LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Immediate and early behavioral interventions for the prevention of acute and posttraumatic stress disorder.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The development of acute and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a traumatic event is common and often leads to personal distress, functional impairment, and economic consequences in trauma victims and their loved ones. Hence, the prevention of acute and chronic posttraumatic stress is an important public health priority. This article aims to review the current evidence regarding immediate (within hours) and early (within days and weeks) psychological and behavioral interventions to prevent posttraumatic stress symptoms.


RECENT FINDINGS
Acute distress management, psychological debriefing and other immediate unspecific interventions within the first hours following a traumatic event have so far not demonstrated efficacy in preventing posttraumatic stress symptoms. So far, there are no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have examined immediate trauma-focused cognitive behavioral interventions. In contrast, some, but not many, studies have shown that cognitive behavioral interventions are efficacious if administered within days or weeks after a traumatic event. For other early interventions after trauma exposure, there is no, or only weak, evidence in support of their efficacy. However, conclusions are limited by the small numbers of trials examining immediate and early interventions.


SUMMARY
Today, there is no empirical evidence to support any immediate intervention within hours after the traumatic event to prevent posttraumatic stress symptoms. With regard to early interventions in the first days or weeks after trauma, literature is also sparse, but supports brief cognitive behavioral interventions as a first choice. There is an urgent need for RCTs to examine if behavioral interventions immediately following a traumatic event might be able to reduce the burden of acute and posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Text mining techniques for patent analysis

Patent documents contain important research results. However, they are lengthy and rich in technical terminology such that it takes a lot of human efforts for analyses. Automatic tools for assisting patent engineers or decision makers in patent analysis are in great demand. This paper describes a series of text mining techniques that conforms to the analytical process used by patent analysts. These techniques include text segmentation, summary extraction, feature selection, term association, cluster generation, topic identification, and information mapping. The issues of efficiency and effectiveness are considered in the design of these techniques. Some important features of the proposed methodology include a rigorous approach to verify the usefulness of segment extracts as the document surrogates, a corpusand dictionary-free algorithm for keyphrase extraction, an efficient co-word analysis method that can be applied to large volume of patents, and an automatic procedure to create generic cluster titles for ease of result interpretation. Evaluation of these techniques was conducted. The results confirm that the machine-generated summaries do preserve more important content words than some other sections for classification. To demonstrate the feasibility, the proposed methodology was applied to a realworld patent set for domain analysis and mapping, which shows that our approach is more effective than existing classification systems. The attempt in this paper to automate the whole process not only helps create final patent maps for topic analyses, but also facilitates or improves other patent analysis tasks such as patent classification, organization, knowledge sharing, and prior art searches. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of renal failure and cirrhosis on the pharmacokinetics and neuromuscular effects of rapacuronium administered by bolus followed by infusion.

BACKGROUND
Recent trials indicate that rapacuronium's pharmacokinetic characteristics are influenced by both renal failure and cirrhosis but the time course of a single bolus dose of 1.5 mg/kg is affected minimally. The authors reassessed these pharmacokinetic findings and examined the time course of the same bolus dose followed by a 30-min infusion.


METHODS
During nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia, patients with normal renal and hepatic function (n = 25), those with renal failure (n = 28), and those with cirrhosis (n = 6) received a bolus dose of rapacuronium (1.5 mg/kg) followed by a 30-min infusion adjusted to maintain 90-95% twitch depression. At 25% recovery, neostigmine was administered. Blood was sampled until 8 h after the infusion to determine concentrations of rapacuronium and its active metabolite ORG9488. Rapacuronium's pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using mixed-effects modeling.


RESULTS
Onset and facilitated recovery of twitch depression were similar in the three groups. Patients with renal failure required 22% less rapacuronium to maintain target twitch depression during the infusion. Rapacuronium's plasma clearance was 24% smaller in renal failure and decreased 0.5%/yr of age; rapid distribution clearance was 51% smaller in men than in women. After the infusion, ORG9488 concentrations decreased markedly more slowly in patients with renal failure. Cirrhosis did not alter the pharmacokinetics of rapacuronium.


CONCLUSION
Rapacuronium's plasma clearance and infusion requirement were decreased by renal failure. By dosing to maintain target twitch depression, recovery was not prolonged. Cirrhosis does not affect the pharmacokinetics or neuromuscular effects of rapacuronium. Persistence of ORG9488 in patients with renal failure might prolong recovery after rapacuronium if target twitch depression is not maintained or with administration of rapacuronium for more than 30 min.
Urban Density and Climate Change: A STIRPAT Analysis using City-level Data

Two important, increasing trends for those concerned about climate change to consider are urbanization/the importance of cities and energy used in transport—particularly energy used to achieve personal mobility. While national urbanization levels are not a good indicator of urban transport demand, there is an established negative relationship between urban density and such demand. This paper uses a consistent, well-known population-based framework (the STIRPAT model) and three separate, but highly related, datasets of cities from developed and developing countries (with observations from 1990, 1995, and 2001) to examine the relationship among private transport energy consumption, population, income, urban density, and several variables (e.g., network size and prices) that describe the nature of the public and private transport systems of those cities. The paper confirms the now well-established result that urban density is negatively correlated with urban private transport energy consumption. In terms of policies, improving private vehicle fuel efficiency, in particular, and increasing fuel price as well as other ownership/operating costs for private transport could have a substantial impact on lowering transport energy consumption. On the other hand, there is no evidence that further lowering the cost to riders of public transport would lower private transport energy consumption. For cities in developing countries, demographic variables (population size and urban density) are particularly important in determining private transport energy consumption. Also, private transport energy consumption is considerably less price sensitive in those developing country cities compared to cities in the most developed countries.
Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor, L.) as a possible alternative to soybean meal in broiler diets.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with Tenebrio molitor larvae (TML) meal in broiler diets. A total of 80 30-d-old male Shaver brown broilers were divided into two groups fed on two isoproteic and isoenergetic diets differing for protein source (SBM vs. TML). Up to 62 d of age, body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly and body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and European efficiency factor (EEF) were calculated. At 62 d, blood samples were collected from 16 birds/group for evaluation of blood profiles. Feed intake was not different between groups considering the entire period of the trial. The FCR was more favourable in the TML than SBM group from 46 d of age and in the entire period of the trial (4.13 vs. 3.62). The PER was higher in the SBM than in the TML group (1.92 vs. 1.37) while the EEF was higher in broilers fed on the TML diet (132.6 vs. 156.2). Albumin-to-globulin ratio was higher in broilers fed on SBM than in the other group (0.44 vs. 0.30). aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were higher in TML than SBM (195.1 vs. 178.6 U/l and 82.07 vs. 46.71 U/l, respectively). Uric acid was higher in broilers fed on SBM than TML (5.40 vs. 4.16 mg/dl). TML did not affect feed intake and growth rate of broilers from 30 to 62 d of age when compared to an isoproteic and isoenergetic SBM diet, but FCR of the TML group was more favourable than that of the SBM group. The lowest albumin-to-globulin ratio in broilers fed on TML suggests a higher immune response, probably due to the prebiotic effects of chitin.
Critical Scenarios and Their Identification in Parallel Railroad Level Crossing Traffic Control Systems

Deterministic and stochastic Petri nets (DSPNs) are well utilized as a visual and mathematical formalism to model discrete event systems. This paper proposes to use them to model parallel railroad level crossing (LC) control systems. Their applications to both single- and double-track railroad lines are illustrated. The resulting models allow one to identify and thus avoid critical scenarios in such systems by conditions and events of the model that control the phase of traffic light alternations. Their analysis is performed to demonstrate how the models enforce the phase of traffic transitions by a reachability graph method. Their important properties are verified. To our knowledge, this is the first work that employs DSPNs to model a parallel railroad LC system and identify its critical scenarios for the purpose of their complete avoidance. This helps advance the state of the art in traffic safety related to the intersection of railroads and roadways.
Gas barrier performance of graphene/polymer nanocomposites

Because of its unique electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, graphene is being explored for various applications and has attracted enormous academic and industrial interest. Graphene and its derivatives have also been considered as promising nanoscale fillers in gas barrier application of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). In this study, recent research and development of the utilization of graphene and its derivatives in the fabrication of nanocomposites with different polymer matrices for barrier application are explored, and most synthesis methods of graphene-based PNCs such as solution and melt mixing, in situ polymerization, and layer-by-layer process are covered. Graphene layers in the polymer matrix are capable of producing a tortuous path, which acts as a barrier for gases. A high tortuosity leads to superior barrier properties and lower permeability of PNCs. The influence of the intrinsic properties of these fillers (graphene and its derivatives) and their state of dispersion in polymer matrix on the gas barrier properties of graphene/PNCs is discussed. Analytical modeling aspects of barrier performance of graphene/PNCs are also reviewed in detail. Key permeability modeling techniques for gas separation mixed matrix membranes are also discussed. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Processing using the Supervised Textural-Neural Network Classification Algorithm

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite images have proven to be a successful tool for identifying oil slicks. Natural oil seeps can be detected as elongated, radar-dark slicks in SAR images. Use of SAR images for seep detection is enhanced by a Texture Classifying Neural Network Algorithm (TCNNA), which delineates areas where layers of floating oil suppress Bragg scattering. The effect is strongly influenced by wind strength and sea state. A multi orientation Leung-Malik filter bank [1] is used to identify slick shapes under projection of edges. By integrating ancillary data consisting of the incidence angle, descriptors of texture and environmental variables, considerable accuracy were added to the classification ability to discriminate false targets from oil slicks and look-alike pixels. The reliability of the TCNNA is measured after processing 71 images containing oil slicks.
A brief intervention designed to increase breast cancer self-screening.

PURPOSE
To assess the efficacy of an intervention designed to increase appropriate use of breast self-examination (BSE).


METHODS
Two-armed randomized clinical trial of cancer-control interventions in women that compared a BSE intervention program to a dietary intervention, which served as the control group. The study was conducted at a large health maintenance organization in Portland, Oregon. Participants were 616 female members of the health maintenance organization who were aged 40 to 70 years. The intervention consisted of a 30- to 45-minute individual counseling session that featured BSE instruction, training and practice with silicone models, identification of barriers to BSE, and problem-solving. This intervention was followed by two brief follow-up telephone calls. The study outcome measure was self-reported BSE practice, which included duration, frequency, and specific elements of exam.


RESULTS
The study had a 90% response rate. At the 1-year follow-up, chi2 analyses showed that significantly more individuals in the BSE intervention (59%) reported adequate BSE performance compared with those in the control group (12.2%; p < .001).


CONCLUSIONS
This brief intervention was successful in encouraging women to perform adequate BSEs. Although the role of the BSE in patient care remains controversial, these results show that even brief intervention programs can be effective at encouraging self-screening for cancer. This intervention could easily be modified to target other screening practices (e.g., skin or testicular cancer screening) that are associated with reduced cancer morbidity and mortality.
Blinded comparison of faecal loading on plain radiography versus radio-opaque marker transit studies in the assessment of constipation.

AIM
To compare faecal loading on plain radiography versus radio-opaque marker transit studies in the assessment of constipation.


METHODS
The study group was a convenience sample of patients attending the Durham Constipation Clinic. All patients underwent transit studies according to an established protocol, and severity of constipation was assessed contemporaneously using a validated questionnaire (PAC-SYM). Transit studies were performed using radio-opaque markers that were ingested over 3 consecutive days, with a radiograph taken on the fourth day. Digital images of the radiograph were digitally altered to remove all traces of the transit markers without affecting the underlying pattern of faecal loading. Four observers assessed faecal loading independently; two clinicians (C1 and C2) and two radiologists (R1 and R2). C1 and R1 used a previously described formal scoring method of assessing faecal loading, whereas C2 and R2 assessed the images as if they were in a clinic or reporting session, grading the faecal loading as mild, moderate, or severe.


RESULTS
One hundred patients were recruited out of 186 presenting in a 2-year period. All patients completed assessments. The correlation between observers was only fair to moderate (r ranging from 0.34-0.51). There were some surprisingly marked disagreements in 10-18% of assessments. The correlation between faecal loading and transit was weak for all observers (r ranging from 0.261-0.311). Symptom severity did not correlate with faecal loading.


CONCLUSION
These results suggest that there is considerable inter-observer variation in the radiological assessment of faecal loading, irrespective of the training or method used by the observer, and that there is very poor correlation with colonic transit. The diagnosis of constipation, and the assessment of severity, is best performed clinically.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of extended-release metadoxine in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of an oral extended-release (ER) formulation of the nonstimulant metadoxine in the treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).


METHOD
This was a 1:1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-design, phase 2 study of metadoxine ER 1,400 mg/d treatment for 6 weeks, following a 2-week baseline/screening period, involving 120 adults with DSM-IV-defined ADHD. A follow-up assessment occurred 2 weeks after the trial was completed. Efficacy measures included changes in Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Investigator Rated (CAARS-INV) total ADHD symptoms score with adult ADHD prompts (primary measure), response rates (≥ 25% or 40% improvement in CAARS-INV total ADHD symptom score), Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) performance, and Adult ADHD Quality of Life (AAQoL) total score. The study was conducted from March 15, 2011, to August 21, 2011.


RESULTS
Intent-to-treat analysis revealed that subjects receiving metadoxine ER showed statistically significant improvement in CAARS-INV total ADHD symptoms score (P = .02), higher rate of response (≥ 25% [P = .03] or ≥ 40% [P = .04] improvement) on the CAARS-INV total ADHD symptoms score, and improvement in TOVA score (P = .02) and AAQoL score (P = .01) compared with the placebo group. Improvements in ADHD symptoms (scored by CAARS-INV) were significantly different in subjects treated with metadoxine ER versus placebo as early as 2 weeks following treatment initiation. Metadoxine ER was generally well tolerated, with nausea (17% [10/58] vs 0% [0/59]), fatigue (31% [18/58] vs 27% [16/59]), and headaches (29% [17/58] vs 39% [23/59]) being the most frequently reported adverse effects for the metadoxine ER and placebo groups, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Findings suggest that metadoxine ER is a well-tolerated and effective treatment for adults with ADHD.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01243242.
A Proportional-Resonant Controller-Based Wireless Control Strategy With a Reduced Number of Sensors for Parallel-Operated UPSs

In this paper, a novel droop method to control the power sharing of parallel uninterruptible-power-supply (UPS) systems is presented. In a clear-cut contrast to the previously reported works, the controller is a proportional-resonant controller which ensures good transient response and steady-state objectives. Furthermore, the need for sensing the output current for the power-sharing control is removed by implementing it in a software routine. This brings a less complicated and less expensive structure in which the number of feedback sensors is reduced from three to two. The droop paralleling strategy is based on the drop in the inverter output frequency and amplitude. The application of proportional-resonant controllers based on internal model principle is also extended to parallel inverters, and its superior performance over the well-known proportional-integral-derivative controller is presented. In order to show the performance of the proposed system, two parallel-connected UPS systems are analyzed, and two types of linear and nonlinear loads are considered. The nonlinear load is compliant with IEC 62040-3 standard for class I UPS. The results show that the reduction of sensors does not result in any error, and the performance of the control system is excellent. To verify the proposed concept, the proposed strategy is implemented within two-625VA UPS systems. Several test results are provided for linear and nonlinear loads which validate the simulations results. The results indicate that the proposed parallel inverter structure offers a better system in terms of the number of feedback sensors, performance, and complication.
Current practice of darbepoetin alfa in the management of haemoglobin levels in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy - data from the CHOICE study.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate adherence to European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and European Summary of Product Characteristic (SmPC) guidance on recommended haemoglobin (Hb) values in routine clinical practice use of darbepoetin alfa (DA) in cancer patients internationally.


METHODS
This multicentre, prospective, observational study assessed DA use in 11 European countries. This interim analysis (IA) included ∼1300 breast, colorectal, ovarian or lung cancer patients receiving DA during any chemotherapy cycle. Hb level and red blood cell (RBC) transfusion requirement data were collected.


RESULTS
Of the 1290 patients (mean [SD] age 62.5 [11.1] years) included in this IA full analysis set, 499 had lung, 387 breast, 192 colorectal and 212 ovarian cancer. Mean baseline Hb levels were <10 g/dL. At week 9, 426 (33%) patients had a Hb level of 10-12 g/dL, 165 (13%) of >12 g/dL, 226 (18%) of <10 g/dL and 473 (37%) had missing Hb values. 54% of the 672 patients still on the study at week 9 with available Hb values had Hb values of 10-12 g/dL. For patients with a baseline Hb of <10 g/dL, the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) percentage of patients with Hb levels ≥10 g/dL from week 1 to end of treatment period (EOTP) was 86%. For these patients, the K-M% of patients with Hb levels >13 g/dL from week 1 to EOTP was 10%. The K-M% of patients requiring RBC transfusions from week 5 to EOTP was 26% for all patients. Seven patients reported treatment-related non-serious adverse drug reactions, four were thromboses.


CONCLUSIONS
This IA suggests most patients were treated according to European SmPC guidance. Hb evolution during the study is consistent with data from clinical trials, implying DA is effective in increasing Hb levels in chemotherapy-induced anaemia patients. Hb levels >13 g/dL were infrequent. Limitations are related to the observational nature of this study.