LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A System for Semi-Autonomous Tractor Operations

Tractors are the workhorses of the modern farm. By automating these machines, we can increase the productivity, improve safety, and reduce costs for many agricultural operations. Many researchers have tested computer-controlled machines for farming, but few have investigated the larger issues such as how humans can supervise machines and work amongst them. In this paper, we present a system for tractor automation. A human programs a task by driving the relevant routes. The task is divided into subtasks and assigned to a fleet of tractors that drive portions of the routes. Each tractor uses on-board sensors to detect people, animals, and other vehicles in the path of the machine, stopping for such obstacles until it receives advice from a supervisor over a wireless link. A first version of the system was implemented on a single tractor. Several features of the system were validated, including accurate path tracking, the detection of obstacles based on both geometric and non-geometric properties, and self-monitoring to determine when human intervention is required. Additionally, the complete system was tested in a Florida orange grove, where it autonomously drove seven kilometers.
Is There a Glass Ceiling over Europe? Exploring the Gender Pay Gap across the Wages Distribution

Is There a Glass Ceiling over Europe? Exploring the Gender Pay Gap across the Wages Distribution Using harmonised data from the European Union Household Panel, we analyse gender pay gaps by sector across the wages distribution for ten countries. We find that the mean gender pay gap in the raw data typically hides large variations in the gap across the wages distribution. We use quantile regression (QR) techniques to control for the effects of individual and job characteristics at different points of the distribution, and calculate the part of the gap attributable to differing returns between men and women. We find that, first, gender pay gaps are typically bigger at the top of the wage distribution, a finding that is consistent with the existence of glass ceilings. For some countries gender pay gaps are also bigger at the bottom of the wage distribution, a finding that is consistent with sticky floors. Third, the gender pay gap is typically higher at the top than the bottom end of the wage distribution, suggesting that glass ceilings are more prevalent than sticky floors and that these prevail in the majority of our countries. Fourth, the gender pay gap differs significantly across the public and the private sector wages distribution for each of our EU countries. JEL Classification: J16, J31, J7
Big Data Analytics = Machine Learning + Cloud Computing

Big Data can mean different things to different people. The scale and challenges of Big Data are often described using three attributes, namely Volume, Velocity and Variety (3Vs), which only reflect some of the aspects of data. In this chapter we review historical aspects of the term “Big Data” and the associated analytics. We augment 3Vs with additional attributes of Big Data to make it more comprehensive and relevant. We show that Big Data is not just 3Vs, but 3 Vs, that is, 9 Vs covering the fundamental motivation behind Big Data, which is to incorporate Business Intelligence (BI) based on different hypothesis or statistical models so that Big Data Analytics (BDA) can enable decision makers to make useful predictions for some crucial decisions or researching results. History of Big Data has demonstrated that the most cost effective way of performing BDA is to employ Machine Learning (ML) on the Cloud Computing (CC) based infrastructure or simply, ML + CC  BDA. This chapter is devoted to help decision makers by defining BDA as a solution and opportunity to address their business needs.
Stability of treatment for anterior open-bite malocclusion: a meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION
Anterior open-bite (AOB) treatment is considered challenging because of difficulties in determining and addressing etiologic factors and the potential for relapse in the vertical dimension after treatment. In this review, we compiled evidence on the long-term stability of the major therapeutic interventions for correcting AOB. Our objective was to review and compile evidence for the stability of surgical and nonsurgical therapies for AOB malocclusion. Our data sources were PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, limited gray literature search, and hand searching.


METHODS
A search was performed of the electronic health literature on the stability of AOB after treatment. Hand searching of major orthodontic journals and limited gray literature searching was also performed, and all pertinent abstracts were reviewed for inclusion. Full articles were retrieved for abstracts or titles that met the initial inclusion criteria or lacked sufficient detail for immediate exclusion. Studies accepted for analysis were reviewed and their relevant data retrieved for pooling. The long-term stability estimates were pooled into nonsurgical and surgical groups, and summary statistics were generated.


RESULTS
One hundred five abstracts met the initial search criteria, and 21 articles were included in final analyses. Rejected articles failed to exhibit follow-up times of 12 months or more, did not include measurements of overbite (OB), or did not meet inclusion criteria. All included articles were divided into a surgical group (SX) with a mean age of 23.3 years and a nonsurgical group (NSX) with a mean age of 16.4 years. All studies were case series. Random-effects statistical models were used to pool the mean OB measures before and after treatment and also at the long-term follow-up. The pretreatment adjusted means of OB were -2.8 mm for the SX and -2.5 mm for the NSX. AOB closures up to +1.6 mm (SX) and +1.4 mm (NSX) were achieved. Relapse in the SX group during the mean 3.5 years of follow-up reduced the OB to +1.3 mm; the NSX group relapsed to +0.8 mm in the mean 3.2 years of follow-up. Pooled results indicated reasonable stability of both the SX (82%) and NSX (75%) treatments of AOB measured by positive OB at 12 or more months after the treatment interventions.


CONCLUSIONS
In the included case series publications, success of both the SX and NSX treatments of AOB appeared to be greater than 75%. Because the SX and the NSX were examined in different studies and applied to different clinical populations, no direct assessment of comparative effectiveness was possible. The pooled results should be viewed with caution because of the lack of within-study control groups and the variability among studies.
Effect of Guglielmi detachable coils on intraaneurysmal flow: experimental study in canines.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) are effective in preventing rebleeding of ruptured aneurysms. To better understand the mechanism underlying this protective effect, we evaluated blood flow in aneurysms and their parent arteries before and after GDC coil placement.


METHODS
An 0.14-inch guidewire containing a combined pressure and thermistor sensor was inserted through a microcatheter into both the parent artery and the dome of surgically created canine aneurysms. Before and after GDC coil placement, intravascular pressures and thermodilution responses where recorded in the parent artery and aneurysmal dome during injections of room-temperature isotonic sodium chloride solution over 4 seconds (5 mL/s) and 2 seconds (20 mL/s) in the parent artery.


RESULTS
Before GDC coil placement, similar U-shaped thermodilution curves were present in the parent artery and in the dome of the aneurysm. GDC coil placement reduced intraaneurysmal flow by 61-99.6% (P <.05), prolonged aneurysmal filling and washout (dilution interval increased from 5.16 seconds before coil placement to 26.79 seconds after coil placement, P < 0.05), and caused a dissociation of pressure and flow (shift epsilon was 0.45 seconds before coil placement versus 0.56 seconds after coil placement, P <.05). Flow in the parent artery was not significantly affected by GDC coil placement in the aneurysm.


CONCLUSION
In this model, intraaneurysmal blood flow can be evaluated with thermodilution. GDC coil placement significantly reduces blood flow in aneurysms.
Radiographic evaluation of alveolar ridge heights of dentate and edentulous patients.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the reduction of residual alveolar ridge height on panoramic radiographs and the differences between denture wearers and non-denture wearers.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study consisted of 147 individuals (74 men and 73 women) [50 were denture wearers and 50 non-denture wearers (examination groups) and 47 of them were dentate (control group)]. Individuals having diseases impacting on bone were excluded. Vertical measurements were made at 15 sites (central incisors, first premolars and molars at the left and right of both jaws and the distance between the zygoma/orbit). MANOVA (multi-variate analysis of variation) was used for the statistical analysis of the results.


RESULTS
There were significant differences between the alveolar ridge heights of dentate and edentulous groups (p < 0.001). Between the denture wearer and the non-denture wearer groups, there was significant difference in the lower jaw (p < 0.001), but no significant difference in the upper jaw (p = 0.635). There were also differences between men and women (p < 0.005) and upper and lower jaws at every measurement sites (p < 0.01).


CONCLUSION
 Reduction in residual alveolar ridge height was in close relation with gender, denture usage and edentulousness.
The Use of Chemical and Biological Agents in the Recovery of Heavy Metals from Treated Woods – A Brief Review

This manuscript provides a brief review about chemical and biological agents used to bioremediate treated wood waste. Wood preservatives have been used to increase wood’s useful life, because any species is subject to decay. Studies indicate that the disposal of treated wood after its service has drawn concern and scrutiny. Practices have included disposal in landfills or construction sites as well as destruction by burning, so it is apparent that more environmentally friendly options are needed. To mitigate these problems, acidic agents, fungi, and bacteria can be used as alternatives to remove heavy metals. At optimum temperature and concentration, acids play a major role in the removal process. The process is enhanced when a bioremediation technique is used after chemical extraction. In fact, bioremediation has been shown to be a remarkable technique for recovering copper, arsenic, creosote, and other compounds. The major drawback is the extensive duration of fungal activity for release of heavy metals.
Digital Technologies and their Role in Intimate Partner Violence

This paper describes a codesign PhD research project involving survivors of domestic abuse and professional support workers. It aims to address the novel challenges, posed by the Internet of Things, within intimate abusive relationships, with a focus on cyber-aggression and -harassment. Preliminary results from semi-structured interviews with support workers are presented.
Effects of piracetam on behavior and memory in adult zebrafish

Piracetam, a derivative of γ-aminobutyric acid, exerts memory-enhancing and mild anxiolytic effects in human and rodent studies. To examine the drug's behavioral profile further, we assessed its effects on behavioral and endocrine (cortisol) responses of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)--a novel model species rapidly gaining popularity in neurobehavioral research. Overall, acute piracetam did not affect zebrafish novel tank and light-dark box behavior at mild doses (25-400mg/L), but produced nonspecific behavioral inhibition at 700mg/L. No effects on cortisol levels or inter-/intra-session habituation in the novel tank test were observed for acute or chronic mild non-sedative dose of 200mg/L. In contrast, fish exposed to chronic piracetam at this dose performed significantly better in the cued learning plus-maze test. This observation parallels clinical and rodent literature on the behavioral profile of piracetam, supporting the utility of zebrafish paradigms for testing nootropic agents.
PREDICTION OF HUMAN PERSONALITY BY HANDWRITING ANALYSIS BASED ON SEGMENTATION METHOD USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

\ Abstract: Earlier personality of person is predicted by spending lot of time with the person. As we know spending time with person is very difficult task. Referring to this problem, in the present study a method has been proposed for the behavioral prediction of a person through automated handwriting analysis. Handwriting analysis is a method to predict personality of a Person .This is done by Image Processing in MATLAB. In order to predict the personality we are going to take the writing sample and from it we are going to extract different features i.e. slant of letters and words, pen pressure, spacing between letter, spacing between word, size of letters, baseline Segmentation method is used to extract the feature of handwriting which are given to the SVM which shows the behavior of the writer sample. This gives optimum accuracy with the use of Redial Kernel function.
Note on paraconsistency and the logic of fractions

We apply a paraconsistent logic to reason about fractions.
Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation in Education : Reconsidered Once Again

All teachers acknowledge appropriate student behaviors and desired social skills and provide differential attention/response to inappropriate behaviors. (CL22) Evidence Review: Research demonstrates that teachers who establish an orderly and positive classroom environment by teaching and reinforcing rules and routines reduce behavior problems. Teacher's acknowledgement of appropriate behavior is related to both initial and long-term academic engagement and social success (Akin-Little et al. (2004); Cameron et al.(2001). Rewards (such as approval, praise, recognition, special privileges, points, or other incentives) are most effective in reinforcing students' appropriate behavior when teachers:  Use small rewards frequently, rather than large rewards infrequently;  Deliver rewards quickly after the desired behavior is exhibited;  Reward behavior, not the individual, and communicate to students the specific behavior that led to the reward;  Use several different kinds of rewards selected carefully to ensure that they are reinforcing positive behavior; and  Gradually begin to reduce and then eliminate rewards. Research also shows that the amount of praise that students receive for appropriate behavior should exceed the amount of times they are corrected or reprimanded by a ratio of four to one to improve student academic and behavioral outcomes. Evidence Review: Deci, Koestner, and Ryan (2001) conducted a meta-analysis in which they examined the effect of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. They found that verbal rewards can enhance intrinsic motivation; however, verbal rewards are less likely to have a positive effect for children than for older individuals (i.e., college students). Verbal rewards can have a negative effect on intrinsic motivation if they are administered in a controlling rather than informational way. When presenting high-level interest tasks, the use of tangible rewards can have negative consequences for subsequent interest, persistence and preference for challenge, especially for children. Evidence Review: There is compelling meta-analytic evidence that appropriate disciplinary interventions including teacher reaction to students appropriate and inappropriate behavior produce positive change in student behavior. Simple and often subtle teacher reactions have been shown to decrease student misbehavior including eye contact, moving closer to the student, a shake of the head, a simple verbal reminder-ideally as privately and subtly as possible, reminder of the desired appropriate behavior, and simply telling the student to stop the inappropriate behavior (Madsen, Becker, & Thomas, 1968). Teachers should also quietly and privately acknowledge appropriate behavior.
Non-perturbative effects in e^+e^- event-shape variables

We review theoretical methods employed to study non-perturbative contributions to e^+e^- event-shapes and discuss their phenomenological relevance.
Fluid status monitoring with a wireless network to reduce cardiovascular-related hospitalizations and mortality in heart failure: rationale and design of the OptiLink HF Study (Optimization of Heart Failure Management using OptiVol Fluid Status Monitoring and CareLink)

AIMS
The Optimization of Heart Failure Management using OptiVol Fluid Status Monitoring and CareLink (OptiLink HF) study is designed to investigate whether OptiVol fluid status monitoring with an automatically generated wireless CareAlert notification via the CareLink Network can reduce all-cause death and cardiovascular hospitalizations in an HF population, compared with standard clinical assessment. Methods Patients with newly implanted or replacement cardioverter-defibrillator devices with or without cardiac resynchronization therapy, who have chronic HF in New York Heart Association class II or III and a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% will be eligible to participate. Following device implantation, patients are randomized to either OptiVol fluid status monitoring through CareAlert notification or regular care (OptiLink 'on' vs. 'off'). The primary endpoint is a composite of all-cause death or cardiovascular hospitalization. It is estimated that 1000 patients will be required to demonstrate superiority of the intervention group to reduce the primary outcome by 30% with 80% power.


CONCLUSION
The OptiLink HF study is designed to investigate whether early detection of congestion reduces mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization in patients with chronic HF. The study is expected to close recruitment in September 2012 and to report first results in May 2014.
Dose-finding study of weekly 24h continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil associated with alternating oxaliplatin or irinotecan in advanced colorectal cancer patients

Purpose: To determine maximum tolerated dose, safety and efficacy of weekly 24 h infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combined alternately with oxaliplatin and irinotecan. Patients and methods: Advanced colorectal carcinoma patients in firstor second-line chemotherapy received increasing doses of 5-FU (weekly 24 h continuous intravenous infusion without leucovorin) on days 1, 8, 15 and 22, irinotecan days 1 and 15; and oxaliplatin days 8 and 22, every 35 days. Results: Thirty-four patients received 175 cycles. The median age was 64 years (range 47–78). Eighteen per cent of patients had the primary tumor in the rectum, with a median of one disease site (range one to three), and liver involvement in 88% and lung in 38%. Six (18%) patients had chemotherapy for prior advanced disease. The most frequent grade 3–4 toxicity was neutropenia (41% of patients), but the regimen was well tolerated clinically, with febrile neutropenia in two patients and grade 4 neutropenia lasting >7 days in one; grade 3–4 diarrhea, nausea and vomiting in 6% of patients; grade 3–4 peripheral neuropathy in 9% of patients. Seventeen patients had a partial response (50%; 95% confidence interval 33%–67%), 13 had stable disease and one had progressive disease. Five patients underwent metastatic surgical resection after tumor shrinkage. Median response duration was 14 months (range 4.7–29.2+) and median time to progression was 11.3 months (range 1.1+–30.7+). Conclusions: This combination three-drug regimen is feasible and well tolerated without toxicity overlap. Preliminary antitumor activity compares well with standard double combinations, with an unusually long median time to progression. The recommended dose is 5-FU 3000 mg/m, weekly for 4 weeks, irinotecan 100 mg/m days 1 and 15, oxaliplatin 80 mg/m days 8 and 22. Further assessment of antitumor activity and safety is warranted.
Glenohumeral range of motion deficits and posterior shoulder tightness in throwers with pathologic internal impingement.

BACKGROUND
Alterations in glenohumeral range of motion, including increased posterior shoulder tightness and glenohumeral internal rotation deficit that exceeds the accompanying external rotation gain, are suggested contributors to throwing-related shoulder injuries such as pathologic internal impingement. Yet these contributors have not been identified in throwers with internal impingement.


HYPOTHESIS
Throwers with pathologic internal impingement will exhibit significantly increased posterior shoulder tightness and glenohumeral internal rotation deficit without significantly increased external rotation gain.


STUDY DESIGN
Case control study; Level of evidence, 3.


METHODS
Eleven throwing athletes with pathologic internal impingement diagnosed using both clinical examination and a magnetic resonance arthrogram were demographically matched with 11 control throwers who had no history of upper extremity injury. Passive glenohumeral internal and external rotation were measured bilaterally with standard goniometry at 90 degrees of humeral abduction and elbow flexion. Bilateral differences in glenohumeral range of motion were used to calculate glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and external rotation gain. Posterior shoulder tightness was quantified as the bilateral difference in passive shoulder horizontal adduction with the scapula retracted and the shoulder at 90 degrees of elevation. Comparisons were made between groups with dependent t tests (P < .05).


RESULTS
The throwing athletes with internal impingement demonstrated significantly greater glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (P = .03) and posterior shoulder tightness (P = .03) compared with the control subjects. No significant differences were observed in external rotation gain between groups (P = .16).


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
These findings could indicate that a tightening of the posterior elements of the shoulder (capsule, rotator cuff) may contribute to impingement. The results suggest that management should include stretching to restore flexibility to the posterior shoulder.
Neurophysiology/pharmacology of erection

Despite considerable advances, both the central regulation of erection with processing of various stimuli, and the different steps involved in neurotransmission, impulse propagation and intracellular transduction of neural signals in penile smooth muscles, are still incompletely known. Centrally as well as peripherally, many transmitters and transmitter systems are involved. Dopamine, nitric oxide, oxytocin and ACTH/α-MSH, seem to have a facilitatory role, whereas serotonin may be either facilitatory or inhibitory, and enkephalins are inhibitory. Peripherally, the balance between contractant (eg noradrenaline, endothelins, angiotensins) and relaxant (eg NO, VIP and related peptides, prostanoids) factors controls the degree of contraction of the smooth muscle of the corpora cavernosa, and determines the functional state of the penis. Neurogenic NO is considered the most important factor for relaxation of penile vessels and corpus cavernosum. The roles of other putative transmitters/mediators and of various intracellular mechanisms, producing relaxation of vascular and corpus cavernosum smooth muscle, have not been established. For example, recent findings have suggested a role of Rho/Rho-kinase in the regulation of cavernosal tone, and that Rho-kinase antagonism could be a new potential principle for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Further research in this area may be rewarding.