LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
OSCAR WILDE'S GREAT FARCE THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST

It is generally agreed that The Importance of Being Earnest is Oscar Wilde's masterpiece, but there is little agreement on why it should be thought so or on how it works as a play. Though we can sense a solid substance beneath the frothy surface, the nature of that substance remains an enigma. Surprisingly little real criticism has been written about the play, and much of that which has is sketchy or tedious. One of the few critics whose mind seems to have been genuinely engaged by the play is Mary McCarthy, but she has written about it only briefly, and despite her admiration clearly finds it repugnant. "It has the character of a ferocious idyll," she says, and complains that "Selfishness and serviiity are the moral alternatives presented."1 Most of what she says about the play cannot be denied, yet there is a wrong note somewhere. Though it is almost always feeble to complain about critics using the wrong standards, I think we have to do so here. The Importance of Being Earnest does not tackle problems of moral conduct in the way that most plays do. In it, Wilde expresses a comic vision of the human condition by deliberately distorting actuality and having most of the characters behave as if that vision were all but universal. It is fair enough to complain about the vision entire, but to complain simply about the selfishness, without asking what it suggests, is on a par with complaining about the immorality of Tom Jones. Though McCarthy uses the wrong standards, and therefore sees the play through a distorting lens, what she sees is there and needs to be
Using scalable game design to teach computer science from middle school to graduate school

A variety of approaches exist to teach computer science concepts to students from K-12 to graduate school. One such approach involves using the mass appeal of game design and creation to introduce students to programming and computational thinking. Specifically, Scalable Game Design enables students with varying levels of expertise to learn important concepts relative to their experience. This paper presents our observations using Scalable Game Design over multiple years to teach middle school students, college level students, graduate students, and even middle school teachers fundamental to complex computer science and education concepts. Results indicate that Scalable Game Design appeals broadly to students, regardless of background, and is a powerful teaching tool in getting students of all ages exposed and interested in computer science. Furthermore, it is observed that many student projects exhibit transfer enabling their games to explain complex ideas, from all disciplines, to the general public.
Selective photothermolysis to target sebaceous glands: theoretical estimation of parameters and preliminary results using a free electron laser.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The success of permanent laser hair removal suggests that selective photothermolysis (SP) of sebaceous glands, another part of hair follicles, may also have merit. About 30% of sebum consists of fats with copious CH(2) bond content. SP was studied in vitro, using free electron laser (FEL) pulses at an infrared CH(2) vibrational absorption wavelength band.


METHODS
Absorption spectra of natural and artificially prepared sebum were measured from 200 to 3,000 nm, to determine wavelengths potentially able to target sebaceous glands. The Jefferson National Accelerator superconducting FEL was used to measure photothermal excitation of aqueous gels, artificial sebum, pig skin, human scalp, and forehead skin (sebaceous sites). In vitro skin samples were exposed to FEL pulses from 1,620 to 1,720 nm, spot diameter 7-9.5 mm with exposure through a cold 4°C sapphire window in contact with the skin. Exposed and control tissue samples were stained using H&E, and nitroblue tetrazolium chloride staining (NBTC) was used to detect thermal denaturation.


RESULTS
Natural and artificial sebum both had absorption peaks near 1,210, 1,728, 1,760, 2,306 and 2,346 nm. Laser-induced heating of artificial sebum was approximately twice that of water at 1,710 and 1,720 nm, and about 1.5× higher in human sebaceous glands than in water. Thermal camera imaging showed transient focal heating near sebaceous hair follicles. Histologically, skin samples exposed to ~1,700 nm, ~100-125 milliseconds pulses showed evidence of selective thermal damage to sebaceous glands. Sebaceous glands were positive for NBTC staining, without evidence of selective loss in samples exposed to the laser. Epidermis was undamaged in all samples.


CONCLUSIONS
SP of sebaceous glands appears to be feasible. Potentially, optical pulses at ~1,720 or ~1,210 nm delivered with large beam diameter and appropriate skin cooling in approximately 0.1 seconds may provide an alternative treatment for acne.
Long-term effectiveness of lithium in bipolar disorder: a multicenter investigation of patients with typical and atypical features.

OBJECTIVE
Poor response to long-term lithium treatment has been reported to be associated with atypical features of bipolar disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of atypical symptoms on the effectiveness and stability of long-term lithium treatment in a prospective, multicenter cohort of bipolar patients in a naturalistic setting.


METHOD
Patients were initially selected according to International Classification of Diseases, 8th Revision, criteria for bipolar disorder and required long-term treatment. Their diagnoses were reconfirmed according to DSM-IV upon its publication. They were prospectively followed for an approximately 20-year period ending in 2004 in 5 centers participating in the International Group for the Study of Lithium-Treated Patients. Examinations included a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation, an assessment of typical and atypical features on an 8-item scale, and an evaluation of clinical course using the morbidity index. Unbalanced repeated-measures regression models with structured covariance matrices were used to assess the extent to which the morbidity index was influenced by atypical symptoms, duration of treatment, and pretreatment features.


RESULTS
A total of 242 patients were followed for a mean period of 10 years. In 142 patients, the number of typical features was greater than the number of atypical features, whereas in 100 patients the number of atypical features was greater than or equal to the number of typical features. The mean morbidity index remained stable over a period of 20 years in both groups of patients and was not significantly associated with the presence of atypical features, the duration of lithium treatment, the number or frequency of episodes, or latency from the onset of bipolar disorder to the start of lithium treatment.


CONCLUSION
Our study suggests that long-term response to lithium maintenance treatment is stable both in patients with typical and in patients with atypical features. The predominance of either typical or atypical features did not result in different responses to long-term lithium treatment in this sample of bipolar patients.
Image registration by local histogram matching

We previously presented an image registration method, referred to hierarchical attribute matching mechanism for elastic registration (HAMMER), which demonstrated relatively high accuracy in inter-subject registration of MR brain images. However, the HAMMER algorithm requires the pre-segmentation of brain tissues, since the attribute vectors used to hierarchically match the corresponding pairs of points are defined from the segmented image. In many applications, the segmentation of tissues might be difficult, unreliable or even impossible to complete, which potentially limits the use of the HAMMER algorithm in more generalized applications. To overcome this limitation, we have used local spatial intensity histograms to design a new type of attribute vector for each point in an intensity image. The histogram-based attribute vector is rotationally invariant, and importantly it also captures spatial information by integrating a number of local intensity histograms from multi-resolution images of original intensity image. The new attribute vectors are able to determine the corresponding points across individual images. Therefore, by hierarchically matching new attribute vectors, the proposed method can perform as successfully as the previous HAMMER algorithm did in registering MR brain images, while providing more generalized applications in registering images of various organs. Experimental results show good performance of the proposed method in registering MR brain images, DTI brain images, CT pelvis images, and MR mouse images. 2006 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Towards Miniaturization of a MEMS-Based Wearable Motion Capture System

This paper presents a modular architecture to develop a wearable system for real-time human motion capture. The system is based on a network of smart inertial measurement units (IMUs) distributed on the human body. Each of these modules is provided with a 32-bit RISC microcontroller (MCU) and miniaturized MEMS sensors: three-axis accelerometer, three-axis gyroscopes, and three-axis magnetometer. The MCU collects measurements from the sensors and implement the sensor fusion algorithm, a quaternion-based extended Kalman filter to estimate the attitude and the gyroscope biases. The design of the proposed IMU, in order to overcome the problems of the commercial solution, aims to improve performance and to reduce size and weight. In this way, it can be easily embedded in a tracksuit for total body motion reconstruction with considerable enhancement of the wearability and comfort. Furthermore, the main achievements will be presented with a performance comparison between the proposed IMU and some commercial platforms.
The Muse Object Architecture: A New Operating System Structuring Concept

A next generation operating system should accommodate an ultra large-scale, open, self-advancing, and distributed environment. This environment is dynamic and versatile in nature. In it, an unlimited number of objects, ranging from fine to coarse-grained, are emerging, vanishing, evolving, and being replaced; computers of various processing capacities are dynamically connected and disconnected to networks; systems can optimize object execution by automatically detecting the user's and/or programmer's requirements. In this paper, we investigate several structuring concepts in existing operating systems. These structuring concepts include layered structuring, hierarchical structuring, policy/mechanism separation, collective kernel structuring, object-based structuring, open operating system structuring, virtual machine structuring, and proxy structuring.We adjudge that these structuring concepts are not sufficient to support the environment described above because they lack the abilities to handle dynamic system behavior and transparency and to control dependency. Thus, we propose a new operating system structuring concept which we call the Muse object architecture. In this architecture, an object is a single abstraction of a computing resource in the system. Each object has a group of meta-objects which provide an execution environment. These meta-objects constitute a meta-space which is represented within the meta-hierarchy. An object is causally connected with its meta-objects: the internal structure of an object is represented by meta-objects; an object can make a request of meta-computing; a meta-object can reflect the results of meta-computing to its object. We discuss object/meta-object separation, the meta-hierarchy, and reflective computing of the architecture. We then compare the Muse object architecture with the existing structuring concepts.We also demonstrate that the Muse object architecture is suitable for structuring future operating systems by presenting several system services of the Muse operating system such as class systems, a real-time scheduler with hierarchical policies, and free-grained objects management. Class systems facilitate programming by several classes of programming languages. A real-time scheduler with hierarchical policies can meet various types of real-time constraints presented by applications. Free-grained objects management can suit the object granularity to the application, so that an object is efficiently managed according to its granularity. Finally, we present the implementation of the Muse operating system which is designed based on the Muse object architecture. Version 0.3 of the Muse kernel is running on the MC68030 based Sony NEWS workstations.
Food and life cycle energy inputs: consequences of diet and ways to increase efficiency

Food consumption is one of the most polluting everyday activities when impacts during product life cycles are considered. Greenhouse gas emissions from the food sector are substantial and need to be lowered to stabilise climate change. Here, we present an inventory of life cycle energy inputs for 150 food items available in Sweden and discuss how energy efficient meals and diets can be composed. Energy inputs in food life cycles vary from 2 to 220 MJ per kg due to a multitude of factors related to animal or vegetable origin, degree of processing, choice of processing and preparation technology and transportation distance. Daily total life cycle energy inputs for diets with a similar dietary energy consumed by one person can vary by a factor of four, from 13 to 51 MJ. Current Swedish food consumption patterns result in life cycle energy inputs ranging from 6900 to 21,000 MJ per person and year. Choice of ingredients and gender differences in food consumption patterns explain the differences. Up to a third of the total energy inputs is related to snacks, sweets and drinks, items with little nutritional value. It is possible to compose a diet compatible with goals for energy efficiency and equal global partition of energy resources. However, such a diet is far from the Swedish average and not in line with current trends. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
NOSER: An algorithm for solving the inverse conductivity problem

The inverse conductivity problem is the mathematical problem that must be solved in order for electrical impedance tomography systems to be able to make images. Here we show how this inverse conductivity problem is related to a number of other inverse problems. We then explain the workings of an algorithm that we have used to make images from electrical impedance data measured on the boundary of a circle in two dimensions. This algorithm is based on the method of least squares. It takes one step of a Newton’s method, using a constant conductivity as an initial guess. Most of the calculations can therefore be done analytically. The resulting code is named NOSER, for Newton’s One-Step Error Reconstructor. It provides a reconstruction with 496 degrees of freedom. The code does not reproduce the conductivity accurately (unless it differs very little from a constant), but it yields useful images. This is illustrated by images reconstructed from numerical and experimental data, including data from a human chest. THE PROBLEM AND ITS CONNECTION WITH OTHER INVERSE PROBLEMS Electrical impedance imaging systems apply currents to the surface S of a body B , measure the induced voltages at the surface, and from this information reconstruct an approximation to the conductivity in the interior [l-31. The reader the amount entering, which implies Js Ap’)dS, = 0 . ( 3 ) Electrical impedance imaging systems not only apply current, but also measure voltages on the boundary u ( @ ) = V ( @ ) for p’ on S . (4) For convenience, we choose the ground or reference potential so that The idealized inverse conductivity problem is this: Given all possible current densities j and their corresponding voltage distributions V , find the conductivity (T in the interior of the body. This problem is closely related to a number of other inverse problems. For example, if we make the change of variables u = &”’+, then + satisfies the Schrodinger equation -V‘@(p’) + q(@)+(p’) = 0 in B 7 interested in background literature is referred to Ref. 4. Mathematically, this can be formulated as follows [5] : If u is the electric potenti;d and (T the conductivity, then u satisfies where V‘cr“‘( p‘) q (p ’ )= (Tl /z(p’) . V . cr( p’)Vu( p‘) = 0 for 6 in B (1) .-(a 7 du(p’) = j ( e ) for $ o n S , (2) The relations between the inverse conductivity problem and an inverse boundary value problem for the Schrodinger equation are studied in Refs. 6-10. This inverse boundary value problem is, in turn, related to inverse scattering problems If we now make the further change of variables w = p ”’T, where Y denotes the outward unit normal to the body and j denotes the current density applied to the surface of the body. The amount of current leaving the body must be the same as
Baduk (the Game of Go) Improved Cognitive Function and Brain Activity in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

OBJECTIVE
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are associated with the deficit in executive functions. Playing Go involves many aspect of cognitive function and we hypothesized that it would be effective for children with ADHD.


METHODS
Seventeen drug naïve children with ADHD and seventeen age and sex matched comparison subjects were participated. Participants played Go under the instructor's education for 2 hours/day, 5 days/week. Before and at the end of Go period, clinical symptoms, cognitive functions, and brain EEG were assessed with Dupaul's ADHD scale (ARS), Child depression inventory (CDI), digit span, the Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT), and 8-channel QEEG system (LXE3208, Laxtha Inc., Daejeon, Korea).


RESULTS
There were significant improvements of ARS total score (z=2.93, p<0.01) and inattentive score (z=2.94, p<0.01) in children with ADHD. However, there was no significant change in hyperactivity score (z=1.33, p=0.18). There were improvement of digit total score (z=2.60, p<0.01; z=2.06, p=0.03), digit forward score (z=2.21, p=0.02; z=2.02, p=0.04) in both ADHD and healthy comparisons. In addition, ADHD children showed decreased time of CCTT-2 (z=2.21, p=0.03). The change of theta/beta right of prefrontal cortex during 16 weeks was greater in children with ADHD than in healthy comparisons (F=4.45, p=0.04). The change of right theta/beta in prefrontal cortex has a positive correlation with ARS-inattention score in children with ADHD (r=0.44, p=0.03).


CONCLUSION
We suggest that playing Go would be effective for children with ADHD by activating hypoarousal prefrontal function and enhancing executive function.
Maternal parenting stress and its correlates in families with a young child with cerebral palsy.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate factors predicting parenting stress in mothers of pre-school children with cerebral palsy.


METHOD
Eighty mothers and children participated. Mothers completed the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and the following measures of family functioning: family support, family cohesion and adaptability, coping strategies, family needs and locus of control. Children were assessed using the Griffiths Scales and the Gross Motor Function measure. The child's home environment was assessed using Home Observation for Measuring the Environment.


RESULTS
Mothers had higher mean total PSI scores than the means for the typical sample; 43% had total PSI scores above the threshold for clinical assessment. Cluster analysis demonstrated five distinct clusters of families, more than half of whom were coping well. High stress items were role restriction, isolation and poor spouse support, and having a child who was perceived as less adaptable and more demanding. Lower stress items indicated that this sample of mothers found their children emotionally reinforcing and had close emotional bonds. Regression analysis showed that the factors most strongly related to parenting stress levels were high family needs, low family adaptability and cognitive impairment in the child.


CONCLUSIONS
The results confirmed the individuality of families, and that individual characteristics of coping and feeling in control, together with family support and cohesion, are associated with variation in amount of stress experienced in parenting a child with cerebral palsy.
Gene-expression-based prognostic assays for breast cancer

Several gene-expression-based reference laboratory tests are now available for prognostication of patients diagnosed with breast cancer. For clinical oncologists, it is important to understand the clinical contexts for which these assays were developed in order to use them properly. This Review is aimed at providing a conceptual and technical overview of the steps involved in the development of gene-expression profiling-based prognostic assays. MammaPrint® and Oncotype DX®, two widely utilized assays, are compared with respect to differences in the clinical contexts for their development, technologies used, and clinical utilities with the aim of providing a guide to clinical oncologists for utilization of these assays.
DATA ANALYSIS IN PUBLIC SOCIAL NETWORKS

Public social networks affect significant number of people with different professional and personal background. Presented paper deals with data analysis and in addition with safety of information managed by online social networks. We will show methods for data analysis in social networks based on its scale-free characteristics. Experimental results will be discussed for the biggest social network in Slovakia which is popular for more than 10 years.
The present and future of event correlation: A need for end-to-end service fault localization

Fault localization is a process of isolating faults responsible for the observable malfunctioning of the managed system. Until recently, fault localization efforts concentrated mostly on diagnosing faults related to the availability of network resources in the lowest layers of the protocol stack. Modern enterprise environments require that fault diagnosis be performed in integrated fashion in multiple layers of the protocol stack and that it include diagnosing performance problems. This paper reviews the existing approaches to fault localization and presents its new facets revealed by the demands of modern enterprise systems. We also present end-to-end service failure diagnosis as a critical step towards multi-layer fault localization in an enterprise environment.
Skew detection of scanned document images

—Skewing of the scanned image is an inevitable process and its detection is an important issue for document recognition systems. The skew of the scanned document image specifies the deviation of the text lines from the horizontal or vertical axis. This paper surveys methods to detect this skew in
Bioinformatics: a new field in engineering education

Bioinformatics is a new engineering field poorly served by traditional engineering curricula. Bioinformatics can be defined in several ways, but the emphasis is always on the use of computer and statistical methods to understand biological data, such as the voluminous data produced by high-throughput biological experimentation including gene sequencing and gene chips. As the demand has outpaced the supply of bioinformaticians, the UCSC School of Engineering is establishing undergraduate and graduate degrees in bioinformatics. Although many schools have or are proposing graduate programs in bioinformatics, few are creating undergraduate programs. In this paper, we explore the blend of mathematics, engineering, science, and bioinformatics topics and courses needed for an undergraduate degree in
The begining of infinity: explanations that transform the world

and beautiful, is immensely appealing. The reviewer is tempted to summarize it in a