LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of indirect and direct methods of distance sampling for estimating density of white‐tailed deer

Although wildlife biologists need reliable estimates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) density to facilitate management, few studies have examined distance sampling as a density estimation technique for this species. We compared direct (i.e., spotlighting from road transects) and indirect (i.e., counting pellets on randomly placed transects) distance-sampling techniques for estimating deer densities in east-central Illinois, southern Illinois, and northern Michigan (USA) during 2007–2008. Density estimates (95% CI) from indirect distance sampling for northern Michigan, east-central Illinois, and southern Illinois were 6.1–12.7 deer/km, 11.2–15.8 deer/km, and 15.4 deer/km, respectively. Density estimates from direct distance sampling for northern Michigan, east-central Illinois, and southern Illinois were 18.3– 25.2 deer/km, 14.4–18.1 deer/km, and 19.0 deer/km, respectively. Although density estimates did not differ between techniques in east-central Illinois and southern Illinois, density estimates derived by direct sampling were slightly higher than those derived by indirect sampling. Estimates of density from direct distance sampling were higher than indirect distance sampling in northern Michigan. The difference in estimates among study areas may be due to landscape-specific differences in the behavioral response of deer to roads and the representativeness of road transects. In landscapes containingmore agriculture, roads tend to be systematically distributed and forest edges are independent of road placement, which may explain why both distance-sampling methods provided similar results in Illinois. However, in more forested landscapes such as Michigan, roads tend to follow streams and may provide forest edges that are relatively scarce on the landscape. Deer in forested landscapes may be attracted to roadsides, resulting in higher density estimates not indicative of surrounding forested areas. Therefore, use of road transects for direct distance sampling may be more applicable in non-forested landscapes. 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Quantity of ethanol absorption after excessive hand disinfection using three commercially available hand rubs is minimal and below toxic levels for humans

BACKGROUND
Despite the increasing promotion of alcohol-based hand rubs and the worldwide use of ethanol-based hand rubs in hospitals only few studies have specifically addressed the issue of ethanol absorption when repeatedly applied to human skin. The aim of this study was to assess if ethanol absorption occurs during hygienic and surgical hand disinfection using three different alcohol-based hand-rubs, and to quantify absorption levels in humans.


METHODS
Twelve volunteers applied three hand-rubs containing 95% (hand-rub A), 85% (hand-rub B) and 55% ethanol (hand-rub C; all w/w). For hygienic hand disinfection, 4 mL were applied 20 times for 30 s, with 1 minute break between applications. For surgical hand disinfection, 20 mL of each hand rub was applied to hands and arms up to the level of the elbow 10 times for 3 minutes, with a break of 5 minutes between applications. Blood concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde were determined immediately prior and up to 90 minutes after application using head space gas chromatography.


RESULTS
The median of absorbed ethanol after hygienic hand disinfection was 1365 mg (A), 630 mg (B), and 358 mg (C). The proportion of absorbed ethanol was 2.3% (A), 1.1% (B), and 0.9% (C). After surgical hand disinfection, the median of absorbed ethanol was 1067 mg (A), 1542 mg (B), and 477 mg (C). The proportion of absorbed ethanol was 0.7% (A), 1.1% (B), and 0.5% (C). The highest median acetaldehyde concentration after 20 hygienic hand disinfections was 0.57 mg/L (hand-rub C, after 30 min), after 10 surgical hand disinfections 3.99 mg/L (hand-rub A, after 20 minutes).


CONCLUSION
The overall dermal and pulmonary absorption of ethanol was below toxic levels in humans and allows the conclusion that the use of the evaluated ethanol-based hand-rubs is safe.
Papert's prison fab lab: implications for the maker movement and education design

For three years, the author collaborated with Seymour Papert in the planning, design, operation, teaching and documentation of the Constructionist Learning Laboratory at the Maine Youth Center. This work is significant as it represents Dr. Papert's last institutional research project and marks his first attempt to design an educational environment based on the theory of constructionism from scratch. The implications for education reform and school reform are numerous. However, in the context of the 2013 Interaction Design and Children focus on DIY/maker culture, the overlooked work of the Constructionist Learning Laboratory the work of Papert, Stager and their colleagues is particularly pertinent. More than a decade before maker culture and "fab labs" emerged as a popular addition to formal education, Papert succeeded in creating a school built entirely upon the ideals of that movement.
Comparison of ultrasound turbinate reduction, radiofrequency tissue ablation and submucosal cauterization in inferior turbinate hypertrophy

Chronic nasal obstruction owed to chronic hypertrophic rhinitis is a common cause of nasal airway obstruction. In cases unresponsive to conservative treatment, various surgical techniques are commonly performed, but the issue of the optimal surgical procedure is still controversial. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound treatment of the hypertrophied inferior turbinates, which is a technique recently applied in rhinologic surgery. We aimed, also, to compare this method with the radiofrequency cold coblation turbinate reduction and the traditional submucosal monopolar inferior turbinate cauterization. We studied prospectively 60 patients with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis of nonallergic etiology, who underwent different surgical methods of turbinate reduction, divided into two groups: (1) in 30 patients, inferior turbinate volume reduction using ultrasound procedure on the left side and monopolar diathermy on the right was performed; (2) in 30 patients, radiofrequency coblation technique on the left side and ultrasound turbinate reduction on the right side was undertaken. Subjective evaluation of nasal obstruction and pain was performed using visual analog scales and objective evaluation of the surgical outcome was obtained using active anterior rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry. Examinations were performed preoperatively, and 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Both subjective and objective evaluation showed significant postoperative improvement in all cases. The best results were obtained with the ultrasound procedure, and second with the radiofrequency technique. The least improvement was observed in the electrocautery group, although its results did not differ significantly from the radiofrequency group. It may be, thus, concluded that ultrasound turbinate reduction is an effective and safe procedure for the management of chronic hypertrophic rhinitis, in patients failing to respond to medical treatment. Using this method, better results were obtained in decreasing subjective symptoms and nasal obstruction, in comparison with radiofrequency and electrocautery.
STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING USING STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL

This paper poses the process of structural health monitoring in the context of a statistical pattern recognition paradigm. This paper particularly focuses on applying a statistical process control (SPC) technique known as an ‘‘X-bar control chart’’ to vibration-based damage diagnosis. A control chart provides a statistical framework for monitoring future measurements and for identifying new data that are inconsistent with past data. First, an autoregressive (AR) model is fit to the measured time histories from an undamaged structure. Coefficients of the AR model are selected as the damage-sensitive features for the subsequent control chart analysis. Next, control limits of the X-bar control chart are constructed based on the features obtained from the initial structure. Finally, the AR coefficients of the models fit to subsequent new data are monitored relative to the control limits. A statistically significant number of features outside the control limits indicate a system transition from a healthy state to a damage state. A unique aspect of this study is the coupling of various projection techniques such as principal component analysis and linear and quadratic discriminant operators with the SPC in an effort to enhance the discrimination between features from the undamaged and damaged structures. This combined statistical procedure is applied to vibration test data acquired from a concrete bridge column as the column is progressively damaged. The coupled approach captures a clearer distinction between undamaged and damaged vibration responses than by applying an SPC alone.
Deep Learning as a Mixed Convex-Combinatorial Optimization Problem

Table 1: The best top-1 test accura y for each network over all epochs when trained with sign, qReLU, and full-precision baseline activations on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet. The hard-threshold activations are trained with both FTPROP-MB with per-layer soft hinge losses (FTP-SH) and the saturated straight-through estimator (SSTE). Bold numbers denote the best performing quantized activation in each experiment.
Hierarchical Image Caching for Accelerated Walkthroughs of Complex Environments

We present a new method that utilizes path coherence to accelerate walkthroughs of geometrically complex static scenes. As a preprocessing step, our method constructs a BSP-tree that hierarchically partitions the geometric primitives in the scene. In the course of a walkthrough, images of nodes at various levels of the hierarchy are cached for reuse in subsequent frames. A cached image is reused by texture-mapping it onto a single quadrilateral that is drawn instead of the geometry contained in the corresponding node. Visual artifacts are kept under control by using an error metric that quantifies the discrepancy between the appearance of the geometry contained in a node and the cached image. The new method is shown to achieve speedups of an order of magnitude for walkthroughs of a complex outdoor scene, with little or no loss in rendering quality. CR
A hybrid online-product recommendation system: Combining implicit rating-based collaborative filtering and sequential pattern analysis

Many online shopping malls in which explicit rating information is not available still have difficulty in providing recommendation services using collaborative filtering (CF) techniques for their users. Applying temporal purchase patterns derived from sequential pattern analysis (SPA) for recommendation services also often makes users unhappy with the inaccurate and biased results obtained by not considering individual preferences. The objective of this research is twofold. One is to derive implicit ratings so that CF can be applied to online transaction data even when no explicit rating information is available, and the other is to integrate CF and SPA for improving recommendation quality. Based on the results of several experiments that we conducted to compare the performance between ours and others, we contend that implicit rating can successfully replace explicit rating in CF and that the hybrid approach of CF and SPA is better than the individual ones. 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Two African saints in medieval Germany

After the decline and final downfall of the Roman Empire, western and southern Europe was a shambles.1 Teutonic tribes such as the Goths, Lombards, and Franks invaded and ransacked the erstwhile Roman provinces, founding various kingdoms in Germany, Italy, France, and Spain, most of which were, however, rather shortlived. It was only with the ascent of the Carolingian dynasty and, in particular, the reign of Charlemagne, which culminated in his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor in Rome in 800 AD., that order, unity, and safety were restored in these ravaged countries. When Charlemagne's empire was divided under his successors and new realms began to emerge in the east as well as the west-which were to become Germany and France, respectively--his imperial heritage and, by implication, that of the Romans was assumed by the German rulers. Ever since Otto I (the Great) in mid-tenth century, Germany conceived of herself as heir to the Roman Empire, as witness the elaborate appellation "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation," which came into usage during the late Middle Ages and remained the official name until 1806. Images of black saints first appear in medieval German art. I will concentrate here on two iconographic examples, one a familiar part of the Christian tradition and the other virtually unknown. First let us look at the iconography of the unknown black saint.
Comparison of lower extremity kinematics and hip muscle activation during rehabilitation tasks between sexes.

CONTEXT
Closed kinetic chain exercises are an integral part of rehabilitation programs after lower extremity injury. Sex differences in lower extremity kinematics have been reported during landing and cutting; however, less is known about sex differences in movement patterns and activation of the hip musculature during common lower extremity rehabilitation exercises.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether lower extremity kinematics and muscle activation levels differ between sexes during closed kinetic chain rehabilitation exercises.


DESIGN
Cross-sectional with 1 between-subjects factor (sex) and 1 within-subjects factor (exercise).


SETTING
Research laboratory.


PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS
Participants included 21 women (age = 23 +/- 5.8 years, height = 167.6 +/- 5.1 cm, mass = 63.7 +/- 5.9 kg) and 21 men (age = 23 +/- 4.0 years, height = 181.4 +/- 7.4 cm, mass = 85.6 +/- 16.5 kg).


INTERVENTION(S)
In 1 testing session, participants performed 3 trials each of single-leg squat, lunge, and step-up-and-over exercises.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
We recorded the peak joint angles (degrees) of knee flexion and valgus and hip flexion, extension, adduction, and external rotation for each exercise. We also recorded the electromyographic activity of the gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, adductor longus, and bilateral gluteus medius muscles for the concentric and eccentric phases of each exercise.


RESULTS
Peak knee flexion angles were smaller and peak hip extension angles were larger for women than for men across all tasks. Peak hip flexion angles during the single-leg squat were smaller for women than for men. Mean root-mean-square amplitudes for the gluteus maximus and rectus femoris muscles in both the concentric and eccentric phases of the 3 exercises were greater for women than for men.


CONCLUSIONS
Sex differences were observed in sagittal-plane movement patterns during the rehabilitation exercises. Because of the sex differences observed in our study, future researchers need to compare the findings for injured participants by sex to garner a better representation of altered kinematic angles and muscle activation levels due to injury.
Theoretical reflections on agile development methodologies

The traditional goal of optimization and control is making way for learning and innovation.
Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an open-label, dose-optimization study.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).


METHOD
This was a 7-week, open-label study evaluating 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70 mg/day LDX in 318 children aged 6-12 years with ADHD. The ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS-IV) was the primary efficacy assessment. Secondary measures included the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I), Expression and Emotion Scale for Children (EESC), and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Safety assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), vital signs, and electrocardiograms.


RESULTS
At end point, mean (standard deviation [SD]) improvement from baseline in ADHD-RS-IV total score was 28.6 (10.9) (p < 0.0001). Most subjects (89.9%) were rated "improved" (i.e., CGI-I 1 or 2). Improvements from baseline were observed in the EESC total and subscale scores (p < or = 0.0002). LDX treatment resulted in significant improvement on the Global Executive Composite, Behavioral Regulation, and Metacognition indices of the BRIEF (p < 0.0001). TEAEs (incidences > or =10%) were decreased appetite, decreased weight, irritability, insomnia, headache, upper abdominal pain, and initial insomnia.


CONCLUSIONS
LDX was effective and generally well tolerated with a safety profile consistent with long-acting stimulant use. There was overall improvement in ADHD symptoms and executive function measures and no worsening of emotional expression measures.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00500071.
Management of refractory ischemic priapism: current perspectives

OBJECTIVES
The aim of the present manuscript is to review the current literature on priapism, focusing on the state-of-the-art knowledge of both the diagnosis and the treatment of the refractory ischemic priapism (IP).


METHODS
Pubmed and EMBASE search engines were used to search for words "priapism", "refractory priapism", "penile prosthesis", "diagnosis priapism", "priapism treatment", "penile fibrosis", "priapism therapy". All the studies were carefully examined by the authors and then included in the review.


RESULTS
First-line treatment involves ejaculation, physical exercise and cold shower followed by corporal blood aspiration and injection of α-adrenoceptor agonists. Subsequently, a distal or proximal shunt may be considered. If none of the treatment is effective or the priapism episode lasts >48 hours penile prosthesis implantation could be the only option to solve the priapism and treat the ongoing erectile dysfunction.


CONCLUSION
The management of IP is to achieve detumescence of persistent penile erection and to preserve erectile function after resolution of the priapic episode. On the other hand, penile fibrosis and following shortening should be prevented. Early penile prosthesis implantation in patients with refractory IP is able to solve both the priapic episode and prevent the otherwise certain penile shortening. Penile prosthesis implantation is the actual gold standard of care in cases of refractory IP.
Nurses' workplace distress and ethical dilemmas in Tanzanian health care.

The aim of this study was to describe Tanzanian nurses' meaning of and experiences with ethical dilemmas and workplace distress in different care settings. An open question guide was used and the study focused on the answers that 29 registered nurses supplied. The theme, ;Tanzanian registered nurses' invisible and visible expressions about existential conditions in care', emerged from several subthemes as: suffering from (1) workplace distress; (2) ethical dilemmas; (3) trying to maintaining good quality nursing care; (4) lack of respect, appreciation and influence; and (5) a heavy workload that did not prevent registered nurses from struggling for better care for their patients. The analysis shows that, on a daily basis, nurses find themselves working on the edge of life and death, while they have few opportunities for doing anything about this situation. Nurses need professional guidance to gain insight and be able to reflect on their situations, so that they do not become overloaded with ethical dilemmas and workplace distress.
Impact of weight loss on markers of systemic inflammation in obese Saudi children with asthma.

BACKGROUND
Weight loss studies were conducted in children without asthma have demonstrated a reduction in systemic inflammation. However, the impact of weight loss in the obese paediatric population with asthma has not been investigated.


OBJECTIVE
To measure the effects of weight loss on markers of systemic inflammation in obese children with bronchial asthma.


METHODS
Eighty obese children with bronchial asthma (42 boys, and 38 girls) with mean age 13.86 ± 3.21 years were divided into two equal groups. The training group received diet regimen, exercise training in addition to the medical treatment for two months, where the control group received the medical treatment only.


RESULTS
There was a 17.5%, 15.5%, 22.4%, 14.1% and 15.9% reduction in mean values of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), Leptin and body mass index (BMI) respectively and 38.7 % increase in mean values of adiponectin in the training group. While, there was a 0.7%, 9.0%, 2.8%, 1.6% and 1.2% increase in mean values of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, Leptin and BMI respectively and 3.9% decrease in mean values of adiponectin in the control group. The mean values of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, Leptin and BMI was decreased and adiponectin was increased significantly in the training group, however the results of the control group were not significant. Also, there were significant differences between both groups at the end of the study.


CONCLUSION
Weight loss improves markers of systemic inflammation in obese Saudi children with bronchial asthma.
The genetic history of Ice Age Europe

Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.