LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk.

BACKGROUND
Recent studies have raised the possibility of adverse effects of low sodium, particularly <2300 mg/d, on cardiovascular disease; however, these paradoxical findings might have resulted from suboptimal measurement of sodium and potential biases related to indication or reverse causation.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Phases 1 and 2 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) collected multiple 24-hour urine specimens among prehypertensive individuals. During extended post-trial surveillance, 193 cardiovascular events or cardiovascular disease deaths occurred among 2275 participants not in a sodium reduction intervention with 10 (TOHP II) or 15 (TOHP I) years of post-trial follow-up. Median sodium excretion was 3630 mg/d, with 1.4% of the participants having intake <1500 mg/d and 10% <2300 mg/d, consistent with national levels. Compared with those with sodium excretion of 3600 to <4800 mg/d, risk for those with sodium <2300 mg/d was 32% lower after multivariable adjustment (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-1.37; P for trend=0.13). There was a linear 17% increase in risk per 1000 mg/d increase in sodium (P=0.05). Spline curves supported a linear association of sodium with cardiovascular events, which continued to decrease from 3600 to 2300 and 1500 mg/d, although the data were sparse at the lowest levels. Controlling for creatinine levels had little effect on these results.


CONCLUSIONS
Results from the TOHP studies, which overcome the major methodological challenges of prior studies, are consistent with overall health benefits of reducing sodium intake to the 1500 to 2300 mg/d range in the majority of the population, in agreement with current dietary guidelines.
Internet addiction or excessive internet use.

BACKGROUND
Problematic Internet addiction or excessive Internet use is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges, or behaviors regarding computer use and Internet access that lead to impairment or distress. Currently, there is no recognition of internet addiction within the spectrum of addictive disorders and, therefore, no corresponding diagnosis. It has, however, been proposed for inclusion in the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM).


OBJECTIVE
To review the literature on Internet addiction over the topics of diagnosis, phenomenology, epidemiology, and treatment.


METHODS
Review of published literature between 2000-2009 in Medline and PubMed using the term "internet addiction.


RESULTS
Surveys in the United States and Europe have indicated prevalence rate between 1.5% and 8.2%, although the diagnostic criteria and assessment questionnaires used for diagnosis vary between countries. Cross-sectional studies on samples of patients report high comorbidity of Internet addiction with psychiatric disorders, especially affective disorders (including depression), anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several factors are predictive of problematic Internet use, including personality traits, parenting and familial factors, alcohol use, and social anxiety.


CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE
Although Internet-addicted individuals have difficulty suppressing their excessive online behaviors in real life, little is known about the patho-physiological and cognitive mechanisms responsible for Internet addiction. Due to the lack of methodologically adequate research, it is currently impossible to recommend any evidence-based treatment of Internet addiction.
Immune response and disease resistance of shrimp fed biofloc grown on different carbon sources.

The objective of this study was to document the immunological effects of growing shrimp in biofloc systems. The experiment consisted of four types of biofloc systems in which bioflocs were produced by daily supplementation of four different carbon sources, i.e. molasses, tapioca, tapioca-by-product, and rice bran, at an estimated C/N ratio of 15 and a control system without any organic carbon addition. Each biofloc system was stocked with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) juveniles that were reared for 49 days. The use of tapioca-by-product resulted in a higher survival (93%) of the shrimp as compared to the other carbon sources and the control. The highest yield and protein assimilation was observed when tapioca was used as the carbon source. After 49 days, phenoloxidase (PO) activity of the shrimp grown in all biofloc systems was higher than that of the shrimp from the control system. Following a challenge test by injection with infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), the levels of PO and respiratory burst (RB) activity in the shrimp of all biofloc treatments were higher than that of the challenged shrimp from the control treatment. An increased immunity was also suggested by the survival of the challenged shrimp from the experimental biofloc groups that was significantly higher as compared to the challenged shrimp from the control treatment, regardless of the organic carbon source used to grow the bioflocs. Overall, this study demonstrated that the application of biofloc technology may contribute to the robustness of cultured shrimp by immunostimulation and that this effect is independent of the type of carbon source used to grow the flocs.
Computers in Music Education

This paper provides a survey of the applications of computers in music teaching. The systems are classified by musical activity rather than by technical approach. The instructional strategies involved and the type of knowledge represented are highlighted and areas for future research are identified.
Analysis of Web User Identification Methods

Web usage mining has become a popular research area, as a huge amount of data is available online. These data can be used for several purposes, such as web personalization, web structure enhancement, web navigation prediction etc. However, the raw log files are not directly usable; they have to be preprocessed in order to transform them into a suitable format for different data mining tasks. One of the key issues in the preprocessing phase is to identify web users. Identifying users based on web log files is not a straightforward problem, thus various methods have been developed. There are several difficulties that have to be overcome, such as client side caching, changing and shared IP addresses and so on. This paper presents three different methods for identifying web users. Two of them are the most commonly used methods in web log mining systems, whereas the third on is our novel approach that uses a complex cookie-based method to identify web users. Furthermore we also take steps towards identifying the individuals behind the impersonal web users. To demonstrate the efficiency of the new method we developed an implementation called Web Activity Tracking (WAT) system that aims at a more precise distinction of web users based on log data. We present some statistical analysis created by the WAT on real data about the behavior of the Hungarian web users and a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the three methods Keywords—Data preparation, Tracking individuals, Web user identification, Web usage mining
Osseofix® system for percutaneous stabilization of osteoporotic and tumorous vertebral compression fractures - clinical and radiological results after 12 months.

PURPOSE
Determining whether implantation of an expandable titanium mesh cage (Osseofix® system) is a successful and safe minimally invasive therapy for osteoporotic and tumorous vertebral compression fractures (VCFs).


MATERIALS AND METHODS
32 patients (25 women, 7 men, mean age 71) with 46 osteoporotic or tumorous VCFs (T6 to L4) from June 2010 to January 2012 were included. All of them were stabilized with the Osseofix® system. Preinterventionally we performed X-ray, MRI, and bone density measurements (DXA). The clinical and radiological results were evaluated preop, postop and 12 months postop based on the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), X-ray (Beck Index, Cobb angle) and CT.


RESULTS
There was a significant improvement in pain intensity (VAS) (7.8 to 1.6) as well as a significant reduction in the mean ODI (71.36 % to 30.4 %) after 12 months. The mean kyphotic angle according to Cobb showed significant improvements (12.3° to 10.8°) after 12 months. Postinterventional imaging showed one case of loss of height in a stabilized lumbar vertebral body (2.2 %) in osteoporosis and one case with adjacent fracture (2.2 %) in osteoporosis. We saw no changes in the posterior vertebral wall. Except for one pronounced postoperative hematoma, we saw no surgical complications including no cement leakage.


CONCLUSION
The clinical mid-term results are good at a low complication rate. The stabilization of symptomatic osteoporotic and tumorous VCFs with the Osseofix® system is a safe and effective procedure, even in fractures with posterior wall involvement. The Osseofix® system is an interesting alternative to the established procedures of cement augmentation.


KEY POINTS
• The Osseofix® system is well suited for stabilizing osteoporotic and tumorous VCFs.• It is a safe and effective procedure without cement leakage and with a low complication rate.• The procedure is an interesting alternative to established cement augmentation procedures.
Abnormal quantitative EEG scores identify patients with complicated idiopathic generalised epilepsy

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between quantitative EEG (QEEG) scores and "complicating factors" (psychopathology, true pharmacoresistance, neurological symptoms) in idiopathic generalised epilepsy (IGE).


METHODS
35 newly referred, newly diagnosed, unmedicated IGE patients were collected in a prospective and random manner. Standard neuro-psychiatric and EEG examination was done. The patients were treated and controlled at regular visits. After 2 years of follow-up, clinical data were summarised and were compared to QEEG results. Clinical target items were neurologic and psychiatric abnormalities, proven pharmacoresistance. Patients with at least one of these items were labelled "complicated", whereas patients without these additional handicap were labelled as "uncomplicated". The 12 QEEG target variables were: Z-transformed absolute power values for three (anterior, central, posterior) brain regions and four frequency bands (1.5-3.5; 3.5-7.5; 7.5-12.5; 12.5-25.0 Hz). QEEG scores outside the +/- 2.5 Z range were accepted as abnormal. The overall QEEG result was classified as normal (0-2 abnormal scores), or pathological (3 or more abnormal scores). Clinical and QEEG results were correlated.


RESULTS
All patients with psychopathology showed 4-8 positive pathological scores (power excess not confined to a single cortical region or frequency band). The two patients with pure pharmacoresistance showed pathological negative values (delta power deficit) all over the scalp. Statistically significant (P < 0.001) association was found between patients with uncomplicated IGE and normal QEEG, and between complicated IGE and pathological QEEG. Patients with neurological items had normal QEEG.


CONCLUSION
Higher degree of cortical dysfunction (as assessed in the clinical setting) is reflected by higher degree of QEEG abnormalities. QEEG analysis can differentiate between IGE patients with or without psychopathology. Forecasting psychopathology may be the practical application of the findings.
Robotic needle guide for prostate brachytherapy: clinical testing of feasibility and performance.

PURPOSE
Optimization of prostate brachytherapy is constrained by tissue deflection of needles and fixed spacing of template holes. We developed and clinically tested a robotic guide toward the goal of allowing greater freedom of needle placement.


METHODS AND MATERIALS
The robot consists of a small tubular needle guide attached to a robotically controlled arm. The apparatus is mounted and calibrated to operate in the same coordinate frame as a standard template. Translation in x and y directions over the perineum ±40 mm are possible. Needle insertion is performed manually.


RESULTS
Five patients were treated in an institutional review board-approved study. Confirmatory measurements of robotic movements for initial 3 patients using infrared tracking showed mean error of 0.489 mm (standard deviation, 0.328 mm). Fine adjustments in needle positioning were possible when tissue deflection was encountered; adjustments were performed in 54 (30.2%) of 179 needles placed, with 36 (20.1%) of 179 adjustments of >2mm. Twenty-seven insertions were intentionally altered to positions between the standard template grid to improve the dosimetric plan or avoid structures such as pubic bone and blood vessels.


CONCLUSIONS
Robotic needle positioning provided a means of compensating for needle deflections and the ability to intentionally place needles into areas between the standard template holes. To our knowledge, these results represent the first clinical testing of such a system. Future work will be incorporation of direct control of the robot by the physician, adding software algorithms to help avoid robot collisions with the ultrasound, and testing the angulation capability in the clinical setting.
Schema-Based Top-Down Design of Logic Programs Using Abstract Data Types

This paper presents a set of schemata that support stepwise top-down design of logic programs using abstract data types (ADTs). There are thus three main components to this approach: top-down design , program schemata and ADTs, all of which are already well established notions. Our aim is to combine these ideas in a framework, amenable to support by design tools and allowing the use of existing logic program transformation techniques to optimise the nal programs.
A PRACTICAL MINIATURIZED U-SLOT PATCH ANTENNA WITH ENHANCED BANDWIDTH

In this paper, an asymmetric U-slot patch antenna with low probe diameter is presented. It will be shown that reduction in probe diameter causes in reduction in bandwidth. One of the characteristics of this antenna is keeping the bandwidth in 30% in spite of reduction in antenna size and use of low probe diameter compared to antenna presented in [1]. The presented antenna in this paper has been fabricated by pcb technique and tested. The far-field results have also been presented based on simulation and measurement. Although the antenna has high cross polarisation level, in the case of using circular polarisation, the use of this antenna can be recommended because of its reduced size, high impedance bandwidth, high total gain in spite of having low size, and ease of fabrication.
Comparison of isokinetic hip abduction and adduction peak torques and ratio between sexes.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate hip abductor and adductor peak torque outputs and compare their ratios between sexes.


DESIGN
A cross-sectional laboratory-controlled study.


SETTING
Participants visited a laboratory and performed an isokinetic hip abductor and adductor test. All participants performed 2 sets of 5 repetitions of concentric hip abduction and adduction in a standing position at 60 degrees per second. Gravity was determined as a function of joint angle relative to the horizontal plane and was corrected by normalizing the weight of the limb on an individual basis.


PARTICIPANTS
A total of 36 collegiate athletes.


INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Sex (20 females and 16 males).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Bilateral peak hip abductor and adductor torques were measured. The 3 highest peak torque values were averaged for each subject.


RESULTS
Independent t tests were used to compare sex differences in hip abductor and adductor peak torques and the abductor:adductor peak torque ratios. Males demonstrated significantly greater hip abductor peak torque compared with females (males 1.29 ± 0.24 Nm/kg, females 1.13 ± 0.20 Nm/kg; P = 0.03). Neither hip adductor peak torque nor their ratios differed between sexes.


CONCLUSIONS
Sex differences in hip abductor strength were observed. The role of weaker hip abductors in females deserves further attention and may be a factor for higher risk of knee pathologies.
Low-voltage CMOS analog four quadrant multiplier based on flipped voltage followers

A compact CMOS low-voltage analog four quadrant transconductance amplifier based on flipped voltage followers and transistors operating in triode mode is introduced and experimentally verified. The circuit has a feedforward architecture and features high bandwidth, low distortion, and operates with a single supply voltage of 1.5 V in a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Extension of the proposed circuit into a generalized multiplier with "n" input pairs is discussed. Simulations and experimental results are shown that verify the characteristics of the proposed multiplier.
Impact of preoperative change in physical function on postoperative recovery: argument supporting prehabilitation for colorectal surgery.

BACKGROUND
Abdominal surgery represents a physiologic stress and is associated with a period of recovery during which functional capacity is often diminished. "Prehabilitation" is a program to increase functional capacity in anticipation of an upcoming stressor. We reported recently the results of a randomized trial comparing 2 prehabilitation programs before colorectal surgery (stationary cycling plus weight training versus a recommendation to increase walking coupled with breathing exercises); however, adherence to the programs was low. The objectives of this study were to estimate: (1) the extent to which physical function could be improved with either prehabilitation program and identify variables associated with response; and (2) the impact of change in preoperative function on postoperative recovery.


METHODS
This study involved a reanalysis of data arising from a randomized trial. The primary outcome measure was functional walking capacity measured by the Six-Minute Walk Test; secondary outcomes were anxiety, depression, health-related quality of life, and complications (Clavien classification). Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the extent to which key variables predicted change in functional walking capacity over the prehabilitation and follow-up periods.


RESULTS
We included 95 people who completed the prehabilitation phase (median, 38 days; interquartile range, 22-60), and 75 who were also evaluated postoperatively (mean, 9 weeks). During prehabilitation, 33% improved their physical function, 38% stayed within 20 m of their baseline score, and 29% deteriorated. Among those who improved, mental health, vitality, self-perceived health, and peak exercise capacity also increased significantly. Women were less likely to improve; low baseline walking capacity, anxiety, and the belief that fitness aids recovery were associated with improvements during prehabilitation. In the postoperative phase, the patients who had improved during prehabilitation were also more likely to have recovered to their baseline walking capacity than those with no change or deterioration (77% vs 59% and 32%; P = .0007). Patients who deteriorated were at greater risk of complications requiring reoperation and/or intensive care management. Significant predictors of poorer recovery included deterioration during prehabilitation, age >75 years, high anxiety, complications requiring intervention, and timing of follow-up assessment.


CONCLUSION
In a group of patients undergoing scheduled colorectal surgery, meaningful changes in functional capacity can be achieved over several weeks of prehabilitation. Patients and those who care for them, especially those with poor physical capacity, should consider a prehabilitation regimen to enhance functional exercise capacity before colectomy.
The price sensitivity of cigarette consumption in Bangladesh: evidence from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Bangladesh Wave 1 (2009) and Wave 2 (2010) Surveys.

BACKGROUND
In Bangladesh, the average excise tax on cigarettes accounted for just 38% of the average retail price of cigarettes in 2009, and 45% in 2010. Both these rates are well below the WHO recommended share of 70% of the retail price at a minimum. There is thus ample room for raising taxes on cigarettes in Bangladesh. The objective of the present work was therefore to estimate the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes and the effect of tax increases on the consumption of cigarettes and on tax revenue in Bangladesh.


METHODS
Based on data from Wave 1 (2009) and Wave 2 (2010) of the International Tobacco Control Bangladesh Survey, we estimated the overall impact of a price change on cigarette demand using a two-part model. The total price elasticity of cigarettes was measured by the sum of the elasticity of smoking prevalence and the elasticity of average daily consumption conditional on smoking participation. The price elasticity estimates were used in a simulation model to predict changes in cigarette consumption and tax revenue from tax and price increases.


RESULTS
The total price elasticity of demand for cigarettes was estimated at -0.49. The elasticity of smoking prevalence accounted for 59% of the total price elasticity. The price elasticity of cigarette consumption is higher for people belonging to lower socioeconomic status. Increases in taxes would result in a significant reduction in cigarette consumption while increasing tax revenue.


CONCLUSIONS
Raising cigarette prices through increased taxation could lead to a win-win-win situation in Bangladesh: it would reduce cigarette consumption, increase tobacco tax revenue and potentially decrease socioeconomic inequities.
Adequate magnesium nutrition mitigates adverse effects of heat stress on maize and wheat

Heat stress is a growing concern in crop production because of global warming. In many cropping systems heat stress often occurs simultaneously with other environmental stress factors such as mineral nutrient deficiencies. This study aimed to investigate the role of adequate magnesium (Mg) nutrition in mitigating the detrimental effects of heat stress on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays). Wheat and maize plants were grown in solution culture with low or adequate Mg supply at 25/22 °C (light/dark). Half of the plants were, then, exposed to heat stress at 35/28 °C (light/dark). Development of leaf chlorosis and changes in root and shoot growth, chlorophyll and Mg concentrations as well as the activities of major antioxidative enzymes were quantified in the experimental plants. Additionally, maize plants were analyzed for the specific weights (e.g., dry or fresh weight per a given leaf surface area) and soluble carbohydrate concentrations of sink and source leaves. Visual leaf symptoms of Mg deficiency were aggravated in wheat and maize when exposed to heat stress. In both species, root growth was more sensitive to Mg deficiency than shoot growth, and the shoot-to-root ratios peaked when heat stress was combined with Mg deficiency. Magnesium deficiency markedly reduced soluble carbohydrate concentrations in young leaf; but resulted in substantial increase in source leaves. Magnesium deficiency also increased activities of antioxidative enzymes, especially when combined with heat stress. The highest activities of superoxide dismutase (up to 80 % above the control), glutathione reductase (up to 250 % above the control) and ascorbate peroxidase (up to 300 % above the control) were measured when Mg-deficient plants were subjected to heat, indicating stimulated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Mg deficient leaves under heat stress. Magnesium deficiency increases susceptibility of wheat and maize plants to heat stress, probably by increasing oxidative cellular damage caused by ROS. Ensuring a sufficiently high Mg supply for crop plants through Mg fertilization is a critical factor for minimizing heat-related losses in crop production.