LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1 Artificial Neurogenesis : An Introduction and Selective Review

In this introduction and review—like in the book which follows—we explore the hypothesis that adaptive growth is a means of producing brain-like machines. The emulation of neural development can incorporate desirable characteristics of natural neural systems into engineered designs. The introduction begins with a review of neural development and neural models. Next, artificial development— the use of a developmentally-inspired stage in engineering design—is introduced. Several strategies for performing this “meta-design” for artificial neural systems are reviewed. This work is divided into three main categories: bio-inspired representations; developmental systems; and epigenetic simulations. Several specific network biases and their benefits to neural network design are identified in these contexts. In particular, several recent studies show a strong synergy, sometimes interchangeability, between developmental and epigenetic processes—a topic that has remained largely under-explored in the literature. T. Kowaliw (B) Institut des Systèmes Complexes Paris Île-de-France, CNRS, Paris, France e-mail: taras@kowaliw.ca N. Bredeche Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7222 ISIR,F-75005 Paris, France e-mail: nicolas.bredeche@upmc.fr N. Bredeche CNRS, UMR 7222 ISIR,F-75005 Paris, France S. Chevallier Versailles Systems Engineering Laboratory (LISV), University of Versailles, Velizy, France e-mail: sylvain.chevallier@uvsq.fr R. Doursat School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA e-mail: rene.doursat@drexel.edu T. Kowaliw et al. (eds.), Growing Adaptive Machines, 1 Studies in Computational Intelligence 557, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55337-0_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Phase II trial combining docetaxel and doxorubicin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with operable breast cancer.

BACKGROUND
This study was conducted to assess the antitumour activity of docetaxel in combination with doxorubicin for neoadjuvant therapy of patients with breast cancer.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Forty-eight women were treated with intravenous doxorubicin 50 mg/m(2) over 15 min followed by a 1-h infusion of docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks for six cycles. Dexamethasone or prednisolone premedication was allowed. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was not allowed as primary prophylaxis. The primary end point was the pathologically documented complete response rate (pathological response).


RESULTS
The mean relative dose intensity calculated for four or more cycles was 0.99 for doxorubicin and 0.99 for docetaxel. Overall, the pathological response rate was 13%. There were 11 complete and 29 partial clinical responses for an overall response rate of 85% [95% confidence interval (CI) 75% to 95%] in the evaluable population (n = 47). Disease-free and overall survival rates were 85% (95% CI 71% to 94%) and 96% (95% CI 85% to 99%), respectively, after a median follow-up of 36.6 months. Grade 3/4 neutropenia was observed in 65% of patients and 17% reported grade 4 febrile neutropenia.


CONCLUSIONS
Docetaxel and doxorubicin is an effective and well-tolerated combination in the neoadjuvant therapy of breast cancer. Future controlled trials are warranted to investigate the best schedules and to correlate response with biological factors.
Generation Mechanism of Linear and Angular Ball Velocity in Baseball Pitching

The purpose of this study was to quantify the functional roles of the whole-body’s joint torques including fingers’ joints in the generation of ball speed and spin during baseball fast-ball pitching motion. The dynamic contributions of joint torque term, gravitational term, and motion-dependent term (MDT) consisting of centrifugal force and Coriolis force, to the generation of the ball variables were calculated using two types of models. Motion and ground reaction forces of a baseball pitcher, who was instructed to throw a fastball into the target, were measured with a motion capture system with two force platforms. The results showed (1) the MDT is the largest contributor to ball speed (e.g., about 31 m/s prior to ball release) when using 16segment model, and (2) the horizontal adduction torque of pitching-side shoulder joint plays a crucial role in generating ball speed with conversion of the MDT into other terms using a recurrence formula.
A Differential Clapp-VCO in 0.13 $\mu{\rm m}$ CMOS Technology

A new differential voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is designed and implemented in a 0.13 mum CMOS 1P8M process. The designed circuit topology is an all nMOS LC-tank Clapp-VCO using a series-tuned resonator. At the supply voltage of 0.9 V, the output phase noise of the VCO is -110.5 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency from the carrier frequency of 18.78 GHz, and the figure of merit is -188.67 dBc/Hz. The core power consumption is 5.4 mW. Tuning range is about 3.43 GHz, from 18.79 to 22.22 GHz, while the control voltage was tuned from 0 to 1.3 V.
Diet, exercise, and endothelial function in obese adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Endothelial dysfunction is the first, although reversible, sign of atherosclerosis and is present in obese adolescents. The primary end point of this study was to investigate the influence of a multicomponent treatment on microvascular function. Additional objectives and end points were a reduced BMI SD score, improvements in body composition, exercise capacity, and cardiovascular risk factors, an increase in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and a decrease in endothelial microparticles (EMPs).


METHODS
We used a quasi-randomized study with 2 cohorts of obese adolescents: an intervention group (n = 33; 15.4 ± 1.5 years, 24 girls and 9 boys) treated residentially with supervised diet and exercise and a usual care group (n = 28; 15.1 ± 1.2 years, 22 girls and 6 boys), treated ambulantly. Changes in body mass, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, microvascular endothelial function, and circulating EPCs and EMPs were evaluated after 5 months and at the end of the 10-month program.


RESULTS
Residential intervention decreased BMI and body fat percentage, whereas it increased exercise capacity (P < .001 after 5 and 10 months). Microvascular endothelial function also improved in the intervention group (P = .04 at 10 months; + 0.59 ± 0.20 compared with + 0.01 ± 0.12 arbitrary units). Furthermore, intervention produced a significant reduction in traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P = .012 at 10 months). EPCs were increased after 5 months (P = .01), and EMPs decreased after 10 months (P = .004).


CONCLUSIONS
A treatment regimen consisting of supervised diet and exercise training was effective in improving multiple adolescent obesity-related end points.
Optimal patient education for cancer pain: a systematic review and theory-based meta-analysis

Previous systematic reviews have found patient education to be moderately efficacious in decreasing the intensity of cancer pain, but variation in results warrants analysis aimed at identifying which strategies are optimal. A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken using a theory-based approach to classifying and comparing educational interventions for cancer pain. The reference lists of previous reviews and MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CENTRAL were searched in May 2012. Studies had to be published in a peer-reviewed English language journal and compare the effect on cancer pain intensity of education with usual care. Meta-analyses used standardized effect sizes (ES) and a random effects model. Subgroup analyses compared intervention components categorized using the Michie et al. (Implement Sci 6:42, 2011) capability, opportunity, and motivation behavior (COM-B) model. Fifteen randomized controlled trials met the criteria. As expected, meta-analysis identified a small-moderate ES favoring education versus usual care (ES, 0.27 [−0.47, −0.07]; P = 0.007) with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 71 %). Subgroup analyses based on the taxonomy found that interventions using “enablement” were efficacious (ES, 0.35 [−0.63, −0.08]; P = 0.01), whereas those lacking this component were not (ES, 0.18 [−0.46, 0.10]; P = 0.20). However, the subgroup effect was nonsignificant (P = 0.39), and heterogeneity was not reduced. Factoring in the variable of individualized versus non-individualized influenced neither efficacy nor heterogeneity. The current meta-analysis follows a trend in using theory to understand the mechanisms of complex interventions. We suggest that future efforts focus on interventions that target patient self-efficacy. Authors are encouraged to report comprehensive details of interventions and methods to inform synthesis, replication, and refinement.
DNA Barcoding of Marine Copepods: Assessment of Analytical Approaches to Species Identification

More than 2,500 species of copepods (Class Maxillopoda; Subclass Copepoda) occur in the marine planktonic environment. The exceptional morphological conservation of the group, with numerous sibling species groups, makes the identification of species challenging, even for expert taxonomists. Molecular approaches to species identification have allowed rapid detection, discrimination, and identification of species based on DNA sequencing of single specimens and environmental samples. Despite the recent development of diverse genetic and genomic markers, the barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene remains a useful and - in some cases - unequaled diagnostic character for species-level identification of copepods. This study reports 800 new barcode sequences for 63 copepod species not included in any previous study and examines the reliability and resolution of diverse statistical approaches to species identification based upon a dataset of 1,381 barcode sequences for 195 copepod species. We explore the impact of missing data (i.e., species not represented in the barcode database) on the accuracy and reliability of species identifications. Among the tested approaches, the best close match analysis resulted in accurate identification of all individuals to species, with no errors (false positives), and out-performed automated tree-based or BLAST based analyses. This comparative analysis yields new understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of DNA barcoding and confirms the value of DNA barcodes for species identification of copepods, including both individual specimens and bulk samples. Continued integrative morphological-molecular taxonomic analysis is needed to produce a taxonomically-comprehensive database of barcode sequences for all species of marine copepods.
Self-esteem, locus of control, hippocampal volume, and cortisol regulation in young and old adulthood

Self-esteem, the value we place on ourselves, has been associated with effects on health, life expectancy, and life satisfaction. Correlated with self-esteem is internal locus of control, the individual's perception of being in control of his or her outcomes. Recently, variations in self-esteem and internal locus of control have been shown to predict the neuroendocrine cortisol response to stress. Cumulative exposure to high levels of cortisol over the lifetime is known to be related to hippocampal atrophy. We therefore examined hippocampal volume and cortisol regulation, to investigate potential biological mechanisms related to self-esteem. We investigated 16 healthy young (age range 20-26 years of age) and 23 healthy elderly subjects (age range 60-84 years). The young subjects were exposed to a psychosocial stress task, while the elderly subjects were assessed for their basal cortisol regulation. Structural Magnetic Resonance Images were acquired from all subjects, and volumetric analyses were performed on medial temporal lobe structures, and whole brain gray matter. Standardized neuropsychological assessments in the elderly were performed to assess levels of cognitive performance, and to exclude the possibility of neurodegenerative disease. Self-esteem and internal locus of control were significantly correlated with hippocampal volume in both young and elderly subjects. In the young, the cortisol response to the psychosocial stress task was significantly correlated with both hippocampal volume and levels of self-esteem and locus of control, while in the elderly, these personality traits moderated age-related patterns of cognitive decline, cortisol regulation, and global brain volume decline.
Aesthetic Surgery of the Female Genitalia

The fi rst cosmetic vaginal surgery was reported in the literature by Hodgkinson and Hait in 1984 [ 1 ]. Recently, there has been an increased interest in cosmetic surgical procedures of the female genitalia [ 2 – 5 ]. The National Health Service (NHS) reported a doubling of the number of labia reductions carried out in the UK in 2004 compared to 1998 [ 6 ]. The indications for labia reduction are generally organized in the literature by three categories – women who suffer from physical or functional complaints associated with a genital abnormality, women without physical complaints but want surgical intervention for cosmetic reasons, and women who seek surgery for both functional and aesthetic reasons [ 7 ]. In the physical complaint group, several specifi c complaints were vulvar pain and irritation riding a bike, horseback riding, wearing tight underwear or clothes, and superfi cial dyspareunia. Enlarged labia can signifi cantly impair a woman’s quality of life – causing constant irritation, diffi culty maintaining hygiene, discomfort or embarrassment with clothing, and impairment or pain with exercise or sexual activity [ 8 , 9 ]. Many women feel emotional embarrassment with enlarged labia. Women often compare themselves with others and protrusion of the labia minora past the labia majora is considered by many women to be unattractive [ 10 ]. Miklos et al. found that 93 % of patients sought surgery for purely personal reasons and 7 % admitted to being infl uenced by a male of female partner, spouse, or friend [ 7 ]. 2 Embryology and Anatomy
Electrical engineering in the Postwar world: I — Influence of wartime developments

IT IS not the purpose of this article to deal with any specific branch of electrical engineering or science, nor to present a detailed discussion of types of improvement in equipment design, since these various fields of activity will be covered adequately by specialists in later articles in this series. Rather I wish to draw a general picture of what we may hope will happen in the future.
Effective field theory for nuclear physics

Abstract I review the current status of the application of effective field theory to nuclear physics, and its present implications for nuclear astrophysics.
Modified β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex to Improve the Physicochemical Properties of Albendazole. Complete In Vitro Evaluation and Characterization

The potential use of natural cyclodextrins and their synthetic derivatives have been studied extensively in pharmaceutical research and development to modify certain properties of hydrophobic drugs. The ability of these host molecules of including guest molecules within their cavities improves notably the physicochemical properties of poorly soluble drugs, such as albendazole, the first chosen drug to treat gastrointestinal helminthic infections. Thus, the aim of this work was to synthesize a beta cyclodextrin citrate derivative, to analyze its ability to form complexes with albendazole and to evaluate its solubility and dissolution rate. The synthesis progress of the cyclodextrin derivative was followed by electrospray mass spectrometry and the acid-base titration of the product. The derivative exhibited an important drug affinity. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments demonstrated that the tail and the aromatic ring of the drug were inside the cavity of the cyclodextrin derivative. The inclusion complex was prepared by spray drying and full characterized. The drug dissolution rate displayed exceptional results, achieving 100% drug release after 20 minutes. The studies indicated that the inclusion complex with the cyclodextrin derivative improved remarkably the physicochemical properties of albendazole, being a suitable excipient to design oral dosage forms.
Thinking in Terms of Design Decisions When Developing Maturity Models

To measure dedicated aspects of “maturity”, a range of maturity models have been developed in the field of information systems by practitioners and academics over the past years. Despite its broad proliferation, the concept has not escaped criticism. Unnecessary bureaucracy, poor theoretical foundation, and the impression of a falsified certainty to achieve success are a few examples. As there is a significant lack of knowledge on how to design theoretically sound and widely accepted maturity models, in this paper, the author opens the discussion on design decisions when developing these models. Based on analogy and informed arguments, the author synthesizes a generic but adjuvant framework that consists of five common design steps and eighteen decision parameters that help practitioners as well as researchers in the development of maturity models. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-1589-2.ch010
Deterministic RF nulling in phased arrays for the next generation of radio telescopes

A requirement of the next generation radio telescopes for astronomy is its ability to cope with the forever increasing problem of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). Unlike conventional fixed parabolic receivers used currently in astronomy, the application of phased-array beamforming techniques opens the possibility to spatially null RFI in the RF domain prior to signal digitisation. This paper presents results from the second phased-array experimental demonstrator, the One Square Metre Array, on calibration and RF nulling performances. The approach is to deterministically null known RFI in the RF beamforming domain and adaptively remove the remaining RFI in the digital beamforming domain. A novel array calibration technique called the Multi-Element Phase toggle technique (MEP) is presented, which allows a fast and very accurate calibration of wide-band phased-array antennas. Array calibration is shown to determine the extent to which RFI can be removed by experimental verification of simulated null depths.
The metabolic syndrome is frequent in Klinefelter's syndrome and is associated with abdominal obesity and hypogonadism.

OBJECTIVE
Klinefelter's syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes, but the pathogenesis is unknown. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate measures of insulin sensitivity, the metabolic syndrome, and sex hormones in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome and an age-matched control group. RESEARCH DESIGN AN METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, we examined 71 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, of whom 35 received testosterone treatment, and 71 control subjects. Body composition was evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for sex hormones, plasma glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and adipocytokines. We analyzed differences between patients with untreated Klinefelter's syndrome and control subjects and subsequently analyzed differences between testosterone-treated and untreated Klinefelter's syndrome patients.


RESULTS
Of the patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, 44% had metabolic syndrome (according to National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III criteria) compared with 10% of control subjects. Insulin sensitivity (assessed by homeostasis model assessment 2 modeling), androgen, and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly decreased, whereas total fat mass and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP, leptin, and fructosamine levels were significantly increased in untreated Klinefelter's syndrome patients. In treated Klinefelter's syndrome patients, LDL cholesterol and adiponectin were significantly decreased, whereas no difference in body composition was found in comparison with untreated Klinefelter's syndrome patients. Multivariate analyses showed that truncal fat was the major determinant of metabolic syndrome and insulin sensitivity.


CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was greatly increased, whereas insulin sensitivity was decreased in Klinefelter's syndrome. Both correlated with truncal obesity. Hypogonadism in Klinefelter's syndrome may cause an unfavorable change in body composition, primarily through increased truncal fat and decreased muscle mass. Testosterone treatment in Klinefelter's syndrome only partly corrected the unfavorable changes observed in untreated Klinefelter's syndrome, perhaps due to insufficient testosterone doses.
The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children: a randomized controlled trial

Background:High-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) improves adiposity and metabolic risk in adults, but has not been investigated in children within a randomized controlled trial (RCT).Objective:We hypothesized that high-intensity PRT (8 weeks, twice a week) would decrease central adiposity in children, as assessed via waist circumference.Methods Design/Setting/Participants:Concealed randomization stratified by age and gender was used to allocate rural New Zealand school students to the wait-list control or PRT group.Intervention:Participants were prescribed two sets (eight repetitions per set) of 11 exercises targeting all the major muscle groups at high intensity.Primary Outcome:Waist circumference; secondary outcomes included whole body fat, muscular fitness (one repetition maximum), cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption during a treadmill test), lipids, insulin sensitivity and fasting glucose.Results:Of the 78 children (32 girls and 46 boys; mean age 12.2(1.3) years), 51% were either overweight (33%) or obese (18%). High-intensity PRT significantly improved waist circumference (mean change PRT −0.8 (2.2) cm vs +0.5 (1.7) cm control; F=7.59, P=0.008), fat mass (mean change PRT +0.2 (1.4) kg vs +1.0 (1.2) kg control; F=6.00, P=0.017), percent body fat (mean change PRT –0.3 (1.8)% vs +1.2 (2.1)% control; F=9.04, P=0.004), body mass index (mean change PRT −0.01 (0.8) kg m−2 vs +0.4 (0.7) kg m−2 control; F=6.02, P=0.017), upper body strength (mean change PRT+11.6(6.1) kg vs +2.9(3.7) kg control; F=48.6, P<0.001) and lower body strength (mean change PRT +42.9(26.6) kg vs +28.5(26.6) kg control; F=4.72, P=0.034) compared to the control group. Waist circumference decreased the most in those with the greatest baseline relative strength (r=−0.257, P=0.036), and greatest relative (r=−0.400, P=0.001) and absolute (r=0.340, P=0.006) strength gains during the intervention.Conclusion:Isolated high-intensity PRT significantly improves central and whole body adiposity in association with muscle strength in normal-weight and overweight children. The clinical relevance and sustainability of these changes in adiposity should be addressed in future long-term studies.
Relation Schema Induction using Tensor Factorization with Side Information

Given a set of documents from a specific domain (e.g., medical research journals), how do we automatically build a Knowledge Graph (KG) for that domain? Automatic identification of relations and their schemas, i.e., type signature of arguments of relations (e.g., undergo(Patient, Surgery)), is an important first step towards this goal. We refer to this problem as Relation Schema Induction (RSI). In this paper, we propose Schema Induction using Coupled Tensor Factorization (SICTF), a novel tensor factorization method for relation schema induction. SICTF factorizes Open Information Extraction (OpenIE) triples extracted from a domain corpus along with additional side information in a principled way to induce relation schemas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of tensor factorization for the RSI problem. Through extensive experiments on multiple real-world datasets, we find that SICTF is not only more accurate than state-of-the-art baselines, but also significantly faster (about 14x faster).