LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy sets and probability : Misunderstandings , bridges and gaps

One of the most controversial issues in uncertainty modelling and information sciences is the relationship between probability theory and fuzzy sets. This paper is meant to survey the literature pertaining to this debate, and to try to overcome misunderstandings and to supply access to many basic references that have addressed the "probability versus fuzzy set" challenge. This problem has not a single facet, as will be claimed here. Moreover it seems that a lot of controversies might have been avoided if protagonists had been patient enough to build a common language and to share their scientific backgrounds. The main points made here are as follows. i) Fuzzy set theory is a consistent body of mathematical tools. ii) Although fuzzy sets and probability measures are distinct, several bridges relating them have been proposed that should reconcile opposite points of view ; especially possibility theory stands at the cross-roads between fuzzy sets and probability theory. iii) Mathematical objects that behave like fuzzy sets exist in probability theory. It does not mean that fuzziness is reducible to randomness. Indeed iv) there are ways of approaching fuzzy sets and possibility theory that owe nothing to probability theory. Interpretations of probability theory are multiple especially frequentist versus subjectivist views (Fine [31]) ; several interpretations of fuzzy sets also exist. Some interpretations of fuzzy sets are in agreement with probability calculus and some are not. The paper is structured as follows : first we address some classical misunderstandings between fuzzy sets and probabilities. They must be solved before any discussion can take place. Then we consider probabilistic interpretations of membership functions, that may help in membership function assessment. We also point out nonprobabilistic interpretations of fuzzy sets. The next section examines the literature on possibility-probability transformations and tries to clarify some lurking controversies on that topic. In conclusion, we briefly mention several subfields of fuzzy set research where fuzzy sets and probability are conjointly used.
1 LINKING PRACTICE AND THEORY : THE PEDAGOGY OF REALISTIC TEACHER EDUCATION

Introduction Teacher education finds itself in a critical stage. The pressure towards more school-based programs which is visible in many countries is a sign that not only teachers, but also parents and politicians, are often dissatisfied with the traditional approaches in teacher education In some countries a major part of preservice teacher education has now become the responsibility of the schools, creating a situation in which to a large degree teacher education takes the form of 'training on the job'. The argument for this tendency is that traditional teacher education programs are said to fail in preparing prospective teachers for the realities of the classroom (Goodlad, 1990). Many teacher educators object that a professional teacher should acquire more than just practical tools for managing classroom situations and that it is their job to present student teachers with a broader view on education and to offer them a proper grounding in psychology, sociology, etcetera. This is what Clandinin (1995) calls " the sacred theory-practice story " : teacher education conceived as the translation of theory on good teaching into practice. However, many studies have shown that the transfer of theory to practice is meager or even non-existent. Zeichner and Tabachnick (1981), for example, showed that many notions and educational conceptions, developed during preservice teacher education, were "washed out" during field experiences. Comparable findings were reported by Cole and Knowles (1993) and Veenman (1984), who also points towards the severe problems teachers experience once they have left preservice teacher education. Lortie (1975) presented us with another early study into the socialization process of teachers, showing the dominant role of practice in shaping teacher development. At Konstanz University in Germany, research has been carried out into the phenomenon of the "transition shock" (Müller-Fohrbrodt et al. It showed that, during their induction in the profession, teachers encounter a huge gap between theory and practice. As a consequence, they pass through a quite distinct attitude shift during their first year of teaching, in general creating an adjustment to current practices in the schools and not to recent scientific insights into learning and teaching.
PurdueNLP at SemEval-2017 Task 1: Predicting Semantic Textual Similarity with Paraphrase and Event Embeddings

This paper describes our proposed solution for SemEval 2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity (Daniel Cer and Specia, 2017). The task aims at measuring the degree of equivalence between sentences given in English. Performance is evaluated by computing Pearson Correlation scores between the predicted scores and human judgements. Our proposed system consists of two subsystems and one regression model for predicting STS scores. The two subsystems are designed to learn Paraphrase and Event Embeddings that can take the consideration of paraphrasing characteristics and sentence structures into our system. The regression model associates these embeddings to make the final predictions. The experimental result shows that our system acquires 0.8 of Pearson Correlation Scores in this task.
Suppression of hepatitis C virus by the flavonoid quercetin is mediated by inhibition of NS3 protease activity.

Phytochemicals exert antiviral activity and may play a potential therapeutic role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this work, we aimed to isolate NS3 inhibitors from traditional Indian medicinal plants that were found, in our earlier study, to inhibit HCV NS3 protease activity and to evaluate their potential to inhibit HCV replication. A potent inhibitory effect of NS3 catalytic activity was obtained with Embelia ribes plant extracts. Quercetin, a ubiquitous plant flavonoid, was identified as the active substance in the fractioned extract. It was found to inhibit NS3 activity in a specific dose-dependent manner in an in vitro catalysis assay. Quercetin inhibited HCV RNA replication as analysed in the subgenomic HCV RNA replicon system. It also inhibited HCV infectious virus production in the HCV infectious cell culture system (HCVcc), as analysed by the focus-forming unit reduction assay and HCV RNA real-time PCR. The inhibitory effect of quercetin was also obtained when using a model system in which NS3 engineered substrates were introduced in NS3-expressing cells, providing evidence that inhibition in vivo could be directed to the NS3 and do not involve other HCV proteins. Our work demonstrates that quercetin has a direct inhibitory effect on the HCV NS3 protease. These results point to the potential of quercetin as a natural nontoxic anti-HCV agent reducing viral production by inhibiting both NS3 and heat shock proteins essential for HCV replication.
MODELLING TAKEOVER LIKELIHOOD

The subject of takeovers tends to arouse strong feelings. Three views appear to exist. First, the takeover mechanism exists to discipline management teams who engage in inefficient behaviour. If a takeover occurs, shareholders benefit because an inefficient management team is replaced by a more efficient team (e.g., Grossman and Hart, 1980; Jensen, 1988; Morck, Shleifer and Vishny, 1989; and Rappaport, 1990). Second, takeovers exist to exploit synergy between firms (Bradley, Desai and Kim, 1983). Again, if takeovers take place to exploit synergy, shareholders will benefit. Third, takeovers occur because managers pursue their own self-interest sometimes at the expense of shareholders (e.g., Penrose, 1959; Williamson, 1964; and Malatesta, 1983). Here, if a takeover takes place, it is not apparent that shareholders will benefit. Because of these conflicting views of the desirability of takeovers, calls are often made to governments to increase or decrease the degree to which takeovers are subject to regulation. As a consequence, takeovers are an area of concern for public policy. Another aspect of takeovers is that the share price of firms subject to a takeover bid tends to increase between the time when the bid is announced and the date at which the takeover is completed. Stock returns over this period average approximately 30% for targets, with the returns for firms subject to hostile takeovers normally averaging about 14% more than for those firms subject to a friendly takeover (Franks and Harris, 1989). Under such circumstances, the ability to pick takeover targets successfully in advance of the announcement of a bid could form the basis for a successful investment strategy (e.g., Palepu, 1986; and Powell and Thomas, 1994). Given the above, modelling takeover likelihood can serve two purposes. First, it can cast light on the characteristics of firms subject to takeover bids, either hostile or friendly. A knowledge of these characteristics can be used to cast some light upon the motives underlying takeover activity. Presumably, such knowledge is potentially useful to policy makers. Second, a model of Journal of Business Finance&Accounting, 24(7) & (8), September 1997, 0306-686X
Psychoeducation and cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with refractory bipolar disorder: a 5-year controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this research, which represents an additional and longer follow-up to a previous trial, was to evaluate a 5-year follow-up study of a combined treatment (pharmacological+psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioral therapy) as compared with a standard pharmacological treatment in patients with refractory bipolar disorder.


METHOD
Forty patients were randomly assigned to either an Experimental group-under combined treatment - or a Control group - under pharmacological treatment. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), with repeated measures at different evaluation time points.


RESULTS
Between-group differences were significant at all evaluation time points after treatment. Experimental group had less hospitalization events than Control group in the 12-month evaluation (P=0.015). The Experimental group showed lower depression and anxiety in the 6-month (P=0.006; P=0.019), 12-month (P=0.001; P<0.001) and 5-year (P<0.001, P<0.001) evaluation time points. Significant differences emerged in mania and misadjustment already in the post-treatment evaluation (P=0.009; P<0.001) and were sustained throughout the study (6-month: P=0.006, P<0.001; 12-month: P<0.001, P<0.001; 5-year: P=0.004, P<0.001). After 5-year follow-up, 88.9% of patients in the Control group and 20% of patients in the Experimental group showed persistent affective symptoms and/or difficulties in social-occupational functioning.


CONCLUSIONS
A combined therapy is long-term effective for patients with refractory bipolar disorder. Suggestions for future research are commented.
Mortality rates for extremely low birth weight infants born in Japan in 2005.

OBJECTIVE
Our goal was to investigate the neonatal mortality rate and the mortality rate during the NICU stay for extremely low birth weight infants born in Japan in 2005.


METHODS
The Committee of Neonatal Medicine of the Japan Pediatric Society retrospectively surveyed the deaths of extremely low birth weight infants born and hospitalized between January 1 and December 31, 2005. From 297 institutions in Japan, data on 3065 extremely low birth weight infants, which represented 98.4% of those reported in the maternal and health statistics of Japan in 2005, were collected.


RESULTS
The neonatal mortality rate and the mortality rate during the NICU stay were 13.0% and 17.0%, respectively, which were lower than 17.7% and 21.5% in the survey in 2000. The neonatal mortality rates and the mortality rates during the NICU stay were 53.3% and 67.7% in the <400-g birth weight group (n = 62), 42.1% and 53.5% in the 400- to 499-g birth weight group (n = 159), 22.2% and 27.7% in the 500- to 599-g birth weight group (n = 387), 16.8% and 22.2% in the 600- to 699-g birth weight group (n = 537), 9.4% and 12.7% in the 700- to 799-g birth weight group (n = 574), 6.3% and 9.1% in the 800- to 899-g birth weight group (n = 649), and 3.9% and 5.3% in the 900- to 999-g birth weight group (n = 697), respectively. The factors involved in the deaths of extremely low birth weight infants included lower gestational age, lower birth weight, male gender, multiple birth, institutions in which <10 extremely low birth weight infants were admitted per year, and no prenatal maternal transfer.


CONCLUSION
The mortality rates of extremely low birth weight infants who were born in 2005 demonstrated definite improvement.
The design of next generation in-vehicle navigation systems for the older driver

It has been proposed that the current design of in-vehicle displays may not be appropriate for the older driver. This paper describes an empirical, road-based investigation of the benefits to older and younger drivers of providing landmarks within the instructions presented by an in-vehicle navigation system. Thirty two participants navigated a challenging urban route using either landmarks or distance information to identify the location of forthcoming manoeuvres. A range of driver behaviour measures were collected, including visual glance data, driving errors, driver workload, navigation errors, navigation confidence, and pre and post-trial driver attitudinal responses. Results show that, for older and younger drivers, landmarks reduced the time spent glancing to a visual display, reduced navigation and driving errors, and influenced driver confidence. There were some key differences between the older and younger drivers. The wider implications for the design of in-car interfaces for the older driver are discussed.
Incidence and Outcomes of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in PICUs.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the incidence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in PICUs and subsequent outcomes.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS
Multicenter prospective observational study of children younger than 18 years old randomly selected and intensively followed from PICU admission to hospital discharge in the Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network December 2011 to April 2013.


RESULTS
Among 10,078 children enrolled, 139 (1.4%) received cardiopulmonary resuscitation for more than or equal to 1 minute and/or defibrillation. Of these children, 78% attained return of circulation, 45% survived to hospital discharge, and 89% of survivors had favorable neurologic outcomes. The relative incidence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation events was higher for cardiac patients compared with non-cardiac patients (3.4% vs 0.8%, p <0.001), but survival rate to hospital discharge with favorable neurologic outcome was not statistically different (41% vs 39%, respectively). Shorter duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation was associated with higher survival rates: 66% (29/44) survived to hospital discharge after 1-3 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus 28% (9/32) after more than 30 minutes (p < 0.001). Among survivors, 90% (26/29) had a favorable neurologic outcome after 1-3 minutes versus 89% (8/9) after more than 30 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.


CONCLUSIONS
These data establish that contemporary PICU cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including long durations of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, results in high rates of survival-to-hospital discharge (45%) and favorable neurologic outcomes among survivors (89%). Rates of survival with favorable neurologic outcomes were similar among cardiac and noncardiac patients. The rigorous prospective, observational study design avoided the limitations of missing data and potential selection biases inherent in registry and administrative data.
Nucleic Acids Data Sequencing using Higher Order Logic-A Suggestion of Basic Computational Framework Towards Bio-Sensors and Gene-Chips Design, Implementation and Verification *

In this current research paper we highlight the usage of Higher Order Logic (HOL) to compute the sequences of Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA and illustrate the usefulness of higher order logic in computing the sequences for bio-sensor, probes, tags and gene-chip applications. What ever the application in question,sequences always form the heart and soul of bio-information processing in such demanding and promising tools. Higher order Logic provides a comfortable way of solving or computing the sequencing problems and related issues in the advancement of bio-informatics,hence we have focused in this interdisciplinary paper on HOL and its applications, in the design of such bio1 Jiangnan University, China and Ben-Gurion University, Israel, e-mail:tejdnk@gmail.com 2 Ben-Gurion University, Israel, e-mail:kost@bgu.ac.il 3 Jiangnan University, China, e-mail:qfwei@jiangnan.edu.cn 4 Jiangnan University, China, e-mail:qfwei@jiangnan.edu.cn Article Info: Received : August 11, 2012. Revised : September 14, 2012 Published online : September 15, 2012 66 Nucleic Acids Data Sequencing using Higher Order Logic ... devices. Further more we are of the opinion that HOL is fast becoming the defacto verification and computational software tool, in verifying the electronic hardware in demanding applications, the same methodology could be extended to bio-inspired systems, bio-systems, theoretical biology etc. to explore the untouched relevant areas of computational design paradigms. This is one of the pioneering research efforts in this highly promising domain, to adopt and adapt HOL as the design tool to model and develop sequencing, in Bio-Computing or Bio-Sensing platforms. Mathematics Subject Classification : 03B15, 92-04, 92-08
Features Importance Analysis for Emotional Speech Classification

The paper analyzes the prosody features, which includes the intonation, speaking rate, intensity, based on classified emotional speech. As an important feature of voice quality, voice source are also deduced for analysis. With the analysis results above, the paper creates both a CART model and a weight decay neural network model to find acoustic importance towards the emotional speech classification and to disclose whether there is an underlying consistency between acoustic features and speech emotion. The result shows the proposed method can obtain the importance of each acoustic feature through its weight for emotional speech classification and further improve the emotional speech classification.
View from the Bench: Parental Mental Health and Child Custody

Family courts are confronted with an increasing number of custody or visitation disputes where a parent suffers from a mental illness. In fact, when making a custody determination, most state statutes include parental mental health as a factor to consider in a best interests analysis. This article presents best practices from the perspective of a family court judge when it comes to handling cases involving parental mental health and custody, including a discussion of the nexus between parental mental health and the parent’s relationship to the child and the weight given to custody or forensic evaluations.
Planar Internal LTE/WWAN Monopole Antenna for Tablet Computer Application

By using a T-shaped parasitic shorted strip, this work presents a planar coupled-fed U-shaped monopole antenna with eight-band LTE/WWAN operation in tablet computers. The obtained impedance bandwidths across dual operating bands approach 281 MHz and 1088 MHz at the LTE and WWAN bands, respectively. The proposed uniplanar antenna reduces the antenna size by at least 20% since the overall antenna size is only 50×15×0.8 mm3. The measured peak gains and antenna efficiencies are approximately 2.9/5.4 dBi and 72/80% for the LTE/WWAN bands, respectively. Moreover, with a compact structure, the proposed planar antenna can be deposited inside the tablet computer and complies with the body specific absorption rate (SAR) requirement (1.6 W/kg for 1-g body tissue) for practical applications.
Hidradenitis suppurativa.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory, scarring condition involving the intertriginous skin of the axillary, inguinal, inframammary, genital, and perineal areas of the body. It is also referred to as acne inversa and Verneuil disease. Follicular occlusion is the primary event in HS. It is now accepted that the first pathogenetic change is in the pilosebaceous follicular ducts, like acne, and so there has been a move to rename this disorder acne inversa. Despite the legitimate argument that hidradenitis suppurativa is a misnomer, the term has become generally accepted.
Recently abused synthetic cathinones, α-pyrrolidinophenone derivatives: a review of their pharmacology, acute toxicity, and metabolism

The aim of this review is to present the chemical aspects, pharmacology, acute toxicities, and metabolisms of α-pyrrolidinophenone derivatives, a new group of synthetic cathinones. Compared to other synthetic cathinones, α-pyrrolidinophenone derivatives have high lipophilicity due to the pyrrolidine ring substitution at the nitrogen atom, resulting in higher blood–brain barrier permeability. To date, some acute intoxication and fatal cases involving α-pyrrolidinophenone derivatives have been reported, and the symptoms induced by their high dosages are due to central nervous system and cardiovascular toxicities. Based on the previous metabolism studies, reduction of the β-ketone moiety to the corresponding alcohol metabolites and oxidation to the 2′′-oxo metabolites are the main metabolic pathways observed among α-pyrrolidinophenone derivatives. In addition to such pathways, specific metabolic pathways like hydroxylation followed by oxidation of the 4′-methyl group, O-demethylation of the 4′-methoxyl group, and demethylenation followed by O-methylation of the 3′,4′-methylenedioxy group can be observed for the corresponding ring-substituted compounds.
A Specific Distress Cutoff Score Shortly After Breast Cancer Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND
High levels of distress are expected shortly after the diagnosis breast cancer. The Distress Thermometer (DT) is commonly used to screen for distress, using a cutoff score of 4 or 5; however, this score might not be appropriate for detecting distress in women with recently diagnosed breast cancer.


OBJECTIVES
The aims of this study were to establish the optimal DT cutoff score for detecting high distress shortly after breast cancer diagnosis and to correlate this score with the reported problems.


METHODS
We selected for this study Dutch women who completed the DT and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale within 1 month after breast cancer diagnosis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of DT scores was performed, with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale being used as the criterion standard for the level of distress. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of each DT score were calculated.


RESULTS
In total, 181 women participated in the study. The optimal DT cutoff score for detecting distress was 7 with a sensitivity of 0.73, specificity of 0.84, positive predictive value of 69%, and negative predictive value of 87%. Emotional problems were the most frequently reported concerns.


CONCLUSION
We consider a cutoff score of 7, shortly after breast cancer is diagnosed, optimal to identify those women with high distress and therefore at risk of chronic distress.


IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
The findings are clinically important because they can enable healthcare professionals to direct their time and resources to those most in need of their assistance.