LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
An experiment on subjective evolvability evaluation of object-oriented software: explaining factors and interrater agreement

Recent trends in software development have emphasized the importance of refactoring in preserving software evolvability. We performed two experiments on software evolvability evaluation, i.e. evaluating the existence of certain code problems called code smells and the refactoring decision. We studied the agreement of the evaluators. Interrater agreement was high for simple code smells and low for the refactoring decision. Furthermore, we analyzed evaluators' demographics and source code metrics as factors explaining the evaluations. The code metrics explained over 70% of the variation regarding the simple code smell evaluations, but only about 30% of the refactoring decision. Surprisingly, the demographics were not useful predictors neither for evaluating code smells nor the refactoring decision. The low agreement for the refactoring decisions may indicate difficulty in building tool support simulating real-life subjective refactoring decisions. However, code metrics tools should be effective in highlighting straightforward problems, e.g. simple code smells.
Tooth-on-tooth interlocking occlusion suggests macrophagy in the mesozoic marine crocodylomorph dakosaurus.

Metriorhynchidae was a peculiar but long-lived group of marine Mesozoic crocodylomorphs adapted to a pelagic lifestyle. Recent discoveries show that metriorhynchids evolved a wide range of craniodental morphotypes and inferred feeding strategies. One genus, Dakosaurus, is arguably the most aberrant marine crocodylomorph due to its large, robust, ziphodont teeth; very low tooth count; and brevirostrine/oreinirostral snout. We here report an additional unusual feature of Dakosaurus that is unique among marine crocodylomorphs: tightly fitting tooth-to-tooth occlusion, whose inference is supported by reception pits along the upper and lower tooth rows, indicative of vertically orientated crowns that were in close contact during occlusion, and three distinct types of dental wear. These include irregular spalled surfaces near the apex (probably caused by tooth-food contact), semi-circular wear near the base, and elongate surfaces extending along the mesial and distal margins of the teeth, obliterating the carinae (including the denticles). Scanning electron micrographs show that these latter surfaces are marked by parallel apicobasal striations, which in extant mammals reflect tooth-tooth contact. As such, we interpret the carinal wear facets in Dakosaurus as being formed by repeated tooth-tooth contact between the mesial and distal margins of the teeth of the upper and lower jaw. We posit that this increased the available shearing surface on their high crowns. Together, these wear patterns suggest that occlusion in Dakosaurus was specialized for cutting large and abrasive prey items into portions small enough to swallow, making it a prime example of an aquatic reptile with macrophagous feeding habits.
Forecasting time series using a methodology based on autoregressive integrated moving average and genetic programming

0950-7051/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. A doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2010.07.006 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 3 5712121x573 E-mail addresses: bill.net.tw@yahoo.com.tw (Y.-S (L.-I. Tong). The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), which is a conventional statistical method, is employed in many fields to construct models for forecasting time series. Although ARIMA can be adopted to obtain a highly accurate linear forecasting model, it cannot accurately forecast nonlinear time series. Artificial neural network (ANN) can be utilized to construct more accurate forecasting model than ARIMA for nonlinear time series, but explaining the meaning of the hidden layers of ANN is difficult and, moreover, it does not yield a mathematical equation. This study proposes a hybrid forecasting model for nonlinear time series by combining ARIMA with genetic programming (GP) to improve upon both the ANN and the ARIMA forecasting models. Finally, some real data sets are adopted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed forecasting model. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Cloud-based adaptive compression and secure management services for 3D healthcare data

Several studies show that the lack of access to resources and shared data is one of the main causes of errors in the healthcare sector. In particular, 3D medical images play a fundamental role in healthcare environment, but they are typically very large in size. Therefore, their management, which should be performed also by means of devices with limited characteristics, requires complex network protocols along with advanced compression and security techniques. This work concerns the secure management of 3D medical images, with themain aim that suchmanagementmust take place in an almost completely transparent manner for the end-user, regardless of the computational and networking capabilities hemay use. In particular, our contribution is twofold: first, we propose an engine for lossless dynamic and adaptive compression of 3Dmedical images,which also allows the embedding of securitywatermarkswithin them. Furthermore, in order to provide effective, secure and flexible access to healthcare resources that need to be managed by medical applications, we define the architecture of a SaaS Cloud system, which is based on the aforementioned engine. The resulting architecture allows devices with totally different and heterogeneous hardware and software characteristics to interact among them, so that these differences are almost completely transparent to the end-user. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Geochemical and statistical approach for evaluation of heavy metal pollution in core sediments in southeast coast of India.

Industrialization coupled with urbanizaton has led to stress in the Buckingham Canal which runs parallel to Bay of Bengal at a distance of around 1 km from the coastline. 4 sediment cores were collected along Ennore – Pulicat stretch to determine acid leachable trace metal concentration. Core samples were collected using gravity corer. The cores were sliced horizontally at 2.5 cm to determine the grain size, sediment composition, pH, organic matter, calcium carbonate, acid leachable trace metals; cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc. The trace metals were extracted using acid mixture containing hydro fluoric acid, nitric acid and sulphuric acid and analysed by atomic emission spectrophotometer. In an attempt to infer anthropogenic input from geogenic input, several approaches including comparison with sediment quality guidelines – ecotoxicological sense of heavy metal contamination and classification by quantitative indexes such as geoaccumalation index, anthropogenic factor, enrichment factor, contamination factor and degree and pollution load index was attempted. Grain size analysis and sediment composition of core samples shows Ennore is sandy in nature having a neutral pH. Organic matter enrichment is observed to a higher extent in core 3. Core 2 at a depth of 5 cm shows organic matter of 9.4 %. calcium carbonate is totally absent at the surface sediments in core 2. Cores collected within the canal showed a higher heavy metal concentration than the cores collected from Pulicat lagoon and 2 km into the Ennore Sea. The trace metal concentration for cadmium, lead and zinc in Ennore does not pose a threat to the sediment dwelling fauna whereas chromium and copper are likely to pose a threat. Quantitative indexes place Ennore under moderately polluted. Ennore is likely to face a serious threat of metal pollution with the present deposition rates unless stringent pollution control norms are adopted.
Incidence and implications of postoperative supraventricular tachycardia after pulmonary lobectomy.

OBJECTIVE
We sought to determine the rate of postoperative supraventricular tachycardia (POSVT) in patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy, and its association with adverse outcomes.


METHODS
Using the State Inpatient Database, from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, we reviewed lobectomies performed (2009-2011) in California, Florida, and New York, to determine POSVT incidence. Patients were grouped by presence or absence of POSVT, with or without other complications. Stroke rates were analyzed independently from other complications. Multivariable regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with POSVT.


RESULTS
Among 20,695 lobectomies performed, 2449 (11.8%) patients had POSVT, including 1116 (5.4%) with isolated POSVT and 1333 (6.4%) with POSVT with other complications. Clinical predictors of POSVT included age ≥75 years, male gender, white race, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, thoracotomy surgical approach, and pulmonary complications. POSVT was associated with an increase of: stroke (odds ratio [OR] 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-2.94); in-hospital death (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.45-2.35); LOS (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.29-1.37); and readmission (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.04-1.60). The stroke rate was <1% in patients who had isolated POSVT, and 1.5% in patients with POSVT with other complications. Patients with isolated POSVT had increased readmission and LOS, and a marginal increase in stroke rate, compared with patients with an uncomplicated course.


CONCLUSIONS
POSVT is common in patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy and is associated with adverse outcomes. Comparative studies are needed to determine whether strict adherence to recently published guidelines will decrease the rate of stroke, readmission, and death after POSVT in thoracic surgical patients.
Introduction to Autonomous Mobile Robots

Mobile robots range from the teleoperated Sojourner on the Mars Pathfinder mission to cleaning robots in the Paris Metro. Introduction to Autonomous Mobile Robots offers students and other interested readers an overview of the technology of mobility—the mechanisms that allow a mobile robot to move through a real world environment to perform its tasks—including locomotion, sensing, localization, and motion planning. It discusses all facets of mobile robotics, including hardware design, wheel design, kinematics analysis, sensors and perception, localization, mapping, and robot control architectures. The design of any successful robot involves the integration of many different disciplines, among them kinematics, signal analysis, information theory, artificial intelligence, and probability theory. Reflecting this, the book presents the techniques and technology that enable mobility in a series of interacting modules. Each chapter covers a different aspect of mobility, as the book moves from lowlevel to high-level details. The first two chapters explore low-level locomotory ability, examining robots’ wheels and legs and the principles of kinematics. This is followed by an in-depth view of perception, including descriptions of many “offthe-shelf” sensors and an analysis of the interpretation of sensed data. The final two chapters consider the higher-level challenges of localization and cognition, discussing successful localization strategies, autonomous mapping, and navigation competence. Bringing together all aspects of mobile robotics into one volume, Introduction to Autonomous Mobile Robots can serve as a textbook for coursework or a working tool for beginners in the field.
Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia—a randomized controlled trial

INTRODUCTION
Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by persistent widespread pain, increased pain sensitivity and tenderness. Muscle strength in women with FM is reduced compared to healthy women. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a progressive resistance exercise program on muscle strength, health status, and current pain intensity in women with FM.


METHODS
A total of 130 women with FM (age 22-64 years, symptom duration 0-35 years) were included in this assessor-blinded randomized controlled multi-center trial examining the effects of progressive resistance group exercise compared with an active control group. A person-centred model of exercise was used to support the participants' self-confidence for management of exercise because of known risks of activity-induced pain in FM. The intervention was performed twice a week for 15 weeks and was supervised by experienced physiotherapists. Primary outcome measure was isometric knee-extension force (Steve Strong®), secondary outcome measures were health status (FIQ total score), current pain intensity (VAS), 6MWT, isometric elbow-flexion force, hand-grip force, health related quality of life, pain disability, pain acceptance, fear avoidance beliefs, and patient global impression of change (PGIC). Outcomes were assessed at baseline and immediately after the intervention. Long-term follow up comprised the self-reported questionnaires only and was conducted after 13-18 months. Between-group and within-group differences were calculated using non-parametric statistics.


RESULTS
Significant improvements were found for isometric knee-extension force (p = 0.010), health status (p = 0.038), current pain intensity (p = 0.033), 6MWT (p = 0.003), isometric elbow flexion force (p = 0.02), pain disability (p = 0.005), and pain acceptance (p = 0.043) in the resistance exercise group (n = 56) when compared to the control group (n = 49). PGIC differed significantly (p = 0.001) in favor of the resistance exercise group at post-treatment examinations. No significant differences between the resistance exercise group and the active control group were found regarding change in self-reported questionnaires from baseline to 13-18 months.


CONCLUSIONS
Person-centered progressive resistance exercise was found to be a feasible mode of exercise for women with FM, improving muscle strength, health status, and current pain intensity when assessed immediately after the intervention.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT01226784, Oct 21, 2010.
Identifying intestinal metaplasia at the squamocolumnar junction by using optical coherence tomography.

BACKGROUND
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging method that produces high-resolution cross-sectional images of the esophagus. The accuracy of OCT for differentiating tissue types at the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) has not been established.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to identify and validate OCT image criteria for distinguishing metaplastic from nonmetaplastic tissue at the SCJ.


DESIGN
A total of 196 biopsy-correlated OCT images of the SCJ were acquired from 113 patients undergoing upper endoscopy. A pathologist blinded to the OCT results reviewed each pathology specimen and determined the presence of the following histopathology: gastric cardia, squamous mucosa, pancreatic metaplasia, and intestinal metaplasia. An algorithm for diagnosing specialized intestinal metaplasia (SIM) was created by reviewing a training set of 40 biopsy-correlated OCT images. Two blinded investigators prospectively tested the algorithm on a validation set of 123 images.


RESULTS
OCT images of squamous mucosa were characterized by a layered appearance without epithelial glands; gastric cardia, by vertical pit and gland structure, a well-defined epithelial surface reflectivity, and relatively poor image penetration; and SIM by an irregular architecture and good image penetration. The OCT criteria were 85% sensitive and 95% specific for SIM when applied retrospectively to the training set. When applied to the validation set, the algorithm was 81% sensitive for both OCT readers and 66% and 57% specific for diagnosing SIM. The interobserver agreement was good (kappa = 0.53).


CONCLUSIONS
OCT imaging can identify SIM at the SCJ with an accuracy similar to that of endoscopy.
An essay on the modern state

Preface 1. Introduction 2. The modern state 3. Social order in anarchy 4. Legitimacy 5. Reasons 6. Justice 7. Sovereignty 8. Boundaries 9. The functions of governments 10. States: pretenses, powers, prospects Notes Index.
Virtual Teams : What Do We Know and Where Do We Go From Here ?

In this paper, we review the research on virtual teams in an effort to assess the state of the literature. We start with an examination of the definitions of virtual teams used and propose an integrative definition that suggests that all teams may be defined in terms of their extent of virtualness. Next, we review findings related to team inputs, processes, and outcomes, and identify areas of agreement and inconsistency in the literature on virtual teams. Based on this review, we suggest avenues for future research, including methodological and theoretical considerations that are important to advancing our understanding of virtual teams. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Mutual Fund Performance and the Incentive to Generate Alpha

To rationalize the well-known underperformance of the average actively managed mutual fund, we exploit the fact that retail funds in different market segments compete for different types of investors. Within the segment of funds marketed directly to retail investors, we show that flows chase risk-adjusted returns, and that funds respond by investing more in active management. Importantly, within this direct-sold segment, we find no evidence that actively managed funds underperform index funds. In contrast, we show that actively managed funds sold through brokers face a weaker incentive to generate alpha, and significantly underperform index funds. * Diane Del Guercio is at the Lundquist College of Business, University of Oregon. Jonathan Reuter is at the Carroll School of Management, Boston College, and is affiliated with the NBER. We thank an anonymous referee, an associate editor, John Campbell, Larry Dann, Robin Greenwood, Ro Gutierrez, Campbell Harvey (editor), Edie Hotchkiss, Greg Kadlec, Abhiroop Mukherjee, Jeff Pontiff, Antoinette Schoar, Phil Strahan, Laurens Swinkels, Paula Tkac, Hai Tran, Peter Tufano, Eric Zitzewitz, and seminar participants at Harvard University, the 2010 NBER Summer Institute Household Finance Workshop, the 2011 Boston College Center for Asset Management Conference on Financial Markets, and the 2012 HKUST Symposium on Household Finance for helpful comments. Del Guercio would like to acknowledge support from the Finance and Securities Analysis Center at the University of Oregon. We thank Lauren Beaudette and Hai Tran for providing excellent research assistance and Deb Wetherbee at Financial Research Corporation for generously providing data on mutual fund distribution channels.
Classification theory and 0#

We characterize the classifiability of a countable first-order theory T in terms of the solvability (in the sense of [2]) of the potential-isomorphism problem for models of T .
The response of phimosis to local steroid application

The effectiveness of topical steroid application in relieving phimosis was studied in 63 boys treated with local application of steroid ointment to the foreskin. Betamethasone valerate 0.05% (42 patients), hydrocortisone 1% (18 patients), or hydrocortisone 2% (3 patients) was applied three times daily for 4 weeks. Thirty-seven of the patients treated with 0.05% betamethasone valerate ointment (half-strength Betnovate) showed an initial improvement and circumcision was performed on 5 non-responders. Six patients showed initial improvement but later redeveloped phimosis: they were given a further course of treatment, resulting in 2 satisfactory responses and 4 failures requiring circumcision. Two patients using 2% hydrocortisone and 16 using 1% hydrocortisone ointment showed improvement, but 2 of the latter group ultimately required circumcision. Overall, a permanent improvement was achieved in 51 of the 63 patients, with the ability to retract the foreskin after one or more treatments. The remaining 12 boys required circumcision. Local application of steroid ointment to the foreskin results in resolution of phimosis in the majority of cases, but if the foreskin has a circumferential white scar, it is slightly less likely to respond. Following cessation of steriods, phimosis redevelops in a proportion of patients.
Value of a complete or partial remission in severe lupus nephritis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The value of a complete remission in severe lupus nephritis is well known but little is known about the impact of a partial remission in this patient population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term prognosis of achieving a complete or partial remission in a well-defined group of patients with severe lupus nephritis.


DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
In this study, 86 patients with diffuse lupus glomerulonephritis were reviewed for assessment of the value of a partial remission (50% reduction in baseline proteinuria to < or =1.5 g/d and < or =25% increase in baseline creatinine) and complete remission (proteinuria < or =0.33 g/d and serum creatinine < or =1.4 mg/dl) on outcomes compared with patients who did not attain a remission. These well-characterized patients were entered into a prospective therapeutic trial conducted by the Collaborative Study Group and were followed for more than 10 yr.


RESULTS
All biopsies showed diffuse lupus nephritis. A complete remission was attained in 37 (43%) patients, a partial remission in 21 (24%) patients, and no remission in 28 (32%) patients. Baseline clinical and serologic features were similar among the groups, but patients with a complete remission had a lower serum creatinine and chronicity index compared with patients with partial or no remission. The patient survival at 10 yr was 95% for complete remission, 76% for partial remission, and 46% for no remission. The renal survival at 10 yr was 94% for complete remission, 45% for partial remission, and 19% for no remission, and the patient survival without end-stage renal disease at 10 yr was 92% for complete remission, 43% for partial remission, and 13% for no remission.


CONCLUSION
Even a partial remission in lupus nephritis is associated with a significantly better patient and renal survival compared with no remission.
Two-dimensional perfect quaternary arrays

We study two-dimensional (2-D) arrays of fourth roots of unity which have all out-of-phase periodic autocorrelations equal to zero. Generalizing the concept of a perfect binary array, we call these arrays perfect quaternary arrays. We establish connections with combinatorial design theory and exhibit large families of such arrays. Increasing the alphabet from size two to size four greatly increases the flexibility one has in choosing the dimensions for 2-D arrays with perfect periodic autocorrelation. For example, we show that the number of entries in a 2-D perfect quaternary array may be divisible by any Mersenne prime and indeed by many other primes, whereas 2-D perfect binary arrays are only known to exist with size equal to a power of two times a power of three.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) Hairpin-Comb filters with broad stopband performances

A new approach for the design of UWB hairpin-comb filters is presented. The filters can be designed to possess broad upper stopband characteristics by controlling the overall size of their resonators. The measured frequency characteristics of implemented UWB filters show potential first spurious passbands centered at about six times the fundamental passband center frequencies.