LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Summarizing court decisions

In the field of law there is an absolute need for summarizing the texts of court decisions in order to make the content of the cases easily accessible for legal professionals. During the SALOMON and MOSAIC projects we investigated the summarization and retrieval of legal cases. This article presents some of the main findings while integrating the research results of experiments on legal document summarization by other research groups. In addition, we propose novel avenues of research for automatic text summarization, which we currently exploit when summarizing court decisions in the ACILA project. Techniques for automated concept learning and argument recognition are here the most challenging. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Enhancing the Performance of Passive Teleoperation Systems via Cutaneous Feedback

We introduce a novel method to improve the performance of passive teleoperation systems with force reflection. It consists of integrating kinesthetic haptic feedback provided by common grounded haptic interfaces with cutaneous haptic feedback. The proposed approach can be used on top of any time-domain control technique that ensures a stable interaction by scaling down kinesthetic feedback when this is required to satisfy stability conditions (e.g., passivity) at the expense of transparency. Performance is recovered by providing a suitable amount of cutaneous force through custom wearable cutaneous devices. The viability of the proposed approach is demonstrated through an experiment of perceived stiffness and an experiment of teleoperated needle insertion in soft tissue.
Hybrid motor driver for solar tracking systems

One of the most worldwide used renewable source is the solar energy, which can be converted directly into electricity by using photovoltaic panels. In order to maximize the energy generation by the panels, it is used solar tracking systems to follow the sun position along the day and the year. The design of conventional drivers uses power semiconductors in an H-bridge configuration to control speed and direction of DC motors. However, an important part of the energy for these drivers is converted into heat, reducing the overall system efficiency. This paper proposes a hybrid motor driver focused on reduction of power losses and circuit complexity taking into account some particularities of the solar tracking systems. The proposed driver is compared to a conventional driver under the most relevant operational characteristics. An experimental position closed-loop control with a linear actuator was carried out to demonstrate the overall performance of this panel positioning driver.
A comprehensive analytical approach for policy analysis of system dynamics models

Formal tools to link system dynamics model’s structure to the system modes of behavior have recently become available. In this paper, we aim to expand the use of these tools to perform the model’s policy analysis in a more structured and formal way than the exhaustive exploratory approaches used to date. We consider how a policy intervention (a parameter change) affects a particular behavior mode by affecting the gains of particular feedback loops as well as how it affects the presence of that mode in the variable of interest. The paper demonstrates the utility of considering both of these aspects since the analysis provides an assessment of the overall impact of a policy on a variable and explains why the impact occurs in terms of structural changes in the model. Particularly in the context of larger models, this method enables a much more efficient search for leverage policies, by ranking the influence of each model parameter without the need for multiple simulation experiments. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Biologically active secondary metabolites from Actinomycetes

Secondary metabolites obtained from Actinomycetales provide a potential source of many novel compounds with antibacterial, antitumour, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic and other properties. The majority of these compounds are widely used as medicines for combating multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Members of the genus Streptomyces are profile producers of previously-known secondary metabolites. Actinomycetes have been isolated from terrestrial soils, from the rhizospheres of plant roots, and recently from marine sediments. This review demonstrates the diversity of secondary metabolites produced by actinomycete strains with respect to their chemical structure, biological activity and origin. On the basis of this diversity, this review concludes that the discovery of new bioactive compounds will continue to pose a great challenge for scientists.
Sample-size calculations for short-term proof-of-concept studies of tissue protection and repair in multiple sclerosis lesions via conventional clinical imaging.

BACKGROUND
New multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion activity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can test immunomodulatory therapies in proof-of-concept trials. Comparably powerful endpoints to assess tissue protection or repair are lacking.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of this paper is to report sample-size calculations for assessment of new lesion recovery.


METHODS
In two sets of six active MS cases, new lesions were observed by monthly MRI for approximately 12 months. Averages and quartiles of normalized (proton density/T1/T2 weighted) and quantitative (T1/T2 and mean diffusivity maps for dataset 1, T2 and magnetization transfer ratio maps for dataset 2) measures were used to compare the lesion area before lesion appearance to afterward. A linear mixed-effects model incorporating lesion- and participant-specific random effects estimated average levels and variance components for sample-size calculations.


RESULTS
In both datasets, greatest statistical sensitivity was observed for the 25th percentile of normalized proton density-weighted signal. At 3T, using new lesions ⩾15 mm(3), as few as nine participants/arm may be required for a six-month placebo-controlled add-on trial postulating a therapeutic effect size of 20% and statistical power of 90%.


CONCLUSION
Lesion recovery is a powerful outcome measure for proof-of-concept clinical trials of tissue protection and repair in MS. The trial design requires active cases and is therefore best implemented near disease onset.
Determining the optimum replacement policy for Holstein dairy herds in Iran.

The objective of this study was to determine the optimum replacement policy for Holstein dairy herds in Iran using a dynamic programming model. Cows were described in terms of state variables that included milk production class, parity, pregnancy status, and month in milk with a 1-mo stage length. The objective function maximized the net present value of cows over a 15-yr planning horizon. Markov simulation was used to estimate expected herd dynamics under the optimal decision plan determined by dynamic programming. Stochastic elements included probabilities of pregnancy and abortion, production level, and involuntary culling. The optimum annual culling rate was estimated to be 31.4%, and cows had an expected herd life (time from first calving until culling) of 3.18 yr. High replacement cost and low carcass value resulted in only 2.87% voluntary culling (i.e., optimal model-based replacement). Assuming a heat detection rate of 0.4, cows averaged 2.8 services per lactation under the optimal policy. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to evaluate the effect of milk price, herd-average production, feed cost, heifer price, and carcass value on optimum replacement decisions. Herd-average production, replacement cost, and risk of involuntary culling were important factors affecting the optimal culling policy. Changes in the price of feed, calves, and milk and the probability of pregnancy had no considerable effect on the optimal policy considering the market situation in Iran during 2008.
Enhanced interferon-beta production by CHO cells through elevated osmolality and reduced culture temperature.

For efficient production of native interferon-beta (IFN-beta) in recombinant CHO cell culture, the IFN-beta molecular aggregation that occurs during culture needs to be minimized. To do so, we investigated the effect of hyperosmolality and hypothermia on IFN-beta production and molecular aggregation in rCHO cell culture. Both hyperosmolality (470 mOsm/kg) and hypothermia (32 degrees C) increased specific native INF-beta productivity q(IFN-beta). Furthermore, they decreased the IFN-beta molecular aggregation, although severe IFN-beta molecular aggregation could not be avoided in the later phase of culture. To overcome growth suppression at hyperosmolality and hypothermia, cells were cultivated in a biphasic mode. Cells were first cultivated at 310 mOsm/kg and 37 degrees C for 2 days to rapidly obtain a reasonably high cell concentration. The temperature and osmolality were then shifted to 32 degrees C and 470 mOsm/kg, respectively, to achieve high q(IFN-beta) and reduced IFN-beta molecular aggregation. Due to the enhanced q(IFN-beta) and delayed molecular aggregation, the highest native IFN-beta concentration achieved on day 6 was 18.03 +/- 0.61 mg/L, which was 5.30-fold higher than that in a control batch culture (310 mOsm/kg and 37 degrees C). Taken together, a combination of hyperosmolality and hypothermia in a biphasic culture is a useful strategy for improved native IFN-beta production from rCHO cells.
Leading change: why transformation efforts fail

This publication contains reprint articles for which IEEE does not hold copyright. Full text is not available on IEEE Xplore for these articles.
Analityczna epistemologia religii ostatnich pięciu dekad

Author: Peplinski Marek 
Title: ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION IN THE LAST FIFTY YEARS (Analityczna epistemologia religii ostatnich pieciu dekad) 
Source: Filo-Sofija 
year: 2011, vol:.15, number: 2011/4, pages: 919-938 
Keywords: ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION; EVIDENTIALISM, NATURAL THEOLOGY, WITTGENSTEINIAN FIDEISM, REFORMED EPISTEMOLOGY, JUSTIFICATION OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF, RATIONALITY OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF, EPISTEMOLOGY OF RELIGION, D. Z. PHILLIPS, A. PLANTINGA, W. ALSTON, A. KENNY, J. HICK, R. SWINBURNE, B. MITCHELL 
Discipline: PHILOSOPHY 
Language: POLISH 
Document type: ARTICLE 
Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): 
E-mail: 
www: 
Abstract There are three chief aims of the paper. First, it presents in short the beginning of the analytic philosophy of religion, its development, issues, and methods. Second, it puts forward a hypothesis that in the last five decades analytic philosophy of religion has been dominated by the epistemological paradigm, i.e. in most cases, any problem in question has been studied as part of the general problem of rationality of religious belief. That situation is changing slowly towards achieving more balance between the issues of epistemology of religion and those concerned with philosophical theology. Third, the paper provides criteria for the classification of the different ways to understand the rationality of religious belief: the rationalistic and evidentialist approach, the natural theology approach, the Wittgensteinian fideism and Reformed epistemology approaches. A brief description of each of those four positions in epistemology of religion is included.
Chapter 0 Immersion in Digital Games : a Review of Gaming Experience Research

 Abstract— Immersion is a widely valued experience when playing digital games however it is only one component of the gaming experience. In this chapter, we review our specific approach to immersion in relation to other concepts that are used to describe gaming experiences. These include: concepts that are not specific to games such as flow and attention; generic conceptualizations of the gaming experience of which immersion may form part, such as incorporation; and specific concepts around immersion, engagement and involvement such as presence and other formulations of immersion. To illustrate the sorts of studies being done in this area, we describe one experiment in detail which aims to position immersion in relation to presence. The chapter makes three contributions: a clear formulation of immersion as one aspect of gaming experience; an overview of the state-of-the-art of gaming experience research; and a demonstration of the possibility to achieve an empirically founded understanding of these rich, subjective experiences.
Can concept sorting provide a reliable, valid and sensitive measure of medical knowledge structure?

CONTEXT
Evolution from novice to expert is associated with the development of expert-type knowledge structure. The objectives of this study were to examine reliability and validity of concept sorting (ConSort) as a measure of static knowledge structure and to determine the relationship between concepts in static knowledge structure and concepts used during diagnostic reasoning.


METHOD
ConSort was used to identify static knowledge concepts and analysis of think-aloud protocols was used to identify dynamic knowledge concepts (used during diagnostic reasoning). Intra- and inter-rater reliability, and correlation across cases, were evaluated. Construct validity was evaluated by comparing proportions of nephrologists and students with expert-type knowledge structure. Sensitivity and specificity of static knowledge concepts as a predictor of dynamic knowledge concepts were estimated.


RESULTS
Thirteen first-year medical students and 19 nephrologists participated. Intra- and inter-rater agreement for determination of static knowledge concepts were 1.0 and 0.90, respectively. Reliability across cases was 0.45. The proportions of nephrologists and students identified as having expert-type knowledge structure were 82.9% and 55.8%, respectively (p=0.001). Sensitivity and specificity of ConSort((c)) in predicting concepts that were used during diagnostic reasoning were 96.8% and 27.8% for nephrologists and 87.2% and 55.1% for students.


CONCLUSIONS
ConSort is a reliable, valid and sensitive tool for studying static knowledge structure. The applicability of tools that evaluate static knowledge structure should be explored as an addition to existing tools that evaluate dynamic tasks such as diagnostic reasoning.
Concepts and technology development for the autonomous assembly and reconfiguration of modular space systems

This thesis will present concepts of modular space systems, including definitions and specific examples of how modularity has been incorporated into past and present space missions. In addition, it will present two architectures that utilize modularity in more detail to serve as examples of possible applications. The first example is a fully modular spacecraft design, which has standardized and reconfigurable components with multiple decoupled subsystems. This concept was developed into a testbed called Self-assembling Wireless Autonomous and Reconfigurable Modules (SWARM). This project sought to demonstrate the use of modular spacecraft in a laboratory environment, and to investigate the “cost,” or penalty, of modularity. The second example investigates the on-orbit assembly of a segmented primary mirror, which is part of a large space-based telescope. The objective is to compare two methods for assembling the mirror. The first method uses a propellant-based spacecraft to move the segments from a central stowage stack to the mirror assembly. The second is an electromagnetic-based method that uses superconducting electromagnetic coils as a means of applying force and torque between two assembling vehicles to produce the same results as the propellant-based system. Fully modular systems could have the ability to autonomously assemble and reconfigure in space. This ability will certainly involve very complex rendezvous and docking maneuvers that will require advanced docking ports and sensors. To this end, this thesis investigates the history of docking ports, and presents a comprehensive list of functional requirements. It then describes the design and implementation of the Universal Docking Port (UDP). Lastly, it explores the development of an optical docking sensor called the Miniature Video Docking Sensor (MVDS), which uses a set of infrared LED’s, a miniature CCD-based video camera, and an Extended Kalman Filter to determine the six relative degrees of freedom of two docking vehicles. It uses the Synchronized Position Hold Engage and Reorient Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) to demonstrate this fully integrated docking system. Thesis Advisor: David W. Miller Title: Associate Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT
Stator/rotor slot and winding pole pair combinations of DC biased sinusoidal vernier reluctance machines

The recent novel DC biased sinusoidal current reluctance machines (DC-biased VRMs) are similar to switched reluctance machines (SRMs) in terms of structure, as they both adopt the doubly salient structure and concentrated windings. However, the special characteristic of DC-biased VRMs is that their phase currents have both DC current and AC current. Therefore, it can be inferred that the vibration and noise can be much smaller than SRMs as the phase current waveform is smooth. Besides, compared with variable flux reluctance machines with specialized field windings, DC-biased VRMs exhibit better performance such as fewer copper loss and higher torque density. In this paper, the stator/rotor slot combinations and armature winding configurations with different pole pairs of the DC-biased VRMs are deeply investigated. Firstly, relationships among stator/rotor slots and armature winding pole pairs are given based on the working principles. Then, several feasible stator/rotor slot combinations are obtained, and the electromagnetic performances are compared by the finite element analysis (FEA). The results show that the 8-rotor-slot, 5 armature pole pair machine exhibits highest torque in rated load, but with highest torque density, the 10-rotor-slot, 4-armature pole pair machine shows highest torque in over load condition, and the 12/11 and 12/13 machine presents the minimum pulsation torque.
State-Space Constrained Model Predictive Control

Constrained State-space Model Predictive Control is presented in the paper. Predictive controller based on incremental linear state-space process model and quadratic criterion is derived. Typical types of constraints are considered – limits on manipulated, state and controlled variables. Control experiments with nonlinear model of multivariable laboratory process are simulated first and real experiment is realized afterwards.
Fragment-based lead discovery using X-ray crystallography.

Fragment screening offers an alternative to traditional screening for discovering new leads in drug discovery programs. This paper describes a fragment screening methodology based on high throughput X-ray crystallography. The method is illustrated against five proteins (p38 MAP kinase, CDK2, thrombin, ribonuclease A, and PTP1B). The fragments identified have weak potency (>100 microM) but are efficient binders relative to their size and may therefore represent suitable starting points for evolution to good quality lead compounds. The examples illustrate that a range of molecular interactions (i.e., lipophilic, charge-charge, neutral hydrogen bonds) can drive fragment binding and also that fragments can induce protein movement. We believe that the method has great potential for the discovery of novel lead compounds against a range of targets, and the companion paper illustrates how lead compounds have been identified for p38 MAP kinase starting from fragments such as those described in this paper.
Porphyria in Switzerland, 15 years experience.

BACKGROUND
The porphyrias, a group of seven metabolic disorders in the haem biosynthesis, can be classified into acute and non-acute porphyrias. A common symptom of acute porphyrias is severe acute abdominal pain, whereas cutaneous photosensitivity can occur in both acute and non-acute porphyrias. All porphyrias, except for sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda (sPCT), are hereditary disorders caused by mutations in the respective genes. We present porphyria cases documented in our porphyria centre during the past 15 years.


METHODS
Diagnosis was based on clinical symptoms and biochemical analyses. Mutation analysis was performed in patients/families with a confirmed hereditary porphyria.


RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
As the porphyria specialist centre of Switzerland, we perform the specialized analyses required for the diagnosis of all types of porphyrias, and give advice to patients, physicians and other laboratories. We therefore estimated that our data cover 80-90% of all diagnosed Swiss cases. A total of 217 patients from 170 families were diagnosed including, 111 acute intermittent porphyria, 45 erythropoietic protoporphyria, 30 variegate porphyria, 21 sPCT, five congenital erythropoietic porphyria, four hereditary coproporphyria and one hepatoerythropoietic porphyria patient. Systematic monitoring of the patients would allow early detection of the potential life-threatening complications such as hepatocellular carcinoma and renal insufficiency in acute porphyrias, and liver failure in EPP. Seventy-five percent of all families underwent genetic testing. Identification of pre-symptomatic mutation carriers so that these individuals and their physicians can be consulted with safety on drug use and other preventive measures, is important in managing acute porphyrias. The unique phenomenon of founder mutations in the Swiss population is also discussed.
Was wir über das Lernverhalten unserer Studierenden wissen. Welche Faktoren beeinflussen den Lernerfolg?

Im ZEITLast-Projekt 1 wurde per Zeitbudget-Methode täglich fünf Monate lang in 27 Stichproben aus unterschiedlichen Fächern und Hochschulen die Workload der Bachelor-Studierenden detailliert erhoben. Die minutiöse Erhebung und Analyse der Workload hatte zu der überraschenden Ei nsicht geführt, dass das subjektive Empfinden von Zeit und Belastung in keiner Weise der objektiv gemessenen Zeit entspricht. Die Analyse offenbart nicht nur die Schwäche des unbetreuten Selbststudiums, sondern öffnet den Blick zu gleich für die enorme Diversität in Motivation und Lernverhalten. Während Studierend mit einem zeitlichen Einsatz unter 20 Stunden pro Woche keine/einige/alle Pr üfungen bestanden, bestanden Studierende mit einem zeitlichen Einsatz über 40 Stunden pro Woche etliche Prüfungen nicht und vice versa. Es konnte na chgewiesen werden, dass die Zeit, die Studierende im Studium aufwenden, keine korrelative Beziehung zum Prüfungserfolg eingeht. Die hohe individuelle und interindividuelle Varianz selbst im Präsenzstudium, aber besonders im Selbststudiums führt zur Einsicht, dass es weder die bzw. den Normalstudierenden gibt noch einen normalen gleichförmigen Studienverlauf . Differenziert man jedoch die Studierenden nach ihrer Motivation, so we rden Gruppenprofile von Studierenden erkennbar, die sich doch nach Workload und Studienerfolg unterscheiden. Für die Hochschulen und die Hochschuldidaktik ist es deshalb wichtig, nach Studienstrukturen zu suchen, in denen der He t rogenität Rechnung getragen wird. Um diese Erkenntnisse abzusichern, wurden in einer Metastudie 2 300 empirische Studien aus der Lernforschung zu Workload und Studienerfolg gesichtet. Die Höhe der Workload erweist sich nicht als Prädiktor für den Studienerfolg. Die bek annten demographischen Variablen verlieren im Vergleich zu Variablen des Lernverhaltens wie Gewissenhaftigkeit, Aufmerksamkeit, Konzentration u nd persistente Zielverfolgung an prognostischer Kraft. 1 http://www.zhw.uni-hamburg.de/zhw/?page_id=419 2 Eine ausführliche Darstellung der Metastudie zum Lernv rhalten wird im August 2014 erscheinen: Schulmeister, R.: Auf der Suche nach Determinanten des St udienerfolgs. In J. Brockmann und A. Pilniok (Hrsg.): Studieneingangsphase in der Rechtswissenschaft. No mos, 2014, S. 72-204.