LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Directly reflective meta-programming

Existing meta-programming languages operate on encodings of programs as data. This paper presents a new meta-programming language, based on an untyped lambda calculus, in which structurally reflective programming is supported directly, without any encoding. The language features call-by-value and call-by-name lambda abstractions, as well as novel reflective features enabling the intensional manipulation of arbitrary program terms. The language is scope safe, in the sense that variables can neither be captured nor escape their scopes. The expressiveness of the language is demonstrated by showing how to implement quotation and evaluation operations, as proposed by Wand. The language's utility for meta-programming is further demonstrated through additional representative examples. A prototype implementation is described and evaluated.
Risk scores for type 2 diabetes can be applied in some populations but not all.

OBJECTIVE
Risk scores based on phenotypic characteristics to identify individuals at high risk of having undiagnosed diabetes have been developed in Caucasian populations. The impact of known risk factors on having undiagnosed type 2 diabetes differs between populations from different ethnic origin, and risk scores developed in Caucasians may not be applicable to other ethnic groups. This study evaluated the performance of one risk score in nine populations of diverse ethnic origin.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data provided by centers from around the world to the DETECT-2 project were used. The database includes population-based surveys with information on at least 500 people without known diabetes having a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. To date, 52 centers have contributed data on 190,000 individuals from 34 countries. In this analysis, nine cross-sectional studies were selected representing diverse ethnic and regional backgrounds. The risk score assessed uses information on age, sex, blood pressure treatment, and BMI.


RESULTS
This analysis included 29,758 individuals; 1,805 individuals had undiagnosed diabetes. The performance of the risk score varied widely, with sensitivity, specificity, and percentage needing further testing ranging between 12 and 57%, 72 and 93%, and 2 and 25%, respectively, with the worse performance in non-Caucasian populations. This variation in performance was related to differences in the association between prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and components of the risk score.


CONCLUSIONS
A typical risk score developed in Caucasian populations cannot be applied to other populations of diverse ethnic origins.
Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study.

BACKGROUND
The incidence of microcephaly in Brazil in 2015 was 20 times higher than in previous years. Congenital microcephaly is associated with genetic factors and several causative agents. Epidemiological data suggest that microcephaly cases in Brazil might be associated with the introduction of Zika virus. We aimed to detect and sequence the Zika virus genome in amniotic fluid samples of two pregnant women in Brazil whose fetuses were diagnosed with microcephaly.


METHODS
In this case study, amniotic fluid samples from two pregnant women from the state of Paraíba in Brazil whose fetuses had been diagnosed with microcephaly were obtained, on the recommendation of the Brazilian health authorities, by ultrasound-guided transabdominal amniocentesis at 28 weeks' gestation. The women had presented at 18 weeks' and 10 weeks' gestation, respectively, with clinical manifestations that could have been symptoms of Zika virus infection, including fever, myalgia, and rash. After the amniotic fluid samples were centrifuged, DNA and RNA were extracted from the purified virus particles before the viral genome was identified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and viral metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic reconstruction and investigation of recombination events were done by comparing the Brazilian Zika virus genome with sequences from other Zika strains and from flaviviruses that occur in similar regions in Brazil.


FINDINGS
We detected the Zika virus genome in the amniotic fluid of both pregnant women. The virus was not detected in their urine or serum. Tests for dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, HIV, Treponema pallidum, and parvovirus B19 were all negative. After sequencing of the complete genome of the Brazilian Zika virus isolated from patient 1, phylogenetic analyses showed that the virus shares 97-100% of its genomic identity with lineages isolated during an outbreak in French Polynesia in 2013, and that in both envelope and NS5 genomic regions, it clustered with sequences from North and South America, southeast Asia, and the Pacific. After assessing the possibility of recombination events between the Zika virus and other flaviviruses, we ruled out the hypothesis that the Brazilian Zika virus genome is a recombinant strain with other mosquito-borne flaviviruses.


INTERPRETATION
These findings strengthen the putative association between Zika virus and cases of microcephaly in neonates in Brazil. Moreover, our results suggest that the virus can cross the placental barrier. As a result, Zika virus should be considered as a potential infectious agent for human fetuses. Pathogenesis studies that confirm the tropism of Zika virus for neuronal cells are warranted.


FUNDING
Consellho Nacional de Desenvolvimento e Pesquisa (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).
Merkelized Abstract Syntax Trees

In the context of modern cryptosystems, a common theme is the creation of distributed trust networks. In most of these designs, permanent storage of a contract is required. However, permanent storage can become a major performance and cost bottleneck. As a result, good code compression schemes are a key factor in scaling these contract based cryptosystems. For this project, we formalize and implement a data structure called the Merkelized Abstract Syntax Tree (MAST) to address both data integrity and compression. MASTs can be used to compactly represent contractual programs that will be executed remotely, and by using some of the properties of Merkle trees, they can also be used to verify the integrity of the code being executed. A concept by the same name has been discussed in the Bitcoin community for a while, the terminology originates from the work of Russel O’Connor and Pieter Wuille, however this discussion was limited to private correspondences. We present a formalization of it and provide an implementation.The project idea was developed with Bitcoin applications in mind, and the experiment we set up uses MASTs in a crypto currency network simulator. Using MASTs in the Bitcoin protocol [2] would increase the complexity (length) of contracts permitted on the network, while simultaneously maintaining the security of broadcasted data. Additionally, contracts may contain privileged, secret branches of execution.
Inverse kinematics analysis for the arm of a mobile humanoid robot based on the closed-loop algorithm

This paper presents a kind of method for the inverse kinematics of a seven degrees of freedom (DoF) arm installed on a mobile humanoid robot. Due to the redundancy of 7-DoF open-chain arm, the closed-loop inverse kinematics via pseudoinverse method is used to solve the corresponding joint trajectories if the end-effector trajectory is given. Because of the existence of the null space in the kinematically redundant arm, the constraints of joint limits are applied here to optimize the redundancy in order to get some desired solutions of inverse kinematics. Computer simulations are made respectively with and without considering the joint limits and simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Cyclooxygenase inhibition improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients with chronic renal failure.

BACKGROUND
Some studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of L-arginine as a substrate for nitric oxide synthesis, and diclofenac as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived vasoconstrictive agents on vascular responses in humans during several pathological conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effects of L-arginine and diclofenac on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (EDV) and endothelium-independent vasodilatation (EIDV) in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF).


METHODS
Effects of L-arginine and diclofenac on EDV and EIDV were measured in 15 patients with CRF and in 15 healthy controls by means of forearm blood flow measurements with venous occlusion plethysmography during local intra-arterial infusions of methacholine (2 and 4 micro g/min evaluating EDV) and sodium nitroprusside (5 and 10 micro g/min evaluating EIDV).


RESULTS
L-Arginine infusion increased methacholine-induced vasodilatation both in patients with CRF and healthy controls. Diclofenac infusion increased methacholine-induced vasodilatation only in patients with CRF. There was no significant change in nitroprusside-induced vasodilatation after L-arginine and diclofenac infusions both in patients with CRF and healthy controls.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that COX inhibition reduces the levels of a prostanoid-derived vasoconstrictive agent contributing to the impaired EDV in patients with CRF, while in this age group L-arginine improves EDV regardless of renal function.
Integral SHM-System for Offshore Wind Turbines Using Smart Wireless Sensors

Currently, wind turbines can incur unforeseen damage up to five times a year. Particularly during bad weather, wind turbines located offshore are difficult to access for visual inspection. As a result, long periods of turbine standstill can result in great economic inefficiencies that undermine the long-term viability of the technology. Hence, the load carrying structure should be monitored continuously in order to minimize the overall cost of maintenance and repair. The end result are turbines defined by extend lifetimes and greater economic viability. For that purpose, an automated monitoring system for early damage detection and damage localisation is currently under development for wind turbines. Most of the techniques existing for global damage detection of structures work by using frequency domain methods. Frequency shifts and mode shape changes are usually used for damage detection of large structures (e.g. bridges, large buildings and towers) [1]. Damage can cause a change in the distribution of structural stiffness which has to be detected by measuring dynamic responses using natural excitation. Even though mode shapes are more sensitive to damage compared to frequency shifts, the use of mode shapes requires a lot of sensors installed so as to reliably detect mode shape changes for early damage detection [2]. The design of our developed structural health monitoring (SHM) system is based on three functional modules that track changes in the global dynamic behaviour of both the turbine tower and blade elements. A key feature of the approach is the need for a minimal number of strain gages and accelerometers necessary to record the structure’s condition. Module 1 analyzes the proportionality of maximum stress and maximum velocity; already small changes in component stiffness can be detected. Afterwards, module 3 is activated for localization and quantization of the damage. The approach of module 3 is based on a numerical model which solves a multi-parameter eigenvalue problem. As a prerequisite, highly resolved eigenfrequencies and a parameterization of a validated structural model are required. Both are provided for the undamaged structure by module 2
Authorship Attribution of Short Historical Arabic Texts Based on Lexical Features

In this paper the authors investigate the authorship of several short historical texts that are written by ten ancient Arabic travelers: this Arabic dataset, which was collected by the authors in 2011, is called AAAT dataset. Several experiments of authorship attribution are conducted on these Arabic texts, by using different lexical features such as words, word-big rams, word-trig rams, word-tetra grams and rare words. Furthermore, seven different classifiers are employed, namely: Manhattan distance, Cosine distance, Stamatatos distance, Camberra distance, Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP), Sequential Minimal Optimization based Support Vector Machine (SMO-SVM) and Linear Regression. For the evaluation task, several experiments of authorship attribution are conducted on the AAAT dataset by using the different quoted features and classifiers. Results show good attribution performances with an optimal score of 80% of good authorship attribution. Moreover, this investigation has revealed interesting results concerning the Arabic language and more particularly for the short texts.
Buprenorphine maintenance treatment of opiate dependence: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial.

AIMS
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an 8 mg/day sublingual dose of buprenorphine in the maintenance treatment of heroin addicts by comparison with a 1 mg/day dose over a 16-week treatment period. As a secondary objective, outcomes were determined concurrently for patients treated with two other dose levels.


DESIGN
Patients were randomized to four dosage groups and treated double-blind.


SETTING
Twelve outpatient opiate maintenance treatment centers throughout the United States.


PARTICIPANTS
Two hundred and thirty-nine women and 497 men who met the DSM-III-R criteria for opioid dependence and were seeking treatment.


INTERVENTION
Patients received either 1, 4, 8 or 16 mg/day of buprenorphine and were treated in the usual clinical context, including a 1-hour weekly clinical counseling session.


MEASUREMENT
Retention in treatment, illicit opioid use as determined by urine toxicology, opioid craving and global ratings by patient and staff. Safety outcome measures were provided by clinical monitoring and by analysis of the reported adverse events.


FINDINGS
Outcomes in the 8 mg group were significantly better than in the 1 mg group in all four efficacy domains. No deaths occurred in either group. The 8 mg group did not show an increase in the frequency of adverse events. Most reported adverse effects were those commonly seen in patients treated with opioids.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings support the safety and efficacy of buprenorphine and suggest that an adequate dose of buprenorphine will be a useful addition to pharmacotherapy.
Eccentric loading, shock-wave treatment, or a wait-and-see policy for tendinopathy of the main body of tendo Achillis: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND
Few randomized controlled trials compare different methods of management in chronic tendinopathy of the main body of tendo Achillis.


PURPOSE
To compare the effectiveness of 3 management strategies-group 1, eccentric loading; group 2, repetitive low-energy shock-wave therapy (SWT); and group 3, wait and see-in patients with chronic tendinopathy of the main body of tendo Achillis.


STUDY DESIGN
Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.


METHODS
Seventy-five patients with a chronic recalcitrant (>6 months) noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy were enrolled in a randomized controlled study. All patients had received unsuccessful management for >3 months, including at least (1) peritendinous local injections, (2) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and (3) physiotherapy. A computerized random-number generator was used to draw up an allocation schedule. Analysis was on intention-to-treat basis.


RESULTS
At 4 months from baseline, the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment (VISA)-A score increased in all groups, from 51 to 76 points in group 1 (eccentric loading), from 50 to 70 points in group 2 (repetitive low-energy SWT), and from 48 to 55 points in group 3 (wait and see). Pain rating decreased in all groups, from 7 to 4 points in group 1, from 7 to 4 points in group 2, and from 8 to 6 points in group 3. Fifteen of 25 patients in group 1 (60%), 13 of 25 patients in group 2 (52%), and 6 of 25 patients in Group 3 (24%) reported a Likert scale of 1 or 2 points ("completely recovered" or "much improved"). For all outcome measures, groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly. For all outcome measures, groups 1 and 2 showed significantly better results than group 3.


CONCLUSION
At 4-month follow-up, eccentric loading and low-energy SWT showed comparable results. The wait-and-see strategy was ineffective for the management of chronic recalcitrant tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon.
New consumer behavior : A review of research on eWOM and hotels

This study aims to gather and analyze published articles regarding the influence of electronic word-ofmouth (eWOM) on the hotel industry. Articles published in the last five years appearing in six different academically recognized journals of tourism have been reviewed in the present study. Analysis of these articles has identified two main lines of research: review-generating factors (previous factors that cause consumers to write reviews) and impacts of eWOM (impacts caused by online reviews) from consumer perspective and company perspective. A summary of each study’s description, methodology and main results are outlined below, as well as an analysis of findings. This study also seeks to facilitate understanding and provide baseline information for future articles related to eWOM and hotels with the intention that researchers have a “snapshot” of previous research and the results achieved to date. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Design Techniques to Facilitate Processor Power Delivery in 3-D Processor-DRAM Integrated Systems

As a promising option to address the memory wall problem, 3-D processor-DRAM integration has recently received many attentions. Since DRAM dies should be stacked between the processor die and package substrate, we have to fabricate a large number of through-DRAM through-silicon vias (TSVs) to connect the processor die and package for power and input/output (I/O) signal delivery. Although such through-DRAM TSVs will inevitably interfere with DRAM design and induce non-negligible power consumption overhead, little prior research has been done to study how to allocate these through-DRAM TSVs on the DRAM dies and analyze their impacts. To address this open issue, this paper first presents a through-DRAM TSV allocation strategy that well fits to the regular DRAM architecture. Meanwhile, due to the longer path between power/ground pads and processor die, power delivery integrity issue may become more serious in such 3-D processor-DRAM integrated systems. Decoupling capacitor insertion is the most popular method to deal with power delivery integrity issue in high-performance integrated circuits. This paper further proposes to use 3-D stacked DRAM dies to provide decoupling capacitors for the processor die. This can well leverage the superior capacitor fabrication ability of DRAM to reduce the area penalty of decoupling capacitor insertion on the processor die. For its practical implementation, a simple uniform decoupling capacitor network design strategy is presented. To demonstrate through-DRAM TSV allocation and decoupling capacitor insertion strategy and evaluate involved tradeoffs, circuit SPICE simulations and computer system simulations are carried out to quantitatively demonstrate the effectiveness and investigate various design tradeoffs.
Recovering the Ancient View of Founding: A Commentary on Cicero's De Legibus

Chapter 1 Introduction. Reviving the Study of De Legibus Chapter 2 Chapter One. Nature and the Foundation of Just Law Chapter 3 Chapter Two. The Natural Law Republic I: Laws of Religion Chapter 4 Chapter Three. The Natural Law Republic II: Laws of the Magistracy Chapter 5 Conclusion. Philosophy, Politics, and Rhetoric
Experiences with Domain-Based Parsing of Natural Language Requirements

Requirement engineering is the part of software engineering that concerns the identification, expression, validation and analysis of the real-world goals and constraints for a software system. In particular, requirement engineering offers tools, methods and techniques to bridge the gap between (often vague) customer’s desires and a precise specification of the system that can be used to design and build a concrete system satisfying the requirements stated. Despite the wide array of formalisms devised to express requirements for software systems, natural language requirements are still the most common form of requirements found in practice. Natural language requirements have the undesirable property that it is often very difficult to prove properties on them (e.g.: non-redundancy, consistency, coverage of all possible cases) due in part to their inherent ambiguity, and in part to their low amenability to automatic processing. On the other hand, natural language plays a key role in communication with the customer, and is also the best expressive medium in the initial “brainstorming” part of a requirement process, so it cannot be simply discarded as inconvenient. For these reasons, an environment supporting requirement engineering activities has to devote a special attention to the handling of natural language requirements. Most commercially available tools offer a good support to techniques li ke tracing the evolution of requirements, linking requirements to other documents, structuring, merging and spli tting requirement documents, assigning authorities over requirements to different individuals, etc. All these techniques, however, treat natural language requirements as black-box objects, without getting to their meaning. In this paper, we discuss a technique for shallow parsing of natural language that we have found to be particularly effective in the case of software requirements. The technique described here is implemented in a component named Cico of our cooperative requirement engineering environment Circe [1], and has been used to perform partial validation of some of the requirements for the International Space Station [2].
Variable Baseline Stereo Tracking Vision System Using High-Speed Linear Slider

In this research, we have developed a variable baseline stereo tracking vision system using a 1ms high-speed vision system and a high-speed linear slider. The vision system tracks a moving object, captures a stereo image pair and estimates its distance in only 1ms. It also calculates stereo matching and estimates its 3D shape every 2ms. The high speed linear slider moves stereo cameras horizontally and independently so the baseline length can be changed. We also propose a baseline control method which is adaptive to the distance to the object. When the object appears large in the image, the system reconstructs its 3D shape, and when the object appears small in the image, the system only estimates the 3D position of its center of gravity. The experimental results show that the proposed baseline control method improves the depth accuracy and the system can track and estimate the 3D shapes of fast moving objects.
Low power n-bit adders and multiplier using lowest-number-of-transistor 1-bit adders

4-bit ripple carry adders (RCA), 12-bit carry select adders (CSA), and a 4times4 Braun multiplier, based on lowest-number-of-transistor full adders, were designed and simulated. The designed full adders consist of 10 transistors and were used for n-bit adders with output voltage levels having a maximum of one threshold voltage (Vr) degradation. The 10 transistors adder achieved a 43.68% reduction in the power dissipation compared to the standard CMOS-28T adder. Power consumption can be further reduced by using an extra stack transistor. A 12-transistor adder was also designed for low area array multipliers