LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Techniques for Software Maintenance

Software maintenance constitutes a major phase of the software life cycle. Studies indicate that software maintenance is responsible for a significant percentage of a system’s overall cost and effort. The software engineering community has identified four major types of software maintenance, namely, corrective, perfective, adaptive, and preventive maintenance. Software maintenance can be seen from two major points of view. First, the classic view where software maintenance provides the necessary theories, techniques, methodologies, and tools for keeping software systems operational once they have been deployed to their operational environment. Most legacy systems subscribe to this view of software maintenance. The second view is a more modern emerging view, where maintenance is an integral part of the software development process and it should be applied from the early stages in the software life cycle. Regardless of the view by which we consider software maintenance, the fact is that it is the driving force behind software evolution, a very important aspect of a software system. This entry provides an in-depth discussion of software maintenance techniques, methodologies, tools, and emerging trends. Q1
Exercise training program in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of an 8-month training program with standardized exercises on aerobic and anaerobic capacity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.


DESIGN
Pragmatic randomized controlled clinical trial with blinded outcome evaluation between July 2005 and October 2006.


SETTING
Participants were recruited from 4 schools for special education in the Netherlands.


PARTICIPANTS
A total of 86 children with cerebral palsy (aged 7-18 years) classified at Gross Motor Function Classification System level I or II.


INTERVENTION
Participants were randomly assigned to either the training group (n = 32) or the control group (n = 33). The training group met twice per week for 45 minutes to circuit train in a group format that focused on aerobic and anaerobic exercises.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Aerobic capacity was assessed by the 10-m shuttle run test, and anaerobic capacity was assessed by the Muscle Power Sprint Test. Secondary outcome measures included agility, muscle strength, self-competence, gross motor function, participation level, and health-related quality of life.


RESULTS
A significant training effect was found for aerobic (P < .001) and anaerobic capacity (P = .004). A significant effect was also found for agility (P < .001), muscle strength (P < .001), and athletic competence (P = .005). The intensity of participation showed a similar effect for formal (P < .001), overall (P = .002), physical (P = .005), and skilled-based activities (P < .001). On the health-related quality of life measure, a significant improvement was found for the motor (P = .001), autonomy (P = .02), and cognition (P = .04) domains.


CONCLUSIONS
An exercise training program improves physical fitness, participation level, and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy when added to standard care.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN77274716.
[Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of polyethylene glycol with and without electrolytes in the treatment of chronic constipation].

INTRODUCTION
To compare the effectiveness and safety of polyethylene glycol with and without electrolytes (EL) over a 12 week period in treatment of chronic constipation in paediatrics.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
This was an observational, prospective, longitudinal, parallel group study, including 62 children with chronic constipation according to ROME III criteria and a history of faecal impaction. The children were divided into groups, one group of 30 received polyethylene glycol without EL (PEG) and 32 PEG with EL (PEG+EL) for at least 12 weeks. The main outcomes were the number of bowel movements at 6 and 12 weeks, and the presence of electrolyte disturbances at 6 weeks.


RESULTS
The mean weekly stool frequencies were similar in both groups at 6 and 12 weeks, with 5.4 and 4.6 stools per week in the PEG+EL and PEG groups, respectively at 12 weeks. After 6 weeks of treatment, 83% (25 of 30) of the PEG group had at least one electrolyte disturbance compared with 56% (18 of 32) in the PEG+EL group (P=.02). Hyponatraemia was found in 15% (5 of 32) vs. 36% (11 of 30) of PEG+EL and PEG groups, respectively (P=.05). None of the laboratory abnormalities were clinically relevant.


CONCLUSIONS
PEG formulations with or without EL have a quite similar effectiveness, safety and acceptability. PEG without EL produced more electrolyte abnormalities, but none of them were symptomatic.
Return in Investing in Equity Mutual Funds from 1990 to 2009

Mutual fund is a financial institution that pools money from many small investors to invest in securities such as stocks, bonds and money market instrument. Actively managed mutual funds are funds that try to outperform a particular benchmark index, such as the S&P 500. Using different financial models such as CAPM, Fama-French 3-Factors model and Carhart 4-Factors Model to evaluate the performance of actively managed mutual funds from 1990 to 2009, this study found that only a small number of funds can actually outperform their benchmarks. Moreover, there are evidences showing that those superior performances are due to luck and not skills. Finally, the study found that there is a significant negative relationship between fund returns and factor measured fund expenses including expenses ratios and fund turnovers. 1/Introduction: Mutual funds are financial institutions that pool money from many small investors to invest in securities such as stocks, bonds, and money market instruments. Mutual funds provide many benefits to small investors such as better diversification for their portfolios, lower transaction costs and higher liquidity for their assets. In 1970, there were only 361 mutual funds with more than 10 million accounts and 48 billion dollars in asset under management. In 2007, there were 8,726 funds with more than 289 million accounts and more than 10 trillion dollars in asset (Investment Company Institute.) When an investor looks around for a mutual fund to invest her money, she will encounter two major types of mutual funds: index mutual funds and actively managed mutual funds. An index mutual fund is a fund that aims to deliver to its investors a return of a particular benchmark index such as the S&P 500 Index. Managers of index funds do not need to have any superior stock picking skills, because they only need to build and hold a portfolio that replicates the index they are tracking. A major advantage of an index fund is that it is able to keep its cost low, because managers do not need to spend much money on equity researches or trading cost. On the other hand, an actively managed mutual fund is a fund that actively trades securities in order to earn a return that is higher than the market return. Managers of an actively managed mutual fund generally want to buy winners and sell losers, and they have to spend money to hire security analysts to do equity researches. Thus, an active fund generally incurs a higher expense than an index fund, but its investors also have a chance of beating the market. Naturally, an average investor will be left with two major questions. The first question is whether she should invest in
Novel maritime communications technologies

Current maritime systems are to a large extent based on legacy a nalog V HF r adios for ship-to-shore communications near port waters, and relatively low bandwidth digital satellite communications (SatCom) for longrange ship-to-ship/shore communications. The cost of bandwidth f or Sat Com networks is expected to remain high due to the cost of launching satellites into orbit and also due to the stabilizers required for presently available on-board antennas. On the other hand, the legacy VHF system comprises low bandwidth radios incapable of supporting applications requiring high data rates. Unlike the terrestrial networks, advancement in maritime communication means is severely lagging behind its land counterpart. MARINTEK is the principle investigator of the MarCom project, a joint initiative between several national and international R&D institutions, Universities and Colleges, Public Authorities and Industry, funded by the industry itself and The Norwegian Research Council's MAROFF program, which is aiming at developing a novel digital communication system platform to ensure the proliferation of innovative mobile network applications presently being widely implemented on land-based wireless systems
Moving metals II: Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age artefacts by lead isotope and elemental analyses

The first part of this research published previously proved without doubt that the metals dated to the Nordic Bronze Age found in Sweden were not smelted from the local copper ores. In this second part we present a detailed interpretation of these analytical data with the aim to identify the ore sources from which these metals originated. The interpretation of lead isotope and chemical data of 71 Swedish Bronze Age metals is based on the direct comparisons between the lead isotope data and geochemistry of ore deposits that are known to have produced copper in the Bronze Age. The presented interpretations of chemical and lead isotope analyses of Swedish metals dated to the Nordic Bronze Age are surprising and bring some information not known from previous work. Apart from a steady supply of copper from the Alpine ores in the North Tyrol, the main sources of copper seem to be ores from the Iberian Peninsula and Sardinia. Thus from the results presented here a new complex picture emerges of possible connectivities and flows in the Bronze Age between Scandinavia and Europe. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Availability, operation & maintenance costs of offshore wind turbines with different drive train configurations

Different configurations of gearbox, generator and power converter exist for offshore wind turbines. This paper investigated the performance of four prominent drive train configurations over a range of sites distinguished by their distance to shore. Failure rate data from onshore and offshore wind turbine populations was used where available or systematically estimated where no data was available. This was inputted along with repair resource requirements to an offshore accessibility and operation and maintenance model to calculate availability and operation and maintenance costs for a baseline wind farm consisting of 100 turbines. The results predicted that turbines with a permanent magnet generator and a fully rated power converter will have a higher availability and lower operation and maintenance costs than turbines with doubly-fed induction generators. This held true for all sites in this analysis. It was also predicted that in turbines with a permanent magnet generator, the direct drive configuration has the highest availability and lowest operation and maintenance costs followed by the turbines with 2 stage and 3 stage gearboxes.
Calibrating rhythm: First language and second language studies

This paper presents a comparative evaluation of metrics for the quantification of speech rhythm, comparing pairwise variability indices (nPVI-V and rPVI-C) and interval measures (DV, DC, %V), together with rate-normalised interval measures (VarcoV and VarcoC). First, we examined how well these metrics discriminated ‘‘stress-timed’’ English and Dutch and ‘‘syllable-timed’’ Spanish and French. Metrics of interval standard deviation such as DV and DC were strongly influenced by speech rate, but rate-normalised metrics of vocalic interval variation, VarcoV and nPVI-V, were shown to discriminate between hypothesised ‘‘rhythm classes’’, as did %V, an index of the relative duration of vocalic and consonantal intervals. Second, we applied these metrics to quantifying the influence of first language on second language rhythm, with the expectation that speakers switching ‘‘rhythm classes’’ should show rhythm scores different from both their native and target languages. VarcoV offered the most discriminative analysis in this part of the study, with %V also suggesting insights into the process of accommodation to second language rhythm. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Benefits of information technology-enabled diabetes management.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the financial and clinical benefits of implementing information technology (IT)-enabled disease management systems.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A computer model was created to project the impact of IT-enabled disease management on care processes, clinical outcomes, and medical costs for patients with type 2 diabetes aged >25 years in the U.S. Several ITs were modeled (e.g., diabetes registries, computerized decision support, remote monitoring, patient self-management systems, and payer-based systems). Estimates of care process improvements were derived from published literature. Simulations projected outcomes for both payer and provider organizations, scaled to the national level. The primary outcome was medical cost savings, in 2004 U.S. dollars discounted at 5%. Secondary measures include reduction of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy clinical outcomes.


RESULTS
All forms of IT-enabled disease management improved the health of patients with diabetes and reduced health care expenditures. Over 10 years, diabetes registries saved $14.5 billion, computerized decision support saved $10.7 billion, payer-centered technologies saved $7.10 billion, remote monitoring saved $326 million, self-management saved $285 million, and integrated provider-patient systems saved $16.9 billion.


CONCLUSIONS
IT-enabled diabetes management has the potential to improve care processes, delay diabetes complications, and save health care dollars. Of existing systems, provider-centered technologies such as diabetes registries currently show the most potential for benefit. Fully integrated provider-patient systems would have even greater potential for benefit. These benefits must be weighed against the implementation costs.
Phase I dose-finding study of cabazitaxel administered weekly in patients with advanced solid tumours

Cabazitaxel is approved in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing regimen. This study evaluated a weekly cabazitaxel dosing regimen. Primary objectives were to report dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics were secondary objectives. Cabazitaxel was administered weekly (1-hour intravenous infusion at 1.5–12 mg/m2 doses) for the first 4 weeks of a 5-week cycle in patients with solid tumours. Monitoring of DLTs was used to determine the MTD and the recommended weekly dose. Thirty-one patients were enrolled. Two of six patients experienced DLTs at 12 mg/m2, which was declared the MTD. Gastrointestinal disorders were the most common adverse event. Eight patients developed neutropenia (three ≥ Grade 3); one occurrence of febrile neutropenia was reported. There were two partial responses (in breast cancer) and 13 patients had stable disease (median duration of 3.3 months). Increases in Cmax and AUC0–t were dose proportional for the 6–12 mg/m2 doses. The MTD of weekly cabazitaxel was 12 mg/m2 and the recommended weekly dose was 10 mg/m2. The observed safety profile and antitumour activity of cabazitaxel were consistent with those observed with other taxanes in similar dosing regimens. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01755390 .
Alcohol as a gateway drug: a study of US 12th graders.

BACKGROUND
The Gateway Drug Theory suggests that licit drugs, such as tobacco and alcohol, serve as a "gateway" toward the use of other, illicit drugs. However, there remains some discrepancy regarding which drug-alcohol, tobacco, or even marijuana-serves as the initial "gateway" drug subsequently leading to the use of illicit drugs such as cocaine and heroin. The purpose of this investigation was to determine which drug (alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana) was the actual "gateway" drug leading to additional substance use among a nationally representative sample of high school seniors.


METHODS
This investigation conducted a secondary analysis of the 2008 Monitoring the Future 12th-grade data. Initiation into alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use was analyzed using a Guttman scale. Coefficients of reliability and scalability were calculated to evaluate scale fit. Subsequent cross tabulations and chi-square test for independence were conducted to better understand the relationship between the identified gateway drug and other substances' use.


RESULTS
Results from the Guttman scale indicated that alcohol represented the "gateway" drug, leading to the use of tobacco, marijuana, and other illicit substances. Moreover, students who used alcohol exhibited a significantly greater likelihood of using both licit and illicit drugs.


CONCLUSION
The findings from this investigation support that alcohol should receive primary attention in school-based substance abuse prevention programming, as the use of other substances could be impacted by delaying or preventing alcohol use. Therefore, it seems prudent for school and public health officials to focus prevention efforts, policies, and monies, on addressing adolescent alcohol use.
Bone transport techniques in posttraumatic bone defects.

INTRODUCTION
The treatment of posttraumatic diaphyseal bone defects (BD) calls on a number of techniques including bone transport techniques: isolated shortening, compression-distraction at the fracture site, shortening followed by lengthening in a corticotomy distant from the site and segmental bone transport.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
The multicenter retrospective study combined 38 cases: 22 cases of initial diaphyseal bone defect and 16 cases of secondary diaphyseal BD, sometimes associated with metaphyseal or metaphyseal-epiphyseal BD, involving the humerus, the forearm, the femur and the tibia. These techniques were mainly used on the lower extremity (33 cases), for the most part on the tibia (22 cases) in young men.


RESULTS
Bone healing was acquired in 37 cases out of 38 after a mean 14.9 months (range, 6-62 months). A mean 4.3 secondary interventions were required to obtain final union; most notably, a bone graft was necessary at the docking site for the segmental bone transport procedures.


DISCUSSION
Many reconstruction techniques can be proposed to treat posttraumatic BD. None responds to all situations. Bone transport techniques have their place and their indications. Isolated shortening is intended for bone loss not exceeding 3cm, notably in the humerus and to a lesser degree in the lower extremity. Shortening associated with lengthening is valuable in the femur and the tibia for bone loss up to 6cm. Segmental bone transport is the only technique that can treat bone defects associated with shortening in the lower limb. For substantial bone loss beyond 10cm, segmental bone transport is particularly indicated. However, these cases of substantial bone loss tend to be resolved by a hybridization of the procedures. The distraction gap of a bone segment can, for example, be prepared using an induced-membrane technique.


LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level IV. Retrospective study.
Home-based hand rehabilitation with a robotic glove in hemiplegic patients after stroke: a pilot feasibility study.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the feasibility and safety of home rehabilitation of the hand using a robotic glove, and, in addition, its effectiveness, in hemiplegic patients after stroke.


METHODS
In this non-randomized pilot study, 21 hemiplegic stroke patients (Ashworth spasticity index ≤ 3) were prescribed, after in-hospital rehabilitation, a 2-month home-program of intensive hand training using the Gloreha Lite glove that provides computer-controlled passive mobilization of the fingers. Feasibility was measured by: number of patients who completed the home-program, minutes of exercise and number of sessions/patient performed. Safety was assessed by: hand pain with a visual analog scale (VAS), Ashworth spasticity index for finger flexors, opponents of the thumb and wrist flexors, and hand edema (circumference of forearm, wrist and fingers), measured at start (T0) and end (T1) of rehabilitation. Hand motor function (Motricity Index, MI), fine manual dexterity (Nine Hole Peg Test, NHPT) and strength (Grip test) were also measured at T0 and T1.


RESULTS
Patients performed, over a mean period 56 (49-63) days, a total of 1699 (1353-2045) min/patient of exercise with Gloreha Lite, 5.1 (4.3-5.8) days/week. Seventeen patients (81%) completed the full program. The mean VAS score of hand pain, Ashworth spasticity index and hand edema did not change significantly at T1 compared to T0. The MI, NHPT and Grip test improved significantly (p = 0.0020, 0.0156 and 0.0024, respectively) compared to baseline.


CONCLUSION
Gloreha Lite is feasible and safe for use in home rehabilitation. The efficacy data show a therapeutic effect which need to be confirmed by a randomized controlled study.
RF Tomography with Application to Ground Penetrating Radar

RF tomography and ground penetrating radar are combined to detect and identify hidden targets, such as underground facilities and hard and deeply buried targets. Past experience in below-ground imaging is described, current measurement results are presented, and future plans are discussed.
Autonomous Sampling of Water Columns Using Gliding Robotic Fish: Algorithms and Harmful-Algae-Sampling Experiments

Gliding robotic fish, which is a hybrid of underwater gliders and robotic fish, is energy efficient and highly maneuverable and holds strong promise for long-duration monitoring of underwater environments. In this paper, a novel scheme is proposed for autonomously sampling multiple water columns using gliding robotic fish. The scheme exploits energy-efficient spiral-down motion to sample each water column, followed by sagittal-plane glide-up toward the direction of the next water column. Once surfacing, the robot uses Global Positioning System guidance to reach the next column location through swimming. To enhance the path-tracking performance, a two-degree-of-freedom controller involving H∞ control is used in the spiral motion, and a sliding-mode controller is employed to regulate the yaw angle during glide-up. The sampling scheme has been implemented on a gliding robotic fish prototype, “Grace,” and verified first in pool experiments and then in field experiments involving the sampling of harmful algae concentration in the Wintergreen Lake, Michigan.