Multi-Goal Reinforcement Learning: Challenging Robotics Environments and Request for Research

The purpose of this technical report is two-fold. First of all, it introduces a suite of challenging continuous control tasks (integrated with OpenAI Gym) based on currently existing robotics hardware. The tasks include pushing, sliding and pick & place with a Fetch robotic arm as well as in-hand object manipulation with a Shadow Dexterous Hand. All tasks have sparse binary rewards and follow a Multi-Goal Reinforcement Learning (RL) framework in which an agent is told what to do using an additional input. The second part of the paper presents a set of concrete research ideas for improving RL algorithms, most of which are related to Multi-Goal RL and Hindsight Experience Replay. 1 Environments All environments are released as part of OpenAI Gym1 (Brockman et al., 2016) and use the MuJoCo (Todorov et al., 2012) physics engine for fast and accurate simulation. A video presenting the new environments can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Np3eC_PTFo. 1.1 Fetch environments The Fetch environments are based on the 7-DoF Fetch robotics arm,2 which has a two-fingered parallel gripper. They are very similar to the tasks used in Andrychowicz et al. (2017) but we have added an additional reaching task and the pick & place task is a bit different.3 In all Fetch tasks, the goal is 3-dimensional and describes the desired position of the object (or the end-effector for reaching). Rewards are sparse and binary: The agent obtains a reward of −1 if the object is not at the target location (within a tolerance of 5 cm) and 0 otherwise. Actions are 4-dimensional: 3 dimensions specify the desired gripper movement in Cartesian coordinates and the last dimension controls opening and closing of the gripper. We apply the same action in 20 subsequent simulator steps (with ∆t = 0.002 each) before returning control to the agent, i.e. the agent’s action frequency is f = 25 Hz. Observations include the Cartesian position of the gripper, its linear velocity as well as the position and linear velocity of the robot’s gripper. If an object is present, we also include the object’s Cartesian position and rotation using Euler angles, its linear and angular velocities, as well as its position and linear velocities relative to gripper. https://github.com/openai/gym http://fetchrobotics.com/ In Andrychowicz et al. (2017) training on this task relied on starting some of the training episodes from a state in which the box is already grasped. This is not necessary for successful training if the target position of the box is sometimes in the air and sometimes on the table and we do not use this technique anymore. ar X iv :1 80 2. 09 46 4v 1 [ cs .L G ] 2 6 Fe b 20 18 Figure 1: The four proposed Fetch environments: FetchReach, FetchPush, FetchSlide, and FetchPickAndPlace. Reaching (FetchReach) The task is to move the gripper to a target position. This task is very easy to learn and is therefore a suitable benchmark to ensure that a new idea works at all.4 Pushing (FetchPush) A box is placed on a table in front of the robot and the task is to move it to a target location on the table. The robot fingers are locked to prevent grasping. The learned behavior is usually a mixture of pushing and rolling. Sliding (FetchSlide) A puck is placed on a long slippery table and the target position is outside of the robot’s reach so that it has to hit the puck with such a force that it slides and then stops at the target location due to friction. Pick & Place (FetchPickAndPlace) The task is to grasp a box and move it to the target location which may be located on the table surface or in the air above it. 1.2 Hand environments These environments are based on the Shadow Dexterous Hand,5 which is an anthropomorphic robotic hand with 24 degrees of freedom. Of those 24 joints, 20 can be can be controlled independently whereas the remaining ones are coupled joints. In all hand tasks, rewards are sparse and binary: The agent obtains a reward of −1 if the goal has been achieved (within some task-specific tolerance) and 0 otherwise. Actions are 20-dimensional: We use absolute position control for all non-coupled joints of the hand. We apply the same action in 20 subsequent simulator steps (with ∆t = 0.002 each) before returning control to the agent, i.e. the agent’s action frequency is f = 25 Hz. Observations include the 24 positions and velocities of the robot’s joints. In case of an object that is being manipulated, we also include its Cartesian position and rotation represented by a quaternion (hence 7-dimensional) as well as its linear and angular velocities. In the reaching task, we include the Cartesian position of all 5 fingertips. Reaching (HandReach) A simple task in which the goal is 15-dimensional and contains the target Cartesian position of each fingertip of the hand. Similarly to the FetchReach task, this task is relatively easy to learn. A goal is considered achieved if the mean distance between fingertips and their desired position is less than 1 cm. Block manipulation (HandManipulateBlock) In the block manipulation task, a block is placed on the palm of the hand. The task is to then manipulate the block such that a target pose is achieved. The goal is 7-dimensional and includes the target position (in Cartesian coordinates) and target rotation (in quaternions). We include multiple variants with increasing levels of difficulty: • HandManipulateBlockRotateZ Random target rotation around the z axis of the block. No target position. • HandManipulateBlockRotateParallel Random target rotation around the z axis of the block and axis-aligned target rotations for the x and y axes. No target position. • HandManipulateBlockRotateXYZ Random target rotation for all axes of the block. No target position. That being said, we have found that is so easy that even partially broken implementations sometimes learn successful policies, so no conclusions should be drawn from this task alone. https://www.shadowrobot.com/products/dexterous-hand/