LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Quaternions and Rotations *

Up until now we have learned that a rotation in R3 about an axis through the origin can be represented by a 3×3 orthogonal matrix with determinant 1. However, the matrix representation seems redundant because only four of its nine elements are independent. Also the geometric interpretation of such a matrix is not clear until we carry out several steps of calculation to extract the rotation axis and angle. Furthermore, to compose two rotations, we need to compute the product of the two corresponding matrices, which requires twenty-seven multiplications and eighteen additions. Quaternions are very efficient for analyzing situations where rotations in R3 are involved. A quaternion is a 4-tuple, which is a more concise representation than a rotation matrix. Its geometric meaning is also more obvious as the rotation axis and angle can be trivially recovered. The quaternion algebra to be introduced will also allow us to easily compose rotations. This is because quaternion composition takes merely sixteen multiplications and twelve additions. The development of quaternions is attributed to W. R. Hamilton [5] in 1843. Legend has it that Hamilton was walking with his wife Helen at the Royal Irish Academy when he was suddenly struck by the idea of adding a fourth dimension in order to multiply triples. Excited by this breakthrough, as the couple passed the Broome Bridge of the Royal Canal, he carved the newfound quaternion equations
Paraphrase identification in short texts using grammar patterns

We can determine whether two texts are paraphrases of each other by finding out the extent to which the texts are similar. The typical lexical matching technique works by matching the sequence of tokens between the texts to recognize paraphrases, and fails when different words are used to convey the same meaning. We can improve this simple method by combining lexical with syntactic or semantic representations of the input texts. The present work makes use of syntactical information in the texts and computes the similarity between them using word similarity measures based on WordNet and lexical databases. The texts are converted into a unified semantic structural model through which the semantic similarity of the texts is obtained. An approach is presented to assess the semantic similarity and the results of applying this approach is evaluated using the Microsoft Research Paraphrase (MSRP) Corpus.
Design of a Clutch – Spring Knee Exoskeleton for Running

Because the leg is known to exhibit springlike behavior during the stance phase of running, several exoskeletons have attempted to place external springs in parallel with some or all of the leg during stance, but these designs have failed to permit natural kinematics during swing. To this end, a parallel-elastic exoskeleton is presented that introduces a clutch to disengage the parallel leg-spring and thereby not constrain swing-phase movements of the biological leg. A custom interference clutch with integrated planetary gear transmission, made necessary by the requirement for high holding torque but low mass, is presented and shown to withstand up to 190 N m at 1.8 deg resolution with a mass of only 710 g. A suitable control strategy for locking the clutch at peak knee extension is also presented, where only an onboard rate gyroscope and exoskeletal joint encoder are employed as sensory inputs. Exoskeletal electromechanics, sensing, and control are shown to achieve design critieria necessary to emulate biological knee stiffness behaviors in running. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4027841]
A validation study of the Brief Scale for Psychiatric problems in Orthopaedic Patients (BS-POP) for patients with chronic low back pain (verification of reliability, validity, and reproducibility).

INTRODUCTION
We developed the Brief Scale for Psychiatric problems in Orthopaedic Patients (BS-POP) (doctor and patient versions). The present study aimed to proactively verify the factorial validity, internal consistency, criterion-related validity and reproducibility of the BS-POP with regard to chronic low back pain patients.


METHODS
Subjects comprised 193 chronic low back pain patients. During the first test, the BS-POP, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Profile of Mood States (POMS) and 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey version 2 (SF-36 v2) were conducted. In the second test, patients were asked to complete the BS-POP in order to verify BS-POP reproducibility.


RESULTS
Factor analysis demonstrated the factorial validity of the BS-POP, including 1-factor structure. Internal consistency was confirmed by Cronbach's α reliability coefficients of 0.794 (doctor version) and 0.750 (patient version). Criterion-related validity was confirmed through association with the psychosocial factors of the SF-36, the MMPI, and the POMS. The correlation coefficients for the retests were r = 0.654 (doctor version) and r = 0.719 (patient version), showing reproducibility.


DISCUSSION
The present findings indicate that the BS-POP possesses sufficient reliability regarding computational psychology. The BS-POP constitutes a tool enabling orthopaedists themselves to easily identify psychiatric problems in orthopaedic patients. Further study is required regarding responsiveness.
The Greatest Fixed-Points and Rational Omega-Tree Languages

Abstract Rational omega-tree languages are defined by extending the notion of rational (or regular) expressions for languages, and their properties are investigated. They are characterized by means of greatest fixed-points of certain functions, and are shown to be precisely the omega-tree languages recognized by Rabin's ‘special automata’. A simple normal form for rational omega-tree languages is also presented.
Locally recurrent neural networks for wind speed prediction using spatial correlation

This paper deals with the wind speed prediction in wind farms, using spatial information from remote measurement stations. Owing to the temporal complexity of the problem, we employ local recurrent neural networks with internal dynamics, as advanced forecast models. To improve the prediction performance, the training task is accomplished using on-line learning algorithms based on the recursive prediction error (RPE) approach. A global RPE (GRPE) learning scheme is first developed where all adjustable weights are simultaneously updated. In the following, through weight grouping we devise a simplified method, the decoupled RPE (DRPE), with reduced computational demands. The partial derivatives required by the learning algorithms are derived using the adjoint model approach, adapted to the architecture of the networks being used. The efficiency of the proposed approach is tested on a real-world wind farm problem, where multistep ahead wind speed estimates from 15 min to 3 h are sought. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that our models exhibit superior performance compared to other network types suggested in the literature. Furthermore, it is shown that the suggested learning algorithms outperform three gradient descent algorithms, in training of the recurrent forecast models. 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study

BACKGROUND
The efficacy of new antihypertensive drugs has been questioned. We compared the effects of conventional and newer antihypertensive drugs on cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in elderly patients.


METHODS
We did a prospective, randomised trial in 6614 patients aged 70-84 years with hypertension (blood pressure > or = 180 mm Hg systolic, > or = 105 mm Hg diastolic, or both). Patients were randomly assigned conventional antihypertensive drugs (atenolol 50 mg, metoprolol 100 mg, pindolol 5 mg, or hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg plus amiloride 2.5 mg daily) or newer drugs (enalapril 10 mg or lisinopril 10 mg, or felodipine 2.5 mg or isradipine 2-5 mg daily). We assessed fatal stroke, fatal myocardial infarction, and other fatal cardiovascular disease. Analysis was by intention to treat.


FINDINGS
Blood pressure was decreased similarly in all treatment groups. The primary combined endpoint of fatal stroke, fatal myocardial infarction, and other fatal cardiovascular disease occurred in 221 of 2213 patients in the conventional drugs group (19.8 events per 1000 patient-years) and in 438 of 4401 in the newer drugs group (19.8 per 1000; relative risk 0.99 [95% CI 0.84-1.16], p=0.89). The combined endpoint of fatal and non-fatal stroke, fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction, and other cardiovascular mortality occurred in 460 patients taking conventional drugs and in 887 taking newer drugs (0.96 [0.86-1.08], p=0.49).


INTERPRETATION
Old and new antihypertensive drugs were similar in prevention of cardiovascular mortality or major events. Decrease in blood pressure was of major importance for the prevention of cardiovascular events.
Medical Diagnosis using Back propagation Algorithm

Artificial Intelligence has always lent a helping hand to the practitioners of medicine for improving medical diagnosis and treatment then, paradigm of artificial neural networks is shortly introduced and the main problems of medical data base and the basic approaches for training and testing a network by medical data are described. A lot of Applications tried to help human experts, offering a solution. This paper describes a optimal feed forward Back propagation algorithm. Feedforward back propagation neural network is used as a classifier to distinguish between infected or non-infected person in both cases. However, Traditional Back propagation algorithm has many shortcomings. Learning often takes long time to converge, and it may fall into local minima. One of the possible remedies to escape from local minima is by using a very small learning rate, which slows down the learning process. The back propagation algorithm presented in this paper used for training depends on a multilayer neural network with a very small learning rate, especially when using a large training set size. It can be applied in a generic manner for any network size that uses a back propagation algorithm and achieved the best performance with the minimum epoch (training iterations) and training time. Keywords— Artificial Neural Network, Back propagation algorithm, Medical Diagnosis, Neural Networks.
Partial laryngectomy with imbrication laryngoplasty for glottic carcinoma.

BACKGROUND
Treatment options for unilateral glottic carcinoma include radiation therapy, partial laryngectomy, and endoscopic cordectomy. We used partial laryngectomy with imbrication laryngoplasty (PLIL) for definitive treatment with curative intent in a select group of patients.


STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective multicenter review of 24 patients treated with PLIL. Data collection included demographics, tumor characteristics, time to decannulation, time to oral food intake, local control, survival, voice result as judged by the physician, voice result as judged by the patient, and patient satisfaction.


SETTING
Five academic medical centers.


METHODS
PLIL includes a composite resection of the entire vocal fold, with its ligament, muscle, adjacent paraglottic tissues, and the adjacent block of thyroid cartilage. A neocord is reconstructed by imbricating the remaining thyroid cartilage strips and covering them with a false vocal fold flap.


RESULTS
A total of 24 patients (T1, n = 13; T2, n = 10; and T3, n = 1) underwent PLIL. Median time to decannulation was 4 days, and median time to oral food intake was 5 days. Clear margins were achieved in 23 patients (96%). Follow-up ranged from 1 to 11 years (median duration of follow-up, 5.5 years). In the patients who had clear margins at the initial surgery, the rate of overall disease control was 100%. Voice quality was judged by the physician as good or excellent in 100% of the patients who underwent PLIL, and as better than typical hemilaryngectomy in 23 patients (96%). Twenty-three patients (96%) were satisfied with their voice quality.


CONCLUSIONS
PLIL provides us with a single modality curative approach to unilateral glottic carcinoma. It also provides rapid recovery of oral and/or nasal airway and swallowing, excellent voice quality, and a disease-control rate similar to or better than other treatment modalities.
Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND
Alemtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CD52 on lymphocytes and monocytes, may be an effective treatment for early multiple sclerosis.


METHODS
In this phase 2, randomized, blinded trial involving previously untreated, early, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, we assigned 334 patients with scores of 3.0 or less on the Expanded Disability Status Scale and a disease duration of 3 years or less to receive either subcutaneous interferon beta-1a (at a dose of 44 microg) three times per week or annual intravenous cycles of alemtuzumab (at a dose of either 12 mg or 24 mg per day) for 36 months. In September 2005, alemtuzumab therapy was suspended after immune thrombocytopenic purpura developed in three patients, one of whom died. Treatment with interferon beta-1a continued throughout the study.


RESULTS
Alemtuzumab significantly reduced the rate of sustained accumulation of disability, as compared with interferon beta-1a (9.0% vs. 26.2%; hazard ratio, 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16 to 0.54; P<0.001) and the annualized rate of relapse (0.10 vs. 0.36; hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.41; P<0.001). The mean disability score on a 10-point scale improved by 0.39 point in the alemtuzumab group and worsened by 0.38 point in the interferon beta-1a group (P<0.001). In the alemtuzumab group, the lesion burden (as seen on T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging) was reduced, as compared with that in the interferon beta-1a group (P=0.005). From month 12 to month 36, brain volume (as seen on T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging) increased in the alemtuzumab group but decreased in the interferon beta-1a group (P=0.02). Adverse events in the alemtuzumab group, as compared with the interferon beta-1a group, included autoimmunity (thyroid disorders [23% vs. 3%] and immune thrombocytopenic purpura [3% vs. 1%]) and infections (66% vs. 47%). There were no significant differences in outcomes between the 12-mg dose and the 24-mg dose of alemtuzumab.


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with early, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, alemtuzumab was more effective than interferon beta-1a but was associated with autoimmunity, most seriously manifesting as immune thrombocytopenic purpura. The study was not powered to identify uncommon adverse events. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00050778.)
Presentations of Adult Celiac Disease in a Nationwide Patient Support Group

Recent epidemiological studies primarily from Europe document that adult celiac disease often lacks the classic presentation of steatorrhea and weight loss. There are few surveys of adult celiac disease in the United States. We surveyed the large population of a nationwide patient support group to determine their disease presentations. In the initial survey (N = 1032 respondents), the median age at onset was 46 years, and the diagnosis of adult celiac disease was often delayed (median 12 months, with 21% delayed over 10 years). Only 32% of adults were underweight, and only about 50% reported frequent diarrhea and weight loss. A second survey documented that common presenting symptoms were fatigue (82%), abdominal pain (77%), bloating or gas (73%), and anemia (63%). Initial physician diagnoses were often irritable bowel syndrome (37%), psychological disorders (29%), and fibromyalgia (9%). These initial presentations are similar to those in Europe and often resemble irritable bowel syndrome.
From Algebras to Programming Languages

This paper gives an informal presentation of constructions which, when combined, enable one to construct high level programming languages from algebras or, equivalently, from collections of primitive operations on some set (e.g. from the arithmetic, vector and logical operations on the set of integers, integer vectors, and truth values). Using this approach one can construct languages with block structure, procedures, procedure calls by both name and value, plus essentially simpler concepts such as assignment statements and conditional transfers. The constructions are algebraic in the sense that they are constructions on algebras which yield new algebras. However, for the sake of comprehensibility, we present them in this paper in a more informal manner as constructions on “black boxes”. This paper is a continuation of work presented earlier in [3] and [4] and owes much to the joint work to be reported in [5].
Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training versus Continuous Training on Physical Fitness, Cardiovascular Function and Quality of Life in Heart Failure Patients

INTRODUCTION
Physical fitness is an important prognostic factor in heart failure (HF). To improve fitness, different types of exercise have been explored, with recent focus on high-intensity interval training (HIT). We comprehensively compared effects of HIT versus continuous training (CT) in HF patients NYHA II-III on physical fitness, cardiovascular function and structure, and quality of life, and hypothesize that HIT leads to superior improvements compared to CT.


METHODS
Twenty HF patients (male:female 19:1, 64±8 yrs, ejection fraction 38±6%) were allocated to 12-weeks of HIT (10*1-minute at 90% maximal workload-alternated by 2.5 minutes at 30% maximal workload) or CT (30 minutes at 60-75% of maximal workload). Before and after intervention, we examined physical fitness (incremental cycling test), cardiac function and structure (echocardiography), vascular function and structure (ultrasound) and quality of life (SF-36, Minnesota living with HF questionnaire (MLHFQ)).


RESULTS
Training improved maximal workload, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) related to the predicted VO2peak, oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold, and maximal oxygen pulse (all P<0.05), whilst no differences were present between HIT and CT (N.S.). We found no major changes in resting cardiovascular function and structure. SF-36 physical function score improved after training (P<0.05), whilst SF-36 total score and MLHFQ did not change after training (N.S.).


CONCLUSION
Training induced significant improvements in parameters of physical fitness, although no evidence for superiority of HIT over CT was demonstrated. No major effect of training was found on cardiovascular structure and function or quality of life in HF patients NYHA II-III.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Nederlands Trial Register NTR3671.
The 3GPP NB-IoT system architecture for the Internet of Things

The first version of the 3GPP NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT) standards has been finalized in June 2016 as part of Release 13. NB-IoT is a promising new radio access technology which can coexist with existing GSM, UMTS and LTE deployments. In fact, NB-IoT specifications have been integrated into LTE standards. NB-IoT goes a step further than the MTC [3] (Machine Type Communication) specification, focusing on extremely low cost devices, massive deployments and reduced data rates with a carrier bandwidth of just 200 kHz (hence its name). In this paper we will take a close look at 3GPP specifications to discover which are the modifications required in traditional LTE deployments to provide connectivity to the upcoming Cat-NB1 User Equipments (UEs).
Design and development of agent-based procurement system to enhance business intelligence

C.K.M. Lee *, H.C.W. Lau , G.T.S. Ho , William Ho c a Division of Systems and Engineering Management, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore b Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong c Operations and Information Management Group, Aston Business School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
Integrated quality-of-service differentiation over IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs

The fundamental medium access control mechanism in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (WLANs)–distributed coordination function (DCF) only supports the best-effort service and does not support quality-of-service (QoS) differentiation. Enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) in IEEE 802.11e supports delay differentiation. A new approach, EDCAþ , is proposed to enhance QoS over WLANs. It simultaneously achieves bandwidth, delay and jitter differentiation by distinguishing the minimum contention window, the maximum backoff stage or persistent factor and packet-loss rate differentiation by distinguishing the retry limit. Analytical models are proposed to analyse the performance of EDCAþ in terms of throughput, bandwidth, delay, jitter and packet-loss rate. Extensive simulations are also carried out to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed performance models and to compare the performance of DCF, EDCA and EDCAþ. The simulation results show that EDCAþ performs better than DCF and EDCA in ensuring integrated QoS, and that the proposed analytical models are valid.
Optimization of Integrated Transistors for Very High Frequency DC–DC Converters

This paper presents a method to optimize integrated lateral double-diffused MOSFET transistors for use in very high frequency (VHF, 30-300 MHz) dc-dc converters. A transistor model valid at VHF switching frequencies is developed. Device parameters are related to layout geometry and the resulting layout versus loss tradeoffs are illustrated. A method of finding an optimal layout for a given converter application is developed and experimentally verified in a 50-MHz converter, resulting in a 54% reduction in power loss over a hand-optimized device. It is further demonstrated that hot-carrier limits on device safe operating area may be relaxed under soft switching, yielding significant further loss reduction. A device fabricated with 3-μm gate length in 20-V design rules is validated at 35 V, offering reduced parasitic resistance and capacitance, as compared to the 5.5-μm device. Compared to the original design, loss is up to 75% lower in the example application.
Prevalence and type of pre-analytical problems for inpatients samples in coagulation laboratory.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Total quality in coagulation testing is a necessary requisite to achieve clinically reliable results. Evidence was provided that poor standardization in the extra-analytical phases of the testing process has the greatest influence on test results, though little information is available so far on prevalence and type of pre-analytical variability in coagulation testing.


METHODS
The present study was designed to describe all pre-analytical problems on inpatients routine and stat samples recorded in our coagulation laboratory over a 2-year period and clustered according to their source (hospital departments).


RESULTS
Overall, pre-analytic problems were identified in 5.5% of the specimens. Although the highest frequency was observed for paediatric departments, in no case was the comparison of the prevalence among the different hospital departments statistically significant. The more frequent problems could be referred to samples not received in the laboratory following a doctor's order (49.3%), haemolysis (19.5%), clotting (14.2%) and inappropriate volume (13.7%). Specimens not received prevailed in the intensive care unit, surgical and clinical departments, whereas clotted and haemolysed specimens were those most frequently recorded from paediatric and emergency departments, respectively. The present investigation demonstrates a high prevalence of pre-analytical problems affecting samples for coagulation testing.


CONCLUSIONS
Full implementation of a total quality system, encompassing a systematic error tracking system, is a valuable tool to achieve meaningful information on the local pre-analytic processes most susceptible to errors, enabling considerations on specific responsibilities and providing the ideal basis for an efficient feedback within the hospital departments.