LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Application of hidden Markov models for signature verification

-This paper describes a technique for on-line signature verification using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). Signatures are captured and digitized in real-time using a graphic tablet. For each signature a HMM is constructed using a set of sample signatures described by the normalized directional angle function of the distance along the signature trajectory. The Baum-Welch algorithm is used for both training and classification. Experimental results based on 496 signatures from 31 subjects are presented which show that HMM technique is very potential for signature verification. HMMs Baum-Welch algorithm Signature verification Forward probability Backward probability
Whitehead's new map of Victoria, 1877 /

Shows physical features, roads, railways and telegraphs, and counties and districts. Extends into southern N.S.W.
A Directed Hypergraph Model for RDF

1 Related Work An RDF document can be viewed as a graph: nodes are resources and arcs are properties. Formally [4], suppose there are three infinite sets: U (URIs), B = {bj : j ∈ N} (blank nodes), and L (literals). (s, p, o) ∈ (U∪B)×U×(U∪B∪L) is an RDF triple, s is called the subject, p the predicate, and o the object. An RDF graph T is a set of RDF triples. The universe of T , univ(T ), is the set of elements of U∪B∪L that occur in the triples of T . sub(T ) (resp. pred(T ), obj(T )) is the set of all elements in univ(T ) that appear as subjects (resp. predicates, objects) in T . RDF graphs allow several representations: labeled directed graphs (LDG) [4,7], undirected hypergraphs (UH) [5], and bipartite graphs (BG) [5,6]. In the LDG model, given an RDF graph T , nodes in V are elements of sub(T ) ∪ obj(T ), and arcs in E are elements of pred(T ) [4,7]. Each (s, p, o) ∈ T is represented by a labeled arc, s p −→ o. The number of nodes and arcs for LDG representation is |V | ≤ 2|T | and |E| = |T | [5]. This approach may violate some of the graph theory constraints. Thus, while LDG model is the most widely used representation, it can not be considered a formal model for RDF [1]. In the UH model, given an RDF graph T , each t = (s, p, o) ∈ T is a hyperedge in E and each element of t (subject s, predicate p, and object o) is a node in V . The number of nodes and hyperedges for UH representation is |V | = |univ(T )| and |E| = |T | [5]. However, UH represent RDF documents as a generalization of undirected graphs, losing the notion of direction in RDF graphs, which impacts the task of semantic reasoning. Besides, it can be hard to graphically represent large RDF graphs, like the museum example [2]. In the BG model, given an RDF graph T , there are two types of nodes in V : statement nodes St (one for each (s, p, o) ∈ T ) and value nodes V al (one for each x ∈ univ(T )). Arcs in E relate statement and value nodes as follows: Each t ∈ St has three outcoming arcs that point to the corresponding node for the subject, predicate, or object of the triple represented by t. The number of nodes and arcs for BG representation is |St| = |T |, |V al| = |univ(T )|, and |E| = 3|T | [5,6]. While BG satisfy the requirement of a formal model for RDF, issues such as reification, entailment and reasoning have not been addressed yet [1].
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral docusate in the management of constipation in hospice patients.

CONTEXT
The stool softener docusate is widely used in the management of constipation in hospice patients. There is little experimental evidence to support this practice, and no randomized trials have been conducted in the hospice setting.


OBJECTIVES
To assess the efficacy of docusate in hospice patients.


METHODS
This was a 10-day, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docusate and sennosides vs. placebo and sennosides in hospice patients in Edmonton, Alberta. Patients were included if they were age 18 years or older, able to take oral medications, did not have a gastrointestinal stoma, and had a Palliative Performance Scale score of 20% or more. The primary outcome measures were stool frequency, volume, and consistency. Secondary outcomes were patient perceptions of bowel movements (difficulty and completeness of evacuation) and bowel-related interventions.


RESULTS
A total of 74 patients were randomized into the study (35 to the docusate group and 39 to the placebo group). There were neither significant differences between the groups in stool frequency, volume, or consistency, nor in difficulty or completeness of evacuation. On the Bristol Stool Form Scale, more patients in the placebo group had Type 4 (smooth and soft) and Type 5 (soft blobs) stool, whereas in the docusate group, more had Type 3 (sausage like) and Type 6 (mushy) stool (P=0.01).


CONCLUSION
There was no significant benefit of docusate plus sennosides compared with placebo plus sennosides in managing constipation in hospice patients. Docusate use should be considered on an individual basis.
Immunoglobulin E Receptor Signaling and Asthma*

Elevated IgE levels and increased IgE sensitization to allergens are central features of allergic asthma. IgE binds to the high-affinity Fcε receptor I (FcεRI) on mast cells, basophils, and dendritic cells and mediates the activation of these cells upon antigen-induced cross-linking of IgE-bound FcεRI. FcεRI activation proceeds through a network of signaling molecules and adaptor proteins and is negatively regulated by a number of cell surface and intracellular proteins. Therapeutic neutralization of serum IgE in moderate-to-severe allergic asthmatics reduces the frequency of asthma exacerbations through a reduction in cell surface FcεRI expression that results in decreased FcεRI activation, leading to improved asthma control. Our increasing understanding of IgE receptor signaling may lead to the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks - A Communication-Theoretic Perspective

Description: Ad hoc networking is a new area in wireless communications that is going to prevail in the next few decades. Understanding the full potential of this technology will lead to new applications both civilian and military, such as military ad hoc wireless networks, environmental sensor networks, car-based ad hoc networks, biomedical networks and many more. This text takes a " bottom-up " perspective.-The physical layer performance of ad hoc wireless networks is studied in detail showing the strong dependence of higher layer performance on physical layer capabilities and limitations.-A communication-theoretic perspective on the design of ad hoc wireless networks is presented.-The interaction between physical layer and higher layers is discussed providing a new perspective in the practical design of ad hoc wireless networks. Topics in the book range from the basic principles of networking and communication systems through to applications making it ideal for practicing and R&D engineers in the wireless communications and networking industries looking to understand this new area. The inclusion of problems and solutions at the end of each chapter furthers understanding and makes it a highly relevant text for postgraduate and senior undergraduates on communication systems and computer science courses.
A short survey of network economics

This paper surveys a variety of topics related to network economics. Topics covered include: consumer demand under network effects, compatibility decisions and standardization, technology advances in network industries, two-sided markets, information networks and intellectual property, and social influence.
Explorations in Learning & Instruction: The Theory Into Practice Database

Overview: The major theme of Vygotsky's theoretical framework is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygotsky (1978) states: "Every function in the child's cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals." (p57). A second aspect of Vygotsky's theory is the idea that the potential for cognitive development depends upon the "zone of proximal development" (ZPD): a level of development attained when children engage in social behavior. Full development of the ZPD depends upon full social interaction. The range of skill that can be developed with adult guidance or peer collaboration exceeds what can be attained alone. Vygotsky's theory was an attempt to explain consciousness as the end product of socialization. For example, in the learning of language, our first utterances with peers or adults are for the purpose of communication but once mastered they become internalized and allow "inner speech". Vygotsky's theory is complementary to the work of Bandura on social learning and a key component of situated learning theory. Because Vygotsky's focus was on cognitive development, it is interesting to compare his views with those of Bruner and Piaget. This is a general theory of cognitive development. Most of the original work was done in the context of language learning in children (Vygotsky, 1962), although later applications of the framework have been broader (see Wertsch, 1985).
Concreteness and Subjectivity as Dimensions of Lexical Meaning

We quantify the lexical subjectivity of adjectives using a corpus-based method, and show for the first time that it correlates with noun concreteness in large corpora. These cognitive dimensions together influence how word meanings combine, and we exploit this fact to achieve performance improvements on the semantic classification of adjective-noun pairs.
Having a Foot on Each Shore - Bridging Global Software Development in the Case of SMEs

In a globalised world economy, small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) are now entering the global software engineering (GSE) arena, but their involvement is more often opportunistic than carefully planned. Considered until a few years ago a major destination for outsourcing/offshoring, Ireland is now moving toward a dual role. Small Irish companies are becoming aware of the opportunities provided by offshoring their software development activities and are beginning to harvest the benefits. Two case studies were undertaken in two small Irish companies that have offshored their software development to subsidiaries in Romania and India respectively. Building on Lings' [1] reference model for distributed development, the current paper aims at illustrating particular ways of putting these strategies into practice in the case of small companies by relaying on people who can bridge the two cultures. Our paper demonstrates that, once particular strategies are implemented, small companies can also benefit from offshoring.
Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation

A recent explosion in newly discovered vascular growth factors has coincided with exploitation of powerful new genetic approaches for studying vascular development. An emerging rule is that all of these factors must be used in perfect harmony to form functional vessels. These new findings also demand re-evaluation of therapeutic efforts aimed at regulating blood vessel growth in ischaemia, cancer and other pathological settings.
The importance of mode of birth after previous cesarean: success, satisfaction, and postnatal health.

INTRODUCTION
The recent National Institutes of Health consensus conference on vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) recommended a focus on strategies that increase women's opportunities to make informed choices about VBAC. This study aimed to expand knowledge of women's experiences of planned VBAC by focusing on postnatal experiences of women who participated in an Australian birth-after-cesarean study.


METHODS
At 6 to 8 weeks after birth, 165 women who experienced childbirth after a previous cesarean rated satisfaction with their birth experiences using a 10-point visual analogue scale, reported on postnatal health problems, and indicated whether they would make the same birth choice again.


RESULTS
Significant differences were found in satisfaction scores by mode of birth. Mean scores out of a possible score of 10 ranged from 8.86 for spontaneous vaginal birth, 7.86 for elective repeat cesarean delivery, 6.71 for emergency cesarean delivery, to 6.15 for instrumental vaginal birth (F = 5.33; P = .002). Mean satisfaction scores for spontaneous vaginal birth and elective repeat cesarean delivery were statistically higher than for instrumental vaginal birth and emergency cesarean birth. Women who experienced instrumental vaginal birth and emergency cesarean birth also reported a higher number of postnatal health-related problems and were least likely to agree that they would make the same birth choice again.


DISCUSSION
Mode of birth was the most important determinant of postnatal satisfaction, postnatal health, and whether women felt they would make the same birth choice again. Clinicians, researchers, and policymakers should identify effective labor management practices that enhance women's opportunities to achieve spontaneous vaginal birth during planned VBAC.
Most Youth With Type 1 Diabetes in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry Do Not Meet American Diabetes Association or International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Clinical Guidelines

OBJECTIVE
To assess the proportion of youth with type 1 diabetes under the care of pediatric endocrinologists in the United States meeting targets for HbA1c, blood pressure (BP), BMI, and lipids.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data were evaluated for 13,316 participants in the T1D Exchange clinic registry younger than 20 years old with type 1 diabetes for ≥1 year.


RESULTS
American Diabetes Association HbA1c targets of <8.5% for those younger than 6 years, <8.0% for those 6 to younger than 13 years old, and <7.5% for those 13 to younger than 20 years old were met by 64, 43, and 21% of participants, respectively. The majority met targets for BP and lipids, and two-thirds met the BMI goal of <85th percentile.


CONCLUSIONS
Most children with type 1 diabetes have HbA1c values above target levels. Achieving American Diabetes Association goals remains a significant challenge for the majority of youth in the T1D Exchange registry.
Lateral wedge insoles for medial knee osteoarthritis: effects on lower limb frontal plane biomechanics.

BACKGROUND
Lateral wedges reduce the peak knee adduction moment and are advocated for knee osteoarthritis. However some patients demonstrate adverse biomechanical effects with treatment. Clinical management is hampered by lack of knowledge about their mechanism of effect. We evaluated effects of lateral wedges on frontal plane biomechanics, in order to elucidate mechanisms of effect.


METHODS
Seventy three participants with knee osteoarthritis underwent gait analysis with and without 5° lateral wedges. Frontal plane parameters at the foot, knee and hip were evaluated, including peak knee adduction moment, knee adduction angular impulse, center of pressure displacement, ground reaction force, and knee-ground reaction force lever arm.


FINDINGS
Lateral wedges reduced peak knee adduction moment and knee adduction angular impulse (-5.8% and -6.3% respectively, both P<0.001). Although reductions in peak moment were correlated with more lateral center of pressure (r=0.25, P<0.05), less varus malalignment (r values 0.25-0.38, P<0.05), reduced knee-ground reaction force lever arm (r=0.69, P<0.01), less hip adduction (r=0.24, P<0.05) and a more vertical frontal plane ground reaction force vector (r=0.67, P<0.001), only reduction in knee-ground reaction force lever arm was significantly predictive in regression analyses (B=0.056, adjusted R(2)=0.461, P<0.001).


INTERPRETATION
Lateral wedges significantly reduce peak knee adduction moment and knee adduction angular impulse. It seems a reduced knee-ground reaction force lever arm with lateral wedges is the central mechanism explaining their load-reducing effects. In order to understand why some patients do not respond to treatment, future evaluation of patient characteristics that mediate wedge effects on this lever arm is required.
Consumption of animal source foods and dietary diversity reduce stunting in children in Cambodia

BACKGROUND
Malnutrition in children is a major public health concern. This study aimed to determine the association between dietary diversity and stunting, underweight, wasting, and diarrhea and that between consumption of each specific food group and these nutritional and health outcomes among children.


METHODS
A nationally representative household survey of 6209 children aged 12 to 59 months was conducted in Cambodia. We examined the consumption of food in the 24 hours before the survey and stunting, underweight, wasting, and diarrhea that had occurred in the preceding 2 weeks. A food variety score (ranging from 0 to 9) was calculated to represent dietary diversity.


RESULTS
Stunting was negatively associated with dietary diversity (adjusted odd ratios [ORadj] 0.95, 95% confident interval [CI] 0.91-0.99, P = 0.01) after adjusting for socioeconomic and geographical factors. Consumption of animal source foods was associated with reduced risk of stunting (ORadj 0.69, 95% CI 0.54-0.89, P < 0.01) and underweight (ORadj 0.74, 95% CI 0.57-0.96, P = 0.03). On the other hand, the higher risk of diarrhea was significantly associated with consumption of milk products (ORadj 1.46, 95% CI 1.10-1.92, P = 0.02) and it was significantly pronounced among children from the poorer households (ORadj 1.85, 95% CI 1.17-2.93, P < 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
Consumption of a diverse diet was associated with a reduction in stunting. In addition to dietary diversity, animal source food was a protective factor of stunting and underweight. Consumption of milk products was associated with an increase in the risk of diarrhea, particularly among the poorer households. Both dietary diversity and specific food types are important considerations of dietary recommendation.
Transient Peripheral Immune Activation follows Elective Sigmoidoscopy or Circumcision in a Cohort Study of MSM at Risk of HIV Infection

BACKGROUND
Rectal and genital sampling in HIV prevention trials permits assessments at the site of HIV entry. Yet the safety and acceptability of circumcision and sigmoidoscopy (and associated abstinence recommendations) are unknown in uncircumcised men who have sex with men (MSM) at high risk of HIV infection.


METHODS
Twenty-nine HIV-seronegative high-risk Peruvian MSM agreed to elective sigmoidoscopy biopsy collections (weeks 2 and 27) and circumcision (week 4) in a 28-week cohort study designed to mimic an HIV vaccine study mucosal collection protocol. We monitored adherence to abstinence recommendations, procedure-related complications, HIV infections, peripheral immune activation, and retention.


RESULTS
Twenty-three (79.3%) underwent a first sigmoidoscopy, 21 (72.4%) were circumcised, and 16 (55.2%) completed a second sigmoidoscopy during the study period. All who underwent procedures completed the associated follow-up safety visits. Those completing the procedures reported they were well tolerated, and complication rates were similar to those reported in the literature. Immune activation was detected during the healing period (1 week post-sigmoidoscopy, 6 weeks post-circumcision), including increases in CCR5+CD4+T cells and α4β7+CD4+T cells. Most participants adhered to post-circumcision abstinence recommendations whereas reduced adherence occurred post-sigmoidoscopy.


CONCLUSION
Rectosigmoid mucosal and genital tissue collections were safe in high-risk MSM. Although the clinical implications of the post-procedure increase in peripheral immune activation markers are unknown, they reinforce the need to provide ongoing risk reduction counseling and support for post-procedure abstinence recommendations. Future HIV vaccine studies should also consider the effects of mucosal and tissue collections on peripheral blood endpoints in trial design and analysis.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02630082.
AN ADAPTIVE ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Sensor networks are deployed in remote locations with limited processor capabilities, memory capacities, and battery supplies. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) detects environmental information with sensors in remote settings. One problem facing WSNs is the inability to resupply power to these energy-constrained devices due to their remoteness. Therefore to extend a WSN's effectiveness, the lifetime of the network must be increased by making them as energy efficient as possible. An energy-efficient medium access control (MAC) can boost a WSN's lifetime. This paper focuses on a protocol stack solution that deals with MAC layer, that minimizes the energy consumption and delay required to transmit packets across the network. It is based on Sensor Medium Access Control (S-MAC) called Adaptive SMAC protocol designed for sensor networks. It enables low duty cycle operation in a multi-hop network and common sleep schedules to reduce control overhead and enable traffic adaptive wakeup. To reduce control overhead and latency, introduces coordinated sleeping among neighboring nodes. It is a contention based protocol based on CSMA/CAmechanism. This protocol is simulated in NS-2 and performance evaluated using various topologies under various traffic conditions. In addition with this we tried to improve the energy efficiency of Adaptive SMAC with the help of a new design calledAdaptive Cross MAC protocol
Integral sliding mode fault tolerant control incorporating on-line control allocation

This paper proposes a novel integral sliding mode on-line control allocation scheme for fault tolerant control. The order of the sliding motion in the sliding mode is not reduced as in conventional sliding mode schemes. Also the robustness of the closed loop system can be guaranteed throughout the entire response, starting from the initial time instant, because there is no reaching phase. Actuator effectiveness levels are used to redistribute the control signals to healthy actuators online in the case of faults or failures without reconfiguring the controller. In this way the scheme can cope with total failure of certain actuators. Simulation results using the Admire aircraft model show good performance in fault and even certain total actuator failure scenarios which validates the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed scheme.