LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Existence of Lipschitz continuous Lyapunov functions strict outside the strong chain recurrent set

The aim of this paper is to study in detail the relations between strong chain recurrence for flows and Lyapunov functions. For a continuous flow on a compact metric space, uniformly Lipschitz continuous on the compact subsets of the time, we first make explicit a Lipschitz continuous Lyapunov function strict –that is strictly decreasing– outside the strong chain recurrent set of the flow. This construction extends to flows some recent advances of Fathi and Pageault in the case of homeomorphisms; moreover, it improves Conley’s result about the existence of a continuous Lyapunov function strictly decreasing outside the chain recurrent set of a continuous flow. We then present two consequences of this theorem. From one hand, we characterize the strong chain recurrent set in terms of Lipschitz continuous Lyapunov functions. From the other hand, in the case of a flow induced by a vector field, we establish a sufficient condition for the existence of a C strict Lyapunov function and we also discuss various examples. Moreover, for general continuos flows, we show that the strong chain recurrent set has only one strong chain transitive component if and only if the only Lipschitz continuous Lyapunov functions are the constants. Finally, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition to guarantee that the strong chain recurrent set and the chain recurrent one coincide.
Improving Air Temperature Prediction with Artificial Neural Networks

The mitigation of crop loss due to damaging freezes requires accurate air temperature prediction models. Previous work established that the Ward-style artificial neural network (ANN) is a suitable tool for developing such models. The current research focused on developing ANN models with reduced average prediction error by increasing the number of distinct observations used in training, adding additional input terms that describe the date of an observation, increasing the duration of prior weather data included in each observation, and reexamining the number of hidden nodes used in the network. Models were created to predict air temperature at hourly intervals from one to 12 hours ahead. Each ANN model, consisting of a network architecture and set of associated parameters, was evaluated by instantiating and training 30 networks and calculating the mean absolute error (MAE) of the resulting networks for some set of input patterns. The inclusion of seasonal input terms, up to 24 hours of prior weather information, and a larger number of processing nodes were some of the improvements that reduced average prediction error compared to previous research across all horizons. For example, the four-hour MAE of 1.40°C was 0.20°C, or 12.5%, less than the previous model. Prediction MAEs eight and 12 hours ahead improved by 0.17°C and 0.16°C, respectively, improvements of 7.4% and 5.9% over the existing model at these horizons. Networks instantiating the same model but with different initial random weights often led to different prediction errors. These results strongly suggest that ANN model developers should consider instantiating and training multiple networks with different initial weights to establish preferred model parameters. Keywords—Decision support systems, frost protection, fruit, time-series prediction, weather modeling
Costa Rica's Development Strategy based on Human Capital and Technology: how it got there, the impact of Intel, and lessons for other countries

for the information, documents and opinions they shared. I also thank Miguel Angel Rodríguez for his helpful observations on a preliminary draft of this paper.
Gait training in subacute non-ambulatory stroke patients using a full weight-bearing gait-assistance robot: A prospective, randomized, open, blinded-endpoint trial

BACKGROUND
This study was a prospective, randomized, open, blinded-endpoint trial with the aim of examining whether gait training with a gait-assistance robot (GAR) improves gait disturbances in subacute non-ambulatory hemiplegic stroke patients more than overground conventional gait training. The GAR adopts a robot arm control system with full weight bearing and foot pressure visual biofeedback.


METHODS
Twenty-six hemiplegic patients were randomly assigned to either the GAR-assisted gait training (GAGT) group or the overground conventional gait training (OCGT) group. Both groups underwent 60 min of standard physical therapy and 20 min of GAGT or OCGT 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the Functional Ambulation Classification (FAC). The secondary outcome measures were the peak torque of the extensor muscles in the lower extremities and a 10-m walking test. The lower extremity function was evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, and activities of daily living were assessed using the Functional Independence Measure.


RESULTS
The GAGT group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in FAC and peak torque on the unaffected side (p=0.02) than the OCGT group. Additionally, gait speed tended to be faster (p=0.07) in the GAGT group.


CONCLUSIONS
GAGT combined with standard physical therapy in subacute non-ambulatory hemiplegic patients led to significant improvements in gait and peak torque on the unaffected side compared to OCGT.
Virtual product design case study: the Nokia RFID tag reader

1536-1268/05/$20.00 © 2005 IEEE ■ Published by the IEEE CS and IEEE ComSoc PERVASIVEcomputing 95 T he rise of the pervasive computing industry as a whole has been slow. We see at least two significant reasons. First, the technological challenges posed by pervasive computing systems are not simple. Furthermore, solutions must emerge from a constant battlefield of technologies, representing competing hardware and software platforms, wireless technologies, programming languages, and so on. Second, pervasive system developers lack methodologies for estimating a planned product’s success among end users. Do users need this kind of product or service? If they do, are they willing to pay for it? Forecasting success is difficult even with nonpervasive products. It becomes even more difficult with the new multitechnology systems that pervasive computing introduces. Companies can’t simply rely on market forecasts. They must go to customers and demonstrate new product features with concrete examples. And they must do so early in the development process. Virtual product design is a methodology that supports heterogeneous, hardware-software prototyping.1 Using virtual prototypes, VPD can work with realistic product concepts throughout the product life cycle. Virtual prototypes are especially effective in facilitating communication among stakeholders along the value chain and in validating product concepts with early end-user testing. These features make VPD a promising development tool for companies trying to cope with the inherent complexities of pervasive systems. In 2003, Nokia adopted this methodology to develop an RFID kit for the Nokia 3220 mobile phone. Cybelius Maestro, a virtual prototyping tool developed by Cybelius Software in cooperation with Nokia Mobile Phones and the VTT Technical Research Centre, Finland, supported VPD development of the product concept and its features. In March 2004, Nokia launched the first RFID-enabled mobile phone at CeBIT 2004.
Optomechanical trampoline resonators.

We report on the development of optomechanical "trampoline" resonators composed of a tiny SiO(2)/Ta(2)O(5) dielectric mirror on a silicon nitride micro-resonator. We observe optical finesses of up to 4 × 10(4) and mechanical quality factors as high as 9 × 10(5) in relatively massive (~100 ng) and low frequency (10-200 kHz) devices. This results in a photon-phonon coupling efficiency considerably higher than previous Fabry-Perot-type optomechanical systems. These devices are well suited to ultra-sensitive force detection, ground-state optical cooling experiments, and demonstrations of quantum dynamics for such systems.
RCS Reduction for a FSS-Backed Reflectarray Using a Ring Element

A novel RCS (radar cross section) reduction configuration for a reflectarray antenna, employing the appropriate FSS (frequencyselective surface) as a ground, is proposed. The performance of a reflectarray element backed either by a solid metal ground plane or a frequency-selective surface is compared. To optimize the performance of the designed frequency-selective surface, a parametric study is carried out using Ansoft HFSS. Then, a prime-focus FSS-backed reflectarray is fabricated and tested. The measurements demonstrate that the gain of a FSS-backed reflectarray is about 0.5 dB lower than its counterpart backed by a solid ground plane. The RCS is nearly the same at the operating band of 10 GHz, while out of this band the FSS-backed reflectarray reduces the RCS strongly, especially at 1 GHz with the reduction up to 20 dB. Compared with the RCS reductions obtained in the other papers, the FSS-backed reflectarray using a ring element can also obtain a good result.
Shear strength of R / C bridge cantilever slabs

This paper presents the results of six tests on R/C bridge cantilever slabs without shear reinforcement subjected to concentrated loading. The specimens represent actual deck slabs of box-girder bridges scaled 3/4. They were 10 m long with a clear cantilever equal to 2.78 m and with variable thickness (190 mm at the tip of the cantilever and 380 mm at the clamped edge). Reinforcement ratios for the specimens were equal to 0.78% and 0.60%. All tests failed in a brittle manner by development of a shear failure surface around the concentrated loads. The experimental results are investigated on the basis of linear elastic shear fields for the various tests. Taking advantage of the experimental and numerical results, practical recommendations for estimating the shear strength of R/C bridge cantilever slabs are proposed. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Unexpected drug-drug interactions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy: induction of UGT1A1 and bile efflux transporters by Efavirenz.

INTRODUCTION
Efavirenz is an inducer of drug metabolism enzymes. We studied the effect of efavirenz and ritonavir-boosted darunavir on serum unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin, as probes for UGT1A1 and bile transporters.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Healthy volunteers were enrolled in a clinical trial. There were 3 periods: Period 1, 10 days of darunavir 900 mg with ritonavir 100 mg once daily; Period 2, 14 days of efavirenz 600 mg with darunavir/ritonavir once daily; and Period 3, 14 days of efavirenz 600 mg once daily. Serum bilirubin (conjugated and unconjugated) concentrations were obtained at baseline, at the end of each phase and at exit.


RESULTS
We recruited 7 males and 5 females. One subject developed grade 3 hepatitis on efavirenz and was excluded. Mean serum unconjugated bilirubin concentrations were 6.09 μmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.99 to 7.19) at baseline, 5.82 (95% CI, 4.88 to 6.76) after darunavir/ritonavir, 4.00 (95% CI, 2.92 to 5.08) after darunavir/ritonavir with efavirenz, 3.55 (95% CI, 2.58 to 4.51) after efavirenz alone and 5.27 (95% CI, 3.10 to 7.44) at exit (P <0.01 for the efavirenz phases). Mean serum conjugated bilirubin concentrations were 3.55 μmol/L (95% CI, 2.73 to 4.36) at baseline, 3.73 (95% CI, 2.77 to 4.68) after darunavir/ritonavir, 2.91 (95% CI, 2.04 to 3.78) after darunavir/ritonavir with efavirenz, 2.64 (95% CI, 1.95 to 3.33) after efavirenz alone and 3.55 (95% CI, 2.19 to 4.90) at exit (P <0.05 for the efavirenz phases).


CONCLUSION
Efavirenz decreased unconjugated bilirubin by 42%, suggesting UGT1A1 induction. Efavirenz also decreased conjugated bilirubin by 26%, suggesting induction of bile efflux transporters. Ritonavir-boosted darunavir had no effect on bilirubin concentrations. These results indicate that efavirenz may reduce concentrations of drugs or endogenous substances metabolized by UGT1A1 or excreted by bile efflux transporters.
Therapeutic alliance mediates the effect of patient expectancy in dynamic psychotherapy.

OBJECTIVES. Patient expectancy has been regarded as an important predictor of psychotherapy outcome, for more than half a century. In recent years, some evidence has emerged indicating that the therapeutic alliance may mediate the association between expectancy and outcome. DESIGN. In this dismantling, randomized clinical study, 100 out-patients who sought psychotherapy due to depression, anxiety, and personality disorders, were assigned to 1 year of dynamic psychotherapy with and without transference interpretation. METHODS. Patients' pre-treatment target expectancies and global expectancy were measured in this clinical trial. Tests of mediation were performed with two patient-rated and one therapist-rated measure of the therapeutic alliance, using regression analyses. Six putative moderators of the mediational paths were explored. RESULTS. Global Optimism was significantly associated with two clinician-rated outcome measures - the Psychodynamic Functioning Scales and Global Assessment of Functioning. Both patient ratings, but not the therapist rating of alliance mediated the association between global expectancy and clinician-rated outcome. None of the putative moderators had a significant effect. CONCLUSION. The results, together with previous findings, indicate that the expectancy-alliance-outcome mediational chain is a general phenomenon, not limited to subgroups of patients or modes of treatment.
Network Intrusion Detection Using Machine Learning

In the network communications, network intrusion is the most important concern nowadays. The increasing occurrence of network attacks is a devastating problem for network services. Various research works are already conducted to find an effective and efficient solution to prevent intrusion in the network in order to ensure network security and privacy. Machine learning is an effective analysis tool to detect any anomalous events occurred in the network traffic flow. In this paper, a combination of two machine learning algorithms is proposed to classify any anomalous behavior in the network traffic. The overall efficiency of the proposed method is dignified by evaluating the detection accuracy, false positive rate, false negative rate and time taken to detect the intrusion. The proposed method demonstrates the effectiveness of the algorithm in detecting the intrusion with higher detection accuracy of 98.76% and lower false positive rate of 0.09% and false negative rate of 1.15%, whereas the normal SVM based scheme achieved a detection accuracy of 88.03% and false positive rate of 4.2% and false negative rate of 7.77%. Keywords—Intrusion Detection; Machine Learning; Support Vector Machine, Supervised Learning
Learning and Teaching Programming: A Review and Discussion

In this paper we review the literature relating to the psychological/educational study of programming. We identify general trends comparing novice and expert programmers, programming knowledge and strategies, program generation and comprehension, and objectoriented versus procedural programming. (We do not cover research relating specifically to other programming styles.) The main focus of the review is on novice programming and topics relating to novice teaching and learning. Various problems experienced by novices are identified, including issues relating to basic program design, to algorithmic complexity in certain language features, to the ‘‘fragility’’ of novice knowledge, and so on. We summarise this material and suggest some practical implications for teachers. We suggest that a key issue that emerges is the distinction between effective and ineffective novices. What characterises effective novices? Is it possible to identify the specific deficits of ineffective novices and help them to become effective learners of programming?
Randomized clinical trial of posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy versus lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy with a 5-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE
To test if posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy (PRA) is superior to lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LTLA).


BACKGROUND
Most popular LTLA has been recently challenged by an increasing popularity of PRA, which is believed by many surgeons (not evidence-based) as superior to LTLA in the treatment of small and benign adrenal tumors.


METHODS
Participants were assigned randomly to PRA or LTLA and followed for 5 years after surgery. The primary endpoint was the duration of surgery. Secondary endpoints were blood loss, conversion rate, postoperative recovery, morbidity, and costs.


RESULTS
Sixty-five patients were included, of whom 61 (PRA 30, LTLA 31) completed the 5-year follow-up. The following differences were identified in favor of PRA vs LTLA: shorter duration of surgery (50.8 vs 77.3 minutes), lower intraoperative blood loss (52.7 vs 97.8 mL), diminished pain intensity within 48 hours postoperatively, lower prevalence of shoulder-tip pain (3.0% vs 37.5%), shorter time to oral intake (4.4 vs 7.3 hours), shorter time to ambulation (6.1 vs 11.5 hours), shorter length of hospital stay, and lower cost (1728 € vs 2315 €), respectively (P<0.001 for all). No differences were noted in conversion rate or morbidity except for herniation occurring more often after LTLA than PRA (16.1% vs 0%, P=0.022) and need for hernia repair (12.9% vs 0%, P=0.050), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Both approaches were equally safe. However, outcomes of PRA operations were superior to LTLA in terms of shorter surgery duration, lower blood loss, lower postoperative pain, faster recovery, improved cost-effectiveness, and abolished risk of surgical access site herniation.


REGISTRATION NUMBER
NCT01959711 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Long-Term Impact of a Community Health Worker Intervention on Diabetes Control in American Samoa

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes Care in American Samoa (DCAS) was a randomized controlled trial of a 12-month intervention facilitated by community health workers (CHWs) that demonstrated improved HbA1c levels compared with usual care at trial completion. We sought to evaluate the long-term impact of this intervention on diabetes control.


METHODS
We retrospectively collected HbA1c measurements from medical records of DCAS participants (n = 268). The study group received the intervention during the trial, and the control group received the intervention after the trial. We used mixed-effects longitudinal regression models to assess change in HbA1c within each trial arm during 3 time periods: DCAS (12 months of the study group's intervention), the first year after DCAS (control group's intervention), and the second year after DCAS. Models were adjusted for baseline characteristics that differed significantly for participants with a low number of HbA1c measurements from those with a high number of HbA1c measurements.


RESULTS
After adjustment for confounders, the experiment group experienced a decrease in HbA1c of 0.28 units per year (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.64 to 0.07) during DCAS (intervention). HbA1c decreased by 0.88 units per year (95% CI, -1.31 to -0.45) during the year after the intervention. No significant change was observed the following year. HbA1c of the control group did not significantly change during DCAS (usual care) but decreased by 1.31 units per year (95% CI, -1.72 to -0.91) during its intervention. During the year after the control group's intervention, HbA1c increased by 1.18 units per year (95% CI, 0.42 to 1.93).


CONCLUSION
Both groups had initial improvements in glycemic control, but HbA1c later plateaued or increased. These results suggest that time-limited CHW programs improve diabetes control in the short term, but ongoing programs are needed for sustained impact.
[Association between polymorphisms of ins/del in the 5-HTT gene and T102C in the 5HTR2A gene and the drug response for escitalopram and nortriptyline in depressed patients].

AIM
The role of the Serotonin receptor 5HT2A and Serotonin transporter 5HTTLPR polymorphisms was suggested in the pathogenesis of depression and the therapeutic response to serotonergic drugs. The aim of this study was to find a possible association between polymorphisms of ins/del in the 5-HTT gene and T102C in the 5HTR2A gene and drug response for escitalopram and nortriptyline in depressed patients.


METHOD
We analysed 90 patients (21 male and 69 females), in the age range 19-68 years, suffering from depressive disorder of at least moderate severity meeting the research criteria of ICD-10 and DSM-IV for major depression. All patients were part of the GENDEP study and were given the written consent for the study. The project was accepted by the local ethics committee. The subjects were randomized to one of the 2 different treatment regimes: (1) patients who received the serotoninergic drug--escitalopram (n=51) with a specified dose range of 10-20 mg/day. (2) patients treated by a noradrenergic drug--nortriptyline (n=39) with the dose range of 75-150 mg/day. The efficacy of treatment was defined by a reduction > or =50% of the total score of the Hamilton scale in the 8th week of treatment. Genotypes for polymorphisms of the ins/del 5-HTT gene and T102C 5HTR2A gene were established by the PCR-RFLP method in the Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics of the Psychiatric Clinic. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistica version 7.1.


RESULTS
The results of the pharmacogenetic analysis, showed no association between the effects of serotoninergic (escitalopram) or noradrenergic (noradrenaline) therapy and the genotypes or alleles polymorphisms of the 5HTT and 5HTR2A genes.
Effect of individual height and labellum colour on the pollination of Caladenia (syn. Arachnorchis) behrii (Orchidaceae) in the northern Adelaide region, South Australia

Caladenia behrii, a sexually deceptive orchid, is an endangered terrestrial orchid endemic to the Adelaide Hills, South Australia. We examined pollination success among individuals of different colours and heights in three populations of C. behrii in the northern Adelaide region. The labellum of C. behrii varies from cream to deep maroon. Over five years, the pollination success (pollinia deposited on stigma) of four colour groups (maroon, maroon and cream, hatched, and cream) was assessed for a total of 782 flowers. Labellum colour had no effect on the pollination success of individuals, indicating no frequency-dependent selection. It is likely that pollinators use the sexual pheromone mimic produced by the flowers as the main orientation cue. For three years the height of pollinated C. behrii individuals was recorded, along with the height of the nearest non-pollinated neighbour (distance of labellum from the ground, rather than stem length). Although a range of different heights was pollinated at population level, individual flowers that were taller than their closest neighbours were significantly more likely to be pollinated. Flower head height was not correlated with opening date and was greater for orchids growing among grass-tree leaves. Results imply that pollinators are more successful in finding tall flowers than short ones for visual and/or olfactory reasons; however, the effect of height preference is eliminated at population level.