LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Prostate cancer screening: the continuing controversy.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men, with a lifetime prevalence of 17 percent. Prostate cancer symptoms generally occur in advanced stages, making early detection desirable. Digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen testing are the most commonly used screening tools. The goal of screening is to detect clinically significant prostate cancers at a stage when intervention reduces morbidity and mortality; however, the merits and methods of screening continue to be debated. Prostate-specific antigen levels may be less than 4 ng per mL in 15 to 38 percent of men with cancer, indicating a high false-negative rate. The positive predictive value of the prostate-specific antigen test is approximately 30 percent; therefore, less than one in three men with an abnormal finding will have cancer on biopsy. These limitations of the prostate-specific antigen test have led to variations designed to improve its accuracy (e.g., age- and race-specific cutoffs, free prostate-specific antigen tests); however, none of these modifications have been widely adopted because of unclear benefits. Although treatments have improved in the past two decades, therapy for prostate cancer is not benign and may lead to urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, or bowel dysfunction. New evidence affecting screening recommendations continues to accumulate, and two large randomized controlled trials of screening will be completed in the next few years. Current guidelines recommend an individualized, targeted, patient-centered discussion to facilitate a shared decision about screening plans.
Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents

HENRY SfAAU lrwtzt.le /or .%cntijfc [n/.rmatio. Philadelphia, Pemqdvmia 191W A now form of document coupling called co-citation is deffned as tfm frequency with which two documents are cifed togother. Th* co-citation frequency of two tcientiflc papers can b. determined by comporing fists of citing documents in the Science Citafien Index and cwn$ing identical enwics. Networks of co-cited poperi can be generated for speciffc scientific specialties, and an ●xample it drawn from the fiteratum of particle physics. Co-cikttion potferns are found to differ tie. nincantly from bibliographic coupling potterns, but to ogree generally with patterns of direct citation. ChIsiorI of co-cited papers provide a new way to study the wecialty structure of scietico. 7hay moy provida o new approach to indexing and to th. creation of SDI pro film. ● Introduction B1bliographm mtatmns m smentdic pap+rs have bmn used by s mnety of researched to estahbsb relat iomhp among documents, Both direct citat]on-the citing of an earlier document by a new document-and hiblio. gtaphic coupling-the aharmg of one or more references by Iwo documents-have received comidentble attention (f, S, 9, 4) A related measure, which bas been over. looked m earlier dkcu.wions, is co-citation Unhke blbbograpbic coupling wbicb links source documents, co-cit-a. tion hnks cited dmumcnts and IS, therefore, analogous to a measure of descriptor or word asomatlon (5), Tbe purpme of thm paper IS to define th~ new kind of “coupling” and to distingwh it from biblicgm.pbic coupling, using an actual example from the literature of pbys]cs Co+tatwn patternt are found to dfler mgnificantly fmm biblicgrapbic mupling patterns, but to agree generally with patterns of direct citation
Analysis of the anatomic changes of the aging facial skeleton using computer-assisted tomography.

PURPOSE
The bony skeleton serves as the scaffolding for the soft tissues of the face; however, age-related changes of bony morphology are not well defined. This study sought to compare the anatomic relationships of the facial skeleton and soft tissue structures between young and old men and women.


METHODS
A retrospective review of CT scans of 100 consecutive patients imaged at Duke University Medical Center between 2004 and 2007 was performed using the Vitrea software package. The study population included 25 younger women (aged 18-30 years), 25 younger men, 25 older women (aged 55-65 years), and 25 older men. Using a standardized reference line, the distances from the anterior corneal plane to the superior orbital rim, lateral orbital rim, lower eyelid fat pad, inferior orbital rim, anterior cheek mass, and pyriform aperture were measured. Three-dimensional bony reconstructions were used to record the angular measurements of 4 bony regions: glabellar, orbital, maxillary, and pyriform aperture.


RESULTS
The glabellar (p = 0.02), orbital (p = 0.0007), maxillary (p = 0.0001), and pyriform (p = 0.008) angles all decreased with age. The maxillary pyriform (p = 0.003) and infraorbital rim (p = 0.02) regressed with age. Anterior cheek mass became less prominent with age (p = 0.001), but the lower eyelid fat pad migrated anteriorly over time (p = 0.007).


CONCLUSIONS
The facial skeleton appears to remodel throughout adulthood. Relative to the globe, the facial skeleton appears to rotate such that the frontal bone moves anteriorly and inferiorly while the maxilla moves posteriorly and superiorly. This rotation causes bony angles to become more acute and likely has an effect on the position of overlying soft tissues. These changes appear to be more dramatic in women.
Clinical trial: probiotic treatment of acute distal ulcerative colitis with rectally administered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN)

BACKGROUND
Probiotics are effective in inflammatory bowel diseases. Clinical effectiveness and dose dependency of E. coli Nissle (EcN) enemas were investigated in ulcerative colitis (UC).


METHODS
In a double-blind study, 90 patients with moderate distal activity in UC were randomly assigned to treatment with either 40, 20, or 10 ml enemas (N = 24, 23, 23) containing 10E8 EcN/ml or placebo (N = 20). The study medication was taken once daily for at least 2 weeks. After 2, 4 and/or 8 weeks the clinical DAI was assessed together with tolerance to treatment. Patients who reached clinical DAI <or= 2 within that time were regarded as responders.


RESULTS
According to ITT analysis the number of responders was not significantly higher in the EcN group than in the placebo group (p = 0.4430, 2-sided). However, the Jonckheere-Terpstra rank correlation for dose-dependent efficacy indicated a significant correlation of per-protocol responder rates (p = 0.0446, 2-sided). Time to remission was shortest with EcN 40 ml, followed by EcN 20 ml. The number of adverse events did not differ notably.


CONCLUSION
In contrast to ITT analysis, efficacy of rectal EcN application was significant in PP and points to EcN as a well tolerated treatment alternative in moderate distal UC.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
German Clinical Trials Register DRK00000234.
Chronic social isolation during adolescence augments catecholamine response to acute ethanol in the basolateral amygdala.

Adolescent social isolation (SI) results in numerous behavioral alterations associated with increased risk of alcoholism. Notably, many of these changes involve the basolateral amygdala (BLA), including increased alcohol seeking. The BLA sends a strong glutamatergic projection to the nucleus accumbens and activation of this pathway potentiates reward-seeking behavior. Dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) exert powerful excitatory and inhibitory effects on BLA activity and chronic stress can disrupt the excitation-inhibition balance maintained by these catecholamines. Notably, the impact of SI on BLA DA and NE neurotransmission is unknown. Thus the aim of this study was to characterize SI-mediated catecholamine alterations in the BLA. Male Long Evans rats were housed in groups of four (GH) or in SI for 6 weeks during adolescence. DA and NE transporter levels were then measured using Western blot hybridization and baseline and ethanol-stimulated DA and NE levels were quantified using microdialysis. DA transporter levels were increased and baseline DA levels were decreased in SI compared to GH rats. SI also increased DA responses to an acute ethanol (2 g kg(-1)) challenge. While no group differences were noted in NE transporter or baseline NE levels, acute ethanol (2 g kg(-1)) only significantly increased NE levels in SI animals. Collectively, these SI-dependent changes in BLA catecholamine signaling may lead to an increase in BLA excitability and a strengthening of the glutamatergic projection between the BLA and NAc. Such changes may promote the elevated ethanol drinking behavior observed in rats subjected to chronic adolescent stress.
Prevalence and associated factors of enuresis in Turkish children.

OBJECTIVE
Enuresis, which is frequently diagnosed amongst schoolchildren, is an important psychosocial problem for both parents and children. In the present study we aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of enuresis in Turkish children and to identify common methods for its management.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A cross sectional epidemiological study was performed among primary school children living in Ankara, Turkey. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared for this study and distributed to the parents of 1,500 schoolchildren whom aged 6-12 years.


RESULTS
Of the 1,500 questionnaires distributed, 1,339 (89%) were completed. The overall prevalence of nocturnal and diurnal enuresis were 17.5%(n=234) and 1.9% (n=25), respectively. Although male gender, low age, history of enuresis among parents, low educational level of the parents, deep sleep, increased number of siblings, increased number of people sleeping in the child's room, history of enuresis among siblings, poor school performance and history of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) were significantly associated with enuresis, but not with severe enuresis. The percentage of children with enuresis seen by physician for treatment was 17.2%. The most preferred treatment option for enuresis was medications (59.5%), whereas alarm treatment was the least preferred (2.4%).


CONCLUSIONS
Our results with enuresis prevalence and associated factors were comparable to other epidemiologic studies from various countries. Furthermore we demonstrated that families in Turkey do not pay sufficient attention to enuresis and most of enuretic children do not receive professional treatment.
Introduction to Diophantine Approximation. Part II

In the article we present in the Mizar system [1], [2] the formalized proofs for Hurwitz’ theorem [4, 1891] and Minkowski’s theorem [5]. Both theorems are well explained as a basic result of the theory of Diophantine approximations appeared in [3], [6]. A formal proof of Dirichlet’s theorem, namely an inequation |θ−y/x| ¬ 1/x has infinitely many integer solutions (x, y) where θ is an irrational number, was given in [8]. A finer approximation is given by Hurwitz’ theorem: |θ − y/x| ¬ 1/ √ 5x . Minkowski’s theorem concerns an inequation of a product of non-homogeneous binary linear forms such that |a1x + b1y + c1| · |a2x + b2y + c2| ¬ ∆/4 where ∆ = |a1b2 − a2b1| 6 = 0, has at least one integer solution.
Civitas: Toward a Secure Voting System

Civitas is the first electronic voting system that is coercion-resistant, universally and voter verifiable, and suitable for remote voting. This paper describes the design and implementation of Civitas. Assurance is established in the design through security proofs, and in the implementation through information-flow security analysis. Experimental results give a quantitative evaluation of the tradeoffs between time, cost, and security.
Cyber-Physical Control for Energy-Saving Vehicle Following With Connectivity

This article aims to develop an optimal look-ahead control framework to maximize car-following fuel economy, while fulfilling requirements of intervehicle safety. Three original contributions make this work distinctive from the existing relevant literature. First, a model predictive fuel-optimal controller is constructed to optimize the vehicle speed and continuously variable transmission (CVT) gear ratio. The controller leverages state trajectories of the leading vehicle transmitted via Vehicle-to-Vehicle/Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2V/V2I) communication. How operating conditions affect the engine efficiency and CVT efficiency is explicitly taken into account. Second, the controller is sufficiently evaluated in a variety of traffic flows, such as cruising, urban, and highway-like driving, and is compared with a short-sighted alternative without V2V/V2I connectivity. Finally, we further demonstrate the advantages of the proposed scheme by a comparison with two existing benchmark controllers.
Array-CGH in a series of 30 patients with mental retardation, dysmorphic features, and congenital malformations detected an interstitial 1p22.2-p31.1 deletion in a patient with features overlapping the Goldenhar syndrome.

Genosensor Array 300 (Abbott) is a multiplex platform for array-based comparative genomic hybridization that detects unbalanced genomic aberrations including whole chromosome gains/losses, microdeletions, duplications and unbalanced subtelomeric rearrangements. A series of 30 patients with unexplained mental retardation, dysmorphic features, congenital abnormalities and normal high resolution karyotype and FISH subtelomeric studies were analyzed using Genosensor Array 300 array-CGH. We identified a chromosomal aberration in one patient with an interstitial 1p31.1 deletion. FISH analysis with BACs specific probes of the 1p region confirmed the interstitial 1p22.2-p31.1 deletion. The patient was a 20-year-old man with short stature, facial dysmorphism including asymmetry, scoliosis, severe psychomotor delay and an epibulbar dermoid cyst. The phenotype was compatible with Goldenhar syndrome despite the absence of asymmetric ears. This observation is of interest since it could be a clue in the search for the genes responsible for Goldenhar syndrome. This study demonstrates the utility of the array-CGH technology in detecting interstitial deletions.
Strengthening electroless Co-based barrier layers by minor refractory-metal doping

Abstract An electrochemical seeding process without involving sensitization-activation and displacement-activation is presented to grow catalytic particles of sizes only ~ 4 nm, subsequently initializing the deposition of Co–B and Co–W–B barrier layers which have controlled amounts of solutes, Co 92 B 8 and Co 90 W 3 B 7 , on thermally oxidized SiO 2 layer on Si using electroless plating. Analyzing the Si/SiO 2 /barrier layer samples before and after thermal annealing (450 °C/1 h) using depth-profiling secondary ion mass spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy reveals that the Co 92 B 8 barrier layer is degraded by the mutual reactions between the barrier’s components, Co and B, and the outgoing Si, ultimately forming Co 2 Si and Co 2 B. However, doping a minor amount of tungsten not only strengthens the thermo-chemical and microstructure stability of the barrier layers, but also significantly reduces the self-diffusion of the matrix cobalt, and hence can prevent the intermixing of Co and Si. The strengthening behavior of the barrier layer by the doping of tungsten solute atoms will be clarified based on elemental depth-profiling and microstructure analyses.
Housing First, consumer choice, and harm reduction for homeless individuals with a dual diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES
We examined the longitudinal effects of a Housing First program for homeless, mentally ill individuals' on those individuals' consumer choice, housing stability, substance use, treatment utilization, and psychiatric symptoms.


METHODS
Two hundred twenty-five participants were randomly assigned to receive housing contingent on treatment and sobriety (control) or to receive immediate housing without treatment prerequisites (experimental). Interviews were conducted every 6 months for 24 months.


RESULTS
The experimental group obtained housing earlier, remained stably housed, and reported higher perceived choice. Utilization of substance abuse treatment was significantly higher for the control group, but no differences were found in substance use or psychiatric symptoms.


CONCLUSIONS
Participants in the Housing First program were able to obtain and maintain independent housing without compromising psychiatric or substance abuse symptoms.
Software-defined hyper-cellular architecture for green and elastic wireless access

To meet the surging demand of increasing mobile Internet traffic from diverse applications while maintaining moderate energy cost, the radio access network of cellular systems needs to take a green path into the future, and the key lies in providing elastic service to dynamic traffic demands. To achieve this, it is time to rethink RAN architectures and expect breakthroughs. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art literature, which aims to renovate RANs from the perspectives of control- traffic decoupled air interface, cloud-based RANs, and software-defined RANs. We then propose a software-defined hyper-cellular architecture (SDHCA) that identifies a feasible way to integrate the above three trends to enable green and elastic wireless access. We further present key enabling technologies to realize SDHCA, including separation of the air interface, green base station operations, and base station functions virtualization, followed by our hardware testbed for SDHCA. In addition, we summarize several future research issues worth investigating.
Isotopic data for Late Cretaceous intrusions and associated altered and mineralized rocks in the Big Belt Mountains, Montana

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Effective dimension of the Universe and violation of the Pauli principle

We discuss a Modified Field theory (MOFT) in which the number of fields can vary. It is shown that in MOFT at very large distances the effective number of spatial dimensions is D ≈ 2 which corresponds to the observed fractal distribution of galaxies and the logarithmic behavior of the Newton's potential for a point source. It is also shown that in MOFT fermions obey the so-called parastatistics and at large scales can violate the Pauli principle. The Modified Field Theory (MOFT) was suggested in Ref. [1] to account for spacetime foam effects and as it was recently demonstrated in Ref. [2] MOFT provides a reasonable alternative to the dark matter paradigm. It was shown that in some range of scales r min < r < r max the Newton's and Coulomb's energies of interaction between point particles in MOFT show essentially logarithmic (instead of 1/r) behavior. From the dynamical standpoint this looks as if every point source is surrounded with a halo of dark matter and dark charge. In addition to logarithmic potentials MOFT seems to require that the Universe has a fractal structure in the same range of scales with dimension D ≈ 2 [3], which is supported by the observed fractal distribution of galaxies (e.g., see Refs. [4]-[7]). It is natural to expect that these two facts (logarithmic potentials and the fractal distribution) have a common pure geometrical origin. In the present paper we show that it is really the case. It turns out that in the range of scales r min < r < r max there takes place some kind of a dimensional reduction of space, i.e., in this range an effective number of dimensions of the Universe is D ≈ 2. This, however, requires that fermionic and bosonic fields in MOFT have to be considered on an equal footing. Indeed, the basic idea of MOFT (e.g., see Ref. [1]) is the fact that nontrivial topology of space displays itself in the multivalued nature of all observable fields, i.e., the number of fields represents an additional dynamical variable. Moreover, the number of fields was shown to depend on the position in the momentum space [1, 2]. The topological origin of this additional variable means that the number of fields N (k) should represent a specific function of wave numbers k which is common for all types of fields and serves as a geometric characteristic of …
55-Word Stories About Medical Student's Clerkship Experiences.

Editor’s Note: 55-word stories were created in 1986 by Steve Moss, the founder of New Times, a weekly news and entertainment publication reporting on events in San Luis Obispo County, California. Since then, the medium (also referred to as “shorties”) has been used for many purposes by different communities. In the medical community, 55-word stories have chiefly been used as a tool for reflection and have been printed in publications including JAMA and Family Medicine, among others. Writing these über-short stories allows authors to distill their narrative down to its fundamental essence, enhancing its power with each progressive edit. 55-word stories are an excellent tool for reflection on challenging topics, and are being incorporated into many health care curricula. As one example Colonel Alyssa McManamon, MD, from the Uniformed Services University, and Captain Moira McGuire, BSN,RN-BC, CSC, from Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, collaborated to teach a 3-hour seminar in which third-year medical students used 55-word stories to explore “The Hidden Curriculum” of medical school. Below are four of those 55-word stories, describing an array of experiences by students during their core clerkship year of medical school. I think you will find them both thought provoking and poignant. — Adam K. Saperstein, MD, FAAFP
“Young people, adult worries”: RCT of an internet-based self-support method “Feel the ViBe” for children, adolescents and young adults exposed to family violence, a study protocol

BACKGROUND
Violence in families affects children. Exposure to violence is seen as child abuse. Figures show that about one third of children exposed to violence become victim or perpetrator in their adult life: known as intergenerational transmission. Violence also affects sexual and reproductive health. To prevent problems in adult life, children need help and support. However, while trying to protect their parents, children often do not seek help, or perceive the threshold as too high. Since almost all children of the current generation have access to the internet, an online intervention will make help better available for this target group. In 2011, an internet-based self-support method for children, adolescents and young adults exposed to family violence was developed in the Netherlands: "Feel the ViBe". The intervention was developed in close collaboration with the target group. This article describes the protocol of the RCT to study the effectiveness of this intervention.


METHODS/DESIGN
This study is a randomized controlled trial using the method of minimization to randomize the participants in two parallel groups with a 1:1 allocation ratio, being an intervention group, having access to "Feel the ViBe" and usual care (UC), and a control group, having access to minimally enhanced usual care (mEUC) followed by access to the intervention after twelve weeks. Outcomes are measured with questionnaires on PTSD symptoms, mental health and sexual and reproductive health. Routine Outcome Measurement (ROM) will be used to measure a direct effect of participating in the intervention. Data from a web evaluation questionnaire (WEQ), user statistics and qualitative analysis of online data will be used to support the findings. To compare results Cohen's d effect sizes will be used.


DISCUSSION
A RCT and process evaluation will test effectiveness and provide information of how the effects can be explained, how the intervention meets the expectation of participants and which possible barriers and facilitators for implementation exist. A qualitative analysis of the data will add information to interpret the quantitative data. This makes "Feel the ViBe" unique in its field.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
The Netherlands National Trial Register (NTR), trial ID NTR3692.