LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Time Out-of-Home and Cognitive, Physical, and Emotional Wellbeing of Older Adults: A Longitudinal Mixed Effects Model

BACKGROUND
Time out-of-home has been linked with numerous health outcomes, including cognitive decline, poor physical ability and low emotional state. Comprehensive characterization of this important health metric would potentially enable objective monitoring of key health outcomes. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between time out-of-home and cognitive status, physical ability and emotional state.


METHODS AND FINDINGS
Participants included 85 independent older adults, age 65-96 years (M = 86.36; SD = 6.79) who lived alone, from the Intelligent Systems for Assessing Aging Changes (ISAAC) and the ORCATECH Life Laboratory cohorts. Factors hypothesized to affect time out-of-home were assessed on three different temporal levels: yearly (cognitive status, loneliness, clinical walking speed), weekly (pain and mood) or daily (time out-of-home, in-home walking speed, weather, and season). Subject characteristics including age, race, and gender were assessed at baseline. Total daily time out-of-home in hours was assessed objectively and unobtrusively for up to one year using an in-home activity sensor platform. A longitudinal tobit mixed effects regression model was used to relate daily time out-of-home to cognitive status, physical ability and emotional state. More hours spend outside the home was associated with better cognitive function as assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale, where higher scores indicate lower cognitive function (βCDR = -1.69, p<0.001). More hours outside the home was also associated with superior physical ability (βPain = -0.123, p<0.001) and improved emotional state (βLonely = -0.046, p<0.001; βLow mood = -0.520, p<0.001). Weather, season, and weekday also affected the daily time out-of-home.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that objective longitudinal monitoring of time out-of-home may enable unobtrusive assessment of cognitive, physical and emotional state. In addition, these results indicate that the factors affecting out-of-home behavior are complex, with factors such as living environment, weather and season significantly affecting time out-of-home. Studies investigating the relationship between time out-of-home and health outcomes may be optimized by taking into account the environment and life factors presented here.
Experimental Comparison of Two Quantum Computing Architectures

We run a selection of algorithms on two state-of-the-art 5-qubit quantum computers that are based on different technology platforms. One is a publicly accessible superconducting transmon device (www.


RESEARCH
ibm.com/ibm-q) with limited connectivity, and the other is a fully connected trapped-ion system. Even though the two systems have different native quantum interactions, both can be programed in a way that is blind to the underlying hardware, thus allowing a comparison of identical quantum algorithms between different physical systems. We show that quantum algorithms and circuits that use more connectivity clearly benefit from a better-connected system of qubits. Although the quantum systems here are not yet large enough to eclipse classical computers, this experiment exposes critical factors of scaling quantum computers, such as qubit connectivity and gate expressivity. In addition, the results suggest that codesigning particular quantum applications with the hardware itself will be paramount in successfully using quantum computers in the future.
Anonymity, Intimacy and Self-Disclosure in Social Media

Self-disclosure is rewarding and provides significant benefits for individuals, but it also involves risks, especially in social media settings. We conducted an online experiment to study the relationship between content intimacy and willingness to self-disclose in social media, and how identification (real name vs. anonymous) and audience type (social ties vs. people nearby) moderate that relationship. Content intimacy is known to regulate self-disclosure in face-to-face communication: people self-disclose less as content intimacy increases. We show that such regulation persists in online social media settings. Further, although anonymity and an audience of social ties are both known to increase self-disclosure, it is unclear whether they (1) increase self-disclosure baseline for content of all intimacy levels, or (2) weaken intimacy's regulation effect, making people more willing to disclose intimate content. We show that intimacy always regulates self-disclosure, regardless of settings. We also show that anonymity mainly increases self-disclosure baseline and (sometimes) weakens the regulation. On the other hand, an audience of social ties increases the baseline but strengthens the regulation. Finally, we demonstrate that anonymity has a more salient effect on content of negative valence.The results are critical to understanding the dynamics and opportunities of self-disclosure in social media services that vary levels of identification and types of audience.
Clinic-integrated behavioral intervention for families of youth with type 1 diabetes: randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE
To test the effect on diabetes management outcomes of a low-intensity, clinic-integrated behavioral intervention for families of youth with type 1 diabetes.


METHODS
Families (n = 390) obtaining care for type 1 diabetes participated in a 2-year randomized clinical trial of a clinic-integrated behavioral intervention designed to improve family diabetes management practices. Measurement of hemoglobin A1c, the primary outcome, was obtained at each clinic visit and analyzed centrally. Blood glucose meter data were downloaded at each visit. Adherence was assessed by using a semistructured interview at baseline, mid-study, and follow-up. Analyses included 2-sample t tests at predefined time intervals and mixed-effect linear-quadratic models to assess for difference in change in outcomes across the study duration.


RESULTS
A significant overall intervention effect on change in glycemic control from baseline was observed at the 24-month interval (P = .03). The mixed-effect model showed a significant intervention by age interaction (P < .001). Among participants aged 12 to 14, a significant effect on glycemic control was observed (P = .009 for change from baseline to 24-month interval; P = .035 for mixed-effect model across study duration), but there was no effect among those aged 9 to 11. There was no intervention effect on child or parent report of adherence; however, associations of change in adherence with change in glycemic control were weak.


CONCLUSIONS
This clinic-integrated behavioral intervention was effective in preventing the deterioration in glycemic control evident during adolescence, offering a potential model for integrating medical and behavioral sciences in clinical care.
The Comprehensive ICF core sets for spinal cord injury from the perspective of physical therapists: a worldwide validation study using the Delphi technique

Objective:To validate the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Set for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) in the early post-acute and long-term context from the perspective of physical therapists.Setting:International.Methods:Physical therapists experienced in the treatment of SCI were asked about problems, resources and aspects of the environment treated by them, in a three-round electronic mail survey using the Delphi technique. Responses were linked to the ICF by two researches; κ-coefficient was calculated as statistical measure of agreement.Results:In all, 81 experts from 27 countries named 3694 concepts. They were linked to 187 ICF categories for the early post-acute context. Three ICF categories from the component body function, five ICF categories from the component body structures and two ICF categories from the component activities and participation were not represented in the ICF Core Set for the early post-acute context. In all, 207 ICF categories were linked for the long-term context. Four ICF categories from the component body function, five ICF categories from the component body structures and two ICF categories from the component activities and participation were not represented in the ICF Core Set for the long-term context.Conclusion:Physical therapists addressed a vast variety of problems that they take care of in their interventions in patients with SCI. The Comprehensive ICF Core Sets covered a high percentage of these problems. Further research is necessary on several responses not covered in the ICF.
On the Use of Concept Inventories for Circuits and Systems Courses

Concept inventories (CIs) are standardized assessment tools used to evaluate a student?s conceptual understanding of important concepts in a course. These CIs offer the engineering education community a reliable, accepted, and numerical means to assess and compare how well different teaching methods can help increase conceptual understanding.
AdaBoost-based face detection for embedded systems

Face detection is a widely studied topic in computer vision, and recent advances in algorithms, low cost processing, and CMOS imagers make it practical for embedded consumer applications. As with graphics, the best cost-performance ratio is achieved with dedicated hardware. In this paper, we design an embedded face detection system for handheld digital cameras or camera phones. The challenges of face detection in embedded environments include an efficient pipeline design, bandwidth constraints set by low cost memory, a need to find parallelism, and how to utilize the available hardware resources efficiently. In addition, consumer applications require reliability which calls for a hard real-time approach to guarantee that processing deadlines are met. Specifically, the main contributions of the paper include: (1) incorporation of a Genetic Algorithm in the AdaBoost training to optimize the detection performance given the number of Haar features; (2) a complexity control scheme to meet hard real-time deadlines; (3) a hardware pipeline design for Haar-like feature calculation and a system design exploiting several levels of parallelism. The proposed architecture is verified by synthesis to Altera’s low cost Cyclone II FPGA. Simulation results show the system can achieve about 75–80% detection rate for group portraits. 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Biogas production from co-digestion of orange peel waste and jatropha de-oiled cake in an anaerobic batch reactor.

Anaerobic co-digestion of jatropha deoiled cake and orange peel waste for biogas production was carried out in the batch scale (500 ml serum bottle) under anaerobic condition at ambient temperature (at various mixing ratios of two substrate). The experimental data showed a maximum gas output of 1140 ml of gas production at (1:2) ratio of jatropha deoiled cake with orange peel waste obtained for a period of 17 days. The modified Gompertz equation was used to adequately describe the cumulative biogas production for this reactor. The CH4 content was 75%, CO2 content was 16% and CO content was 9%. The biogas production was measured by liquid displacement system on daily basis. The digested slurry can be used as a fertilizer for agricultural purpose.
Hemodynamic and clinical effects of tezosentan, an intravenous dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure.

OBJECTIVES
We sought to investigate the efficacy and safety of tezosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (HF).


BACKGROUND
Tezosentan has been previously shown to improve hemodynamics in patients with stable chronic HF.


METHODS
In a double-blind fashion, 292 patients (cardiac index < or =2.5 l/min per m(2) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) > or =15 mm Hg) who were admitted to the hospital and in need of intravenous treatment for acute HF and central hemodynamic monitoring were randomized to 24-h intravenous treatment with tezosentan (50 or 100 mg/h) or placebo. Central hemodynamic variables, the dyspnea score, and safety variables were measured.


RESULTS
After 6 h of treatment, significantly greater increases in the cardiac index and decreases in PCWP were observed with both tezosentan dosages than with placebo (mean treatment effects at 0.38 and 0.37 l/min per m(2) with 50 and 100 mg/h and -3.9 mm Hg for each dose, respectively; p < 0.0001). This effect was maintained during the remaining infusion and for > or =6 h after treatment cessation. A tendency for an improved dyspnea score and a decreased risk of clinical worsening was observed after 24 h of treatment with each tezosentan dose. Adverse events, more frequent with tezosentan than with placebo (headache, asymptomatic hypotension, early worsening of renal function, nausea, vomiting), were dose-related.


CONCLUSIONS
Intravenous tezosentan rapidly and effectively improved hemodynamics in these patients. The similar beneficial effects of the two dosages and the increased dose-related adverse events with the higher dosage suggest that the optimal dosing regimen is <50 mg/h.
Geology and mineralisation in the Meso- to Neoproterozoic Ghanzi-Chobe Belt of northwest Botswana

Abstract The Ghanzi-Chobe Belt defines a linear zone of volcano-sedimentary rocks that form inliers through the Kalahari Desert of western and northern Botswana. Geological investigations along the Ghanzi Ridge have revealed a sequence composed of a basal bimodal volcanic suite with minor intercalated sedimentary rocks, termed the Kgwebe Formation, and an upper siliciclastic sedimentary unit with subordinate carbonates, called the Ghanzi Group. To the northeast in the Chobe District, basal volcanics informally termed the Goha Hills Formation are overlain by carbonate-bearing siliciclastics assigned to the Chinamba Hills Formation. Geochemical analysis and field relations of the Kgwebe Formation volcanics indicate that the sequences were accumulated in a continental rift basin. Rifting was initiated by extensional tectonics associated with a continental collision along the Namaqua-Natal Belt. The Kgwebe Formation volcanics started to accumulate during Mesoproterozoic times about 1 106 Ma ago. The depositional basin developed from fluvial and lacustrine systems during the accumulation of the Kgwebe Formation, into an extended shallow marine basin that accommodated the Kuke, Ngwako Pan, D'kar, and Mamuno Formations of the Ghanzi Group. Stratabound copper-sulfide mineralisation was developed at a redox interface within the Ghanzi Group. Mineralisation is confined to the basal part of the grey-green, argillitic facies of the D'kar Formation and is either disseminated or is found along cleavage planes and fractures. Minor Cu mineralisation also occurs in carbonates of the Chinamba Hills Formation. Tectonic deformation during the Pan African Damaran Orogeny resulted in a fold and thrust belt known as the Ghanzi-Chobe Belt.
Independent external validation of the status epilepticus severity score.

OBJECTIVES
A clinical scoring system for patients with status epilepticus was developed for predicting outcome, planning the level of monitoring needed, and guiding treatment. The aim was to confirm the external validity and transportability of the Status Epilepticus Severity Score prediction functions for outcome in adult patients with status epilepticus.


DESIGN
Observational cohort study.


SETTING
Tertiary academic medical care center.


PATIENTS
Consecutive adult ICU patients with status epilepticus.


INTERVENTIONS
None.


MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
History of seizures, age, seizure type, and level of consciousness were determined at status epilepticus onset, in order to calculate the Status Epilepticus Severity Score. The main outcome measure was the ability to accurately predict the outcome of status epilepticus by measures of discrimination and calibration. Among 171 status epilepticus patients with a mean age of 64.1 years (± 16.3), mortality was 18%. The receiver operating characteristic curve for prediction of death by the Status Epilepticus Severity Score had an area under the curve of 0.744 with an optimal cutoff point greater than or equal to 4. Hosmer-Lemeshow statistics revealed good calibration of the Status Epilepticus Severity Score (chi-square goodness-of-fit test = 1.39; p = 0.845).


CONCLUSIONS
This study is the first independent external validation of the predictive accuracy of the Status Epilepticus Severity Score and its transportability to ICU patients with status epilepticus. Measures of discrimination and calibration indicated that Status Epilepticus Severity Score performed reasonably well on our cohort of ICU patients with status epilepticus. However, the specific optimal cutoff point for survival versus death in our cohort was different than proposed.
The use of percentage change from baseline as an outcome in a controlled trial is statistically inefficient: a simulation study

BACKGROUND
Many randomized trials involve measuring a continuous outcome - such as pain, body weight or blood pressure - at baseline and after treatment. In this paper, I compare four possibilities for how such trials can be analyzed: post-treatment; change between baseline and post-treatment; percentage change between baseline and post-treatment and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with baseline score as a covariate. The statistical power of each method was determined for a hypothetical randomized trial under a range of correlations between baseline and post-treatment scores.


RESULTS
ANCOVA has the highest statistical power. Change from baseline has acceptable power when correlation between baseline and post-treatment scores is high;when correlation is low, analyzing only post-treatment scores has reasonable power. Percentage change from baseline has the lowest statistical power and was highly sensitive to changes in variance. Theoretical considerations suggest that percentage change from baseline will also fail to protect from bias in the case of baseline imbalance and will lead to an excess of trials with non-normally distributed outcome data.


CONCLUSIONS
Percentage change from baseline should not be used in statistical analysis. Trialists wishing to report this statistic should use another method, such as ANCOVA, and convert the results to a percentage change by using mean baseline scores.
Psychosocial predictors of quality of life in a sample of community-dwelling stroke survivors: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND
Stroke research and rehabilitation has traditionally focussed on the physical impact of a stroke, with less attention given to associated psychosocial factors. This study aimed to identify psychosocial predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in chronic stroke survivors and examine differences between nondepressed and depressed participants.


METHOD
Participants were recruited primarily from six major metropolitan hospital databases. A total of 135 first-ever stroke survivors aged 25-96 years who were 6 to 24 months post stroke and community-dwelling were studied longitudinally over 6 months. HRQoL and psychosocial factors (optimism, self-esteem, perceived control, depressive status, and social support) were measured at baseline, 10 weeks, and 6 months.


RESULTS
Psychosocial factors were significantly associated with HRQoL at every time point, accounting for 33% to 53% of the variance after controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. At least 26% of all participants reported clinically significant depressive symptoms throughout the study. Compared to nondepressed participants, depressed participants had significantly poorer scores for HRQoL, social support, optimism, self-esteem, perceived control, and physical functioning. There were improvements in participants' physical health, social participation, depressive status, and optimism over the course of the study.


CONCLUSION
These findings highlight the important role that psychosocial factors play in chronic stroke survivors' HRQoL and have implications for stroke rehabilitation programs: rehabilitation that targets poststroke depression and psychosocial adjustment to stroke has the potential to improve HRQoL for chronic stroke survivors, independent of functional impairment.
The Economic Basis of Social Class

In this paper we adopt a theory of class positions based on employment relations to assess what implications individuals’ class positions have for their economic life. In particular we consider economic security (the risk of unemployment), economic stability (the variability component in earnings) and economic prospects (lifetime earnings profiles). Our findings provide empirical support for the theory itself and little evidence for the currently fashionable claims of the decline, or even death, of class in today’s society. JEL subject codes: J310, J330, J210
A random access scans architecture to reduce hardware overhead

In this paper we propose architecture for random access scan (RAS) that minimizes the signals to the RAS flip-flops (FF), and provide an estimate of the area overhead. Two global signals, scan-in and mode control, have been eliminated compared to previous RAS designs presented in the literature. For 'n' flip-flops, instead of routing 'n' address wires, one to each FF, we use radicn wires in an 'x-y' matrix layout. A unique toggle mechanism is introduced in the RAS FF that eliminates the scan-in signal wire and reduces the vector set up time to 60% compared to traditional serial scan (SS). Serial scan induces unnecessary circuit activity during scan that causes the circuit under test (CUT) to dissipate a significant amount of power. Our design reduces this power dissipation by 99%. The problem of delay testing is highly constrained in SS and the scan-cell is often modified to assist delay testing. Any single input change delay test can be directly applied in our design. Hence all testable paths in the circuit can be effectively tested without constraints. We also propose a multistage scan-out system to observe the addressed FF avoiding a slow output bus
Education, Justice and Democracy: The Struggle over Ignorance and Opportunity

This chapter begins with a very brief survey of current education policy in England, it describes a system of schooling riven with divisions, inequalities, alienation, failure, despondency and bias – 6 evils (See EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? London: Equality and Human Rights Commission; OECD (2011) Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising, Paris: OECD; and IFS (2013) Living Standards, Poverty and Equality in the UK: 2013, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.). This sets the scene for the second part of the chapter which outlines a new beginning for education – a kind of back to basics – that involves a fundamental shift from a system of education driven by economic necessities to one which gives priority to social and political necessities – a democratic education system, a system of hope and happiness and social renewal. A set of moves and possibilities are presented which are premised not on fixed proposals but on the need for local democratic debate, deliberation and decision-making. The vision here is of schools as centres of civic responsibility and as educative institutions. Schools that will both foster and respond to the participation of parents and students with teachers and other local stakeholders in the making of decisions about what education is for, what it means to be educated and what, and how, students should learn. Education would be reconceived in relation to other aspects of social policy and to social problems. What is outlined is somewhere different from where to start.