LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research

Background Behavioral addiction research has been particularly flourishing over the last two decades. However, recent publications have suggested that nearly all daily life activities might lead to a genuine addiction. Methods and aim In this article, we discuss how the use of atheoretical and confirmatory research approaches may result in the identification of an unlimited list of "new" behavioral addictions. Results Both methodological and theoretical shortcomings of these studies were discussed. Conclusions We suggested that studies overpathologizing daily life activities are likely to prompt a dismissive appraisal of behavioral addiction research. Consequently, we proposed several roadmaps for future research in the field, centrally highlighting the need for longer tenable behavioral addiction research that shifts from a mere criteria-based approach toward an approach focusing on the psychological processes involved.
Responses by neuropaediatricians to a palliative care questionnaire

Abstract Introduction Up to 70% of children currently treated by Palliative Care Units in Europe are neurological patients. Our objective is to assess the knowledge, interest and involvement in paediatric palliative care (PPC) among Spanish paediatric neurologists. Material and methods We contacted 297 neuropaediatricians by and attached a 10-question multiple choice test. This questionnaire was related to the level of knowledge of PPC, identification of patients requiring this specific care, involvement of a paediatric neurologist, use of local palliative resources, and formal training in this subject. Results Participation rate was 32% (96/297). Around 90% knew the definition of PPC, could identify patients with a short-term survival prognosis, and had treated children who eventually died due to their illnesses. A “non resuscitation order” had been written by 61% of them at least once; 77% considered the patient's home as the preferred location of death (if receiving appropriate care), 9% preferred the hospital, and 14% had no preference for any of these options. Just over half (52%) had contacted local PC resources, and 61% had referred or would refer patients to be seen periodically by both services (PC and Paediatric Neurology). More than half (55%) consider themselves not trained enough to deal with these children, and 80% would like to increase their knowledge about PPC. Conclusion The paediatric neurologists surveyed frequently deal with children who suffer from incurable diseases. Their level of involvement with these patients is high. However, there is an overwhelming necessity and desire to receive more training to support these children and their families.
Optimization of a lens-patch antenna for radar sensor applications

In this paper we propose a dielectric lens antenna configuration for radar sensor applications in order to overcome the difficulties related to interconnection and feeder losses of antenna array needed to increase the directivity of radar system. Here the directivity is increased by a single curvature dielectric lens collimating the radiation from a single patch. The resulting radiation and matching properties are compared with a patch array, showing better efficiency and bandwidth
The History of the JOHNNIAC

This reprint of an early RAND Memorandum by the author describes the thirteen-year life of the JOHNNIAC computer, a Princeton-class machine designed and built at The RAND Corporation in 1953. The history presented here is based on documents and recollections of the individuals involved in the creation of JOHNNIAC.
Concurrent chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for anal canal cancer patients: a multicenter experience.

PURPOSE
To report a multicenter experience treating anal canal cancer patients with concurrent chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).


PATIENTS AND METHODS
From October 2000 to June 2006, 53 patients were treated with concurrent chemotherapy and IMRT for anal squamous cell carcinoma at three tertiary-care academic medical centers. Sixty-two percent were T1-2, and 67% were N0; eight patients were HIV positive. Forty-eight patients received fluorouracil (FU)/mitomycin, one received FU/cisplatin, and four received FU alone. All patients underwent computed tomography-based treatment planning with pelvic regions and inguinal nodes receiving a median of 45 Gy. Primary sites and involved nodes were boosted to a median dose of 51.5 Gy. All acute toxicity was scored according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0. All late toxicity was scored using Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria.


RESULTS
Median follow-up was 14.5 months (range, 5.2 to 102.8 months). Acute grade 3+ toxicity included 15.1% GI and 37.7% dermatologic toxicity; all acute grade 4 toxicities were hematologic; and acute grade 4 leukopenia and neutropenia occurred in 30.2% and 34.0% of patients, respectively. Treatment breaks occurred in 41.5% of patients, lasting a median of 4 days. Forty-nine patients (92.5%) had a complete response, one patient had a partial response, and three had stable disease. All HIV-positive patients achieved a complete response. Eighteen-month colostomy-free survival, overall survival, freedom from local failure, and freedom from distant failure were 83.7%, 93.4%, 83.9%, and 92.9%, respectively.


CONCLUSION
Preliminary outcomes suggest that concurrent chemotherapy and IMRT for anal canal cancers is effective and tolerated favorably compared with historical standards.
A Customized Bolus Produced Using a 3-Dimensional Printer for Radiotherapy

OBJECTIVE
Boluses are used in high-energy radiotherapy in order to overcome the skin sparing effect. In practice though, commonly used flat boluses fail to make a perfect contact with the irregular surface of the patient's skin, resulting in air gaps. Hence, we fabricated a customized bolus using a 3-dimensional (3D) printer and evaluated its feasibility for radiotherapy.


METHODS
We designed two kinds of bolus for production on a 3D printer, one of which was the 3D printed flat bolus for the Blue water phantom and the other was a 3D printed customized bolus for the RANDO phantom. The 3D printed flat bolus was fabricated to verify its physical quality. The resulting 3D printed flat bolus was evaluated by assessing dosimetric parameters such as D1.5 cm, D5 cm, and D10 cm. The 3D printed customized bolus was then fabricated, and its quality and clinical feasibility were evaluated by visual inspection and by assessing dosimetric parameters such as Dmax, Dmin, Dmean, D90%, and V90%.


RESULTS
The dosimetric parameters of the resulting 3D printed flat bolus showed that it was a useful dose escalating material, equivalent to a commercially available flat bolus. Analysis of the dosimetric parameters of the 3D printed customized bolus demonstrated that it is provided good dose escalation and good contact with the irregular surface of the RANDO phantom.


CONCLUSIONS
A customized bolus produced using a 3D printer could potentially replace commercially available flat boluses.
Hepatic stellate cells modulate the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells.

Differentiation of stem cells is tightly regulated by the microenvironment which is mainly composed of nonparenchymal cells. Herein, we investigated effect of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in different states on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation. Rat HSCs were isolated and stayed quiescent within 5 days. Primary HSCs were activated by being in vitro cultured for 7 days or cocultured with Kupffer cells for 5 days. MSCs were cocultured with HSCs of different states. Expression of hepatic lineage markers was analyzed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Glycogen deposition was detected by periodic acid-schiff staining. MSCs cocultured with HSC-T6 or Kupffer cell activated HSCs were morphologically transformed into hepatocyte-like cells. Hepatic-specific marker albumin was expressed in 78.3% of the differentiated MSCs 2 weeks after initiation of coculture. In addition, the differentiated MSCs also expressed alpha-fetoprotein, cytokeratin-18, glutamine synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Glycogen deposition was detectable in 55.4% of the differentiated MSCs 6 weeks after initiation of coculture. However, the quiescent HSCs or culture activated HSCs did not exert the ability to modulate the differentiation of MSCs. Moreover, Kupffer cell activated HSCs rather than culture activated HSCs expressed hepatocyte growth factor mRNA. We draw the conclusion that fully activated HSCs could modulate MSCs differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells.
Medium Access Control in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper reviews medium access control (MAC), an enabling technology in wireless sensor networks. MAC protocols control how sensors access a shared radio channel to communicate with neighbors. Battery-powered wireless sensor networks with many nearby nodes challenge traditional MAC design. This paper discusses design trade-offs with an emphasis on energy efficiency. It classifies existing MAC protocols and compares their advantages and disadvantages in the context of sensor networks. Finally, it presents S-MAC as an example of a MAC protocol designed specifically for a sensor network, illustrating one combination of design trade-offs.
The longitudinal effects of depression on physical activity.

OBJECTIVES
It has been posited that depression and sedentary lifestyle have bidirectional relationships. Although the role of baseline physical activity as a risk factor for emerging depression has been recently reviewed, there has been no systematic review of the literature to assess the reverse relationship. We reviewed the results of longitudinal studies in the world's literature that have studied the effect of baseline depression on ensuing levels of physical activity.


MEASURES
MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINHAL Plus, Health Source: Nursing Academic Edition and Cochrane databases were searched from 1959 to 2008 with a focus on depression, sedentary lifestyle and exercise. Published longitudinal studies in English and more than 100 patients were included.


RESULTS
Eleven studies met our inclusion criteria, eight of which reported that baseline depression was significantly associated with subsequent sedentary lifestyle or poor adherence to the physical exercise regimens recommended by physicians after a coronary event. However, the studies used different depression scales and physical activity outcome measures, and varied a great deal in the range of potential confounders they controlled for. In addition, there were only three studies that were specifically designed to assess the role of baseline depression on the subsequent level of physical activity.


CONCLUSIONS
Baseline depression may be a significant risk factor for development of sedentary lifestyle or decreased level of physical exercise. Future studies should examine mechanisms by which depression may lead to decline in activity.
Effects of montelukast (MK-0476); a potent cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, on bronchodilation in asthmatic subjects treated with and without inhaled corticosteroids.

BACKGROUND
Cysteinyl leukotriene release in association with airway inflammation is a feature of clinical asthma. The acute effects of montelukast (MK-0476), a potent, orally administered, specific cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, on airways obstruction was assessed in patients with mild to moderately severe asthma.


METHODS
Twenty two asthmatic subjects were randomised to receive montelukast, 100 mg or 250 mg, or placebo in a double blind, three period, crossover trial. Ten of the patients were using concomitant inhaled corticosteroids.


RESULTS
Montelukast increased the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) from predose baseline values compared with placebo, the percentage point differences between montelukast and placebo being 8.6% (95% CI 3.6 to 13.6) and 8.5% (95% CI 3.5 to 13.5) for the 100 mg and 250 mg doses, respectively.


CONCLUSION
Single oral doses of montelukast 100 mg and 250 mg produced significant increases in FEV1 irrespective of the concurrent use of inhaled corticosteroids in asthmatic subjects with airflow limitation.
Liquid: A detection-resistant covert timing channel based on IPD shaping

LIQUID: A DETECTION RESISTANT COVERT TIMING CHANNEL BASED ON IPD SHAPING ROBERT J. WALLS, M.S. The University of Texas at Arlington, 2009 Supervising Professor: Matthew Wright Covert timing channels provide a way to surreptitiously leak information from an entity in a higher-security level to an entity in a lower level. The difficulty of detecting or eliminating such channels makes them a desirable choice for adversaries that value stealth over throughput. When one considers the possibility of such channels transmitting information across network boundaries, the threat becomes even more acute. A promising technique for detecting covert timing channels focuses on using entropy-based tests. This method is able to reliably detect known covert timing channels by using a combination of entropy and conditional entropy to detect anomalies in shape and regularity, respectively. This dual approach is intended to make entropy-based detection robust against both current and future channels. In this work, we show that entropy-based detection can be defeated by a channel that intelligently manipulates the metrics used for detection. Specifically, we propose a new covert channel that uses a portion of the inter-packet delays in a compromised stream to smooth out the distortions detected by the entropy test. Our experimental results suggest that this channel can successfully evade entropy-based detection and other known tests while maintaining reasonable throughput. Furthermore,
Efficacy and safety of fluticasone and formoterol in a single pressurized metered dose inhaler.

BACKGROUND
Fluticasone and formoterol are well established medications for the treatment of asthma. This study (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00734318) compares the efficacy and safety of a combination of these drugs in a single inhaler (fluticasone/formoterol) versus the individual components (fluticasone + formoterol).


METHODS
Patients aged ≥ 18 years (n=620) with a history of severe, persistent reversible asthma for ≥ 6 months prior to screening were included in this randomized, double-blind study, which consisted of a screening phase of up to 5 days, a 2-week run-in phase and an 8-week treatment period.


RESULTS
Fluticasone/formoterol (500/20 μg, b.i.d.) was at least as effective as fluticasone + formoterol (500 μg + 24 μg, b.i.d.) with respect to the primary outcome measure: there were similar increases in mean pre-morning dose forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV(1)) in these two groups. Fluticasone/formoterol (500/20 μg, b.i.d.) also demonstrated similar efficacy to fluticasone + formoterol in terms of change in mean FEV(1) from baseline pre-morning dose to 2 h post-morning dose at week 8, as well as for several secondary parameters. Fluticasone/formoterol (500/20 μg, b.i.d.) demonstrated superiority to fluticasone monotherapy (500 μg, b.i.d.) and fluticasone/formoterol (100/10 μg, b.i.d.) for several secondary efficacy parameters. Fluticasone/formoterol had a similar safety and tolerability profile to fluticasone + formoterol.


CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that the fluticasone/formoterol combination is at least as effective as its components administered concurrently from separate inhalers. Fluticasone/formoterol (500/20 μg, b.i.d.) showed superior efficacy to its inhaled corticosteroid component alone and the efficacy of fluticasone/formoterol was dose-dependent for several clinically important parameters.
Motor Development and Self-Esteem of Children and Adolescents with Visual Impairment

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and investigate the relationship between motor development and self-esteem in 37 children and adolescents only with visual impairment and no other impairment, and in 37 children and adolescents with typical development. The chronological age of the participants was between 8 and 14 years old. The short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2), (Bruininks & Bruininks, 2005) was used to assess the participants’ motor development. Self-esteem was measured via the Self-esteem Inventory developed by Coopersmith (1987). Statistical analysis was performed via the SPSS version 20.0. The results indicated that the children’s and adolescents with visual impairment scores on motor development and self-esteem were lower compared to those of the typical participants. In addition, the results indicated interaction between motor development and self-esteem in visually impaired participants. The present study was a necessity to be conducted, because there was a research gap and there have not been conducted similar researches in Greece and internationally. It is important for educational community to know if the motor development and self-esteem of children and adolescents with visual impairment are covariates.
A Model of Intercultural Communication Competence

chology Today, March. Sherif, C. W., Sherif, W., and Nebergall, R. (1965). Attitude and Altitude Change. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. Stewart, E. C., and Bennett, M. J. (1991). American Cultural Patterns. Yarmouth, Maine: Intercultural Press. Tai, E. (1986). Modification of the Western Approach to Intercultural Communication for the Japanese Context. Unpublished master's thesis, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. Thaler, A. (1970). Future Shock. New York: Bantam. Ursin, H. (1978). "Activation, Coping and Psychosomatics." In E. Baade, S. Levine, and H. Ursin (Eds ) Psychobiology of Stress: A Study of Coping Men. New York: Academic Press. A Model of Intercultural Communication Competence
Web science meets network science

A pair of divergent scientific communities discusses their similarities and differences, and search for common ground.
Bayesian Uncertainty Estimation for Batch Normalized Deep Networks

Assume we were to come up with a family of distributions parameterized by θ in order to approximate the posterior, qθ(ω). Our goal is to set θ such that qθ(ω) is as similar to the true posterior p(ω|D) as possible. For clarity, qθ(ω) is a distribution over stochastic parameters ω that is determined by a set of learnable parameters θ and some source of randomness. The approximation is therefore limited by our choice of parametric function qθ(ω) as well as the randomness.1 Given ω and an input x, an output distribution p(y|x,ω) = p(y|fω(x)) = fω(x,y) is induced by observation noise (the conditionality of which is omitted for brevity).
Predictors of Psychiatric Boarding in the Emergency Department

INTRODUCTION
The emergency psychiatric care is system is overburdened in the United States. Patients experiencing psychiatric emergencies often require resources not available at the initial treating facility and frequently require transfer to an appropriate psychiatric facility. Boarding of psychiatric patients, defined as a length of stay greater than four hours after medical clearance, is ubiquitous throughout emergency departments (EDs) nationwide. Boarding is recognized as a major cause of ambulance diversions and ED crowding and has a significant adverse impact on healthcare providers, patient satisfaction, and hospital costs. We sought to identify differences between patients who boarded versus patients who did not board, to identify factors amenable to change and identify interventions that could lead to a decrease in overall psychiatric patient length of stay and improve patient care.


METHODS
This study is a retrospective multicenter cohort study of all patients assessed to require inpatient psychiatric hospitalization at two community EDs in Illinois from July 1, 2010 through June 30, 2012. We identified 671 patients and collected insurance status, sex, age, time of arrival, time of disposition and time of transfer.


RESULTS
There was a statistically significant difference in the insurance status between the cohort of patients boarding in the ED compared to non-boarders prior to inpatient psychiatric admission. Our study identified 95.4% of uninsured patients who were boarded in the ED, compared to 71.8% of Medicare/Medicaid patients and 78.3% of patients with private insurance (χ(2)=50.6, df=2, p<0.001). We found the length of stay to be longer for patients transferred to publicly funded psychiatric facilities compared to those transferred to private facilities, with a mean time spent in the ED of 1,661 minutes and 705 minutes, respectively (p<0.001). Patients with Medicare/Medicaid were nearly twice as likely to return to the ED for psychiatric emergencies than self-pay and privately insured patients, requiring repeat inpatient psychiatric admission (estimate=0.649, p=0.035, OR=1.914).


CONCLUSION
This study found that unfunded patients boarded significantly longer than Medicare/Medicaid and privately insured patients. Patients with private insurance boarded longer than those with Medicare/Medicaid. Patients transferred to publicly funded facilities had significantly longer ED length of stay than patients transferred to private facilities.
he revolution re-visited : Clinical and genetics research paradigms nd the productivity paradox in drug discovery

Breakthroughs in genetics and molecular biology in the 1970s and 1980s were heralded as a major technological revolution in medicine that would yield a wave of new drug discoveries. However, some forty years later the expected benefits have not materialized. I question the narrative of biotechnology as a Schumpeterian revolution by comparing it to the academic research paradigm that preceded it, clinical research in hospitals. I analyze these as distinct research paradigms that involve different epistemologies, practices, and institutional loci. I develop the claim that the complexity of biological systems means that clinical research was well adapted to medical innovation, and that the genetics/molecular biology paradigm imposed a predictive logic to search that was less effective at finding new drugs. The paper describes how drug discovery unfolds in each paradigm: in clinical research, discovery originates with observations of human subjects and proceeds through feedback-based learning, whereas in the genetics model, discovery originates with a precisely-defined molecular target; feedback from patients enters late in the process. The paper reviews the post-War institutional history that witnessed the relative decline of clinical research and the rise of genetics and molecular science in the United States bio-medical research landscape. The history provides a contextual narrative to illustrate that, in contrast to the framing of biotechnology as a Schumpeterian revolution, the adoption of biotechnology as a core drug discovery platform was propelled by institutional changes that were largely disconnected from processes of scientific or technological selection. Implications for current medical policy initiatives and translational science are discussed. © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.