LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Photophysics, photochemistry and solar energy conversion with tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) and its analogues

A. Introduction ................................................. 161 B. Characterisation of the excited states ................................ 161 (i) Photophysical studies ........................................ 161 (ii) Flash photolysis studies ...................................... 174 C. Energetics of various redox states of Ru(bpy):+ ........................ 175 D. Photoredox reactions ........................................... 182 (i) Quenching mechanisms and their discrimination ..................... 182 (ii) Theoretical correlations of quenching rates ......................... 183 (iii) Quenching by inorganic ions and molecules ........................ 188 (iv) Quenching by inorganic metal complexes .......................... 191 (v) Oxidative quenching by organic molecules ......................... 195 (vi) Reductive quenching by organic molecules ......................... 197 E. Energy transfer studies of triplet excited states ......................... 197 F. Chemiluminescent reactions of Ru(bpy):+ ............................ 201 G. Ru(bpy)g+ as a photosensitiser in solar energy conversion ................. 202 (i) Photodecomposition of water with metal complexes .................. 202 (ii) Photoproduction of hydrogen from water .......................... 204 (iii) Photooxidation of water to molecular oxygen ....................... 208 H. Studies in photoelectrochemical cells ................................ 210 (i) Photogalvanic cells ......................................... 2 10 (ii) Sensitisation of semiconductor electrodes .......................... 211 (iii) Photoelectrochemical cells based on photoredox reactions .............. 214 I. Photochemistry with surfactant derivatives and in organised molecular assemblies . . 218 (i) Photochemistry with surfactant derivatives in monolayers, micelles and vesicles 2 18 (ii) Luminescence and photoredox processes of Ru(bpy):+ in micellar media and in polyelectrolytes .......................................... 224 (iii) Ru(bpy):+ photochemistry in other multiphase systems of clays, zeolites, polymers and membranes ..................................... 226 J. Photosubstitution and racemisation reactions of Ru(bpy):+ ............. 227 K. Acid-base properties of excited states in substituted bpy, phen complexes of Ru(II) .................................................. 232
Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) Protects Against Selenite-Induced Oxidative Stress in Experimental Cataractogenesis

Cataract is the opacification in eye lens and leads to 50% of blindness worldwide. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anticataract potential of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn seeds (fenugreek) in selenite-induced in vitro and in vivo cataract. In vitro enucleated rat lenses were maintained in organ culture containing Dulbecco’s modified Eagles medium (DMEM) alone or in addition with 100 µM selenite and served as the normal and control groups, respectively. For the test group, the medium was supplemented with selenite and T. foenum-graecum aqueous extract. The lenses were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. After incubation, the lenses were processed for the estimation of reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde), and the antioxidant enzymes. In vivo selenite cataract was induced in 9-day-old rats by subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite (25 µmol/kg body weight). Animals in the test group were injected with different doses of aqueous extract of T. foenum-graecum 4 h before the selenite challenge. A fall in GSH and a rise in malondialdehyde levels were observed in control as compared to normal lenses. T. foenum-graecum significantly (P < 0.01) restored glutathione and decreased malondialdehyde levels. A significant restoration in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (P < 0.01), catalase, (P < 0.01), glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.01), and glutathione-S-transferase (P < 0.01) was observed in the T. foenum-graecum supplemented group as compared to control. In vivo, none of the eyes was found with nuclear cataract in treated group as opposed to 72.5% in the control group. T. foenum-graecum protects against experimental cataract by virtue of its antioxidant properties. Further studies are warranted to explore its role in human cataract.
Containers and Cloud: From LXC to Docker to Kubernetes

This issue's "Cloud Tidbit" focuses on container technology and how it's emerging as an important part of the cloud computing infrastructure. It looks at Docker, an open source project that automates the faster deployment of Linux applications, and Kubernetes, an open source cluster manager for Docker containers.
W deposition and titanium fluoride formation during WF 6 reduction by Ti : Reaction path and mechanisms

Reaction of WF6 with air-exposed 27and 250-nm-thick Ti films has been studied using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron and x-ray diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We show that W nucleates and grows rapidly at localized sites on Ti during short WF 6 exposures~'6 s! at 445 °C at low partial pressurespWF6,0.2 Torr. Large amounts of F, up to '2.0310 atoms/cm corresponding to an average F/Ti ratio of 1.5 in a 27-nm-thick Ti layer, penetrate the Ti film, forming a solid solution and nonvolatile TiF3. The large stresses developed due to volume expansion during fluorination of the Ti layer result in local delamination at the W/Ti and the Ti/SiO 2 interfaces at low and high WF 6 exposures, respectively. WF 6 exposure atpWF6.0.35 results in the formation of a network of elongated microcracks in the W film which allow WF 6 to diffuse through and attack the underlying Ti, consuming the 27-nm-thick Ti film through the evolution of gaseous TiF 4. © 1999 American Institute of Physics. @S0021-8979 ~99!10303-7#
Renoprotective effects of febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND
Hyperuricemia is reported to be related to rapid progression of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Allopurinol, a uric acid lowering agent, protects renal progression. However, it is not widely used in patients with CKD because of its serious adverse event. Febuxostat can be alternatively used for patients who are intolerable to allopurinol. We aimed to determine renoprotective effect and urate-lowering effect between the two drugs.


METHODS
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effects of febuxostat compared to allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia. MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched to identify research publications.


RESULTS
Four relevant publications were selected from among 3,815 studies. No significant differences were found in the changes in serum creatinine from baseline between the febuxostat and allopurinol groups. Changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were observed between the two groups at 1 month (mean difference 1.65 mL/min/1.73 m2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38, 2.91 mL/min/1.73 m2; heterogeneity χ2 = 1.25, I2 = 0%, P = 0.01); however, the changes in eGFR were not significantly different at 3 months. A significant difference did exist in the changes in albuminuria levels from baseline between the febuxostat and allopurinol groups (mean difference -80.47 mg/gCr, 95% CI -149.29, -11.64 mg/gCr; heterogeneity χ2 = 0.81, I2 = 0%, P = 0.02). A significant difference was also observed in the changes in serum uric acid from baseline between the febuxostat and allopurinol groups (mean difference -0.92 mg/dL, 95% CI -1.29, -0.56 mg/dL; heterogeneity χ2 = 6.24, I2 = 52%, P < 0.001).


CONCLUSION
Febuxostat might be more renoprotective than allopurinol.
Dual-mode behavior of the complementary electric-LC resonators loaded on transmission line: Analysis and applications

This article presents an analysis of metamaterial resonators coupled with microstrip transmission line. The behavior of complementary electric-LC resonators loaded on a microstrip line is analyzed using the equivalent circuit model. In this paper, it is shown that a special type of these resonators show a dual-mode behavior when excited through the electromagnetic field around the microstrip transmission lines. The bandstop and bandpass configurations of these dual mode resonators loaded with microstrip lines are introduced and analyzed. Their potential applications are highlighted through designing a displacement sensor and a dual-mode bandpass filter prototypes. VC 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4893751]
Virtual patients: a critical literature review and proposed next steps.

CONTEXT
The opposing forces of increased training expectations and reduced training resources have greatly impacted health professions education. Virtual patients (VPs), which take the form of interactive computer-based clinical scenarios, may help to reconcile this paradox.


METHODS
We summarise research on VPs, highlight the spectrum of potential variation and identify an agenda for future research. We also critically consider the role of VPs in the educational armamentarium.


RESULTS
We propose that VPs' most unique and cost-effective function is to facilitate and assess the development of clinical reasoning. Clinical reasoning in experts involves a non-analytical process that matures through deliberate practice with multiple and varied clinical cases. Virtual patients are ideally suited to this task. Virtual patients can also be used in learner assessment, but scoring rubrics should emphasise non-analytical clinical reasoning rather than completeness of information or algorithmic approaches. Potential variations in VP design are practically limitless, yet few studies have rigorously explored design issues. More research is needed to inform instructional design and curricular integration.


CONCLUSIONS
Virtual patients should be designed and used to promote clinical reasoning skills. More research is needed to inform how to effectively use VPs.
TimerMeter: Quantifying Properties of Software Timers for System Analysis

To analyse runtime behaviour and performance of software systems, accurate time measurements are obtained using timer methods. The underlying hardware timers and counters are read and processed by several software layers, which introduce overhead and delays that impact accuracy and statistical validity of fine-granular measurements. To understand and to control these impacts, the resulting accuracy of timer methods and their invocation costs must be quantified. However, quantitative properties of timer methods are usually not specified as they are platform-specific due to differences in hardware, operating systems and virtual machines. Also, no algorithm exists for precisely quantifying the timer methods’ properties, so programmers have to work with coarse estimates and cannot evaluate and compare different timer methods and timer APIs. In this paper, we present TimerMeter, a novel algorithm for platform-independent quantification of accuracy and invocation cost of any timer methods, without inspecting their implementation. We evaluate our approach on timer methods provided by the Java platform API, and compare them to additional timer methods that access hardware and software timers from Java. The presented algorithm and the evaluation results benefit researchers and programmers by forming a basis for selecting appropriate timers.
What's there and what's not?: focused crawling for missing documents in digital libraries

Some large scale topical digital libraries, such as CiteSeer, harvest online academic documents by crawling open-access archives, university and author homepages, and authors' self-submissions. While these approaches have so far built reasonable size libraries, they can suffer from having only a portion of the documents from specific publishing venues. We propose to use alternative online resources and techniques that maximally exploit other resources to build the complete document collection of any given publication venue.We investigate the feasibility of using publication metadata to guide the crawler towards authors' homepages to harvest what is missing from a digital library collection. We collect a real-world dataset from two Computer Science publishing venues, involving a total of 593 unique authors over a time frame of 1998 to 2004. We then identify the missing papers that are not indexed by CiteSeer. Using a fully automatic heuristic-based system that has the capability of locating authors' homepages and then using focused crawling to download the desired papers, we demonstrate that it is practical to harvest using a focused crawler academic papers that are missing from our digital library. Our harvester achieves a performance with an average recall level of 0.82 overall and 0.75 for those missing documents. Evaluation of the crawler's performance based on the harvest rate shows definite advantages over other crawling approaches and consistently outperforms a defined baseline crawler on a number of measures.
Reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain: partly masked by depressive and anxiety disorders

BACKGROUND
Studies on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) function amongst patients with chronic pain show equivocal results and well-controlled cohort studies are rare in this field. The goal of our study was to examine whether HPA-axis dysfunction is associated with the presence and the severity of chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain.


METHODS
Data are from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety including 1125 subjects with and without lifetime depressive and anxiety disorders. The Chronic Pain Grade questionnaire was used to determine the presence and severity of chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain. Subjects were categorized into a chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain group (n = 471) and a control group (n = 654). Salivary cortisol samples were collected to assess HPA-axis function (awakening level, 1-h awakening response, evening level, diurnal slope and post-dexamethasone level).


RESULTS
In comparison with the control group, subjects with chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain showed significantly lower cortisol level at awakening, lower evening level and a blunted diurnal slope. Lower cortisol level at awakening and a blunted diurnal slope appeared to be restricted to those without depressive and/or anxiety disorders, who also showed a lower 1-h awakening response.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest hypocortisolemia in chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain. However, if chronic pain is accompanied by a depressive or anxiety disorder, typically related to hypercortisolemia, the association between cortisol levels and chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain appears to be partly masked. Future studies should take psychopathology into account when examining HPA-axis function in chronic pain.
The Feedback Environment Scale: Construct Definition, Measurement, and Validation.

Managers are increasingly being held accountable for providing resources that support employee development, particularly in the form of feedback and coaching. To support managers as trainers and coaches, organizations must provide managers with the tools they need to succeed in this area. This article presents a new tool to assist in the diagnosis and training of managers in the area of feedback and coaching: the Feedback Environment Scale. This article also discusses the theoretically based definition of this new construct and the development and validation evidence for the scale that measures this construct. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the a priori measurement model, and assessment of relationships proposed in a preliminary nomological network provide initial support for the construct validity of the scale. Results also show evidence for the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and discriminant validity of the facet scores of the Feedback Environment Scale.
Evaluation of Stemming Techniques for Text Classification

Text mining is perceived as a process of extraction of meaningful information from textual document repositories. The stemming technique is one of the preprocessing techniques in text mining, which truncate inflectional and derivational endings, it reduces word to fetch common stem. It involves text processing task that includes text mining, information extraction and natural language processing. Usually, most of the document contains morphological variants, hence stemming involves removal of unwanted affixes from the document. In this paper, various stemming techniques are analysed and classified hence study shows the benefits and limitations of recent stemming techniques. Keywords— Text Mining, Stemming techniques, Decision based method, Statistical method.
Imbalanced text classification: A term weighting approach

The natural distribution of textual data used in text classification is often imbalanced. Categories with fewer examples are under-represented and their classifiers often perform far below satisfactory. We tackle this problem using a simple probability based term weighting scheme to better distinguish documents in minor categories. This new scheme directly utilizes two critical information ratios, i.e. relevance indicators. Such relevance indicators are nicely supported by probability estimates which embody the category membership. Our experimental study using both Support Vector Machines and Naı̈ve Bayes classifiers and extensive comparison with other classic weighting schemes over two benchmarking data sets, including Reuters-21578, shows significant improvement for minor categories, while the performance for major categories are not jeopardized. Our approach has suggested a simple and effective solution to boost the performance of text classification over skewed data sets. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Frontal P300 decrements, alcohol dependence, and antisocial personality disorder

BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of alcohol dependence, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and age on brain function.


METHODS
P300 event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 393 alcohol-dependent and 170 non-alcohol-dependent adults while they performed a visual oddball task. The two subject groups were further subdivided based upon age and the presence/absence of ASPD.


RESULTS
Alcohol dependence was associated with a significant P300 amplitude decrement at anterior electrode sites only. Antisocial personality disorder was also associated with reduced P300 amplitudes at anterior electrode sites; however, the effects were only significant among subjects 30 years of age or younger. To validate this association between ASPD and P300 amplitude a correlational analysis was performed; the correlation between anterior P300 amplitude and the total number of childhood conduct disorder and adult ASPD symptoms was significant.


CONCLUSIONS
The P300 amplitude decrement found at anterior electrode sites among subjects with ASPD is consistent with the results of numerous ERP, neuroimaging, or neuropsychologic studies of anterior brain function. Our study is unique in suggesting that the effects of ASPD on anterior brain function are best detected during early adulthood. The study also suggests that the detrimental neurophysiologic effects of alcohol dependence predominantly involve the anterior brain.
The Underlying Traits of the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP)

This research studies the factor structure of the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP) and its location within Eysenck's three broad dimensions of personality: psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism. A series of factor analyses and structural equations with the KSP and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) scales were carried out. The relationships between KSP and other biologically rooted personality traits (Zuckerman's sensation seeking and Gray's sensitivity to punishment) were also investigated. The results showed four underlying traits of the KSP: negative emotionality, aggressive nonconformity, impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking, and social withdrawal. Negative emotionality was mainly related to neuroticism; aggressive nonconformity was associated with psychoticism and, to a lesser degree, with neuroticism; impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking was correlated with both psychoticism and extraversion; and social withdrawal was principally related to low extraversion.
Detection of linear and cubic interpolation in JPEG compressed images

A novel algorithm is introduced that can detect the presence of interpolation in images prior to compression as well as estimate the interpolation factor. The interpolation detection algorithm exploits a periodicity in the second derivative signal of interpolated images. The algorithm performs well for a wide variety of interpolation factors, both integer factors and non-integer factors. The algorithm performance is noted with respect to a digital camera's "digital zoom" feature. Overall the algorithm has demonstrated robust results and might prove to be useful for situations where an original resolution of the image determines the action of an image processing chain.
On the relation between SPARQL1.1 and Answer Set Programming

In the context of the emerging Semantic Web and the quest for a common logical framework underpinning its architecture, the relation of rule-based languages such as Answer Set Programming (ASP) and ontology languages such as OWL has attracted a lot of attention in the literature over the past years. With its roots in Deductive Databases and Datalog though, ASP shares much more commonality with another Semantic Web standard, namely the query language SPARQL. In this paper, we take the recent approval of the SPARQL1.1 standard by the World Wide Web consortium (W3C) as an opportunity to introduce this standard to the Logic Programming community by providing a translation of SPARQL1.1 into ASP. In this translation, we explain and highlight peculiarities of the new W3C standard. Along the way, we survey existing literature on foundations of SPARQL and SPARQL1.1, and also combinations of SPARQL with ontology and rules languages. Thereby, apart from providing means to implement and support SPARQL natively within Logic Programming engines and particularly ASP engines, we hope to pave the way for further research on a common logical framework for Semantic Web languages, including query languages, from an ASP point of view. 1Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU Wien), Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020 Vienna, Austria E-mail: axel.polleres@wu.ac.at 2Institute for Information Systems 184/2, Technische Universität Wien, Favoritenstrasse 9-11, 1040 Vienna, Austria. E-mail: wallner@dbai.tuwien.ac.at A journal version of this article has been published in JANCL. Please cite as: A. Polleres and J.P. Wallner. On the relation between SPARQL1.1 and Answer Set Programming. Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics (JANCL), 23(1-2):159-212, 2013. Special issue on Equilibrium Logic and Answer Set Programming. Copyright c © 2014 by the authors TECHNICAL REPORT DBAI-TR-2013-84 2