LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The durability of endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping of ruptured cerebral aneurysms: 18 year follow-up of the UK cohort of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT)

BACKGROUND
Previous analyses of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) cohort have reported on the risks of recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage and death or dependency for a minimum of 5 years and up to a maximum of 14 years after treatment of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm with either neurosurgical clipping or endovascular coiling. At 1 year there was a 7% absolute and a 24% relative risk reduction of death and dependency in the coiling group compared with the clipping group, but the medium-term results showed the increased need for re-treatment of the target aneurysm in the patients given coiling. We report the long-term follow-up of patients in this UK cohort.


METHODS
In ISAT, patients were randomly allocated to either neurosurgical clipping or endovascular coiling after a subarachnoid haemorrhage, assuming treatment equipoise, between Sept 12, 1994, and May 1, 2002. We followed up 1644 patients in 22 UK neurosurgical centres for death and clinical outcomes for 10·0-18·5 years. We assessed dependency as self-reported modified Rankin scale score obtained through yearly questionnaires. Data for recurrent aneurysms and rebleeding events were collected from questionnaires and from hospital and general practitioner records. The Office for National Statistics supplied data on deaths. This study is registered, number ISRCTN49866681.


FINDINGS
At 10 years, 674 (83%) of 809 patients allocated endovascular coiling and 657 (79%) of 835 patients allocated neurosurgical clipping were alive (odds ratio [OR] 1·35, 95% CI 1·06-1·73). Of 1003 individuals who returned a questionnaire at 10 years, 435 (82%) patients treated with endovascular coiling and 370 (78%) patients treated with neurosurgical clipping were independent (modified Rankin scale score 0-2; OR 1·25; 95% CI 0·92-1·71). Patients in the endovascular treatment group were more likely to be alive and independent at 10 years than were patients in the neurosurgery group (OR 1·34, 95% CI 1·07-1·67). 33 patients had a recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage more than 1 year after their initial haemorrhage (17 from the target aneurysm).


INTERPRETATION
Although rates of increased dependency alone did not differ between groups, the probability of death or dependency was significantly greater in the neurosurgical group than in the endovascular group. Rebleeding was more likely after endovascular coiling than after neurosurgical clipping, but the risk was small and the probability of disability-free survival was significantly greater in the endovascular group than in the neurosurgical group at 10 years.


FUNDING
UK Medical Research Council.
Reward Augmented Maximum Likelihood for Neural Structured Prediction

A key problem in structured output prediction is direct optimization of the task reward function that matters for test evaluation. This paper presents a simple and computationally efficient approach to incorporate task reward into a maximum likelihood framework. By establishing a link between the log-likelihood and expected reward objectives, we show that an optimal regularized expected reward is achieved when the conditional distribution of the outputs given the inputs is proportional to their exponentiated scaled rewards. Accordingly, we present a framework to smooth the predictive probability of the outputs using their corresponding rewards. We optimize the conditional log-probability of augmented outputs that are sampled proportionally to their exponentiated scaled rewards. Experiments on neural sequence to sequence models for speech recognition and machine translation show notable improvements over a maximum likelihood baseline by using reward augmented maximum likelihood (RML), where the rewards are defined as the negative edit distance between the outputs and the ground truth labels.
Exact Solutions for Free-Vibration Analysis of Rectangular Plates Using Bessel Functions

A novel Bessel function method is proposed to obtain the exact solutions for the freevibration analysis of rectangular thin plates with three edge conditions: (i) fully simply supported; (ii) fully clamped, and (iii) two opposite edges simply supported and the other two edges clamped. Because Bessel functions satisfy the biharmonic differential equation of solid thin plate, the basic idea of the method is to superpose different Bessel functions to satisfy the edge conditions such that the governing differential equation and the boundary conditions of the thin plate are exactly satisfied. It is shown that the proposed method provides simple, direct, and highly accurate solutions for this family of problems. Examples are demonstrated by calculating the natural frequencies and the vibration modes for a square plate with all edges simply supported and clamped. DOI: 10.1115/1.2744043
Interposer technology for high band width interconnect applications

Silicon Interposer provides very high density interconnect combining through Silicon vias and fine wiring. The concept reported in this paper is implementing integrated power supply layers with decoupling metal insulator metal decoupling capacitor to enhance signal integrity. In addition an upscale damascene process was used to fabricate high density and high bandwidth routing interconnect. A detailed characterization of the warpage behavior along the processing steps and electrical characterization of interposer TSV and BEOL are reported.
Content-Based Filtering in On-Line Social Networks

One fundamental issue in today On-line Social Networks (OSNs) is to give users the ability to control the messages posted on their own private space to avoid that unwanted content is displayed. Up to now OSNs provide little support to this requirement. To fill the gap, in this paper, we propose a system allowing OSN users to have a direct control on the messages posted on their walls. This is achieved through a flexible rule-based system, that allows users to customize the filtering criteria to be applied to their walls, and a Machine Learning based soft classifier automatically labeling messages in support of content-based filtering.
Obstacle Avoidance Behavior for a Biologically-inspired Mobile Robot Using Binaural Ultrasonic Sensors

Many untethered mobile robots require an operator's vision and intelligence for guidance and navigation. Animals and insects, however, use sensory systems such as hearing, and tactile inputs to move autonomously through their environment. This paper discusses the implementation of a binaural sensory pod using an ultrasonic emitter and two receivers on a mobile robot that employs legged-style locomotion. A series of obstacle avoidance behaviors programmed onto a microcontroller allows the robot is to successfully navigate a cluttered environment both semi-autonomously and autonomously
Self-Esteem and Emotion: Some Thoughts about Feelings:

Self-esteem has been linked to a diverse array of positive and negative affective states. The present research explored the nature of these relationships. Study 1 found that self-esteem (as measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) is more closely associated with self-relevant emotional states than with emotional states that do not directly implicate the self. Study 2 replicated these findings and found that although several personality variables predicted participant’s emotional reactions to success and failure, these effects were eliminated once self-esteem was taken into account. Study 3 found that self-esteem predicted participant’s self-relevant emotional reactions to failure but not their non-self-relevant emotional reactions. These findings provide converging evidence that self-esteem is most closely linked to a particular class of emotions that pertain to how people feel about themselves.
Left ventricular remodeling in human heart failure: quantitative echocardiographic assessment of 1,794 patients.

BACKGROUND
The left ventricle (LV) undergoes significant architectural remodeling in heart failure (HF). However, the fundamental associations between cardiac function and LV size and performance have not been thoroughly characterized in this population. We sought to define the adaptive remodeling that occurs in chronic human HF through the detailed analyses of a large quantitative echocardiography database.


METHODS
Baseline echocardiograms were performed in 1,794 patients with HF across a broad range of ejection fraction (EF), from less than 10% to greater than 70%. Core lab measurements of LV volumes and length were made, from which EF, mass, sphericity indices, stroke volume (SV), and stroke work were derived. Spearman correlation coefficients and linear regression methods were used to determine the relationships between remodeling parameters.


RESULTS
The median EF was 28.6% (IQR 21.9-37.0). Across a multitude of parameters of cardiac structure and function, indexed end-systolic volumes (ESVs) explained the greatest proportion of the variance in EF (R =-0.87, P < 0.0001). Systolic sphericity index and LV mass were also strongly correlated with EF (R =-0.62 and -0.63, P < 0.0001), reflective of the alterations in LV shape and size that occur as EF declines. SV was rigorously maintained across a broad spectrum of EF, until the EF fell below 20%, at which point SV decreased significantly (P < 0.0001).


CONCLUSIONS
In chronic HF, the LV undergoes extensive structural adaptive remodeling in order to maintain SV across a broad range of EF. However, when the EF falls below 20%, further modulation of SV is no longer possible through alterations in ventricular architecture.
Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections

A substantial fraction of automotive collisions occur at intersections. Statistics collected by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) show that more than 2.8 million intersection-related crashes occur in the United States each year, with such crashes constituting more than 44 percent of all reported crashes [12]. In addition, there is a desire to increase throughput at intersections by reducing the delay introduced by stop signs and traffic signals. In the future, when dealing with autonomous vehicles, some form of co-operative driving is also necessary at intersections to address safety and throughput concerns. In this paper, we investigate the use of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications to enable the navigation of traffic intersections, to mitigate collision risks, and to increase intersection throughput significantly. Specifically, we design a vehicular network protocol that integrates with mobile wireless radio communication standards such as Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) and Wireless Access in a Vehicular Environment (WAVE). This protocol relies primarily on using V2V communications, GPS and other automotive sensors to safely navigate intersections and also to enable autonomous vehicle control. Vehicles use DSRC/WAVE wireless media to periodically broadcast their position information along with the driving intentions as they approach intersections. We used the hybrid simulator called GrooveNet [1, 2] in order to study different driving scenarios at intersections using simulated vehicles interacting with each other. Our simulation results indicate that very reasonable improvements in safe throughput are possible across many practical traffic scenarios.
Rapid development of tolerance to sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine: an oculomotor study in macaque monkeys

Ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartic acid antagonist, has been widely used for anaesthetic purposes. At sub-anaesthetic dosage, it induces a dissociative state similar to schizophrenia. The discovery of this effect on dissociative state has led to its use as a pharmacological model of schizophrenia and has also been responsible for its illegal use as a recreational drug. Whereas the former has provided invaluable information, the latter has demonstrated that repeated administration of ketamine induces tolerance. Surprisingly, a review of the relevant literature shows that tolerance to sub-anaesthetic doses of ketamine is largely unreported in neuropharmacological studies. In order to investigate this caveat, we have performed a post hoc analysis of the behavioural effects induced by repeated injections of sub-anaesthetic doses of ketamine observed in five consecutive monkeys performing two oculomotor tasks. Ketamine effects were quantified by the animals' performances and latencies in a prosaccade and an antisaccade task, two oculomotor paradigms that are impaired after ketamine administration. Although the result of the initial injections confirmed a clear behavioural effect of ketamine injections in all monkeys, subsequent administrations showed that a tolerance eventually appeared in all monkeys. The profile of this tolerance exhibited however a large inter-subject variability. Psychopharmacological experiments using ketamine as a pharmacological model of psychosis should therefore consider the kinetic and time course of these effects in each individuals and take them into account in the design of experimental protocols.
Activation of axonal Kv7 channels in human peripheral nerve by flupirtine but not placebo - therapeutic potential for peripheral neuropathies: results of a randomised controlled trial

Flupirtine is an analgesic with muscle-relaxing properties that activates Kv7 potassium channels. Kv7 channels are expressed along myelinated and unmyelinated peripheral axons where their activation is expected to reduce axonal excitability and potentially contribute to flupirtine’s clinical profile. To investigate the electrical excitability of peripheral myelinated axons following orally administered flupirtine, in-vitro experiments on isolated peripheral nerve segments were combined with a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I clinical trial (RCT). Threshold tracking was used to assess the electrical excitability of myelinated axons in isolated segments of human sural nerve in vitro and motoneurones to abductor pollicis brevis (APB) in situ in healthy subjects. In addition, the effect of flupirtine on ectopic action potential generation in myelinated axons was examined using ischemia of the lower arm. Flupirtine (3-30 μM) shortened the relative refractory period and increased post-conditioned superexcitability in human myelinated axons in vitro. Similarly, in healthy subjects the relative refractory period of motoneurones to APB was reduced 2 hours after oral flupirtine but not following placebo. Whether this effect was due to a direct action of flupirtine on peripheral axons or temperature could not be resolved. Flupirtine (200 mg p.o.) also reduced ectopic axonal activity induced by 10 minutes of lower arm ischemia. In particular, high frequency (ca. 200 Hz) components of EMG were reduced in the post-ischemic period. Finally, visual analogue scale ratings of sensations perceived during the post-ischemic period were reduced following flupirtine (200 mg p.o.). Clinical doses of flupirtine reduce the excitability of peripheral myelinated axons. ClinicalTrials registration is NCT01450865 .
Aneurysm clipping.

Overview Clipping is a surgery performed to treat an aneurysm—a balloon-like bulge of an artery wall. As an aneurysm grows, it can become so thin that it leaks or ruptures, releasing blood into the spaces around the brain. This bleeding, called a subarachnoid hemorrhage, is life threatening. A neurosurgeon opens the skull (craniotomy) and places a tiny clip across the neck of the aneurysm to stop or prevent an aneurysm from bleeding. The goal of surgical clipping is to isolate an aneurysm from the normal circulation without blocking off any small perforating arteries nearby. Under general anesthesia, an opening is made in the skull, called a craniotomy. The brain is gently retracted to locate the aneurysm. A small clip is placed across the base, or neck, of the aneurysm to block the normal blood flow from entering. The clip works like a tiny coil-spring clothespin, in which the blades of the clip remain tightly closed until pressure is applied to open the blades. Clips are made of titanium and remain on the artery permanently. Aneurysms vary in their size and shape. Saccular aneurysms have a neck at their origin on the main artery and a dome that can expand and grow like a balloon (Fig. 1). These are the easiest to place a clip across. Some aneurysms have a wide neck or are fusiform in shape having no defineable neck. These are more difficult to place a clip across. Since aneurysms have various neck configurations, clips are made in a variety of shapes, sizes, and lengths (Fig. 2). Who is a candidate? The choice of aneurysm treatment (observation, surgical clipping or bypass, or endovascular coiling) must be weighed against the risk of rupture and the overall health of the patient. Because clipping involves the use of anesthesia and surgically entering the skull, patients with other health conditions or who are in poor health may be treated with observation or coiling. Clipping may be an effective treatment for the following: • Ruptured aneurysms burst open and release blood into the space between the brain and skull, called a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The risk of repeated bleeding is 35% within the first 14 days after the first bleed. So, timing of surgery is important – usually within 72 hours of the first bleed. Vasospasm is a common complication of SAH, which must be closely managed after treatment to prevent a stroke. • …
Parental preference for red mouth of chicks in a songbird.

Parental preferences during feeding and care-giving may select for ornamental traits in young, such as bright coloration. For chicks of coots, there is experimental evidence for this idea. We examined the hypothesis that bright yellow, orange and red mouths of chicks of songbirds have been favoured by feeding preferences in parents. In a field experiment, the orange–yellow mouths of great tit nestlings were dyed brightly red, and the feeding response of parents recorded. In nest boxes with extra daylight through a window, experimental chicks were on average given twice as much food (biomass) as control chicks (sham dyed). In normal nest boxes, the tendency was similar, but not significant. Thus, at least in good light, great tit parents prefer to feed young with red mouths, a preference for colourfulness that helps explain the evolution of bright gapes in chicks of songbirds (passerine birds).
A New Perspective on an Old Problem

INTRODUCTION The subject of declining enroll¬ ments in electrical power engi¬ neering in the nation's engineer¬ ing colleges has been debated for at least the past several years. Rather than rehashing the rea¬ sons for this state of affairs, my purpose is to discuss several fac¬ tors which I believe call for reas¬ sessment of our current efforts and development of new strate¬ gies for reversing this potentially dangerous trend.
The Relationship among Listening Performance, Metacognitive Strategy Use and Motivation from a Self-determination Theory Perspective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among metacognitive strategy use, motivation and listening test performance of EFL university students. The participants were 82 students majoring in English translation and literature at Allameh Tabataba’i and Shahid Beheshti Universities in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using three instruments: MALQ (metacognitive awareness listening questionnaire), AMS (academic motivation scale), and the listening section of the TOEFL. After administering the listening section of the TOEFL (pre-test), students filled in the MALQ and AMS. A statistically significant correlation was found between metacognitive strategy use and listening performance, listening performance and intrinsic motivation, as well as metacognitive strategy use and intrinsic, extrinsic motivation.
Demand for Differentiated Durable Products : The Case of the U . S . Computer Printer Market ∗

This paper develops an estimation technique for analyzing the impact of technological change on the dynamics of consumer demand in a differentiated durable products industry. The paper presents a dynamic model of consumer demand for differentiated durable products that explicitly accounts for consumers’ expectations of future product quality and consumers’ outflow from the market, arising endogenously from their purchase decisions. The timing of consumers’ purchases is formalized as an optimal stopping problem. A solution to that problem defines the hazard rate of product adoptions, while the nested discrete choice model determines the alternativespecific purchase probabilities. Integrating individual decisions over the population distribution generates rich dynamics of aggregate and product level sales. The empirical part of the paper takes the model to data on the U.S. computer printer market. The estimates support the hypothesis of consumers’ forward-looking behavior, allowing for better demand forecasts and improved measures of welfare gains from introducing new products. ∗I would like to thank Patrick Bayer, John Rust, Christopher Timmins, and especially my advisors, Steven Berry, Ariel Pakes and Martin Pesendorfer for valuable advice and general encouragement. I have greatly benefitted from discussions with Eugene Choo, Philip Haile, Jerry Hausman, Günter Hitsch, Nickolay Moshkin, Katja Seim and Nadia Soboleva. Seminar participants at Harvard and Yale provided many helpful suggestions. I am indebted to Mark Bates of PC Data, Inc. for providing me with the data without which this research would not be possible. I am grateful to Susan Olmsted for her help with administrative issues. All errors are my own. †Contact information: e-mail oleg.melnikov@yale.edu, homepage http://www.econ.yale.edu/ ̃melnikov, phone (203) 432-3563, fax (203) 432-5779.
Antitumor activity in RAS-driven tumors by blocking AKT and MEK.

PURPOSE
KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human tumors. KRAS-mutant cells may exhibit resistance to the allosteric MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142886) and allosteric AKT inhibitors (such as MK-2206), the combination of which may overcome resistance to both monotherapies.


EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
We conducted a dose/schedule-finding study evaluating MK-2206 and selumetinib in patients with advanced treatment-refractory solid tumors. Recommended dosing schedules were defined as MK-2206 at 135 mg weekly and selumetinib at 100 mg once daily.


RESULTS
Grade 3 rash was the most common dose-limiting toxicity (DLT); other DLTs included grade 4 lipase increase, grade 3 stomatitis, diarrhea, and fatigue, and grade 3 and grade 2 retinal pigment epithelium detachment. There were no meaningful pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Clinical antitumor activity included RECIST 1.0-confirmed partial responses in non-small cell lung cancer and low-grade ovarian carcinoma.


CONCLUSION
Responses in KRAS-mutant cancers were generally durable. Clinical cotargeting of MEK and AKT signaling may be an important therapeutic strategy in KRAS-driven human malignancies (Trial NCT number NCT01021748).