LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A methodology for estimating the value of privacy in information disclosure systems

In many types of information systems, users face an implicit tradeoff between disclosing personal information and receiving benefits, such as discounts by an electronic commerce service that requires users to divulge some personal information. While these benefits are relatively measurable, the value of privacy involved in disclosing the information is much less tangible, making it hard to design and evaluate information systems that manage personal information. Meanwhile, existing methods to assess and measure the value of privacy, such as self-reported questionnaires, are notoriously unrelated of real eworld behavior. To overcome this obstacle, we propose a methodology called VOPE (Value of Privacy Estimator), which relies on behavioral economics' Prospect Theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) and valuates people's privacy preferences in information disclosure scenarios. VOPE is based on an iterative and responsive methodology in which users take or leave a transaction that includes a component of information disclosure. To evaluate the method, we conduct an empirical experiment (n 1⁄4 195), estimating people's privacy valuations in electronic commerce transactions. We report on the convergence of estimations and validate our results by comparing the values to theoretical projections of existing results (Tsai, Egelman, Cranor, & Acquisti, 2011), and to another independent experiment that required participants to rank the sensitivity of information disclosure transactions. Finally, we discuss how information systems designers and regulators can use VOPE to create and to oversee systems that balance privacy and utility. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selective immobilization of multivalent ligands for surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence microscopy.

Cell surface multivalent ligands, such as proteoglycans and mucins, are often tethered by a single attachment point. In vitro, however, it is difficult to immobilize multivalent ligands at single sites due to their heterogeneity. Moreover, multivalent ligands often lack a single group with reactivity orthogonal to other functionality in the ligand. Biophysical analyses of multivalent ligand-receptor interactions would benefit from the availability of strategies for uniform immobilization of multivalent ligands. To this end, we report the design and synthesis of a multivalent ligand that has a single terminal orthogonal functional group and we demonstrate that this material can be selectively immobilized onto a surface suitable for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. The polymeric ligand we generated displays multiple copies of 3,6-disulfogalactose, and it can bind to the cell adhesion molecules P- and L-selectin. Using SPR measurements, we found that surfaces displaying our multivalent ligands bind specifically to P- and L-selectin. The affinities of P- and L-selectin for surfaces displaying the multivalent ligand are five- to sixfold better than the affinities for a surface modified with the corresponding monovalent ligand. In addition to binding soluble proteins, surfaces bearing immobilized polymers bound to cells displaying L-selectin. Cell binding was confirmed by visualizing adherent cells by fluorescence microscopy. Together, our results indicate that synthetic surfaces can be created by selective immobilization of multivalent ligands and that these surfaces are capable of binding soluble and cell-surface-associated receptors with high affinity.
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activities of the methanolic extract of Acacia modesta leaves

The current study was aimed to evaluate Acacia modesta for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-platelet activities. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in rodents using acetic acid and formalin-induced nociception, hot plate and carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema tests. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the methanolic extract (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced significant inhibition (P < 0.01) of the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and suppressed formalin-induced licking response of animals in both phases of the test. In the hot plate assay the plant extract (100 mg/kg) increased pain threshold of mice. Naloxone (5 mg/kg i.p.) partially reversed the analgesic effect of the extract in formalin and hot plate tests. A. modesta (100 and 200 mg/kg i.p.) exhibited sedative effect in barbiturate-induced hypnosis test similar to that produced by diazepam (10 mg/kg i.p.). The plant extract (50–200 mg/kg i.p.) produced marked anti-inflammatory effect in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema assay comparable to diclofenac and produced a dose-dependent (0.5–2.5 mg/mL) inhibitory effect against arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation. These data suggest that A. modesta possesses peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, with analgesic effects partially associated with the opioid system.
THE GLASS CEILING HYPOTHESIS A Comparative Study of the United States, Sweden, and Australia

The general-case glass ceiling hypothesis states that not only is it more difficult for women than for men to be promoted up levels of authority hierarchies within workplaces but also that the obstacles women face relative to men become greater as they move up the hierarchy. Gender-based discrimination in promotions is not simply present across levels of hierarchy but is more intense at higher levels. Empirically, this implies that the relative rates of women being promoted to higher levels compared to men should decline with the level of the hierarchy. This article explores this hypothesis with data from three countries: the United States, Australia, and Sweden. The basic conclusion is that while there is strong evidence for a general gender gap in authority—the odds of women having authority are less than those of men—there is no evidence for systematic glass ceiling effects in the United States and only weak evidence for such effects in the other two countries.
Barriers to Uptake of Cataract Surgery: An Eye Camp Account

About 17.6m are blind from cataract global. In Nigeria about 486,000 Nigerians were estimated blind with a prevalence of about 1.8%. This level is still considered high. Cataract operation remains the only and very good option for treatment of cataract blindness. Factors preventing people from assessing sight restoration services remain a challenge to the eye care delivery. Free cataract surgeries is becoming a regular practice in Nigeria. Despite this practice, many people continue to turn out blind from cataract, either in one o r both eyes. This study is interested in why people still present with blinding cataract. Through an interview assisted questionnaires, a descriptive study was carried out among cataract blind patients who turned up for cataract surgery during an eye camp. About 1570 persons were screened. Of this number, 297 were found to have cataract with visual acuity of 6/60 or worse.167 were bilaterally blind. Questionnaire was administered to the 297 persons. Complete informat ion was obtained from 211 of the respondents. Cost of surgery was the greatest cause of delay in uptake of cataract surgery in 171 (81%) persons. This was followed by ignorance in18persons. Cost of surgery still causes a lot of delay in uptake of cataract surgery in the study population. Cataract surgical rate needs to be increased.
Diagnostic accuracy of an agarose gel electrophoretic method in multiple sclerosis.

To the Editor: In .95% of patients suffering from clinically unambiguous multiple sclerosis (MS), oligoclonal IgG can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (1, 2). Isoelectric focusing is the most sensitive method for detecting oligoclonal bands (OCBs) (1 ), whereas agarose gel electrophoresis is reported to detect OCBs in ;80% of cases (2 ). A commercial electrophoresis unit (Beckman Instruments) is commonly used in clinical laboratories. Laboratory support of a clinically probable diagnosis of MS in combination with brain magnetic resonance imaging is important to allow initiation of appropriate treatment as early as possible. We evaluated the sensitivity of the Beckman modified agarose gel electrophoresis to detect OCB and estimated its diagnostic accuracy. We examined paired CSF and sera from 168 patients (122 females) with clinically unambiguous MS (3 ) for the presence of oligoclonal IgG. We followed the manufacturer’s instructions for application of samples to the buffered agarose gel (SPEII gel). Electrophoresis was performed at 100 V for 40 min, followed by immobilization in a fixative solution and staining. All tests were done by the same technician and evaluated by the same experienced hematologist, both unaware of clinical or magnetic resonance imaging data. OCB was detectable in 90 of the 168 patients (53%; 95% confidence interval, 52.9–53.1%). The mean IgG index [(CSF-IgG/serum-IgG)/(CSFalbumin/serum-albumin)] of OCBnegative patients was 0.87. Patients with detectable OCB had a mean IgG index of 1.28 (reference value ,0.7). This electrophoretic method does not appear to provide adequate clinical sensitivity because false-negative results in the detection of OCB may delay diagnosis and the start of treatment.
You Are Wrong! - Automatic Detection of Interaction Errors from Brain Waves

Brain-computer interfaces, as any other interaction modality based on physiological signals and body channels (e.g., muscular activity, speech and gestures), are prone to errors in the recognition of subject’s intent. In this paper we exploit a unique feature of the “brain channel”, namely that it carries information about cognitive states that are crucial for a purposeful interaction. One of these states is the awareness of erroneous responses. Different physiological studies have shown the presence of error-related potentials (ErrP) in the EEG recorded right after people get aware they have made an error. However, for human-computer interaction, the central question is whether ErrP are also elicited when the error is made by the interface during the recognition of the subject’s intent and no longer by errors of the subject himself. In this paper we report experimental results with three volunteer subjects during a simple human-robot interaction (i.e., bringing the robot to either the left or right side of a room) that seem to reveal a new kind of ErrP, which is satisfactorily recognized in single trials. These recognition rates significantly improve the performance of the brain interface.
New analysis and results for the Frank-Wolfe method

Wepresent new results for the Frank–Wolfemethod (also known as the conditional gradient method). We derive computational guarantees for arbitrary step-size sequences, which are then applied to various step-size rules, including simple averaging and constant step-sizes. We also develop step-size rules and computational guarantees that depend naturally on the warm-start quality of the initial (and subsequent) iterates. Our results include computational guarantees for both duality/bound gaps and the so-calledFWgaps. Lastly,wepresent complexity bounds in the presence of approximate computation of gradients and/or linear optimization subproblem solutions. Mathematics Subject Classification 90C06 · 90C25 · 65K05
Eplerenone and atrial fibrillation in mild systolic heart failure: results from the EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And SurvIval Study in Heart Failure) study.

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence of new atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) in the EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And SurvIval Study in Heart Failure) database.


BACKGROUND
Aldosterone antagonism in heart failure might influence atrial fibrosis and remodeling and, therefore, risk of developing AFF. The development of new AFF was a pre-specified secondary endpoint in the EMPHASIS-HF study.


METHODS
Patients in New York Heart Association functional class II and with ejection fraction ≤35% were eligible for EMPHASIS-HF. History of AFF at baseline was reported by investigators using the study case report form. New onset AFF (in those with no history of AFF at baseline) was reported using a specific endpoint form; in a sensitivity analysis we also examined the effect of eplerenone on AFF reported as an adverse event.


RESULTS
New onset AFF was significantly reduced by eplerenone: 25 of 911 (2.7%) versus 40 of 883 (4.5%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35 to 0.96; p = 0.034). The reduction in the primary endpoint with eplerenone was similar among patients with and without AFF at baseline (HR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.79 vs. HR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.85, respectively; p for interaction = 0.41). The risk of cardiovascular (CV) death or hospital admission for worsening heart failure, the primary endpoint, was not significantly different in subjects with and without AFF at baseline (both study groups combined: HR: 1.23, 95% CI: 0.81 to 1.86; p = 0.33).


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms, eplerenone reduced the incidence of new onset AFF. The effects of eplerenone on the reduction of major CV events were similar in patients with and without AFF at baseline.
Neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics do not vary across the menstrual cycle

Research examining the menstrual cycle and its relationship to ACL injury has focused on determining the incidence of ACL injury during the different phases of the menstrual cycle and assessing the changes in neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics between these phases. Conflicting results warrant further investigation to determine if neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics respond in a similar pattern to the fluctuating estradiol and progesterone. The purpose of this study was to determine if changes in the levels of estradiol and progesterone significantly altered fine motor coordination, postural stability, knee strength, and knee joint kinematics and kinetics between the menses, post-ovulatory, and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Ten healthy and physically active females (Age: 21.4 ± 1.4 years, Height: 1.67 ± 0.06 m, Mass: 59.9 ± 7.4 kg), who did not use oral contraceptives, were recruited from the local university population. Single-leg postural stability, fine motor coordination, knee strength, knee biomechanics, and serum estradiol and progesterone were assessed at the menses, post-ovulatory, and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Levels of estradiol were significantly higher during the post-ovulatory (P = 0.016) and mid-luteal phases (P < 0.001) compared to the menses phase. Levels of progesterone were significantly lower during the menses (P < 0.001) and post-ovulatory phases (P < 0.001) compared to the mid-luteal phase. No significant differences existed between phases of the menstrual cycle for fine motor coordination (P = 0.474), postural stability (P = 0.707), hamstring – quadriceps strength ratio at 60°s−1 (P = 0.748) or 180°s−1 (P = 0.789), knee flexion excursion (P = 0.6), knee valgus excursion (P = 0.899), peak proximal tibial anterior shear force (P = 0.797), flexion moment at peak proximal tibial anterior shear force (P = 0.698), or valgus moment at peak proximal tibial anterior shear force (P = 0.924). The results of the current study suggest neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics are not influenced by estradiol and progesterone fluctuations. All neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics remained invariable between testing sessions despite concentration changes in estradiol and progesterone.
Adaptive Stochastic Gradient Descent Optimisation for Image Registration

We present a stochastic gradient descent optimisation method for image registration with adaptive step size prediction. The method is based on the theoretical work by Plakhov and Cruz (J. Math. Sci. 120(1):964–973, 2004). Our main methodological contribution is the derivation of an image-driven mechanism to select proper values for the most important free parameters of the method. The selection mechanism employs general characteristics of the cost functions that commonly occur in intensity-based image registration. Also, the theoretical convergence conditions of the optimisation method are taken into account. The proposed adaptive stochastic gradient descent (ASGD) method is compared to a standard, non-adaptive Robbins-Monro (RM) algorithm. Both ASGD and RM employ a stochastic subsampling technique to accelerate the optimisation process. Registration experiments were performed on 3D CT and MR data of the head, lungs, and prostate, using various similarity measures and transformation models. The results indicate that ASGD is robust to these variations in the registration framework and is less sensitive to the settings of the user-defined parameters than RM. The main disadvantage of RM is the need for a predetermined step size function. The ASGD method provides a solution for that issue.
The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice.

OBJECTIVE
A primary behavioral pathology in drug addiction is the overpowering motivational strength and decreased ability to control the desire to obtain drugs. In this review the authors explore how advances in neurobiology are approaching an understanding of the cellular and circuitry underpinnings of addiction, and they describe the novel pharmacotherapeutic targets emerging from this understanding.


METHOD
Findings from neuroimaging of addicts are integrated with cellular studies in animal models of drug seeking.


RESULTS
While dopamine is critical for acute reward and initiation of addiction, end-stage addiction results primarily from cellular adaptations in anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal glutamatergic projections to the nucleus accumbens. Pathophysiological plasticity in excitatory transmission reduces the capacity of the prefrontal cortex to initiate behaviors in response to biological rewards and to provide executive control over drug seeking. Simultaneously, the prefrontal cortex is hyperresponsive to stimuli predicting drug availability, resulting in supraphysiological glutamatergic drive in the nucleus accumbens, where excitatory synapses have a reduced capacity to regulate neurotransmission.


CONCLUSIONS
Cellular adaptations in prefrontal glutamatergic innervation of the accumbens promote the compulsive character of drug seeking in addicts by decreasing the value of natural rewards, diminishing cognitive control (choice), and enhancing glutamatergic drive in response to drug-associated stimuli.
CLANG - a simple teaching language

Address unti 1 ,]uric i986: c/o
HIV and child mental health: a case-control study in Rwanda.

BACKGROUND
The global HIV/AIDS response has advanced in addressing the health and well-being of HIV-positive children. Although attention has been paid to children orphaned by parental AIDS, children who live with HIV-positive caregivers have received less attention. This study compares mental health problems and risk and protective factors in HIV-positive, HIV-affected (due to caregiver HIV), and HIV-unaffected children in Rwanda.


METHODS
A case-control design assessed mental health, risk, and protective factors among 683 children aged 10 to 17 years at different levels of HIV exposure. A stratified random sampling strategy based on electronic medical records identified all known HIV-positive children in this age range in 2 districts in Rwanda. Lists of all same-age children in villages with an HIV-positive child were then collected and split by HIV status (HIV-positive, HIV-affected, and HIV-unaffected). One child was randomly sampled from the latter 2 groups to compare with each HIV-positive child per village.


RESULTS
HIV-affected and HIV-positive children demonstrated higher levels of depression, anxiety, conduct problems, and functional impairment compared with HIV-unaffected children. HIV-affected children had significantly higher odds of depression (1.68: 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-2.44), anxiety (1.77: 95% CI 1.14-2.75), and conduct problems (1.59: 95% CI 1.04-2.45) compared with HIV-unaffected children, and rates of these mental health conditions were similar to HIV-positive children. These results remained significant after controlling for contextual variables, there were no significant differences on mental health outcomes groups, reflecting a potential explanatory role of factors such as daily hardships, caregiver depression, and HIV-related stigma [corrected].


CONCLUSIONS
The mental health of HIV-affected children requires policy and programmatic responses comparable to HIV-positive children.
Australia's Agenda for E-Security Education and Research

The paper describes the development of a national E-security strategy for Australia. The paper discusses the rationale behind its development and the issues that relate to the policy and its possible implementation and its impact upon E-security teaching and E-security research. The paper also discusses how current situations are having an impact on the development of a national education and research initiative.
Religion: Morality and Social Control

This article is revision of the previous edition article by C. Davies, volume 19, pp. 13082–13085, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Knowledge-Embedded Representation Learning for Fine-Grained Image Recognition

Humans can naturally understand an image in depth with the aid of rich knowledge accumulated from daily lives or professions. For example, to achieve fine-grained image recognition (e.g., categorizing hundreds of subordinate categories of birds) usually requires a comprehensive visual concept organization including category labels and part-level attributes. In this work, we investigate how to unify rich professional knowledge with deep neural network architectures and propose a Knowledge-Embedded Representation Learning (KERL) framework for handling the problem of fine-grained image recognition. Specifically, we organize the rich visual concepts in the form of knowledge graph and employ a Gated Graph Neural Network to propagate node message through the graph for generating the knowledge representation. By introducing a novel gated mechanism, our KERL framework incorporates this knowledge representation into the discriminative image feature learning, i.e., implicitly associating the specific attributes with the feature maps. Compared with existing methods of fine-grained image classification, our KERL framework has several appealing properties: i) The embedded high-level knowledge enhances the feature representation, thus facilitating distinguishing the subtle differences among subordinate categories. ii) Our framework can learn feature maps with a meaningful configuration that the highlighted regions finely accord with the nodes (specific attributes) of the knowledge graph. Extensive experiments on the widely used CaltechUCSD bird dataset demonstrate the superiority of ∗Corresponding author is Liang Lin (Email: linliang@ieee.org). This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61622214, the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province under Grant 2017B010116001, and Guangdong Natural Science Foundation Project for Research Teams under Grant 2017A030312006. head-pattern: masked Bohemian