LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Relative depletion of niobium in some arc magmas and the continental crust : partitioning of K, Nb, La, and Ce during melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle

Depletion of Nb relative to K and La is characteristic of lavas in subduction-related magmatic arcs, as distinct from mid-ocean ridge basalts. Nb depletion is also characteristic of the continental crust. This and other geochemical similarities between the continental crust and high-Mg# andesite magmas found in arcs suggests that the continental crust may have formed by accretion of andesites. Previous studies have shown that the major element characteristics of high-Mg# andesites may be produced by melt / rock reaction in the upper mantle. In this paper, new data on partitioning of K, Nb, La and Ce between garnet, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in mantle xenoliths, and on partitioning of Nb and La between orthopyroxene and liquid, show that garnet and orthopyroxene have Nb crystal/liquid distribution coefficients which are much larger than those of K and La. Similar fractionations of Nb from K and La are expected in spinel and olivine. For this reason, reactions between migrating melt and large masses of mantle peridotite can produce substantial depletion of Nb in derivative liquids. Modeling shows that reaction between ascending, mantle-derived melts and mantle peridotite is a viable mechanism for producing the trace element characteristics of high-Mg# andesite magmas and the continental crust. Alternatively, small-degree melts of metabasalt a n d / o r metasediment in the subducting slab may leave rutile in their residue, and will thus have large Nb depletions relative to K and La [1]. Slab melts are too rich in light rare earth elements and other incompatible elements, and too poor in compatible elements, to be parental to arc magmas. However, ascending slab melts may be modified by reaction with the mantle. Our new data permit modeling of the trace element effects of reaction between small-degree melts of the slab and mantle peridotite. Modeling shows that this type of reaction is also a viable mechanism for producing the trace element characteristics of high-Mg# andesites and the continental crust. These findings, in combination with previous results, suggest that melt / rock reaction in the upper mantle has been an important process in forming the continental crust and mantle lithosphere.
A review of numerical analysis of friction stir welding

Friction stir welding is a relatively new solid-state joining technique which is widely adopted in different industry fields to join different metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. Friction stir welding is a highly complex process comprising several highly coupled physical phenomena. The complex geometry of some kinds of joints and their three dimensional nature make it difficult to develop an overall system of governing equations for theoretical analyzing the behavior of the friction stir welded joints. The experiments are often time consuming and costly. To overcome these problems, numerical analysis has frequently been used since the 2000s. This paper reviews the latest developments in the numerical analysis of friction stir welding processes, microstructures of friction stir welded joints and the properties of friction stir welded structures. Some important numerical issues such as materials flow modeling, meshing procedure and failure criteria are discussed. Numerical analysis of friction stir welding will allow many different welding processes to be simulated in order to understand the effects of changes in different system parameters before physical testing, which would be time-consuming or prohibitively expensive in practice. The main methods used in numerical analysis of friction stir welding are discussed and illustrated with brief case studies. In addition, several important key problems and issues remain to be addressed about the numerical analysis of friction stir welding and opportunities for further research are identified.
Use of natural products as biosorbent of heavy metals ó An overview

Industrial effluents loaded with heavy metals are a cause of hazards to human and other forms of life. Conventional methods such as precipitation, evaporation, electroplating, ion exchange, membrane processes, etc. used for removal of heavy metals from waste water however, are often cost prohibitive having inadequate efficiencies at low metal ion concentrations. Biosorption can be considered as an alternative technology which has been proved as more efficient and economical for removal of heavy metals from the industrial waste water. The most frequently used biosorbents are bacteria, fungi, algae and yeasts. But more recently, low cost natural products have also been searched as biosorbent. This paper presents an overview of the potential use of some natural products as biosorbent which could serve as a cost effective means of treating effluents charged with toxic heavy metals.
Fat embolism syndrome: Clinical and imaging considerations: Case report and review of literature

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a serious clinical disorder occurring after trauma, orthopedic procedures and rarely in non-traumatic patients. Fat emboli develop in nearly all patients with bone fractures, but they are usually asymptomatic. Small number of patients develop signs and symptoms of various organ system dysfunction due to either mechanical obstruction of capillaries by fat emboli or due to hydrolysis of fat to fatty acids. A triad of lung, brain and skin involvement develop after an asymptomatic period of 24 to 72 hours. This symptom complex is called FES. The incidence reported is up to 30%, but many mild cases may recover unnoticed. Diagnosis of fat embolism is clinical with nonspecific, insensitive diagnostic test results. Treatment of fat embolism syndrome remains supportive and in most cases can be prevented by early fixation of large bone factures. Here we report two cases of traumatic fat embolism, which were diagnosed initially by Gurd's criteria and subsequently confirmed by typical appearance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in these patients. These patients were successfully treated with supportive management. In conclusion, diagnosis of FES needs high index of suspicion, exclusion of other conditions and use of clinical criteria in combination with imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is of great importance in diagnosis and management of these patients.
Concordance between capnography and capnia in adults admitted for acute dyspnea in an ED.

BACKGROUND
End-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (etCO(2)) is widely used in anaesthesia and critical care in intubated patients. The aim of our preliminary study was to evaluate the feasibility of a simple device to predict capnia in spontaneously breathing patients in an emergency department (ED).


PATIENTS AND METHODS
This study was a prospective, nonblind study performed in our teaching hospital ED. We included nonintubated patients with dyspnea (> or =18 years) requiring measurement of arterial blood gases, as ordered by the emergency physician in charge. There were no exclusion criteria. End-tidal CO(2) was measured by an easy-to-use device connected to a microstream capnometer, which gave a continuous measurement and graphical display of the etCO(2) level of a patient's exhaled breath.


RESULTS
A total of 43 patients (48 measurements) were included, and the majority had pneumonia (n = 12), acute cardiac failure (n = 8), asthma (n = 7), or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation (n = 6). Using simple linear regression, the correlation between etCO(2) and Paco(2) was good (R = 0.82). However, 18 measurements (38%) had a difference between etCO(2) and Paco(2) of 10 mm Hg or more. The mean difference between the Paco(2) and etCO(2) levels was 8 mm Hg. Using the Bland and Altman matrix, the limits of agreement were -10 to +26 mm Hg.


CONCLUSION
In our preliminary study, etCO(2) using a microstream method does not seem to accurately predict Paco(2) in patients presenting to an ED for acute dyspnea.
eview ethamphetamine use : A comprehensive review of molecular , preclinical and linical findings illiam

Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug that principally affects the monoamine neurotransmitter systems of the brain and results in feelings of alertness, increased energy and euphoria. The drug is particularly popular with young adults, due to its wide availability, relatively low cost, and long duration of psychoactive effects. Extended use of MA is associated with many health problems that are not limited to the central nervous system, and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in drug users. Numerous studies, using complementary techniques, have provided evidence that chronic MA use is associated with substantial neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. These pathoeywords:
Active scene recognition with vision and language

This paper presents a novel approach to utilizing high level knowledge for the problem of scene recognition in an active vision framework, which we call active scene recognition. In traditional approaches, high level knowledge is used in the post-processing to combine the outputs of the object detectors to achieve better classification performance. In contrast, the proposed approach employs high level knowledge actively by implementing an interaction between a reasoning module and a sensory module (Figure 1). Following this paradigm, we implemented an active scene recognizer and evaluated it with a dataset of 20 scenes and 100+ objects. We also extended it to the analysis of dynamic scenes for activity recognition with attributes. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the active paradigm in introducing attention and additional constraints into the sensing process.
EducationPaving the way for computational thinking

Drawing on methods from diverse disciplines---including computer science, education, sociology, and psychology---to improve computing education.
Kinetic chain of overarm throwing in terms of joint rotations revealed by induced acceleration analysis.

This study investigated how baseball players generate large angular velocity at each joint by coordinating the joint torque and velocity-dependent torque during overarm throwing. Using a four-segment model (i.e., trunk, upper arm, forearm, and hand) that has 13 degrees of freedom, we conducted the induced acceleration analysis to determine the accelerations induced by these torques by multiplying the inverse of the system inertia matrix to the torque vectors. We found that the proximal joint motions (i.e., trunk forward motion, trunk leftward rotation, and shoulder internal rotation) were mainly accelerated by the joint torques at their own joints, whereas the distal joint motions (i.e., elbow extension and wrist flexion) were mainly accelerated by the velocity-dependent torques. We further examined which segment motion is the source of the velocity-dependent torque acting on the elbow and wrist accelerations. The results showed that the angular velocities of the trunk and upper arm produced the velocity-dependent torque for initial elbow extension acceleration. As a result, the elbow joint angular velocity increased, and concurrently, the forearm angular velocity relative to the ground also increased. The forearm angular velocity subsequently accelerated the elbow extension and wrist flexion. It also accelerated the shoulder internal rotation during the short period around the ball-release time. These results indicate that baseball players accelerate the distal elbow and wrist joint rotations by utilizing the velocity-dependent torque that is originally produced by the proximal trunk and shoulder joint torques in the early phase.
Validation of a novel diagnostic standard in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Background:Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is now advocated. Demonstration of transcriptionally active high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) in fresh tumour tissue is considered to be the analytical ‘gold standard’. Clinical testing has focused on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue at the expense of sensitivity and specificity. Recently, a novel RNA in situ hybridisation test (RNAscope) has been developed for the detection of HR-HPV in FFPE tissue; however, validation against the ‘gold standard’ has not been reported.Methods:A tissue microarray comprising FFPE cores from 79 OPSCC was tested using HR-HPV RNAscope. Analytical accuracy and prognostic capacity were established by comparison with the reference test; qRT–PCR for HR-HPV on matched fresh-frozen samples.Results:High-risk HPV RNAscope had a sensitivity and specificity of 97 and 93%, respectively, against the reference test. Kaplan–Meier estimates of disease-specific survival (DSS, P=0.001) and overall survival (OS, P<0.001) by RNAscope were similar to the reference test (DSS, P=0.003, OS, P<0.001) and at least, not inferior to p16 immunohistochemistry +/− HR-HPV DNA-based tests.Conclusion:HR-HPV RNAscope demonstrates excellent analytical and prognostic performance against the ‘gold standard’. These data suggest that the test could be developed to provide the ‘clinical standard’ for assigning a diagnosis of HPV-related OPSCC.
THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF ECOLOGICAL GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING ABROAD

The characteristics, objectives,principles and tasks of ecologicalgeochemical mapping have been elucidated in this paper according to information acquired abroad. The tasks of ecologicalgeochemical mapping include rational land use and regional programming, investigation of environmental geochemical baseline related to human health,prognosis of mineral resources and researches on agricultural geochemistry.
Clinical Natural Language Processing in 2015: Leveraging the Variety of Texts of Clinical Interest.

OBJECTIVE
To summarize recent research and present a selection of the best papers published in 2015 in the field of clinical Natural Language Processing (NLP).


METHOD
A systematic review of the literature was performed by the two section editors of the IMIA Yearbook NLP section by searching bibliographic databases with a focus on NLP efforts applied to clinical texts or aimed at a clinical outcome. Section editors first selected a shortlist of candidate best papers that were then peer-reviewed by independent external reviewers.


RESULTS
The clinical NLP best paper selection shows that clinical NLP is making use of a variety of texts of clinical interest to contribute to the analysis of clinical information and the building of a body of clinical knowledge. The full review process highlighted five papers analyzing patient-authored texts or seeking to connect and aggregate multiple sources of information. They provide a contribution to the development of methods, resources, applications, and sometimes a combination of these aspects.


CONCLUSIONS
The field of clinical NLP continues to thrive through the contributions of both NLP researchers and healthcare professionals interested in applying NLP techniques to impact clinical practice. Foundational progress in the field makes it possible to leverage a larger variety of texts of clinical interest for healthcare purposes.
Review article: biosimilars are the next generation of drugs for liver and gastrointestinal diseases.

BACKGROUND
A biosimilar is a copy version of an approved original biological medicine whose data protection has expired.


AIM
To provide an overview of the development of biosimilars worldwide.


METHODS
Literature review of manufacturing processes of biosimilars, differences and similarities between biosimilars and the reference product, approval pathways for biosimilars, challenges in clinical trial study design and available data from clinical trials.


RESULTS
Biosimilars have the same amino acid sequence and highly similar glycosylation patterns that overlap with the originator product. Both efficacy and toxicity are difficult to predict due to subtle molecular changes that might have profound effects on clinical efficacy, safety and immunogenicity. Their main advantage is related to cost savings. Direct evidence of safety and benefit from clinical trials, post-marketing pharmacoviligance and unequivocal identification of the product as a biosimilar are requirements before approval. Non-inferiority or equivalence trials are required by regulatory agencies. Over the past years, several biosimilars have been approved such as erythropoietin or growth factors. Recently, two monoclonal antibodies, Remsima and Inflectra, have been shown to be equivalent to infliximab (INX) in safety and efficacy in rheumatologic conditions. Interchangeability, automatic substitution and switching are key issues when treating patients with biosimilars in clinical practice.


CONCLUSIONS
Biosimilars represent a new generation of drugs in liver and gastrointestinal diseases. On June 27, 2013, Hospira's Inflectra (INX) was the first biosimilar monoclonal antibody to receive positive opinion from European Medicines Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use for rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and plaque psoriasis.
Extrapolation and sharp norm estimates for classical operators on weighted Lebesgue spaces

We obtain sharp weighted Lp estimates in the Rubio de Francia extrapolation theorem in terms of the Ap characteristic constant of the weight. Precisely, if for a given 1 < r < ∞ the norm of a sublinear operator on Lr(w) is bounded by a function of the Ar characteristic constant of the weight w, then for p > r it is bounded on Lp(v) by the same increasing function of the Ap characteristic constant of v, and for p < r it is bounded on Lp(v) by the same increasing function of the r−1 p−1 power of the Ap characteristic constant of v. For some operators these bounds are sharp, but not always. In particular, we show that they are sharp for the Hilbert, Beurling, and martingale transforms.
Cystatin C, Renal Function and Cardiovascular Risk

Kratak sadr`aj: Cistatin C je novi serumski marker glo merularne filtracije (GFR), od kriti~nog zna~aja za procenu normalne bubre`ne funkcije. Za razliku od serumskog kreatinina, koncentracije serumskog cistatina C ne zavise od pola, starosti i mi{i}ne mase. Cistatin C ne podle`e tubulrnoj sekreciji, te je mnogo raniji indikator smanjenja GFR {to omogu}ava otkrivanje i neznatnog smanjenja GFR, koje nije mogu}e otkriti pomo}u kreatinina. Cistatin C je udru`en sa budu}im kardiovaskularnim oboljenjem {to ukazuje i na rane stupnjeve hroni~ne renalne disfunkcije. To zna~i da su »sub-klini~ka« pove}anja koncentracija cistatina C u osoba bez hroni~nog oboljenja bubrega indikovana kreatininom nezavisan prediktor progresije hroni~nog bubre`nog obolje nja, sr~anog o{te}enja i smrtnosti.
Choosy: max-min fair sharing for datacenter jobs with constraints

Max-Min Fairness is a flexible resource allocation mechanism used in most datacenter schedulers. However, an increasing number of jobs have hard placement constraints, restricting the machines they can run on due to special hardware or software requirements. It is unclear how to define, and achieve, max-min fairness in the presence of such constraints. We propose Constrained Max-Min Fairness (CMMF), an extension to max-min fairness that supports placement constraints, and show that it is the only policy satisfying an important property that incentivizes users to pool resources. Optimally computing CMMF is challenging, but we show that a remarkably simple online scheduler, called Choosy, approximates the optimal scheduler well. Through experiments, analysis, and simulations, we show that Choosy on average differs 2% from the optimal CMMF allocation, and lets jobs achieve their fair share quickly.
OASIS: on achieving a sanctuary for integrity and secrecy on untrusted platforms

We present OASIS, a CPU instruction set extension for externally verifiable initiation, execution, and termination of an isolated execution environment with a trusted computing base consisting solely of the CPU. OASIS leverages the hardware components available on commodity CPUs to achieve a low-cost, low-overhead design.
A modified model of pharmacists' job stress: the role of organizational, extra-role, and individual factors on work-related outcomes.

BACKGROUND
Understanding the effects of job stress continues to be a concern for health-care providers as workload and personnel needs increase.


OBJECTIVE
The overall objective of this study was to test a direct effects model of job stress that examines the characteristics of the organizational environment (interpersonal interactions, environmental aspects, the level of compensation and advancement, role stress, and availability of alternative jobs); extra-role factors (work-home conflict); job stress; individual factors (career commitment); and the work-related psychological outcomes of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job turnover intention.


METHODS
A cross-sectional mail survey was sent to a nationwide random sample of 4895 licensed pharmacists in the United States. Previously validated summated Likert-type scales measured each of the study variables. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the final model.


RESULTS
A response rate of 46% was achieved. Psychometric analyses indicated acceptable reliability and validity. The study model fit the data well (CFI[comparative fit index] = 0.90, RMSEA[root mean square error of approximation] = 0.05). Organizational factors in the form of role overload (standardized beta = 0.45) and conflict (0.31) and ease of finding a job with better interpersonal characteristics (0.26) had the largest effects on job stress. Interpersonal characteristics were also one of the strongest predictors of job satisfaction (-0.61) and organizational commitment (-0.70). Work-home conflict directly affected job turnover intention (0.11) and career commitment (-0.16). Other significant, but sometimes, opposite direct effects were found. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment directly affected job turnover intention.


CONCLUSIONS
Given the increased demand for pharmacy services, health-care organizations will benefit from increasing positive and reducing negative work outcomes. Increased focus on enhancing interpersonal interactions, developing commitment to the profession, and greater consideration of nonwork factors could help pharmacists better manage their work environments. Future research should continue to refine these models to further enhance our understanding of the effects of job stress in the health professional workplace.