LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Pairs of Values and the Chi-squared Attack

Secure digital communication techniques currently fall into one (or a combination) of three categories: cryptography, steganography, or watermarking. Each technique has different uses and different goals. Cryptography and steganography are generally used to transmit confidential information between two or more parties. Cryptography does so by using known mathematical formulas or techniques to encrypt a message. The encryption algorithm employs a secret key to map a meaningful message, say, a block of text, into a message that appears meaningless, such as a block of random characters. The message is then transmitted and decrypted at the receiving end using a companion key. This decryption algorithm maps the ciphertext (the encrypted message) back into the plaintext (the original message), which can be read directly. Theoretically, at least, the ciphertext can be decrypted only by someone who possesses the secret (decryption) key. In a secure system, only the intended recipient(s) and possibly the sender (in a symmetric system) possess the secret key. However, despite the fact that the content of the message is secure, an eavesdropper can, nonetheless, tell that a secret message is being sent. Steganography, on the other hand, is intended to disguise even the mere fact that a message is being transmitted between parties. To do so, steganography employs the use of a cover medium, often an image, audio file, video file, or some other digital medium that inherently contains redundancy or “noise.” In this sense, noise refers to data that are either meaningless or unnecessary to communicate information. The message is embedded into the cover medium such that it is imperceptible to anyone viewing or listening to the cover file. In theory, the message can be detected or extracted only by the intended recipient (or the sender) who knows both that a hidden message exists in the cover medium and how to extract the message. For a second layer of security and to make the message appear more like noise in the cover medium, the message is often encrypted before it is embedded. Watermarking, though similar to steganography in its implementation, differs from steganography in its intent. The goal of watermarking is to embed
Harmful effects of viral replication in seropositive hepatitis C virus renal transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND
Seropositivity for hepatitis C virus (HCV) predicts lower patient and graft survival after renal transplantation (RT). However, the influence of viral replication at transplantation on long-term outcome remains to be determined.


METHODS
This was a retrospective study conducted in four Spanish hospitals, from 1997 to 2006. Data of all patients with RT, who displayed HCV+ (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and with negative viremia at RT (NEG group) were collected (n=41). For each NEG patient enrolled, data of two patients with RT nearest in time, HCV+, and positive viremia (POS group) were also collected (n=78).


RESULTS
The POS group showed a higher incidence of long-term liver disease (56.4% vs. 24.4%, P=0.0009) and episodes of transaminase elevation (38.5% vs. 7.3%, P=0.0003) and worse renal function (serum creatinine [sCr], 3.0 [2.7] vs. 1.9 [1.6] mg/dl, P=0.032; glomerular filtration rate, 43.7 [22.4] vs. 56.9 [27.9] ml/min, P=0.075). Noteworthy, 24.4% of NEG patients reactivated after RT, showing a worse patient survival (P=0.039). Active viral replication at RT and dialysis requirement in the first week remained as independent predictors of lower graft survival (death censored): hazards ratio, 3.11 (95% confidence interval, 1.34-7.19; P=0.009) and hazards ratio 3.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.53-6.37; P=0.002).


CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that active viral replication at transplantation is an independent risk factor for graft failure in patients with positive serology for HCV.
IZA DP No . 3939 Reference Points and Effort Provision

Reference Points and Effort Provision A key open question for theories of reference-dependent preferences is what determines the reference point. One candidate is expectations: what people expect could affect how they feel about what actually occurs. In a real-effort experiment, we manipulate the rational expectations of subjects and check whether this manipulation influences their effort provision. We find that effort provision is significantly different between treatments in the way predicted by models of expectation-based reference-dependent preferences: if expectations are high, subjects work longer and earn more money than if expectations are low. JEL Classification: C91, D01, D84, J22
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, enriched-design study of nabiximols* (Sativex(®) ), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND
  Spasticity is a disabling complication of multiple sclerosis, affecting many patients with the condition. We report the first Phase 3 placebo-controlled study of an oral antispasticity agent to use an enriched study design.


METHODS
  A 19-week follow-up, multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in subjects with multiple sclerosis spasticity not fully relieved with current antispasticity therapy. Subjects were treated with nabiximols, as add-on therapy, in a single-blind manner for 4weeks, after which those achieving an improvement in spasticity of ≥20% progressed to a 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled phase.


RESULTS
  Of the 572 subjects enrolled, 272 achieved a ≥20% improvement after 4weeks of single-blind treatment, and 241 were randomized. The primary end-point was the difference between treatments in the mean spasticity Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) in the randomized, controlled phase of the study. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis showed a highly significant difference in favour of nabiximols (P=0.0002). Secondary end-points of responder analysis, Spasm Frequency Score, Sleep Disturbance NRS Patient, Carer and Clinician Global Impression of Change were all significant in favour of nabiximols.


CONCLUSIONS
  The enriched study design provides a method of determining the efficacy and safety of nabiximols in a way that more closely reflects proposed clinical practice, by limiting exposure to those patients who are likely to benefit from it. Hence, the difference between active and placebo should be a reflection of efficacy and safety in the population intended for treatment.
Solvers' Motivation in Crowdsourcing Platform: Examining the Impacts of Reward Sensitivity, and Achievement Goals Factors

The purpose of this study is investigation of direct influence of reward sensitivity (as represented by the theory - Behavioral Approach System) on motivational outcomes (measured through effort and intrinsic motivation) of crowdsourcing platform workers. Furthermore, this paper analyses the mediating role of Approach Achievement Goals in channeling 'initial energization' to motivational outcomes. A random sample of 320 taskcn.com workers was used in this study. The findings of this study showed that reward sensitivity was effective directly and indirectly, in positively predicting all motivational outcomes. Reward sensitivity positively predicted intrinsic motivation directly and indirectly through Other-approach goals. However, other-approach goals did not channel 'initial energization' from BAS to Effort. These results are important for crowdsourcing platforms, in order to better understanding the participants that undertake tasks and find efficient solutions for motivating workers. Targeting workers with higher reward sensitivity might be beneficial for platform owners, providing the way to increase workers motivational outcomes at no additional cost, thus facilitating better results.
Institutional Ownership and Firm Performance : Evidence from Finland ¥

This paper investigates the relationship between different classes of institutional investors and firm performance. Using industry level data from Finland, which is characterized by various institutional investors who own multiple ownership stakes in different firms across a broad spectrum of industries, the paper exhibits two novelties. First, unlike previous studies which treated institutional investors as a monolithic group, we segment them in classes. Second, we recognize the joint determination of firm performance and institutional ownership. We account for this issue in the context of a system of equations, using three stage least squares methodology. The empirical results suggest a significant two-way feedback between firm performance and institutional equity ownership. However, this effect is not symmetric. We find that institutional investors with likely investment and business ties with firms have adverse (negative) effect on firm performance and the impact is very significant in comparison to the negative effect of firm performance on institutional ownership. JEL classification: G32; L20
Network theories for technology-enabled learning and social change: Connectivism and actor network theory

Learning never was confined to classrooms. We all learn in, out of, before, during and after episodes of formal education. The changing sociotechnical context offers a promise of new opportunities, and the sense that somehow things may be different. Use of the Internet and other emerging technologies is spreading in frequency, time and space. People and organizations wish to use technology to support learning seek theories to frame their understanding and their innovations. In this article we explore Connectivism, that is positioned as a theory for the digital age, in use on a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), Connectivism and Connective Knowledge, in 2008. We then compare Connectivism with another network theory, Actor Network Theory, to explore possible synergies. We found that Connectivism enables educators and learners to legitimise their use of technology to support teaching and learning. Connectivism, a relatively new theory, can benefit from a richer empirical base as it develops. Since the scope of educational change can vary from a specific learning setting through organisational and societal settings, we can develop theories through empirical exploration of cases across the range of settings to support our understanding and actions.
Identifying a high risk cardiovascular phenotype by carotid MRI-depicted intraplaque hemorrhage

Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH), a component of late-stage complicated plaque, identified within carotid endarterectomy surgical specimens has been recently demonstrated to predict cardiovascular (CV) events. MRI is able to depict carotid IPH. We investigated the ability of carotid MR-depicted IPH (MR-IPH) to identify high-risk CV patients. From January 2008 to April 2011, 216 patients (mean age, 67.5 years; range 31–100) referred for neurovascular MRI at an academic tertiary care centre, underwent 3T carotid MRI with adjunct 3D high-spatial-resolution coronal imaging to detect MR-IPH. Five experienced neuroradiologists made a binary decision on the presence or absence of MR-IPH. Patients’ charts were reviewed blindly for demographic and CV outcomes data. Of the patients with and without MR-IPH, 62.5 % (15/24) and 19.8 % (38/192) had a composite CV event (defined as a past myocardial infarction, coronary intervention (i.e., angioplasty, stenting or bypass graft) and/or peripheral vascular disease), respectively. The odds ratio (OR) of a composite CV event in the MR-IPH group was 6.75 (Bivariable analysis, 95 % CI 2.75–16.6, p < 0.0001) and 3.25 (Multivariable regression analysis, 1.14–9.37, p = 0.028). MR-IPH had the highest OR of a prior CV event compared to other variables including age, sex, hypertension and stenosis. The OR of individual CV events was also significant: MI (3.35, 95 % CI 2.11–14.2, p < 0.01), coronary stenting (26.4, 95 % CI 8.80–79.4, p < 0.01), coronary angioplasty (21, 95 % CI 4.84–91.1, p < 0.01), and PVD (3.35, 95 % CI 1.09–10.3, p < 0.05). MR-IPH is independently associated with prior CV events in patients who are evaluated for neurovascular disease. Carotid MR-IPH, employed easily in routine clinical practice, is emerging as an indicator of systemic vascular disease and may potentially be a useful surrogate marker of CV risk including in those already undergoing neurovascular imaging.
Correction: Pirfenidone for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

There are errors in the ninth and tenth sentences of the Abstract. These sentences should read: Also there was a decrease in the risk of progression (RR of PFS: 0.82 IC 0.73–0.92) compared to placebo. Conclusions: We observed significant differences in physiologic and clinically relevant outcomes such as reduction in all-cause mortality, IPF related mortality, worsening of IPF and improvement of PFS. So pirfenidone treatment should be considered not only for its benefits in pulmonary function tests but also by its clinically relevant outcomes. There are multiple errors in the Results described below. The third and fourth sentences of the “Progression-free Survival (PFS)” section should read: The meta-analysis includes 786 patients in intervention group and 728 in placebo group (Fig 5). Pirfenidone decreased the risk of progression (RR of PFS: 0.82 IC 0.73–0.92, I2:22%) compared to placebo. We rated the quality of evidence as moderate, because of indirectness. The third sentence of the “Worsening of IPF” section should read: The meta-analysis includes 858 patients in intervention group and 763 in placebo group (Fig 7). Pirfenidone improves worsening of IPF with a RR of 0.64 (IC 0.50–0.83, I2:23%) compared to placebo. The second sentence of the “Adverse events” section should read: The meta-analysis includes 859 patients in intervention group and 763 in placebo group (Fig 10). There is an error in the third sentence of the fourth paragraph of the Discussion. It should read: We also observed differences in clinically relevant outcomes such as reduction in allcause mortality, IPF related mortality, worsening of IPF and risk of progression; but no benefit on acute exacerbation of IPF. There are errors in the fourth and fifth columns of Table 2. Please see the corrected Table 2 here. Fig 5 and its caption are incorrect. Please view Fig 5 and see its complete, correct caption here.
Protective Effect of Psidium guajava in Arsenic-induced Oxidative Stress and Cytological Damage in Rats

This study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaves against sodium arsenite-induced toxicity in experimental rats. Animals were divided into four groups. Control group received arsenic free distilled water and three treatment groups (II, III, and IV) exposed to the arsenic (NaAsO(2)) (20 mg/kg b.wt) through drinking water. Group III and IV were administered a daily oral dose of P. guajava leaf extract 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. (AEPG(50) and AEPG(100)) for the period of 6 weeks. Blood samples and organs were collected at the end of the experiment. Arsenic exposure resulted in significant rise in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in erythrocyte, liver, kidney, and brain. In addition toxin decreased (P<0.05) the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the studied tissues. Residual effect of arsenic in various tissues was also observed. Histopathological results revealed mild to severe type of necrosis and degenerative changes in kidney and liver of arsenic intoxicated animals. Cytological alteration in brain tissue was also observed. Treatment with AEPG(100) (aqueous extract of P. guajava) @100 mg/kg body weight) significantly restored activities of oxidative stress markers like LPO levels, GSH levels, SOD, and CAT activities but having the limited protective activity of the herbal extract was observed on tissues architecture. It is therefore concluded that prophylactic co-administration of AEPG could provide specific protection from oxidative injury and to some extent on tissue damage.
Steganography in Silence Intervals of Speech

This paper presents a new approach for hiding information in speech signals. In this method, the silence intervals of speech are found and the length (number of samples) of these intervals is changed to hide information. This method can be used simultaneously with other methods.
The theory of economic regulation

The potential usex of public resources and powers to improve the economic stuius of economic groups (such as industries and occupations) are analyzed to provide a scheme of the demand for regulation. The characteristics of the political process which allow relatively small groups to obtain such regulation is then sketched lo provide elemenls of a theory of supply of regulation. A variety of empirical evidence and illustration is also presented.
Parathyroid hormone 1-84 accelerates fracture-healing in pubic bones of elderly osteoporotic women.

BACKGROUND
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been shown to increase bone mineral density and to reduce the rate of fractures in patients with osteoporosis and also to improve fracture-healing. The purpose of the present prospective, randomized, controlled study was to evaluate the effect of PTH 1-84 on the course of pelvic fracture-healing and functional outcome in postmenopausal women.


METHODS
Sixty-five patients had a dual x-ray absorptiometry scan, radiographs, and a computed tomography scan to document pelvic fractures. Twenty-one patients received a once-daily injection of 100 µg of PTH 1-84 starting within two days after admission to the hospital, and forty-four patients served as the control group. All patients received 1000 mg of calcium and 800 IU of vitamin D. Computed tomography scans were repeated every fourth week until radiographic evidence of cortical bridging at the fracture site was confirmed. Functional outcome was assessed with use of a visual analog scale for pain and a Timed "Up and Go" test.


RESULTS
The mean time to fracture healing was 7.8 weeks for the treatment group, compared with 12.6 weeks for the control group (p < 0.001). At eight weeks, all fractures in the treatment group were healed and four fractures in the control group were healed (healing rate, 100% compared with 9.1%; p < 0.001). Both the visual analog scale score for pain and the result of the Timed "Up and Go" test improved in the study group as compared with the control group (p < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
In elderly patients with osteoporosis, PTH 1-84 accelerates fracture-healing in pelvic fractures and improves functional outcome.
Extending AIS research to management accounting and control issues: A research note

Article history: Received 23 September 2009 Accepted 3 September 2010 The purpose of this commentary is to initiate discussion on the status of research on the interface between management control, especially management accounting, and information technology, and on howwe could proceed to understand this relationship and changes in it. The commentary also points to the need for expanding the sphere of theories and methodologies applied in the accounting information systems field, if we want to explain and understand the complex and mutually constitutive nature of the relationship, especially how new technologies are actually designed and adapted to work in practice. The mainstream tradition tends to largely ignore the design and implementation processes and especially the struggles therein. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Robert Jackson and Warwick research : an introduction

This volume explores numerous themes (including the influence of ethnography on religious education research and pedagogy, the interpretive approach to religious education, the relationship between research and classroom practice in religious education), providing a critique of contemporary religious education and exploring the implications of this critique for initial and continuing teacher education.
The impact of team processes on psychiatric case management.

AIM
This paper is a report of a study to identify the structures and interactions within community mental health teams that facilitate or impede effective teamwork and psychiatric case management.


BACKGROUND
Effective case management requires close collaboration between case managers or care co-ordinators and other members of the multidisciplinary mental health team, yet there has been little research into this relationship.


METHOD
A multiple case study of seven United Kingdom community mental health teams was conducted between 1999 and 2001, using qualitative methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews and document review.


FINDINGS
Factors were identified that impacted on the ability of care co-ordinators to act effectively: 'structure and procedures'; 'disrespect and withdrawal'; 'humour and undermining'; 'safety and disclosure'. Care co-ordination was enhanced when team structures and policies were in place and where team interactions were respectful. Where members felt disrespected or undermined, communication, information sharing and collaboration were impaired, with a negative impact on the care provided to service users.


CONCLUSIONS
Teams require clear operating procedures alongside interprofessional trust and respect to ensure that there is open, safe and reflective participation. Further research is required to identify how best to bring about collaborative, effective teamwork in mental healthcare.
Historical Reconstructions

During the last two decades an increasing number of initiatives has sought to construct or reconstruct historic computing devices, and restore original specimens to working order. The feature articles in this issue describe six such projects written by those who delivered the successful outcomes or who were instrumental in their realization.
All Solution-processed Stable White Quantum Dot Light-emitting Diodes with Hybrid ZnO@TiO2 as Blue Emitters

White quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) have been a promising candidate for high-efficiency and color-saturated displays. However, it is challenging to integrate various QD emitters into one device and also to obtain efficient blue QDs. Here, we report a simply solution-processed white QD-LED using a hybrid ZnO@TiO₂ as electron injection layer and ZnCdSeS QD emitters. The white emission is obtained by integrating the yellow emission from QD emitters and the blue emission generated from hybrid ZnO@TiO₂ layer. We show that the performance of white QD-LEDs can be adjusted by controlling the driving force for hole transport and electroluminescence recombination region via varying the thickness of hole transport layer. The device is demonstrated with a maximum luminance of 730 cd/m(2) and power efficiency of 1.7 lm/W, exhibiting the Commission Internationale de l'Enclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.33). The unencapsulated white QD-LED has a long lifetime of 96 h at its initial luminance of 730 cd/m(2), primarily due to the fact that the device with hybrid ZnO@TiO₂ has low leakage current and is insensitive to the oxygen and the moisture. These results indicate that hybrid ZnO@TiO₂ provides an alternate and effective approach to achieve high-performance white QD-LEDs and also other optoelectronic devices.
The Evolving Concept of Subjective Well-Being: The Multifaceted Nature of Happiness

1. Evolving conceptions of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness 1.1. Concern about happiness and the good life throughout history 1.2. Chapter overview 2. Hierarchical structure: the components of SWB 2.1. Positive and negative affect 2.1.1. Frequency and intensity of positive and negative affect 2.1.2. Recommendations 2.2. Life satisfaction 2.3. Domain satisfactions 2.4. Convergent and discriminant validity of SWB components 2.5. Summary 3. Temporal sequence and stages 4. Stability and consistency of SWB 5. Affect vs. cognition 6. The functioning mood system 7. Tradeoffs 8. Implications for measurement 9. Implications for research on aging 10. Conclusions: the take-home message(s) and directions for future research Advances in Cell Aging and Gerontology