LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Freedom from Interference for AUTOSAR-based ECUs: a partitioned AUTOSAR stack

AUTOSAR is a standard for the development of software for embedded devices, primarily created for the automotive domain. It specifies a software architecture with more than 80 software modules that provide services to one or more software components. With the trend towards integrating safety-relevant systems into embedded devices, conformance with standards such as ISO 26262 [ISO11] or ISO/IEC 61508 [IEC10] becomes increasingly important. This article presents an approach to providing freedom from interference between software components by using the MPU available on many modern microcontrollers. Each software component gets its own dedicated memory area, a so-called memory partition. This concept is well known in other industries like the aerospace industry, where the IMA architecture is now well established. The memory partitioning mechanism is implemented by a microkernel, which integrates seamlessly into the architecture specified by AUTOSAR. The development has been performed as SEooC as described in ISO 26262, which is a new development approach. We describe the procedure for developing an SEooC. AUTOSAR: AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture, see [ASR12]. MPU: Memory Protection Unit. 3 IMA: Integrated Modular Avionics, see [RTCA11]. 4 SEooC: Safety Element out of Context, see [ISO11].
Intensive multimodality treatment for children with newly diagnosed CNS atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor.

PURPOSE
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) of the CNS is a highly malignant neoplasm primarily affecting young children, with a historic median survival ranging from 6 to 11 months. Based on a previous pilot series, a prospective multi-institutional trial was conducted for patients with newly diagnosed CNS ATRT.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Treatment was divided into five phases: preirradiation, chemoradiation, consolidation, maintenance, and continuation therapy. Intrathecal chemotherapy was administered, alternating intralumbar and intraventricular routes. Radiation therapy (RT) was prescribed, either focal (54 Gy) or craniospinal (36 Gy, plus primary boost), depending on age and extent of disease at diagnosis.


RESULTS
Between 2004 and 2006, 25 patients were enrolled; 20 were eligible for evaluation. Median age at diagnosis was 26 months (range, 2.4 months to 19.5 years). Gross total resection of the primary tumor was achieved in 11 patients. Fourteen patients had M0 disease at diagnosis, one patient had M2 disease, and five patients had M3 disease. Fifteen patients received radiation therapy: 11 focal and four craniospinal. Significant toxicities, in addition to the expected, included radiation recall (n = 2) and transverse myelitis (n = 1). There was one toxic death. Of the 12 patients who were assessable for chemotherapeutic response (pre-RT), the objective response rate was 58%. The objective response rate observed after RT was 38%. The 2-year progression-free and overall survival rates are 53% +/- 13% and 70% +/- 10%, respectively. Median overall survival has not yet been reached.


CONCLUSION
This intensive multimodality regimen has resulted in a significant improvement in time to progression and overall survival for patients with this previously poor-prognosis tumor.
Effect of selective beta-blockade with bisoprolol in the treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation.

UNLABELLED
The incidence of atrial fibrillation has been rapidly increasing in recent years. The increased tonus of the sympathetic nervous system is related to the development of atrial fibrillation.


OBJECTIVE
TO study the effect of bisoprolol, a highly selective beta-blocker, on patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation (< 48 hours) for regularization of the rhythm using propafenone.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
The study includes 164 patients (81 women, 83 men, age 59.09 +/- 10.81) with successfully restored sinus rhythm in recent-onset atrial fibrillation. The patients received either propafenone (group A, n = 82) or a combination of propafenone and bisoprolol (group B, n = 82). The studied patients were randomly allocated to the groups. Propafenone was administered intravenously as a 2 mg/kg bolus followed by infusion of 0.0078 mg/kg/min for 120 min and orally in dosage of 300 mg three times every 8 hours if arrhythmia persisted. Bisoprolol was administered in a single dose at the very beginning of propafenone treatment and only in patients from group B at a dose of 5 or 10 mg. Regularization of the rhythm was assessed at the 3rd, 6th, 12th and 24th hour.


RESULTS
In the initial stages of regularization the combined therapy restored the sinus rhythm in a greater number of patients in comparison with the monotherapy (at the 6th hour 67.07% in group B versus 48.78% in group A, P < 0.05; at the 12th hour it was 87.80% versus 75.60%, respectively, P < 0.05).


CONCLUSION
Early regularization of rhythm in patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation reduces the likelihood of recurrent episodes of arrhythmia. This makes the application of selective beta-blockade clinically significant.
Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation and Corneal Neovascularization

The human ocular surface spans from the conjunctiva to the cornea and plays a critical role in visual perception. Cornea, the anterior portion of the eye, is transparent and provides the eye with two-thirds of its focusing power and protection of ocular integrity. The cornea consists of five main layers, namely, corneal epithelium, Bowman’s layer, corneal stroma, Descemet’s membrane and corneal endothelium. The outermost layer of the cornea, which is exposed to the external environment, is the corneal epithelium. Corneal epithelial integrity and transparency are maintained by somatic stem cells (SC) that reside in the limbus. The limbus, an anatomical structure 1-2 mm wide, circumscribes the peripheral cornea and separates it from the conjunctiva (Cotsarelis et al., 1989, Davanger and Evensen, 1971) (Figure 1). Any damage to the ocular surface by burns, or various infections, can threaten vision. The most insidious of such damaging conditions is limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). Clinical signs of LSCD include corneal vascularization, chronic stromal inflammation, ingrowth of conjunctival epithelium onto the corneal surface and persistent epithelial defects (Lavker et al., 2004). Primary limbal stem cell deficiency is associated with aniridia and ectodermal dysplasia. Acquired limbal stem cell deficiency has been associated with inflammatory conditions (Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), ocular cicatricial pemphigoid), ocular trauma (chemical and thermal burns), contact lens wear, corneal infection, neoplasia, peripheral ulcerative corneal disease and neurotrophic keratopathy (Dua et al., 2000, Jeng et al., 2011). Corneal stem cells and/or their niche are known to play important anti-angiogenic and anti-inflamatory roles in maintaining a normal corneal microenvironment, the destruction of which in LSCD, tips the balance toward pro-angiogenic conditions (Lim et al., 2009). For a long time, the primary treatment for LSCD has been transplantation of healthy keratolimbal tissue from autologous, allogenic, or cadaveric sources. In the late 1990s, cultured, autologous, limbal epithelial cell implants were used successfully to improve vision in two patients with chemical injury-induced LSCD (Pellegrini et al., 1997). Since then, transplantation of cultivated epithelial (stem) cells has become a treatment of choice for numerous LSCD patients worldwide. While the outcomes are promising, the variability of methodologies used to expand the cells, points to an underlying need for better standardization of ex vivo cultivation-based therapies and their outcome measures (Sangwan et al., 2005, Ti et al., 2004, Grueterich et al., 2002b, Kolli et al., 2010).
Removal of a migrated dental implant from the maxillary sinus after 7 years: a case report

The accidental displacement of dental implants into the maxillary sinus is an infrequent but possible complication in dental clinical practice. The main cause of implant displacement is the inadequate bone height in the posterior maxilla. This event usually occurs during surgery, and it is more rarely reported in the post-operative period, especially with long-term follow-ups. Here, a case of an implant migrated inside the maxillary sinus at the time of abutment connection and removed 7 years later is described. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. To the author's best knowledge, this case represents the first report concerning migration of an oral implant into the maxillary sinus removed after 7 years.
Gas-to-liquids (GTL): A review of an industry offering several routes for monetizing natural gas

Gas-to-liquids (GTL) has emerged as a commercially-viable industry over the past thirty years offering market diversification to remote natural gas resource holders. Several technologies are now available through a series of patented processes to provide liquid products that can be more easily transported than natural gas, and directed into high value transportation fuel and other petroleum product and petrochemical markets. Recent low natural gas prices prevailing in North America are stimulating interest in GTL as a means to better monetise isolated shale gas resources. This article reviews the various GTL technologies, the commercial plants in operation, development and planning, and the range of market opportunities for GTL products. The Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) technologies dominate both large-scale and small-scale projects targeting middle distillate liquid transportation fuel markets. The large technology providers have followed strategies to scale-up plants over the past decade to provide commercial economies of scale, which to date have proved to be more costly than originally forecast. On the other hand, some small-scale technology providers are now targeting GTL at efforts to eliminate associated gas flaring in remote producing oil fields. Also, potential exists on various scales for GTL to supply liquid fuels in land-locked gas-rich regions. Technology routes from natural gas to gasoline via olefins are more complex and have so far proved difficult and costly to scale-up commercially. Producing dimethyl ether (DME) from coal and gas are growing markets in Asia, particularly China, Korea and Japan as LPG substitutes, and plans to scale-up one-step process technologies avoiding methanol production could see an expansion of DME supply chains. The GTL industry faces a number of challenges and risks, including: high capital costs; efficiency and reliability of complex process sequences; volatile natural gas, crude oil and petroleum product markets; integration of upstream and downstream projects; access to technology. This review article considers the GTL industry in the context of available opportunities and the challenges faced by project developers.
Open-mouthpiece ventilation versus nasal mask ventilation in subjects with COPD exacerbation and mild to moderate acidosis: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND
Open mouthpiece ventilation is efficacious in patients with neuromuscular disease. We used this ventilation technique in patients with exacerbations of COPD with mild to moderate acidosis.


METHODS
The study was performed in 2 respiratory monitoring care units. Fifty subjects with exacerbations of COPD, breathing frequency > 25, PaCO2 > 45, and pH between 7.25 and 7.30, as well as Kelly scale ≤ 2 were enrolled. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive noninvasive ventilation (NIV) via nasal mask or mouthpiece ventilation. The primary outcome was improvement in arterial blood gases. Arterial blood gases and breathing frequency were recorded 2 h after the start of the enrollment and then after 12, 24, and 48 h. The duration of NIV, hospital stay, and acceptability of the interface (mouthpiece or nasal mask) using a Likert scale were assessed.


RESULTS
No subjects had deterioration of gas exchange. The 2 groups had similar trends in arterial blood gases and breathing frequency. No differences in duration of NIV or hospital stay were noted. However, a significant difference in acceptability was found: subjects preferred mouthpiece ventilation (P < .01).


CONCLUSIONS
Open mouthpiece ventilation is a useful technique and may prevent further deterioration of gas exchange in COPD patients with mild to moderate acidosis (similar to traditional NIV delivered by a nasal mask). www.chictr.org registration ChiCTR-TRC-12002672.
A fuzzy MCDM approach for evaluating banking performance based on Balanced Scorecard

0957-4174/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2009.01.005 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 33412500x6103 E-mail addresses: hywu@mail.knu.edu.tw, whydec6 ghtzeng@mail.knu.edu.tw (G.-H. Tzeng), j02255@ji-ee The paper proposed a Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision Making (FMCDM) approach for banking performance evaluation. Drawing on the four perspectives of a Balanced Scorecard (BSC), this research first summarized the evaluation indexes synthesized from the literature relating to banking performance. Then, for screening these indexes, 23 indexes fit for banking performance evaluation were selected through expert questionnaires. Furthermore, the relative weights of the chosen evaluation indexes were calculated by Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). And the three MCDM analytical tools of SAW, TOPSIS, and VIKOR were respectively adopted to rank the banking performance and improve the gaps with three banks as an empirical example. The analysis results highlight the critical aspects of evaluation criteria as well as the gaps to improve banking performance for achieving aspired/desired level. It shows that the proposed FMCDM evaluation model of banking performance using the BSC framework can be a useful and effective assessment tool. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Provocative cervical discography symptom mapping.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT
In a small prospective study assessing 10 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic subjects, Schellhas et al. compared cervical discography to magnetic resonance imaging. Within that study he reported on the distribution of pain for the C3-C4 to C6-C7 levels. Four years later, Grubb and Ellis reported retrospective data from his 12-year experience using cervical discography from C2-C3 to C7-T1 in 173 patients. To date, no large prospective study defining pain referral patterns for each cervical disc has been performed.


PURPOSE
To conduct a prospective visual and statistical descriptive study of pain provocation of a cohort of subjects undergoing cervical discography.


STUDY DESIGN/SETTING
Prospective multicenter descriptive study.


METHODS
Pain referral maps were generated for each disc level from patients undergoing cervical discography with at least two levels assessed. If concordant pain was reproduced in a morphologically abnormal disc, the subject immediately completed a pain diagram. An independent observer interviewed the subject and recorded the location of provoked symptoms. Visual data were compiled using a body sector bit map, which consisted of 48 clinically relevant body regions. Visual maps with graduated color codes and frequencies of symptom location at each cervical disc level were generated.


RESULTS
A total of 101 symptom provocation maps were recorded during cervical discography on 41 subjects. There were 10 at C2-C3, 19 at C3-C4, 27 at C4-C5, 27 at C5-C6, 16 at C6-C7 and 2 at C7-T1. Predominantly unilateral symptoms were provoked just as often as bilateral symptoms. The C2-C3 disc referred pain to the neck, subocciput and face. The C3-C4 disc referred pain to the neck, subocciput, trapezius, anterior neck, face, shoulder, interscapular and limb. The C4-C5 disc referred pain to the neck, shoulder, interscapular, trapezius, extremity, face, chest and subocciput. The C5-C6 disc referred pain to the neck, trapezius, interscapular, suboccipital, anterior neck, chest and face. The C6-C7 disc referred pain to the neck, interscapular, trapezius, shoulder, extremity and subocciput. At C7-T1 we produced neck and interscapular pain. Visual maps with graduated color codes and frequencies of symptom location at each cervical disc level were generated.


CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, these results confirm the observations of prior investigators that cervical internal disc disruption can elicit axial and peripheral symptoms. The particular patterns of pain generation allow the discographer to preprocedurally anticipate disc levels to assess. With these data, the number of disc punctures that are required can be limited rather than routinely assessing all cervical discs.
Multi-label Feature Selection for Graph Classification

Nowadays, the classification of graph data has become an important and active research topic in the last decade, which has a wide variety of real world applications, e.g. drug activity predictions and kinase inhibitor discovery. Current research on graph classification focuses on single-label settings. However, in many applications, each graph data can be assigned with a set of multiple labels simultaneously. Extracting good features using multiple labels of the graphs becomes an important step before graph classification. In this paper, we study the problem of multi-label feature selection for graph classification and propose a novel solution, called gMLC, to efficiently search for optimal sub graph features for graph objects with multiple labels. Different from existing feature selection methods in vector spaces which assume the feature set is given, we perform multi-label feature selection for graph data in a progressive way together with the sub graph feature mining process. We derive an evaluation criterion, named gHSIC, to estimate the dependence between sub graph features and multiple labels of graphs. Then a branch-and-bound algorithm is proposed to efficiently search for optimal sub graph features by judiciously pruning the sub graph search space using multiple labels. Empirical studies on real-world tasks demonstrate that our feature selection approach can effectively boost multi-label graph classification performances and is more efficient by pruning the sub graph search space using multiple labels.
The ‘Design Procedure’ as a Means of Storing Engineering Knowledge

SUMMARY The author observes that, apart from work done in the area of some expert systems, there has been little discussion of the problems of storing the knowledge used by engineering designers. It is often assumed that this comprises only a knowledge of engineering science in conjunction with a certain inner ‘feel’ for materials and system behaviour. The author argues that the knowledge of how to design is different from these and merits a separate identity, with its own epistemology and philosophy. The idea of the ‘design procedure’ is introduced as the means by which certain engineering design knowledge and skill can be stored, communicated, learned, researched, and given its own history independent of engineering science.
Multi-sensor data fusion framework for CNC machining monitoring

Reliable machining monitoring systems are essential for lowering production time and manufacturing costs. Existing expensive monitoring systems focus on prevention/detection of tool malfunctions and provide information for process optimisation by force measurement. An alternative and cost-effective approach is monitoring acoustic emissions (AEs) from machining operations by acting as a robust proxy. The limitations of AEs include high sensitivity to sensor position and cutting parameters. In this paper, a novel multi-sensor data fusion framework is proposed to enable identification of the best sensor locations for monitoring cutting operations, identifying sensors that provide the best signal, and derivation of signals with an enhanced periodic component. Our experimental results reveal that by utilising the framework, and using only three sensors, signal interpretation improves substantially and the monitoring system reliability is enhanced for a wide range of machining parameters. The framework provides a route to overcoming the major limitations of AE based monitoring.
Sonographic diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum using the ‘enhancement of the peritoneal stripe sign.’ A prospective study

The objective of this study was to validate the Enhanced Peritoneal Stripe Sign (EPSS) in diagnosing pneumoperitoneum in patients presenting with acute abdomen. The EPSS was described as a specific sonographic sign of pneumoperitoneum in an animal model and few patients who had undergone laparoscopy (Muradali et al. in Am J Roentgenol 173(5): 1257–1262, 1999). This is the first large-scale study in patients to detect the efficacy of EPSS. Six hundred consecutive patients with acute abdominal pain presenting to the author over a period of 3 months in the emergency ultrasonography department were prospectively studied for the presence of the EPSS. As part of their clinical work up, patients also underwent plain radiographs and/or a computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen. The author was unaware of the results of other imaging studies at the time of the sonographic examination. In all cases, the final diagnosis was based on the intra-operative findings, results of other imaging techniques and clinical follow-up. Based on the final diagnosis, 21 out of 600 patients had pneumoperitoneum. The EPSS was found to be positive in all 21 of these patients. Another three patients were found to have the sign false positive. There were no false negatives in this study. The EPSS thus had a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 99%, a positive predictive value of 87.5% and a negative predictive value of 100%. The EPSS is a reliable and accurate sonographic sign for the diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum. It should be looked for in all patients presenting with acute abdominal pain.
Hsp70 Cochaperones HspBP1 and BAG-1M Differentially Regulate Steroid Hormone Receptor Function

Hsp70 binding protein 1 (HspBP1) and Bcl2-associated athanogene 1 (BAG-1), the functional orthologous nucleotide exchange factors of the heat shock protein 70 kilodalton (Hsc70/Hsp70) chaperones, catalyze the release of ADP from Hsp70 while inducing different conformational changes of the ATPase domain of Hsp70. An appropriate exchange rate of ADP/ATP is crucial for chaperone-dependent protein folding processes. Among Hsp70 client proteins are steroid receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and the androgen receptor (AR). BAG-1 diversely affects steroid receptor activity, while to date the influence of HspBP1 on steroid receptor function is mostly unknown. Here, we compared the influence of HspBP1 and BAG-1M on Hsp70-mediated steroid receptor folding complexes and steroid receptor activity. Coimmunoprecipitation studies indicated preferential binding of Hsp40 and the steroid receptors to BAG-1M as compared to HspBP1. Furthermore, Hsp70 binding to the ligand-binding domain of GR was reduced in the presence of HspBP1 but not in the presence of BAG-1M as shown by pull-down assays. Reporter gene experiments revealed an inhibitory effect on GR, MR, and AR at a wide range of HspBP1 protein levels and at hormone concentrations at or approaching saturation. BAG-1M exhibited a transition from stimulatory effects at low BAG-1M levels to inhibitory effects at higher BAG-1M levels. Overall, BAG-1M and HspBP1 had differential impacts on the dynamic composition of steroid receptor folding complexes and on receptor function with important implications for steroid receptor physiology.