LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
North America's Electricity Infrastructure: Are We Ready for More Perfect Storms?

Are we ready for more perfect storms? W ith the tragic events of 9/11 permanently etched in our minds, the massive 14 August power outage evoked eerie reminders of what shook our world 2 years ago. While preliminary reports indicate that there was no apparent evidence of terrorism, the cascading blackouts were a sudden illumination of our electricity infrastructure's vulnerable condition. This infrastructure affects us all—are we prepared for future storms? The North American power network represents an enormous investment , including more than 15,000 generators in 10,000 power plants, and hundreds of thousands of miles of transmission lines and distribution networks. Analysts estimate it to be worth over US$800 billion. In 2000, they valued the transmission and distribution at US$358 billion. 1 With its millions of relays, controls , and other components, our power network is the most complex machine ever invented. The National Academy of Engineering hailed the North American power-delivery system as the supreme engineering achievement of the 20th century because of its ingenious engineering , catalytic role for other technologies, and impact on improving quality of life down to the household level. 1 Possibly the largest machine in the world, its transmission lines connect all generation and distribution on the continent to form a vertically integrated hierarchical network consisting of the generation layer (as just mentioned), and the following three basic levels: 2 • Transmission. Meshed networks combining extra-high voltage (above 300 kV) and high voltage (100-300 kV), connected to large generation units and very large customers and, via tie-lines, to neighboring transmission networks and to the sub-transmission level. • Sub-transmission. A radial or weakly coupled network including some high voltage (100-300 kV) but typically 5-15 kV, connected to large customers and medium-size generators. • Distribution. Typically a tree network including low voltage (110-115 or 220-240 V) and medium voltage (1-100 kV), connected to small generators, medium-size customers, and local low-voltage networks for small customers. Unfortunately, over the past 100 years, the network has evolved without formal analysis of the system wide implications of this evolution , including its diminished transmission and generation shock-absorber capacity under the forces of deregulation, the digital economy , and interaction with other in-frastructures. Only recently, with the advent of deregulation, unbundling, and competition in the electric power industry , has the possibility of power delivery beyond neighboring areas become a key design and engineering consideration , yet we still expect …
Helicobacter colonization and histopathological profile of chronic gastritis in patients with or without dyspepsia, mucosal erosion and peptic ulcer: A morphological approach to the study of ulcerogenesis in man

Helicobacter pylori colonization and the incidence, severity, activity and topography of gastritis were investigated systematically in antrum and corpus mucosal biopsies of 1177 subjects undergoing endoscopy in the absence of gastric complaints (asymptomatic, 49) or for non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD; 631 patients, 72 of whom had gastric and/or duodenal erosions), active gastric ulcer (GU, 76 patients), active duodenal ulcer (DU, 138 patients), and healed gastric (HGU, 39 cases) or duodenal ulcer (HDU, 230 cases). In the antrum,H. pylori colonization and the incidence, severity and activity of gastritis increased progressively in the sequence asymptomatic, erosion-free NUD, erosive NUD, healed ulcer and active ulcer. The same trend was observed in the corpus as regardsH. pylori and gastritis incidence, whereas the severity and activity of gastritis were lower in active DU and erosive NUD and higher in active, proximal GU than in the remaining patients. Active DU and erosive NUD showed the highest incidence of nonatrophic gastritis and lowest type-A or AB atrophic gastritis, while active GU had lowest normal mucosa or type-A gastritis and highest type-B atrophic gastritis. In conclusion,H. pylori colonization and gastritis incidence, severity and, especially, activity of the antrum might all contribute to mucosal erosion and ulceration, whereas the same factors, at least in part and with the exception of proximal GU, seem to have a preventive role when affecting corpus mucosa.
OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has determined that the drug products listed in this document were not withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness. This determination means that FDA will not begin procedures to withdraw approval of abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) that refer to these drug products, and it will allow FDA to continue to approve ANDAs that refer to the products as long as they meet relevant legal and regulatory requirements.
NEUROCIRCUITRY OF ADDICTION

Addiction can be defined as drug-induced changes in the central nervous system (CNS) that produce maladaptive alterations in spontaneous behavior and in the behavioral response to readministration of that drug. Maladaptive behaviors include those identified as criteria for addiction in the DSM-IV. In general what most psychiatric metrics describe as addiction associated behaviors is the emergence of behaviors to obtain drug reward at the expense of engaging in behaviors to seek natural rewards, ranging from biological rewards such as sex to cultural rewards such as stable personal relationships. The substitution of drug reward for natural reward suggests that the neuropathology of addiction may reside in the same neural systems that mediate the detection and acquisition of natural rewards. This postulate forms a primary premise in the search for the neurobiological basis of addiction, and has revealed a circuit consisting of interconnections among limbic cortex, basal ganglia, and brainstem nuclei that is pathologically modified by repeated drug administration. The drug-induced changes in the structure and function of this circuit are progressive, and to some extent parallel the development of the behavioral characteristics of addiction. Over the last decade neurobiologists have come to describe the behavioral transition to addiction as a druginduced neuroplastic process (1–3). In parallel with the development and expression of addictive behaviors, the neurobiology of these two components of the transition to addiction can be described as: (a) the sequence of molecular events that establish the neuroplastic changes leading to addiction, and (b) the neuroplastic changes themselves. Accordingly, a number of molecular neuroplastic alterations have been identified in the brain after repeated drug administration, and some of these appear to be important in the development and/or expression of addictive behaviors. However, the process of identifying drug-induced changes is accelerating and producing a deluge of information that is proving increasingly difficult to integrate into a coherent sequence of neuroplastic changes that mediate addiction. In
Aggressiveness, anger, and hostility in eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE
Despite evidence of a link between the behavioral and cognitive dimensions of aggressiveness and eating disorders, only few studies have tested this relation empirically.


METHODS
A total of 112 female patients with anorexia nervosa (n = 61) or bulimia nervosa (n = 51) and 631 young girls attending 7 high schools in the same health district as the patients (northeast Italy) were invited to fill in a set of self-report instruments including the Eating Attitudes Test, the Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh, the Body Attitudes Test, and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ).


RESULTS
In both healthy controls and patients, scores on the measures of eating disorder symptoms were positively related to the scores on the AQ: the strength of the association did not differ between healthy controls and patients. However, patients diagnosed with eating disorders were not more likely to disclose a propensity to aggression than the healthy controls drawn from the community: patients with anorexia nervosa scored lower than controls on the physical aggression and on the verbal aggression subscales of the AQ (P < .05). On the other hand, patients with bulimia nervosa scored higher than controls on the anger subscale of the AQ (P < .05) but did not differ from them on the other subscales of the questionnaire.


CONCLUSIONS
The results confirm the higher propensity to anger in patients with bulimia nervosa; in patients with anorexia nervosa, difficulties in expressing anger and outward-directed aggressiveness can be a prevailing feature. The younger age of controls and exclusive reliance on self-report measures might have concealed some differences between patients and community subjects.
Quantum Yang-Mills theory

Since the early part of the 20th century, it has been understood that the description of nature at the subatomic scale requires quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics, the position and velocity of a particle are noncommuting operators acting on a Hilbert space, and classical notions such as “the trajectory of a particle” do not apply. But quantum mechanics of particles is not the whole story. In 19th and early 20th century physics, many aspects of nature were described in terms of fields—the electric and magnetic fields that enter in Maxwell’s equations, and the gravitational field governed by Einstein’s equations. Since fields interact with particles, it became clear by the late 1920s that an internally coherent account of nature must incorporate quantum concepts for fields as well as for particles. After doing this, quantities such as the components of the electric field at different points in space-time become non-commuting operators. When one attempts to construct a Hilbert space on which these operators act, one finds many surprises. The distinction between fields and particles breaks down, since the Hilbert space of a quantum field is constructed in terms of particle-like excitations. Conventional particles, such as electrons, are reinterpreted as states of the quantized field. In the process, one finds the prediction of “antimatter”; for every particle, there must be a corresponding antiparticle, with the same mass and opposite electric charge. Soon after P.A.M. Dirac predicted this on the basis of quantum field theory, the “positron” or oppositely charged antiparticle of the electron was discovered in cosmic rays. The most important Quantum Field Theories (QFTs) for describing elementary particle physics are gauge theories. The classical example of a gauge theory is Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism. For electromagnetism the gauge symmetry group is the abelian group U(1). If A denotes the U(1) gauge connection, locally a one-form on space-time, then the curvature or electromagnetic field tensor is the two-form F = dA, and Maxwell’s equations in the absence of charges and currents read 0 = dF = d ∗ F . Here ∗ denotes the Hodge duality operator; indeed, Hodge introduced his celebrated theory of harmonic forms as a generalization of the solutions to Maxwell’s equations. Maxwell’s equations describe large-scale electric and magnetic fields and also—as Maxwell discovered—the propagation of light waves, at a characteristic velocity, the speed of light. The idea of a gauge theory evolved from the work of Hermann Weyl. One can find in [34] an interesting discussion of the history of gauge symmetry and the discovery of Yang–Mills theory [50], also known as “non-abelian gauge theory.” At the classical level one replaces the gauge group U(1) of electromagnetism by a compact gauge group G. The definition of the curvature arising from the connection
Fault Detection Using Principal Component Analysis ( Pca ) in a Wastewater Treatment Plant ( Wwtp )

In this paper Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is used for detecting faults in a simulated wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). PCA is a multivariate statistical technique used in multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) and fault detection and isolation (FDI) perspectives. PCA reduces the dimensionality of the original historical data by projecting it onto a lower dimensionality space. It obtains the principal causes of variability in a process. If some of these causes changes, it can be due to a fault in the process. False detected alarms due to measured disturbances are treated using Switch-PCA.
Outcome after rectovaginal fascia reattachment for rectocele repair.

OBJECTIVE
This study was undertaken to determine the effects of rectovaginal fascia reattachment on symptoms and vaginal topography.


STUDY DESIGN
Standardized preoperative and postoperative assessments of vaginal topography (the Pelvic Organ Prolapse staging system of the International Continence Society, American Urogynecologic Society, and Society of Gynecologic Surgeons) and 5 symptoms commonly attributed to rectocele were used to evaluate 66 women who underwent rectovaginal fascia reattachment for rectocele repair. All patients had abnormal fluoroscopic results with objective rectocele formation.


RESULTS
Seventy percent (n = 46) of the women were objectively assessed at 1 year. Preoperative symptoms included the following: protrusion, 85% (n = 39); difficult defecation, 52% (n = 24); constipation, 46% (n = 21); dyspareunia, 26% (n = 12); and manual evacuation, 24% (n = 11). Posterior vaginal topography was considered abnormal in all patients with a mean Ap point (a point located in the midline of the posterior vaginal wall 3 cm proximal to the hymen) value of -0.5 cm (range, -2 to 3 cm). Postoperative symptom resolution was as follows: protrusion, 90% (35/39; P <.0005); difficult defecation, 54% (14/24; P <.0005); constipation, 43% (9/21; P =.02); dyspareunia, 92% (11/12; P =.01); and manual evacuation, 36% (4/11; P =.125). Vaginal topography at 1 year was improved, with a mean Ap point value of -2 cm (range, -3 to 2 cm).


CONCLUSION
This technique of rectocele repair improves vaginal topography and alleviates 3 symptoms commonly attributed to rectoceles. It is relatively ineffective for relief of manual evacuation, and constipation is variably decreased.
Text Mining via Information Extraction

Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD), also known as data mining, focuses on the computerized exploration of large amounts of data and on the discovery of interesting patterns within them. While most work on KDD has been concerned with structured databases, there has been little work on handling the huge amount of information that is available only in unstructured textual form. Given a collection of text documents, most approaches to text mining perform knowledge-discovery operations on labels associated with each document. At one extreme, these labels are keywords that represent the results of non-trivial keyword-labeling processes, and, at the other extreme, these labels are nothing more than a list of the words within the documents of interest. This paper presents an intermediate approach, one that we call text mining via information extraction, in which knowledge discovery takes place on a more focused collection of events and phrases that are extracted from and label each document. These events plus additional higher-level entities are then organized in a hierarchical taxonomy and are used in the knowledge discovery process. This approach was implemented in the Textoscope system. Textoscope consists of a document retrieval module which converts retrieved documents from their native formats into SGML documents used by Textoscope; an information extraction engine, which is based on a powerful attribute grammar which is augmented by a rich background knowledge; a taxonomy-creation tool by which the user can help specify higher-level entities that inform the knowledge-discovery process; and a set of knowledge-discovery tools for the resulting event-labeled documents. We evaluate our approach on a collection of newswire stories extracted by Textoscope’s own agent. Our results confirm that Text Mining via information extraction serves as an accurate and powerful technique by which to manage knowledge encapsulated in large document collections.
Cognitive behavioural therapy versus supportive therapy for persistent positive symptoms in psychotic disorders: The POSITIVE Study, a multicenter, prospective, single-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND
It has been demonstrated that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has a moderate effect on symptom reduction and on general well being of patients suffering from psychosis. However, questions regarding the specific efficacy of CBT, the treatment safety, the cost-effectiveness, and the moderators and mediators of treatment effects are still a major issue. The major objective of this trial is to investigate whether CBT is specifically efficacious in reducing positive symptoms when compared with non-specific supportive therapy (ST) which does not implement CBT-techniques but provides comparable therapeutic attention.


METHODS/DESIGN
The POSITIVE study is a multicenter, prospective, single-blind, parallel group, randomised clinical trial, comparing CBT and ST with respect to the efficacy in reducing positive symptoms in psychotic disorders. CBT as well as ST consist of 20 sessions altogether, 165 participants receiving CBT and 165 participants receiving ST. Major methodological aspects of the study are systematic recruitment, explicit inclusion criteria, reliability checks of assessments with control for rater shift, analysis by intention to treat, data management using remote data entry, measures of quality assurance (e.g. on-site monitoring with source data verification, regular query process), advanced statistical analysis, manualized treatment, checks of adherence and competence of therapists. Research relating the psychotherapy process with outcome, neurobiological research addressing basic questions of delusion formation using fMRI and neuropsychological assessment and treatment research investigating adaptations of CBT for adolescents is combined in this network. Problems of transfer into routine clinical care will be identified and addressed by a project focusing on cost efficiency.


DISCUSSION
This clinical trial is part of efforts to intensify psychotherapy research in the field of psychosis in Germany, to contribute to the international discussion on psychotherapy in psychotic disorders, and to help implement psychotherapy in routine care. Furthermore, the study will allow drawing conclusions about the mediators of treatment effects of CBT of psychotic disorders.
Statistical reliability analysis under process variation and aging effects

Circuit reliability is affected by various fabrication-time and run-time effects. Fabrication-induced process variation has significant impact on circuit performance and reliability. Various aging effects, such as negative bias temperature instability, cause continuous performance and reliability degradation during circuit run-time usage. In this work, we present a statistical analysis framework that characterizes the lifetime reliability of nanometer-scale integrated circuits by jointly considering the impact of fabrication-induced process variation and run-time aging effects. More specifically, our work focuses on characterizing circuit threshold voltage lifetime variation and its impact on circuit timing due to process variation and the negative bias temperature instability effect, a primary aging effect in nanometer-scale integrated circuits. The proposed work is capable of characterizing the overall circuit lifetime reliability, as well as efficiently quantifying the vulnerabilities of individual circuit elements. This analysis framework has been carefully validated and integrated into an iterative design flow for circuit lifetime reliability analysis and optimization.
Evaluating sustainability transitions pathways : Bridging analytical approaches to address governance challenges

The paper sets out a proposal for bridging and linking three approaches to the analysis of transitions to sustainable and low-carbon societies: quantitative systems modelling; socio-technical transition analysis; and initiative-based learning. We argue that each of these approaches presents a partial and incomplete picture, which has implications for the quality and usefulness of the insights they can deliver for policy and practice. A framework for bridging these different approaches promises to enrich each of the approaches, while providing the basis for a more robust and complete analysis of sustainable transitions pathways that serves better to address questions and dilemmas faced by decision-makers and practitioners. We elaborate five key challenges for the analysis and governance of transitions pathways, and compare the three approaches in relation to each of these. We suggest an integration strategy based on alignment, bridging, and iteration, arguing that a structured dialogue between practitioners of different approaches is needed. In practical terms, such a dialogue would be organised around three areas of joint knowledge production: defining common analytical or governance problems to be tackled through integration; establishing shared concepts (boundary objects); and establishing operational bridging devices (data and metrics, pathways evaluation and their delivery). Such processes could include experts and societal partners. We draw conclusions about future research perspectives and the role of analysis in transitions governance. ã 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contemporary trends and techniques in tooth whitening: a review.

UNLABELLED
The popularity of tooth whitening has increased with the advent of patient-applied, peroxide-based whitening agents, as well as increased media influence. Peroxides are considered effective and safe when used under professional supervision. Whitening methods include those prescribed by a dental professional for the patient's at-home use, those applied by the dental professional in the office, a combination of both, or methods available over the counter (OTC). This article reviews the effect of contemporary whitening agents and illustrates the clinical application of three methods prescribed by dental professionals.


LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This article presents the use of three different types of whitening agents for improved aesthetics. Upon reading this article, the reader should be able to: Distinguish the difference between professionally administered in-office and at-home tooth-whitening results. Identify the effects of whitening agents on dental tissues.
Detection of Symmetrical Faults by Distance Relays During Power Swings

For maintaining security of distance relays, power swing blocking is necessary to prevent unintended operation under power swings. To be dependable, distance relays must operate whenever a fault occurs. Therefore, detecting faults during power swings is an important issue since the relay should be able to differentiate the fault condition and not be blocked during that time. This paper presents a new method for detecting a symmetrical fault during a power swing, based on extracting components of the current waveform using the Prony method. The merit of the method is demonstrated by simulating different faults during power swing conditions using the Alternate Transients Program version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program.