LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Big Data, the Internet of Things, and the Revised Knowledge Pyramid

The knowledge pyramid has been used for several years to illustrate the hierarchical relationships between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. An earlier version of this paper presented a revised knowledge-KM pyramid that included processes such as filtering and sense making, reversed the pyramid by positing there was more knowledge than data, and showed knowledge management as an extraction of the pyramid. This paper expands the revised knowledge pyramid to include the Internet of Things and Big Data. The result is a revision of the data aspect of the knowledge pyramid. Previous thought was of data as reflections of reality as recorded by sensors. Big Data and the Internet of Things expand sensors and readings to create two layers of data. The top layer of data is the traditional transaction / operational data and the bottom layer of data is an expanded set of data reflecting massive data sets and sensors that are near mirrors of reality. The result is a knowledge pyramid that appears as an hourglass.
Chapter 2 A Framework for Teachable Collaborative Problem Solving Skills

In his book “Cognition in the Wild”, Hutchins ( 1995 ) invites his readers to scan their immediate environment for objects that were not produced through collaborative efforts of several people, and remarks that the only object in his personal environment that passed this test was a small pebble on his desk. In fact, it is remarkable how our daily lives are shaped by collaboration. Whether it is in schools, at the workplace, or in our free time, we are constantly embedded in environments that require us to make use of social skills in order to coordinate with other people. Given the pervasiveness of collaboration in everyday life, it is somewhat surprising that the development of social and collaborative skills is largely regarded as something that will occur naturally and does not require any further facilitation. In fact, groups often fail to make use of their potential (Schulz-Hardt, Brodbeck, Group performance and leadership. In: Hewstone M, Stroebe W, Jonas K (eds) Introduction to social psychology: a European perspective, 4th edn, pp 264–289. Blackwell, Oxford, 2008 ) and people differ in the extent to which they are capable of collaborating effi ciently with others. Therefore, there is a growing awareness that collaborative skills require dedicated teaching efforts (Schoenfeld, Looking toward the 21st century: challenges of educational theory and practice. Edu Res 28:4–14, 1999 ). Collaborative problem solving has been identifi ed as a particularly promising task that draws upon various social and cognitive skills, and that can be analysed in classroom environments where skills are both measurable and teachable. This chapter provides a conceptual framework of collaborative problem solving that is informed by fi ndings from fi elds of research as diverse as cognitive science, education, social psychology and psycholinguistics. F. Hesse (*) • J. Buder • K. Sassenberg Knowledge Media Research Center , Tübingen , Germany e-mail: fh@iwm-kmrc.de E. Care • P. Griffi n Assessment Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC , Australia e-mail: e.care@unimelb.edu.au; p.griffi n@unimelb.edu.au
Application of functionally graded material for solid insulator in gaseous insulation system

Functionally graded materials (FGM) have spatial distribution of a material property in order to achieve efficient stress control. An application of the FGM to a solid insulator (spacer) for a gaseous insulation system, like gas insulated switchgear, is expected to improve electric field (E-field) distribution around the spacer. In this paper, we describe the applicability of the FGM spacer to gas insulated power equipment. In the FGM spacer, we gave spatial distribution of dielectric permittivity to control the E-field distribution inside and outside the spacer. This paper includes following key results for the applications of the FGM. Firstly, E-field simulation results when applying the FGM by a finite element method are presented, in which we show the effective reduction of the maximum field strength by applying the FGM. Next, a fabrication technique of the FGM spacer sample with not only step-by-step but also continuous changes of permittivity is presented by use of centrifugal force. Finally, dielectric breakdown tests using FGM samples which are accurately controlled the spatial distribution of permittivity are carried out under lightning impulse voltage applications. The test result indicates the increase of breakdown voltage (BDV). From these results, we verified the applicability and the fabrication technique of FGM spacer for improvement of the dielectric strength in the gaseous insulation system.
Fast algorithms for l-adic towers over finite fields

Inspired by previous work of Shoup, Lenstra-De Smit and Couveignes-Lercier, we give fast algorithms to compute in the first levels of) the l-adic closure of a finite field. In many cases, our algorithms have quasi-linear complexity.
Performance of Siloxane Mixtures in a High-Temperature Organic Rankine Cycle Considering the Heat Transfer Characteristics during Evaporation

The application of the Organic Rankine Cycle to high temperature heat sources is investigated on the case study of waste heat recovery from a selected biogas plant. Two different modes of operation are distinguished: pure electric power and combined heat and power generation. The siloxanes hexamethyldisiloxane (MM) and octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM) are chosen as working fluids. Moreover, the effect of using mixtures of these components is analysed. Regarding pure electricity generation, process simulations using the simulation tool Aspen Plus show an increase in second law efficiency of 1.3% in case of 97/03 wt % MM/MDM-mixture, whereas for the combined heat and power mode a 60/40 wt % MM/MDM-mixture yields the highest efficiency with an increase of nearly 3% compared to most efficient pure fluid. Next to thermodynamic analysis, measurements of heat transfer coefficients of these siloxanes as well as their mixtures are conducted and Kandlikar’s correlation is chosen to describe the results. Based on that, heat exchanger areas for preheater and evaporator are calculated in order to check whether the poorer heat transfer characteristics of mixtures devalue their efficiency benefit due to increased heat transfer areas. Results show higher heat transfer areas of 0.9% and 14%, respectively, compared to MM. OPEN ACCESS Energies 2014, 7 5549
Estimating Cascading Failure Risk With Random Chemistry

The potential for cascading failure in power systems adds substantially to overall reliability risk. Monte Carlo sampling can be used with a power system model to estimate this impact, but doing so is computationally expensive. This paper presents a new approach to estimating the risk of large cascading blackouts triggered by multiple contingencies. The method uses a search algorithm (Random Chemistry) to identify blackout-causing contingencies, and then combines the results with outage probabilities to estimate overall risk. Comparing this approach with Monte Carlo sampling for two test cases (the IEEE RTS-96 and a 2383-bus model of the Polish system) illustrates that the new approach is at least two orders of magnitude faster than Monte Carlo, without introducing measurable bias. Moreover, the approach enables one to compute the sensitivity of overall blackout risk to individual component-failure probabilities in the initiating contingency, allowing one to quickly identify low-cost strategies for reducing risk. By computing the sensitivity of risk to individual initial outage probabilities for the Polish system, we found that reducing three line-outage probabilities by 50% would reduce cascading failure risk by 33%. Finally, we used the method to estimate changes in risk as a function of load. Surprisingly, this calculation illustrates that risk can sometimes decrease as load increases.
Women's partnered orgasm consistency is associated with greater duration of penile-vaginal intercourse but not of foreplay.

INTRODUCTION
It has been asserted that women's likelihood or consistency of partnered orgasm (her orgasm as a result of sexual activities with a partner) is determined by duration of foreplay, but not by duration of penile-vaginal intercourse.


AIMS
The objective was to examine the extent to which women's likelihood or consistency of partnered orgasm is associated with duration of foreplay, duration of penile-vaginal intercourse, and age.


METHODS
In a representative sample of the Czech population, 2,360 women reported their consistency of orgasm with a partner (from "never" to "almost every time"), and estimates of their typical durations of foreplay and of penile-vaginal intercourse.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The association of consistency of partnered orgasm with typical durations of both foreplay and penile-vaginal intercourse.


RESULTS
In univariate analyses, consistency of partnered orgasm was more associated with penile-vaginal intercourse duration than with foreplay duration (consistency also correlated negatively with age). In multivariate analysis, foreplay ceased to be a significant correlate of partnered orgasm consistency (the exclusion of respondents reporting a penile-vaginal intercourse duration of 1 minute or less did not alter the results).


CONCLUSIONS
When both sexual activity categories are examined in tandem on a population level, women's likelihood or consistency of partnered orgasm is associated with penile-vaginal intercourse duration, but not with foreplay duration. In contrast to the assumptions of many sex therapists and educators, more attention should be given to improve the quality and duration of penile-vaginal intercourse rather than foreplay.
Protocols for Public Key Cryptosystems

New Cryptographic protocols which take full advantage of the unique properties of public key cryptosystems are now evolving. Several protocols for public key distribution and for digital signatures are briefly compared with each other and with the conventional alternative.
Biosimilars : an overview

Correspondence: Bhupinder Singh Sekhon institute of Pharmacy, PCTE Group of institutes, near Baddowal Cantt. (Ludhiana), 142021, india Tel +91-161-2888550 Email sekhon224@yahoo.com Abstract: “Biologics”, considered one of the fastest growing sectors of the pharmaceutical industry, has introduced many new treatments to life-threatening and rare illnesses. The first generation of biopharmaceutical products manufactured using recombinant technologies was launched in the 1980s, and they are now on the way to patent expiration. As a result, researchbased and generic pharmaceutical companies alike are pursuing the opportunity to develop “generic” substitutes for original biologics, herein referred to as biosimilars. However, the process of introducing a biosimilar to an innovator product is far more complex than the relatively straightforward process of introducing a generic equivalent to an innovator product based on a new chemical entity. Biologics are produced by cells in culture or whole organisms, which are inherently more variable than chemical synthesis methods. Therefore, unlike generic pharmaceuticals, it is impossible to generate the same or identical copy of an innovator product. In this way, biosimilars are “similar but not the same” or in other words biosimilars are “the twin but not the clone” to the original biologic innovator product. Therefore the field of biosimilars presents several important challenges, including i) verification of the similarity, ii) the interchangeability of biosimilars and innovator products, iii) the possible need for unique naming to differentiate the various biopharmaceutical products, iv) regulatory framework, v) commercial opportunities as well as guidelines to assist manufacturers in product development, vi) intellectual property rights, and vii) public safety.
Enamel Deproteinization after Acid Etching - Is it Worth the Effort?

Objectives: This study was undertaken to observe the topographical features of enamel surface deproteinized with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) after phosphoric acid (H3PO4) etching using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis and also the effect of enamel deproteinization after acid etching on the shear bond strength (SBS) of AdperTM Single Bond 2 adhesive and FiltekTM Z350 XT composite resin. Study design: SEM Observation: 10 enamel blocks of 1 mm2 from 10 human sound permanent molar teeth were obtained and treated with 37% H3PO4 gel for 15 seconds followed by treatment with 5.25% NaOCl for 60 seconds. All the 10 samples were subjected to SEM analysis and 5 microphotographs of each sample were obtained at 500X magnification and evaluated for the occurrence of Type I – II etching pattern in percentage (%) using Auto – CAD 2007 software. SBS Evaluation: A 5×4 mm window of the enamel surface was etched with 37% H3PO4 gel for 15 seconds, washed with distilled water and air dried. The etched enamel surface was then treated with 5.25% NaOCl for 60 seconds, washed with distilled water and air dried. A single coat of AdperTM Single Bond 2 adhesive was applied and photo polymerized for 20 seconds and FiltekTM Z350 XT composite resin block of length 5mm, width 4 mm and height 5 mm respectively was built and photo polymerized in increments for 20 seconds each. The shear bond strength of all the 20 test samples (permanent molar teeth) were measured (in MPa) on Instron Mechanical Testing Machine. Results: The mean value of Type I – II etching pattern of all the test samples was observed to be 40.68 + 26.38% and the mean SBS value for all the test samples was observed to be 17.35 + 7.25 MPa. Conclusions: No significant enhancive effect of enamel deproteinization after acid etching with respect to the occurrence of Type I-II etching patterns as well as on the SBS of adhesive resin and composite resin complex to the enamel surface was observed in this study. The use of 37% phosphoric acid alone for 15 seconds still remains the best method for pretreatment of the enamel. *Corresponding author: Dr. Ramakrishna Yeluri. M.D.S, F.P.F.A, Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura – Delhi N.H #2, Mathura – 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India, Tel: +919997951558; Fax: 0565-2530764; E-mail: drramakrishnay@indiatimes.com, kittypedo@yahoo.com Received December 17, 2013; Accepted Janaury 21, 2014; Published January 23, 2014 Citation: Ramakrishna Y, Bhoomika A, Harleen N, Munshi AK (2014) Enamel Deproteinization after Acid Etching Is it Worth the Effort? Dentistry 4: 200. doi:10.4172/2161-1122.1000200 Copyright: © 2014 Ramakrishna Y, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
A 256-kb 65-nm Sub-threshold SRAM Design for Ultra-Low-Voltage Operation

Low-voltage operation for memories is attractive because of lower leakage power and active energy, but the challenges of SRAM design tend to increase at lower voltage. This paper explores the limits of low-voltage operation for traditional six-transistor (6T) SRAM and proposes an alternative bitcell that functions too much lower voltages. Measurements confirm that a 256-kb 65-nm SRAM test chip using the proposed bitcell operates into sub-threshold to below 400 mV. At this low voltage, the memory offers substantial power and energy savings at the cost of speed, making it well-suited to energy-constrained applications. The paper provides measured data and analysis on the limiting effects for voltage scaling for the test chip.
Credit scoring with a data mining approach based on support vector machines

The credit card industry has been growing rapidly recently, and thus huge numbers of consumers’ credit data are collected by the credit department of the bank. The credit scoring manager often evaluates the consumer’s credit with intuitive experience. However, with the support of the credit classification model, the manager can accurately evaluate the applicant’s credit score. Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification is currently an active research area and successfully solves classification problems in many domains. This study used three strategies to construct the hybrid SVM-based credit scoring models to evaluate the applicant’s credit score from the applicant’s input features. Two credit datasets in UCI database are selected as the experimental data to demonstrate the accuracy of the SVM classifier. Compared with neural networks, genetic programming, and decision tree classifiers, the SVM classifier achieved an identical classificatory accuracy with relatively few input features. Additionally, combining genetic algorithms with SVM classifier, the proposed hybrid GA-SVM strategy can simultaneously perform feature selection task and model parameters optimization. Experimental results show that SVM is a promising addition to the existing data mining methods. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hydrothermal Fabrication of Hierarchically Anatase TiO2 Nanowire arrays on FTO Glass for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Hierarchical anatase TiO(2) nano-architecture arrays consisting of long TiO(2) nanowire trunk and numerous short TiO(2) nanorod branches on transparent conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide glass are successfully synthesized for the first time through a facile one-step hydrothermal route without any surfactant and template. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on the hierarchical anatase TiO(2) nano-architecture array photoelectrode of 18 μm in length shows a power conversion efficiency of 7.34% because of its higher specific surface area for adsorbing more dye molecules and superior light scattering capacity for boosting the light-harvesting efficiency. The present photovoltaic performance is the highest value for the reported TiO(2) nanowires array photoelectrode.
Evidence for opioid modulation and generation of prostaglandins in sulphur dioxide (SO)2-induced bronchoconstriction.

BACKGROUND
Inhalation of sulphur dioxide (SO2) provokes bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Cholinergic mechanisms contribute, but other mechanisms remain undefined. The effect of morphine, an opioid agonist, on the cholinergic component of SO2-induced bronchoconstriction was investigated, and the effect of indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, on SO2-induced bronchoconstriction and tachyphylaxis was studied.


METHODS
In the first study 16 asthmatic subjects inhaled either ipratropium bromide or placebo 60 minutes before an SO2 challenge on days 1 and 2. On day 3 an SO2 challenge was performed immediately after intravenous morphine. In the second study 15 asthmatic subjects took either placebo or indomethacin for three days before each study day when two SO2 challenges were performed 30 minutes apart. The response was measured as the cumulative dose causing a 35% fall in specific airways conductance (sGaw; PDsGaw35).


RESULTS
Ipratropium bromide significantly inhibited SO2 responsiveness, reducing PDsGaw35 by 0.89 (95% CI 0.46 to 1.31) doubling doses. This effect persisted after correction for bronchodilatation induced by ipratropium bromide. The effect of ipratropium bromide and morphine on SO2 responsiveness also correlated (r2 = 0.71). In the second study SO2 tachyphylaxis developed with PDsGaw35 on repeated testing, being reduced by 0.62 (95% CI 0.17 to 1.07) doubling doses. Indomethacin attenuated baseline SO2 responsiveness, increasing PDsGaw35 by 0.5 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.93) doubling doses.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that opioids modulate the cholinergic component of SO2 responsiveness and that cyclooxygenase products contribute to the immediate response to SO2.
Phthalates in cosmetic and personal care products: concentrations and possible dermal exposure.

Phthalates are multifunctional chemicals that are used in a variety of consumer products including cosmetic and personal care products. This study aims at determining phthalate levels in cosmetic and personal care products obtained from the Canadian market. Overall 252 products including 98 baby care products were collected at retail stores in several provinces across Canada in year 2007. These products included fragrances, hair care products (hair sprays, mousses, and gels), deodorants (including antiperspirants), nail polishes, lotions (body lotions and body creams), skin cleansers, and baby products (oils, lotions, shampoos and diaper creams). Samples were extracted with different organic solvents, depending on the types of the products, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Of the 18 investigated phthalates, diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected. The detection frequencies were in the following order: DEP (103 out of 252 products)>DnBP (15/252)>DiBP (9/252)>DEHP (8/252)>DMP (1/252). DEP was detected in almost all types of surveyed products with the highest levels (25,542 μg/g, equal to 2.6%) found in fragrances. DnBP was largely present in nail polish products with the highest concentration of 24,304 μg/g (2.4%). DnBP was also found in other products such as hair sprays, hair mousses, skin cleansers and baby shampoos at much lower concentrations (36 μg/g and less). Levels of other detected phthalates were generally low in the products. Based on these values, daily dermal exposure dosage to five phthalates was estimated for three age groups, female adults (60 kg); toddlers (0.5-4 years) and infants (0-6 months), through the use of cosmetic and personal care products. The exposure estimation, however, was based on existing products use pattern data, instead of probabilistic model based population use distribution. For female adults, the maximal daily exposure of 78 μg/kg bw/d was determined for DEP. The maximal daily exposure was much lower for the other four phthalates (DEHP, 0.82 μg/kg bw/d; DnBP, 0.36 μg/kg bw/d; and DMP, 0.03 μg/kg bw/d). The exposure for DiBP was not calculated due to its very low levels (<10 μg/g) in products. Toddlers and infants in this case had a maximal daily exposure to DEP of 20 and 42 μg/kg bw/d, respectively.
Health of Indigenous people in Africa

Our paper is part of a series focusing on Indigenous peoples' health in different world regions. Indigenous peoples worldwide are subject to marginalisation and discrimination, systematically experiencing poorer health than do majority groups. In Africa, poor health in the general population is widely recognised, but the consistently lower health position and social status of Indigenous peoples are rarely noted. Disputed conceptual understandings of indigeneity, a history of discriminatory colonial and post-colonial policies, and non-recognition of Indigenous groups by some governments complicate the situation. We discuss two case studies, of the central African Pygmy peoples and the San of southern Africa, to illustrate recurring issues in Indigenous health in the continent. We make recommendations for the recognition of Indigenous peoples in Africa and improvements needed in the collection of health data and the provision of services. Finally, we argue that wider changes are needed to address the social determinants of Indigenous peoples' health.