LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A Logic for Default Reasoning

The need to make default assumptions is frequently encountered in reasoning'about incompletely specified worlds. Inferences sanctioned by default are best viewed as beliefs which may well be modified or rejected by subsequent observations. It is this property which leads to the non.monotonJcity of any logic of defaults. In this paper we propose a logic for default reasoning. We then specialize our treatment to a very large class of commonly occurring defaults. For this class we develop a complete proof theory and show how to interface it with a top down resolution theorem prover. Finally, we provide criteria under which the revision of derived beliefs must be effected. The gods did not reveal, from the beginning, All things to us, but in the course of time Through seeking we may learn and know things better. But as for certain truth, no man has known it, Nor shall he know it, neither of the gods Nor yet of all the things of which I speak. For even if by chance he were to utter The final truth, he would himself not know it: For all is but a woven web of guesses. Xenophanes
How to resolve the caudal septal deviation? Clinical outcomes after septoplasty with bony batten grafting.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS
Caudal septal deviation interrupts normal nasal breathing, due to the narrowing of the external valve area and nasal valve angle. In this study, we found a different approach for correction of caudal septal deviation with no associated deformity of the external nose.


STUDY DESIGN
Individual case-control study.


METHODS
The 39 patients completed questionnaires by interviews postoperatively for assessment of nasal obstruction. In addition, patients assessed the severity of their nasal symptoms (i.e., mouth breathing, mouth dryness, hyposmia, rhinorrhea, epistaxis, snoring, postnasal drip, and headache) preoperatively and postoperatively using a visual analog scale (VAS). Improvement in the treatment of nasal obstruction using a VAS and a questionnaire for subjective satisfaction were evaluated 3 months after septoplasty. To evaluate outcomes objectively, endoscopic photographs of the nasal cavity and acoustic rhinometry before and after surgery were evaluated. For comparison between preoperative and postoperative status, the Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used.


RESULTS
Patients reported a significant decrease in the VAS severity of all nasal symptoms. The minimal cross-sectional area (MCA1) of the convex side after vascular constriction using acoustic rhinometry showed significant widening. Patients were divided into a turbinoplasty group and a nonturbinoplasty group, and the turbinoplasty group showed a significant increase in both the convex side and concave side in MCA1 and in the convex side in the anterior portion of the inferior turbinate.


CONCLUSIONS
Endonasal septoplasty using bony batten grafting for caudal septal deviation resulted in an improvement of nasal obstruction symptoms and acoustic rhinometry components.
New turbines to Enable Efficient Geothermal Power Plants

Efficient resource utilization is critical in the viability of geothermal projects. Novel thermodynamic energy conversion cycles exist that are superior to the traditional organic Rankine cycle. Two new turbines have been developed that enable the economic and efficient implementation of these cycles that maximize the geothermal resource utilization. The turbines, the Euler Turbine and the Variable Phase Turbine, can increase power production by as much as 30-50% from low temperature resources and enhanced geothermal resources when compared to commercially available organic Rankine cycles. The Euler Turbine is a radial outflow turbine originally developed for energy recovery in steam systems. Commercial units of 275 kWe capacity are operating on steam, some with isentropic efficiencies above 80%. The Euler Turbine is also currently being implemented in a 600 kW Kalina cycle in Bruchsal, Germany. The Variable Phase Turbine uses axial impulse turbine technology that is well adapted to the expansion of transcritical or flashing liquid flow. The high isentropic efficiency, typically greater than 80%, enables a liquid heat exchanger cycle1 to be used, avoiding the pinch point limitations of the evaporator in an organic Rankine cycle. Because this cycle can use a significantly lower exit temperature, significantly more energy can be extracted from a given resource. The resulting power advantage of 30-50%, leverages the total development cost of the geothermal project. A 40% increase in power production from a given geothermal resource lowers the total capital cost—including exploration, drilling, and surface plan— by 29%. Results of analytical models for cycles utilizing the Euler Turbine and Variable Phase Turbine will be presented along with geothermal power plant designs for both. Additionally, experimental results of operating the first two-phase closed cycle power system with a Variable Phase Turbine will be presented.
Salient Color Names for Person Re-identification

 A novel and effective salient color names (SCNCD) based color descriptor is proposed for person re-identification;  Background information is exploited to enrich the feature representation which is of good robustness against background interference and partial occlusions;  To tackle different types of illumination changes, color names distribution and color histograms are fused in four color spaces. Experimental Results
Engineering excellence

The author compares the results of a utilization study, which covers 57 locations of 22 major high-technology employers of engineers, with what he learned during trips to Europe and Asia. He focuses on the great emphasis in various European countries and in Japan on excellence in all phases of manufacturing.<<ETX>>
Clinical relevance of C-reactive protein during follow-up of patients with acute coronary syndromes in the Aggrastat-to-Zocor Trial.

BACKGROUND
Elevated levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) are associated with higher risk of adverse outcomes in patients at risk for or with established coronary artery disease. Retrospective analyses suggest that this risk may be modified with statin therapy. However, a role for hsCRP in monitoring the success of therapy remains uncertain.


METHODS AND RESULTS
We measured the serum concentration of hsCRP at 30 days (n=3813) and 4 months in patients with non-ST-elevation or ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome randomly assigned to an early intensive versus delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in the Aggrastat-to-Zocor Trial. Patients with hsCRP >3 mg/L at 30 days had significantly higher 2-year mortality rates than those with hsCRP 1 to 3 mg/L or hsCRP <1 mg/L (6.1% versus 3.7% versus 1.6%, P<0.0001). Results were similar with hsCRP measured at 4 months. After adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, smoking, cardiovascular history, index event, lipid levels, and randomly assigned treatment, patients with hsCRP >3 mg/L were at more than 3-fold higher risk of death (HR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.9 to 7.2) compared with those with hsCRP <1 mg/L. "Average" levels of hsCRP (1 to 3 mg/L) were also associated with increased risk compared with those with hsCRP <1 mg/L (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.6). Patients allocated to early intensive statin therapy were more likely to achieve hsCRP levels <1 mg/L at 30 days (P=0.028) and 4 months (P<0.0001).


CONCLUSIONS
Achieved levels of hsCRP at 30 days and 4 months after acute coronary syndrome are independently associated with long-term survival. Patients treated with more aggressive statin therapy are more likely to achieve lower levels of hsCRP.
Randomized cross-over trial to investigate the efficacy of a two-week physiotherapy programme with repetitive exercises of cueing to reduce the severity of freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the efficacy of a two-week programme of repetitive exercise with cueing and movement strategies upon freezing of gait in people with Parkinson's disease.


DESIGN
Randomized cross-over trial.


SETTING
Specialist clinic for Parkinson's disease.


SUBJECTS
A total of 22 patients with Parkinson's disease and freezing while other symptoms had favorably responded to dopaminergic treatment.


INTERVENTION
Patients were randomized into a four-week cross-over trial, and received either treatment (Group 1) or no treatment (Group 2) during Period 1, and switched during Period 2. Treatment consisted of a two-week programme during which the patients exercised cueing, and movement strategies together with a physiotherapist.


MAIN MEASURE
The primary outcome measure was a freezing score assessed from blinded and random ratings of video recordings. The secondary outcome measure was a patient-reported freezing questionnaire. Mean differences between the treatment periods (treatment arms) were evaluated for treatment (period) effects. Sums of treatment periods were evaluated for carry-over effects.


RESULTS
The programme led to a significant treatment effect in the freezing score of 3.0 improvement (95% confidence interval 0.9-5.0; p < 0.01). No carry-over or period effects were detected. The questionnaire revealed a period effect, so groups were compared after Period 1, where a significant difference was found (15.0 vs. 11.7; p < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
The two-week physiotherapy programme reduced the severity of freezing in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Ontology Based Publish Subscribe Framework

The publish-subscribe paradigm has been a received considerable attention over recent years. Many different models for topics have been explored, ranging from regular expressions to hierarchical addressing. We believe that the expressiveness of the topic is a crucial factor in determining the utility of publish-subscribe systems, and we thus adopt an ontology-based system. Ontologies promise is “a shared and common understanding of a domain that can be communicated between people and application systems” [6]. The usage of ontologies in the publish-subscribe system allows publishers to generate events within a specific domain, and allows subscribers to submit subscriptions that can match a whole or partial event. Prior knowledge obtained from previous events can also be used in conjunction with a current event when evaluating subscriber queries. This means that a single event can have a different semantic meaning across different subscriptions and prior knowledge within the ontology plays a role in the evaluation process. Efficiency is a concern, however, and the challenge of providing efficient delivery of events to interested clients in content-based publish-subscribe systems presents the problem of effectively matching subscriber queries against incoming events. Doing this in such a manner as to not affect the scalability of the system while maintaining a high accuracy of query resolution. The ability to express complex events while efficiently matching these events over subscriber queries is a major obstacle when designing such a system. In this paper we present a publish-subscribe system which utilizes ontologies to classify and query published data. The framework utilizes Semantic Web technologies to provide the expressiveness and query resolution accuracy to enhance the matching of notifications to subscriptions. We also outline both publisher and subscriber client-side libraries which allow for easy and effective means of publishing events and creating subscription queries using an effective ontology query language, SPARQL. We also demonstrate the ability for publishers to control the lifetime of data within the ontology. This approach refines the ability to manage state, giving greater semantic capabilities across a collection of events.
CONTROLLABILITY OF SERIES CONNECTIONS

In this paper the controllability of series connections of arbitrary many linear systems is studied. As the main result, necessary and sufficient conditions are given, under which the system obtained as a result of series connections of arbitrary many linear systems is controllable.
Deep multi-task and task-specific feature learning network for robust shape preserved organ segmentation

Fully convolutional network (FCN) has shown potency in segmenting heterogeneous objects from natural images with high run-time efficiency. This technique, however, is not able to produce continuous, smooth and shape-preserved regions consistently due to complex organ structures and occasional weak appearance information commonly observed in various anatomical structures in medical images. In this paper, we propose a deep end-to-end network with two task-specific branches to ensure continuousness, smoothness and shape-preservation in segmented structure without additionally sophisticated shape adjustment, e.g., dense conditional random fields. The novelties of the proposed method lie in three aspects. First, we formulate the organ segmentation as a multi-task learning process that combines both region and boundary identification tasks, which can alleviate spatially isolated segmentation errors. Second, we use boundary distance regression to ensure the smoothness of the segmented contours, instead of formulating boundary identification as a classification problem [1]. Third, our deep network is designed to have a "Y" shape, i.e., the first half of the network is shared by both region and boundary identification tasks, while the second half is branched for each task independently. This architecture enables the task-specific feature learning for better region and boundary identification, and offers information for segmentation refinement based on a fusion scheme using energy functional. Extensive evaluations are conducted on a variety of applications across organs and modalities, e.g., MR femur, CT kidney, etc. Our proposed method shows better performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
Implementation of Line-of-Balance Based Scheduling and Project Control System in a Large Construction Company

Line-of-Balance has been successfully used as the principal scheduling tool in large construction companies in Finland. It has been utilized to improve the production flow in the projects. The problem in full-scale utilization was that there hasn't been a comprehensive Line-of-Balance software tool in the market. In international literature the usual view has been that the Line-of-Balance is only suited for highly repetitive routine construction. However, regardless of the difficulty of project, the main activities are the same in every project. In this paper it will be shown that resource-based Line-of-Balance can be successfully implemented as the main scheduling tool of a large company if there is an easyto-use software tool to support the implementation. Many of the possible applications and benefits of the Line-of-Balance have not been realized before the development of a commercial software tool, DYNAProjectTM. With DYNAProject the quality of schedules can be checked, the schedule risks can be analyzed, the project flow can be systematically controlled and control actions can be graphically evaluated and optimized. Line-of-Balance is used for planning but the familiar Gantt Chart can also be printed out. NCC, a large contractor in Finland, was one of the pilot companies of the development project. NCC has started a large-scale implementation project with DYNAProject which has resulted in significant improvement in the quality of schedules. DYNAProject is the first computer tool which makes possible the systematic controlling of the schedule. The challenges of implementation included the difficulty of embracing new thinking in planning and controlling projects and how to systematically utilize the cost estimation data in schedules. In the long run, the anticipated benefits include minimizing the risk level of the projects, increasing the quality of service to the customer and optimizing the logistics of the project.
Long-Term Occupancy Grid Prediction Using Recurrent Neural Networks

We tackle the long-term prediction of scene evolution in a complex downtown scenario for automated driving based on Lidar grid fusion and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A bird’s eye view of the scene, including occupancy and velocity, is fed as a sequence to a RNN which is trained to predict future occupancy. The nature of prediction allows generation of multiple hours of training data without the need of manual labeling. Thus, the training strategy and loss function is designed for long sequences of real-world data (unbalanced, continuously changing situations, false labels, etc.). The deep CNN architecture comprises convolutional long short-term memories (ConvLSTMs) to separate static from dynamic regions and to predict dynamic objects in future frames. Novel recurrent skip connections show the ability to predict small occluded objects, i.e. pedestrians, and occluded static regions. Spatio-temporal correlations between grid cells are exploited to predict multimodal future paths and interactions between objects. Experiments also quantify improvements to our previous network, a Monte Carlo approach, and literature.
Metric Learning from Poses for Temporal Clustering of Human Motion

Segmenting human motion into distinct actions is a highly challenging problem. From the motion analysis perspective, segmentation is difficult due to large stylistic variations, temporal scaling, changes in physical appearance, irregularity in the periodicity of human motions and the huge number of actions and their combinations. From a semantic viewpoint, segmentation is inherently elusive and difficult because in the vast majority of cases it is not clear when a set of poses describes an action. For instance, punching with the left hand and punching with right hand can be different actions, but it might be also regarded as punching or even more general as boxing. We propose to learn what makes a sequence of poses different from others such that it should be annotated as an action, as illustrated in Fig. 1.
Preparation and characterization of tubular ceramic membranes for treatment of oil emulsions

Multilayer membranes for the treatment of oily waters have been prepared from ceramic materials. Alumina and cordierite supports have been prepared as well as -Al 2O3 intermediate layers. -Al 2O3 top layers with very high porosities were prepared by the sol–gel method and a detailed study has been performed because of the importance of this layer in the filtration process. A structural study by means of nitrogen adsorption–desorption, nitrogen permeability and scanning electron microscopy has been carried out on unsupported and supported top layers membranes. The effect of the sol concentration and calcination temperature on the structure of the membrane was studied to get a investigated. T ined. ©
Does 48 hours' bed rest influence the outcome of acute low back pain?

BACKGROUND
Bed rest is a traditional treatment for back pain, yet only in recent years has the therapeutic benefit of this been questioned.


AIM
The aim of this pilot study was to ascertain whether or not 48 hours' bed rest had an effect on the outcome of acute low back pain.


METHOD
The study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial to compare a prescription of 48 hours' strict bed rest with controls; the control subjects were encouraged to remain mobile and to have no daytime rest. Nine general practitioners from practices in the West Midlands recruited patients in the age range 16-60 years who presented with low back pain of less than seven days' duration, with or without pain radiation. The outcome measures assessed were: change in straight leg raise and lumbar flexion after seven days, Oswestry and Roland-Morris disability scores after seven days and 28 days, and time taken from work.


RESULTS
Forty two patients were recruited: 20 were allocated to bed rest and 22 as controls. Compared with the bed rest group the control group had statistically better Roland-Morris scores at day seven (P < 0.05) but not at day 28. At day seven, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in straight leg raise or lumbar flexion measurements although the control group had a better mean lumbar flexion than the bed rest group. The improvement in disability scores at day seven compared with day one was similar for the two groups but more of the control group had fully recovered (defined as scores of one or zero on the Roland-Morris disability scale and five or less on the Oswestry disability scale) by day seven. Remaining mobile did not appear to cause any adverse effects. The number of days lost from work in both groups was equal. A large number of self-remedies and physical therapies were recorded by subjects from both groups.


CONCLUSION
The results of this pilot study did not indicate whether bed rest or remaining mobile was superior for the treatment of acute low back pain; however, the study sample was small. Subjects in the control group possibly fared better as they appeared to have better lumbar flexion at day seven. It appears that 48 hours' bed rest cannot be recommended for the treatment of acute low back pain on the basis of this small study. Large-scale definitive trials are required to detect clinically significant differences.
Wrong-path Instruction Prefetching

Instruction cache misses can severely limit the performance of both superscalar processors and high speed sequential machines. Instruction prefetch algorithms attempt to reduce the performance degradation by bringing lines into the instruction cache before they are needed by the CPU fetch unit. There have been several algorithms proposed to do this, most notably next line prefetching and target prefetching. We propose a new scheme called wrong-path prefetching which combines next-line prefetching with the prefetching of all control instruction targets regardless of the predicted direction of conditional branches. The algorithm substantially reduces the cycles lost to instruction cache misses while somewhat increasing the amount of memory traffic. Wrong-path prefetching performs better than the other prefetch algorithms studied in all of the cache configurations examined while requiring little additional hardware. For example, the best wrong-path prefetch algorithm can result in a speed up of 16% when using an 8K instruction cache. In fact, an 8K wrong-path prefetched instruction cache is shown to achieve the same miss rate as a 32K non-prefetch cache. Finally, it is shown that wrong-path prefetching is applicable to both multi-issue and long L1 miss latency machines.
Sex differences in the sources of genetic liability to alcohol abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of U.S. twins.

BACKGROUND
There are substantial sex differences in all levels of alcohol involvement among U.S. adults. The goal of this study was to test whether the magnitude and sources of genetic and environmental influences on liability for alcohol abuse and dependence differ for men and women.


METHODS
Structured personal interviews were used to assess DSM-III-R- and DSM-IV-defined alcohol abuse and dependence among 5091 male and 4168 female twins (including 1546 identical, 1128 same-sex fraternal, and 1423 opposite-sex pairs) born in Virginia between 1934 and 1974. Twin correlations were analyzed using structural equation modeling.


RESULTS
The magnitude of twin-pair resemblance was similar across several definitions of alcoholism and was substantially higher among identical than fraternal pairs. The proportion of population variation in liability attributed to genetic factors was substantial among both women (55-66%) and men (51-56%), and we found little evidence of a role of environmental factors shared by family members. In all definitions studied, we could reject a model that the genetic sources of liability in the two sexes overlap completely.


CONCLUSION
In this first population-based study of alcoholism among male and female twins from the U.S., we found that genetic factors play a major role in the development of alcoholism in both sexes, that the magnitudes of genetic influence were equally high for men and women, and that the genetic sources of vulnerability are partially, but not completely, overlapping in men and women.