LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Detecting shadow for direct radiation using CityGML models for photovoltaic potentiality analysis

Photovoltaic method is very popular for generating electrical power. Its energy production depends on solar radiation on that location and orientation. Shadow rapidly decreases performance of the Photovoltaic system. In this research, it is being investigated that how exactly real-time shadow can be detected. In principle, 3D city models containing roof structure, vegetation, thematically differentiated surface and texture, are suitable to simulate exact real-time shadow. An automated procedure to measure exact shadow effect from the 3D city models and a long-term simulation model to determine the produced energy from the photovoltaic system is being developed here. In this paper, a method for detecting shadow for direct radiation has been discussed with its result using a 3D city model to perform a solar energy potentiality analysis. Figure 1. Partial Shadow on PV array (Reisa 2011). Former military area Scharnhauser Park shown in figure 2 has been choosen as the case study area for this research. It is an urban conversion and development area of 150 hecta res in the community of Ostfildern on the southern border near Stuttgart with 7000 inhabitants. About 80% heating energy demand of the whole area is supplied by renewable energies and a small portion of electricity is delivered by existing roof top photovoltaic system (Tereci et al, 2009). This has been selected as the study area for this research because of availability CityGML and LIDAR data, building footprints and existing photovoltaic cells on roofs and façades. Land Survey Office Baden-Wüttemberg provides the laser scanning data with a density of 4 points per square meter at a high resolution of 0.2 meter. The paper has been organized with a brief introduction at the beginning explaining background of photovoltaic energy and motivation for this research in. Then the effect of shadow on photovoltaic cells and a methodology for detecting shadow from direct radiation. Then result has been shown applying the methodology and some brief idea about the future work of this research has been presented.
The Early Electron the Nature of the Electron

203 W inston Churchill once said of Russia that it was a riddle wrapped in mystery inside an enigma. Were the British Bulldog a physicist, he might have been talking of something other than our Slavic comrades. He might have been talking about an electron. It might seem weird to think of an electron as mysterious. After all, introductory physics instructors everywhere teach students about charge and current and have them do labs to calculate the particle's charge-to-mass ratio. If the particle is easy enough to understand that you can present it in technical detail to first-year physics students, how mysterious can it be? Of course, you have probably now turned your thoughts to the quantum electron and Schrödinger's equation and whether cats are alive or dead, and perhaps you are beginning to remember that the electron hasn't told us all of its tales. And the story of quantum mechanics is now nearly a century old. Science has moved on and researchers have abandoned the simpler quantum representations of the electron for the more advanced relativistic quantum mechanics and now quantum field theory. Like Salome in Richard Strauss's opera, the electron seems to be doing a dance of seven veils and the dance is not yet over. The electron still has a few secrets to reveal. This article will mostly cover the more modern representations of the electron. A brief reminder of the electron of classical physics and early quantum theories will begin the story, but these will be used simply as a diving board as we plunge into the story of the modern electron. And, as we will see, that story is very deep. Before we knew of electrons, we knew of cathode rays (Fig. 1). Cathode rays were emitted when two metal plates were enclosed in a vacuum-filled tube in which two metal plates were placed. When a high electrical potential was applied between the two metal plates, it appeared that some sort of rays emanated from the cathode (negatively charged plate) and headed towards the positive plate. (While most readers will know that a filament is often used to create cathode rays, thermionic emission is simply more efficient and not essential.) Some of these cathode rays would hit the glass envelope, causing it to glow and revealing their presence. Later experiments added phosphorescent material to the glass to enhance the glow. From their discovery in 1869 through …
The Molecular Architecture of Odor and Pheromone Sensing in Mammals

exposure of a female to a male that is genetically different from the inseminating male (the Bruce Effect). In the Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Bruce Effect, it appears that a pheromone effect can be coupled with the detection of " individuality cues " that result from genetic variation within a species, including Olfaction is an ancient sense. Its precursors can be differences at major histocompatibility loci. found in the most primitive single-celled organisms, reflecting the need of every organism to sense its chemical milieu. In mammals, the olfactory system can detect and Odor and Pheromone Circuits distinguish a vast number of volatile chemicals with a In mammals, odorants are detected in the olfactory epi-large variety of structures (Beets, 1970; Shepherd, 1988). thelium (OE) that lines the nasal cavity (Shepherd, 1988) It seems to have evolved to sense almost any volatile (Figure 1). Signals generated in olfactory sensory neu-chemical it might encounter. However, the olfactory sys-rons in the OE in response to odorants are relayed tem is also responsible for the sensing of pheromones, through the main olfactory bulb (MOB) to the olfactory chemicals released by animals that act on conspecifics cortex (OC) and then to other brain areas. Via these to regulate populations of animals and their social inter-pathways, odor signals ultimately reach higher cortical actions (Wilson, 1963; Shepherd, 1988). Pheromones areas involved in the conscious perception of odors, as elicit programmed neuroendocrine changes and innate well as limbic areas, such as the amygdala and hypothal-behaviors, suggesting a need for a very precise recogni-amus, that are involved in emotional and motivational tion process. responses. How does the olfactory system meet these dual re-Most mammals have a second olfactory sense organ, quirements for general odor sensing and the generation called the vomeronasal organ (VNO) (Figure 1). The VNO of stereotyped responses to specific pheromones? is a tubular structure in the nasal septum that is con-Studies in both insects and mammals suggest that it nected to the nasal cavity by a small duct. Removal of does it by segregating odor and pheromone detection the VNO, or severing its connection to the brain, inter-in different sensory neurons and in different neural path-feres with pheromone effects but not with general odor, these observations have sug-functional studies of these pathways have provided in-gested that the VNO may be specialized to detect phero-sight into many aspects of odor and pheromone sensing In recent years, the there, signals …
Sequence alignment for masquerade detection

The masquerade attack, where an attacker takes on the identity of a legitimate user to maliciously utilize that user’s privileges, poses a serious threat to the security of information systems. Such attacks completely undermine traditional security mechanisms due to the trust imparted to user accounts once they have been authenticated. Many attempts have been made at detecting these attacks, yet achieving high levels of accuracy remains an open challenge. In this paper, we discuss the use of a specially tuned sequence alignment algorithm, typically used in bioinformatics, to detect instances of masquerading in sequences of computer audit data. By using the alignment algorithm to align sequences of monitored audit data with sequences known to have been produced by the user, the alignment algorithm can discover areas of similarity and derive a metric that indicates the presence or absence of masquerade attacks. Additionally, we present several scoring systems, methods for accommodating variations in user behavior, and heuristics for decreasing the computational requirements of the algorithm. Our technique is evaluated against the standard masquerade detection dataset provided by Schonlau et al. [14, 13], and the results show that the use of the sequence alignment technique provides, to our knowledge, the best results of all masquerade detection techniques to date.
Integrating actions and state constraints: A closed-form solution to the ramification problem (sometimes)

Our general concern is with how to integrate a representation of action into an existing set of state constraints. As has been observed in the literature, state constraints implicitly define indirect effects of actions as well as indirectly imposing further preconditions on the performance of actions. Thus, any representation scheme we propose must address the ramification and qualification problems, as well as the frame problem. In this paper we achieve such a representation for a syntactically restricted class of situation calculus theories. This paper presents two major technical contributions. The first contribution is provision of an axiomatic closed-form solution to the frame, ramification and qualification problems for a common class of ramification constraints. The solution is presented in the form of an automatable procedure that compiles a syntactically restricted set of situation calculus ramification constraints and effect axioms into a set of successor state axioms. The second major contribution of this paper is provision of an independent semantic justification for this closed-form solution. In particular, we present a semantic specification for a solution to the frame and ramification problems in terms of a prioritized minimization policy, and show that the successor state axioms of our closed-form solution adhere to this specification. Observing that our minimization policy is simply an instance of prioritized circumscription, we exploit results of Lifschitz on computing circumscription [6] to show that computing the prioritized circumscription yields our successor state axioms. In the special case where there are no ramification constraints, computing the circumscription yields Reiter’s earlier successor state axiom solution to the frame problem [17].
A Meta-Study of Algorithm Visualization Effectiveness

Algorithm visualization (AV) technology graphically illustrates how algorithms work. Despite the intuitive appeal of the technology, it has failed to catch on in mainstream computer science education. Some have attributed this failure to the mixed results of experimental studies designed to substantiate AV technology’s educational effectiveness. However, while several integrative reviews of AV technology have appeared, none has focused specifically on the software’s effectiveness by analyzing this body of experimental studies as a whole. In order to better understand the effectiveness of AV technology, we present a systematic metastudy of 24 experimental studies. We pursue two separate analyses: an analysis of independent variables, in which we tie each study to a particular guiding learning theory in an attempt to determine which guiding theory has had the most predictive success; and an analysis of dependent variables, which enables us to determine which measurement techniques have been most sensitive to the learning benefits of AV technology. Our most significant finding is that how students use AV technology has a greater impact on effectiveness than what AV technology shows them. Based on our findings, we formulate an agenda for future research into AV effectiveness. A META-STUDY OF ALGORITHM VISUALIZATION EFFECTIVENESS 3
Maruins (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) do estuário do Rio Pará e do litoral do Estado do Pará, Brasil

Biting Midges (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) of the Para River Estuary and Litoral of Para State, Brazil The present study surveyed the species of hematophagus biting midges in coastal areas of Para State, Brazil. Two collecting sites were chosen, one a beach on the coast (Praia de Crispim, near Marapanim) and another in the Para River estuary (Outeiro Island, near Belem). Collections were made monthly in 2003, from April to October in Outeiro and the months of June, July, September, and October in Marapanim. Human bait and CDC traps were used. In total 4003 specimens were collected: 18 species of Culicoides Latreille and one of Leptoconops Skuse. L. brasiliensis (Lutz) was the only species common to both sites. The two most abundant species in Outeiro were C. batesi Wirth & Blanton and C. denisae Clastrier, while in Marapanim these were C. maruim Lutz and C. phlebotomus (Williston).
Cognitive Sleep Deprivation Decreases Binding of [ 11 C ] Raclopride to Dopamine D 2 / D 3 Receptors in the Human Brain

Sleep deprivation can markedly impair human performance contributing to accidents and poor productivity. The mechanisms underlying this impairment are not well understood, but brain dopamine systems have been implicated. Here, we test whether one night of sleep deprivation changes dopamine brain activity. We studied 15 healthy subjects using positron emission tomography and [ C]raclopride (dopamine D2 /D3 receptor radioligand) and [ C]cocaine (dopamine transporter radioligand). Subjects were tested twice: after one night of rested sleep and after one night of sleep deprivation. The specific binding of [ C]raclopride in the striatum and thalamus were significantly reduced after sleep deprivation and the magnitude of this reduction correlated with increases in fatigue (tiredness and sleepiness) and with deterioration in cognitive performance (visual attention and working memory). In contrast, sleep deprivation did not affect the specific binding of [ C]cocaine in the striatum. Because [ C]raclopride competes with endogenous dopamine for binding to D2 /D3 receptors, we interpret the decreases in binding to reflect dopamine increases with sleep deprivation. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that decreased [ C]raclopride binding reflects decreases in receptor levels or affinity. Sleep deprivation did not affect dopamine transporters (target for most wake-promoting medications) and thus dopamine increases are likely to reflect increases in dopamine cell firing and/or release rather than decreases in dopamine reuptake. Because dopamine-enhancing drugs increase wakefulness, we postulate that dopamine increases after sleep deprivation is a mechanism by which the brain maintains arousal as the drive to sleep increases but one that is insufficient to counteract behavioral and cognitive impairment.
Allergenic cross-reactivity between Blomia tropicalis and Blomia kulagini (Acari: Echymiopodidae) extracts from optimized mite cultures.

BACKGROUND
At present, data about the cross-reactivity of Blomia spp. comes from studies made among different genera of mites, and no results have been published involving different species of the genus Blomia.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to find out the level of cross-reactivity between the two main species of Blomia causing allergy, and its implication in the diagnosis of Blomia sensitization.


METHODS
Using extracts from optimal growth phases of Blomia kulagini (Zakhvatkin, 1936) and Blomia tropicalis (van Bronswijk, Cock and Oshima, 1973) as allergenic material, the allergenic cross-reactivity between both house dust mites was evaluated by means of cutaneous tests, specific IgE values, ImmunoCAP-inhibition and SDS-PAGE-IgE-immunoblotting-inhibition.


RESULTS
The results demonstrated that IgE-binding components belonging to both species are very similar from the immunological point of view, showing high correlations between both species when using cutaneous tests (R2=0.915) or specific IgE (R2=0.980). ImmunoCAP-inhibition and SDS-PAGE-IgE-Immunoblotting-inhibition probed with human sera, showed a total inhibition of specific IgE reactions by the heterologous antigens.


CONCLUSION
The results obtained strongly suggest the great resemblance between the allergenic composition of both species.
Speculative trading in mean reverting markets

Mean reversion is a feature largely recognized for the price processes of many financial securities and especially commodities. In the literature there are examples where some simple speculative strategies, before transaction costs, were devised to earn excess returns from such price processes. Actually, the gain opportunities of mean reversion must be corrected to account for transaction costs, which may represent a major issue. In this work we try to determine sufficient conditions for the parameters of a mean reverting price process as a function of transaction costs, to allow a speculative trader to have positive expectations when deciding to take a position. We estimate the mean reverting parameters for some commodities and correct them for transaction costs to assess whether the potential inefficiency is actually relevant for speculative purposes. 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Behaviour oriented design for real-time-strategy games

Design is an essential part of all games and narratives, yet designing and implementing believable game strategies can be time consuming and error-prone. This motivates the development and application of systems AI methodologies. Here we demonstrate for the first time the iterative development of agent behaviour for a real-time strategy game (here StarCraft) utilising Behaviour Oriented Design (BOD) [7]. BOD provides focus on the robust creation and easy adjustment of modular and hierarchical cognitive agents. We demonstrate BOD’s usage in creating an AI capable of playing the StarCraft character the Zerg hive mind, and document its performance against a variety of opponent AI systems. In describing our tool-driven development process, we also describe the new Abode IDE, provide a brief literature review situating BOD in the AI game literature, and propose possible future work.
The anatomy and clinical implications of perioral submuscular fat.

BACKGROUND
One of the goals of lip augmentation is to recreate the natural shape and contour of the lips. The literature describes numerous fillers and multiple techniques for this procedure. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the anatomy of the fat layers of the upper and lower lips. While prosecting cadavers, the authors noted the presence of fat deep to the orbicularis muscle of the lip and a separate fat compartment deep to the mentalis muscle. This anatomy has not been previously described.


METHODS
The authors dissected a total of 10 cadaver specimens. Dissection of the upper and lower lips and chin was performed. Latex injection of the arterial circuit aided the identification of boundaries. Histologic examination was performed on full-thickness specimens using hematoxylin and eosin stains.


RESULTS
Fat was noted deep to the orbicularis oris and mentalis muscles. This fat is distinct from the more superficial fat of the cutaneous lip. The wet-dry border of the lip appears to be the most anterior boundary of the submuscular lip fat. The lateral boundary is the zygomaticus muscle. Histologic examination confirms this macroscopic anatomy.


CONCLUSIONS
If volume loss is a significant component of facial aging, it becomes important for the clinician to know the precise anatomy of the subcutaneous tissue. Greater precision is possible in rejuvenating specific characteristics of aging. Augmentation at the vermilion cutaneous junction defines the vermilion border and improves perioral rhytides. Deep fat augmentation of the vermilion restores volume, shape, and lip eversion. Augmentation of submuscular fat beneath the cutaneous lip improves the convex shape. Submentalis fat augmentation specifically reduces the depth of the labiomental hollow. These findings are in agreement with previous observations that volume loss of deep fat--temporal, buccal, and sub-orbicularis oculi fat --contributes to the aging process. Knowledge of this anatomy and site-specific augmentation make it possible for the clinician to approach perioral rejuvenation in an algorithmic fashion.
Within-person changes in mindfulness and self-compassion predict enhanced emotional well-being in healthy, but stressed adolescents.

Meditation training programs for adolescents are predicated on the assumptions that mindfulness and self-compassion can be directly cultivated, and further, that doing so is beneficial for emotional well-being. Yet, very little research with adolescents has tested these assumptions directly. In the current study, I examined longitudinal relationships between changes in mindfulness and self-compassion and changes in emotional well-being among healthy, but stressed adolescents who participated in five-day, intensive meditation retreats. Immediately before and after the retreats, and then three months later, 132 adolescents (Mage = 16.76 years, 61% female) completed questionnaires measuring mindfulness, self-compassion, and emotional well-being. Repeated measures ANOVA showed adolescents improved in mindfulness, self-compassion, and all indices of emotional well-being immediately following the retreat (Cohen's d = |0.39-1.19|), and many of these improvements were maintained three months later (Cohen's d = |0.04-0.68|). Further, multilevel growth curve analyses with time-varying covariates indicated within-person changes in self-compassion predicted enhanced emotional well-being more consistently than within-person changes in mindfulness. Specifically, increases in self-compassion predicted reductions in perceived stress, rumination, depressive symptoms, and negative affect, and conversely, increases in positive affect and life satisfaction (pseudo-R(2) variance explained = 5.9% and 15.8%, ps < 0.01).
A unified dynamic model for locomotion and manipulation of a snake-like robot based on differential geometry

A snake-like robot, whose body is a seried-wound articulated mechanism, can move in various environments. In addition, when one end is fixed on a base, the robot can manipulate objects. A method of dynamic modeling for locomotion and manipulation of the snake-like robot is developed in order to unify the dynamic equations of two states. The transformation from locomotion to manipulation is a mechanism reconfiguration, that is, the robot in locomotion has not a fixed base, but it in manipulation has one. First, a virtual structure method unifies the two states in mechanism (e.g., an embedding in the configuration space); second, the product-of-exponentials formula describes the kinematics; third, the dynamics of locomotion and manipulation are established in a Riemannian manifold; finally, based on the analysis of the dynamic model, the dynamics of manipulation can be directly degenerated from those of locomotion, and this degeneration relation is proved through using the Gauss equations. In the differential geometry formulation, this method realizes the unification of the dynamics of locomotion and manipulation. According to a geometrical point of view, the unified dynamic model for locomotion and manipulation is considered as a submanifold problem endowed with geometric meaning. In addition, the unified model offers an insight into the dynamics of the snake-like robot beyond the dynamic model separately established for locomotion or manipulation.
Latency and player actions in online games

Latency determines not only how players experience online gameplay but also how to design the games to mitigate its effects and meet player expectations.