LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Prepatellar quadriceps continuation: MRI of cadavers with gross anatomic and histologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE
The "prepatellar quadriceps continuation" is the appropriate designation for the deepest soft-tissue layer that lies anterior to the patella, related to the deep rectus femoris tendinous fibers. The purpose of this study was to define and investigate the prepatellar quadriceps continuation and its relationship with the patella in cadavers using MRI and gross anatomic and histologic analyses.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
MRI of 12 fresh-frozen knee specimens was performed using T1-weighted sequences in the axial and sagittal planes. Specimens were then sectioned in 3-mm-thick slices to correspond precisely with the MR images. Histologic analysis was performed in two specimens. The MR images were compared with findings seen on anatomic sectioning and histology. In addition, the layered organization of the patellar tendon was analyzed in 29 embalmed knee specimens obtained from human cadavers of both sexes.


RESULTS
The normal prepatellar quadriceps continuation was seen as a band of low signal intensity in the MR images. This structure could not be differentiated easily from the low signal intensity of the patellar cortical bone. The sagittal plane was the most optimal plane for visualization of the attachment site of this continuation to the patella. Gross anatomic dissections revealed that at the proximal pole of the patella, the quadriceps tendon was formed by the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius muscles. The entire quadriceps tendon had an average thickness of 8.54 mm in this region. The thickness of the quadriceps tendon fibers extending over the anterior patellar surface measured, on average, 0.68 mm, and the average thickness of those fibers inserting into the proximal patellar pole was 7.87 mm. Histologic analysis showed that the attachment site of the prepatellar quadriceps continuation was formed by the distal extension of the deep longitudinal fibers of the rectus femoris tendon. At the border zone between the tendons and the patella, the tendinous fibers gradually were transformed into fibrocartilage. This so-called chondroapophyseal type of attachment was found to cover the entire anterior surface of the patella. The average thickness of the fibrocartilage at the insertion of the quadriceps tendon, patellar tendon, and prepatellar quadriceps continuation measured 0.136, 0.023, and 0.004 mm, respectively.


CONCLUSION
The prepatellar quadriceps continuation is formed by fibers of the rectus femoris tendon and connects the quadriceps and patellar tendons. All tendons are attached through formation of a chondroapophyseal zone and are therefore transformed into a seam of fibrocartilage. Based on these anatomic features, separation of the prepatellar quadriceps continuation from the patella in the absence of more extensive abnormalities of the quadriceps mechanism is plausible.
A Temporal Text Mining Application in Competitive Intelligence

In this paper we describe an application of our approach to temporal text mining in Competitive Intelligence for the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. The main objective is to identify changes and trends of associations among entities of interest that appear in text over time. Text Mining (TM) exploits information contained in textual data in various ways, including the type of analyses that are typically performed in Data Mining [17]. Information Extraction (IE) facilitates the semi-automatic creation of metadata repositories from text. Temporal Text mining combines Information Extraction and Data Mining techniques upon textual repositories and incorporates time and ontologies‟ issues. It consists of three main phases; the Information Extraction phase, the ontology driven generalisation of templates and the discovery of associations over time. Treatment of the temporal dimension is essential to our approach since it influences both the annotation part (IE) of the system as well as the mining part.
Comparison of direct body composition assessment methods in patients with chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND
We examined the validity of leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and near-infrared interactance (NIR) to assess body composition in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients.


METHODS AND RESULTS
A total of 140 patients with CHF were enrolled in this cross-sectional study between June 2008 and July 2009. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) served as the reference standard. A priori, desired precision levels were set at ± 3.5% body fat and ± 3.5 kg lean body mass. Mean age was 63, 74% were male, and 90% were Caucasian. BIA- and NIR-ascertained percent body fat and lean body mass were highly correlated to DEXA. Mean differences and limits of agreement for NIR were -0.3% ± 5.1% for percent body fat and 2.9 kg ± 4.3 kg for lean body mass. Mean difference and limits of agreement for BIA percent body fat was 0.8% ± 5.8%. BIA lean body mass showed poor agreement with DEXA because of variable limits of agreement across the range of measurement (Pitman's test P < .0001).


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with CHF, both NIR and BIA accurately measure body fat. However, both methods were imprecise. NIR overestimated lean body mass and BIA was not useful to assess this parameter. Further study is required, including examination of the utility of these field methods in serially assessing body composition.
Self-Control : Skill , Knowledge , or Perishable Resource ?

The effect of self-control on individual behavior has long been a subject of debate. Previous investigations have led to three main models of self-control, with contradictory predictions. By perceiving self-control as a knowledge, skill, and perishable resource, those models make assertions of a positive, neutral, and negative impact, respectively, of an initial act of self-control on subsequent self-control ability. Using biometric data enabled us to settle this controversy by developing a unified model of self-control that reconciles the diverging results in the literature. By monitoring actual compliance with an initial self-control task, our model overcomes the main limitation of assuming full compliance with the self-control treatment and restricting the analysis to linear relationships. The results suggest a dual impact of an initial act of self-control on subsequent self-control ability. Specifically, while an initial moderate self-control act enhances subsequent self-control ability, exerting self-control beyond a certain threshold causes fatigue and reduces subsequent self-control ability. JEL Codes: C91
Risk factors and morbidity of infantile haemangioma: preterm birth promotes ulceration.

AIM
We identified the characteristics of an infantile haemangioma (IH) that predispose children to complications, interventions and long-term morbidity and examined perinatal risk factors for IH.


METHODS
We studied children with IHs admitted to Helsinki University Hospital's paediatric vascular anomaly clinic in Finland in 2004-2007 and registered perinatal records, IH characteristics, complications and interventions. These patients received a questionnaire on perinatal data and long-term morbidity resulting from IH. We analysed factors related to complications, interventions and morbidity and compared our cohort's perinatal data to the Finnish Medical Birth Register (FMBR) figures.


RESULTS
We approached 185 families, of which 136 replied to the questionnaire. Children with facial, segmental and indeterminate IHs showed more complications, interventions and higher long-term morbidity. Preterm birth predisposed infants to ulceration of IHs, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.02-5.14 and odds ratio (OR) of 2.29. In addition to earlier known risks, maternal gestational diabetes mellitus rate was higher in our IH cohort than the rate in the FMBR (95% CI 1.39-4.95, OR 2.62).


CONCLUSION
Physicians treating IHs should consider the elevated ulceration risk in preterm infants. The association between gestational diabetes mellitus and child's risk for an IH is uncertain and requires further research.
Distal semitendinosus tendon rupture: is there any benefit of surgical intervention?

INTRODUCTION Isolated rupture of the distal semitendinosus is rare, and as a result, there is paucity of evidence over the best method of managing the injury, that is, surgical or nonsurgical, particularly in light of the fact that the tendon is routinely harvested for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We present the cases of 2 elite sprinters with isolated ruptures of the distal semitendinosus who were managed nonoperatively, and we take the opportunity to look at the literature surrounding the management of this injury.
A decision support system for constructing an alert classification model

As the rapid growth of network attacking tools, patterns of network intrusion events change gradually. Although many researches had been proposed to analyze network intrusion behaviors in accordance with low-level network data, they still suffer a large mount of false alerts and result in difficulties for network administrators to discover useful information from these alerts. To reduce the load of administrators, by collecting and analyzing unknown attack sequences systematically, administrators can do the duty of fixing the root causes. Due to the different characteristics of each intrusion, none of analysis methods can correlate IDS alerts precisely and discover all kinds of real intrusion patterns. Therefore, an alert-based decision support system is proposed in this paper to construct an alert classification model for on-line network behavior monitoring. The architecture of decision support system consists of three phases: Alert Preprocessing Phase, Model Constructing Phase and Rule Refining Phase. The Alert Processing Phase is used to transform IDS alerts into alert transactions with specific data format as alert subsequences, where an alert sequence is a kind of well-aggregated alert transaction format to discover intrusion behaviors. Besides, the Model Constructing Phase is used to construct three kinds of rule classes: normal rule classes, intrusion rule classes and suspicious rule classes, to filter false alert patterns and analyze each existing or unknown alert patterns; each rule class represents a set of classification rules. Normal rule class, a set of false alert classification rules, can be trained by using sequential pattern mining approach in an attackfree environment. Intrusion rule classes, a set of known intrusion classification rules, and suspicious rule classes, a set of novel intrusion classification rules, can be trained in a simulated attacking environment using several well-known rootkits and labeling by experts. Finally, the Rule Refining Phase is used to change the classification flags of alert sequence across different time intervals. According to the urgent situations of different levels, Network administrators can do event protecting or vulnerability repairing, even or cause tracing of attacks. Therefore, the decision support system can prevent attacks effectively, find novel attack patterns exactly and reduce the load of administrators efficiently. Crown Copyright 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Combining QoS prediction and customer satisfaction estimation to solve cloud service trustworthiness evaluation problems

The collection and combination of assessment data in trustworthiness evaluation of cloud service is challenging, notably because QoS value may be missing in offline evaluation situation due to the time-consuming and costly cloud service invocation. Considering the fact that many trustworthiness evaluation problems require not only objective measurement but also subjective perception, this paper designs a novel framework named CSTrust for conducting cloud service trustworthiness evaluation by combining QoS prediction and customer satisfaction estimation. The proposed framework considers how to improve the accuracy of QoS value prediction on quantitative trustworthy attributes, as well as how to estimate the customer satisfaction of target cloud service by taking advantages of the perception ratings on qualitative attributes. The proposed methods are validated through simulations, demonstrating that CSTrust can effectively predict assessment data and release evaluation results of trustworthiness. 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Start with the Most Difficult Part

Any development project involves elements that we don't know at the beginning and discover as we progress. In this paper, the author discusses the advantages of starting with the most difficult part of a software development process.
Population Policies, Fertility, Women's Human Capital, and Child Quality

Population Policies, Fertility, Women’s Human Capital, and Child Quality Population policies are defined here as voluntary programs which help people control their fertility and expect to improve their lives. There are few studies of the long-run effects of policy-induced changes in fertility on the welfare of women, such as policies that subsidize the diffusion and use of best practice birth control technologies. Evaluation of the consequences of such family planning programs almost never assess their long-run consequences, such as on labor supply, savings, or investment in the human capital of children, although they occasionally estimate the short-run association with the adoption of contraception or age-specific fertility. The dearth of long-run family planning experiments has led economists to consider instrumental variables as a substitute for policy interventions which not only determine variation in fertility but are arguably independent of the reproductive preferences of parents or unobserved constraints that might influence family life cycle behaviors. Using these instrumental variables to estimate the effect of this exogenous variation in fertility on family outcomes, economists discover these “cross effects” of fertility on family welfare outcomes tend to be substantially smaller in absolute magnitude than the OLS estimates of partial correlations referred to in the literature as evidence of the beneficial social externalities associated with the policies that reduce fertility. The paper summarizes critically the empirical literature on fertility and development and proposes an agenda for research on the topic. JEL Classification: J13, J24, O15
Psychological Adaptation in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are among the most enigmatic and restricting disorders, given that affected individuals demonstrate alterations in three basic areas of development: reciprocal social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and flexibility in their selection of interests and behaviours. The peculiar characteristics that define ASD cause major disturbances in the family dynamics and generate needs in all areas and contexts of development (Altiere, 2006; Baker et al., 2005; Shu, 2009; Smith, Hong et al., 2010). Other problems are frequently associated with the nuclear characteristics of autism. These include mental retardation (Sigman & Caps, 1997) and behaviour problems such as stereotyped, self-injurious or aggressive conduct (Bryson, 1996; Hastings, 2003) that persist in the long term (Einfeld, Tonge & Rees, 2001). These problems, depending on the severity and frequency with which they occur, will affect the development of individuals with autism and the well-being and adaptation of their parents to a greater or lesser extent (Herring, et al., 2006; Lecavalier et al., 2006; Pozo et al., 2006; Tomanik et al., 2004). Many studies have examined the emotional adjustment of parents of children with ASD. These studies have systematically documented that --compared to parents of children with other disorders or with parents of normally developing children-parents of ASD children have higher levels of stress (Baker et al., 2005; Baker et al., 2003; Belchic, 1996; Cuxart, 1995), anxiety (Baxter et al., 2000; Hastings, 2003; Hastings et al., 2005a; Konstantareas & Homatidis, 1989), and depression (Feldman et al., 2007; Olsson & Hwang, 2002; Phetrasuwan, 2003; Singer, 2006; Smith et al., 2008). Many studies also suggest that the concomitant behaviour problems in ASD, compared to the severity of the disorder itself, are most strongly associated with stress (Baker et al., 2002; Donenberg & Baker, 1993; Herring et al., 2006; Lecavalier et al., 2006; Tomanik et al., 2004) and with anxiety and depression (Baxter et al., 2000; Blacher, Shapiro et al., 1997; Quine & Pahl, 1991). Nevertheless, some families, despite having children with severe ASD, have still managed successful psychological adaptation. From this we can infer that the characteristics of autistic children may not be the only factors that influence adaptation. Other types of variables are also involved, including social support, perception of problems and coping strategies. In the next section, we will describe the results of studies that have analysed the influences of these factors on adaptation.
d‐Dimer Levels Over Time and the Risk of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism: An Update of the Vienna Prediction Model

BACKGROUND
Patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism (VTE) can be stratified according to their recurrence risk based on their sex, the VTE location, and D-dimer measured 3 weeks after anticoagulation by the Vienna Prediction Model. We aimed to expand the model to also assess the recurrence risk from later points on.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Five hundred and fifty-three patients with a first VTE were followed for a median of 68 months. We excluded patients with VTE provoked by a transient risk factor or female hormone intake, with a natural inhibitor deficiency, the lupus anticoagulant, or cancer. The study end point was recurrent VTE, which occurred in 150 patients. D-dimer levels did not substantially increase over time. Subdistribution hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) dynamically changed from 2.43 (1.57 to 3.77) at 3 weeks to 2.27 (1.48 to 3.48), 1.98 (1.30 to 3.02) , and 1.73 (1.11 to 2.69) at 3, 9, and 15 months in men versus women, from 1.84 (1.00 to 3.43) to 1.68 (0.91 to 3.10), 1.49 (0.79 to 2.81) , and 1.44 (0.76 to 2.72) in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism compared with calf vein thrombosis, and from 1.30 (1.07 to 1.58) to 1.27 (1.06 to 1.51), 1.20 (1.02 to 1.41), and 1.13 (0.95 to 1.36) per doubling D-dimer. Using a dynamic landmark competing risks regression approach, we generated nomograms and a web-based calculator to calculate risk scores and recurrence rates from multiple times after anticoagulation.


CONCLUSIONS
Risk of recurrent VTE after discontinuation of anticoagulation can be predicted from multiple random time points by integrating the patient's sex, location of first VTE, and serial D-dimer measurements.
DegExt - A Language-Independent Graph-Based Keyphrase Extractor

In this paper, we introduce DegExt, a graph-based languageindependent keyphrase extractor,which extends the keyword extraction method described in [6]. We compare DegExt with two state-of-the-art approaches to keyphrase extraction: GenEx [11] and TextRank [8]. Our experiments on a collection of benchmark summaries show that DegExt outperforms TextRank and GenEx in terms of precision and area under curve (AUC) for summaries of 15 keyphrases or more at the expense of a non-significant decrease of recall and F-measure. Moreover, DegExt surpasses both GenEx and TextRank in terms of implementation simplicity and computational complexity.
Reference design and operations for deep borehole disposal of high-level radioactive waste.

A reference design and operational procedures for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste in deep boreholes have been developed and documented. The design and operations are feasible with currently available technology and meet existing safety and anticipated regulatory requirements. Objectives of the reference design include providing a baseline for more detailed technical analyses of system performance and serving as a basis for comparing design alternatives. Numerous factors suggest that deep borehole disposal of high-level radioactive waste is inherently safe. Several lines of evidence indicate that groundwater at depths of several kilometers in continental crystalline basement rocks has long residence times and low velocity. High salinity fluids have limited potential for vertical flow because of density stratification and prevent colloidal transport of radionuclides. Geochemically reducing conditions in the deep subsurface limit the solubility and enhance the retardation of key radionuclides. A non-technical advantage that the deep borehole concept may offer over a repository concept is that of facilitating incremental construction and loading at multiple perhaps regional locations. The disposal borehole would be drilled to a depth of 5,000 m using a telescoping design and would be logged and tested prior to waste emplacement. Waste canisters would be constructed of carbon steel, sealed by welds, and connected into canister strings with high-strength connections. Waste canister strings of about 200 m length would be emplaced in the lower 2,000 m of the fully cased borehole and be separated by bridge and cement plugs. Sealing of the upper part of the borehole would be done with a series of compacted bentonite seals, cement plugs, cement seals, cement plus crushed rock backfill, and bridge plugs. Elements of the reference design meet technical requirements defined in the study. Testing and operational safety assurance
Electromyographic facial nerve monitoring during parotidectomy for benign lesions does not improve the outcome of postoperative facial nerve function: a prospective two-center trial.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS
To analyze the benefit of electromyographic (EMG) neuromonitoring during primary surgery on benign parotid lesions for postoperative facial function compared to visual observation only.


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective controlled clinical two-center trial.


METHODS
Using an operation microscope, 100 parotidectomies in 96 patients were performed: 50 procedures with a continuous EMG monitoring plus visual facial observation (EMG group), and 50 procedures with only visual facial control (control group). The rate of postoperative facial weakness was detected. Patients with postoperative facial paralysis were followed up until total recovery or defective healing by repeated EMG examinations.


RESULTS
Seventy-nine superficial and 21 total parotidectomies were performed. Histological analysis found pleomorphic adenoma in 38 patients, cystadenolymphoma in 39, and chronic parotitis in 18. Immediate postoperative facial paralysis was evident in 41 patients. Six patients had permanent paralysis; in this group definitive defective healing was detected by EMG in five cases. EMG was not classifiable in one case. Intraoperative EMG monitoring had no significant effect on immediate postoperative or definitive facial outcome (P =.23 and P = .45, respectively). The duration of superficial, but not of a total parotidectomy, was diminished in the EMG group (P = .02 and P = .61, respectively). This result was independent of the specimen's histology.


CONCLUSIONS
EMG monitoring in parotid surgery in addition to visual facial observation did not diminish either the incidence of postoperative facial paralysis or the final facial outcome. Nevertheless, the duration of surgery for superficial parotidectomy could be reduced by using EMG monitoring.