LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Leaf Disease Grading by Machine Vision and Fuzzy Logic

present paper introduces an innovative approach to automatically grade the disease on plant leaves. The system effectively inculcates Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in agriculture and hence contributes to Precision Agriculture. Presently, plant pathologists mainly rely on naked eye prediction and a disease scoring scale to grade the disease. This manual grading is not only time consuming but also not feasible. Hence the current paper proposes an image processing based approach to automatically grade the disease spread on plant leaves by employing Fuzzy Logic. The results are proved to be accurate and satisfactory in contrast with manual grading. Keywordscolor image segmentation, disease spot extraction, percent-infection, fuzzy logic, disease grade. INTRODUCTION The sole area that serves the food needs of the entire human race is the Agriculture sector. It has played a key role in the development of human civilization. Plants exist everywhere we live, as well as places without us. Plant disease is one of the crucial causes that reduces quantity and degrades quality of the agricultural products. Plant Pathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious diseases) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). It involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, pathosystem genetics and management of plant diseases. Disease is impairment to the normal state of the plant that modifies or interrupts its vital functions such as photosynthesis, transpiration, pollination, fertilization, germination etc. Plant diseases have turned into a nightmare as it can cause significant reduction in both quality and quantity of agricultural products [2]. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) application is going to be implemented as a solution in improving the status of the agriculture sector [3]. Due to the manifestation and developments in the fields of sensor networks, robotics, GPS technology, communication systems etc, precision agriculture started emerging [10]. The objectives of precision agriculture are profit maximization, agricultural input rationalization and environmental damage reduction by adjusting the agricultural practices to the site demands. In the area of disease management, grade of the disease is determined to provide an accurate and precision treatment advisory. EXISTING SYSTEM: MANUAL GRADING Presently the plant pathologists mainly rely on the naked eye prediction and a disease scoring scale to grade the disease on leaves. There are some problems associated with this manual grading. Diseases are inevitable in plants. When a plant gets affected by the disease, a treatment advisory is required to cure the Arun Kumar R et al, Int. J. Comp. Tech. Appl., Vol 2 (5), 1709-1716 IJCTA | SEPT-OCT 2011 Available online@www.ijcta.com 1709 ISSN:2229-6093
A survey of secure middleware for the Internet of Things

The rapid growth of small Internet connected devices, known as the Internet of Things (IoT), is creating a new set of challenges to create secure, private infrastructures. This paper reviews the current literature on the challenges and approaches to security and privacy in the Internet of Things, with a strong focus on how these aspects are handled in IoT middleware. We focus on IoT middleware because many systems are built from existing middleware and these inherit the underlying security properties of the middleware framework. The paper is composed of three main sections. Firstly, we propose a matrix of security and privacy threats for IoT. This matrix is used as the basis of a widespread literature review aimed at identifying requirements on IoT platforms and middleware. Secondly, we present a structured literature review of the available middleware and how security is handled in these middleware approaches. We utilise the requirements from the first phase to evaluate. Finally, we draw a set of conclusions and identify further work in this area. Subjects Computer Networks and Communications, Embedded Computing, Real-Time and Embedded Systems, Security and Privacy, World Wide Web and Web Science
A Busman's Holiday in New Jersey

In his inaugural column, Michael Geselowitz informs readers of the rich technological heritage of New Jersey.
Snowboarding and ski boarding injuries in Niigata, Japan.

BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to compare the injury patterns and incidence of snowboarding and ski boarding injuries with that of alpine skiing in 2000 to 2005, as there are few previous studies comparing these 3 sports, especially in Asia.


HYPOTHESIS
The injury patterns are different among the 3 snow sports.


STUDY DESIGN
Descriptive epidemiology study.


METHODS
The subjects were alpine skiers (1240 cases), snowboarders (2220 cases), and ski boarders (132 cases) who were injured in 2 ski resorts located in Niigata prefecture in Japan and visited the authors' clinics in these ski resorts between 2000 and 2005. On visiting the clinics, patients completed a questionnaire reviewing the circumstances surrounding the injury event, and physicians documented the diagnosis.


RESULTS
The injury rate, which was based on all purchased lift tickets, in snowboarding decreased gradually, although it was still 2 times higher than that of alpine skiing. Snowboarding and ski boarding had a higher fracture and dislocation rate. Both sports also had a 4 times higher rate of injuries because of jumping. The characteristics of ski boarding were a lower head and neck injury rate and collision injury rate than those of the other 2 snow sports, as well as a 2 times higher rate of fractures compared with alpine skiing injuries and a 1.4 times higher incidence than that of snowboarding injuries. Of the fractures caused by ski boarding accidents, 39.6% affected the lower leg bones.


CONCLUSION
Injury prevention strategies should focus on jumps for snowboarders and ski boarders.
Familial thrombophilia and lifetime risk of venous thrombosis.

BACKGROUND
We started a large multicenter prospective follow-up study to provide reliable risk estimates of venous thrombosis in families with various thrombophilic defects.


OBJECTIVES
This paper describes data collected at study entry on venous events experienced before study inclusion, i.e. the baseline data.


PATIENTS/METHODS
All individuals (probands, relatives) registered in nine European thrombosis centers with the factor (F)V Leiden mutation, a deficiency of antithrombin, protein C or protein S, or a combination of these defects, were enrolled between March 1994 and September 1997. As control individuals, partners, friends or acquaintances of the thrombophilic participants were included. Incidence and relative risk of objectively confirmed venous thrombotic events (VTEs) prior to entry were calculated for the relatives with thrombophilia and the controls.


RESULTS
Of the 846 relatives with thrombophilia (excluding probands), 139 (16%) had experienced a VTE with an incidence of 4.4 per 1000 person years. Of the controls, 15 of the 1212 (1%) controls had experienced a VTE with an incidence of 0.3 per 1000 person years. The risk of venous thrombosis associated with familial thrombophilia was 15.7 (95% CI 9.2-26.8) and remained similar after adjustment for regional and sex-effects (16.4; 95% CI 9.6-28.0). The highest incidence per 1000 person years was found in relatives with combined defects (8.4; 95% CI 5.6-12.2), and the lowest incidence was found in those with the FV Leiden mutation (1.5; 95% CI 0.8-2.6).


CONCLUSIONS
Considerable differences in the lifetime risk of VTE were observed among individuals with different thrombophilia defects.
Corrigendum to “Strategy for the Management of Diabetic Macular Edema: The European Vitreo-Retinal Society Macular Edema Study”

OBJECTIVE
To compare the efficacy of different therapies in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME).


DESIGN
Nonrandomized, multicenter clinical study.


PARTICIPANTS
86 retina specialists from 29 countries provided clinical information on 2,603 patients with macular edema including 870 patients with DME.


METHODS
Reported data included the type and number of treatment(s) performed, the pre- and posttreatment visual acuities, and other clinical findings. The results were analyzed by the French INSEE (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Mean change of visual acuity and mean number of treatments performed.


RESULTS
The change in visual acuity over time in response to each treatment was plotted in second order polynomial regression trend lines. Intravitreal triamcinolone monotherapy resulted in some improvement in vision. Treatment with threshold or subthreshold grid laser also resulted in minimal vision gain. Anti-VEGF therapy resulted in more significant visual improvement. Treatment with pars plana vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling alone resulted in an improvement in vision greater than that observed with anti-VEGF injection alone. In our DME study, treatment with vitrectomy and ILM peeling alone resulted in the better visual improvement compared to other therapies.
Industry-level Knowledge Management and Knowledge Performance : An Alternative Perspective on KM Issues in Asia

Most knowledge management (KM) literature investigates diversified issues from the perspectives of an organizational and national level. While observing KM practices, especially in Asian nations, many KM occurs in industrial level and lead the knowledge activities in the whole industry. Hence, the primary purpose of this study is to explore the content of industry-level knowledge management (i.e., ILKM), how ILKM are practiced, and the impacts of ILKM on industry-level knowledge performance. This study, based on literature and KM practices, firstly classifies ILKM as four modes knowledge clustering, knowledge enlarging, knowledge exchanging, and knowledge initiating. This study then reviews some practical ILKM cases in Japan, Korea, China, and Taiwan to verify the model and accordingly to categorize the ILKM activities of each mode. Besides, to investigate the effects of ILKM, this study constructs an 8-element Knowledge Performance Indicators (KPI), which consist of knowledge profundity, universality, growth, diffusion, diversification, convergence, transformation, and creation, as the criterion that test the criterion validity. The empirical study samples hi-tech industries in Asia for the survey. The statistical evidences, including LISREL, internal consistency, and correlation analysis, confirm the ILKM model and its effects on KPI. This study also provides suggestions and directions toward ILKM practices and researches for the future.
Mental Health of Transgender Veterans in US States With and Without Discrimination and Hate Crime Legal Protection.

OBJECTIVES
To examine whether indicators of community- and state-level lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender equality are associated with transgender veterans' mental health.


METHODS
We extracted Veterans Administration data for patients who were diagnosed with gender identity disorder, had at least 1 visit in 2013, and lived in a zip code with a Municipality Equality Index score (n = 1640). We examined the associations of whether a state included transgender status in employment nondiscrimination laws and in hate crimes laws with mood disorders; alcohol, illicit drug, and tobacco use disorders; posttraumatic stress disorder; and suicidal ideation or attempt.


RESULTS
Nearly half (47.3%) of the sample lived in states with employment discrimination protection, and 44.8% lived in states with hate crimes protection. Employment nondiscrimination protection was associated with 26% decreased odds of mood disorders (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59, 0.93) and 43% decreased odds of self-directed violence (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.34, 0.95).


CONCLUSIONS
Understanding lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender social stressors can inform treatment and care coordination for transgender populations.
THE PROBLEM OF "RACE AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT"

reserved. 1 This paper was selected for publication in the AAA’s Anthropology News as part of the "Rethinking Race and Human Variation" special editions of February and March 2006. The special editions were sponsored by the Understanding Race and Human Variation project and funded by the Ford Foundation. The Understanding Race and Human Variation project is a multi-year public education effort funded by the National Science Foundation and the Ford Foundation. This paper represents the views of the author and not that of the AAA or the Understanding Race and Human Variation project.
Power- and delay-awareness of health telemonitoring services: the mobihealth system case study

Emerging healthcare applications rely on personal mobile devices to monitor and transmit patient vital signs to hospital-backend servers for further analysis. However, these devices have limited resources that must be used optimally in order to meet the application user requirements (e.g. safety, usability, reliability, performance). This paper reports on a case study of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease telemonitoring application delivered by the mobihealth system. This system relies on a commercial mobile device with multiple (wireless) Network Interfaces (NI). Our study focuses on how NI activation strategies affect the application end-to-end data delay (important in case of an emergency situation) and the energy consumption of the device (important for device sustainability while a patient is mobile). Our results show the trade-off between end-to-end delay and battery life-time achieved by various NI activation strategies, in combination with application-data flow adaptation for realtime and near real-time data transmission. For a given mobile device, our study shows an increase in battery life-time of 40- 90 %, traded against higher end-to-end data delay. The insights of our studies can be used for application-data flow adaptation aiming to increase battery life-time and device sustainability for mobile patients; which effectively increases the healthcare application usability.
Visual Control Of Robot Manipulators -- A Review

This paper attempts to present a comprehensive summary of research results in the use of visual information to control robot manipulators and related mechanisms. An extensive bibliography is provided which also includes important papers from the elemental disciplines upon which visual servoing is based. The research results are discussed in terms of historical context, common-ality of function, algorithmic approach and method of implementation.
The iProClass integrated database for protein functional analysis

Increasingly, scientists have begun to tackle gene functions and other complex regulatory processes by studying organisms at the global scales for various levels of biological organization, ranging from genomes to metabolomes and physiomes. Meanwhile, new bioinformatics methods have been developed for inferring protein function using associative analysis of functional properties to complement the traditional sequence homology-based methods. To fully exploit the value of the high-throughput system biology data and to facilitate protein functional studies requires bioinformatics infrastructures that support both data integration and associative analysis. The iProClass database, designed to serve as a framework for data integration in a distributed networking environment, provides comprehensive descriptions of all proteins, with rich links to over 50 databases of protein family, function, pathway, interaction, modification, structure, genome, ontology, literature, and taxonomy. In particular, the database is organized with PIRSF family classification and maps to other family, function, and structure classification schemes. Coupled with the underlying taxonomic information for complete genomes, the iProClass system (http://pir.georgetown.edu/iproclass/) supports associative studies of protein family, domain, function, and structure. A case study of the phosphoglycerate mutases illustrates a systematic approach for protein family and phylogenetic analysis. Such studies may serve as a basis for further analysis of protein functional evolution, and its relationship to the co-evolution of metabolic pathways, cellular networks, and organisms.
Modelling and Control of a Convertible VTOL Aircraft

The aim of this paper is to present the complete model of an unmanned convertible aerial vehicle in hover mode. This vehicle is capable of performing either in hover or in forward flight. A nonlinear control strategy is presented to stabilize the aircraft in hovering mode. An embedded low-cost pilot is described as well the experimental results of a hover flight using a prototype built in the laboratory
Increased Expression of Macrophage-Inducible C-type Lectin in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice and Humans

OBJECTIVE
We have provided evidence that saturated fatty acids, which are released from adipocytes via macrophage-induced adipocyte lipolysis, serve as a naturally occurring ligand for the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 complex in macrophages, thereby aggravating obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. The aim of this study was to identify the molecule(s) activated in adipose tissue macrophages in obesity.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a cDNA microarray analysis of coculture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264 macrophages. Cultured adipocytes and macrophages and the adipose tissue of obese mice and humans were used to examine mRNA and protein expression.


RESULTS
We found that macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle; also called Clec4e and Clecsf9), a type II transmembrane C-type lectin, is induced selectively in macrophages during the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages. Treatment with palmitate, a major saturated fatty acid released from 3T3-L1 adipocytes, induced Mincle mRNA expression in macrophages at least partly through the TLR4/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway. Mincle mRNA expression was increased in parallel with macrophage markers in the adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. The obesity-induced increase in Mincle mRNA expression was markedly attenuated in C3H/HeJ mice with defective TLR4 signaling relative to control C3H/HeN mice. Notably, Mincle mRNA was expressed in bone-marrow cell (BMC)-derived proinflammatory M1 macrophages rather than in BMC-derived anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in vitro.


CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that Mincle is induced in adipose tissue macrophages in obesity at least partly through the saturated fatty acid/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, thereby suggesting its pathophysiologic role in obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation.
Efficient algorithms for finding interleaving relationship between sequences

The longest common subsequence and sequence alignment problems have been studied extensively and they can be regarded as the relationship measurement between sequences. However, most of them treat sequences evenly or consider only two sequences. Recently, with the rise of whole-genome duplication research, the doubly conserved synteny relationship among three sequences should be considered. It is a brand new model to find a merging way for understanding the interleaving relationship of sequences. Here, we define the merged LCS problem for measuring the interleaving relationship among three sequences. An O(n3) algorithm is first proposed for solving the problem, where n is the sequence length. We further discuss the variant version of this problem with the block information. For the blocked merged LCS problem, we propose an algorithm with time complexity O(n2m), where m is the number of blocks. An improved O(n2 + nm2) algorithm is further proposed for the same blocked problem. © 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Optimal economic growth and energy policy

Thesis. 1976. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
COMPUTER CHESS AND SEARCH

Article prepared for a revised edition of the ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, S. Shapiro (editor), to be published by John Wiley, 1992. Final Draft; DO NOT REPRODUCE OR CIRCULATE. This copy is for review only. Please do not cite or copy. Prepared using troff, pic, eqn, tbl and bib under Unix 4.3 BSD.
Monadologies: An historical overview

This introductory overview comprises (i) a brief account of Leibniz's own monadology; (ii) a discussion of the reception of his philosophy up to Kant; and (iii) a short overview of the monadologies developed after Kant's first Critique, made via a summary of key points raised in this guest issue, highlighting recurrent themes, which include questions of historiography.
Building a Remote Supervisory Control Network System for Smart Home Applications

Wireless sensor networks are often found in the fields of home security, industrial control and maintenance, medical assistance and traffic monitoring and the appearance of ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 indicates a network system which is highly reliable, cost-effective, low power consumption, programmable and fast establishing. Currently, many of the wireless sensor network systems are now using ZigBee to implement the designs. A smart sensor network is the infrastructure of home automation and supervisory control systems, as the proposed functions such as intelligence entrance guards management, home security, environmental monitor and light control can be implemented by a smart network integrating with multimedia access service, image processing, security, and sensor and control technologies. Details of the development process of a smart home network in Taiwan based on ZigBee technology with the combination of smart home appliance communication protocol, SAANet, will be given in this article.
Radon-based structure from motion without correspondences

We present a novel approach for the estimation of 3D-motion directly from two images using the Radon transform. We assume a similarity function defined on the cross-product of two images which assigns a weight to all feature pairs. This similarity function is integrated over all feature pairs that satisfy the epipolar constraint. This integration is equivalent to filtering the similarity function with a Dirac function embedding the epipolar constraint. The result of this convolution is a function of the five unknown motion parameters with maxima at the positions of compatible rigid motions. The breakthrough is in the realization that the Radon transform is a filtering operator: If we assume that images are defined on spheres and the epipolar constraint is a group action of two rotations on two spheres, then the Radon transform is a convolution/correlation integral. We propose a new algorithm to compute this integral from the spherical harmonics of the similarity and Dirac functions. The resulting resolution in the motion space depends on the bandwidth we keep from the spherical transform. The strength of the algorithm is in avoiding a commitment to correspondences, thus being robust to erroneous feature detection, outliers, and multiple motions. The algorithm has been tested in sequences of real omnidirectional images and it outperforms correspondence-based structure from motion.