LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Delphi survey of nursing research priorities.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To identify oncology nurses priorities for topics and issues to be addressed by developing a clinical nursing research program at a large comprehensive cancer center.


DESIGN
Delphi survey, completed in two rounds.


SETTING
A large comprehensive cancer center in the southern United States.


SAMPLE
All 1,500 RNs employed at the cancer center. Round I asked nurses to identify topics they believed needed to be studied, and 642 nurses responded. In round II, 567 nurses ranked these priorities.


METHODS
Surveys were distributed to all nurses who work in a variety of settings at the cancer center. Open-ended responses from round I were content analyzed, round II rankings of importance were described, and factor analysis was performed.


MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
120 topics were identified from a content analysis of research areas described by nurses in the cancer center.


FINDINGS
120 research priorities were identified. Factor analysis revealed three factors: clinical care, nurses and skills, and administrative aspects.


CONCLUSIONS
The top five research priorities identified at the cancer center were, in rank order, acute and chronic pain, infection rates and control, job satisfaction, nurse-patient ratios and staffing, and nurse retention. This study's survey included items similar to those on the recently conducted Oncology Nursing Society research priority survey. Pain and issues with infection were among the top five priorities in both surveys.


IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Conducting a survey to identify nurses perceptions of research was useful in involving nurses in the conduct of research, and the results were useful guides to beginning a coordinated program of nursing research.
Barriers and facilitators to chronic pain self-management: a qualitative study of primary care patients with comorbid musculoskeletal pain and depression.

OBJECTIVE
To identify barriers and facilitators to self-management of chronic musculoskeletal pain among patients with comorbid pain and depression.


DESIGN
A qualitative study using focus group methodology.


SETTING
Veteran Affairs (VA) and University primary care clinics.


PATIENTS
Recruited after participation in a clinical trial.


INTERVENTION
The Stepped Care for Affective Disorders and Musculoskeletal Pain (SCAMP) trial tested an intervention of optimized antidepressant therapy combined with a pain self-management program versus usual care for primary care patients with comorbid chronic pain and depression.


OUTCOME MEASURES
Thematic content analysis from focus group data was used to identify patient-perceived barriers and facilitators to self-management of chronic musculoskeletal pain.


RESULTS
Patients (N = 18) were 27 to 84 years old (M = 54.8), 61% women, 72% white, and 22% black. Barriers to pain self-management included: 1) lack of support from friends and family; 2) limited resources (e.g., transportation, financial); 3) depression; 4) ineffectiveness of pain-relief strategies; 5) time constraints and other life priorities; 6) avoiding activity because of fear of pain exacerbation; 7) lack of tailoring strategies to meet personal needs; 8) not being able to maintain the use of strategies after study completion; 9) physical limitations; and 10) difficult patient-physician interactions. Facilitators to improve pain self-management included 1) encouragement from nurse care managers; 2) improving depression with treatment; 3) supportive family and friends; and 4) providing a menu of different self-management strategies to use.


CONCLUSIONS
Future research is needed to confirm these findings and to design interventions that capitalize on the facilitators identified while at the same time addressing the barriers to pain self-management.
Acute vision in the giant Cambrian predator Anomalocaris and the origin of compound eyes

Until recently, intricate details of the optical design of non-biomineralized arthropod eyes remained elusive in Cambrian Burgess-Shale-type deposits, despite exceptional preservation of soft-part anatomy in such Konservat-Lagerstätten. The structure and development of ommatidia in arthropod compound eyes support a single origin some time before the latest common ancestor of crown-group arthropods, but the appearance of compound eyes in the arthropod stem group has been poorly constrained in the absence of adequate fossils. Here we report 2–3-cm paired eyes from the early Cambrian (approximately 515 million years old) Emu Bay Shale of South Australia, assigned to the Cambrian apex predator Anomalocaris. Their preserved visual surfaces are composed of at least 16,000 hexagonally packed ommatidial lenses (in a single eye), rivalling the most acute compound eyes in modern arthropods. The specimens show two distinct taphonomic modes, preserved as iron oxide (after pyrite) and calcium phosphate, demonstrating that disparate styles of early diagenetic mineralization can replicate the same type of extracellular tissue (that is, cuticle) within a single Burgess-Shale-type deposit. These fossils also provide compelling evidence for the arthropod affinities of anomalocaridids, push the origin of compound eyes deeper down the arthropod stem lineage, and indicate that the compound eye evolved before such features as a hardened exoskeleton. The inferred acuity of the anomalocaridid eye is consistent with other evidence that these animals were highly mobile visual predators in the water column. The existence of large, macrophagous nektonic predators possessing sharp vision—such as Anomalocaris—within the early Cambrian ecosystem probably helped to accelerate the escalatory ‘arms race’ that began over half a billion years ago.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Underestimation of Prostate Cancer Geometry: Use of Patient Specific Molds to Correlate Images with Whole Mount Pathology.

PURPOSE
We evaluated the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in determining the size and shape of localized prostate cancer.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
The subjects were 114 men who underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging before radical prostatectomy with patient specific mold processing of the specimen from 2013 to 2015. T2-weighted images were used to contour the prostate capsule and cancer suspicious regions of interest. The contours were used to design and print 3-dimensional custom molds, which permitted alignment of excised prostates with magnetic resonance imaging scans. Tumors were reconstructed in 3 dimensions from digitized whole mount sections. Tumors were then matched with regions of interest and the relative geometries were compared.


RESULTS
Of the 222 tumors evident on whole mount sections 118 had been identified on magnetic resonance imaging. For the 118 regions of interest mean volume was 0.8 cc and the longest 3-dimensional diameter was 17 mm. However, for matched pathological tumors, of which most were Gleason score 3 + 4 or greater, mean volume was 2.5 cc and the longest 3-dimensional diameter was 28 mm. The median tumor had a 13.5 mm maximal extent beyond the magnetic resonance imaging contour and 80% of cancer volume from matched tumors was outside region of interest boundaries. Size estimation was most accurate in the axial plane and least accurate along the base-apex axis.


CONCLUSIONS
Magnetic resonance imaging consistently underestimates the size and extent of prostate tumors. Prostate cancer foci had an average diameter 11 mm longer and a volume 3 times greater than T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging segmentations. These results may have important implications for the assessment and treatment of prostate cancer.
Genetic evidence for PLASMINOGEN as a shared genetic risk factor of coronary artery disease and periodontitis.

BACKGROUND
Genetic studies demonstrated the presence of risk alleles in the genes ANRIL and CAMTA1/VAMP3 that are shared between coronary artery disease (CAD) and periodontitis. We aimed to identify further shared genetic risk factors to better understand conjoint disease mechanisms.


METHODS AND RESULTS
In-depth genotyping of 46 published CAD risk loci of genome-wide significance in the worldwide largest case-control sample of the severe early-onset phenotype aggressive periodontitis (AgP) with the Illumina Immunochip (600 German AgP cases, 1448 controls) and the Affymetrix 500K array set (283 German AgP cases and 972 controls) highlighted ANRIL as the major risk gene and revealed further associations with AgP for the gene PLASMINOGEN (PLG; rs4252120: P=5.9×10(-5); odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-1.4 [adjusted for smoking and sex]; 818 cases; 5309 controls). Subsequent combined analyses of several genome-wide data sets of CAD and AgP suggested TGFBRAP1 to be associated with AgP (rs2679895: P=0.0016; odds ratio, 1.27 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.5]; 703 cases; 2.143 controls) and CAD (P=0.0003; odds ratio, 0.84 [95% confidence interval, 0.8-0.9]; n=4117 cases; 5824 controls). The study further provides evidence that in addition to PLG, the currently known shared susceptibility loci of CAD and periodontitis, ANRIL and CAMTA1/VAMP3, are subjected to transforming growth factor-β regulation.


CONCLUSIONS
PLG is the third replicated shared genetic risk factor of atherosclerosis and periodontitis. All known shared risk genes of CAD and periodontitis are members of transforming growth factor-β signaling.
Shadows and Twisted Variables

We explain how a new type of fields called shadows and the use of twisted variables allow for a better description of Yang–Mills supersymmetric theories. �
A comprehensive review of the psychological effects of brainwave entrainment.

OBJECTIVE
Brainwave entrainment (BWE), which uses rhythmic stimuli to alter brainwave frequency and thus brain states, has been investigated and used since the late 1800s, yet many clinicians and scientists are unaware of its existence. We aim to raise awareness and discuss its potential by presenting a systematic review of the literature from peer-reviewed journals on the psychological effects of BWE.


DATA SOURCES
Terms used to describe BWE and psychological outcomes were used to search English language studies from OVID Medline (1950-2007), PsychInfo (1806-2007), and Scopus.


STUDY SELECTION
Twenty studies selected satisfied the following criterion: studies needed to use rhythmic stimuli with the aim ofaffecting psychological outcomes. Peer-reviewed experimental and quasi-experimental studies were accepted. Case studies and review articles were excluded. Psychological outcomes were measured using standard assessment methods or as deemed appropriate by peer review.


DATA EXTRACTION
Other clinical measurements, including electroencephalogram response, galvanic skin response, and neurotransmitter levels were not included.


DATA SYNTHESIS
Psychological outcomes addressed cognition, stress and anxiety, pain relief, headaches or migraines, mood, behavior, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Protocols included the use of single, alternating, ascending, or descending frequencies or were determined by the subject, using auditory and/or photic stimulation. Studies examined single session effects and/or longer-term multiple session effects.


CONCLUSIONS
Findings to date suggest that BWE is an effective therapeutic tool. People suffering from cognitive functioning deficits, stress, pain, headache/migraines, PMS, and behavioral problems benefited from BWE. However, more controlled trials are needed to test additional protocols with outcomes.
Prediction of disease reactivation in asymptomatic hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B patients using baseline serum measurements of HBsAg and HBV-DNA.

UNLABELLED
Differentiating 'inactive carriers' (ICs) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from hepatitis B e antigen-negative (HBeAg[-]) patients in remission is challenging. We investigated whether serum-based monitoring of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV-DNA in asymptomatic HBeAg(-) patients could distinguish these groups.


DESIGN
129 HBeAg(-) chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients (HBV genotypes A-E) with normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels at baseline were classified after 1 year of follow-up as either IC (HBV-DNA ≤2000 IU/mL) or 'active carrier' (AC, HBV-DNA >2000 IU/mL) if they exhibited normal ALT throughout, or classified as 'reactivation patient' (RP) if they exhibited marked, transient increases in ALT and HBV-DNA.


RESULTS
There were 64%, 18%, and 19% patients in the IC, AC, and RP groups, respectively. Combined HBsAg and HBV-DNA cutoffs (>1000 IU/mL and >200 IU/mL, respectively) differentiated RPs with 92% sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of 96%. HBsAg sero-clearance was associated with baseline HBsAg <1000 IU/mL, annual decrease of ≥0.3 log IU/mL (NPV 95%: PPV 89%) and IFNL3 genotype CC.


CONCLUSION
Applying combined HBsAg and HBV-DNA cutoffs to baseline measurements accurately differentiated RPs. These results suggest that HBsAg should be included in the monitoring of asymptomatic HBeAg(-) CHB patients.
Cardiovascular effects of exercise training: molecular mechanisms.

In the natural habitat of our ancestors, physical activity was not a preventive intervention but a matter of survival. In this hostile environment with scarce food and ubiquitous dangers, human genes were selected to optimize aerobic metabolic pathways and conserve energy for potential future famines.1 Cardiac and vascular functions were continuously challenged by intermittent bouts of high-intensity physical activity and adapted to meet the metabolic demands of the working skeletal muscle under these conditions. When speaking about molecular cardiovascular effects of exercise, we should keep in mind that most of the changes from baseline are probably a return to normal values. The statistical average of physical activity in Western societies is so much below the levels normal for our genetic background that sedentary lifestyle in combination with excess food intake has surpassed smoking as the No. 1 preventable cause of death in the United States.2 Physical activity has been shown to have beneficial effects on glucose metabolism, skeletal muscle function, ventilator muscle strength, bone stability, locomotor coordination, psychological well-being, and other organ functions. However, in the context of this review, we will focus entirely on important molecular effects on the cardiovascular system. The aim of this review is to provide a bird’s-eye view on what is known and unknown about the physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in mediating exercise-induced cardiovascular effects. The resulting map is surprisingly detailed in some areas (ie, endothelial function), whereas other areas, such as direct cardiac training effects in heart failure, are still incompletely understood. For practical purposes, we have decided to use primarily an anatomic approach to present key data on exercise effects on cardiac and vascular function. For the cardiac effects, the left ventricle and the cardiac valves will be described separately; for the vascular effects, we will follow the arterial vascular tree, addressing changes in the aorta, the large conduit arteries, the resistance vessels, and the microcirculation before turning our attention toward the venous and the pulmonary circulation (Figure 1). Cardiac Effects of Exercise Left Ventricular Myocardium and Ventricular Arrhythmias The maintenance of left ventricular (LV) mass and function depends on regular exercise. Prolonged periods of physical inactivity, as studied in bed rest trials, lead to significant reductions in LV mass and impaired cardiac compliance, resulting in reduced upright stroke volume and orthostatic intolerance.3 In contrast, a group of bed rest subjects randomized to regular supine lower-body negative pressure treadmill exercise showed an increase in LV mass and a preserved LV stoke volume.4 In previously sedentary healthy subjects, a 12-week moderate exercise program induced a mild cardiac hypertrophic response as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.5 These findings highlight the plasticity of LV mass and function in relation to the current level of physical activity.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Models and Theories in Stakeholder Dialogue

The pharmaceutical sector, an industry already facing stiff challenges in the form of intensified competition and strategic consolidation, has increasingly become subject to a range of pressures. Crucially, in common with other large-scale businesses, pharmaceutical firms find themselves ‘invited’ to respond positively to the corporate ‘social’ responsibility (CSR) expectations of their stakeholders. Consequently, individual managers will almost certainly be obliged to engage in some form of stakeholder dialogue and this, in turn, means that they will have to make difficult choices about which practices to adopt. This real-world management predicament runs parallel to an academic interest in CSR stakeholder dialogue theory and models. Accordingly, the approach of this paper is to focus primarily on the academic debate surrounding stakeholder dialogue, by reviewing past attempts to research and theorise the subject, by identifying gaps and weaknesses in the literature, and by proposing a new analytical model. The central aim of the proposed new model is to offer a unified, structured, systematic, and comprehensive approach to CSR decision making whilst simultaneously providing a practical framework for CSR executives who face the challenge of responding in an effective manner to stakeholders. The model outlined here is currently being employed to conduct international comparative empirical research into stakeholder dialogue practices amongst UK and German pharmaceutical firms. In the longer term the intention is to use the model to undertake international comparative research encompassing a broader range of countries and industries.
Has the 2005 measles mortality reduction goal been achieved? A natural history modelling study

BACKGROUND
In 2002, the UN General Assembly Special Session on Children adopted a goal to reduce deaths owing to measles by half by the end of 2005, compared with 1999 estimates. We describe efforts and progress made towards this goal.


METHODS
We assessed trends in immunisation against measles on the basis of national implementation of the WHO/UNICEF comprehensive strategy for measles mortality reduction, and the provision of a second opportunity for measles immunisation. We used a natural history model to evaluate trends in mortality due to measles.


RESULTS
Between 1999 and 2005, according to our model mortality owing to measles was reduced by 60%, from an estimated 873,000 deaths (uncertainty bounds 634,000-1,140,000) in 1999 to 345,000 deaths (247,000-458,000) in 2005. The largest percentage reduction in estimated measles mortality during this period was in the western Pacific region (81%), followed by Africa (75%) and the eastern Mediterranean region (62%). Africa achieved the largest total reduction, contributing 72% of the global reduction in measles mortality. Nearly 7.5 million deaths from measles were prevented through immunisation between 1999 and 2005, with supplemental immunisation activities and improved routine immunisation accounting for 2.3 million of these prevented deaths.


INTERPRETATION
The achievement of the 2005 global measles mortality reduction goal is evidence of what can be accomplished for child survival in countries with high childhood mortality when safe, cost-effective, and affordable interventions are backed by country-level political commitment and an effective international partnership.
Behind the Scenes of Online Attacks: an Analysis of Exploitation Behaviors on the Web

Web attacks are nowadays one of the major threats on the Internet, and several studies have analyzed them, providing details on how they are performed and how they spread. However, no study seems to have sufficiently analyzed the typical behavior of an attacker after a website has been
Changes in the extracellular matrix of the normal human breast during the menstrual cycle

The normal human mammary gland undergoes a well defined sequence of histological changes in both epithelial and stromal compartments during the menstrual cycle. Studies in vitro have suggested that the extracellular matrix surrounding the individual cells plays a central role in modulating a wide variety of cellular events, including proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. We therefore investigated the distribution of a number of extracellular matrix molecules in the normal breast during the menstrual cycle. By use of indirect immunofluorescence, with specific antibodies, we demonstrated that laminin, heparan sulphate proteoglycan, type IV collagen, type V collagen, chondroitin sulphate and fibronectin undergo changes in distribution during the menstrual cycle, whereas collagen types I, III, VI and VII remain unchanged. These changes were most marked in the basement membrane, sub-basement membrane zone and delimiting layer of fibroblasts surrounding the ductules where basement membrane markers such as laminin, heparan sulphate proteoglycan, and type IV and V collagens appear greatly reduced during the mid-cycle period (days 8 to 22). These results suggest that some extracellular matrix molecules may act as medittors in the hormonal control of the mammary gland, whereas others may have a predominantly structural role.
Automated non-intrusive cargo inspection system using gamma-ray imaging (ROBOSCAN 1M)

Non-intrusive inspection of cargo containers has become a key issue in recent years to parry terrorist activities and to easily verify the shipping content at customs in order to avoid contraband. Such systems are mainly based on Xand gamma-ray radiography which offer inside images of the cargos. In this article we present a non-intrusive inspection system based on gamma-ray imaging called ROBOSCAN 1M. The system has a lower radiation field compared to existing X-ray systems, providing a smaller operational area and exclusion safety zone. It requires also less maintenance at a lower cost. It is also able to scan containers, vehicles, rail cars, while automatically detecting radioactive materials. Key–Words: Gamma rays, Cargo inspection, Image processing, Transportation, Security