LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Classification criteria for systemic sclerosis subsets.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the measurement properties of criteria for systemic sclerosis (SSc) subsets for classification of patients in SSc trials, and to determine if any one criteria set confers measurement advantage over others.


METHODS
A systematic review of articles describing classification criteria for SSc subsets was performed. Evidence supporting the sensibility (statement of purpose for which the criteria will be used, population, setting, face and content validity, and feasibility), validity, and reliability of the criteria was evaluated.


RESULTS
Fourteen sets of criteria for SSc subsets were identified. There is variability in the intended purpose and setting for which criteria sets are to be applied. Although face validity improves with the addition of less commonly encountered subsets or disease manifestations as criteria, the feasibility of implementing such criteria is conversely limited. Content validity for most criteria sets has not been evaluated due to lack of an explicitly stated conceptual framework for SSc. The criteria with 3 or more subsets do not provide incremental predictive validity over the 2-subset criteria. Our ability to compare subset criteria on divergent validity and reliability is limited by a lack of data.


CONCLUSION
The 2-subset criteria of LeRoy, et al have good feasibility, acceptable face validity, and good predictive validity. Further research is needed to compare the content validity, divergent validity, and reliability of these with other subset criteria for use in SSc trials.
An Effective Face Detection Algorithm Based on Skin Color Information

Face detection approach is presented in this paper combines skin color detection and neural network. The first motivation for our paper is to decide which color space is the best in order to build efficient skin color detector can be embedded in the overall face detection system. The proposed skin detection approach uses a chrominance distribution model of skin-color information in the input image in order to detect skin pixels over the entire image. Next, morphological operations are used in order to smooth the detected skin region and generate, finally, face candidates for face-base applications. Finally, neural network is used in order to verify these face candidates. Many experiments using color images gathered from the Internet and from our own database are conducted and give encouraging results. It is expected to combine the proposed face detector with face recognition approach to be embedded later in human computer interaction applications.
Real-world characterization and differentiation of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease strategy classification

BACKGROUND
This study aimed to characterize and differentiate the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) strategy 2011 cut points through the modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) assessment test (CAT).


METHODS
Analysis of COPD patient data from the 2012 Adelphi Respiratory Disease Specific Program was conducted in Europe and US. Matched data from physicians and patients included CAT and mMRC scores. Receiver operating characteristic curves and kappa analysis determined a cut point for CAT and mMRC alignment and thus defined patient movement ("movers") within GOLD groups A-D, depending on the tool used. Logistic regression analysis, with a number of physician- and patient-reported covariates, characterized those movers.


RESULTS
Comparing GOLD-defined high-symptom patients using mMRC and CAT cut points (≥2 and ≥10, respectively), there were 890 (53.65%) movers; 887 of them (99.66%) moved from less symptomatic GOLD groups A and C (using mMRC) to more symptomatic groups B and D (using CAT). For receiver operating characteristic (area under the curve: 0.82, P<0.001) and kappa (maximized: 0.45) recommended CAT cut points of ≥24 and ≥26, movers reduced to 429 and 403 patients, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed variables significantly associated with movers were related to impact on normal life, age, cough, and sleep (all P<0.05). Within movers, direction of movement was significantly associated with the same variables (all P<0.05).


CONCLUSION
Use of current mMRC or CAT cut points leads to inconsistencies for COPD assessment classification. It is recommended that cut points are aligned and both tools administered simultaneously for optimal patient care and to allow for closer management of movers. Our research may suggest an opportunity to investigate a combined score approach to patient management based on the worst result of mMRC and CAT. The reduced number of remaining movers may then identify patients who have greater impact of disease and may require a more personalized treatment plan.
A 13-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study of lumiracoxib in hip osteoarthritis

The aim of this 13-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and positive-internal (celecoxib)-controlled, parallel-group study was to demonstrate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lumiracoxib in primary hip osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Eligible patients (n = 1,262; ACR criteria) were randomized (1:1:1) to receive lumiracoxib 100 mg once daily (o.d.) (n = 427), celecoxib 200 mg o.d. (n = 419), or matching placebo o.d. (n = 416) administered orally. The primary objective was to compare lumiracoxib 100 mg o.d. and placebo with respect to three co-primary efficacy variables: the pain subscale of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index Likert version 3.1 (WOMAC™ LK 3.1) questionnaire, the function subscale of the WOMAC™ LK 3.1 questionnaire, and patient’s global assessment of disease activity (100-mm visual analog scale (VAS)) after 13 weeks of treatment. Of the 1,262 randomized patients, 951 completed the study. All randomized patients were included in the intention-to-treat and safety populations. Lumiracoxib was superior to the placebo (p < 0.001) after 13 weeks for all three co-primary endpoints. By week 13, the patient’s global assessment of disease activity (100-mm VAS) improved by 23.3 mm (±SD, 27.83 mm) with lumiracoxib and 13.3 mm (±26.71 mm) with placebo. The WOMAC™ function score decreased by 10.4 (±13.56) with lumiracoxib and 6.8 (±12.55) with placebo. The WOMAC™ pain scores decreased by 3.4 (±4.16) with lumiracoxib and 2.2 (±3.94) with placebo at week 13. Similar results were observed for secondary endpoints: OA pain intensity and WOMAC™ total score. Lumiracoxib was similar to celecoxib for all three co-primary endpoints. All treatments were well tolerated. In conclusion, lumiracoxib is effective in reducing pain and improving function in hip OA patients. Clinical trial registration information: www.clinicaltrials.gov ; NCT00154219
THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENGLISH E-LEARNING

In the twenty first century, teachers are required to have a digital literacy skill. They must be able to integrate technology in learning process. It was already conducted by a teacher in one of public junior high schools in Jakarta. She searched the materials from the internet but she had a problem to adjust the learning materials to her students’ needs and characteristics. Therefore, this study was undertaken to explore deeply how to develop e-learning in English class based on her students’ needs and characteristics and examined its effectiveness. This study employed research and development methodology with qualitative and quantitative approach. The participants were an English teacher and the first graders of junior high school. The result showed that this e-learning consisted of listening, reading, and grammar used PHP, Framework Bookstrap, MySQL, and some software to make the images and some animated videos. The result also showed that the learning English using e-learning was more effective than without it. The difference of mean was 5.53 %. It was also different significantly between them (Sig.2tailed 0.011 < 0.05). It is expected to contribute as supplemental learning media in English learning process.
Neural mapping of guilt: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional imaging studies

Guilt is a self-conscious emotion associated with the negative appraisal of one’s behavior. In recent years, several neuroimaging studies have investigated the neural correlates of guilt, but no meta-analyses have yet identified the most robust activation patterns. A systematic review of literature found 16 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies with whole-brain analyses meeting the inclusion criteria, for a total of 325 participants and 135 foci of activation. A meta-analysis was then conducted using activation likelihood estimation. Additionally, Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modeling (MACM) analysis was conducted to investigate the functional connectivity of significant clusters. The analysis revealed 12 significant clusters of brain activation (voxel-based FDR-corrected p < 0.05) located in the prefrontal, temporal and parietal regions, mainly in the left hemisphere. Only the left dorsal cingulate cluster survived stringent FWE correction (voxel-based p < 0.05). Secondary analyses (voxel-based FDR-corrected p < 0.05) on the 7 studies contrasting guilt with another emotional condition showed an association with clusters in the left precuneus, the anterior cingulate, the left medial frontal gyrus, the right superior frontal gyrus and the left superior temporal gyrus. MACM demonstrated that regions associated with guilt are highly interconnected. Our analysis identified a distributed neural network of left-lateralized regions associated with guilt. While voxel-based FDR-corrected results should be considered exploratory, the dorsal cingulate was robustly associated with guilt. We speculate that this network integrates cognitive and emotional processes involved in the experience of guilt, including self-representation, theory of mind, conflict monitoring and moral values. Limitations of our meta-analyses comprise the small sample size and the heterogeneity of included studies, and concerns about naturalistic validity.
A randomized comparison of print and web communication on colorectal cancer screening.

BACKGROUND
New methods to enhance colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates are needed. The web offers novel possibilities to educate patients and to improve health behaviors, such as cancer screening. Evidence supports the efficacy of health communications that are targeted and tailored to improve the uptake of recommendations.


METHODS
We identified unscreened women at average risk for CRC from the scheduling databases of obstetrics and gynecology practices in 2 large health care systems. Participants consented to a randomized controlled trial that compared CRC screening uptake after receipt of CRC screening information delivered via the web or in print form. Participants could also be assigned to a control (usual care) group. Women in the interventional arms received tailored information in a high- or low-monitoring Cognitive Social Information Processing model-defined attentional style. The primary outcome was CRC screening participation at 4 months.


RESULTS
A total of 904 women were randomized to the interventional or control group. At 4 months, CRC screening uptake was not significantly different in the web (12.2%), print (12.0%), or control (12.9%) group. Attentional style had no effect on screening uptake for any group. Some baseline participant factors were associated with greater screening, including higher income (P = .03), stage of change (P < .001), and physician recommendation to screen (P < .001).


CONCLUSIONS
A web-based educational intervention was no more effective than a print-based one or control (no educational intervention) in increasing CRC screening rates in women at average risk of CRC. Risk messages tailored to attentional style had no effect on screening uptake. In average-risk populations, use of the Internet for health communication without additional enhancement is unlikely to improve screening participation.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00459030.
The International Criteria for Behçet's Disease (ICBD): a collaborative study of 27 countries on the sensitivity and specificity of the new criteria.

OBJECTIVE
Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory vascular disease with no pathognomonic test. Low sensitivity of the currently applied International Study Group (ISG) clinical diagnostic criteria led to their reassessment.


METHODS
An International Team for the Revision of the International Criteria for BD (from 27 countries) submitted data from 2556 clinically diagnosed BD patients and 1163 controls with BD-mimicking diseases or presenting at least one major BD sign. These were randomly divided into training and validation sets. Logistic regression, 'leave-one-country-out' cross-validation and clinical judgement were employed to develop new International Criteria for BD (ICBD) with the training data. Existing and new criteria were tested for their performance in the validation set.


RESULTS
For the ICBD, ocular lesions, oral aphthosis and genital aphthosis are each assigned 2 points, while skin lesions, central nervous system involvement and vascular manifestations 1 point each. The pathergy test, when used, was assigned 1 point. A patient scoring ≥4 points is classified as having BD. In the training set, 93.9% sensitivity and 92.1% specificity were assessed compared with 81.2% sensitivity and 95.9% specificity for the ISG criteria. In the validation set, ICBD demonstrated an unbiased estimate of sensitivity of 94.8% (95% CI: 93.4-95.9%), considerably higher than that of the ISG criteria (85.0%). Specificity (90.5%, 95% CI: 87.9-92.8%) was lower than that of the ISG-criteria (96.0%), yet still reasonably high. For countries with at least 90%-of-cases and controls having a pathergy test, adding 1 point for pathergy test increased the estimate of sensitivity from 95.5% to 98.5%, while barely reducing specificity from 92.1% to 91.6%.


CONCLUSION
The new proposed criteria derived from multinational data exhibits much improved sensitivity over the ISG criteria while maintaining reasonable specificity. It is proposed that the ICBD criteria to be adopted both as a guide for diagnosis and classification of BD.
Collaborative trust-based secure routing against colluding malicious nodes in multi-hop ad hoc networks

The Trust-embedded AODV (T-AODV) routing protocol was designed by us to secure the ad hoc network from independent malicious nodes by finding a secure end-to-end route. In This work we have proposed an extension of T-AODV that can withstand attack by multiple malicious nodes acting in collusion to disrupt the network. It finds a secure end-to-end path free of malicious nodes and can effectively isolate a malicious entity trying to attack the network independently or in collusion with other malicious entities. In this respect, the solution is unique and, to the best of our knowledge, the first such solution proposed so far. We have shown the efficiency of our protocol by extensive simulation and also analyzed its security by evaluating different threat scenarios.
A Multitrait–Multimethod Analysis of the Construct Validity of Child Anxiety Disorders in a Clinical Sample

The present study examines the construct validity of separation anxiety disorder (SAD), social phobia (SoP), panic disorder (PD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in a clinical sample of children. Participants were 174 children, 6 to 17 years old (94 boys) who had undergone a diagnostic evaluation at a university hospital based clinic. Parent and child ratings of symptom severity were assessed using the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). Diagnostician ratings were obtained from the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children and Parents (ADIS: C/P). Discriminant and convergent validity were assessed using confirmatory factor analytic techniques to test a multitrait-multimethod model. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the current classification of these child anxiety disorders. The disorders demonstrated statistical independence from each other (discriminant validity of traits), the model fit better when the anxiety syndromes were specified than when no specific syndromes were specified (convergent validity), and the methods of assessment yielded distinguishable, unique types of information about child anxiety (discriminant validity of methods). Using a multi-informant approach, these findings support the distinctions between childhood anxiety disorders as delineated in the current classification system, suggesting that disagreement between informants in psychometric studies of child anxiety measures is not due to poor construct validity of these anxiety syndromes.
Computational Lambda-Calculus and Monads

The λ-calculus is considered an useful mathematical tool in the study of programming languages. However, if one uses βη-conversion to prove equivalence of programs, then a gross simplification is introduced. We give a calculus based on a categorical semantics for computations , which provides a correct basis for proving equivalence of programs, independent from any specific computational model.
Comparison of a soluble co-formulation of insulin degludec/insulin aspart vs biphasic insulin aspart 30 in type 2 diabetes: a randomised trial

OBJECTIVE
Insulin degludec/insulin aspart (IDegAsp) is a soluble co-formulation of insulin degludec (70%) and insulin aspart (IAsp: 30%). Here, we compare the efficacy and safety of IDegAsp, an alternative IDegAsp formulation (AF: containing 45% IAsp), and biphasic IAsp 30 (BIAsp 30).


DESIGN
Sixteen-week, open-label, randomised, treat-to-target trial.


METHODS
Insulin-naive subjects with type 2 diabetes (18-75 years) and a HbA1c of 7-11% were randomised to twice-daily IDegAsp (n=61), AF (n=59) or BIAsp 30 (n=62), all in combination with metformin. Insulin was administered pre-breakfast and dinner (main evening meal) and titrated to pre-breakfast and pre-dinner plasma glucose (PG) targets of 4.0-6.0 mmol/l.


RESULTS
Mean HbA1c after 16 weeks was comparable for IDegAsp, AF and BIAsp 30 (6.7, 6.6 and 6.7% respectively). With IDegAsp, 67% of subjects achieved HbA1c 7.0% Without confirmed hypoglycaemia in the last 4 weeks of treatment compared with 53% (AF) and 40% (BIAsp 30). Mean fasting PG was significantly lower for IDegAsp vs BIAsp 30 (treatment difference (TD): -0.99 mmol/l (95% confidence interval: -1.68; 0.29)) and AF vs BIAsp 30 (TD: -0.88 mmol/l (-1.58; -0.18)). A significant, 58% lower rate of confirmed hypoglycaemia was found for IDegAsp vs BIAsp 30 (rate ratio (RR): 0.42 (0.23; 0.75)); rates were similar for AF vs BIAsp 30 (RR: 0.92 (0.54; 1.57)). IDegAsp and AF had numerically lower rates of nocturnal confirmed hypoglycaemia vs BIAsp 30 (RR: 0.33 (0.09; 1.14) and 0.66 (0.22; 1.93) respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
IDegAsp provided comparable overall glycaemic control to BIAsp 30 with a significantly lower rate of hypoglycaemia.
The Psychological Significance of the Blush: Frontmatter

1. The study of the blush: Darwin and after W. Ray Crozier and Peter J. de Jong Part I. The Nature of the Blush: 2. Psychophysiology of the blush Peter D. Drummond 3. Measurement of the blush Ruth Cooper and Alexander L. Gerlach Part II. Theoretical Perspectives on the Blush: 4. Psychological theories of blushing Mark R. Leary and Kaitlin Toner 5. Colours of the face: a comparative glance Jan A. R. A. M. van Hooff 6. Self-conscious emotional development Hedy Stegge 7. A biosocial perspective on embarrassment Ryan S. Darby and Christine R. Harris 8. The affective neuroscience of human social anxiety Vladimir Miskovic and Louis A. Schmidt Part III. The Blush in Social Interaction: 9. The interactive origins and outcomes of embarrassment Rowland S. Miller 10. Performing the blush: a dramaturgical perspective Susie Scott 11. Blushing and the private self W. Ray Crozier 12. Signal value and interpersonal implications of the blush Peter J. de Jong and Corine Dijk Part IV. Blushing Problems: Processes and Interventions: 13. Red, hot and scared: mechanisms underlying fear of blushing Corine Dijk and Peter J. de Jong 14. Psychological interventions for fear of blushing Michelle C. Capozzoli, Imke J. J. Vonk, Susan M. Bogels and Stefan G. Hofmann 15. Psychological aspects of rosacea Peter D. Drummond and Daphne Su Conclusions: 16. Conclusions, what we don't know and future directions for research W. Ray Crozier and Peter J. de Jong.
Dorsal Scaphoid Subluxation on Sagittal Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Marker for Scapholunate Ligament Tear.

PURPOSE
To evaluate the diagnostic utility of scaphoid dorsal subluxation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a predictor of scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) tears and compare this with radiographic findings.


METHODS
Thirty-six MRIs were retrospectively reviewed: 18 with known operative findings of complete Geissler IV SLIL tears that were surgically repaired, and 18 MRIs performed for ulnar-sided wrist pain but no SLIL tear. Dorsal subluxation of the scaphoid was measured on the sagittal MRI cut, which demonstrated the maximum subluxation. Independent samples t tests were used to compare radiographic measurements of scapholunate (SL) gap, SL angle, and capitolunate/third metacarpal-lunate angles between the SLIL tear and the control groups and to compare radiographic measurements between wrists that had dorsal subluxation of the scaphoid and wrists that did not have dorsal subluxation. Interrater reliability of subluxation measurements on lateral radiographs and on MRI were calculated using kappa coefficients.


RESULTS
Thirteen of 18 wrists with complete SLIL tears had greater than 10% dorsal subluxation of the scaphoid relative to the scaphoid facet. Average subluxation in this group was 34%. Four of 18 wrists with known SLIL tears had no subluxation. No wrists without SLIL tears (control group) had dorsal subluxation. The SL angle, capitolunate/third metacarpal-lunate angle and SL gap were greater in wrists that had dorsal subluxation of the scaphoid on MRI. Interrater reliability of measurements of dorsal subluxation of the scaphoid was superior on MRI than on lateral x-ray.


CONCLUSIONS
An MRI demonstration of dorsal subluxation of the scaphoid, of as little as 10%, as a predictor of SLIL tear had a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 100%. The high positive predictive value indicates that the presence of dorsal subluxation accurately predicts SLIL tear.


TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Diagnostic II.