LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Oxidation mechanism of ionic transport of copper in SiO2 dielectrics

Abstract Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and electrical measurements have been used to investigate the mechanism of copper transport in dielectric materials. Vacuum bias-temperature-stress (BTS) measurements on circular metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor structures show no sign of copper diffusion at temperatures up to 300 °C with electric fields up to 0.5 MV/cm. In contrast, measurements on samples oxidized via ambient gases or pure oxygen show significant copper transport through SiO 2 based dielectric materials. The results suggest a mechanism where oxidized copper is a source of copper ions that are transported through the dielectric layer via diffusion and drift. After transport through the oxide, the copper crosses the SiO 2 /Si interface and diffuses into the silicon substrate, which acts as a sink for copper. An analytical model provides an apparent activation energy of 1.8 eV for the diffusion coefficient, and an exponential field dependence with a multiplier of 5.6×10 −7 cm. A more rigorous model based on a one-dimensional solution of the drift-diffusion equation and Poisson's equation is also developed to fit the flux data. The model reveals that a unique activation energy cannot be assigned due to uncertainty about the chemical-physics at the Cu/SiO 2 interface.
The Philosophical Basis of Nazism

The purpose of this study is to examine the work of a number of prominent German philosophers to determine the philosophical basis of Nazism, if it is granted that there is such a basis.
Analyzing peer-to-peer traffic across large networks

The use of peer-to-peer (P2P) applications is growing dramaticaliy, particularly for sharing large video/audio files and software. In this paper, we analyze P2P traffic by measuring flow-level information collected at multiple border routers across a large ISP network, and report our investigation of three popular P2P systems -- FastTrack, Gnutella, and DirectConnect. We characterize the P2P traffic observed at a single ISP and its impact on the underlying network. We observe very skewed distribution in the traffic across the network at different levels of spatial aggregation (IP, prefix, AS). All three P2P systems exhibit significant dynamics at short times scale and particularly at the IP address level Still, the fraction of P2P traffic contributed by each prefix is much more stable than the corresponding distribution of either Web traffic or overall traffic. The high volume and good stability properties of P2P traffic indicates that the P2P workload is a good candidate for being managed via application-specific layer-3 traffic engineering in an ISP's network.
Deep Web Content Mining

The rapid expansion of the web is causing the constant growth of information, leading to several problems such as increased difficulty of extracting potentially useful knowledge. Web content mining confronts this problem gathering explicit information from different web sites for its access and knowledge discovery. Query interfaces of web databases share common building blocks. After extracting information with parsing approach, we use a new data mining algorithm to match a large number of schemas in databases at a time. Using this algorithm increases the speed of information matching. In addition, instead of simple 1:1 matching, they do complex (m:n) matching between query interfaces. In this paper we present a novel correlation mining algorithm that matches correlated attributes with smaller cost. This algorithm uses Jaccard measure to distinguish positive and negative correlated attributes. After that, system matches the user query with different query interfaces in special domain and finally chooses the nearest query interface with user query to answer to it. Keywords—Content mining, complex matching, correlation mining, information extraction.
Social game studies at CHI 2011

"Social games", defined as games played and distributed on Social Networks, have become a digital gaming phenomenon. The most popular games boast tens of millions of users each month, employing simple mechanics to reach a vast new audience that was apparently under-served by traditional digital games. Their enormous success raises important academic questions about game design, interface design, psychology and the social power of online networks. Social Game Studies at CHI 2011 is a one-day workshop at CHI 2011 that will bring together the CHI community with an inter-disciplinary mix of researchers and practitioners to share findings and explore the issues surrounding this emerging area of research into social games, and highlight the key questions, opportunities and challenges for future academic study.
Accurate Overlay Text Extraction for Digital Video Analysis

This report describes a system to detect and extract the overlay texts in digital video. Different from the previous approaches, the system used a multiple hypothesis testing approach: The region-of-interests (ROI) probably containing the overlay texts are decomposed into several hypothetical binary images using color space partitioning; A grouping algorithm then is conducted to group the identified character blocks into text lines in each binary image; If the layout of the grouped text lines conforms to the verification rules, the bounding boxes of these grouped blocks are output as the detected text regions. Finally, motion verification is used to reduce false alarms. In order to achieve real time speed, ROI localization is realized using compressed domain features including DCT coefficients and motion vectors in MPEG videos. The proposed method showed impressive results with average recall 96.9% and precision 71.6% in testing on digital News videos.
Thermal and Environmental Barrier Coating Development for Advanced Propulsion Engine Systems

Ceramic thermal and environmental barrier coatings (TEBCs) are used in gas turbine engines to protect engine hot-section components in the harsh combustion environments, and extend component lifetimes. Advanced TEBCs that have significantly lower thermal conductivity, better thermal stability and higher toughness than current coatings will be beneficial for future low emission and high performance propulsion engine systems. In this paper, ceramic coating design and testing considerations will be described for turbine engine high temperature and high-heat-flux applications. Thermal barrier coatings for metallic turbine airfoils and thermal/environmental barrier coatings for SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) components for future supersonic aircraft propulsion engines will be emphasized. Further coating capability and durability improvements for the engine hot-section component applications can be expected by utilizing advanced modeling and design tools. Introduction Ceramic TEBCs are considered technologically important because of their ability to increase gas turbine engine operating temperatures and reduce cooling requirements, thus help achieving engine performance goals. A recent system assessment has shown that the low conductivity turbine coatings provide significant benefits in increasing engine efficiency and reducing NOX emissions for various classes of vehicles among the major engine technologies considered (refs. 1 and 2). The advantages of using TEBCs include higher engine efficiency by increasing gas temperatures, and improved engine reliability by reducing engine hot-section component temperatures. The development of advanced ceramic barrier coatings is currently aimed at significantly increasing engine operating temperature and simultaneously reducing air cooling, in order to meet future engine lower emission, higher efficiency and improved reliability goals. For the supersonic vehicles currently envisioned in the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program (FA), advanced gas turbine engines will be used to provide high power density thrust during the extended supersonic flight of the aircraft, while meeting stringent emission requirements. Combustor exit temperatures during the supersonic cruise will lead to turbine inlet temperatures around 167 °C (300 °F) higher than the current state-of-the-art for subsonic engines. Because of the extended supersonic cruise time with very high inlet air temperature, the engine components will experience long-duration operation at high temperatures throughout the cruise portion of the mission. Improved ceramic coating systems are critical to the performance, life and durability of the hot-section components in the engine systems. The development of advanced ceramic thermal and environmental barrier coatings will enable high temperature capable, lightweight engine hot-section components for increased efficiency, reduced emission and long-term durability required by supersonics propulsion systems.
Open Ocean Aquaculture

This report discusses four general areas related to open ocean aquaculture: (1) operational and business-related challenges; (2) potential economic impacts; (3) potential environmental impacts; and (4) the legal and regulatory environment. It summarizes recent executive and legislative branch actions.
Screening for anxiety disorders in children

Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and have negative consequences on individual and societal level. This study examined the usefulness of screening for anxiety disorders in primary school children. More specifically, the value of the screening method to discriminate between and to predict anxiety disorders was studied. Children and their parents were selected if the children had self-reported scores on the screening questionnaire Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-71 (SCARED-71) within the top-15% (High-anxious) or from two points below to two points above the median (Median-anxious). Of the selected children, 183 high-anxious children and their parents, and 80 median-anxious children and their parents took part in a diagnostic interview, the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule (ADIS). Of the high-anxious children, 60% had an anxiety disorder versus 23% of the median-anxious children, whereas groups did not differ on rates of dysthymia/depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The diagnoses separation anxiety disorder, social phobia and specific phobia were specifically predicted by the corresponding subscales of the screening questionnaire, while the diagnosis generalised anxiety disorder was not predicted by any of the subscales. The screening method has proven its utility for discriminating between children with and without anxiety disorders when applying the top-15% cut-off. Moreover, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and specific phobia, all known to be prevalent and debilitating childhood anxiety disorders, can be predicted by the corresponding subscale of the screening instrument.
Incidence and impact of adverse effects of medical care on complications in patients who underwent excision of cervical lymph nodes.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence and impact of adverse effects of medical care in patients who underwent excision of cervical lymph nodes.


STUDY DESIGN
Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the years 2009 and 2010 were used. The outcome variables were complications. The independent variables were occurrence of adverse effects of medical care and adverse effects of drugs/medication used in therapeutic use during hospitalization.


RESULTS
A total of 48,413 hospitalizations involved excision of cervical lymph nodes. The mean age was 59 years. Males constituted 64.2% of hospitalizations. Adverse effects of medical care occurred in 9.5% of hospitalizations, and adverse effects due to therapeutic use of medications occurred in 1.8%. Frequently occurring complications included postoperative pneumonia (4.2%), hemorrhagic complications (3.5%), other infections (1.7%), cardiac complications (1.5%), bacterial infections (1.5%), respiratory complications (1.4%), nonhealing wounds (1.3%), septicemia (1.2%), and mycoses (1.2%).


CONCLUSIONS
Occurrence of adverse effects of medical care was associated with high odds for multiple complications.
Qualitative study of barriers to cervical cancer screening among Nigerian women

OBJECTIVES
To explore the barriers to cervical cancer screening, focusing on religious and cultural factors, in order to inform group-specific interventions that may improve uptake of cervical cancer screening programmes.


DESIGN
We conducted four focus group discussions among Muslim and Christian women in Nigeria.


SETTING
Discussions were conducted in two hospitals, one in the South West and the other in the North Central region of Nigeria.


PARTICIPANTS
27 Christian and 22 Muslim women over the age of 18, with no diagnosis of cancer.


RESULTS
Most participants in the focus group discussions had heard about cervical cancer except Muslim women in the South Western region who had never heard about cervical cancer. Participants believed that wizardry, multiple sexual partners and inserting herbs into the vagina cause cervical cancer. Only one participant knew about the human papillomavirus. Among the Christian women, the majority of respondents had heard about cervical cancer screening and believed that it could be used to prevent cervical cancer. Participants mentioned religious and cultural obligations of modesty, gender of healthcare providers, fear of disclosure of results, fear of nosocomial infections, lack of awareness, discrimination at hospitals, and need for spousal approval as barriers to uptake of screening. These barriers varied by religion across the geographical regions.


CONCLUSIONS
Barriers to cervical cancer screening vary by religious affiliations. Interventions to increase cervical cancer awareness and screening uptake in multicultural and multireligious communities need to take into consideration the varying cultural and religious beliefs in order to design and implement effective cervical cancer screening intervention programmes.
Semiconductor process and structural optimization of shallow trench isolation-defined and polysilicon-bound source/drain diodes for ESD networks

The impact of MOSFET source/drain junction scaling on the ESD robustness of shallow trench isolation (STI)-defined diode structures is shown for the first time. ESD robustness improvements to STI-bound p/sup +/ diodes using germanium preamorphization and deep B11 implants, and polysilicon-bordered ESD networks are also discussed.
Muscle atrophy and changes in spinal morphology: is the lumbar spine vulnerable after prolonged bed-rest?

STUDY DESIGN
prospective longitudinal study.


OBJECTIVE
to evaluate the effect of bed-rest on the lumbar musculature and soft-tissues.


SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA
earlier work has suggested that the risk of low back injury is higher after overnight bed-rest or spaceflight. Changes in spinal morphology and atrophy in musculature important in stabilizing the spine could be responsible for this, but there are limited data on how the lumbar musculature and vertebral structures are affected during bed-rest.


METHODS
nine male subjects underwent 60-days head-down tilt bed-rest as part of the second Berlin Bed-Rest Study. Disc volume, intervertebral spinal length, intervertebral lordosis angle, and disc height were measured on sagittal plane magnetic resonance images. Axial magnetic resonance images were used to measure cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the multifidus (MF), erector spinae, quadratus lumborum, and psoas from L1 to L5. Subjects completed low back pain (LBP) questionnaires for the first 7-days after bed-rest.


RESULTS
increases in disc volume, spinal length (greatest at lower lumbar spine), loss of the lower lumbar lordosis, and move to a more lordotic position at the upper lumbar spine (P < 0.0097) were seen. The CSAs of all muscles changed (P < 0.002), with the rate of atrophy greatest at L4 and L5 in MF (P < 0.002) and at L1 and L2 in the erector spinae (P = 0.0006). Atrophy of the quadratus lumborum was consistent throughout the muscle (P = 0.15), but CSA of psoas muscle increased (P < 0.0001). Subjects who reported LBP after bed-rest showed, before reambulation, greater increases in posterior disc height, and greater losses of MF CSA at L4 and L5 than subjects who did not report pain (all P < 0.085).


CONCLUSION
these results provide evidence that changes in the lumbar discs during bed-rest and selective atrophy of the MF muscle may be important factors in the occurrence of LBP after prolonged bed-rest.
Dynamic Pickup and Delivery with Transfers

In the dynamic Pickup and Delivery Problem with Transfers (dPDPT), a set of transportation requests that arrive at arbitrary times must be assigned to a fleet of vehicles. We use two cost metrics that capture both the company’s and the customer’s viewpoints regarding the quality of an assignment. In most related problems, the rule of thumb is to apply a two-phase local search algorithm to heuristically determine a good requests-to-vehicles assignment. This work proposes a novel solution based on a graph-based formulation of the problem that treats each request independently. Briefly, in this conceptual graph, the goal is to find a shortest path from a node representing the pickup location to that of the delivery location. However, we show that efficient Bellman-Ford or Dijkstra-like algorithms cannot be applied. Still, our method is able to find dPDPT solutions significantly faster than a conventional two-phase local search algorithm, while the quality of the solution is only marginally lower.
INEQUALITY AND VIOLENT CRIME

In this article we take an empirical cross-country perspective to investigate the robustness and causality of the link between income inequality and crime rates. First, we study the correlation between the Gini index and, respectively, homicide and robbery rates along different dimensions of the data (within and between countries). Second, we examine the inequality-crime link when other potential crime determinants are controlled for. Third, we control for the likely joint endogeneity of income inequality in order to isolate its exogenous impact on homicide and robbery rates. Fourth, we control for the measurement error in crime rates by modelling it as both unobserved country-specific effects and random noise. Lastly, we examine the robustness of the inequality-crime link to alternative measures of inequality. The sample for estimation consists of panels of non-overlapping 5-year averages for 39 countries over 1965-95 in the case of homicides, and 37 countries over 1970-1994 in the case of robberies. We use a variety of statistical techniques, from simple correlations to regression analysis and from static OLS to dynamic GMM estimation. We find that crime rates and inequality are positively correlated (within each country and, particularly, between countries), and it appears that this correlation reflects causation from inequality to crime rates, even controlling for other crime determinants. * We are grateful for comments and suggestions from Francois Bourguignon, Dante Contreras, Francisco Ferreira, Edward Glaeser, Sam Peltzman, Debraj Ray, Luis Servén, and an anonymous referee. N. Loayza worked at the research group of the Central Bank of Chile during the preparation of the paper. This study was sponsored by the Latin American Regional Studies Program, The World Bank. The opinions and conclusions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the institutions to which they are affiliated.
A comparison of carboplatin and paclitaxel with cisplatinum and 5-fluorouracil in definitive chemoradiation in esophageal cancer patients.

BACKGROUND
In esophageal cancer (EC) patients who are not eligible for surgery, definitive chemoradiation (dCRT) with curative intent using cisplatinum with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the standard chemotherapy regimen. Nowadays carboplatin/paclitaxel is also often used. In this study, we compared survival and toxicity rates between both regimens.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
This multicenter study included 102 patients treated in five centers in the Northeast Netherlands from 1996 till 2008. Forty-seven patients received cisplatinum/5-FU (75 mg/m(2) and 1 g/m(2)) and 55 patients carboplatin/paclitaxel (AUC2 and 50 mg/m(2)).


RESULTS
Overall survival (OS) was not different between the cisplatinum/5-FU and carboplatin/paclitaxel group {[P = 0.879, hazard ratio (HR) 0.97 [confidence interval (CI) 0.62-1.51]}, with a median survival of 16.1 (CI 11.8-20.5) and 13.8 months (CI 10.8-16.9). Median disease-free survival (DFS) was comparable [P = 0.760, HR 0.93 (CI 0.60-1.45)] between the cisplatinum/5-FU group [11.1 months (CI 6.9-15.3)] and the carboplatin/paclitaxel group [9.7 months (CI 5.1-14.4)]. Groups were comparable except clinical T stage was higher in the carboplatin/paclitaxel group (P = 0.008). High clinical T stage (cT4) was not related to OS and DFS in a univariate analysis (P = 0.250 and P = 0.201). A higher percentage of patients completed the carboplatin/paclitaxel regimen (82% versus 57%, P = 0.010). Hematological and nonhematological toxicity (≥grade 3) in the carboplatin/paclitaxel group (4% and 18%) was significantly lower than in the cisplatinum/5-FU (19% and 38%, P = 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we showed comparable outcome, in terms of DFS and OS for carboplatin/paclitaxel compared with cisplatinum/5-FU as dCRT treatment in EC patients. Toxicity rates were lower in the carboplatin/paclitaxel group together with higher treatment compliance. Carboplatin/paclitaxel as an alternative treatment of cisplatinum/5-FU is a good candidate regimen for further evaluation.
Printed optics: 3D printing of embedded optical elements for interactive devices

We present an approach to 3D printing custom optical elements for interactive devices labelled Printed Optics. Printed Optics enable sensing, display, and illumination elements to be directly embedded in the casing or mechanical structure of an interactive device. Using these elements, unique display surfaces, novel illumination techniques, custom optical sensors, and embedded optoelectronic components can be digitally fabricated for rapid, high fidelity, highly customized interactive devices. Printed Optics is part of our long term vision for interactive devices that are 3D printed in their entirety. In this paper we explore the possibilities for this vision afforded by fabrication of custom optical elements using today's 3D printing technology.
Capacity of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Using Practical Directional Antennas

Capacity is one fundamental problem in wireless Ad hoc networks. Deploying directional antennas to wireless networks can reduce interference among concurrent transmissions and increase spatial reuse, while the technology of multi-channel can separate concurrent transmissions. Therefore, combining these two technologies into one wireless network is capable of great improvement on the network capacity. Recent studies proposed a multi-channel network architecture that equips each wireless node with multiple directional antennas, which is called MC-MDA network. The capacity in MC-MDA network is derived under arbitrary and random placements. However, they only used a simplified directional antenna model. For approaching the more accurate capacity in real scenario, in this paper, we consider a hybrid antenna model, which takes the effect of side lobe and back lobe into account. We derive the capacity upper-bounds of MC-MDA networks in arbitrary and random network with the hybrid model to find the effect of back lobe and side lobe. We show that the network capacity is closely related to $s$ the ratio of the radiuses of side lobe to main lobe. The capacity decreases when $s$ increases. Moreover, we compare the network capacity of MC-MDA using the simplified antenna model with our results. When considering the factor of interference constraint, the capacity gain using the hybrid antenna model is $\sqrt{\frac{\theta^{2}}{\theta^{2}+(4\pi^{2}-\theta^{2})s}}$ over the one with the simplified model.