LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Relation Extraction with Weak Supervision and Distributional Semantics

Relation Extraction aims at detecting and categorizing semantic relations between pairs of entities in unstructured text. It benefits an enormous number of applications such as Web search and Question Answering. Traditional approaches for relation extraction either rely on learning from a large number of accurate human-labeled examples or pattern matching with hand-crafted rules. These resources are very laborious to obtain and can only be applied to a narrow set of target types of interest. This dissertation focuses on learning relations with little or no human supervision. First, we examine the approach that treats relation extraction as a supervised learning problem. We develop an algorithm that is able to train a model with approximately 1/3 of the human-annotation cost and that matches the performance of models trained with high-quality annotation. Second, we investigate distant supervision, a weakly supervised algorithm that automatically generates its own labeled training data. We develop a latent Bayesian framework for this purpose. By using a model which provides a better approximation of the weak source of supervision, it outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. Finally, we investigate the possibility of building all relational tables beforehand with an unsupervised relation extraction algorithm. We develope an effective yet efficient algorithm that combines the power of various semantic resources that are automatically mined from a corpus based on distributional semantics. The algorithm is able to extract a very large set of relations from the web at high precision.
OSCE: New Tasks and Options in the XXI Century.

Abstract : Significant changes in political, security and economic affairs are taking place in Europe. They will have tremendous influence on the future order in this part of the world. Europe is especially discussing a new cooperative security structure. This study is designed to provide a overview of possible developments of the OSCE, its functions, and consider its future as Europe moves into the XXI Century. It does not deal with the historical and political background of CSCS and OSCE.
Heat transfer and fluid flow during laser spot welding of 304 stainless steel

The evolution of temperature and velocity fields during laser spot welding of 304 stainless steel was studied using a transient, heat transfer and fluid flow model based on the solution of the equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy in the weld pool. The weld pool geometry, weld thermal cycles and various solidification parameters were calculated. The fusion zone geometry, calculated from the transient heat transfer and fluid flow model, was in good agreement with the corresponding experimentally measured values for various welding conditions. Dimensional analysis was used to understand the importance of heat transfer by conduction and convection and the roles of various driving forces for convection in the weld pool. During solidification, the mushy zone grew at a rapid rate and the maximum size of the mushy zone was reached when the pure liquid region vanished. The solidification rate of the mushy zone/liquid interface was shown to increase while the temperature gradient in the liquid zone at this interface decreased as solidification of the weld pool progressed. The heating and cooling rates, temperature gradient and the solidification rate at the mushy zone/liquid interface for laser spot welding were much higher than those for the moving and spot gas tungsten arc welding.
Effect of Dry Needling on Thigh Muscle Strength and Hip Flexion in Elite Soccer Players.

PURPOSE
Increase in muscle force, endurance, and flexibility is desired in elite athletes to improve performance and to avoid injuries, but it is often hindered by the occurrence of myofascial trigger points. Dry needling (DN) has been shown effective in eliminating myofascial trigger points.


METHODS
This randomized controlled study in 30 elite youth soccer players of a professional soccer Bundesliga Club investigated the effects of four weekly sessions of DN plus water pressure massage on thigh muscle force and range of motion of hip flexion. A group receiving placebo laser plus water pressure massage and a group with no intervention served as controls. Data were collected at baseline (M1), treatment end (M2), and 4 wk follow-up (M3). Furthermore, a 5-month muscle injury follow-up was performed.


RESULTS
DN showed significant improvement of muscular endurance of knee extensors at M2 (P = 0.039) and M3 (P = 0.008) compared with M1 (M1:294.6 ± 15.4 N·m·s, M2:311 ± 25 N·m·s; M3:316.0 ± 28.6 N·m·s) and knee flexors at M2 compared with M1 (M1:163.5 ± 10.9 N·m·s, M2:188.5 ± 16.3 N·m·s) as well as hip flexion (M1: 81.5° ± 3.3°, M2:89.8° ± 2.8°; M3:91.8° ± 3.8°). Compared with placebo (3.8° ± 3.8°) and control (1.4° ± 2.9°), DN (10.3° ± 3.5°) showed a significant (P = 0.01 and P = 0.0002) effect at M3 compared with M1 on hip flexion; compared with nontreatment control (-10 ± 11.9 N·m), DN (5.2 ± 10.2 N·m) also significantly (P = 0.049) improved maximum force of knee extensors at M3 compared with M1. During the rest of the season, muscle injuries were less frequent in the DN group compared with the control group.


CONCLUSION
DN showed a significant effect on muscular endurance and hip flexion range of motion that persisted 4 wk posttreatment. Compared with placebo, it showed a significant effect on hip flexion that persisted 4 wk posttreatment, and compared with nonintervention control, it showed a significant effect on maximum force of knee extensors 4 wk posttreatment in elite soccer players.
Generalizing Term Subsumption Languages to Fuzzy Logic

During the past decade, knowledge representation research in AI has generated a class of languages called term subsumption languages (TSL), which is a knowledge representation formalism with a well-defined logic-based semanticsDue to its formal semantics, a term subsumption system can automatically infer the subsumption relationships between concepts defined in the system. However, these systems are very l imited in handling vague concepts in the knowledge base. In contrast, fuzzy logic directly deals wi th the notion of vagueness and imprecision using fuzzy predicates, fuzzy quantifiers, linguistic variables, and other constructs. Hence, fuzzy logic offers an appealing foundation for generalizing the semantics of term subsumption languages. Based on a test score semantics in fuzzy logic, this paper first generalizes the semantics of term subsumption languages. Then, we discuss impacts of such a generalization to the reasoning capabilities of term subsumption systems. The generalized knowledge representation framework not only alleviates the difficulty of conventional AI knowledge representation schemes in handling imprecise and vague information, but also extends the application of fuzzy logic to complex intelligent systems that need to perform highlevel analyses using conceptual abstractions.
Incidence and timing of cancer in HIV-infected individuals following initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND
Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but patterns of cancer incidence after combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation remain poorly characterized.


METHODS
We evaluated the incidence and timing of cancer diagnoses among patients initiating ART between 1996 and 2011 in a collaboration of 8 US clinical HIV cohorts. Poisson regression was used to estimate incidence rates. Cox regression was used to identify demographic and clinical characteristics associated with cancer incidence after ART initiation.


RESULTS
At initiation of first combination ART among 11 485 patients, median year was 2004 (interquartile range [IQR], 2000-2007) and median CD4 count was 202 cells/mm(3) (IQR, 61-338). Incidence rates for Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and lymphomas were highest in the first 6 months after ART initiation (P < .001) and plateaued thereafter, while incidence rates for all other cancers combined increased from 416 to 615 cases per 100 000 person-years from 1 to 10 years after ART initiation (average 7% increase per year; 95% confidence interval, 2%-13%). Lower CD4 count at ART initiation was associated with greater risk of KS, lymphoma, and human papillomavirus-related cancer. Calendar year of ART initiation was not associated with cancer incidence.


CONCLUSIONS
KS and lymphoma rates were highest immediately following ART initiation, particularly among patients with low CD4 cell counts, whereas other cancers increased with time on ART, likely reflecting increased cancer risk with aging. Our results underscore recommendations for earlier HIV diagnosis followed by prompt ART initiation along with ongoing aggressive cancer screening and prevention efforts throughout the course of HIV care.
Cannabis use and mental health in young people: cohort study.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether cannabis use in adolescence predisposes to higher rates of depression and anxiety in young adulthood.


DESIGN
Seven wave cohort study over six years.


SETTING
44 schools in the Australian state of Victoria.


PARTICIPANTS
A statewide secondary school sample of 1601 students aged 14-15 followed for seven years.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Interview measure of depression and anxiety (revised clinical interview schedule) at wave 7.


RESULTS
Some 60% of participants had used cannabis by the age of 20; 7% were daily users at that point. Daily use in young women was associated with an over fivefold increase in the odds of reporting a state of depression and anxiety after adjustment for intercurrent use of other substances (odds ratio 5.6, 95% confidence interval 2.6 to 12). Weekly or more frequent cannabis use in teenagers predicted an approximately twofold increase in risk for later depression and anxiety (1.9, 1.1 to 3.3) after adjustment for potential baseline confounders. In contrast, depression and anxiety in teenagers predicted neither later weekly nor daily cannabis use.


CONCLUSIONS
Frequent cannabis use in teenage girls predicts later depression and anxiety, with daily users carrying the highest risk. Given recent increasing levels of cannabis use, measures to reduce frequent and heavy recreational use seem warranted.
Using Markov Chains for Identification of Writer

In this paper we present a technique for authorship attribution based on a simple Markov chain of letters, i.e. only letter bigrams are used. Many proposed methods of authorship attribution are illustrated on small examples. We show that this technique provides excellent results when applied to over 380 texts from the Project Gutenberg archives, as well as to two previously published datasets.
Risk of Intracranial Hemorrhage in Ground-level Fall With Antiplatelet or Anticoagulant Agents.

OBJECTIVES
Anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications are known to increase the risk and severity of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH), even with minor head trauma. Most studies on bleeding propensity with head trauma are retrospective, are based on trauma registries, or include heterogeneous mechanisms of injury. The goal of this study was to determine the rate of tICH from only a common low-acuity mechanism of injury, that of a ground-level fall, in patients taking one or more of the following antiplatelet or anticoagulant medications: aspirin, warfarin, prasugrel, ticagrelor, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, or enoxaparin.


METHODS
This was a prospective cohort study conducted at a Level I tertiary care trauma center of consecutive patients meeting the inclusion criteria of a ground-level fall with head trauma as affirmed by the treating clinician, a computed tomography (CT) head obtained, and taking and one of the above antiplatelet or anticoagulants. Patients were identified prospectively through electronic screening with confirmatory chart review. Emergency department charts were abstracted without subsequent knowledge of the hospital course. Patients transferred with a known abnormal CT head were excluded. Primary outcome was rate of tICH on initial CT head. Rates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were compared.


RESULTS
Over 30 months, we enrolled 939 subjects. The mean ± SD age was 78.3 ± 11.9 years and 44.6% were male. There were a total of 33 patients with tICH (3.5%, 95% CI = 2.5%-4.9%). Antiplatelets had a rate of tICH of 4.3% (95% CI = 3.0%-6.2%) compared to anticoagulants with a rate of 1.7% (95% CI = 0.4%-4.5%). Aspirin without other agents had an tICH rate of 4.6% (95% CI = 3.2%-6.6%); of these, 81.5% were taking low-dose 81 mg aspirin. Two patients received a craniotomy (one taking aspirin, one taking warfarin). There were four deaths (three taking aspirin, one taking warfarin). Most (72.7%) subjects with tICH were discharged home or to a rehabilitation facility. There were no tICH in 31 subjects taking a direct oral anticoagulant. CIs were overlapping for the groups.


CONCLUSION
There is a low incidence of clinically significant tICH with a ground-level fall in head trauma in patients taking an anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication. There was no statistical difference in rate of tICH between antiplatelet and anticoagulants, which is unanticipated and counterintuitive as most literature and teaching suggests a higher rate with anticoagulants. A larger data set is needed to determine if small differences between the groups exist.
A Muscle Synergy-Inspired Adaptive Control Scheme for a Hybrid Walking Neuroprosthesis

A hybrid neuroprosthesis that uses an electric motor-based wearable exoskeleton and functional electrical stimulation (FES) has a promising potential to restore walking in persons with paraplegia. A hybrid actuation structure introduces effector redundancy, making its automatic control a challenging task because multiple muscles and additional electric motor need to be coordinated. Inspired by the muscle synergy principle, we designed a low dimensional controller to control multiple effectors: FES of multiple muscles and electric motors. The resulting control system may be less complex and easier to control. To obtain the muscle synergy-inspired low dimensional control, a subject-specific gait model was optimized to compute optimal control signals for the multiple effectors. The optimal control signals were then dimensionally reduced by using principal component analysis to extract synergies. Then, an adaptive feedforward controller with an update law for the synergy activation was designed. In addition, feedback control was used to provide stability and robustness to the control design. The adaptive-feedforward and feedback control structure makes the low dimensional controller more robust to disturbances and variations in the model parameters and may help to compensate for other time-varying phenomena (e.g., muscle fatigue). This is proven by using a Lyapunov stability analysis, which yielded semi-global uniformly ultimately bounded tracking. Computer simulations were performed to test the new controller on a 4-degree of freedom gait model.
Improvements of image sharing with steganography and authentication

Recently, Lin and Tsai proposed an image secret sharing scheme with steganography and authentication to prevent participants from the incidental or intentional provision of a false stego-image (an image containing the hidden secret image). However, dishonest participants can easily manipulate the stego-image for successful authentication but cannot recover the secret image, i.e., compromise the steganography. In this paper, we present a scheme to improve authentication ability that prevents dishonest participants from cheating. The proposed scheme also defines the arrangement of embedded bits to improve the quality of stego-image. Furthermore, by means of the Galois Field GF(2), we improve the scheme to a lossless version without additional pixels. 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Design of a Coffee Vending Machine Using Single Electron Devices: (An Example of Sequential Circuit Design)

In this paper we propose an implementation technique for sequential circuit using single electron tunneling technology (SET-s) with the example of designing of a “coffee vending machine” with the goal of getting low power and faster operation. We implement the proposed design based on single electron encoded logic (SEEL).The circuit is tested and compared with the existing CMOS technology.
The Clinical Significance and Risk Factors of Anti-Platelet Factor 4/heparin Antibody on Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Two-Year Prospective Follow-up

BACKGROUND
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an immune response mediated by anti-PF4/heparin antibody, which is clinically characterized by thrombocytopenia and thromboembolic events. In this study, a prospective and multi-center clinical investigation 1) determined the positive rate of anti-PF4/heparin antibody in maintenance hemodialysis patients in China, 2) identified the related risk factors, and 3) further explored the effect of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody on bleeding, thromboembolic events, and risk of death in the patients.


METHODS
The serum anti-PF4/heparin antibody was measured in 661 patients from nine hemodialysis centers, detected by IgG-specific ELISA and followed by confirmation with excess heparin. Risk factors of these patients were analyzed. Based on a two-year follow-up, the association between the anti-PF4/heparin antibody and bleeding, thromboembolic events, and risk of death in the patients was investigated.


RESULTS
1) The positivity rate of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody in maintenance hemodialysis patients was 5.6%. With diabetes as an independent risk factor, the positivity rate of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody decreased in the patients undergoing weekly dialyses ≥3 times. 2) The positivity rate of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody was not related to the occurrence of clinical thromboembolic events and was not a risk factor for death within two years in maintenance hemodialysis patients. 3) Negativity for the anti-PF4/heparin antibody combined with a reduction of the platelet count or combined with the administration of antiplatelet drugs yielded a significant increase in bleeding events. However, the composite determination of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody and thrombocytopenia, as well as the administration of antiplatelet drugs, was not predictive for the risk of thromboembolic events in the maintenance hemodialysis patients.


CONCLUSIONS
A single detection of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody did not predict the occurrence of clinical bleeding, thromboembolic events, or risk of death in the maintenance hemodialysis patients.
Optimal Traction Control In A Wheelchair With Legs And Wheels

We propose a proof-of-concept prototype wheelchair with legs for people with motor disabilities with the objective of demonstrating the feasibility of a completely new approach to mobility. Our prototype system is a vehicle equipped with powered wheels and legs and is capable of traversing uneven terrain and circumventing obstacles such as steps and ditches. The design combines the advantages of legged locomotion (versatility, adaptability) with wheeled locomotion (reliability, superior stability). When the wheels and legs are employed together, the system is redundantly actuated. In this paper, we describe a coordination scheme that allows us to optimize the tractive capabilities of the vehicle. The basic underlying idea is to minimize the tendency of the wheels and legs to slip. This is accomplished by minimizing the largest friction angle at all the locomotion elements. We briefly describe our experimental prototype. Simulation and experiments are used to demonstrate the performance of the active traction optimization scheme.
Preschoolers' emotion knowledge: self-regulatory foundations, and predictions of early school success.

Preschoolers (N=322 in preschool, 100 in kindergarten) were assessed longitudinally to examine the self-regulatory roots of emotion knowledge (labelling and situation) and the contributions of emotion knowledge to early school adjustment (i.e., including social, motivational, and behavioural indices), as well as moderation by age, gender, and risk. Age, gender, and risk differences in emotion knowledge were also examined. Emotion knowledge skills were found to be more advanced in older children and those not at economic risk, and in those with higher levels of self-regulation. Overall, the results support the role of emotion knowledge in early school adjustment and academic success even with gender, age, and risk covaried, especially for boys, older preschoolers, and those at economic risk.
Comparison of adenosine triphosphate, microbiological load, and residual protein as indicators for assessing the cleanliness of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes.

BACKGROUND
This study evaluated 3 potential indicators of gastrointestinal endoscope cleanliness: adenosine triphosphate (ATP), microbiological load, and protein.


METHODS
Before and after cleaning, ATP and microbiological load were determined from swabs of exterior surfaces and rinses of interior suction/accessory channels. Similarly, before and after cleaning, residual protein was determined from rinses of interior suction/accessory channels.


RESULTS
Before cleaning, ATP values were 10,417 relative light units (RLU) from the exterior endoscope surface and 30,281 RLU from the suction/accessory channel rinsates. After cleaning, these ATP values were decreased to 82 RLUs and 104 RLUs, a statistically significant difference. A similar trend was observed with microbiological load, but the change in residual protein from before cleaning to after cleaning was not significant. ATP values reliably reflected microbiological colony counts.


CONCLUSIONS
ATP measurement can provide a reliable, rapid and practical assessment of endoscope cleanliness for routine monitoring in the clinical setting.
Antimicrobial activity of metal oxide nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: a comparative study

BACKGROUND
Nanomaterials have unique properties compared to their bulk counterparts. For this reason, nanotechnology has attracted a great deal of attention from the scientific community. Metal oxide nanomaterials like ZnO and CuO have been used industrially for several purposes, including cosmetics, paints, plastics, and textiles. A common feature that these nanoparticles exhibit is their antimicrobial behavior against pathogenic bacteria. In this report, we demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of ZnO, CuO, and Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Nanosized particles of three metal oxides (ZnO, CuO, and Fe(2)O(3)) were synthesized by a sol-gel combustion route and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. X-ray diffraction results confirmed the single-phase formation of all three nanomaterials. The particle sizes were observed to be 18, 22, and 28 nm for ZnO, CuO, and Fe(2)O(3), respectively. We used these nanomaterials to evaluate their antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) bacteria.


CONCLUSION
Among the three metal oxide nanomaterials, ZnO showed greatest antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria used in this study. It was observed that ZnO nanoparticles have excellent bactericidal potential, while Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles exhibited the least bactericidal activity. The order of antibacterial activity was demonstrated to be the following: ZnO > CuO > Fe(2)O(3).