LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Continuously heterogeneous hyper-objects in cryo-EM and 3-D movies of many temporal dimensions

Single particle cryo-electron microscopy (EM) is an increasingly popular method for determining the 3-D structure of macromolecules from noisy 2-D images of single macromolecules whose orientations and positions are random and unknown. One of the great opportunities in cryo-EM is to recover the structure of macromolecules in heterogeneous samples, where multiple types or multiple conformations are mixed together. Indeed, in recent years, many tools have been introduced for the analysis of multiple discrete classes of molecules mixed together in a cryo-EM experiment. However, many interesting structures have a continuum of conformations which do not fit discrete models nicely; the analysis of such continuously heterogeneous models has remained a more elusive goal. In this manuscript we propose to represent heterogeneous molecules and similar structures as higher dimensional objects. We generalize the basic operations used in many existing reconstruction algorithms, making our approach generic in the sense that, in principle, existing algorithms can be adapted to reconstruct those higher dimensional objects. As proof of concept, we present a prototype of a new algorithm which we use to solve simulated reconstruction problems.
Prosthesis Design for Bilateral Hip Disarticulation Management

Hip disarticulation is an amputation through the hip joint capsule, removing the entire lower extremity, with closure of the remaining musculature over the exposed acetabulum. Tumors of the distal and proximal femur were treated by total femur resection; a hip disarticulation sometimes is performance for massive trauma with crush injuries to the lower extremity. This article discusses the design a system for rehabilitation of a patient with bilateral hip disarticulations. The prosthetics designed allowed the patient to do natural gait suspended between parallel articulate crutches with the body weight support between the crutches. The care of this patient was a challenge due to bilateral amputations at such a high level and the special needs of a patient mobility. Keywords— Amputation, prosthesis, mobility,
Precision surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) oscillators

The evolution of SAW oscillator technology over the past 17 years is described and a review of the current state of the art for high-performance SAW oscillators is presented. This review draws heavily upon the authors' own experience and efforts, which have focused upon the development of a wide variety of SAW oscillators in response to numerous high-performance military system requirements.<<ETX>>
External Loopback Testing Experiences with High Speed Serial Interfaces

Data eye margin test used in conjunction with loopback configuration has become a popular design for test (DFT) based test method for high speed links. This paper summarizes the DFT circuitry and test methods for supporting high speed serial interfaces (e.g. S-ATA,). The challenges of no-touch test methods in an external loopback environment are discussed. We close with a summary of our manufacturing experiences and directions for future improvement.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETS): status, results, and challenges

Recent advances in hardware, software, and communication technologies are enabling the design and implementation of a whole range of different types of networks that are being deployed in various environments. One such network that has received a lot of interest in the last couple of S. Zeadally ( ) Network Systems Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of the District of Columbia, 4200, Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20008, USA e-mail: szeadally@udc.edu R. Hunt Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand e-mail: ray.hunt@canterbury.ac.nz Y.-S. Chen Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University, 151, University Rd., San Shia, Taipei County, Taiwan e-mail: yschen@mail.ntpu.edu.tw Y.-S. Chen e-mail: yschen@csie.ntpu.edu.tw Y.-S. Chen e-mail: yschen.iet@gmail.com A. Irwin School of Computer and Information Science, University of South Australia, Room F2-22a, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia e-mail: angela.irwin@unisa.edu.au A. Hassan School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering, Halmstad University, Kristian IV:s väg 3, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden e-mail: aamhas06@student.hh.se years is the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET). VANET has become an active area of research, standardization, and development because it has tremendous potential to improve vehicle and road safety, traffic efficiency, and convenience as well as comfort to both drivers and passengers. Recent research efforts have placed a strong emphasis on novel VANET design architectures and implementations. A lot of VANET research work have focused on specific areas including routing, broadcasting, Quality of Service (QoS), and security. We survey some of the recent research results in these areas. We present a review of wireless access standards for VANETs, and describe some of the recent VANET trials and deployments in the US, Japan, and the European Union. In addition, we also briefly present some of the simulators currently available to VANET researchers for VANET simulations and we assess their benefits and limitations. Finally, we outline some of the VANET research challenges that still need to be addressed to enable the ubiquitous deployment and widespead adoption of scalable, reliable, robust, and secure VANET architectures, protocols, technologies, and services.
Tinnitus with a normal audiogram: Relation to noise exposure but no evidence for cochlear synaptopathy

In rodents, exposure to high-level noise can destroy synapses between inner hair cells and auditory nerve fibers, without causing hair cell loss or permanent threshold elevation. Such "cochlear synaptopathy" is associated with amplitude reductions in wave I of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) at moderate-to-high sound levels. Similar ABR results have been reported in humans with tinnitus and normal audiometric thresholds, leading to the suggestion that tinnitus in these cases might be a consequence of synaptopathy. However, the ABR is an indirect measure of synaptopathy and it is unclear whether the results in humans reflect the same mechanisms demonstrated in rodents. Measures of noise exposure were not obtained in the human studies, and high frequency audiometric loss may have impacted ABR amplitudes. To clarify the role of cochlear synaptopathy in tinnitus with a normal audiogram, we recorded ABRs, envelope following responses (EFRs), and noise exposure histories in young adults with tinnitus and matched controls. Tinnitus was associated with significantly greater lifetime noise exposure, despite close matching for age, sex, and audiometric thresholds up to 14 kHz. However, tinnitus was not associated with reduced ABR wave I amplitude, nor with significant effects on EFR measures of synaptopathy. These electrophysiological measures were also uncorrelated with lifetime noise exposure, providing no evidence of noise-induced synaptopathy in this cohort, despite a wide range of exposures. In young adults with normal audiograms, tinnitus may be related not to cochlear synaptopathy but to other effects of noise exposure.
Online scheduling of workflow applications in grid environments

Scheduling workflow applications in grid environments is a great challenge, because it is an NPcomplete problem. Many heuristic methods have been presented in the literature and most of them deal with a single workflow application at a time. In recent years, several heuristic methods have been proposed to deal with concurrent workflows or online workflows, but they do not work with workflows composed of data-parallel tasks. In this paper, we present an online scheduling approach for multiple mixed-parallel workflows in grid environments. The proposed approach was evaluated with a series of simulation experiments and the results show that the proposed approach delivers good performance and outperforms other methods under various workloads. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A review on food safety and food hygiene studies in Ghana

Food safety and hygiene in Ghana was studied using desk top literature review. Food research was highly concentrated in the capital city of the country and most research focus were on commercial food operations specifically street foods and microbiological safety with limited information from institutional catering and other forms of food hazards. The media currently serves as the main source for reporting of food borne diseases. Food establishments and other sources contributing to food borne diseases included restaurants, food joints, food vendors, schools and individual homes. Limited use of prerequisites measures and food safety management systems was identified. Recommendations on regulating the General Hygiene Principles, implementation of HACCP to strengthen the food sector, regular food safety and hygiene workshops and training for food handlers that commensurate with their roles were made. Government support for SMEs and food handler's health screening were made.
Energy-Efficient Adaptive Power Allocation for Incremental MIMO Systems

We consider energy-efficient adaptive power allocation for three incremental multiple-input-multiple-output (IMIMO) systems employing automatic repeat request (ARQ), hybrid ARQ (HARQ) with Chase combining (CC), and HARQ with incremental redundancy (IR) to minimize their rate-outage probability (or equivalently packet drop rate) under a constraint on average energy consumption per data packet. We first provide the rate-outage probability expressions for the three IMIMO systems and then propose methods to convert them into a tractable form and formulate the corresponding nonconvex optimization problems that can be solved by an interior-point algorithm for finding a local optimum. To reduce further the solution complexity, using an asymptotically equivalent approximation of the rate-outage probability expressions, we approximate the nonconvex optimization problems as a unified geometric programming problem (GPP), for which we derive the closed-form solution. Illustrative results indicate that the proposed power allocation (PPA) offers significant gains in energy savings as compared with the equal power allocation (EPA), and the simple closed-form GPP solution can provide closer performance to the exact method at lower values of rate-outage probability for the three IMIMO systems.
A TUTORIAL ON SUBSPACE CLUSTERING

The past few years have witnessed an explosion in the availability of data from multiple sources and modalities. For example, millions of cameras have been installed in buildings, streets, airports and cities around the world. This has generated extraordinary advances on how to acquire, compress, store, transmit and process massive amounts of complex high-dimensional data. Many of these advances have relied on the observation that, even though these data sets are high-dimensional, their intrinsic dimension is often much smaller than the dimension of the ambient space. In computer vision, for example, the number of pixels in an image can be rather large, yet most computer vision models use only a few parameters to describe the appearance, geometry and dynamics of a scene. This has motivated the development of a number of techniques for finding a low-dimensional representation of a high-dimensional data set. Conventional techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), assume that the data is drawn from a single low-dimensional subspace of a high-dimensional space. Such approaches have found widespread applications in many fields, e.g., pattern recognition, data compression, image processing, bioinformatics, etc. In practice, however, the data points could be drawn from multiple subspaces and the membership of the data points to the subspaces might be unknown. For instance, a video sequence could contain several moving objects and different subspaces might be needed to describe the motion of different objects in the scene. Therefore, there is a need to simultaneously cluster the data into multiple subspaces and find a low-dimensional subspace fitting each group of points. This problem, known as subspace clustering, has found numerous applications in computer vision (e.g., image segmentation [1], motion segmentation [2] and face clustering [3]), image processing (e.g., image representation and compression [4]) and systems theory (e.g., hybrid system identification [5]). A number of approaches to subspace clustering have been proposed in the past two decades. A review of methods from the data mining community can be found in [6]. This article will present methods from the machine learning and computer vision communities, including algebraic methods [7, 8, 9, 10], iterative methods [11, 12, 13, 14, 15], statistical methods [16, 17, 18, 19, 20], and spectral clustering-based methods [7, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. We review these methods, discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and evaluate their performance on the motion segmentation and face clustering problems. P
Evaluating the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Since 2012 four US states have legalized the retail sale of cannabis for recreational use by adults, and more are likely to follow. This report aimed to (1) briefly describe the regulatory regimes so far implemented; (2) outline their plausible effects on cannabis use and cannabis-related harm; and (3) suggest what research is needed to evaluate the public health impact of these policy changes.


METHOD
We reviewed the drug policy literature to identify: (1) plausible effects of legalizing adult recreational use on cannabis price and availability; (2) factors that may increase or limit these effects; (3) pointers from studies of the effects of legalizing medical cannabis use; and (4) indicators of cannabis use and cannabis-related harm that can be monitored to assess the effects of these policy changes.


RESULTS
Legalization of recreational use will probably increase use in the long term, but the magnitude and timing of any increase is uncertain. It will be critical to monitor: cannabis use in household and high school surveys; cannabis sales; the number of cannabis plants legally produced; and the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of cannabis. Indicators of cannabis-related harms that should be monitored include: car crash fatalities and injuries; emergency department presentations; presentations to addiction treatment services; and the prevalence of regular cannabis use among young people in mental health services and the criminal justice system.


CONCLUSIONS
Plausible effects of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States include substantially reducing the price of cannabis and increasing heavy use and some types of cannabis-related harm among existing users. In the longer term it may also increase the number of new users.
Neurotoxin Mechanisms and Processes Relevant to Parkinson’s Disease: An Update

The molecular mechanism responsible for degenerative process in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains unknown. One major advance in this field has been the discovery of several genes associated to familial PD, including alpha synuclein, parkin, LRRK2, etc., thereby providing important insight toward basic research approaches. There is an consensus in neurodegenerative research that mitochon dria dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction, aggregation of alpha synuclein to neurotoxic oligomers, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and neuroinflammation are involved in degeneration of the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons that are lost in the disease. An update of the mechanisms relating to neurotoxins that are used to produce preclinical models of Parkinson´s disease is presented. 6-Hydroxydopamine, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and rotenone have been the most wisely used neurotoxins to delve into mechanisms involved in the loss of dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin. Neurotoxins generated from dopamine oxidation during neuromelanin formation are likewise reviewed, as this pathway replicates neurotoxin-induced cellular oxidative stress, inactivation of key proteins related to mitochondria and protein degradation dysfunction, and formation of neurotoxic aggregates of alpha synuclein. This survey of neurotoxin modeling—highlighting newer technologies and implicating a variety of processes and pathways related to mechanisms attending PD—is focused on research studies from 2012 to 2014.
Review of anatomy, evaluation, and treatment of musculoskeletal pelvic floor pain in women.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this review is 2-fold. The first is to provide a review for physiatrists already providing care for women with musculoskeletal pelvic floor pain and a resource for physiatrists who are interested in expanding their practice to include this patient population. The second is to describe how musculoskeletal dysfunctions involving the pelvic floor can be approached by the physiatrist using the same principles used to evaluate and treat others dysfunctions in the musculoskeletal system. This discussion clarifies that evaluation and treatment of pelvic floor pain of musculoskeletal origin is within the scope of practice for physiatrists. The authors review the anatomy of the pelvic floor, including the bony pelvis and joints, muscle and fascia, and the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems. Pertinent history and physical examination findings are described. The review concludes with a discussion of differential diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal pelvic floor pain in women. Improved recognition of pelvic floor dysfunction by healthcare providers will reduce impairment and disability for women with pelvic floor pain. A physiatrist is in the unique position to treat the musculoskeletal causes of this condition because it requires an expert grasp of anatomy, function, and the linked relationship between the spine and pelvis. Further research regarding musculoskeletal causes and treatment of pelvic floor pain will help validate these concepts and improve awareness and care for women limited by this condition.
A deadly design.

On September 30, 1991, registered nurse Bev Holmwood sustained a needlestick injury while working in a Vancouver Island operating room. Just over two months later she died, the result of hepatitis C she contracted during the accident. Her story is a sad reminder of what research has already shown: Sharps injuries are the single greatest cause of serious, and often deadly, infection among nurses and other health care workers.
Catching the Drift: Probabilistic Content Models, with Applications to Generation and Summarization

We consider the problem of modeling the content structureof texts within a specific domain, in terms of the topics the texts address and the order in which these topics appear. We first present an effective knowledge-lean method for learning content models from unannotated documents, utilizing a novel adaptation of algorithms for Hidden Markov Models. We then apply our method to two complementary tasks: information ordering and extractive summarization. Our experiments show that incorporating content models in these applications yields substantial improvement over previously-proposed methods. Publication info: HLT-NAACL 2004: Proceedings of the Main Conference , pp. 113–120.
Direct exfoliation of graphite in water with addition of ammonia solution.

To bring graphene closer to its real-world applications, finding a green, low-cost, environment-friendly and less toxic solvent for production of high-quality graphene is highly demanded. However, water, the most widely used green solvent, is generally considered to be a poor solvent for hydrophobic graphene. In this study, we exfoliate graphene nanosheets directly in basic water without surfactants, polymers or organic solvents. The addition of a small amount of ammonia solution achieves the exfoliation of few-layer graphene nanosheets from pristine graphite. Diverse characterization methods are employed to investigate the morphology and quality of as-prepared graphene sheets. The release of gaseous ammonia plays the key role in exfoliation of graphene. The concentration of stable graphene dispersions can reach 0.058mg/mL.
Personalized Risk Scoring for Critical Care Prognosis Using Mixtures of Gaussian Processes

Objective: In this paper, we develop a personalized real-time risk scoring algorithm that provides timely and granular assessments for the clinical acuity of ward patients based on their (temporal) lab tests and vital signs; the proposed risk scoring system ensures timely intensive care unit admissions for clinically deteriorating patients. Methods: The risk scoring system is based on the idea of sequential hypothesis testing under an uncertain time horizon. The system learns a set of latent patient subtypes from the offline electronic health record data, and trains a mixture of Gaussian Process experts, where each expert models the physiological data streams associated with a specific patient subtype. Transfer learning techniques are used to learn the relationship between a patient's latent subtype and her static admission information (e.g., age, gender, transfer status, ICD-9 codes, etc). Results: Experiments conducted on data from a heterogeneous cohort of 6321 patients admitted to Ronald Reagan UCLA medical center show that our score significantly outperforms the currently deployed risk scores, such as the Rothman index, MEWS, APACHE, and SOFA scores, in terms of timeliness, true positive rate, and positive predictive value. Conclusion: Our results reflect the importance of adopting the concepts of personalized medicine in critical care settings; significant accuracy and timeliness gains can be achieved by accounting for the patients’ heterogeneity.  Significance: The proposed risk scoring methodology can confer huge clinical and social benefits on a massive number of critically ill inpatients who exhibit adverse outcomes including, but not limited to, cardiac arrests, respiratory arrests, and septic shocks.
Negative group velocity in left-handed materials

In 1968, Veselago posed that media with simultaneous negative values of the permittivity and permeability would exhibit a negative index of refraction (Soviet Physics Uspekhi, vol. 10, pp. 509-514, 1968.). Due to the left-handed relationship between the electric field, magnetic field, and wave vector in these materials he termed them left-handed media (LHM). These LHM are expected to have many unusual properties such as inverted Snell's law, Doppler shift and Cherenkov radiation. However, until recently, such materials were unavailable and these predictions remained uncorroborated for nearly thirty years. As with any new field, the topic of the LHM suffers from some misconceptions and misunderstandings. One such misconception has to do with the notion of negative group velocity which has been closely linked with these media (R.A. Shelby et al, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 78, pp. 489-91, 2001) and in fact has been used as equivalent to the term LHM. In this paper, the existence and meaning of negative group velocity in LHM are discussed. It is shown that similar to normal right-handed media (RHM), LHM can also exhibit a negative group velocity and group delay within the region of anomalous dispersion (/spl delta/n//spl delta//spl omega/<0). On the other hand, in the experiments presented so far, the researchers have only measured positive group velocity and negative phase velocity corresponding to so called backward waves (BWs).