LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The threat of appearing prejudiced and race-based attentional biases.

The current work tested whether external motivation to respond without prejudice toward Blacks is associated with biased patterns of selective attention that reflect a threat response to Black individuals. In a dot-probe attentional bias paradigm, White participants with low and high external motivation to respond without prejudice toward Blacks (i.e., low-EM and high-EM individuals, respectively) were presented with pairs of White and Black male faces that bore either neutral or happy facial expressions; on each trial, the faces were displayed for either 30 ms or 450 ms. The findings were consistent with those of previous research on threat and attention: High-EM participants revealed an attentional bias toward neutral Black faces presented for 30 ms, but an attentional bias away from neutral Black faces presented for 450 ms. These attentional biases were eliminated, however, when the faces displayed happy expressions. These findings suggest that high levels of external motivation to avoid prejudice result in anxious arousal in response to Black individuals, and that this response affects even basic attentional processes.
[German observational trial on secondary hyperparathyroidism therapy with cinacalcet (EARLY)].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The calcimimetic cinacalcet (Mimpara) was approved in the European Union in 2004 for treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT). This observational trial was conducted to investigate efficacy of cinacalcet and practices of sHPT treatment under routine clinical conditions.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
913 patients on maintenance hemodialysis were recruited from 136 German kidney centers. 662 patients who fulfilled the entry criteria of moderate to severe sHPT (intact parathyroid hormone, iPTH: 300 - 800 pg/mL or 32 - 85 pmol/l) were included in the trial. Primary objective was to investigate efficacy of cinacalcet in patients treated for at least 160 days (efficacy collective, N = 555). The primary endpoint was defined as the percentage of patients with a iPTH within 150 - 300 pg/ml and a calcium-phosphate product (CaxP) ≤ 4.44 mmol (2)/l (2) (55 mg (2)/dl (2)) after 6 months of treatment. Further objectives were the course of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) as well as the use of phosphate binders and vitamin D in treatment of bone metabolism disorders.


RESULTS
According to the predefined entry criteria none of the patients reached the combined target criterion for iPTH and CaxP at baseline. The mean initial iPTH and CaxP were 530.0 ± 134.3 pg/mL and 4.82 mmol (2)/L (2) (mean ± SD) respectively. In spite of the unfavorable prognostic factors 25 % of the recruited patients met the combined target at the end of the trial. The mean reduction per patient for iPTH was 203.6 pg/mL [95 % confidence interval (CI) 183.3 - 224.0] and 0.69 mmol (2)/L (2) [95 %-CI 0.57 - 0.79] for CaxP. Ca and P were reduced by 5.3 % [95 %-CI 4.3 - 6.3] and 5.5 % [95 %-CI 3.4 - 7.7], respectively. The mean daily dose of cinacalcet at trial end was 44.9 ± 25.0 mg (mean ± SD). At baseline, 90 % of patients who were analyzed for efficacy (n = 500/555) were treated with phosphate binders, 57 % were treated with a calcium-based phosphate binder (n = 317/555). The use of active Vitamin D (all active Vitamin D compounds) was recorded for 59 % of the patients (n = 328/555). No relevant changes of these treatments were observed in the course of the trial. Tolerability of cinacalcet was good, 94 adverse drug reactions were recorded in 57 of the 913 enrolled patients (6 %).


CONCLUSIONS
One out of four patients reached the combined target of iPTH and CaxP with relatively low dose cinacalcet after 6 months of treatment. iPTH, Ca and P were reduced. The results confirm the high efficacy of cinacalcet in treatment of sHPT and underline the role of cinacalcet in the control of Ca and P.
EOQ Model 2 . 1 Model Development : Economic Order Quantity ( EOQ ) Model

The first model we will present is called the economic order quantity (EOQ) model. This model is studied first owing to its simplicity. Simplicity and restrictive modeling assumptions usually go together, and the EOQ model is not an exception. However, the presence of these modeling assumptions does not mean that the model cannot be used in practice. There are many situations in which this model will produce good results. For example, these models have been effectively employed in automotive, pharmaceutical, and retail sectors of the economy for many years. Another advantage is that the model gives the optimal solution in closed form. This allows us to gain insights about the behavior of the inventory system. The closed-form solution is also easy to compute (compared to, for example, an iterative method of computation). In this chapter, we will develop several models for a single-stage system in which we manage inventory of a single item. The purpose of these models is to determine how much to purchase (order quantity) and when to place the order (the reorder point). The common thread across these models is the assumption that demand occurs continuously at a constant and known rate. We begin with the simple model in which all demand is satisfied on time. In Section 2.2, we develop a model in which some of the demand could be backordered. In Section 2.3, we consider the EOQ model again; however, the unit purchasing cost depends on the order size. In the final section, we briefly discuss how to manage many item types when constraints exist that link the lot size decisions across items.
Oral Direct-Acting Agent Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Systematic Review.

Background
Rapid improvements in hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy have led to the approval of multiple oral direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of chronic HCV infection.


Purpose
To summarize published literature on the efficacy and safety of oral DAAs for treatment of persons with chronic HCV infection.


Data Sources
MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception through 1 November 2016.


Study Selection
42 English-language studies from controlled and single-group registered clinical trials of adults with HCV infection that evaluated at least 8 weeks of an FDA-approved interferon-free HCV regimen that included at least 2 DAAs.


Data Extraction
Two investigators abstracted data on study design, patient characteristics, and virologic and safety outcomes sequentially and assessed quality independently.


Data Synthesis
Six DAA regimens showed high sustained virologic response (SVR) rates (>95%) in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection without cirrhosis, including those with HIV co-infection. Effective treatments for HCV genotype 3 infection are limited (2 DAA regimens). Patients with hepatic decompensation, particularly those with Child-Turcotte-Pugh class C disease, had lower SVR rates (78% to 87%) than other populations. The addition of ribavirin was associated with increased SVR rates for certain DAA regimens and patient groups. Overall rates of serious adverse events and treatment discontinuation were low (<10% in the general population); regimens that included ribavirin had more mild or moderate adverse events than those without.


Limitations
Twenty-three studies had moderate risk of bias (10 were open-label single-group trials, 11 had limited information on concealment of the allocation scheme, and 5 had selective outcome reporting). All but 1 of the studies were industry-funded. Heterogeneity of interventions precluded pooling.


Conclusion
Multiple oral DAA regimens show high rates of safety, tolerability, and efficacy for treatment of HCV genotype 1 infection, particularly among persons without cirrhosis.


Primary Funding Source
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. (PROSPERO: CRD42014009711).
Predictions in heart disease using techniques of data mining

As huge amount of information is produced in medical associations (healing facilities, therapeutic focuses) yet this information is not properly utilized. The health care system is "data rich" however "knowledge poor ". There is an absence of successful analysis methods to find connections and patterns in health care data. Data mining methods can help as remedy in this circumstance. For this reason, different data mining techniques can be utilized. The paper intends to give details about various techniques of knowledge abstraction by using data mining methods that are being used in today's research for prediction of heart disease. In this paper, data mining methods namely, Naive Bayes, Neural network, Decision tree algorithm are analyzed on medical data sets using algorithms.
Identifying breast cancer patients at risk for Central Nervous System (CNS) metastases in trials of the International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG).

BACKGROUND
We sought to determine whether a high-risk group could be defined among patients with operable breast cancer in whom a search of occult central nervous system (CNS) metastases was justified.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
We evaluated data from 9524 women with early breast cancer (42% node-negative) who were randomized in International Breast Cancer Study Group clinical trials between 1978 and 1999, and treated without anthracyclines, taxanes, or trastuzumab. We identified patients whose site of first event was CNS and those who had a CNS event at any time.


RESULTS
Median follow-up was 13 years. The 10-year incidence (10-yr) of CNS relapse was 5.2% (1.3% as first recurrence). Factors predictive of CNS as first recurrence included: node-positive disease (10-yr = 2.2% for > 3 N+), estrogen receptor-negative (2.3%), tumor size > 2 cm (1.7%), tumor grade 3 (2.0%), < 35 years old (2.2%), HER2-positive (2.7%), and estrogen receptor-negative and node-positive (2.6%). The risk of subsequent CNS recurrence was elevated in patients experiencing lung metastases (10-yr = 16.4%).


CONCLUSION
Based on this large cohort we were able to define risk factors for CNS metastases, but could not define a group at sufficient risk to justify routine screening for occult CNS metastases.
Dengue Virus Capsid Protein Binds Core Histones and Inhibits Nucleosome Formation in Human Liver Cells

Dengue virus (DENV) is a member of the Flaviviridae and a globally (re)emerging pathogen that causes serious human disease. There is no specific antiviral or vaccine for dengue virus infection. Flavivirus capsid (C) is a structural protein responsible for gathering the viral RNA into a nucleocapsid that forms the core of a mature virus particle. Flaviviral replication is known to occur in the cytoplasm yet a large portion of capsid protein localizes to the nucleus during infection. The reasons for the nuclear presences of capsid are not completely understood. Here, we expressed mature DENV C in a tandem affinity purification assay to identify potential binding partners in human liver cells. DENV C targeted the four core histones, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. DENV C bound recombinant histones in solution and colocalized with histones in the nucleus and cytoplasm of liver cells during DENV infection. We show that DENV C acts as a histone mimic, forming heterodimers with core histones, binding DNA and disrupting nucleosome formation. We also demonstrate that DENV infection increases the amounts of core histones in livers cells, which may be a cellular response to C binding away the histone proteins. Infection with DENV additionally alters levels of H2A phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. The interactions of C and histones add an interesting new role for the presence of C in the nucleus during DENV infection.
Connecting the dots of the cerebro-cerebellar role in cognitive function: neuronal pathways for cerebellar modulation of dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex.

Cerebellar involvement in autism, schizophrenia, and other cognitive disorders is typically associated with prefrontal cortical pathology. However, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are largely unknown. It has previously been shown in mice that stimulation of the dentate nucleus (DN) of the cerebellum evokes dopamine (DA) release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we investigated the neuronal circuitry by which the cerebellum modulates mPFC DA release. Fixed potential amperometry was used to determine the contribution of two candidate pathways by which the cerebellum may modulate mPFC DA release. In urethane anesthetized mice, DA release evoked by DN stimulation (50 Hz) was recorded in mPFC following local anesthetic lidocaine (0.02 μg) or ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenate (0.5 μg) infusions into the mediodorsal or ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (ThN md; ThN vl), or the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Following intra-VTA lidocaine or kynurenate infusions, DA release was decreased by ∼50%. Following intra-ThN md and ThN vl infusions of either drug, DA release was decreased by ∼35% and 15%, respectively. Reductions in DA release following lidocaine or kynurenate infusions were not significantly different indicating that neuronal cells in the VTA and ThN were activated primarily if not entirely by glutamatergic inputs. The present study suggests that neuropathological changes in the cerebellum commonly observed in autism, schizophrenia, and other cognitive disorders could result in a loss of functionality of cerebellar-mPFC circuitry that is manifested as aberrant dopaminergic activity in the mPFC. Additionally, these results specifically implicate glutamate as a modulator of mPFC dopaminergic activity.
A 160 mV, fully differential, robust schmitt trigger based sub-threshold SRAM

We propose a novel Schmitt Trigger (ST) based fully differential 10 transistor SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) bitcell suitable for sub-threshold operation. The proposed Schmitt trigger based bitcell achieves 1.56X higher read static noise margin (SNM) (VDD = 400mV) compared to the conventional 6T cell. The robust Schmitt trigger based memory cell exhibits built in process variation tolerance that gives tight SNM distribution across the process corners. It utilizes fully differential operation and hence does not require any architectural changes from the present 6T architecture. At iso-area and iso-read-failure probability the proposed memory bitcell operates at a lower (175mV) VDD with 18% reduction in leakage and 50% reduction in read/write power compared to the conventional 6T cell. Simulation results show that the proposed memory bitcell retains data at a supply voltage of 150mV. Functional SRAM with the proposed memory bitcell is demonstrated at 160mV in 0.13μm CMOS technology.
Global ranking of knowledge management and intellectual capital academic journals: 2013 update

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to update a global ranking of knowledge management and intellectual capital (KM/IC) academic journals. Design/methodology/approach – Two different approaches were utilized: a survey of 379 active KM/IC researchers; and the journal citation impact method. Scores produced by the application of these methods were combined to develop the final ranking. Findings – Twenty-five KM/IC-centric journals were identified and ranked. The top six journals are: Journal of Knowledge Management, Journal of Intellectual Capital, The Learning Organization, Knowledge Management Research & Practice, Knowledge and Process Management and International Journal of Knowledge Management. Knowledge Management Research & Practice has substantially improved its reputation. The Learning Organization and Journal of Intellectual Capital retained their previous positions due to their strong citation impact. The number of KM/IC-centric and KM/IC-relevant journals has been growing at the pace of one new journal launch per year. This demonstrates that KM/IC is not a scientific fad; instead, the discipline is progressing towards academic maturity and recognition. Practical implications – The developed ranking may be used by various stakeholders, including journal editors, publishers, reviewers, researchers, new scholars, students, policymakers, university administrators, librarians and practitioners. It is a useful tool to further promote the KM/IC discipline and develop its unique identity. It is important for all KM/IC journals to become included in Thomson Reuters’ Journal Citation Reports. Originality/value – This is the most up-to-date ranking of KM/IC journals.
Visualizers versus verbalizers: Effects of cognitive style on learning with texts and pictures - An eye-tracking study

This study was conducted in order to examine the differences between visualizers and verbalizers in the way they gaze at pictures and texts while learning. Using a collection of questionnaires, college students were classified according to their visual or verbal cognitive style and were asked to learn about two different, in terms of subject and type of knowledge, topics by means of text-picture combinations. Eyetracking was used to investigate their gaze behavior. The results show that visualizers spent significantly more time inspecting pictures than verbalizers, while verbalizers spent more time inspecting texts. Results also suggest that both visualizers' and verbalizers' way of learning is active but mostly within areas providing the source of information in line with their cognitive style (pictures or text). Verbalizers tended to enter non-informative, irrelevant areas of pictures sooner than visualizers. The comparison of learning outcomes showed that the group of visualizers achieved better results than the group of verbalizers on a comprehension test. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Issues of cognitive style and learning preferences have been an underlying topic of educational and psychological discussions for years (e.g., Mayer & Massa, 2003; Riding, 1997; Witkin, 1973). Sometimes the whole concept is disputed (e.g., Kirschner & van Merri€ enboer, 2013), sometimes endorsed (e.g., Cassidy, 2004). Regarding visual-verbal cognitive style and its influence on learning from text-picture combinations, relatively few studies have been conducted (e.g., H€ offler, Prechtl,&Nerdel, 2010; Riding& Douglas, 1993). There are even fewer studies which try to examine actual differences between visualizers and verbalizers via a direct observational method like, for example, eye-tracking (e.g., Mehigan, Barry, Kehoe, & Pitt, 2011; Tsianos, Germanakos, Lekkas, Mourlas, & Samaras, 2009). Our study is therefore an attempt to directly examine verbal and visual learners' eye-movements in the context of multimedia learning. Some eye-tracking studies already indicated that visualizers and verbalizers might differ in the way they view pictorial and textual stimuli (Mehigan et al., 2011; (M. Ko c-Januchta), hoeffler@ (G.-B. Thoma), prechtl@uni-
Incomplete reconstitution of T cell subsets on combination antiretroviral therapy in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 384.

BACKGROUND
Initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) results in higher total CD4 cell counts, a surrogate for immune reconstitution. Whether the baseline CD4 cell count affects reconstitution of immune cell subsets has not been well characterized.


METHODS
Using data from 978 patients (621 with comprehensive immunological assessments) from the AIDS [Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome] Clinical Trials Group protocol 384, a randomized trial of initial ART, we compared reconstitution of CD4(+), CD4(+) naive and memory, CD4(+) activation, CD8(+), CD8(+) activation, B, and natural killer cells among patients in different baseline CD4(+) strata. Reference ranges for T cell populations in control patients negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were calculated using data from AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol A5113.


RESULTS
Patients in the lower baseline CD4(+) strata did not achieve total CD4(+) cell counts similar to those of patients in the higher strata during 144 weeks of ART, although CD4(+) cell count increases were similar. Ratios of CD4(+) naive-memory cell counts and CD4(+):CD8(+) cell counts remained significantly reduced in patients with lower baseline CD4(+) cell counts (<or=350 cells/mm(3)). These immune imbalances were most notable for those initiating ART with a baseline CD4(+) cell count <or=200 cells/mm(3), even after adjustment for baseline plasma HIV RNA levels.


CONCLUSIONS
After nearly 3 years of ART, T cell subsets in patients with baseline CD4(+) cell counts >350 cells/mm(3) achieved or approached the reference range those of control individuals without HIV infection. In contrast, patients who began ART with <or=350 CD4(+) cells/mm(3) generally did not regain normal CD4(+) naive-memory cell ratios. These results support current guidelines to start ART at a threshold of 350 cells/mm(3) and suggest that there may be immunological benefits associated with initiating therapy at even higher CD4(+) cell counts.
An adaptive incremental LBG for vector quantization

This study presents a new vector quantization method that generates codewords incrementally. New codewords are inserted in regions of the input vector space where the distortion error is highest until the desired number of codewords (or a distortion error threshold) is achieved. Adoption of the adaptive distance function greatly increases the proposed method's performance. During the incremental process, a removal-insertion technique is used to fine-tune the codebook to make the proposed method independent of initial conditions. The proposed method works better than some recently published efficient algorithms such as Enhanced LBG (Patane, & Russo, 2001) for traditional tasks: with fixed number of codewords, to find a suitable codebook to minimize distortion error. The proposed method can also be used for new tasks that are insoluble using traditional methods: with fixed distortion error, to minimize the number of codewords and find a suitable codebook. Experiments for some image compression problems indicate that the proposed method works well.
Surgeons and intensive care units.

To the Editor .—I wish to comment on the provocative editorial by Dr Sugerman (Archives1982;117:391). Compared with a well-reasoned, thoughtful editorial by Skillman that appeared in theArchivespreviously, 1 Dr Sugerman's article is, at best, a plea for "turf protection." I also got the impression that Dr Sugerman is unable to look beyond university medical centers, which traditionally have ignored organization and supervision of critical care units. The survey by Machiedo et al, in fact, supports this observation. 2 Less than 50% of the intensive care unit (ICU) directors at academic centers answered consultations. Almost half (47%) of the respondents stated that there were no formal lectures on topics specific to critical care for the resident staff. The key to house officers' learning is supervision at the bedside. Without any real involvement with patient care, ICU directors traditionally serve as referees between various consultants, nurses, and respiratory therapists.