LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
AUC: A Better Measure than Accuracy in Comparing Learning Algorithms

Predictive accuracy has been widely used as the main criterion for comparing the predictive ability of classiication systems (such as C4.5, neural networks, and Naive Bayes). Most of these classiiers also produce probability estimations of the classiication, but they are completely ignored in the accuracy measure. This is often taken for granted because both training and testing sets only provide class labels. In this paper we establish rigourously that, even in this setting, the area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curve, or simply AUC, provides a better measure than accuracy. Our result is quite signii-cant for three reasons. First, we establish, for the rst time, rigourous criteria for comparing evaluation measures for learning algorithms. Second , it suggests that AUC should replace accuracy when measuring and comparing classiication systems. Third, our result also prompts us to re-evaluate many well-established conclusions based on accuracy in machine learning. For example, it is well accepted in the machine learning community that, in terms of predictive accuracy, Naive Bayes and decision trees are very similar. Using AUC, however, we show experimentally that Naive Bayes is signiicantly better than the decision-tree learning algorithms.
Prevalence of antenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND
The World Health Organization identifies depressive disorders as the second leading cause of global disease burden by 2020. However, there is a paucity of studies which examined the associated factors of antenatal depression in low-income countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of antenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.


METHODS
A cross-sectional study was employed among 393 pregnant women attending antenatal care service in Addis Ababa public health centers, Ethiopia from April 12-26, 2012. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to detect depressive symptoms. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used in the statistical analysis.


RESULTS
Prevalence of antenatal depression was 24.9 % (95 % CI: 20.85-29.30 %). In the final multivariable model, those pregnant women who have previous history of depression were nearly three times at higher odds of having antenatal depression as compared to pregnant women who have no history of depression [AOR = 2.57(95 % CI: 1.48-4.48 )]. Those pregnant women having unplanned pregnancy were nearly three times at higher odds to develop depression as compared to pregnant women whose pregnancy was planned [AOR = 2.78(95 % CI: 1.59-4.85)]. The odd of developing antenatal depression was 89 % higher in those pregnant women who experienced lack of baby's father support [AOR = 1.89(95 % CI: 1.06-3.36)]. Education level, community's support, and partner's feeling on current pregnancy were not significantly associated factors with antenatal depression in the final multivariable model.


CONCLUSION
Although clinical confirmation for antenatal depression is not conducted, one quarter of the pregnant women attending antenatal care were depressed in Addis Ababa based on EPDS. Unplanned pregnancy, experiencing lack of baby's father support and previous history of depression were factors independently associated with antenatal depression. Promotion of family planning and integration of mental health service with existing maternal health care as well as strengthening the referral system among public health centers were the recalled interventions to prevent antenatal depression in Addis Ababa Public Health Centers.
Feature-Oriented Software Product Lines

Inevitably, reading is one of the requirements to be undergone. To improve the performance and quality, someone needs to have something new every day. It will suggest you to have more inspirations, then. However, the needs of inspirations will make you searching for some sources. Even from the other people experience, internet, and many books. Books and internet are the recommended media to help you improving your quality and performance.
CALL — past , present and future

This article offers a critical examination and reassessment of the history of CALL, and argues for three new categories—Restricted, Open and Integrated CALL. It offers definitions and description of the three approaches and argues that they allow a more detailed analysis of institutions and classrooms than earlier analyses. It is suggested that we are currently using the second approach, Open CALL, but that our aim should be to attain a state of ‘normalisation’ in which the technology is invisible and truly integrated. This state is defined and discussed. In the final section the article proposes some ways in which this normalisation can be achieved—using ethnographic assessments and action research, for example—thus setting an agenda for CALL practice in the future. # 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
1 CHARACTERIZATION OF FLY ASH FROM FULL-SCALE DEMONSTRATION OF SORBENT INJECTION FOR MERCURY CONTROL ON COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS

With impending regulation of mercury from coal-fired power plants, control efforts have focused on the most mature retrofit technologies. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection has been deemed the most mature technology, but has until recently only been demonstrated in benchand pilot-scale experiments. Under a DOE NETL cooperative agreement, large-scale, continuous injection of PAC was accomplished for periods of several weeks at four utility power plants. Leaching analyses were performed using two widely accepted methods in order to assess the stability of the ash byproduct in landfill situations. Results are reported here for three of the four plants, which represent different coal rank and composition, different particulate control devices, and different operating conditions; however, the same powdered activated carbon was used at all plants. Little or no detectable Hg leached by the TCLP or SGLP procedures for any of the ash samples. The amounts of mercury leached from these samples were about 100 times lower than the primary drinking water standard. At one plant, where ash was tested for mercury leaching with and without injection of PAC, PAC injection did not seem to have increased the amount of mercury leached from the ash.
Time Complexity of K-Means and K-Medians Clustering Algorithms in Outliers Detection

Data mining responsibilities show the broad features of the data in the database and also examine the current data in order to determine some arrangements. While, clustering establishes an important part of professed data mining, a procedure of exploring and analyzing large volumes of data in order to determine valuable information. Outliers are points that do not conform with the common performance of the data. Therefore, we applied the K-Means and K-Medians clustering algorithms to calculate the run time complexity analysis in identification of outliers in clustering analysis. The result shows that the K-Medians clustering algorithm with the use of medians served as robust for its faster and effective run time facilities better performance compared to the K-Means clustering algorithm in detecting outliers. AMS subject classification:
How to Put Your Clitics in Their Place or Why the Best Account of Second-position Phenomena May Be Something like the Optimal One

This article addresses the issue of how clitic elements come to occupy the positions they do in the surface forms of sentences. The empirical basis for the proposals here comes primarily from languages of the South Slavic family, but the treatment is intended to be more general. The background against which I would like to set this problem is the speciic set of proposals made in previous work within the theory of AMorphous Morphology (Anderson 1992, 1993). On this view, clitics are argued to represent a generalization to phrases of the kind of linguistic phenomenon we call \morphology" within the domain of individual words. The picture that results from this perspective is somewhat unorthodox. In contrast with much current work, it does not treat clitics as syntactically functioning terminal elements within a phrase marker, or as lexical items that are located in a speciic position by rules of the syntax. Instead clitics (including those that clearly manifest syntactic information, such as pronominals and auxiliary markers of tense and aspect) are analyzed as phonological material introduced into the PF representations of phrases by rules belonging to the same broad class as those of Word Formation. The discussion below will be developed as follows. I will rst provide some background on the nature and gross typology of clitics, and a summary of the argument and proposals concerning clitics within AMorphous Morphology (Anderson 1992, 1993). I will then rehearse in somewhat greater detail the reasoning which suggests that the tools of syntactic I am grateful to Wayles Browne and Paul Smolensky for valuable discussions that have aaected the form and content of this paper, which was originally presented at the GLOW Workshop in Vienna, Austria on 9 April, 1994. The audience at this presentation, along with others present for the GLOW meeting in Vienna, made other useful suggestions. an anonymous referee for this journal have provided useful comments on an earlier version. Naturally, none of these people are to blame for the use I have made of their insights, opinions, and data, much less for my failure to heed their advice. 1 analysis (sensu stricto) are not appropriate for the job of describing an important class of cl-itics (those appearing in`second position'). I then turn to a recent alternative proposal that supplements syntactic mechanisms with some attention to|and operations on|prosodic structure; I will claim that there are problems with this approach as well. …
Serum folate, vitamin B-12 and cognitive function in middle and older age: The HAPIEE study

BACKGROUND
Nutrient status of B vitamins, particularly folate and vitamin B-12, may be related to cognitive ageing but epidemiological evidence remains inconclusive.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to estimate the association of serum folate and vitamin B-12 concentrations with cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults from three Central and Eastern European populations.


METHODS
Men and women aged 45-69 at baseline participating in the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) study were recruited in Krakow (Poland), Kaunas (Lithuania) and six urban centres in the Czech Republic. Tests of immediate and delayed recall, verbal fluency and letter search were administered at baseline and repeated in 2006-2008. Serum concentrations of biomarkers at baseline were measured in a sub-sample of participants. Associations of vitamin quartiles with baseline (n=4166) and follow-up (n=2739) cognitive domain-specific z-scores were estimated using multiple linear regression.


RESULTS
After adjusting for confounders, folate was positively associated with letter search and vitamin B-12 with word recall in cross-sectional analyses. In prospective analyses, participants in the highest quartile of folate had higher verbal fluency (p<0.01) and immediate recall (p<0.05) scores compared to those in the bottom quartile. In addition, participants in the highest quartile of vitamin B-12 had significantly higher verbal fluency scores (β=0.12; 95% CI=0.02, 0.21).


CONCLUSIONS
Folate and vitamin B-12 were positively associated with performance in some but not all cognitive domains in older Central and Eastern Europeans. These findings do not lend unequivocal support to potential importance of folate and vitamin B-12 status for cognitive function in older age. Long-term longitudinal studies and randomised trials are required before drawing conclusions on the role of these vitamins in cognitive decline.
Signal propagation techniques for wireless underground communication networks

Wireless Underground Communication Networks (WUCNs) consist of wireless devices that operate below the ground surface. These devices are either (i) buried completely under dense soil, or (ii) placed within a bounded open underground space, such as underground mines and road/subway tunnels. The main difference between WUCNs and the terrestrial wireless communication networks is the communication medium. In this paper, signal propagation characteristics are described in these constrained areas. First, a channel model is described for electromagnetic (EM) waves in soil medium. This model characterizes not only the propagation of EM waves, but also other effects such as multipath, soil composition, water content, and burial depth. Second, the magnetic induction (MI) techniques are analyzed for communication through soil. Based on the channel model, the MI waveguide technique for communication is developed to address the high attenuation challenges of MI waves through soil. Furthermore, a channel model, i.e., the multimode model, is provided to characterize the wireless channel for WUCNs in underground mines and road/subway tunnels. The multimode model can characterize two cases for underground communication, i.e., the tunnel channel and the room-andpillar channel. Finally, research challenges for the design communication protocols for WUCNs in both underground environments are discussed based on the analysis of the signal propagation. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Optimizing design of household scale hybrid solar photovoltaic + combined heat and power systems for Ontario

This paper investigates the feasibility of implementing a hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) + combined heat and power (CHP) and battery bank system for a residential application to generate reliable base load power to the grid in Ontario. Deploying PV on a large-scale has a penetration level threshold due to the inherent power supply intermittency associated with the solar resource. By creating a hybrid PV+CHP system there is potential of increasing the PV penetration level. One year of one second resolution pyranometer data is analyzed for Kingston Ontario to determine the total amount of PV energy generation potential, the rate of change of PV power generation due to intermittent cloud cover, and the daily CHP run time required to supply reliable base load power to the grid using this hybrid system. This analysis found that the vast majority of solar energy fluctuations are small in magnitude and the worst case energy fluctuation can be accommodated by relatively inexpensive and simple storage with conventional lead-acid batteries. For systems where the PV power rating is identical to the CHP unit, the CHP unit must run for more than twenty hours a day for the system to meet the base load requirement during the winter months. This provides a fortunate supply of heat, which can be used for the needed home heating. This paper provides analysis for a preliminary base line system.
Influence of environmental enrichment on the behaviour, performance and meat quality of domestic pigs

Three hundred and twenty pigs were reared from birth to slaughter at 21 weeks in either barren or enriched environments. The barren environments were defined as intensive housing (slatted floors and minimum recommended space allowances) and the enriched environments incorporated extra space, an area which contained peat and straw in a rack. Behavioural observations showed that environmental enrichment reduced time spent inactive and time spent involved in harmful social and aggressive behaviour while increasing the time spent in exploratory behaviour. During the finishing period (15–21 weeks) mean daily food intakes were higher and food conversion ratios were lower for pigs in enriched environments compared with their counterparts in barren environments (P , 0.05). Growth rates were also higher for pigs in enriched environments during this period (P , 0.001) and this led to heavier carcase weights (P , 0.05). Pigs from enriched environments also had greater levels of backfat than their counterparts from barren environments (P , 0.001). Environmental enrichment during rearing had a small but significant effect on meat quality. Pork from pigs reared in barren environments was less tender and had greater cooking losses than pork from pigs reared in enriched environments (P , 0.01).  2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Midwife-led continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women.

BACKGROUND
Midwives are primary providers of care for childbearing women around the world. However, there is a lack of synthesised information to establish whether there are differences in morbidity and mortality, effectiveness and psychosocial outcomes between midwife-led continuity models and other models of care.


OBJECTIVES
To compare midwife-led continuity models of care with other models of care for childbearing women and their infants.


SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (28 January 2013) and reference lists of retrieved studies.


SELECTION CRITERIA
All published and unpublished trials in which pregnant women are randomly allocated to midwife-led continuity models of care or other models of care during pregnancy and birth.


DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
All review authors evaluated methodological quality. Two review authors checked data extraction.


MAIN RESULTS
We included 13 trials involving 16,242 women. Women who had midwife-led continuity models of care were less likely to experience regional analgesia (average risk ratio (RR) 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76 to 0.90), episiotomy (average RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.92), and instrumental birth (average RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.96), and were more likely to experience no intrapartum analgesia/anaesthesia (average RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.31), spontaneous vaginal birth (average RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.08), attendance at birth by a known midwife (average RR 7.83, 95% CI 4.15 to 14.80), and a longer mean length of labour (hours) (mean difference (hours) 0.50, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.74). There were no differences between groups for caesarean births (average RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.02).Women who were randomised to receive midwife-led continuity models of care were less likely to experience preterm birth (average RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.94) and fetal loss before 24 weeks' gestation (average RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.99), although there were no differences in fetal loss/neonatal death of at least 24 weeks (average RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.51) or in overall fetal/neonatal death (average RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.00).Due to a lack of consistency in measuring women's satisfaction and assessing the cost of various maternity models, these outcomes were reported narratively. The majority of included studies reported a higher rate of maternal satisfaction in the midwifery-led continuity care model. Similarly there was a trend towards a cost-saving effect for midwife-led continuity care compared to other care models.


AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Most women should be offered midwife-led continuity models of care and women should be encouraged to ask for this option although caution should be exercised in applying this advice to women with substantial medical or obstetric complications.
A re-examination of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) cutoff scores.

OBJECTIVE
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; Nasreddine et al., 2005) is a cognitive screening tool that aims to differentiate healthy cognitive aging from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Several validation studies have been conducted on the MoCA, in a variety of clinical populations. Some studies have indicated that the originally suggested cutoff score of 26/30 leads to an inflated rate of false positives, particularly for those of older age and/or lower education. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the MoCA for differentiating healthy cognitive aging from possible MCI.


METHODS
Of the 304 studies identified, nine met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. These studies were assessed across a range of cutoff scores to determine the respective sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive accuracies, likelihood ratios for positive and negative results, classification accuracies, and Youden indices.


RESULTS
Meta-analysis revealed a cutoff score of 23/30 yielded the best diagnostic accuracy across a range of parameters.


CONCLUSIONS
A MoCA cutoff score of 23, rather than the initially recommended score of 26, lowers the false positive rate and shows overall better diagnostic accuracy. We recommend the use of this cutoff score going forward. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new pathway for elective surgery to reduce cancellation rates

BACKGROUND
The cancellation of planned surgeries causes prolonged wait times, harm to patients, and is a waste of scarce resources. To reduce high cancellation rates in a Norwegian general hospital, the pathway for elective surgery was redesigned. The changes included earlier clinical assessment of patients, better planning and documentation systems, and increased involvement of patients in the scheduling of surgeries. This study evaluated the outcomes of this new pathway for elective surgery and explored which factors affected the outcomes.


METHODS
We collected the number of planned operations, performed operations, and cancellations per month from the hospital's patient administrative system. We then used Student's t-test to analyze differences in cancellation rates (CRs) before and after interventions and a u-chart to analyze whether the improvements were sustained. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with employees of the hospital to explore the changes in the surgical pathway and the factors that facilitated these changes.


RESULTS
The mean CR was reduced from 8.5% to 4.9% (95% CI for mean reduction 2.6-4.5, p < 0.001). The reduction in the CR was sustained over a period of 26 months after the interventions. The median number of operations performed per month increased by 17% (p = 0.04). A clear improvement strategy, involvement of frontline clinicians, introduction of an electronic scheduling system, and engagement of middle managers were important factors for the success of the interventions.


CONCLUSION
The redesign of the old clinical pathway contributed to a sustained reduction in cancellations and an increased number of performed operations.