LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Self-organization of a Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical cavity

The spatial self-organization of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a high-finesse linear optical cavity is discussed. The condensate atoms are laser-driven from the side and scatter photons into the cavity. Above a critical pump intensity the homogeneous condensate evolves into a stable pattern bound by the cavity field. The transition point is determined analytically from a mean-field theory. We calculate the lowest lying Bogoliubov excitations of the coupled BEC-cavity system and the quantum depletion due to the atom-field coupling. PACS. 03.75.Kk Dynamic properties of condensates; collective and hydrodynamic excitations, superfluid flow – 37.10.Vz Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions
Antidepressant-associated mania and psychosis resulting in psychiatric admissions.

BACKGROUND
The safety and tolerability of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the newer atypical agents have led to a significant increase in antidepressant use. These changes raise concern as to the likelihood of a corresponding increase in adverse behavioral reactions attributable to these drugs.


METHOD
All admissions to a university-based general hospital psychiatric unit during a 14-month period were reviewed.


RESULTS
Forty-three (8.1%) of 533 patients were found to have been admitted owing to antidepressant-associated mania or psychosis.


CONCLUSION
Despite the positive changes in the side effect profile of antidepressant drugs, the rate of admissions due to antidepressant-associated adverse behavioral effects remains significant.
The first asylums in Canada: a response to neglectful community care and current trends.

OBJECTIVE
Humane treatment and care of mentally ill people can be viewed from a historical perspective. Intramural (the institution) and extramural (the community) initiatives are not mutually exclusive.


METHOD
The evolution of the psychiatric institution in Canada as the primary method of care is presented from an historical perspective. A province-by-province review of provisions for mentally ill people prior to asylum construction reveals that humanitarian motives and a growing sensitivity to social and medical problems gave rise to institutional psychiatry. The influence of Great Britain, France, and, to a lesser extent, the United States in the construction of asylums in Canada is highlighted. The contemporary redirection of the Canadian mental health system toward "dehospitalization" is discussed and delineated.


RESULTS
Early promoters of asylums were genuinely concerned with alleviating human suffering, which led to the separation of mental health services from the community and from those proffered to the criminal and indigent populations. While the results of the past institutional era were mixed, it is hoped that the "care" cycle will not repeat itself in the form of undesirable community alternatives.


CONCLUSION
Severely psychiatrically disabled individuals can be cared for in the community if appropriate services exist.
Nonlinear principal components analysis: introduction and application.

The authors provide a didactic treatment of nonlinear (categorical) principal components analysis (PCA). This method is the nonlinear equivalent of standard PCA and reduces the observed variables to a number of uncorrelated principal components. The most important advantages of nonlinear over linear PCA are that it incorporates nominal and ordinal variables and that it can handle and discover nonlinear relationships between variables. Also, nonlinear PCA can deal with variables at their appropriate measurement level; for example, it can treat Likert-type scales ordinally instead of numerically. Every observed value of a variable can be referred to as a category. While performing PCA, nonlinear PCA converts every category to a numeric value, in accordance with the variable's analysis level, using optimal quantification. The authors discuss how optimal quantification is carried out, what analysis levels are, which decisions have to be made when applying nonlinear PCA, and how the results can be interpreted. The strengths and limitations of the method are discussed. An example applying nonlinear PCA to empirical data using the program CATPCA (J. J. Meulman, W. J. Heiser, & SPSS, 2004) is provided.
Soft Error-Tolerant Design of MRAM-Based Nonvolatile Latches for Sequential Logics

Magnetoresistive memories, such as spin-transfer torque random access memory and magnetic latches (M-latch), are emerging memory technologies that offer attractive features, such as high density, low leakage, and nonvolatility as compared with conventional static memory. In this paper, we have proposed two single-event upset tolerant M-latch circuits in which their CMOS peripheral circuits are robust against radiation effects. Similar to the conventional M-latch circuit, our proposed M-latches employ two magnetic tunnel junction elements. Therefore, they consume almost the same energy consumption in comparison with nonprotected M-latch circuit. The simulation results of comparison with previous work show that our proposed radiation hardened M-latches consume less energy, occupy less area, and in case of a particle strike, offer lower restoring time. Furthermore, we have thoroughly investigated the robustness of our proposed radiation-hardened M-latches against single-event multiple effects and also in the presence of process variation as serious reliability challenges in emerging nanometer scale technologies.
RNA molecules stimulate prion protein conversion

Much evidence supports the hypothesis that the infectious agents of prion diseases are devoid of nucleic acid, and instead are composed of a specific infectious protein. This protein, PrPSc, seems to be generated by template-induced conformational change of a normally expressed glycoprotein, PrPC (ref. 2). Although numerous studies have established the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc as the central pathogenic event of prion disease, it is unknown whether cellular factors other than PrPC might be required to stimulate efficient PrPSc production. We investigated the biochemical amplification of protease-resistant PrPSc-like protein (PrPres) using a modified version of the protein-misfolding cyclic amplification method. Here we report that stoichiometric transformation of PrPC to PrPres in vitro requires specific RNA molecules. Notably, whereas mammalian RNA preparations stimulate in vitro amplification of PrPres, RNA preparations from invertebrate species do not. Our findings suggest that host-encoded stimulatory RNA molecules may have a role in the pathogenesis of prion disease. They also provide a practical approach to improve the sensitivity of diagnostic techniques based on PrPres amplification.
Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers' use of the internet: the role of online skills and internet self-efficacy

Many hopes exist regarding the opportunities that the internet can offer to young people as well as fears about the risks it may bring. Informed by research on media literacy, this article examines the role of selected measures of internet literacy in relation to teenagers’ online experiences. Data from a national survey of teenagers in the UK (N=789) are analyzed to examine, first, the demographic factors that influence skills in using the internet and then, the main focus of the study, to ask whether these skills make a difference to online opportunities and online risks. Consistent with research on the digital divide, path analysis showed a direct influence of age and socioeconomic status on young people’s access, a direct influence of age and access on their use of online opportunities, and a direct influence of gender on online risks. The importance of online skills was evident insofar as online access, use and skills were found to mediate relations between demographic variables and young people’s experience of online opportunities and risks. Further, an unexpected, positive relationship between online opportunities and risks was found, with implications for policy interventions aimed at reducing the risks of internet use.
The diagnosis and treatment of chronic back pain by acupuncturists, chiropractors, and massage therapists.

OBJECTIVES
To describe the diagnostic and therapeutic content of visits for chronic back pain to acupuncturists, chiropractors, and massage therapists.


METHODS
Randomly selected acupuncturists, chiropractors, and massage therapists in two states were surveyed, and then eligible providers collected data on consecutive patient visits. The authors analyzed information on diagnosis, treatment, and self-care recommendations for chronic back pain patients collected during consecutive patient visits to these complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) providers.


RESULTS
Back pain was the most common reason for visits to each of these providers, with chronic back pain representing about 10% of visits to acupuncturists, 20% of visits to chiropractors, and 12% of visits to massage therapists. Diagnosis by acupuncturists included traditional questioning and inspecting the patient as well as pulse and tongue assessment and palpation of the acupuncture meridians. Treatments usually included acupuncture needling, heat of some sort, and other modalities, such as East Asian massage, herbs, and/or cupping (application of suction cups to the skin). Lifestyle recommendations were common, particularly exercise and dietary counseling. Visits to chiropractors usually included spinal and muscle/soft tissue examinations and spinal manipulation. Soft tissue techniques (eg, "active release"), stretch or strength training, and home exercise recommendations were much less common. Massage therapists usually performed a tissue assessment and commonly assessed range of motion. They emphasized Swedish, deep tissue, and trigger point massage techniques and usually made self-care recommendations, particularly increased water intake, hot/cold therapy, exercise, and body awareness.


CONCLUSION
Information on the care patients routinely receive from CAM providers will help physicians better understand these increasingly popular forms of care.
Weakly Supervised Learning for Hedge Classification in Scientific Literature

We investigate automatic classification of speculative language (‘hedging’), in biomedical text using weakly supervised machine learning. Our contributions include a precise description of the task with annotation guidelines, analysis and discussion, a probabilistic weakly supervised learning model, and experimental evaluation of the methods presented. We show that hedge classification is feasible using weakly supervised ML, and point toward avenues for future research.
Proton pump inhibitors for prophylaxis of nosocomial upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding: effect of standardized guidelines on prescribing practice.

BACKGROUND
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are frequently prescribed for prophylaxis of nosocomial upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Some inpatients receiving PPIs may have no risk factors for nosocomial upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, and PPIs may be continued unnecessarily at hospital discharge. We aimed to assess the effect of standardized guidelines on PPI prescribing practices.


METHODS
Guidelines for PPI use were implemented on the medical service at a tertiary center. We reviewed PPI use among inpatient admissions during the month before implementation of guidelines and then prospectively evaluated PPI use among admissions during the month after implementation of guidelines.


RESULTS
Among an overall cohort of 942 patients, 48% were prescribed PPIs while inpatients, and 41% were prescribed PPIs at hospital discharge. Univariate predictors of inpatient PPI use included age, length of hospital stay, history of gastroesophageal reflux disease or upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, and outpatient PPI, aspirin, or glucocorticoid use. Among patients not on an outpatient regimen of PPIs at admission, implementation of guidelines resulted in lower rates of inpatient PPI use (27% before vs 16% after, P = .001) and PPI prescription at discharge (16% before vs 10% after, P = .03).


CONCLUSION
Introduction of standardized guidelines resulted in lower rates of PPI use among a subset of inpatients and reduced the rate of PPI prescriptions at discharge.
A run-in period is needed in randomized controlled trials of directly observed antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection.

values ,37 but detectable (Target Detected) than in patients with undetectable viremia (Target Not Detected) (Fig. 1A, B) [total DNA = 3.5 (IQR, 2.7–3.8) log10/10 PBMC vs 2.6 (IQR, 2.0–3.1) log10/10 PBMC, P = 0.003; integrated DNA = 3.1 (IQR, 2.4–3.6) log10/10 PBMC vs 2.5 (IQR, 1.2–3.1) log10/10 PBMC, P = 0.01]. In addition, there was a positive correlation between residual viremia levels and total HIV DNA (r = 0.41; P = 0.004) and integrated HIV-1 DNA (r = 0.36; P = 0.02) (Fig. 1C, D). These findings further support the association between HIV-1 DNA levels and residual viremia observed in other studies. Indeed, Mexas et al reported a lack of correlation between total HIV-1 DNA and residual viremia. The discrepancy with our data is probably due to both the different number of samples and different analysis times. In our study, the association between levels of total HIV-1 DNA and residual viremia was analyzed after 144 and 196 weeks of RAL-based therapy. Considering that most patients showed undetectable viremia at 52 weeks of treatment, we can assume that integrated HIV-1 genomes represent the main component of total HIV-1 DNA in PBMCs after prolonged viral suppression as discussed above. Although the correlation between residual viremia and HIV DNA suggests that low-level replication may contribute to maintenance of the reservoir, the absence of genetic evolution in viral reservoirs does not support this possibility. In addition, HIV persistence is ensured by homeostatic proliferation of infected T cells, and ongoing viral replication is unlikely to be responsible for the stability of the viral reservoir. Despite these controversies and the small cohort analyzed in this study, our findings strongly support the hypothesis that most HIV-1 DNA is integrated in virologically controlled patients, and that residual viremia is linked to the size of the viral reservoir. Understanding this link is crucial to devise a new eradication strategy.
A systematic review of factors linked to poor academic performance of disadvantaged students in science and maths in schools

Socio-economic hardships put children in an underprivileged position. This systematic review was conducted to identify factors linked to underachievement of disadvantaged pupils in school science and maths. What could be done as evidence-based practice to make the lives of these young people better? The protocol from preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) was followed. Major electronic educational databases were searched. Papers meeting pre-defined selection criteria were identified. Studies included were mainly large-scale evaluations with a clearly defined comparator group and robust research design. All studies used a measure of disadvantage such as lower SES, language barrier, ethnic minority or temporary immigrant status and an outcome measure like attainment in standardised national tests. A majority of papers capable of answering the research question were correlational studies. The review reports findings from 771 studies published from 2005 to 2014 in English language. Thirtyfour studies were synthesised. Results suggest major factors linking deprivation to underachievement can be thematically categorised into a lack of positive environment and support. Recommendations from the research reports are discussed. Subjects: Behavioral Sciences; Education; International & Comparative Education; Social Sciences
Use of autosomal loci for clustering individuals and populations of East Asian origin

We studied the genetic relationships among East Asian populations based on allele frequency differences to clarify the relative similarities of East Asian populations with a specific focus on the relationships among the Koreans, the Japanese, and the Chinese populations known to be genetically similar. The goal is to find markers appropriate for differentiating among the specific populations. In this study, no prior data existed for Koreans and the markers were selected to differentiate Chinese and Japanese. We typed, using AB TaqMan assays, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 43 highly selected mostly independent diallelic sites, on 386 individuals from eight East Asian populations (Han Chinese from San Francisco, Han Chinese from Taiwan, Hakka, Koreans, Japanese, Ami, Atayal, and Cambodians) and one Siberian population (Yakut). We inferred group membership of individuals using a model-based clustering method implemented by the STRUCTURE program and population clustering by using computer programs DISTANCE, NEIGHBOR, LSSEARCH, and DRAWTREE, respectively, calculating genetic distances among populations, calculating neighbor-joining and least-squares trees, and drawing the calculated trees. On average 52% of individuals in the three Chinese groups were assigned into one cluster, and, respectively, 78 and 69% of Koreans and Japanese into a different cluster. Koreans differentiated from the Chinese groups and clustered with the Japanese in the principal component analysis (PCA) and in the best least-squares tree. The majority of Koreans were difficult to distinguish from the Japanese. This study shows that a relatively few highly selected markers can, within limits, differentiate between closely related populations.
Renewable and sustainable approaches for desalination

Freshwater and energy are essential commodities for well being of mankind. Due to increasing population growth on the one hand, and rapid industrialization on the other, today’s world is facing unprecedented challenge of meeting the current needs for these two commodities as well as ensuring the needs of future generations. One approach to this global crisis of water and energy supply is to utilize renewable energy sources to produce freshwater from impaired water sources by desalination. Sustainable practices and innovative desalination technologies for water reuse and energy recovery (staging, waste heat utilization, hybridization) have the potential to reduce the stress on the existing water and energy sources with a minimal impact to the environment. This paper discusses existing and emerging desalination technologies and possible combinations of renewable energy sources to drive them and associated desalination costs. It is suggested that a holistic approach of coupling renewable energy sources with technologies for recovery, reuse, and recycle of both energy and water can be a sustainable and environment friendly approach to meet the world’s energy and water needs. High capital costs for renewable energy sources for small-scale applications suggest that a hybrid energy source comprising both grid-powered energy and renewable energy will reduce the desalination costs considering present economics of energy. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Activity Choice, Labor Allocation, and Forest Use in Malawi

We examine the determinants of activity choice affecting forest use among low-income households in Malawi. Data from three villages are used to estimate a system of household labor share equations for maize production, forest employment, and non-forest employment. A system estimation approach is used to identify factors influencing the competing and synergistic livelihood strategies which households undertake at the forest margin. Results from constrained maximum likelihood estimation indicate heightened incentives to degrade forests when returns to forest use are high. Factors reducing forest pressure include favorable returns to non-forest employment, secondary education of the household head, and wealth. JEL classification: J22; O13; Q12
Prospective Validation of FibroTest in Comparison with Liver Stiffness for Predicting Liver Fibrosis in Asian Subjects with Chronic Hepatitis B

BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Diagnostic values of FibroTest (FT) for hepatic fibrosis have rarely been assessed in Asian chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. We aimed to validate its diagnostic performances in comparison with liver stiffness (LS).


METHODS
From 2008 to 2010, 194 CHB patients who underwent liver biopsies along with FT and transient elastography were prospectively enrolled. Fibrosis stage was assessed according to the Batts and Ludwig system.


RESULTS
To predict significant fibrosis (F≥2), advanced fibrosis (F≥3), and cirrhosis (F = 4), areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) of FT were 0.903, 0.907, and 0.866, comparable to those of LS (0.873, 0.897, and 0.910, respectively). Optimized cutoffs of FT to maximize sum of sensitivity and specificity were 0.32, 0.52, and 0.68 for F≥2, F≥3, and F = 4, while those of LS were 8.8, 10.2, and 14.1 kPa, respectively. According to FT and LS cutoffs, 123 (63.4%) and 124 (63.9%) patients were correctly classified consistent with histological fibrosis (F1, F2, F3, and F4), respectively. Overall concordance between each fibrosis stage estimated by FT and LS was observed in 111 patients, where 88 were correctly classified with histological results. A combination formula adding LS to FT (LS+FT) showed similar AUROC levels (0.885, 0.905, and 0.915), while another multiplying LS by FT (LS×FT) showed the best AUROCs (0.941, 0.931, and 0.929 for F≥2, F≥3, and F4, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
FT provides good fibrosis prediction, with comparable outcomes to LS in Asian CHB patients. FT substantially reduces need for liver biopsy, especially when used in combination with LS.
Canting of the occlusal plane: Perceptions of dental professionals and laypersons

OBJECTIVES
To determine if canting of the occlusal plane influences esthetic evaluation of the smile among orthodontists, dentists and laypersons.


STUDY DESIGN
A frontal photo of a smile with 0 occlusal plane canting in relation to the bipupillary plane was modified using Adobe Photoshop C3 (Adobe Systems Inc, San José, California) to generate two images with occlusal plane inclinations of 2 and 4 . The three images were evaluated esthetically by orthodontists (n=40) general dentists (n=40) and laypersons (n=40). Each image was awarded a score as follows: 1=esthetically acceptable; 2=moderately acceptable; 3=esthetically unacceptable. Evaluators also placed the three images in order in preference. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis (p<0.05) and the Mann-Whitney tests, applying the Bonferroni Correction (p<0.016).


RESULTS
No significant differences (p> 0.05) were found between the three groups for 0 and 2 cants (median for orthodontists=1; general dentists=1; laypersons=1). Orthodontists (median score=3) made evaluations of the image with 4 occlusal plane that were significantly different from general dentists (median=2) and laypersons (median=2). All three groups put the 0 image in first place in order of esthetic acceptability, the 2 image in second place and the 4 image in third place. Orthodontists placed the 0 image in first place with significantly greater frequency (p<0.016) than laypersons.


CONCLUSIONS
Occlusal plane canting of 0 and 2 were evaluated as esthetically acceptable by the three groups. The 4 occlusal plane cant was evaluated more negatively by orthodontists than by general dentists and laypersons. All three groups placed the 0 image in first place of esthetic acceptability, 2 in second place and 4 in third. Orthodontists put the 0 image in first place with significantly greater frequency than laypersons.