed that lysozyme might reduce exacerbation rate in patients with airway-dominant phenotype (1.2 vs 1.6). Moreover, the median time to first exacerbation was longer in patients with airway-dominant phenotype in the lysozyme group than that in the placebo group. The levels of improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 second and COPD assessment test scores were not statistically different between the groups, but were always greater in the lysozyme group than in the placebo group over the 52 weeks of the study.


CONCLUSION
The effects of using lysozyme as an add-on to standard COPD therapy were not significantly different compared with placebo and were insufficient to prevent COPD exacerbation.
Predicting football results using Bayesian nets and other machine learning techniques

Bayesian networks (BNs) provide a means for representing, displaying, and making available in a usable form the knowledge of experts in a given Weld. In this paper, we look at the performance of an expert constructed BN compared with other machine learning (ML) techniques for predicting the outcome (win, lose, or draw) of matches played by Tottenham Hotspur Football Club. The period under study was 1995–1997 – the expert BN was constructed at the start of that period, based almost exclusively on subjective judgement. Our objective was to determine retrospectively the comparative accuracy of the expert BN compared to some alternative ML models that were built using data from the two-year period. The additional ML techniques considered were: MC4, a decision tree learner; Naive Bayesian learner; Data Driven Bayesian (a BN whose structure and node probability tables are learnt entirely from data); and a K-nearest neighbour learner. The results show that the expert BN is generally superior to the other techniques for this domain in predictive accuracy. The results are even more impressive for BNs given that, in a number of key respects, the study assumptions place them at a disadvantage. For example, we have assumed that the BN prediction is ‘incorrect’ if a BN predicts more than one outcome as equally most likely (whereas, in fact, such a prediction would prove valuable to somebody who could place an ‘each way’ bet on the outcome). Although the expert BN has now long been irrelevant (since it contains variables relating to key players who have retired or left the club) the results here tend to conWrm the excellent potential of BNs when they are built by a reliable domain expert. The ability to provide accurate predictions without requiring much learning data are an obvious bonus in any domain where data are scarce. Moreover, the BN was relatively simple for the expert to build and its structure could be used again in this and similar types of problems. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Clinical observation on trigonella foenum-graecum L. total saponins in combination with sulfonylureas in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of trigonella foenum-graecum L. total saponins (TFGs) in combination with sulfonylureas (SU) in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) not well controlled by SU alone.


METHODS
Sixty-nine T2DM patients whose blood glucose levels were not well controlled by oral sulfonylureas hypoglycemic drug were randomly assigned to the treated group (46 cases) and the control group (23 cases), and were given TFGs or placebo three times per day, 6 pills each time for 12 weeks, respectively. Meanwhile, the patients continued taking their original hypoglycemic drugs. The following indexes, including effects on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptoms, fast blood glucose (FBG), 2-h post-prandial blood glucose (2h PBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), clinical symptomatic quantitative scores (CSQS), body mass index (BMI), as well as hepatic and renal functions, were observed and compared before and after treatment.


RESULTS
The efficacy on TCM symptoms was obviously better in the treated group than that in the control group (P<0.01), and there were statistically remarkable decreases in aspect of FBG, 2h PBG, HbA1c and CSQS in the treated group as compared to those in the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while no significant difference was found in BMI, hepatic and renal functions between the two groups (P>0.05).


CONCLUSION
The combined therapy of TFGs with sulfonylureas hypoglycemic drug could lower the blood glucose level and ameliorate clinical symptoms in the treatment of T2DM, and the therapy was relatively safe.
Interaction of photons with plasmas and liquid metals - photoabsorption and scattering

Formulas to describe the photoabsorption and the photon scattering by a plasma or a liquid metal are derived in a unified manner with each other. It is shown how the nuclear motion, the free-electron motion and the core-electron behaviour in each ion in the system determine the structure of photoabsorption and scattering in an electron-ion mixture. The absorption cross section in the dipole approximation consists of three terms which represent the absorption caused by the nuclear motion, the absorption owing to the free-electron motion producing optical conductivity or inverse Bremsstrahlung, and the absorption ascribed to the core-electron behaviour in each ion with the Doppler correction. Also, the photon scattering formula provides an analysis method for experiments observing the ion-ion dynamical structure factor (DSF), the electron-electron DSF giving plasma oscillations, and the core-electron DSF yielding the X-ray Raman (Compton) scattering with a clear definition of the background scattering for each experiment, in a unified manner. A formula for anomalous X-ray scattering is also derived for a liquid metal. At the same time, Thomson scattering in plasma physics is discussed from this general point of view. PACS numbers: 52.25.Nr, 52.25.Rv, 78.70.Ck, 78.70.Dm, 78.20.Bk
IMPACT OF Zn APPLICATION ON YIELD , QUALITY , NUTRIENTS UPTAKE AND SOIL FERTILITY IN A MEDIUM DEEP BLACK SOIL ( VERTISOL )

A field investigation was conducted during winter (rabi) season 2010-11 and 2011-12 in Vertisol to study the response of wheat yield, nutrient uptake, protein content and effect on soil properties to zinc application. The recommended doses of N, P and K were applied @ 120 N: 60 P2O5: 40 K2O kg ha -1 in combination with Zn @ 0, 1.25, 2.50, 5, 10 and 20 kg ha -1 as zinc sulphate at the time of sowing in all the treatments. Pooled analysis of data revealed that yield, harvest index, nutrient (N, K and Zn) uptake and quality increased significantly with the application of recommended NPK+Zn @ 20 kg ha -1 by wheat as compare to NPK alone. In general, yield, harvest index, total nutrient uptake and quality increased up to highest level of Zn, except total P uptake. The maximum yield (grain-4.66 and straw-5.44 kg ha -1 ), harvest index (46.07), total nutrient uptake (N-123.19 kg ha -1 , K-90.86 kg ha -1 and Zn-327.74 g ha -1 ), total carbohydrate (70.37 per cent) and gluten (12.37 per cent) content was achieved by the application of 20 kg Zn ha -1 with recommended NPK as compare to control and other treatments, while the total P uptake was decline with increasing levels Zn. There is no appraisal change in soil pH, EC, organic carbon and CaCO3, but the status of DTPA-extractable Zn of soil was improved remarkably due to rational Zn fertilization combined with recommended NPK.