LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Escapes of fishes from Norwegian sea-cage aquaculture: causes, consequences and prevention

The escape of fish from aquaculture is perceived as a threat to wild fish populations. The escapes problem is largely caused by technical and operational failures of fish farming equipment. In Norway, 3.93 million Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, 0.98 million rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and 1.05 million Atlantic cod Gadus morhua escaped from 2001 to 2009. Salmonids primarily escape after structural failures of containment equipment, while a far greater percentage of cod than salmon escape through holes in the nets. Correlative evidence suggests that after the Norwegian technical standard (NS 9415) for sea-cage farms took effect in 2004, the total number of escaped Atlantic salmon declined from >600 000 (2001 to 2006) to <200 000 fish yr–1 (2007 to 2009), despite the total number of salmon held in sea-cages increasing by 44% during this period. No similar decrease in escaped cod has occurred, suggesting that other measures, such as improved netting materials for sea-cages, are required. In addition to escaping as juveniles or adults, cod may reproduce in seacages, and thus fertilised eggs escape to the environment. The ecological effects of ‘escape through spawning’ are unclear, and methods to inhibit escape by this mechanism are being explored. To prevent escapes of juvenile and adult fish as sea-cage aquaculture industries develop, we recommend that policy-makers implement a 5 component strategy: (1) establish mandatory reporting of all escape incidents; (2) establish a mechanism to analyse and learn from the mandatory reporting; (3) conduct mandatory, rapid, technical assessments to determine the causes of escape incidents involving more than 10 000 fish; (4) introduce a technical standard for sea-cage aquaculture equipment coupled with an independent mechanism to enforce the standard; and (5) conduct mandatory training of fish farm staff in escape-critical operations and techniques.
HMM-based audio-visual speech recognition integrating geometric and appearance-based visual features

A good front end for visual feature extraction is an important element of audio-visual speech recognition systems. We propose a new visual feature representation that combines both geometricand pixel-based features. Using our previously developed contour-based lip-tracking algorithm, geometric features including the height and width of the lips are automatically extracted. Lip boundary tracking allows accurate determination of a region of interest from which we construct pixel-based features that are robust to variation in scale and translation. Motivated by computational considerations, we selected a subset of the pixels in the center of the inner mouth area that was found to capture sufficient details of the appearance of the teeth and tongue for assisting in the discrimination of spoken words. We show the advantage of the combination of these visual features for visual-only and audio-visual speech recognition of isolated digits.
Diagnostic Values of Cerebrospinal Fluid T-Tau and Aβ₄₂ using Meso Scale Discovery Assays for Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND
Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) recently established electrochemiluminescence-based assays to measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of total tau (t-tau) and amyloid-β 1-42 peptide (Aβ42) that can aid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The goal of this investigation is to independently evaluate this platform and establish cut-off values of these biomarkers for AD diagnosis.


OBJECTIVE
To validate the analytical and clinical performance of the MSD t-tau and Aβ42 kits and propose diagnostic cut-off values for the field.


METHODS
The analytical performance of the CSF t-tau and Aβ42 assays was determined, followed by assessment of diagnostic performance of CSF t-tau, Aβ42, and t-tau/Aβ42 in three clinically characterized cohorts.


RESULTS
Both MSD assays demonstrated consistent and stable analytical performance, as well as resistance to several important pre-analytic variables. Diagnostically, t-tau/Aβ42 performed the best.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results independently confirm the analytical and clinical performance of the MSD CSF t-tau and Aβ42 assays. Based on a large, multi-center, clinically-diagnosed cohort, we propose for the first time candidate diagnostic cut-offs for MSD measured CSF t-tau, Aβ42, and t-tau/Aβ42. However, these values needs to be refined as more subjects are included and the assays are tested by other laboratories.
FluidNet: A Flexible Cloud-Based Radio Access Network for Small Cells

Cloud-based radio access networks (C-RAN) have been proposed as a cost-efficient way of deploying small cells. Unlike conventional RANs, a C-RAN decouples the baseband processing unit (BBU) from the remote radio head (RRH), allowing for centralized operation of BBUs and scalable deployment of light-weight RRHs as small cells. In this work, we argue that the intelligent configuration of the front-haul network between the BBUs and RRHs, is essential in delivering the performance and energy benefits to the RAN and the BBU pool, respectively. We then propose FluidNet - a scalable, light-weight framework for realizing the full potential of C-RAN. FluidNet deploys a logically re-configurable front-haul to apply appropriate transmission strategies in different parts of the network and hence cater effectively to both heterogeneous user profiles and dynamic traffic load patterns. FluidNet's algorithms determine configurations that maximize the traffic demand satisfied on the RAN, while simultaneously optimizing the compute resource usage in the BBU pool. We prototype FluidNet on a 6 BBU, 6 RRH WiMAX C-RAN testbed. Prototype evaluations and large-scale simulations reveal that FluidNet's ability to re-configure its front-haul and tailor transmission strategies provides a 50% improvement in satisfying traffic demands, while reducing the compute resource usage in the BBU pool by 50% compared to baseline transmission schemes.
Non-contraceptive health benefits of intrauterine hormonal systems.

Non-contraceptive health benefits are now recognized as an important aspect of the overall impact of all hormonal contraceptives. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems (LNG IUS) are particularly effective at producing a number of health benefits for women using the LNG IUS as a contraceptive (reduced menstrual bleeding; reduced dysmenorrhea and the potential for prevention of a number of gynecological conditions in the longer term, such as iron-deficiency anemia, endometrial hyperplasia, uterine fibroids, acute episodes of pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis and perhaps others). The LNG IUS also has the potential to specifically treat a range of pre-existing gynecological conditions such as heavy menstrual bleeding due to a wide range of underlying causes, endometrial hyperplasia, uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, and endometriosis. These health benefits should be recognized as a key component in the decision-making process for individual women in choosing a specific type of hormonal or other contraceptive. Investment in research into the very substantial health benefits of hormonal contraceptives, such as the LNG IUS, has generally been ignored in comparison with the massive investment into understanding the often subtle or rare complications of hormonal contraceptive use. Both are important, but there is a real need to define more accurately those women who will benefit most from these health benefits.
Framework for the evolution of acquiring knowledge modules to integrate the acquisition of high-level cognitive skills and professional competencies: Principles and case studies

The changing profile of students, the expectations of business and the capabilities offered by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) makes it necessary to change teaching practices, particularly in higher education. This paper proposes a methodological framework destined to force disciplinary course modules to evolve in order to integrate high-level cognitive skills and professional competencies. In this paper, we examine this framework in terms of the primary currents in educational psychology: behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism and social constructivism. We present and analyse three case studies showing the evolution of three disciplinary course modules. We show that the lessons taught in these three modules are more motivating and more efficient, producing results that are closer to what employers are asking of their employees.
ASSESSING TEACHING PRESENCE IN A COMPUTER CONFERENCING CONTEXT

This paper presents a tool developed for the purpose of assessing teaching presence in online courses that make use of computer conferencing, and preliminary results from the use of this tool. The method of analysis is based on Garrison, Anderson, and Archer’s [1] model of critical thinking and practical inquiry in a computer conferencing context. The concept of teaching presence is constitutively defined as having three categories – design and organization, facilitating discourse, and direct instruction. Indicators that we search for in the computer conference transcripts identify each category. Pilot testing of the instrument reveals interesting differences in the extent and type of teaching presence found in different graduate level online courses.
High-speed CW step-frequency coherent radar for dynamic monitoring of civil engineering structures

Introduction: Monitoring of vibrations and transient displacements of civil engineering constructions such as buildings, bridges and towers is of paramount importance for early identification of structural problems and to enable remedial actions to be taken [1, 2]. Dynamic monitoring is currently implemented by contact sensors, such as networks of piezoelectric accelerometers or optical targets installed over the structure. Such sensors are accurate and reliable but need to be positioned in contact with the surveyed structure. They also provide information which is limited to the specific point of the sensor position, thus inhibiting the possibility of obtaining a continuous global map of the structure vibration. Monitoring of large structures can give rise to accessibility problems, as it requires expensive scaffolding and a network for transmission of data to a remote collection station [2, 3]. Moreover, in a number of situations, placing of contact sensors may be not possible. This is the case, for example in buildings with symptoms of impending collapse, after a seismic shock, a blast, or intentional damage. In such cases, remote sensing techniques able to scan the structure from a safe distance are required. A coherent radar based on continuous-wave step-frequency (CWSF) operation has been recently proposed to image deformation maps of static displacements of a variety of structures, such as bridges [4] and buildings [5]. This radar, based on a phase-lock loop (PLL) microwave synthesiser, was however too slow to image dynamic displacements, such as steady-state or transient vibrations. In this Letter, we describe the design and the application of a coherent Ku-band radar based on direct digital synthesis (DDS) able to acquire synthetic radar images at 20 Hz repetition rate, thus allowing the natural or forced vibrations of civil engineering structures to be followed. The radar dynamic imaging capability has been demonstrated by monitoring the vibrations of a steel bridge forced by vehicular traffic.
Sociological Rational Choice Theory

Although rational choice theory has made considerable advances in other social sciences, its progress in sociology has been limited. Some sociologists’ reservations about rational choice arise from a misunderstanding of the theory. The first part of this essay therefore introduces rational choice as a general theoretical perspective, or family of theories, which explains social outcomes by constructing models of individual action and social context. “Thin” models of individual action are mute about actors’ motivations, while “thick” models specify them ex ante. Other sociologists’ reservations, however, stem from doubts about the empirical adequacy of rational choice explanations. To this end, the bulk of the essay reviews a sample of recent studies that provide empirical support for particular rational choice explanations in a broad spectrum of substantive areas in sociology. Particular attention is paid to studies on the family, gender, and religion, for these subareas often are considered least amenable to understanding in terms of rational choice logic.
Behavior change in a lifestyle intervention for type 2 diabetes prevention in Dutch primary care: opportunities for intervention content

BACKGROUND
Despite the favorable effects of behavior change interventions on diabetes risk, lifestyle modification is a complicated process. In this study we therefore investigated opportunities for refining a lifestyle intervention for type 2 diabetes prevention, based on participant perceptions of behavior change progress.


METHODS
A 30 month intervention was performed in Dutch primary care among high-risk individuals (FINDRISC-score ≥ 13) and was compared to usual care. Participant perceptions of behavior change progress for losing weight, dietary modification, and increasing physical activity were assessed after18 months with questionnaires. Based on the response, participants were categorized as 'planners', 'initiators' or 'achievers' and frequencies were evaluated in both study groups. Furthermore, participants reported on barriers for lifestyle change.


RESULTS
In both groups, around 80% of all participants (intervention: N = 370; usual care: N = 322) planned change. Except for reducing fat intake (p = 0.08), the number of initiators was significantly higher in the intervention group than in usual care. The percentage of achievers was high for the dietary and exercise objectives (intervention: 81-95%; usual care: 83-93%), but was lower for losing weight (intervention: 67%; usual care: 62%). Important motivational barriers were 'I already meet the standards' and 'I'm satisfied with my current behavior'. Temptation to snack, product taste and lack of time were important volitional barriers.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that the intervention supports participants to bridge the gap between motivation and action. Several opportunities for intervention refinement are however revealed, including more stringent criteria for participant inclusion, tools for (self)-monitoring of health, emphasis on the 'small-step-approach', and more attention for stimulus control.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Netherlands Trial Register: NTR1082.
Man ’ s search for meaning : The case of Legos

We investigate how perceived meaning influences labor supply. In a laboratory setting, we manipulate the perceived meaning of simple, repetitive tasks and find a strong influence on subjects’ labor supply. Despite the fact that the wage and the task are identical across the conditions in each experiment, subjects in the less meaningful conditions exhibit reservation wages that are consistently much higher than the subjects in the more meaningful conditions. The result replicates across different types of tasks. Moreover, in the more meaningful conditions, subjects’ productivity influences labor supply more strongly. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: J30; J28; M50
The Advanced Compact MOSFET Model and its Application to Inversion Coefficient Based Circuit Design

Contemporary MOSFET mathematical models contain many parameters, most of which have little or no meaning to circuit designers. Designers therefore, continue to use obsolete models -such as the MOSFET square law -for circuit design calculations. However, low-voltage, lowpower systems development demands more advanced circuit design techniques. In this paper I present a brief literature review of MOSFET modeling, which has culminated in the development of the Advanced Compact MOSFET model. Next, I discuss the key ideas and equations of the ACM model, a physically based model with few parameters and equations. Additionally, I show that the ACM model can aid designers in small and large signal circuit analysis in three major respects. First, the ACM model is continuous throughout all regions of operation. Second, terms in ACM model equations appear explicitly in equations that specify circuit performance. Third, the ACM model can aid designers in neglecting MOSFET small signal components that have little influence on circuit performance. Lastly, I conclude with a brief discussion of transconductor linearity, and conclude by mentioning some promising areas of research. The Advanced Compact MOSFET Model and its Application to Inversion Coefficient Based Circuit Design Sean T. Nicolson Copyright © 2002 3
Twenty-year trends in physical activity among Canadian adults.

OBJECTIVE
Physical inactivity is associated with increased risk of mortality and chronic diseases, yet trend information is lacking in most countries. This investigation examines physical activity levels of Canadian adults aged 18 years and older.


METHODS
Data were collected in six national surveys between 1981 and 2000. Sample sizes ranged from 2,500 to 18,000. Prevalences were tested using Chi-square and Student's t-tests. Socio-demographic correlates were examined using odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, education and income.


RESULTS
Physical activity increased in the 1980s and 1990s among men and women and for all age, education and income groups (p<0.01). Although education differentials narrowed over the period, age differentials widened and income differentials emerged.


DISCUSSION
The positive trend in Canada is consistent with Finland, but contrary to recent trends for Australia, England and the United States. Despite increases, sedentary living remains a public health issue particularly among women, older adults and lower income groups.
Modeling and Simulation of PV Cell using One-diode model

The focus of this paper is on one diode photovoltaic cell model. The theory as well as the construction and working of photovoltaic cells using single diode method is also presented. Simulation studies are carried out with different temperatures. Based on this study a conclusion is drawn with comparison with ideal diode. General TermssIn recent years, significant photovoltaic (PV) deployment has occurred, particularly in Germany, Spain and Japan [1]. Also, PV energy is going to become an important source in coming years in Portugal, as it has highest source of sunshine radiation in Europe. Presently the tenth largest PV power plant in the world is in Moura, Portugal, which has an installed capacity of 46 MW and aims to reach 1500 MW of installed capacity by 2020, as stated by the Portuguese National Strategy ENE 2020, multiplying tenfold the existing capacity [2]. The solar cells are basically made of semiconductors which are manufactured using different process. These semiconductors [4]. The intrinsic properties and the incoming solar radiation are responsible for the type of electric energy produced [5]. The solar radiation is composed of photons of different energies, and some are absorbed at the p-n junction. Photons with energies lower than the bandgap of the solar cell are useless and generate no voltage or electric current. Photons with energy superior to the band gap generate electricity, but only the energy corresponding to the band gap is used. The remainder of energy is dissipated as heat in the body of the solar cell [6]. KeywordssPV cell, solar cell, one diode model
Personalizing the Interaction in a Web-based Educational Hypermedia System: the case of INSPIRE

In this paper we present an Adaptive Educational Hypermedia prototype, named INSPIRE. The approach employed in INSPIRE emphasizes the fact that learners perceive and process information in very different ways, and integrates ideas from theories of instructional design and learning styles. Our aim is to make a shift towards a more 'learning-focused' paradigm of instruction by providing a sequence of authentic and meaningful tasks that matches learner' preferred way of studying. INSPIRE, throughout its interaction with the learner, dynamically generates learner-tailored lessons that gradually lead to the accomplishment of learner's learning goals. It supports several levels of adaptation: from full system-control to full learner-control, and offers learners the option to decide on the level of adaptation of the system by intervening in different stages of the lesson generation process and formulating the lesson contents and presentation. Both the adaptive and adaptable behavior of INSPIRE are guided by the learner model which provides information about the learner, such as knowledge level on the domain concepts and learning style. The learner model is exploited in multiple ways: curriculum sequencing, adaptive navigation support, adaptive presentation, and supports system's adaptable behavior. An empirical study has been performed to evaluate the adaptation framework and assess learners' attitudes towards the proposed instructional design.
Digital Strategies and Strategic Alignment The Existence of Digital Strategies and Their Alignment with Business Strategies for Small and Medium-sized Swedish Manufacturing Firms

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The influence of parental education on child mental health in Spain

To analyze the association between parental education and offspring’s mental health in a nationally representative Spanish sample, and assess the contribution of other socioeconomic factors to the association. We conducted a secondary analysis of data on 4- to 15-year-olds participating in the 2006 Spanish National Health Survey. Mental health was assessed using the parent-reported Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire. Parents’ respective educational levels were summarized in a single variable. Univariate and multivariate analyses, controlling for family-, child- and parent-related characteristics, were used to study the association. The final sample comprised 5,635 children. A strong association between parental education and parent-reported child mental health was observed among 4- to 11-year-olds, with odds ratios (ORs) increasing as parental educational level decreased. Where both parents had a sub-university level, maternal education showed a stronger association than did paternal education. Following adjustment for covariates, parental education continued to be the strongest risk factor for parent-reported child mental health problems, OR = 3.7 (95% CI 2.4–5.8) for the lowest educational level, but no association was found among 12- to 15-year-olds. Male sex, immigrant status, activity limitation, parent’s poor mental health, low social support, poor family function, single-parent families, low family income and social class were associated with parent-reported child mental health problems in both age groups. Our results show that there is a strong association between parental education and parent-reported child mental health, and that this is indeed stronger than that for income and social class. Among adolescents, however, the effect of parental education would appear to be outweighed by other factors.