LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Substantially Improved Stability of Biological Agents in Dried Form The Role of Glassy Dynamics in Preservation of Biopharmaceuticals

Recent advances in the field of biotechnology have led to products containing enzymes, antibodies, and many other biological agents suitable for use as pharmaceuticals, veterinarian preparations, and foods. Often, economic and ease-of-use considerations dictate that proteins be stabilized in a dry format. Well over a decade ago it became clear that carbohydrate glasses play a central role in anhydrous preservation of biological agents in nature (1, 2). Currently, simple sugars and sugar alcohols are often used as the primary preservation medium for biological agents (3–6). Unfortunately, formulation of such dried preparations can be a very complex process. Consideration must be made for processing the aqueous formulation and for both the physical and biochemical stability of the final dried product. Dried biopharmaceuticals are typically prepared in a glassy matrix by spray drying or lyophilization. When the glassformer is a simple sugar, physical properties of the dried products are often not robust. For example, even small amounts of residual moisture can cause the lyophilate to shrink and collapse or cause the spray-dried powder to fuse and cake up. In either case, the product does not redissolve readily. Polymer glasses have the advantage of yielding products with good physical characteristics, but when used alone, they seem to be less effective than small-molecule glassformers at preserving biological agents (7–11). Formulations that combine smallmolecule sugars with polymers (12–15) or amino acids (16–19) seem to yield products with both good physical characteristics and good biopreservation. Amino acids are used in freeze-drying for their propensity to crystallize and form a continuous crystalline network throughout the product, giving it structural support. The drawback to this approach is that proteins are not stabilized in the crystalline phase (20, 21), and sometimes loss of product occurs in these formulations (22). Polymers also provide structural support to the product, but they do so by virtue of their ability to form physical networks, and crystallization is not necessarily involved. The advantage of product being nominally 100% amorphous must be weighed against the fact that such formulations often also have higher viscosity in the aqueous phase and may thus be more difficult to handle. Stability concerns. If liquid handling and physical properties of the dried product were the only concerns, formulation of biopharmaceuticals would be greatly simplified. Obviously, biochemical stability is also of utmost importance. As an added complication, the factors governing stability of biological structures or biomacromolecules in a dried format are only poorly understood. These factors may be broadly categorized as either related to dynamics or thermodynamics. Spectroscopic (23) and phenomenological (24–26) Substantially Improved Stability of Biological Agents in Dried Form The Role of Glassy Dynamics in Preservation of Biopharmaceuticals
The monolithic op amp: a tutorial study

Absfracf—A study is made of the integrated circuit operational amplifier (IC op amp) to explain details of its behavior in a simplified and understandable manner. Included are analyses of thermal feedback effects on gain, basic relationships for bandwidth and slew rate, and a discussion of pole-splitting frequency compensation. Sources of second-order bandlimiting in the amplifier are also identified and som(s approaches to speed and bandwidth improvement are developed. Brief sections are included on new JFETbipolar circuitry and die area reduction techniques using transconductance reduction,
Prospective study of pathogen burden and risk of myocardial infarction or death.

BACKGROUND
We previously demonstrated that the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) increased in relation to the number of pathogens (the "pathogen burden") in a cross-sectional study. In the present prospective study with a different patient cohort, we evaluated the effect of pathogen burden on the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) or death among CAD patients.


METHODS AND RESULTS
IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), HSV type 2 (HSV2), Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were tested in baseline blood samples from 890 patients who had significant CAD on angiography. The mean follow-up period was 3 years. The baseline prevalence of antibodies directed against CMV, HAV, HSV1, or HSV2, but not C pneumoniae and H pylori, was significantly higher among patients who subsequently developed MI or death than among control subjects. After adjustment for traditional risk factors, number of diseased vessels, and clinical presentation, relative hazards (95% confidence limits) for MI or death were 2.0 (1. 4 to 3.2) for CMV, 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3) for HAV, and 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) for HSV2. Increasing pathogen burden was significantly associated with increasing risk of MI or death in a dose-response fashion. Adjusted relative hazards of MI or death associated with pathogen burden were significant among individuals with low or high CRP levels.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that infection plays an important role in incident MI or death and that the risk posed by infection is independently related to the pathogen burden.
Dissociable influences of reward motivation and positive emotion on cognitive control

It is becoming increasingly appreciated that affective and/or motivational influences contribute strongly to goal-oriented cognition and behavior. An unresolved question is whether emotional manipulations (i.e., direct induction of affectively valenced subjective experience) and motivational manipulations (e.g., delivery of performance-contingent rewards and punishments) have similar or distinct effects on cognitive control. Prior work has suggested that reward motivation can reliably enhance a proactive mode of cognitive control, whereas other evidence is suggestive that positive emotion improves cognitive flexibility, but reduces proactive control. However, a limitation of the prior research is that reward motivation and positive emotion have largely been studied independently. Here, we directly compared the effects of positive emotion and reward motivation on cognitive control with a tightly matched, within-subjects design, using the AX-continuous performance task paradigm, which allows for relative measurement of proactive versus reactive cognitive control. High-resolution pupillometry was employed as a secondary measure of cognitive dynamics during task performance. Robust increases in behavioral and pupillometric indices of proactive control were observed with reward motivation. The effects of positive emotion were much weaker, but if anything, also reflected enhancement of proactive control, a pattern that diverges from some prior findings. These results indicate that reward motivation has robust influences on cognitive control, while also highlighting the complexity and heterogeneity of positive-emotion effects. The findings are discussed in terms of potential neurobiological mechanisms.
Intrusion Detection System Using Data Mining Technique : Support Vector Machine

Security and privacy of a system is compromised, when an intrusion happens. Intrusion Detection System (IDS) plays vital role in network security as it detects various types of attacks in network. So here, we are going to propose Intrusion Detection System using data mining technique: SVM (Support Vector Machine). Here, Classification will be done by using SVM and verification regarding the effectiveness of the proposed system will be done by conducting some experiments using NSL-KDD Cup’99 dataset which is improved version of KDD Cup’99 data set. The SVM is one of the most prominent classification algorithms in the data mining area, but its drawback is its extensive training time. In this proposed system, we have carried out some experiments using NSLKDD Cup’99 data set. The experimental results show that we can reduce extensive time required to build SVM model by performing proper data set pre-processing. Also when we do proper selection of SVM kernel function such as Gaussian Radial Basis Function, attack detection rate of SVM is increased and False Positive Rate (FPR) is decrease. Keywords— Classification, Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Kernel Function, NSLKDD, Pre-processing, Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Single-agent lenalidomide in the treatment of previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

PURPOSE
Lenalidomide is an oral immunomodulatory drug with multiple effects on the immune system and tumor cell microenvironment leading to inhibition of malignant cell growth. Based on encouraging reports of lenalidomide in relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we investigated the first-line use of single-agent lenalidomide in CLL.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Using a starting dose of lenalidomide 10 mg/d for 21 days of a 28-day cycle and weekly 5-mg dose escalations to a target of 25 mg, we encountered severe toxicities (tumor lysis, fatal sepsis) in the first two patients enrolled. The study was halted and the protocol amended to a more conservative regimen: starting dose of lenalidomide 2.5 mg with monthly escalations to a target dose of 10 mg, and extended tumor lysis prophylaxis and monitoring. Gene expression profiles from patient samples before and after 7 days of lenalidomide were performed.


RESULTS
Twenty-five patients were enrolled on the amended protocol. No further tumor lysis events were reported. Tumor flare was common (88%) but mild. Grade 3 to 4 neutropenia occurred in 72% of patients, with only five episodes of febrile neutropenia. The overall response rate was 56% (no complete responses). Although rapid peripheral lymphocyte reductions were observed, rebound lymphocytoses during the week off-therapy were common. Lenalidomide-induced molecular changes enriched for cytoskeletal and immune-related genes were identified.


CONCLUSION
Lenalidomide is clinically active as first-line CLL therapy and is well-tolerated if a conservative approach with slow dose escalation is used. A lenalidomide-induced molecular signature provides insights into its immunomodulatory mechanisms of action in CLL.
The Seventh Moment: Qualitative Inquiry and the Practices of a More Radical Consumer Research

My intentions in this essay are fivefold: (1) to show how the discourses of qualitative inquiry and cultural studies in the seventh moment can be put to critical advantage by consumer researchers; (2) to discuss the cultural studies assumptions that define a consumer research agenda; (3) to offer a set of interpretive, methodological, and ethical criteria that can be used by consumer researchers; (4) to apply these criteria to a concrete case, a reading of the Hollywood “hood” films of the last decade; and thereby (5) to establish the relevance of this approach for the practices of critical consumer research. Throughout I use examples from the Black Arts Movement of the 1970s.
Real-time Facial Animation from Live Video Tracking

This paper describes a complete pipe-line of a practical system for producing real-time facial expressions of a 3D virtual avatar controlled by an actor's live performances. The system handles practical challenges arising from markerless expression captures from a single conventional video camera. For robust tracking, a localized algorithm constrained by belief propagation is applied to the upper face, and an appearance matching technique using a parameterized generic face model is exploited for lower face and head pose tracking. The captured expression features then transferred to high dimensional 3D animation controls using our facial expression space which is a structure-preserving map between two algebraic structures. The transferred animation controls drive facial animation of a 3D avatar while optimizing the smoothness of the face mesh. An example-based face deformation technique produces non-linear local detail deformations on the avatar that are not captured in the movement of the animation controls.
Crossing the perspectives of patients, families, and physicians on cancer treatment: A qualitative study

PURPOSE
Patients, family members, and physicians participate in cancer care, but their perspectives about what is helpful during cancer treatment have rarely been compared. The aim of this study was to compare these three perspectives.


METHODS
Multicenter qualitative study (with previously published protocol) based on 90 semi-structured interviews. Participants (purposively selected until data saturation) came from three different subsamples: (i) patients with cancer (n=30), (ii) their relatives (n=30), and (iii) their referring physicians (n=10, interviewed more than once).


RESULTS
Our analysis found 3 main axes (perceived positive effects of cancer treatment, perceived negative effects of cancer treatment, doctor-physician relationship), each composed of 2 main themes. The findings showed that patients, families, and physicians shared the long-term objective of increasing survival (while reducing side effects). However, patients and relatives also pointed out the importance of living with cancer each day and thus of factors helping them to live as well as possible in daily life. The physicians' difficulty in coping with patients' suffering may limit their access to elements that can improve patients' capacity to live as well as possible.


CONCLUSIONS
During cancer treatment (and not only at the end of life), attention should be given to enhancing the capacity of patients to live as well as possible (not only as long as possible) to meet the goals of patient-centered care and satisfy this important need of patients and families.
Mental health research priorities in low- and middle-income countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean.

BACKGROUND
Studies suggest a paucity of and lack of prioritisation in mental health research from low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries.


AIMS
To investigate research priorities in mental health among researchers and other stakeholders in LAMI countries.


METHOD
We used a two-stage design that included identification, through literature searches and snowball technique, of researchers and stakeholders in 114 countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean; and a mail survey on priorities in research.


RESULTS
The study identified broad agreement between researchers and stakeholders and across regions regarding research priorities. Epidemiology (burden and risk factors), health systems and social science ranked highest for type of research. Depression/anxiety, substance use disorders and psychoses; and children and adolescents, women, and people exposed to violence/trauma were prioritised among the disorders and population groups respectively. Important criteria for prioritising research were burden of disease, social justice, and availability of funds. Stakeholder groups differed in the importance they gave to the personal interest of researchers as a criterion for prioritising research. Researchers' and stakeholders' priorities were consistent with burden of disease estimates, however suicide was underprioritised compared with its burden. Researchers' and stakeholders' priorities were also largely congruent with the researchers' projects.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this first ever conducted survey of researchers and stakeholders regarding research priorities in mental health suggest that it should be possible to develop consensus at regional and international levels regarding the research agenda that is necessary to support health system objectives in LAMI countries.
Experimental dry eye stimulates production of inflammatory cytokines and MMP-9 and activates MAPK signaling pathways on the ocular surface.

PURPOSE
To evaluate whether experimentally induced dry eye in mice activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK), and p38 and stimulates ocular surface inflammation.


METHODS
129SvEv/CD-1 mixed mice aged 6 to 8 weeks were treated with systemic scopolamine and exposure to an air draft for different lengths of time, from 4 hours to 10 days. Untreated mice were used as the control. The concentrations of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in tear fluid washings and in corneal and conjunctival epithelia were measured by ELISA. MMP-9 in tear washings was evaluated by zymography, and gelatinase activity in the cornea and conjunctiva was determined by in situ zymography. Corneal and conjunctival epithelia were lysed in RIPA buffer for Western blot with MAPK antibodies, or they were lysed in 4 M guanidium thiocyanate solution for extraction of total RNA, which was used to determine gene expression by semiquantitative RT-PCR, real-time PCR, and gene array.


RESULTS
Compared with those in age-matched control subjects, the concentrations of IL-1beta and MMP-9 in tear fluid washings and the concentrations of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha and gelatinolytic activity in the corneal and conjunctival epithelia were significantly increased in mice receiving treatments to induce dry eye after 5 or 10 days. The expression of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and MMP-9 mRNA by the corneal and conjunctival epithelia was also stimulated in mice treated for 5 or 10 days. The levels of phosphorylated JNK1/2, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPKs in the corneal and conjunctival epithelia were markedly increased as early as 4 hours after treatment, and they remained elevated up to 5 days.


CONCLUSIONS
Experimental dry eye stimulates expression and production of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and MMP-9 and activates MAPK signaling pathways on the ocular surface. MAPKs are known to stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs, and they could play an important role in the induction of these factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease.
A Language with Distributed Scope

Obliq is a lexically-scoped, untyped, interpreted language that supports distributed object-oriented computation. Obliq objects have state and are local to a site. Obliq computations can roam over the network, while maintaining network connections. Distributed lexical scoping is the key mechanism for managing distributed computation.
Bank capital, asset prices and monetary policy

We study a general equilibrium model in which informational frictions impede entrepreneurs' ability to borrow and banks' ability to intermediate funds. These nancial market frictions are embedded in an otherwise-standard dynamic New Keynesian model. We nd that exogenous shocks have an ampli ed and more persistent effect on output and investment, relative to the case of perfect capital markets. The chief contribution of the paper is to analyse how these nancial sector imperfections  in particular, those relating to the banking sector  modify our understanding of optimal monetary policy. Our main nding is that optimal monetary policy tolerates only a very small amount of in ation volatility. Given that similar results have been reported for models that abstract from banks, we conclude that assigning a non-trivial role for banks need not materially affect the properties of optimal monetary policy.
Peri-implantitis in a specialist clinic of periodontology. Clinical features and risk indicators.

Implant therapy has become a widely recognized treatment alternative for replacing missing teeth. Several long term follow-up studies have shown that the survival rate is high. However, complications may appear and risk indcators associated with early and late failures have been identified. The purpose of the present retrospective clinical study was to describe some clinical features of patients with clinical signs of peri-implantitis and to identify risk indicators of peri-implantitis in a population at a specialist clinic of Periodontology. In total,the material consisted of 377 implants in 111 patients with the diagnosis peri-implantitis. The mean age at the examination was found to be 56.3 years (range 22-83) for females and 64.1 years (range 27-85) for males. The mean number of remaining teeth was found to be 10.5 (S.D. 8.89) and the mean number of implants was 5.85 (S.D. 3.42). For a majority of the subjects, more than 50% of the remaining teeth had a marginal bone loss of more than 1/3 of the root length. Forty-sex percent of the patients visited regularly dental hygienists for supportive treatment. The percentage of implants with peri-implantitis was significantly increased for smokers compared to non-smokers (p = 0.04). In the group of non-smokers, 64% of the implants had the diagnosis peri-implantitis, while the corresponding relative frequency for smokers was 78%. A majority of the individuals had a Plaque index and Bleeding on probing index >50%. The median of the follow-up time after implant placement was 7.4 years and the observation period was not significantly correlated to the degree of bone loss around the implants. Among the subjects with a mean bone loss >6 mm at implants with peri-implantitis, more than 70% had a mean marginal bone loss > 1/3 of the root length of the remaining teeth. A positive and significant correlation was found between the degree of marginal bone loss in remaining teeth and the degree of bone loss around implants with peri-implantitis. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that smoking as well as previous history of periodontitis are associated with peri-implantitis and may represent risk factors for this disease.
Quantity and Quality Aware Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Clustering

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is a relatively new swarm intelligence technique for clustering. It produces higher quality clusters compared to other population-based algorithms but with poor energy efficiency, cluster quality consistency and typically slower in convergence speed. Inspired by energy saving foraging behavior of natural honey bees this paper presents a Quality and Quantity Aware Artificial Bee Colony (QABC) algorithm to improve quality of cluster identification, energy efficiency and convergence speed of the original ABC. To evaluate the performance of QABC algorithm, experiments were conducted on a suite of ten benchmark UCI datasets. The results demonstrate QABC outperformed ABC and K-means algorithm in the quality of clusters delivered. Keywords—Artificial bee colony algorithm, clustering.