LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Event-related potentials and the decision to shoot: The role of threat perception and cognitive control

Participants played a videogame in which they were required to make speeded shoot/don’t-shoot decisions in response to armed and unarmed targets, half of whom were Black, half of whom were White. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs), recorded during the game, assessed attentional processes related to target race and object type. Early ERP components (i.e., the P200 and N200) differentiated between Black and White targets, as well as between armed and unarmed targets. Explicitly measured cultural stereotypes predicted both this racial ERP differentiation and racial bias in the game. Most importantly, the degree of racial differentiation in the early ERP components predicted behavioral bias in the videogame and mediated the relationship between cultural stereotypes and bias.
Nuclear equation of state and the structure of neutron stars

The hadronic equation of state for a neutron star is discussed with a particular emphasis on the symmetry energy. The results of several microscopic approaches are compared and also a new calculation in terms of the self-consistent Green function method is presented. In addition possible constraints on the symmetry energy coming from empirical information on the neutron skin of finite nuclei are considered.
Impact of primary healthcare providers’ initial role security and therapeutic commitment on implementing brief interventions in managing risky alcohol consumption: a cluster randomised factorial trial

BACKGROUND
Brief interventions in primary healthcare are cost-effective in reducing drinking problems but poorly implemented in routine practice. Although evidence about implementing brief interventions is growing, knowledge is limited with regard to impact of initial role security and therapeutic commitment on brief intervention implementation.


METHODS
In a cluster randomised factorial trial, 120 primary healthcare units (PHCUs) were randomised to eight groups: care as usual, training and support, financial reimbursement, and the opportunity to refer patients to an internet-based brief intervention (e-BI); paired combinations of these three strategies, and all three strategies combined. To explore the impact of initial role security and therapeutic commitment on implementing brief interventions, we performed multilevel linear regression analyses adapted to the factorial design.


RESULTS
Data from 746 providers from 120 PHCUs were included in the analyses. Baseline role security and therapeutic commitment were found not to influence implementation of brief interventions. Furthermore, there were no significant interactions between these characteristics and allocated implementation groups.


CONCLUSIONS
The extent to which providers changed their brief intervention delivery following experience of different implementation strategies was not determined by their initial attitudes towards alcohol problems. In future research, more attention is needed to unravel the causal relation between practitioners' attitudes, their actual behaviour and care improvement strategies to enhance implementation science.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01501552.
Introduction to the ISO Specification Language LOTOS

LOTOS is a specification language that has been specifically developed for the formal description of the OSI (Open systems Interconnection) architecture, although it is applicable to distributed, concurrent systems in general. In LOTOS a system is seen as a set of processes which interact and exchange data with each other and with their environment. LOTOS is expected to become an ISO international standard by 1988.
Progression of foot deformity in Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy.

BACKGROUND
Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy associated foot deformity can result in joint instability, ulceration, and even amputation. The purpose of the present study was to follow patients with and without active Charcot osteoarthropathy for as long as two years to examine the magnitude and timing of foot alignment changes.


METHODS
We studied fifteen subjects with Charcot osteoarthropathy and nineteen subjects with diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy without Charcot osteoarthropathy for one year; eight of the subjects with osteoarthropathy and five of the subjects with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy were followed for two years. Bilateral weight-bearing radiographs of the foot were made at baseline for all subjects, with repeat radiographs being made at six months for the osteoarthropathy group and at one and two years for both groups. Radiographic measurements included the Meary angle, cuboid height, calcaneal pitch, and hindfoot-forefoot angle.


RESULTS
The Meary angle, cuboid height, and calcaneal pitch worsened in feet with Charcot osteoarthropathy over one year as compared with the contralateral, uninvolved feet and feet in patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. Cuboid height continued to worsen over the two-year follow-up in the feet with Charcot osteoarthropathy. These feet also had a greater change in the hindfoot-forefoot angle at one year as compared with the feet in patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy and at two years as compared with the contralateral, uninvolved feet.


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy, radiographic alignment measurements demonstrate the presence of foot deformity at the time of the initial clinical presentation and evidence of progressive changes over the first and second years. The six-month data suggest worsening of medial column alignment prior to lateral column worsening. This radiographic evidence of worsening foot alignment over time supports the need for aggressive intervention (conservative bracing or surgical fixation) to attempt to prevent limb-threatening complications.
Development and validation of a survey to assess patient-perceived medication knowledge and confidence in medication use.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The primary objective of this study is to establish the validity and reliability of a perceived medication knowledge and confidence survey instrument (Okere-Renier Survey).


METHODS
Two-stage psychometric analyses were conducted to assess reliability (Cronbach's alpha > .70) of the associated knowledge scale. To evaluate the construct validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed.


RESULTS
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed three subscale measures and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated an acceptable fit to the data (goodness-of-fit index [GFI = 0.962], adjusted goodness-of-fit index [AGFI = 0.919], root mean square residual [RMR = 0.065], root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.073). A high internal consistency with Cronbach's a of .833 and .744 were observed in study Stages 1 and 2, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The Okere-Renier Survey is a reliable instrument for predicting patient-perceived level of medication knowledge and confidence.
Setting international standards for verbal autopsy.

Bulletin of the World Health Organization | August 2007, 85 (8) Setting international standards for verbal autopsy Frank Baiden,a Ayaga Bawah,b Sidu Biai,c Fred Binka,b Ties Boerma,d Peter Byass,e Daniel Chandramohan,f Somnath Chatterji,d Cyril Engmann,g Dieltiens Greet,h Robert Jakob,d Kathleen Kahn,i Osamu Kunii,j Alan D Lopez,k Christopher J L Murray,l Bernard Nahlen,m Chalapati Rao,k Osman Sankoh,b Philip W Setel,n Kenji Shibuya,d Nadia Soleman,d Linda Wright o & Gonghuan Yang p
A framework for the ex-ante evaluation of ERP software

It has been widely reported that a large number of ERP implementations fail to meet expectations. This is indicative, firstly, of the magnitude of the problems involved in ERP systems implementation and, secondly, of the importance of the ex-ante evaluation and selection process of ERP software. This paper argues that ERP evaluation should extend its scope beyond operational improvements arising from the ERP software/product per se to the strategic impact of ERP on the competitive position of the organisation. Due to the complexity of ERP software, the intangible nature of both costs and benefits, which evolve over time, and the organisational, technological and behavioural impact of ERP, a broad perspective of the ERP systems evaluation process is needed. The evaluation has to be both quantitative and qualitative and requires an estimation of the perceived costs and benefits throughout the life-cycle of ERP systems. The paper concludes by providing a framework of the key issues involved in the selection process of ERP software and the associated costs and benefits. European Journal of Information Systems (2001) 10, 204–215.
Active and passive sensing of collective atomic coherence in a superradiant laser

We study the nondemolition mapping of collective quantum coherence onto a cavity light field in a superradiant, cold-atom 87Rb Raman laser. We show theoretically that the fundamental precision of the mapping is near the standard quantum limit on phase estimation for a coherent spin state, φ = 1/√N , where N is the number of atoms. The associated characteristic measurement time scale τW ∝ 1/N is collectively enhanced. The nondemolition nature of the measurement is characterized by only 0.5 photon recoils deposited per atom due to optical repumping in a time τW . We experimentally realize conditional Ramsey spectroscopy in our superradiant Raman laser, compare the results to the predicted precision, and study the mapping in the presence of decoherence, far from the steady-state conditions previously considered. Finally, we demonstrate a hybrid mode of operation in which the laser is repeatedly toggled between active and passive sensing.
Describing a Knowledge Base

We aim to automatically generate natural language descriptions about an input structured knowledge base (KB). We build our generation framework based on a pointer network which can copy facts from the input KB, and add two attention mechanisms: (i) slot-aware attention to capture the association between a slot type and its corresponding slot value; and (ii) a new table position self-attention to capture the inter-dependencies among related slots. For evaluation, besides standard metrics including BLEU, METEOR, and ROUGE, we propose a KB reconstruction based metric by extracting a KB from the generation output and comparing it with the input KB. We also create a new data set which includes 106,216 pairs of structured KBs and their corresponding natural language descriptions for two distinct entity types. Experiments show that our approach significantly outperforms stateof-the-art methods. The reconstructed KB achieves 68.8% 72.6% F-score.1
Computing shortest paths for any number of hops

In this paper, we introduce and investigate a "new" path optimization problem that we denote the all hops optimal path (AHOP) problem. The problem involves identifying, for all hop counts, the optimal, i.e., minimum weight, path(s) between a given source and destination(s). The AHOP problem arises naturally in the context of quality-of-service (QoS) routing in networks, where routes (paths) need to be computed that provide services guarantees, e.g., delay or bandwidth, at the minimum possible "cost" (amount of resources required) to the network. Because service guarantees are typically provided through some form of resource allocation on the path (links) computed for a new request, the hop count, which captures the number of links over which resources are allocated, is a commonly used cost measure. As a result, a standard approach for determining the cheapest path available that meets a desired level of service guarantees is to compute a minimum hop shortest (optimal) path. Furthermore, for efficiency purposes, it is desirable to precompute such optimal minimum hop paths for all possible service requests. Providing this information gives rise to solving the AHOP problem. The paper's contributions are to investigate the computational complexity of solving the AHOP problem for two of the most prevalent cost functions (path weights) in networks, namely, additive and bottleneck weights. In particular, we establish that a solution based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm is optimal for additive weights, but show that this does not hold for bottleneck weights for which a lower complexity solution exists.
Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance improve in patients with acromegaly converted from depot octreotide to pegvisomant.

AIM AND METHOD
Insulin resistance leading, in some cases, to glucose intolerance is an important contributory factor to the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with acromegaly. The aim of this study was to document changes in insulin sensitivity (IS) in a group of seven patients with acromegaly (three male, four female, mean+/-s.d. age 59+/-13 Years) treated initially with a stable dose of depot octreotide (OT; median dose 30 mg four times weekly, range 10-30 mg) for a median of 18 Months (range 16-19 Months) and who were then transferred to treatment with pegvisomant (median dose 15 mg daily, range 10-20 mg) for a median of 8 Months (range 7-9 Months). IS was assessed by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) using fasting glucose and insulin concentrations and by a short insulin tolerance test (sITT). Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.


RESULTS
Mean+/-s.d. serum IGF-I concentrations during therapy with OT and with pegvisomant were not statistically different (283+/-119 ng/ml on OT vs 191+/-39 ng/ml on pegvisomant (P=0.4)). However, mean+/-s.d. fasting plasma glucose fell from 6.2+/-1.0 mmol/l on OT to 5.2+/-0.6 mmol/l on pegvisomant (P=0.017) and was lower on pegvisomant in all seven patients. In four patients, fasting plasma glucose fell from values diagnostic of diabetes mellitus or impaired fasting glucose on OT to within the normal range on pegvisomant. Mean+/-s.d. peripheral IS (by sITT) increased from 139+/-39 micromol/l per min on OT to 169+/-59 micromol/l per min on pegvisomant (P=0.037). Mean+/-s.d. IS (by HOMA %S) was unchanged over the course of the study (149.1+/-43.7% on OT vs 139.9+/-76.6% on pegvisomant, P=0.28). Mean+/-s.d. pancreatic beta-cell secretory function (HOMA %B) improved significantly on pegvisomant compared with OT (49.4+/-19.2% vs 82.4+/-43.5%, P=0.01). No statistically significant change in total fat (P=0.3), % fat (P=0.28) or circulating non-esterified fatty acids (P=0.35) was observed.


CONCLUSIONS
IS and glucose tolerance improved in patients converted from OT therapy to pegvisomant, without a change in body composition and even when serum IGF-I concentrations remained equally well controlled. This may be an important factor in the choice of medical therapy for patients with acromegaly.
Bilateral total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TEP) has outcomes similar to those for unilateral TEP: population-based analysis of prospective data of 6,505 patients

Whether bilateral total extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair is associated with worse outcomes than unilateral TEP continues to be a matter of debate. This study aimed to compare different outcomes of large cohorts of patients undergoing bilateral versus unilateral TEP. Based on prospective data of the Swiss Association of Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery (SALTS), all patients undergoing elective unilateral or bilateral TEP from 1995 to 2006 were included in the study. The outcomes compared included conversion rates; intraoperative, surgical, and general postoperative complications; duration of operation; and length of hospital stay (LOS). Unadjusted and risk-adjusted multivariable analyses were performed. Data for 6,505 patients undergoing unilateral (n = 3,457) and bilateral (n = 3,048) TEP were prospectively collected. The average age and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score were similar in the two groups. The patients undergoing bilateral TEP repair had a slightly increased rate of intraoperative complications (bilateral, 3.1% vs. unilateral, 1.9%) and surgical postoperative complications (bilateral, 3.2% vs. unilateral, 2.3%). The operation time was longer for bilateral TEP repair (86 vs. 67 min). No significant differences in postoperative LOS, general postoperative complications, or conversion rates were found. This is the first population-based analysis in the literature to compare different outcomes in a prospective cohort of more than 6,500 patients undergoing bilateral versus unilateral TEP. Although the rates for intraoperative and surgical postoperative complications were slightly higher for the patients undergoing bilateral TEP repair, the absolute differences were small and of minor clinical relevance. Bilateral TEP repair is associated with a minimal increase in operating time and similar LOS, general postoperative complications, and conversion rates. Therefore, for patients with bilateral inguinal hernia, a simultaneous endoscopic approach represents an excellent therapeutic option.
Validation of the short version of the 10/66 dementia diagnosis in multiethnic Asian older adults in Singapore

BACKGROUND
To validate the short version of the 10/66 dementia diagnosis against the standard version of the 10/66 dementia diagnosis and clinical diagnosis and examine concurrent validity with the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment schedule and care needs in a multiethnic Asian older adult population in Singapore.


METHODS
Data from the Well-being of the Singapore Elderly study, a nationally representative survey of the older Singapore Resident population aged 60 years and above was used. The validity of the short version of the 10/66 dementia diagnostic criteria derived from the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia, the modified Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer's Disease 10-word list delayed recall and the EURO-D depression screen were examined against the standard version of the 10/66 dementia diagnosis and clinician diagnosis as a gold standard. Concurrent validity was tested by examining the relationships between the short version 10/66 dementia diagnosis, disability and care needs.


RESULTS
A total of 2373 respondents who had completed data on the short version diagnosis were included in this study. The majority (82.63%) of respondents were of Chinese descent, 9.86% were Malays, 6.12% were of Indian descent and 1.39% belonged to other ethnic group. We found the short version 10/66 dementia diagnosis showed almost perfect agreement with the standard version 10/66 dementia diagnosis (kappa = 0.90, AUC = 0.96) and substantial agreement with clinical diagnosis (kappa = 0.70, AUC = 0.87). The weighted prevalence of dementia in the population was slightly higher based on the short version diagnosis than the standard version diagnosis (10.74% vs. 10.04%). We also found that those with the short version 10/66 dementia were significantly associated with higher disability (β = 28.90, 95% CI = 23.62, 9.62) and needed care occasionally (OR =35.21, 95% CI = 18.08, 68.59) or much of the time (OR = 9.02, 95% CI = 5.21, 15.61).


CONCLUSIONS
The study found that the short version 10/66 dementia diagnosis has excellent validity to diagnose dementia in a multiethnic Asian population in Singapore. Further research is required to determine the usefulness of this diagnosis in clinical practice or institutional settings to aid early detection and intervention for dementia.
Some biological aspects of aquatic thermal discharges

The general introduction deals with aquatic ecology and thermal effects, industrial and natural. The specific case of the operation of the Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Company plant is discussed--a documented pre- and post- operative study (1965--1972) of the ecosystem. Pertinent problems of entrainment and the passage of anadromous fishes are outlined, and the conclusion points to the matters of plant siting and the achievement of rational balance between the desirable ecology and the necessary economy. (auth)
An introduction to latent variable mixture modeling (part 1): overview and cross-sectional latent class and latent profile analyses.

OBJECTIVE
Pediatric psychologists are often interested in finding patterns in heterogeneous cross-sectional data. Latent variable mixture modeling is an emerging person-centered statistical approach that models heterogeneity by classifying individuals into unobserved groupings (latent classes) with similar (more homogenous) patterns. The purpose of this article is to offer a nontechnical introduction to cross-sectional mixture modeling.


METHOD
An overview of latent variable mixture modeling is provided and 2 cross-sectional examples are reviewed and distinguished.


RESULTS
Step-by-step pediatric psychology examples of latent class and latent profile analyses are provided using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 data file.


CONCLUSIONS
Latent variable mixture modeling is a technique that is useful to pediatric psychologists who wish to find groupings of individuals who share similar data patterns to determine the extent to which these patterns may relate to variables of interest.
Radiation dose to procedural personnel and patients from an X-ray volume imaging system

To evaluate the radiation dose received by procedural personnel and patients from an X-ray volume imaging (XVI) system during interventional procedures. Forty patients were examined using catheter angiography (group A), digital subtraction angiography (group B) and cone-beam CT (CBCT, group C). Doses to procedural personnel (using thermo-luminescent dosimeters, TLDs) and patients were estimated. Image quality and lesion delineation were assessed using objective and subjective methods. Shapiro–Wilk, two-sided Student’s t and Wilcoxon matched-pairs tests were used to test statistical significance. Doses (milligrays) measured in the hands and left knee of the interventionist were higher than those in an assistant physician (P < 0.05). Doses (dose–area product and skin entry dose) were lower in group A and higher in C compared with other groups; moreover, comparison among the groups were significant (all P = 0.0001). Subjective and objective lesion delineation showed significant results (all P < 0.05) among the tumour types considered. Image quality estimation showed the opposite results for objective and subjective analysis. More doses were obtained for hands of the procedural personnel compared to other anatomical regions measured. Catheter angiography showed lower dose compared with other imaging groups examined. Lesion delineation was clearly possible using CBCT. Objective and subjective analysis showed the opposite results regarding image quality because of higher noise levels and artefacts. • Interventional radiological procedures inevitably impart relatively high radiation doses • Little is known about the doses imparted by cone-beam CT (CBCT)-guided procedures. • During interventional radiological procedures the hands of personnel receive high doses. • Catheter angiography delivered lower doses compared with CBCT and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). • Nevertheless the use of CBCT to delineate lesions is advantageous for patients.