LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Learning Words From Context

Does that mean that you should keep a dictionary chained to your wrist to look up new words you hear or read? It’s one way. But there is another way to learn new words. You have used it all your life. Here it is. Listen for words you don’t know. Suppose someone calls you diabolical, for example. You want to know whether that’s good or bad. What do you do? You could say What’s that? And let the other person feel superior. You could say How do you spell it? And whisk out your pocket dictionary. You could ask How diabolical am I? so that you can get another clue to the meaning.
Developing legacy system migration methods and tools for technology transfer

This paper presents the research results of an ongoing technology transfer project carried out in cooperation between the University of Salerno and a small software company. The project is aimed at developing and transferring migration technology to the industrial partner. The partner should be enabled to migrate monolithic multi-user COBOL legacy systems to a multi-tier Web-based architecture. The assessment of the legacy systems of the partner company revealed that these systems had a very low level of decomposability with spaghetti-like code and embedded control flow and database accesses within the user interface descriptions. For this reason, it was decided to adopt an incremental migration strategy based on the reengineering of the user interface using Web technology, on the transformation of interactive legacy programs into batch programs, and the wrapping of the legacy programs. A middleware framework links the new Web-based user interface with the Wrapped Legacy System. An Eclipse plug-in, named MELIS (migration environment for legacy information systems), was also developed to support the migration process. Both the migration strategy and the tool have been applied to two essential subsystems of the most business critical legacy system of the partner company. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First Links in the Markov Chain

This reprint is provided for personal and noncommercial use. For any other use, please send a request Brian Hayes by electronic mail to bhayes@amsci.org.
Право и общественный идеал: философский аспект проблемы

The article contains the comparative analysis of the legal views by a number of prominent representatives of social philosophy; it is also shown their conditionality in the anthropological outlook and any of the personality conceptions.
Gut to brain interaction in Autism Spectrum Disorders: a randomized controlled trial on the role of probiotics on clinical, biochemical and neurophysiological parameters

BACKGROUND
A high prevalence of a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is frequently reported in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The GI disturbances in ASD might be linked to gut dysbiosis representing the observable phenotype of a "gut-brain axis" disruption. The exploitation of strategies which can restore normal gut microbiota and reduce the gut production and absorption of toxins, such as probiotics addition/supplementation in a diet, may represent a non-pharmacological option in the treatment of GI disturbances in ASD. The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to determine the effects of supplementation with a probiotic mixture (Vivomixx®) in ASD children not only on specific GI symptoms, but also on the core deficits of the disorder, on cognitive and language development, and on brain function and connectivity. An ancillary aim is to evaluate possible effects of probiotic supplementation on urinary concentrations of phthalates (chemical pollutants) which have been previously linked to ASD.


METHODS
A group of 100 preschoolers with ASD will be classified as belonging to a GI group or to a Non-GI (NGI) group on the basis of a symptom severity index specific to GI disorders. In order to obtain four arms, subjects belonging to the two groups (GI and NGI) will be blind randomized 1:1 to regular diet with probiotics or with placebo for 6 months. All participants will be assessed at baseline, after three months and after six months from baseline in order to evaluate the possible changes in: (1) GI symptoms; (2) autism symptoms severity; (3) affective and behavioral comorbid symptoms; (4) plasmatic, urinary and fecal biomarkers related to abnormal intestinal function; (5) neurophysiological patterns.


DISCUSSION
The effects of treatments with probiotics on children with ASD need to be evaluated through rigorous controlled trials. Examining the impact of probiotics not only on clinical but also on neurophysiological patterns, the current trial sets out to provide new insights into the gut-brain connection in ASD patients. Moreover, results could add information to the relationship between phthalates levels, clinical features and neurophysiological patterns in ASD.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02708901 . Retrospectively registered: March 4, 2016.
In-class laptop use and its effects on student learning

Recently, a debate has begun over whether in-class laptops aid or hinder learning. While some research demonstrates that laptops can be an important learning tool, anecdotal evidence suggests more and more faculty are banning laptops from their classrooms because of perceptions that they distract students and detract from learning. The current research examines the nature of in-class laptop use in a large lecture course and how that use is related to student learning. Students completed weekly surveys of attendance, laptop use, and aspects of the classroom environment. Results showed that students who used laptops in class spent considerable time multitasking and that the laptop use posed a signiWcant distraction to both users and fellow students. Most importantly, the level of laptop use was negatively related to several measures of student learning, including self-reported understanding of course material and overall course performance. The practical implications of these Wndings are discussed. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Vision-based global localization for mobile robots with hybrid maps of objects and spatial layouts

0020-0255/$ see front matter 2009 Published b doi:10.1016/j.ins.2009.06.030 * Corresponding author. Fax: +82 2 958 5629. E-mail address: skee@kist.re.kr (S.-K. Park). This paper presents a novel vision-based global localization that uses hybrid maps of objects and spatial layouts. We model indoor environments with a stereo camera using the following visual cues: local invariant features for object recognition and their 3D positions for object pose estimation. We also use the depth information at the horizontal centerline of image where the optical axis passes through, which is similar to the data from a 2D laser range finder. This allows us to build our topological node that is composed of a horizontal depth map and an object location map. The horizontal depth map describes the explicit spatial layout of each local space and provides metric information to compute the spatial relationships between adjacent spaces, while the object location map contains the pose information of objects found in each local space and the visual features for object recognition. Based on this map representation, we suggest a coarse-to-fine strategy for global localization. The coarse pose is estimated by means of object recognition and SVDbased point cloud fitting, and then is refined by stochastic scan matching. Experimental results show that our approaches can be used for an effective vision-based map representation as well as for global localization methods. 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Urinalysis vs urine protein–creatinine ratio to predict significant proteinuria in pregnancy

Objective: To compare the urine protein–creatinine ratio with urinalysis to predict significant proteinuria (⩾300 mg per day).Study Design: A total of 116 paired spot urine samples and 24-h urine collections were obtained prospectively from women at risk for preeclampsia. Urine protein–creatinine ratio and urinalysis were compared to the 24-h urine collection.Result: The urine protein–creatinine ratio had better discriminatory power than urinalysis: the receiver operating characteristic curve had a greater area under the curve, 0.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83 to 0.95) vs 0.71 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.77, P<0.001). When matched for clinically relevant specificity, urine protein–creatinine ratio (cutoff ⩾0.28) is more sensitive than urinalysis (cutoff ⩾1+): 66 vs 41%, P=0.001 (with 95 and 100% specificity, respectively). Furthermore, the urine protein–creatinine ratio predicted the absence or presence of proteinuria in 64% of patients; urinalysis predicted this in only 19%.Conclusion: The urine protein–creatinine ratio is a better screening test. It provides early information for more patients.
3-D Analytical Calculation of the Torque and Force Exerted Between Two Cuboidal Magnets

Most of the systems working by magnet interactions can be calculated by superposition of the interactions between parallelepiped elementary magnets. Each elementary magnet is submitted to a force and a torque. By 3-D fully analytical calculation, up to now, only the force components problem has been solved. It was published for the first time in 1984. Until now, the torque components have never been analytically calculated because of the angular derivation. We have solved it, so that now all the interactions (energy, three forces components, and three torque components) can be expressed by analytical formulations. The only hypothesis is that the magnetizations J and J ' are supposed to be rigid and uniform in each magnet. The analytical calculation is made by replacing magnetizations by distributions of magnetic charges on the magnet poles. The torque is calculated for rotational movement of the second magnet around its center. The three components of the torque are written with functions based on logarithm and arc-tangent. The results have been verified and validated by comparison with finite-element calculation. Analytical calculation owns many advantages in comparison with other calculation methods. The 3-D analytical expressions are difficult to obtain, but the expressions of energy, force, and torque are very simple to use. For example, the analytical expression can be included in optimization software allowing to directly obtaining the shape optimization by a fast way.
Investigation into the tensile properties of collagen/chondroitin-6-sulphate gels: the effect of crosslinking agents and diamines

Artificial skin substitutes based on autologous keratinocytes are being developed for grafting onto burns patients. In order to be used successfully in the clinic, these skin substitutes need to have sufficient strength to allow ease of handling. This may be achieved by crosslinking the collagen substratum on which the cells are cultured. The influence of potential crosslinking agents on the tensile properties of acellular collagen gels has been investigated, including the glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin-6-sulphate (Ch6SO4), the water-soluble carbodiimide crosslinking agents 1-ethyl-3-(3-diaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC), and 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), and the polyamines, putrescine and diaminohexane. Values for Young's modulus, maximum load, stress, displacement and percentage strain at maximum load were generated by subjecting the samples to a tear propagation test. Incorporation of 20% Ch6SO4 into collagen gels caused a significant increase in the Young's modulus, maximum load and stress at maximum load. Crosslinking treatment with EDAC, CDI or polyamines had little further benefit, and in many cases resulted in a decrease in particular parameters. In terms of mechanical strength, the best crosslinking combination proved to be the combination of CDI and diaminohexane, with results either improved or maintained when compared with the control no treatment variants. However, previous experience suggests that the use of CDI as a crosslinking reagent may inhibit infiltration and proliferation of fibroblasts in the substratum and it may be necessary to reach a compromise to obtain the best combination of biological and mechanical properties for artificial skin substitutes.
Ecotourism : towards congruence between theory and practice

This paper and its successor examine the gap between ecotourism theory as revealed in the literature and ecotourism practice as indicated by its on-site application. A framework is suggested which, if implemented through appropriate management, can help to achieve a balance between conservation and development through the promotion of synergistic relationships between natural areas, local populations and tourism. The framework can also be used to assess the status of ecotourism at particular sites. ( 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Are child occupants a significant source of driving distraction?

Driver distraction represents a well-documented and growing contribution to the road safety problem. This study used a naturalistic, observational approach to examine if children in vehicles are a significant source of driving distraction. Families with children aged between 1 and 8 years drove an instrumented "study vehicle" on their regular trips for 3 weeks. A discrete video recording system in the vehicle provided images of the driver and front seat passenger, the rear seat child passengers and the traffic ahead. The video-recordings inside and outside the vehicle were analysed to identify potential distracting activities, where 'distraction' was broadly defined as any activity that distracted the driver or competed for their attention while driving. In addition, all potentially distracting activities that involved the driver looking away from the forward roadway for more than 2s while the vehicle was in motion were also coded. Video-recordings were analysed for 92 driving journeys undertaken by 12 families including 25 children and 19 drivers. The mean journey duration was approximately 16 min (range: 2 min-3h 34 min). Most journeys were undertaken during the day (89%), with the mother driving (65%) and without a front seat passenger (64%). Driving journeys were predominantly undertaken in urban areas (97%), on suburban roads/streets (94%), and under low complexity traffic conditions (91%). Most journeys involved some source of potential driver distraction (98%), with drivers distracted for 18% of the driving journey. The most frequent types of distracting activities that drivers engaged in included: touching their head or their face (35%), interacting with child passengers in the rear seat (12%), and engaging with the front seat passenger (9%). Almost three-quarters of these potentially distracting activities were engaged in by the driver while the study vehicle was in motion (72%) and 14% of all potentially distracting activities involved the driver's eyes off the roadway for greater than 2s while the vehicle was in motion, thereby potentially doubling their crash risk. The most frequent child-related activities that drivers engaged in included: turning to look at the rear seated occupants or viewing the children using the rear-view mirror (76.4%), engaging in conversation with their children (16%), assisting their children (e.g., passing food and drink [7%]) and playing with their children (1%). Drivers spent significantly longer periods of time engaged in non-child occupant-related activities compared with child occupant-related activities and were significantly more likely to have their eyes off the forward roadway for greater than 2s while engaged in non-child occupant-related activities (14%) compared to child occupant-related activities (10%). The results suggest that drivers need to be educated about the potential crash and injury risks associated with both child occupant-related and non-child occupant-related activities while driving their vehicle.
Entrepreneurial risk, investment, and innovation ☆

In this paper I develop a general equilibriummodel with risk averse entrepreneurial firms and with public firms. The model predicts that an increase in uncertainty reduces the propensity of entrepreneurial firms to innovate, while it does not affect the propensity of public firms to innovate. Furthermore, it predicts that the negative effect of uncertainty on innovation is stronger for the less diversified entrepreneurial firms, and is stronger in the absence of financing frictions in the economy. In the second part of the paper I test these predictions on a dataset of small and medium Italian manufacturing firms. ∗I would like to thank Janice Eberly, Ramon Marimon, Vicenzo Quadrini, and the participants in the 2006 SED annual conference in Vancouver, in the “Capital Markets and the Economy” workshop at the 2005 NBER Summer Institute, and in the UPF and CREI seminars for useful comments. A previous version of this paper was entitled “Entrepreneurial Risk and Aggregate Investment Dynamics”. All errors are, of course, my own responsibility. Research support from the DGES grants on “Financing Decisions with Imperfect Information” and on “Monetary and Fiscal Policy with Capital Markets Imperfections” are gratefully acknowledged. I would also like to thankMediocredito-Capitalia research department for having kindly supplied the data for this paper. Please address all correspondence to: andrea.caggese@upf.edu or Pompeu Fabra University, Department of Economics, Room 1E58, Calle Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
Cryptanalysis of LFSR-based Pseudorandom Generators-a Survey

Pseudorandom generators based on linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) are a traditional building block for cryptographic stream ciphers. In this report, we review the general idea for such generators, as well as the most important techniques of cryptanalysis.
A level set method for structural topology optimization

This paper presents a new approach to structural topology optimization. We represent the structural boundary by a level set model that is embedded in a scalar function of a higher dimension. Such level set models are flexible in handling complex topological changes and are concise in describing the boundary shape of the structure. Furthermore, a wellfounded mathematical procedure leads to a numerical algorithm that describes a structural optimization as a sequence of motions of the implicit boundaries converging to an optimum solution and satisfying specified constraints. The result is a 3D topology optimization technique that demonstrates outstanding flexibility of handling topological changes, fidelity of boundary representation and degree of automation. We have implemented the algorithm with the use of several robust and efficient numerical techniques of level set methods. The benefit and the advantages of the proposed method are illustrated with several 2D examples that are widely used in the recent literature of topology optimization, especially in the homogenization based methods. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Benzoate, a D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor, for the Treatment of Early-Phase Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated neurotransmission is vital for learning and memory. Hypofunction of NMDAR has been reported to play a role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease (AD), particularly in the early phase. Enhancing NMDAR activation might be a novel treatment approach. One of the methods to enhance NMDAR activity is to raise the levels of NMDA coagonists by blocking their metabolism. This study examined the efficacy and safety of sodium benzoate, a D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, for the treatment of amnestic mild cognitive impairment and mild AD.


METHODS
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in four major medical centers in Taiwan. Sixty patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or mild AD were treated with 250-750 mg/day of sodium benzoate or placebo for 24 weeks. Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (the primary outcome) and global function (assessed by Clinician Interview Based Impression of Change plus Caregiver Input) were measured every 8 weeks. Additional cognition composite was measured at baseline and endpoint.


RESULTS
Sodium benzoate produced a better improvement than placebo in Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (p = .0021, .0116, and .0031 at week 16, week 24, and endpoint, respectively), additional cognition composite (p = .007 at endpoint) and Clinician Interview Based Impression of Change plus Caregiver Input (p = .015, .016, and .012 at week 16, week 24, and endpoint, respectively). Sodium benzoate was well-tolerated without evident side-effects.


CONCLUSIONS
Sodium benzoate substantially improved cognitive and overall functions in patients with early-phase AD. The preliminary results show promise for D-amino acid oxidase inhibition as a novel approach for early dementing processes.
A combined approach for evaluating papers, authors and scientific journals

An integrated model for ranking scientific publications together with authors and journals recently presented in [Bini, Del Corso, Romani, ETNA 2008] is closely analyzed. The model, which relies on certain adjacency matrices H, K and F obtained from the relations of citation, authorship and publication, provides the ranking by means of the Perron vector of a stochastic matrix obtained by combining H, K and F . Some perturbation theorems concerning the Perron vector previously introduced by the authors are extended to more general cases and a counterexample to a property previously addressed by the authors is presented. The theoretical results confirm the consistency and effectiveness of our model. Some paradigmatic examples are reported together with some results obtained on a real set of data. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Specifying Non-Blocking Shared Memories (Extended Abstract)

Specifications of shared memories generally assume that processors block, awaiting the response to each memory request, e.g. awaiting the return value for a read operation. On the other hand, studies have shown that substantial performance gain can be obtained by permitting a processor to have multiple memory readslwrites in progress at a time, and indeed high-performance multiprocessors such as the Tera Computer permit such nonblocking memory accesses. Formalizing correctness conditions for nonblocking shared memories requires a generalization of the processorimemory interface to specify accesses to be done concurrently, indicate when an order must be preserved even among concurrently-requested accesses, and permit out-of-order responses to memory requests. This paper provides the first formal definition of such an interface. Sequential consistency and linearizability are defined with respect to this generaf interface, as natural correctness conditions for nonblocking shared memories. Sequential consistency in turn is used in the formal specification of relaxed consistency models on nonblocking shared memories, models that support sequential consistency only for a class of well-behaved (data-race-free or PL) programs. Finally, the framework is illustrated by studying a particular relaxed consistency model, release consistency. Extending the results of a previous paper, we give a formal specification and correctness proof of a release consistent nonblocking shared memory. This work provides new insights into memory systems and programs for nonblocking shared memories, areas that are not well-understood.