LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
HER2 status in gastric cancers: a retrospective analysis from four Chinese representative clinical centers and assessment of its prognostic significance.

BACKGROUND
HER2 has a predictive value in gastric cancer. However, its association with prognosis remains uncertain. The aim of our study was to estimate the HER2-positive rate in Chinese gastric cancers, compare the classical fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method with the novel bright-field dual color silver-enhanced in situ hybridization (DSISH) detection system, and evaluate the relationship between the HER2 status and prognosis.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Seven hundred and twenty-six resected gastric cancers separately from four clinical centers in China were examined for HER2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC), FISH, and DSISH.


RESULTS
The HER2-positive rate was 13%. The consistency between FISH and DSISH results was high (99%; κ = 0.958; P < 0.001). Tumor heterogeneity and polysomy were the main reasons for inconsistency. There was no significant difference in the 3-year overall survival (OS) between HER2-positive and -negative patients (P = 0.959). Multivariate analysis showed that HER2 was not an independent prognostic factor.


CONCLUSION(S)
HER2 overexpression and amplification occur in a significant number of Chinese gastric cancer patients. Given the obvious advantages and high consistency with FISH, DSISH was superior for evaluating HER2 amplification in gastric cancer. HER2 was not a prognostic factor for gastric cancer in our study.
Big Data , Digital Media , and Computational Social Science : Possibilities and Perils

We live life in the network. We check our e-mails regularly, make mobile phone calls from almost any location ... make purchases with credit cards ... [and] maintain friendships through online social networks. ... These transactions leave digital traces that can be compiled into comprehensive pictures of both individual and group behavior, with the potential to transform our understanding of our lives, organizations, and societies.
Change in partial discharge activity as related to degradation level in oil-impregnated paper insulation: effect of high voltage impulses

High voltage (HV) transients in electrical power systems are mainly caused by lightning strikes and switching operations. The dielectric properties of a particular electrical insulation at the instant of interaction with a high voltage transient would determine a level of the degradation of an electrical insulation. This work investigates how high voltage impulses would change Phase Resolved Partial Discharge (PRPD) patterns in test samples consisting of a cavity deliberately introduced between the sheets of oil-impregnated paper used in power transformer bushings. It also investigates how the change in PRPD patterns is related to the degradation level of oil-impregnated paper. In order to accomplish these objectives, the experiments were set in such a way that the effect of HV impulses and an early stage PD activity at an elevated AC stress, HV impulses in combination with a prolonged PD activity at an elevated AC stress, and a prolonged PD activity alone at an elevated AC stress could be investigated separately. The experimental results presented in this paper indicate that HV impulses below the impulse breakdown stress following an early stage AC PD activity would not cause a significant change in PRPD patterns, and would not damage oil-impregnated paper to a level which can be noticed by a visual observation. On the other hand, a prolonged AC PD activity alone can cause the change in PRPD patterns, but cannot quickly damage the oil-impregnated paper as it would do when it is combined with HV impulses. However, the combination of both, HV impulses and a prolonged AC PD activity caused a high drop in the PD parameters (total PD charge and a repetition rate). The study found that the decrease of the PD parameters can be considered as a sign of severe degradation of oil-impregnated paper.
Real Time Eye Detection and Tracking Method for Driver Assistance System

Drowsiness and fatigue of automobile drivers reduce the drivers’ abilities of vehicle control, natural reflex, recognition and perception. Such diminished vigilance level of drivers is observed at night driving or overdriving, causing accident and pose severe threat to mankind and society. Therefore it is very much necessary in this recent trend in automobile industry to incorporate driver assistance system that can detect drowsiness and fatigue of the drivers. This paper presents a nonintrusive prototype computer vision system for monitoring a driver’s vigilance in realtime. Eye tracking is one of the key technologies for future driver assistance systems since human eyes contain much information about the driver’s condition such as gaze, attention level, and fatigue level. One problem common to many eye tracking methods proposed so far is their sensitivity to lighting condition change. This tends to significantly limit their scope for automotive applications. This paper describes real time eye detection and tracking method that works under variable and realistic lighting conditions. It is based on a hardware system for the real-time acquisition of a driver’s images using IR illuminator and the software implementation for monitoring eye that can avoid the accidents.
Simulation environment to assess technology insertion impact and optimized manning

The reduction in life-cycle costs for Naval vessels is critical for operating a cost efficient and robust Navy. Computer based simulations are an effective tool for human system integration optimization, as well as for studying the risks associated with complex interaction between crew and systems. The proposed modular simulation environment empowers analysts to choose and integrate the best combination of agent, discrete event, and physics based simulations to address questions of manning. The environment embraces advances in complexity theory for simulating non-linear systems, knowledge discovery for data analysis and distributed computing for execution environment.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of terrorism and other civil conflict in Northern Ireland: randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder related to terrorism and other civil conflict in Northern Ireland.


DESIGN
Randomised controlled trial.


SETTING
Community treatment centre, Northern Ireland.


PARTICIPANTS
58 consecutive patients with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (median 5.2 years, range 3 months to 32 years) mostly resulting from multiple traumas linked to terrorism and other civil conflict.


INTERVENTIONS
Immediate cognitive therapy compared with a waiting list control condition for 12 weeks followed by treatment. Treatment comprised a mean of 5.9 sessions during 12 weeks and 2.0 sessions thereafter.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Primary outcome measures were patients' scores for post-traumatic stress disorder (post-traumatic stress diagnostic scale) and depression (Beck depression inventory). The secondary outcome measure was scores for occupational and social functioning (work related disability, social disability, and family related disability) on the Sheehan disability scale.


RESULTS
At 12 weeks after randomisation, immediate cognitive therapy was associated with significantly greater improvement than the waiting list control group in the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (mean difference 9.6, 95% confidence interval 3.6 to 15.6), depression (mean difference 10.1, 4.8 to 15.3), and self reported occupational and social functioning (mean difference 1.3, 0.3 to 2.5). Effect sizes from before to after treatment were large: post-traumatic stress disorder 1.25, depression 1.05, and occupational and social functioning 1.17. No change was observed in the control group.


CONCLUSION
Cognitive therapy is an effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder related to terrorism and other civil conflict.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN16228473 [controlled-trials.com].
Why Cosmologists Believe the Universe is Accelerating

Theoretical cosmologists were quick to be convinced by the evidence presented in 1998 for the accelerating Universe. I explain how this remarkable discovery was the missing piece in the grand cosmological puzzle. When found, it fit perfectly. For cosmologists, this added extra weight to the strong evidence of the SN Ia measurements themselves, making the result all the more believable.
Experimentation in software engineering

A framework is presented for analyzing most of the experimental work performed in software engineering over the past several years. The framework of experimentation consists of four categories corresponding to phases of the experimentation process: definition, planning, operation, and interpretation. A variety of experiments are described within the framework and their contribution to the software engineering discipline is discussed. Some recommendations for the application of the experimental process in software engineering are included.
The Environmental Effect of Land Use in the Tenure Systems in Ghana

GREGA LIBOR, ANKOMAH EMMANUEL KOFI. 2016. The Environmental Effect of Land Use in the Tenure Systems in Ghana. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 64(6): 1889–1897. This paper examines the land tenure system in Ghana and its impact on the environment. The main forms of land tenure systems are explained and the positive and negative impacts of each of these forms on the environment analysed. Specific attention is devoted to deforestation and soil depletion. The complex problems of land acquisition in Ghana, and the inherent insecurity effects on farming, which is considered to be the most important economic activity in the rural areas are examined. The analyses and the result proved that the insecurity of land tenure system has a direct relationship with the environment. Cross-sectional data analyses establishes that traditional forms of land acquisitions, ownership and land use form part of the main causes of environmental degradation in Ghana.
Randomized Trial of Verubecestat for Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain. Aβ is produced from the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) followed by γ-secretase. Verubecestat is an oral BACE-1 inhibitor that reduces the Aβ level in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease.


METHODS
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 78-week trial to evaluate verubecestat at doses of 12 mg and 40 mg per day, as compared with placebo, in patients who had a clinical diagnosis of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. The coprimary outcomes were the change from baseline to week 78 in the score on the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog; scores range from 0 to 70, with higher scores indicating worse dementia) and in the score on the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living Inventory scale (ADCS-ADL; scores range from 0 to 78, with lower scores indicating worse function).


RESULTS
A total of 1958 patients underwent randomization; 653 were randomly assigned to receive verubecestat at a dose of 12 mg per day (the 12-mg group), 652 to receive verubecestat at a dose of 40 mg per day (the 40-mg group), and 653 to receive matching placebo. The trial was terminated early for futility 50 months after onset, which was within 5 months before its scheduled completion, and after enrollment of the planned 1958 patients was complete. The estimated mean change from baseline to week 78 in the ADAS-cog score was 7.9 in the 12-mg group, 8.0 in the 40-mg group, and 7.7 in the placebo group (P=0.63 for the comparison between the 12-mg group and the placebo group and P=0.46 for the comparison between the 40-mg group and the placebo group). The estimated mean change from baseline to week 78 in the ADCS-ADL score was -8.4 in the 12-mg group, -8.2 in the 40-mg group, and -8.9 in the placebo group (P=0.49 for the comparison between the 12-mg group and the placebo group and P=0.32 for the comparison between the 40-mg group and the placebo group). Adverse events, including rash, falls and injuries, sleep disturbance, suicidal ideation, weight loss, and hair-color change, were more common in the verubecestat groups than in the placebo group.


CONCLUSIONS
Verubecestat did not reduce cognitive or functional decline in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease and was associated with treatment-related adverse events. (Funded by Merck; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01739348 .).
Exchange Rate Volatility, Inflation Uncertainty and Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria

This article examines the effect of exchange rate volatility and inflation uncertainty on foreign direct investment in Nigeria. The investigation covers the period between 1970 and 2005. Exchange rate volatility and inflation uncertainty were estimated using the GARCH model. Estimation results indicated that exchange rate volatility and inflation uncertainty exerted significant negative effect on foreign direct investment during the period. In addition, the results show that infrastructural development, appropriate size of the government sector and international competitiveness are crucial determinants of FDI inflow to the country. This enquiry supports the commitment of policymakers to exchange rate and macroeconomic stability as key to FDI boom in Nigeria.
Strategies for revising judgment: how (and how well) people use others' opinions.

A basic issue in social influence is how best to change one's judgment in response to learning the opinions of others. This article examines the strategies that people use to revise their quantitative estimates on the basis of the estimates of another person. The authors note that people tend to use 2 basic strategies when revising estimates: choosing between the 2 estimates and averaging them. The authors developed the probability, accuracy, redundancy (PAR) model to examine the relative effectiveness of these two strategies across judgment environments. A surprising result was that averaging was the more effective strategy across a wide range of commonly encountered environments. The authors observed that despite this finding, people tend to favor the choosing strategy. Most participants in these studies would have achieved greater accuracy had they always averaged. The identification of intuitive strategies, along with a formal analysis of when they are accurate, provides a basis for examining how effectively people use the judgments of others. Although a portfolio of strategies that includes averaging and choosing can be highly effective, the authors argue that people are not generally well adapted to the environment in terms of strategy selection.
A randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cardiac contractility modulation in advanced heart failure.

BACKGROUND
Cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) delivers nonexcitatory electrical signals to the heart during the absolute refractory period intended to improve contraction.


METHODS
We tested CCM in 428 New York Heart Association class III or IV, narrow QRS heart failure patients with ejection fraction (EF) ≤ 35% randomized to optimal medical therapy (OMT) plus CCM (n = 215) versus OMT alone (n = 213). Efficacy was assessed by ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), primary end point, peak Vo₂ (pVo₂), and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLWFQ) at 6 months. The primary safety end point was a test of noninferiority between groups at 12 months for the composite of all-cause mortality and hospitalizations (12.5% allowable delta).


RESULTS
The groups were comparable for age (58 ± 13 vs 59 ± 12 years), EF (26% ± 7% vs 26% ± 7%), pVo₂ (14.7 ± 2.9 vs 14.8 ± 3.2 mL kg⁻¹ min⁻¹), and other characteristics. While VAT did not improve at 6 months, CCM significantly improved pVo₂ and MLWHFQ (by 0.65 mL kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ [P = .024] and -9.7 points [P < .0001], respectively) over OMT. Forty-eight percent of OMT and 52% of CCM patients experienced a safety end point, which satisfied the noniferiority criterion (P = .03). Post hoc, hypothesis-generating analysis identified a subgroup (characterized by baseline EF ≥ 25% and New York Heart Association class III symptoms) in which all parameters were improved by CCM.


CONCLUSIONS
In the overall target population, CCM did not improve VAT (the primary end point) but did improve pVo₂ and MLWHFQ. Cardiac contractility modulation did not have an adverse affect on hospitalizations or mortality within the prespecified boundaries. Further study is required to clarify the role of CCM as a treatment for medically refractory heart failure.
How Children Learn the Meaning of Words and How LSA Does It ( Too )

For long psycholinguistics has tried to answer the question “how children learn the meaning of words?” Paul Bloom answers the question in his book with the same title. He argues that the mind does not have a module for language acquisition. Instead, children learn the meaning of words by a set of general cognitive abilities, including the ability to infer intentions, to perceive the world in terms of objects and events, and the ability to understand syntactic structures. As discourse psychologists we have to emphasize that children likely do not learn the meaning of words through learning words. Instead, it seems more likely that the meaning of words is acquired through discourse. Discourse can take the form of conversations by oneself, with others or by others, situated in time and space. In fact, one could argue that children learn—at least in part—words solely by understanding their relation in context. This is how some computational techniques approximate the meaning of words, sentences, paragraphs and texts. One such common technique is Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). LSA is a statistical, corpus-based, technique for representing world knowledge. It computes similarity comparisons for terms and documents by taking advantage of the fact that particular words occur in particular documents. LSA takes quantitative information about co-occurrences of words in documents (paragraphs and sentences) and translates this into an multidimensional space. In short, the input of LSA is a large coTHE JOURNAL OF THE LEARNING SCIENCES, 14(2), 301–309 Copyright © 2005, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Diachronic degradation of language models: Insights from social media

[1] Maarten Sap, Gregory Park, Johannes Eichstaedt, Margaret Kern, David Stillwell, Michal Kosinski, Lyle Ungar, and Hansen Andrew Schwartz. 2014. Developing age and gender predictive lexica over social media. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). pages 1146–1151. [2] Garg, N., Schiebinger, L., Jurafsky, D., & Zou, J. (2018). Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(16), E3635-E3644. [3] Daniel Preotiuc-Pietro, Sina Samangooei, Trevor Cohn, Nicholas Gibbins, and Mahesan Niranjan. 2012. Trendminer: An architecture for real time analysis of social media text RESOURCES
The Effects of Highly Challenging Balance Training in Elderly With Parkinson’s Disease

BACKGROUND
Highly challenging exercises have been suggested to induce neuroplasticity in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD); however, its effect on clinical outcomes remains largely unknown.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the short-term effects of the HiBalance program, a highly challenging balance-training regimen that incorporates both dual-tasking and PD-specific balance components, compared with usual care in elderly with mild to moderate PD.


METHODS
Participants with PD (n = 100) were randomized, either to the 10-week HiBalance program (n = 51) or to the control group (n = 49). Participants were evaluated before and after the intervention. The main outcomes were balance performance (Mini-BESTest), gait velocity (during normal and dual-task gait), and concerns about falling (Falls Efficacy Scale-International). Performance of a cognitive task while walking, physical activity level (average steps per day), and activities of daily living were secondary outcomes.


RESULTS
A total of 91 participants completed the study. After the intervention, the between group comparison showed significantly improved balance and gait performance in the training group. Moreover, although no significant between group difference was observed regarding gait performance during dual-tasking; the participants in the training group improved their performance of the cognitive task while walking, as compared with the control group. Regarding physical activity levels and activities of daily living, in comparison to the control group, favorable results were found for the training group. No group differences were found for concerns about falling.


CONCLUSIONS
The HiBalance program significantly benefited balance and gait abilities when compared with usual care and showed promising transfer effects to everyday living. Long-term follow-up assessments will further explore these effects.
"Haec habeant longos gaudia tanta dies": new discoveries concerning the portrait of the family of William Brooke, 10th Lord Cobham at Longleat House

The purpose of this article is to ask three questions concerning the historically significant and iconographically intricate 1567 portrait of William Brooke, 10th Lord Cobham, and his family, now at Longleat House near Warminster, Wiltshire (Figure 1.) The first question is more complex than it appears. Who are the sitters shown in the portrait? Second, who painted the portrait? Third, what are the messages, both concrete and symbolic, that the painter and the commissioner of the painting have authorized for incorporation in the work? In investigating these questions, this article seeks to examine new, hitherto unpublished material connected with this portrait and to place it in the context of a developing Continental tradition of secular domestic art.
Efficacy of Lapatinib in Therapy-Resistant HER2-Positive Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND
To evaluate the efficacy of lapatinib, a dual EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in therapy-resistant HER2-positive CTCs in metastatic breast cancer (MBC).


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients with MBC and HER2-positive CTCs despite disease stabilization or response to prior therapy, received lapatinib 1500 mg daily in monthly cycles, till disease progression or CTC increase. CTC monitoring was performed by immunofluorescent microscopy using cytospins of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) double stained for HER2 or EGFR and cytokeratin.


RESULTS
A total of 120 cycles were administered in 22 patients; median age was 62.5 years, 15 (68.2%) patients were post-menopausal and 20 (90.1%) had HER2-negative primary tumors. At the end of the second course, HER2-positive CTC counts decreased in 76.2% of patients; the median number of HER2-positive CTCs/patient also declined significantly (p = 0.013), however the decrease was significant only among patients presenting disease stabilization (p = 0.018) but not among those with disease progression during lapatinib treatment. No objective responses were observed. All CTC-positive patients harbored EGFR-positive CTCs on progression compared to 62.5% at baseline (p = 0.054). The ratio of EGFR-positive CTCs/total CTCs detected in all patients increased from 17.1% at baseline to 37.6% on progression, whereas the mean percentage of HER2-negative CTCs/patient increased from 2.4% to 30.6% (p = 0.03).


CONCLUSIONS
The above results indicate that lapatinib is effective in decreasing HER2-positive CTCs in patients with MBC irrespectively of the HER2 status of the primary tumor and imply the feasibility of monitoring the molecular changes on CTCs during treatment with targeted agents.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinical trial.gov NCT00694252.