LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Classifying Facial Actions

The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) [23] is an objective method for quantifying facial movement in terms of component actions. This system is widely used in behavioral investigations of emotion, cognitive processes, and social interaction. The coding is presently performed by highly trained human experts. This paper explores and compares techniques for automatically recognizing facial actions in sequences of images. These techniques include analysis of facial motion through estimation of optical flow; holistic spatial analysis, such as principal component analysis, independent component analysis, local feature analysis, and linear discriminant analysis; and methods based on the outputs of local filters, such as Gabor wavelet representations and local principal components. Performance of these systems is compared to naive and expert human subjects. Best performances were obtained using the Gabor wavelet representation and the independent component representation, both of which achieved 96 percent accuracy for classifying 12 facial actions of the upper and lower face. The results provide converging evidence for the importance of using local filters, high spatial frequencies, and statistical independence for classifying facial actions.
Efficient Verified Red-Black Trees

I present a new implementation of balanced binary search trees, compatible with the MSets interface of the Coq Standard Library. Like the current Library implementation, mine is formally verified (in Coq) to be correct with respect to the MSets specification, and to be balanced (which implies asymptotic efficiency guarantees). Benchmarks show that my implementation runs significantly faster than the library implementation, because (1) Red-Black trees avoid the significant overhead of arithmetic incurred by AVL trees for balancing computations; (2) a specialized delete-min operation makes priority-queue operations much faster; and (3) dynamically choosing between three algorithms for set union/intersection leads to better asymptotic efficiency.
E-loyalty: elusive ideal or competitive edge?

Business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce has grown at a phenomenal rate and the best may be yet to come. The steady growth of B2C e-commerce over the last three holiday seasons is indicative of the remarkable potential of online retailing as an alternative to the traditional bricks-and-mortar mode of shopping. However, many consumers are hesitant to adopt this new way of doing business. Their satisfaction with and loyalty toward online shopping have been stalled by multiple episodes of frustration with online transactions, as illustrated by the following quote from an industry publication: “Last season’s troubles were many. Some retail sites buckled under the weight of traffic, resulting in pages that loaded slowly or not at all. Others couldn’t keep up with customer service requests. Still others were spotty in fulfilling orders on time—Toysrus.com had to issue gift certificates when toys weren’t delivered in time for Christmas” [7]. Thus, while there seems to be a surge in online traffic, there is also a general consumer wariness about electronic shopping. For businesses, the equation is further complicated by high customer acquisition costs, low customer retention, and negative cash flows in B2C electronic commerce—all of which highlight the need to better understand customer interactions. This article aims to provide insights into the critical factors that create online customer loyalty. Jeff Bezos, founder and CEO of Amazon.com, stated that creating a compelling online experience for cyber customers is the key to attaining competitive advantage on the Internet [11]. Our focus in this article is on consumer experience with online shopping. Using a paired sample approach in which customers’ online shopping experience is contrasted with their conventional shopping experience, we address the dimensions along which they perceive similarities and differences between the two modes of shopping. We aim to accomplish three objectives:
Randomized phase III trial comparing docetaxel plus epirubicin versus docetaxel plus capecitabine as first-line treatment in women with advanced breast cancer.

BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to compare docetaxel plus epirubicin versus docetaxel plus capecitabine combinations as front-line treatment in women with advanced breast cancer (ABC).


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Previously untreated patients with ABC were randomly assigned to receive docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) plus epirubicin 75 mg/m(2) (DE) on day 1 or docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) on day 1 plus capecitabine 950 mg/m(2) orally twice daily on days 1-14 (DC) in 21-day cycles. Previous anthracycline-based (neo)-adjuvant chemotherapy was allowed if completed >1 year before enrollment. The primary objective of the study was to compare time to disease progression (TTP).


RESULTS
One hundred and thirty-six women were treated on each arm and median TTP was 10.6 versus 11.0 months (P = 0.7), for DE and DC, respectively. According to RECIST criteria we observed 15 (11%) versus 11 (8%) complete responses and 55 (40%) versus 61 (45%) partial responses (P = 0.8), with DE and DC, respectively. Severe toxicity included grade 3-4 neutropenia (57% versus 46%; P = 0.07), febrile neutropenia (11% versus 8%; P = 0.4), hand-foot syndrome (0% versus 4%; P = 0.02), grade 2-3 anemia (20% versus 7%; P = 0.001) and asthenia (12% versus 6%; P = 0.09) with DE and DC, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The DE and DC regimens have similar efficacy but different toxicity. Either regimen can be used as front-line treatment of ABC.
Fine-grained linings of leveed channels facilitate runout of granular flows

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Keywords: granular flow granular segregation levee pore-fluid pressure runout distance self-organization Catastrophic dense granular flows, such as occur in rock avalanches, debris flows and pyroclastic flows, move as fully shearing mixtures that have approximately 60 vol.% solids and tend to segregate to form coarse-grained fronts and leveed channels. Levees restrict spreading of unconfined flows and form as coarse particles that become concentrated in the top of the flow are transported to the front and then advect to the sides in the flow head. Channels from which most material has drained away down slope are commonly lined with fine-grained deposit, widely thought to remain from the tail of the waning flow. We show how segregation in experimental dense flows of carborundum or sand (300–425 μm) mixed with spherical fine ballotini (150–250 μm), on rough slopes of 27–29 • , produces fine-grained channel linings that are deposited with the levees, into which they grade laterally. Maximum runout distance is attained with mixtures containing 30–40% sand, just sufficient to segregate and form levees that are adequately robust to restrict the spreading attributable to the low-friction fines. Resin impregnation and serial sectioning of deliberately arrested experimental flows shows how fines-lined levees form from the flow head; the flows create their own stable 'conduit' entirely from the front, which in a geophysical context can play an important mechanistic role in facilitating runout. The flow self-organization ensures that low-friction fines at the base of the segregated channel flow shear over fine-grained substrate in the channel, thus reducing frictional energy losses. We propose that in pyroclastic flows and debris flows, which have considerable mobility attributable to pore-fluid pressures, such fine-grained flow-contact zones form similarly and not only reduce frictional energy losses but also reduce flow–substrate permeability so as to enhance pore-fluid pressure retention. Thus the granular flow self-organization that produces fine-grained channel linings can be an important factor in facilitating long runout of catastrophic geophysical flows on the low slopes (few degrees) of depositional fans and aprons around mountains and volcanoes.
Flap advancement: practical techniques to attain tension-free primary closure.

BACKGROUND
Primary and tension-free closure of a flap is often required after particular surgical procedures (e.g., guided bone regeneration). Other times, flap advancement may be desired for situations such as root coverage.


METHODS
The literature was searched for articles that addressed techniques, limitations, and complications associated with flap advancement. These articles were used as background information. In addition, reference information regarding anatomy was cited as necessary to help describe surgical procedures.


RESULTS
This article describes techniques to advance mucoperiosteal flaps, which facilitate healing. Methods are presented for a variety of treatment scenarios, ranging from minor to major coronal tissue advancement. Anatomic landmarks are identified that need to be considered during surgery. In addition, management of complications associated with flap advancement is discussed.


CONCLUSIONS
Tension-free primary closure is attainable. The technique is dependent on the extent that the flap needs to be advanced.
From Physics to Number theory via Noncommutative Geometry , II

We give here a comprehensive treatment of the mathematical theory of per-turbative renormalization (in the minimal subtraction scheme with dimensional regularization), in the framework of the Riemann–Hilbert correspondence and motivic Galois theory. We give a detailed overview of the work of Connes– Kreimer [31], [32]. We also cover some background material on affine group schemes, Tannakian categories, the Riemann–Hilbert problem in the regular singular and irregular case, and a brief introduction to motives and motivic Ga-lois theory. We then give a complete account of our results on renormalization and motivic Galois theory announced in [35]. Our main goal is to show how the divergences of quantum field theory, which may at first appear as the undesired effect of a mathematically ill-formulated theory, in fact reveal the presence of a very rich deeper mathematical structure, which manifests itself through the action of a hidden " cosmic Galois group " 1 , which is of an arithmetic nature, related to motivic Galois theory. Historically, perturbative renormalization has always appeared as one of the most elaborate recipes created by modern physics, capable of producing numerical quantities of great physical relevance out of a priori meaningless mathematical expressions. In this respect, it is fascinating for mathematicians and physicists alike. The depth of its origin in quantum field theory and the precision with which it is confirmed by experiments undoubtedly make it into one of the jewels of modern theoretical physics. For a mathematician in quest of " meaning " rather than heavy formalism, the attempts to cast the perturbative renormalization technique in a conceptual framework were so far falling short of accounting for the main computational aspects, used for instance in QED. These have to do with the subtleties involved in the subtraction of infinities in the evaluation of Feynman graphs and do not fall under the range of " asymptotically free theories " for which constructive quantum field theory can provide a mathematically satisfactory formulation., where the conceptual meaning of the detailed computational devices used in perturbative renormalization is analysed. Their work shows that the recursive procedure used by physicists is in fact identical to a mathematical method of extraction of finite values known as the Birkhoff decomposition, applied to a loop γ(z) with values in a complex pro-unipotent Lie group G.
BIM Adoption and Implementation for Architectural Practices

Severe issues about data acquisition and management arise during the design creation and development due to complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity. BIM (Building Information Modelling) is a tool for a team based lean design approach towards improved architectural practice across the supply chain. However, moving from a CAD (Computer Aided Design) approach to BIM (Building Information Modelling) represents a fundamental change for individual disciplines and the construction industry as a whole. Although BIM has been implemented by large practices, it is not widely used by SMEs (Small and Medium Sized Enterprises). Purpose: This paper aims to present a systematic approach for BIM implementation for Architectural SMEs at the organizational level Design/Methodology/Approach: The research is undertaken through a KTP (Knowledge transfer Partnership) project between the University of Salford and John McCall Architects (JMA) a SME based in Liverpool. The overall aim of the KTP is to develop lean design practice through BIM adoption. The BIM implementation approach uses a socio-technical view which does not only consider the implementation of technology but also considers the socio-cultural environment that provides the context for its implementation. The action research oriented qualitative and quantitative research is used for discovery, comparison, and experimentation as it provides “learning by doing”. Findings: The strategic approach to BIM adoption incorporated people, process and technology equally and led to capacity building through the improvements in process, technological infrastructure and upskilling of JMA staff to attain efficiency gains and competitive advantages. Originality/Value : This paper introduces a systematic approach for BIM adoption based on the action research philosophy and demonstrates a roadmap for BIM adoption at the operational level for SME companies.
Results of the WNUT16 Named Entity Recognition Shared Task

This paper presents the results of the Twitter Named Entity Recognition shared task associated with W-NUT 2016: a named entity tagging task with 10 teams participating. We outline the shared task, annotation process and dataset statistics, and provide a high-level overview of the participating systems for each shared task.
Assessing the safety attitudes questionnaire (SAQ), German language version in Swiss university hospitals - a validation study

BACKGROUND
Improving patient safety has become a major focus of clinical care and research over the past two decades. An institution's patient safety climate represents an essential component of ensuring a safe environment and thereby can be vital to the prevention of adverse events. Covering six patient safety related factors, the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) is a validated and widely used instrument to measure the patient safety climate in clinical areas. The objective of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the German language version of the SAQ.


METHODS
A survey was carried out in two University Hospitals in Switzerland in autumn 2009 where the SAQ was distributed to a sample of 406 nurses and physicians in medical and surgical wards. Following the American Educational Research Association guidelines, we tested the questionnaire validity by levels of evidence: content validity, internal structure and relations to other variables. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine factor structure. Cronbach's alphas and inter-item correlations were calculated to examine internal consistency reliability.


RESULTS
A total of 319 questionnaires were completed representing an overall response rate of 78.6%. For three items, the item content validity index was <0.75. Confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable model fit (RMSEA = 0.045; CFI = 0.944) for the six-factor model. Additional exploratory factor analysis could not identify a better factor model. SAQ factor scores showed positive correlations with the Safety Organizing Scale (r = .56-.72). The SAQ German version showed moderate to strong internal consistency reliability indices (Cronbach alpha = .65-.83).


CONCLUSIONS
The German language version of the SAQ demonstrated acceptable to good psychometric properties and therefore shows promise to be a sound instrument to measure patient safety climate in Swiss hospital wards. However, the low item content validity and large number of missing responses for several items suggest that improvements and adaptations in translation are required for select items, especially within the perception of management scale. Following these revisions, psychometric properties should reassessed in a randomly selected sample and hospitals and departments prior to use in Swiss hospital settings.
Start of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus promotes the influx of macrophages into subcutaneous adipose tissue

Insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is accompanied by weight gain characterised by an increase in abdominal fat mass. The expansion of adipose tissue mass is generally paralleled by profound morphological and inflammatory changes. We hypothesised that the insulin-associated increase in fat mass would also result in changes in the morphology of human subcutaneous adipose tissue and in increased inflammation, especially when weight gain was excessive. We investigated the effects of weight gain on adipocyte size, macrophage influx, and mRNA expression and protein levels of key inflammatory markers within the adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus before and 6 months after starting insulin therapy. As expected, insulin therapy significantly increased body weight. At the level of the subcutaneous adipose tissue, insulin treatment led to an influx of macrophages. When comparing patients gaining no or little weight with patients gaining >4% body weight after 6 months of insulin therapy, both subgroups displayed an increase in macrophage influx. However, individuals who had gained weight had higher protein levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, TNF-α and IL-1β after 6 months of insulin therapy compared with those who had not gained weight. We conclude that insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus improved glycaemic control but also induced body weight gain and an influx of macrophages into the subcutaneous adipose tissue. In patients characterised by a pronounced insulin-associated weight gain, the influx of macrophages into the adipose tissue was accompanied by a more pronounced inflammatory status. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00781495. The study was funded by European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes and the Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation.
Free-Standing Leaping Experiments with a Power-Autonomous , Elastic-Spined Quadruped

We document initial experiments with Canid, a freestanding, power-autonomous quadrupedal robot equipped with a parallel actuated elastic spine. Research into robotic bounding and galloping platforms holds scientific and engineering interest because it can both probe biological hypotheses regarding bounding and galloping mammals and also provide the engineering community with a new class of agile, efficient and rapidly-locomoting legged robots. We detail the design features of Canid that promote our goals of agile operation in a relatively cheap, conventionally prototyped, commercial off-the-shelf actuated platform. We introduce new measurement methodology aimed at capturing our robot’s “body energy” during real time operation as a means of quantifying its potential for agile behavior. Finally, we present joint motor, inertial and motion capture data taken from Canid’s initial leaps into highly energetic regimes exhibiting large accelerations that illustrate the use of this measure and suggest its future potential as a platform for developing efficient, stable, hence useful bounding gaits. For more information: Kod*Lab Disciplines Electrical and Computer Engineering | Engineering | Systems Engineering Comments BibTeX entry @article{canid_spie_2013, author = {Pusey, Jason L. and Duperret, Jeffrey M. and Haynes, G. Clark and Knopf, Ryan and Koditschek , Daniel E.}, title = {Free-Standing Leaping Experiments with a PowerAutonomous, Elastic-Spined Quadruped}, pages = {87410W-87410W-15}, year = {2013}, doi = {10.1117/ 12.2016073} } This work is supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant Number DGE-0822, and by the Army Research Laboratory under Cooperative Agreement Number W911NF-10–2−0016. Copyright 2013 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Postprint version. This paper was (will be) published in Proceedings of the SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing Conference, Unmanned Systems Technology XV (8741), and is made available as an electronic reprint with permission of SPIE. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic or multiple reproduction, distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited. This conference paper is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/ese_papers/655 Free-Standing Leaping Experiments with a Power-Autonomous, Elastic-Spined Quadruped Jason L. Pusey a , Jeffrey M. Duperret b , G. Clark Haynes c , Ryan Knopf b , and Daniel E. Koditschek b a U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, b University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, c National Robotics Engineering Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
Proceedings of the Frontiers in Retrovirology Conference 2018

© The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/ publi cdoma in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Oral presentations
The Embodied Cognition Research Programme

Embodied Cognition is an approach to cognition that departs from traditional cognitive science in its reluctance to conceive of cognition as computational and in its emphasis on the significance of an organism’s body in how and what the organism thinks. Three lines of embodied cognition research are described and some thoughts on the future of embodied cognition offered. The embodied cognition research programme, hereafter EC, departs from more traditional cognitive science in the emphasis it places on the role the body plays in an organism’s cognitive processes. Saying more beyond this vague claim is difficult, but this is perhaps not surprising given the diversity of fields – phenomenology, robotics, ecological psychology, artificial life, ethology – from which EC has emerged. Indeed, the point of labelling EC a research programme, rather than a theory, is to indicate that the commitments and subject matters of EC remain fairly nebulous. Yet, much of the flavour of EC becomes evident when considering three prominent directions that researchers in this programme have taken. Before turning to these lines of research, it pays to have in sight the traditional view of cognitive science against which EC positions itself. I.Traditional Cognitive Science Unifying traditional cognitive science is the idea that thinking is a process of symbol manipulation, where symbols lead both a syntactic and a semantic life (Haugeland, ‘Semantic Engines’). The syntax of a symbol comprises those properties in virtue of which the symbol undergoes rule-dictated transformations. The semantics of a symbol constitute the symbols’ meaning or representational content. Thought consists in the syntactically determined manipulation of symbols, but in a way that respects their semantics. Thus, for instance, a calculating computer sensitive only to the shape of symbols might produce the symbol ‘5’ in response to the inputs ‘2’, ‘+’, and ‘3’. As far as the computer is concerned, these symbols have no meaning, but because of its programme it will produce outputs that, to the user, ‘make sense’ given the meanings the user attributes to the symbols.