LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Geopressured Jurassic reservoirs in the Viking Graben: modelling and geological significance

Abstract Formation pressure data from Jurassic and Triassic reservoirs of 192 wells (68 in the Norwegian sector, 124 in the UK sector) in the Viking Graben have been analysed. Several different pressure regimes are distinguished. An ‘open system’ consists of hydropressured reservoirs adjacent to the East Shetland Platform in the west and the Horda Platform in the east. A ‘restricted system’ consists of moderately geopressured reservoirs (overpressure typically lower than 1500 psi) located at greater distance from the platforms, and is interpreted to be in partial pressure communication with the open system through lateral or vertical pressure drainage. A ‘closed system’ consists of geopressured reservoirs practically isolated from the open system. In this system, formation pressure is assumed to be representative of the various overpressuring mechanisms active locally. Pressure data analysis suggests that pore pressure is mainly controlled by rapid loading, aquathermal pressuring, oil generation and possibly by shale dewatering above the depth for the onset of gas generation (formation overpressure typically in the range 1500–2500 psi). Gas generation is interpreted to constitute a major overpressuring mechanism below that depth (formation overpressure higher than 2500–3000 psi). In the former case, a pore pressure gradient approximately 50% higher than the hydrostatic gradient is estimated. In the latter case, a much more drastic overpressure increase with depth is suggested. This model also applies to the Norwegian Central Graben where only a limited number of wells tested Jurassic reservoirs. Despite unavoidable simplification and approximation, this model is believed to provide a better understanding of the areal distribution of geopressured Jurassic reservoirs in the Viking and Central Grabens. It may be used to impose constraints on hydrocarbon migration models and for prediction of porosity preservation in relation to reservoir overpressuring.
A Fuzzy Approach to the Guidance of Unmanned Air Vehicles Tracking Moving Targets

This paper presents the development of a fuzzy guidance system for unmanned aircraft based on waypoints described in a 5-D space: position in 3-dimensions, desired crossing heading, and speed. The aircraft is assumed to be auto piloted in speed, heading, and flight path angle. The proposed system uses standard Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy controllers that provide speed, heading, and flight path angle references for the autopilots. In particular, the heading guidance law results in a pipeline of two fuzzy controllers depending on the relative distance between aircraft and waypoint. A trajectory optimization algorithm is used to yield a long-distance guidance law blended with a short-distance guidance law as the waypoint approaches. The system handles sets of not directly flyable waypoints, driving the aircraft on flyable trajectories that try to cross the waypoints at a prescribed altitude and heading.
Generalized interval-valued OWA operators with interval weights derived from interval-valued overlap functions

Article history: Received 13 March 2017 Received in revised form 19 June 2017 Accepted 4 July 2017 Available online xxxx
Anatomy of a gauge theory

We exhibit the role of Hochschild cohomology in quantum field theory with particular emphasis on gauge theory and Dyson–Schwinger equations, the quantum equations of motion. These equations emerge from Hopfand Lie algebra theory and free quantum field theory only. In the course of our analysis we exhibit an intimate relation between the Slavnov-Taylor identities for the couplings and the existence of Hopf sub-algebras defined on the sum of all graphs at a given loop order, surpassing the need to work on single diagrams. 0 Introduction Over the last seven years many properties of the Hopf algebra structure of renormalization have been investigated, mostly on the mathematical side, with at least one notable exception [1] which showed how to solve a non-linear Dyson–Schwinger equation exactly, as opposed to a perturbation expansion. In this paper, we explore the elementary relations between a perturbative expansion in quantum field theory, the corresponding Hochschild cohomology and the equations of motion in the context of a generic gauge theory. A major feature of our analysis is the emphasis on free quantum field theory and locality expressed through Hochschild cohomology which combine to specify the interacting theory. 0.1 Interaction vertices from free quantum fields and locality We start with a free quantum field theory with free propagators given by the usual requirements of free field theory for fermion and boson fields. Before we discuss how locality determines the structure of the full Green functions we look at the tree level first, for motivation. We want to emphasize that the Feynman rules for tree-level graphs are determined by free quantum field theory (which gives Feynman rules for the edges) and locality (which implies Feynman rules for the vertices). ∗CNRS, also supported in parts by NSF grant DMS-0401262 at Center for Mathematical Physics, Boston University. Email: kreimer@ihes.fr
A pilot study to determine whether machine learning methodologies using pre-treatment electroencephalography can predict the symptomatic response to clozapine therapy

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether applying advanced machine learning (ML) methodologies to pre-treatment electroencephalography (EEG) data can predict the response to clozapine therapy in adult subjects suffering from chronic schizophrenia.


METHODS
Pre-treatment EEG data are collected in 23+14 schizophrenic adults. Treatment outcome, after at least one year follow-up, is determined using clinical ratings by a trained clinician blind to EEG results. First, a feature selection scheme is employed to select a reduced subset of features extracted from the subjects' EEG that is most statistically relevant to our treatment-response prediction. These features are then entered into a classifier, which is realized in the form of a kernel partial least squares regression method that performs response prediction. Various scales, including the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) are used as treatment-response indicators.


RESULTS
We determined that a set of discriminating EEG features do exist. A low-dimensional representation of the feature space showed significant clustering into clozapine responder and non-responder groups. The minimum level of performance of the proposed prediction methodology, tested over a range of conditions using the leave-one-out cross-validation method using the original 23 subjects, with further testing in an independent sample of 14 subjects, was 85%.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate that analysis of pre-treatment EEG data can predict the clinical response to clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia.


SIGNIFICANCE
If replicated in a larger population, this novel approach to EEG analysis may assist the clinician in determining treatment-efficacy.
Evaluation of hospital glycemic control at US academic medical centers.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate contemporary hospital glycemic management in US academic medical centers.


DESIGN
This retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients discharged from 37 academic medical centers between July 1 and September 30, 2004; 1,718 eligible adult patients met at least 1 of the inclusion criteria: 2 consecutive blood glucose readings >180 mg/dL within 24 hours, or insulin treatment at any time during hospitalization. We assessed 3 consecutive measurement days of glucose values, glycemic therapy, and additional clinical and laboratory characteristics.


RESULTS
In this diverse cohort, 79% of patients had a prior diagnosis of diabetes, and 84.6% received insulin on the second measurement day. There was wide variation in hospital performance of recommended hospital diabetes care measures such as glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) assessment (range, 3%-63%) and timely admission laboratory glucose measurement (range, 39%-97%). Median glucose was significantly lower for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) compared to ward/intermediate care. ICU patients treated with intravenous insulin had significantly lower median glucose when compared to subcutaneous insulin. Only 25% of ICU patients on day 3 had estimated 6 AM glucose <or=110 mg/dL. Hyperglycemia was common, 50% of all patients had >or=1 glucose measurement >or=180 mg/dL on measurement days 2 and 3. Severe hypoglycemia (<50 mg/dL) occurred in 2.8% of all patient days.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite frequent insulin use, glucose control was suboptimal. Academic medical centers have opportunities to improve care to meet current American Diabetes Association hospital diabetes care standards.
Nd:YAG Laser Treatment for Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars: An Analysis of 102 Cases

BACKGROUND
The present retrospective cohort study was performed to determine the efficacy of contact-mode 1064 nm neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser laser for keloids and hypertrophic scars. The indication and limitations of this modality are discussed.


METHODS
The cohort consisted of 102 consecutive Japanese patients (23 males and 79 females) with keloids and hypertrophic scars for more than 1 year. They were treated every 3-4 weeks for 1 year with a long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser (Cutera, Brisbane, Calif.) in contact mode. Thirty-eight patients had hypertrophic scars and 64 had keloids. The scars were evaluated before the treatment commenced and 1 month after the last session by using the Japan Scar Workshop Scar Scale 2011. Recurrence was assessed at 6 months after the termination of treatment.


RESULTS
The average total Japan Scar Workshop score of the keloid and hypertrophic scar region groups dropped significantly after 1 year of treatment compared with before treatment (all P < 0.05). None of the hypertrophic scars or keloids deteriorated. However, 3 of the 34 anterior chest keloids (8.8%) did not respond. The following recurrence rates were observed 6 months after stopping laser treatment: 1 of the abdomen hypertrophic scars (4%), 18 of the anterior chest keloids (52.9%), 5 of the upper arm keloids (35.7%), and 4 of the scapula keloids (25%).


CONCLUSIONS
Hypertrophic scars responded significantly better to 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser treatment than keloids. However, keloid recurrence occurred when there was remaining redness and induration, even if only a small part of the scar was affected.
Variation within the CLEC16A gene shows consistent disease association with both multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes in Sardinia

Variation within intron 19 of the CLEC16A (KIAA0350) gene region was recently found to be unequivocally associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in genome-wide association (GWA) studies in Northern European populations. A variant in intron 22 that is nearly independent of the intron 19 variant showed suggestive evidence of association with multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we genotyped the rs725613 polymorphism, representative of the earlier reported associations with T1D within CLEC16A, in 1037 T1D cases, 1498 MS cases and 1706 matched controls, all from the founder, autoimmunity-prone Sardinian population. In these Sardinian samples, allele A of rs725613 is positively associated not only with T1D (odds ratio=1.15, P one-tail=5.1 × 10−3) but also, and with a comparable effect size, with MS (odds ratio=1.21, P one-tail 6.7 × 10−5). Taken together these data provide evidence of joint disease association in T1D and MS within CLEC16A and underline a shared disease pathway.
Two phase application of multi-objective genetic algorithms in green building design

This paper presents the application of multi-objective genetic algorithms for green building design to minimize two conflicting criteria: the life-cycle cost and the life-cycle environmental impact. Environmental impact categories considered in this study include energy and non-energy natural resources, global warming, and acidification. Variables focus on building envelope-related parameters. The application of multi-objective genetic algorithms is divided into two phases. The first phase intends to help designers in understanding the trade-off relationship between the two conflicting criteria. The second phase intends to refine the performance region that is of the designer’s interest.
Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in Duchenne and Becker's muscular dystrophy.

BACKGROUND
Cardiac assessment was not done routinely in Duchenne (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) patients in Northern region of England while evidence was gathering on progressive cardiomyopathy in these patients. We wanted to find out the prevalence, progression and clinical features of cardiac involvement in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.


METHODS
It is a retrospective review of clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic assessments.


RESULTS
The notes of 52 Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy patients were reviewed out of which 32 had DMD, 6 had Intermediate muscular dystrophy (IMD) and 14 had BMD. Prevalence of preclinical and clinically evident cardiac involvement was 88.4% in DMD and BMD patients. Sixty nine% of patients had clinically evident cardiac involvement but only four patients had cardiac symptoms in the form of palpitations, out of which two were due to respiratory dysfunction and others was due to cardiac failure. Clinical examination of the rest of all of the patients was unremarkable. Electrocardiogram was abnormal in 88.4% of patients. Conduction defects were found in 19.4% of patients. Echocardiogram was abnormal in 80.7% of patients but all were poor echo subjects including those who had normal echocardiogram.


CONCLUSIONS
Though most patients were asymptomatic, a high percentage had evidence of preclinical and clinically evident cardiac involvement. So in all patients with Xp21 linked muscular dystrophy a routine baseline cardiac assessment should be done at the age of 10 years and reviewed after intervals of one to two years.
Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing.

BACKGROUND
Intratumor heterogeneity may foster tumor evolution and adaptation and hinder personalized-medicine strategies that depend on results from single tumor-biopsy samples.


METHODS
To examine intratumor heterogeneity, we performed exome sequencing, chromosome aberration analysis, and ploidy profiling on multiple spatially separated samples obtained from primary renal carcinomas and associated metastatic sites. We characterized the consequences of intratumor heterogeneity using immunohistochemical analysis, mutation functional analysis, and profiling of messenger RNA expression.


RESULTS
Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed branched evolutionary tumor growth, with 63 to 69% of all somatic mutations not detectable across every tumor region. Intratumor heterogeneity was observed for a mutation within an autoinhibitory domain of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, correlating with S6 and 4EBP phosphorylation in vivo and constitutive activation of mTOR kinase activity in vitro. Mutational intratumor heterogeneity was seen for multiple tumor-suppressor genes converging on loss of function; SETD2, PTEN, and KDM5C underwent multiple distinct and spatially separated inactivating mutations within a single tumor, suggesting convergent phenotypic evolution. Gene-expression signatures of good and poor prognosis were detected in different regions of the same tumor. Allelic composition and ploidy profiling analysis revealed extensive intratumor heterogeneity, with 26 of 30 tumor samples from four tumors harboring divergent allelic-imbalance profiles and with ploidy heterogeneity in two of four tumors.


CONCLUSIONS
Intratumor heterogeneity can lead to underestimation of the tumor genomics landscape portrayed from single tumor-biopsy samples and may present major challenges to personalized-medicine and biomarker development. Intratumor heterogeneity, associated with heterogeneous protein function, may foster tumor adaptation and therapeutic failure through Darwinian selection. (Funded by the Medical Research Council and others.).
A Reinforcement Learning Method for Maximizing Undiscounted Rewards

While most Reinforcement Learning work utilizes temporal discounting to evaluate performance, the reasons for this are unclear. Is it out of desire or necessity? We argue that it is not out of desire, and seek to dispel the notion that temporal discounting is necessary by proposing a framework for undiscounted optimization. We present a metric of undiscounted performance and an algorithm for finding action policies that maximize that measure. The technique, which we call Rlearning, is modelled after the popular Q-learning algorithm [17]. Initial experimental results are presented which attest to a great improvement over Q-learning in some simple cases.
Hybris: Robust Hybrid Cloud Storage

Besides well-known benefits, commodity cloud storage also raises concerns that include security, reliability, and consistency. We present Hybris key-value store, the first robust hybrid cloud storage system, aiming at addressing these concerns leveraging both private and public cloud resources.
 Hybris robustly replicates metadata on trusted private premises (private cloud), separately from data, which are dispersed (using replication or erasure coding) across multiple untrusted public clouds. Hybris maintains metadata stored on private premises at the order of few dozens of bytes per key, avoiding the scalability bottleneck at the private cloud. In turn, the hybrid design allows Hybris to efficiently and robustly tolerate cloud outages but also potential malice in clouds without overhead. Namely, to tolerate up to f malicious clouds, in the common case of the Hybris variant with data replication, writes replicate data across f+1 clouds, whereas reads involve a single cloud. In the worst case, only up to f additional clouds are used. This is considerably better than earlier multi-cloud storage systems that required costly 3f+1 clouds to mask f potentially malicious clouds. Finally, Hybris leverages strong metadata consistency to guarantee to Hybris applications strong data consistency without any modifications to the eventually consistent public clouds.
 We implemented Hybris in Java and evaluated it using a series of micro and macro-benchmarks. Our results show that Hybris significantly outperforms comparable multi-cloud storage systems and approaches the performance of bare-bone commodity public cloud storage.
Examining the Impact of Contextual Ambiguity on Search Advertising Keyword Performance : A Topic Model

WORKING PAPERS Examining the Impact of Contextual Ambiguity on Search Advertising Keyword Performance: A Topic Model Approach (with Abhishek, Vibhanshu and Beibei Li), Job Market Paper, invited for resubmission to Marketing Science. Substitution or Promotion? The Impact of Price Discounts on Cross-Channel Sales of Digital Movies (with Michael D. Smith, and Rahul Telang), conditionally accepted at the Journal of Retailing.
NOZZLE: A Defense Against Heap-spraying Code Injection Attacks

Heap spraying is a security attack that increases the exploitability of memory corruption errors in type-unsafe applications. In a heap-spraying attack, an attacker coerces an application to allocate many objects containing malicious code in the heap, increasing the success rate of an exploit that jumps to a location within the heap. Because heap layout randomization necessitates new forms of attack, spraying has been used in many recent security exploits. Spraying is especially effective in web browsers, where the attacker can easily allocate the malicious objects using JavaScript embedded in a web page. In this paper, we describe NOZZLE, a runtime heap-spraying detector. NOZZLE examines individual objects in the heap, interpreting them as code and performing a static analysis on that code to detect malicious intent. To reduce false positives, we aggregate measurements across all heap objects and define a global heap health metric. We measure the effectiveness of NOZZLE by demonstrating that it successfully detects 12 published and 2,000 synthetically generated heap-spraying exploits. We also show that even with a detection threshold set six times lower than is required to detect published malicious attacks, NOZZLE reports no false positives when run over 150 popular Internet sites. Using sampling and concurrent scanning to reduce overhead, we show that the performance overhead of NOZZLE is less than 7% on average. While NOZZLE currently targets heap-based spraying attacks, its techniques can be applied to any attack that attempts to fill the address space with malicious code objects (e.g., stack spraying [42]).
Internet-Based Early Intervention to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Injury Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in 10-20% of injury patients. We developed a novel, self-guided Internet-based intervention (called Trauma TIPS) based on techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to prevent the onset of PTSD symptoms.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether Trauma TIPS is effective in preventing the onset of PTSD symptoms in injury patients.


METHODS
Adult, level 1 trauma center patients were randomly assigned to receive the fully automated Trauma TIPS Internet intervention (n=151) or to receive no early intervention (n=149). Trauma TIPS consisted of psychoeducation, in vivo exposure, and stress management techniques. Both groups were free to use care as usual (nonprotocolized talks with hospital staff). PTSD symptom severity was assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post injury with a clinical interview (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale) by blinded trained interviewers and self-report instrument (Impact of Event Scale-Revised). Secondary outcomes were acute anxiety and arousal (assessed online), self-reported depressive and anxiety symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and mental health care utilization. Intervention usage was documented.


RESULTS
The mean number of intervention logins was 1.7, SD 2.5, median 1, interquartile range (IQR) 1-2. Thirty-four patients in the intervention group did not log in (22.5%), 63 (41.7%) logged in once, and 54 (35.8%) logged in multiple times (mean 3.6, SD 3.5, median 3, IQR 2-4). On clinician-assessed and self-reported PTSD symptoms, both the intervention and control group showed a significant decrease over time (P<.001) without significant differences in trend. PTSD at 12 months was diagnosed in 4.7% of controls and 4.4% of intervention group patients. There were no group differences on anxiety or depressive symptoms over time. Post hoc analyses using latent growth mixture modeling showed a significant decrease in PTSD symptoms in a subgroup of patients with severe initial symptoms (n=20) (P<.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Our results do not support the efficacy of the Trauma TIPS Internet-based early intervention in the prevention of PTSD symptoms for an unselected population of injury patients. Moreover, uptake was relatively low since one-fifth of individuals did not log in to the intervention. Future research should therefore focus on innovative strategies to increase intervention usage, for example, adding gameplay, embedding it in a blended care context, and targeting high-risk individuals who are more likely to benefit from the intervention.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 57754429; http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN57754429 (Archived by WebCite at http://webcitation.org/6FeJtJJyD).