LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A new hybrid method based on Particle Swarm Optimization, Ant Colony Optimization and 3-Opt algorithms for Traveling Salesman Problem

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the standard test problems used in performance analysis of discrete optimization algorithms. The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm appears among heuristic algorithms used for solving discrete optimization problems. In this study, a new hybrid method is proposed to optimize parameters that affect performance of the ACO algorithm using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In addition, 3-Opt heuristic method is added to proposed method in order to improve local solutions. The PSO algorithm is used for detecting optimum values of parameters  ̨ and ˇ which are used for city selection operations in the ACO algorithm and determines significance of inter-city pheromone and distances. The 3-Opt algorithm is used for the purpose of improving city selection operations, which could not be improved due to falling in local minimums by the ACO algorithm. The performance of proposed hybrid method is investigated on ten different benchmark problems taken from literature and it is compared to the performance of some well-known algorithms. Experimental results show that the performance of proposed method by using fewer ants than the number of cities for the TSPs is better than the performance of compared methods in most cases in terms of solution quality and robustness. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Body talk among college men: content, correlates, and effects.

Though researchers are beginning to examine body-related talk in women (often referred to as fat talk), little work has examined how men talk about their bodies with peers. The two studies presented in this article explore body talk among U.S. college men. First, an online survey examined the frequency with which college men engage in negative body talk, the content of these conversations, and the body image variables associated with engaging in this type of talk. Negative body talk in men was associated with drive for muscularity, eating disordered behavior, and appearance investment. Study 2 experimentally examined the effects of hearing male peers engage in negative body talk. Hearing muscle talk or fat talk caused decreased state appearance self-esteem and increased state body dissatisfaction. The correlates and consequences of negative body talk among men appear no less troubling than those identified among women.
Chromatin: Nucleosome assembly during DNA replication

In the cells of higher eukaryotes, the genomic DNA, which is of a few metres in length, is compacted in such a way as to be confined within a nucleus only micrometres in diameter. This impressive compaction is brought about by association of the DNA with nuclear proteins, of which histones are the most prevalent. The resulting complex nucleoprotein structure is known as chromatin, and the basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome core particle. This particle comprises 146 bp of DNA wrapped in nearly two turns around an octamer of histone proteins, made up of two copies of each of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4.
Counting the cost of water use in hydroelectric generation in Scotland

Increasing the proportion of renewable capacity in the national energy mix may give rise to a range of economic costs. This paper considers the nature of water use in hydroelectric generation in Scotland. Hydroelectric generation is currently the highest volumetric use of water in Scotland. After calculating this volume, the paper considers the nature of some of the non-priced costs associated with this use. The paper is set in the context of the transposed EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), which states that users of water should face the full costs. This article of the Directive has yet to be fully implemented, and may have consequences for hydroelectricity that have not yet been fully explored. For example, the low value of water use in hydro schemes compared to competing uses, implies an opportunity cost, which is a signal of potential resource misallocation that the WFD aims to address. In practice however, there are likely to be limited circumstances where economic misallocation can be practically redressed. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
WEALTHY – a wearable healthcare system : new frontier on e-textile

A comfortable health monitoring system named WEALTHY is presented. The system is based on a wearable interface implemented by integrating fabric sensors, advanced signal processing techniques and modern telecommunication systems, on a textile platform. Conducting and piezoresistive materials in form of fibre and yarn are integrated in a garment and used as sensors, connectors and electrode elements. Simultaneous recording of vital signs allows extrapolation of more complex parameters and inter-signal elaboration that contribute to produce alert messages and patient table. The purpose of this publication is to evaluate the performance of the textile platform and the possibility of the simultaneous acquisition of several biomedical signals. Keywords— fabric sensors, fabric electrodes, physiological
Medical Resource Use and Cost of Venlafaxine or Tricyclic Antidepressant Therapy

Objective: An analysis of administrative and claims data was performed to compare the resource use and costs to a managed-care organisation of venlafaxine, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), versus tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) therapy. after switching from a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Design: One-year costs and frequencies of all medical services, and of services coded for depression, were compared between patients who received venlafaxine and TCA therapy as second-line therapy using bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Setting: Data were obtained from 9 individual health plans with more than 1.1 million covered lives affiliated with a national managed-care organisation. Patients and participants: Health plan members were included if they had a diagnosis of depression between July 1993 and February 1997. They also had to have at least 2 months of prescriptions for SSRI therapy followed by at least 2 months of venlafaxine or TCA therapy, and continuous enrolment in the plan from at least 6 months prior to 12 months following initiation of venlafaxine or TCA therapy. 188 patients who received venlafaxine and 172 patients who received TCAs met the inclusion criteria. Main outcome measures and results: Patients who received TCAs were slightly but significantly older (43 vs 40 years) than venlafaxine recipients and, during 6 months prior to initiating therapy, had significantly higher mean costs coded for depression ($US451 vs $US311) and costs not coded for depression ($US4500 vs $US2090). Psychiatrists prescribed a significantly higher proportion of venlafaxine than TCA prescriptions (46.3 vs 25.0%). Prior to adjusting for confounding characteristics, during 12 months following initiation of therapy, mean depression-coded costs were significantly higher for venlafaxine than TCA recipients ($US1948 vs $US1396) and mean costs not coded for depression were significantly lower ($US4595 vs $US6677). Overall costs were not significantly different ($US6543 for venlafaxine vs $US8073 for TCA). Significant cost differences were observed with primary care physicians as initial prescribers of second-line therapy but not with psychiatrists. However, costs between the 2 groups were similar after adjusting for confounding variables, including prior 6-month costs and initial prescriber of second-line therapy. Conclusions: Payer costs are similar among patients receiving venlafaxine and TCA therapy following SSRI therapy. Higher costs of venlafaxine pharmacotherapy relative to TCA therapy may be offset by lower costs of other medical services. Differences in prescribing patterns and costs between primary care physicians and psychiatrists warrant further investigation.
Computable Functions in ASP: Theory and Implementation

Disjunctive Logic Programming (DLP) under the answer set semantics, often referred to as Answer Set Programming (ASP), is a powerful formalism for knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR). The latest years witness an increasing effort for embedding functions in the context of ASP. Nevertheless, at present no ASP system allows for a reasonably unrestricted use of function terms. Functions are either required not to be recursive or subject to severe syntactic limitations, if allowed at all in ASP systems. In this work we formally define the new class of finitely-ground programs, allowing for a powerful (possibly recursive) use of function terms in the full ASP language with disjunction and negation. We demonstrate that finitely-ground programs have nice computational properties: (i) both brave and cautious reasoning are decidable, and (ii) answer sets of finitely-ground programs are computable. Moreover, the language is highly expressive, as any computable function can be encoded by a finitely-ground program. Due to the high expressiveness, membership in the class of finitely-ground program is clearly not decidable (we prove that it is semi-decidable). We single out also a subset of finitely-ground programs, called finite-domain programs, which are effectively recognizable, while keeping computability of both reasoning and answer set computation. We implement all results in DLV, further extending the language in order to support list and set terms, along with a rich library of built-in functions for their manipulation. The resulting ASP system is very powerful: any computable function can be encoded in a rich and fully declarative KRR language, ensuring termination on every finitely-ground program. In addition, termination is “a priori” guaranteed if the user asks for the finite-domain check.
Four Paradigms of Information Systems Development

Developing computer-based information systems necessarily involves making a number of implicit and explicit assumptions. The authors examine four different approaches to information systems development.
Vijana Vijiweni II: a cluster-randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of a microfinance and peer health leadership intervention for HIV and intimate partner violence prevention among social networks of young men in Dar es Salaam

BACKGROUND
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, remain important public health problems with devastating health effects for men and women in sub-Saharan Africa. There have been calls to engage men in prevention efforts, however, we lack effective approaches to reach and engage them. Social network approaches have demonstrated effective and sustained outcomes on changing risk behaviors in the U.S. Our team has identified and engaged naturally occurring social networks comprised mostly of young men in Dar es Salaam in an intervention designed to jointly reduce STI incidence and the perpetration of IPV. These stable networks are locally referred to as "camps." In a pilot study we demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of a combined microfinance and peer health leadership intervention within these camp-based peer networks.


METHODS DESIGN
We are implementing a cluster-randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention combining microfinance with health leadership training in 60 camps in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Half of the camps have been randomized to the intervention arm, and half to a control arm. The camps in the intervention arm will receive a combined microfinance and health leadership intervention for a period of two years. The camps in the control arm will receive a delayed intervention. We have enrolled 1,258 men across the 60 study camps. Behavioral surveys will be conducted at baseline, 12-months post intervention launch and 30-month post intervention launch and biological samples will be drawn to test for Neisseria gonorrhea (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) at baseline and 30-months. The primary endpoints for assessing intervention impact are IPV perpetration and STI incidence.


DISCUSSION
This is the first cluster-randomized trial targeting social networks of men in sub-Saharan Africa that jointly addresses HIV and IPV perpetration and has both biological and behavioral endpoints. Effective approaches to engage men in HIV and IPV prevention are needed in low resource, high prevalence settings like Tanzania. If we determine that this approach is effective, we will examine how to adapt and scale up this approach to other urban, sub-Saharan African settings.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinical Trials.gov: NCT01865383 . Registration date: May 24, 2013.
Reduced glutamate neurotransmission in patients with Alzheimer's disease–an in vivo 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy study

 Cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully explained. PET indicates reduced cerebral metabolic rate for glucose. Since glutamate neurotransmission (GNT) consumes more than 80% of the ATP generated from metabolism, a pilot study was carried out to determine the neuronal tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) based on the hypothesis that reduced GNT could contribute to cognitive impairment in AD. Three AD patients with cognitive impairment (mini-mental state exam: 24 vs 30, P<0.05) and significant reduction in both N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/Creatine (Cr) (P<0.009) and NAA/myo-inositol (mI) ratio (P<0.01), and three age-matched controls each received 0.014–0.016 g/kg/min 99%1–13C glucose IV. Quantitative 1H and proton-decoupled 13C MR brain spectra were acquired from combined posterior-parietal white matter and posterior-cingulate gray matter every 5 min for 140 min. 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures of glucose oxidation and neuronal TCA rate, including prolonged time to 13C enrichment of glutamate (Glu2) (P<0.004) and bicarbonate (HCO3) (P<0.03) as well as reduced relative enrichment of Glu2/Glu4 between 60 and 100 min (P<0.04), were significantly different in AD patients vs. controls. 13C measures of GNT, glutamine (Gln)2/Glu2 (P<0.02) and rates of glutamate enrichment (Glu2/glucose: 0.34 vs 0.86, P=ns and Glu4/glucose 0.26 vs 0.83, P=ns), were also reduced. 13C MRS measures of neuronal TCA cycle, glucose oxidation and GNT were significantly correlated with measures of neuronal integrity: NAA/Cr, [NAA] and mI/NAA as determined by 1H MRS (R 2=0.73–0.95; P<0.05–0.01), suggesting that impairment of GNT may be a contributing factor in the cognitive impairment characteristic of AD.
Increased interface strength in carbon fiber composites through a ZnO nanowire interphase

Over the past few decades, the manufacturing processes and our knowledge base for predicting the bulk mechanical response of fiber reinforced composite materials has matured. The rapid development and progress of composites technology has been spawned by the high specific strength, stiffness, and toughness offered with respect to other engineering materials. However, the performance of a fiber reinforced composite material is influenced by a variety of parameters and each fiber and matrix typically offers contrasting advantages and disadvantages that must be weighed to fulfill a specific application. Furthermore, a composite made from a strong fiber and a wellsuited matrix may not necessarily result in a strong material because the fiber-matrix interface is equally important in determining the mechanical performance of the composite. [1] Ultimately the successful development of a composite material is defined by the quality of the interface. In composites, interfacial adhesion between the fiber and matrix is typically improved by enhancing the chemical interaction with the matrix or by increasing the fiber surface area, in order to provide a larger area over which to transfer load. Oxidative surface treatments typically add functional groups, remove weak outer layers of the fiber, and texture the fiber surface to increase the interfacial surface area. Nonoxidative treatments involve the deposition of materials on the fiber surface, such as whiskers to enhance load transfer and bonding. In ‘‘whiskerization,’’ single crystals of silicon carbide or silicon nitride are grown on the surface of the fiber. Rabotnov et al. [2]
Characterization and optimization of the thermal performance of miniature piezoelectric fans

Piezoelectric fans have emerged as a viable cooling technology for the thermal management of electronic devices, owing to their low power consumption, minimal noise emission, and small and configurable dimensions. Piezoelectric fans are investigated for application in the cooling of low-power electronics. Different experimental configurations are considered, and the effect of varying the fan amplitude, the distance between the fan and the heat source, the fan length, its frequency offset from resonance, and the fan offset from the center of the heat source are studied to assess the cooling potential of the fans. A Design-Of-Experiments (DOE) analysis revealed the fan frequency offset from resonance and the fan amplitude as the critical parameters. Transfer functions are obtained from the DOE analysis for the implementation of these fans in electronics cooling. For the best case, an enhancement in convective heat transfer coefficient exceeding 375% relative to natural convection was observed, resulting in a temperature drop at the heat source of more than 36.4°C. A computational model for the flow field and heat transfer induced by the piezoelectric fan is also developed. Effects of the flow on convection heat transfer for different fan-to-heat source distances and boundary conditions are analyzed. Transition between distinct convection patterns is observed with changes in the parameters. The computational results are validated against experimental measurements, with good agreement.
Features of the Reaction of the CO Molecule with a Platinum Atom and Its Diatomic Cluster

The potential energy profile of the Pt⋯CO and Pt2⋯CO systems was calculated within the formalism of density functional theory. It was shown that bonding in these systems is only achieved after a triplet-singlet transition, which is unusual for the interaction of a CO molecule with the surface of a platinum crystal.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of lofexidine, the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, in opiate addicts plasma using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis.

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this investigation was to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of lofexidine. Lofexidine is an orally bioavailable alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist analogue of clonidine that acts centrally to suppress opiate withdrawal symptoms.


METHODS
During the detoxification period of a phase 3 placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial, six subjects were entered in this preliminary pharmacokinetic study.


RESULTS
Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma samples collected during study day 7 indicated that C(max) was 3242 +/- 917 ng/L. The mean trough levels between the study days were not significantly different (p > .05), suggesting that the subjects were at steady-state.


CONCLUSIONS
Although preliminary due to the limited number of subjects, these findings are the first to document lofexidine clinical pharmacokinetics in opiate addicts using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis.
A study of drug release from homogeneous PLGA microstructures.

The hydrogel template method was used to fabricate homogeneous drug-PLGA microparticles. Four drugs (felodipine, risperidone, progesterone, and paclitaxel) were loaded into the PLGA particles with the homogeneous size of 10microm, 20microm, and 50microm. The drug loading into the PLGA microparticles was 50% and higher. The felodipine-PLGA microstructures of four different sizes showed that the drug release kinetics is dependent on the total surface area available for drug release. The smaller the particle size, the release rate was faster. Two types of microparticles (10microm diameter and 10microm height, and 50microm diameter and 5microm height) showed zero-order release and complete release was observed within 2weeks. The release rate, however, was not exactly proportional to the surface area. Different drugs which were loaded into the same PLGA formulation showed different release profiles. The main difference was on the initial burst release. The overall release profile seems to be similar for different drugs, if the release profile is adjusted to eliminate the burst release. The initial burst release appears to be inversely related to the water-solubility of a drug, i.e., the lower the water-solubility of a drug, the higher the burst release. The hydrogel template method allowed preparation of homogeneous particles with predefined sizes with high drug loading. It allowed study on the effect of size and shape on the drug release kinetics. With the microparticles of homogeneous size and shape, the drug release kinetics can be projected based on the size of microparticles and water-solubility of a drug. The ability of making homogeneous particles is expected to provide better prediction and reproducibility of the drug release property of a given formulation.
Calculation of Synthetic Seismograms with Gaussian Beams

In this paper, an overview of the calculation of synthetic seismograms using the Gaussian beam method is presented accompanied by some representative applications and new extensions of the method. Since caustics are a frequent occurrence in seismic wave propagation, modifications to ray theory are often necessary. In the Gaussian beam method, a summation of paraxial Gaussian beams is used to describe the propagation of high-frequency wave fields in smoothly varying inhomogeneous media. Since the beam components are always nonsingular, the method provides stable results over a range of beam parameters. The method has been shown, however, to perform better for some problems when different combinations of beam parameters are used. Nonetheless, with a better understanding of the method as well as new extensions, the summation of Gaussian beams will continue to be a useful tool for the modeling of high-frequency seismic waves in heterogeneous media.
The Force of Law : Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field by

Pierre Bourdieu holds the Chair in Sociology at the prestigious College de France, Paris. He is Directeur d'Etudes at l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, where he is also Director of the Center for European Sociology, and Editor of the influential journal Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. Professor Bourdieu is the author or coauthor of approximately twenty books. A number of these have been published in English translation: The Algerians, 1962; Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture (with Jean-Claude Passeron), 1977; Outline of a Theory of Practice, 1977; Algeria I960, 1979; The Inheritors: French Students and their Relations to Culture, 1979; Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, 1984. The essay below analyzes what Bourdieu terms the "juridical field." In Bourdieu's conception, a "field" is an area of structured, socially patterned activity or "practice," in this case disciplinarily and professionally defined. The "field" and its "practices" have special senses in