LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Reliability and validity of the Children's Leisure Assessment Scale.

OBJECTIVE
We examined the internal consistency and construct validity of the Children's Leisure Assessment Scale (CLASS), which measures multidimensional participation in children's and adolescents' leisure activities.


METHOD
The questionnaire's content and face validity were first established, followed by a factor analysis of the CLASS's frequency domain of the responses of 249 children and adolescents. Internal consistency was evaluated for each of the factors, and construct validity was established by examining gender differences.


RESULTS
The factors showed acceptable levels of internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha ranged from .57 to .83). We found that girls participated in significantly more self-enrichment activities and instrumental indoor activities, with greater preference. However, boys participated in significantly more games and sports activities.


CONCLUSION
The CLASS shows good internal reliability and may be useful in the future as a clinical and research tool in occupational therapy for evaluating leisure activities among typically developing children and adolescents.
An exact algorithm for the Maximum Leaf Spanning Tree problem

Given an undirected graph G with n nodes, the Maximum Leaf Spanning Tree problem asks to find a spanning tree of G with as many leaves as possible. When parameterized in the number of leaves k, this problem can be solved in time O(4poly(n)) using a simple branching algorithm introduced by a subset of the authors [13]. Daligault, Gutin, Kim, and Yeo [6] improved this branching algorithm and obtained a running time of O(3.72poly(n)). In this paper, we study the problem from an exact exponential time point of view, where it is equivalent to the Connected Dominating Set problem. For this problem Fomin, Grandoni, and Kratsch showed how to break the Ω(2) barrier and proposed an O(1.9407) time algorithm [10]. Based on some properties of [6] and [13], we establish a branching algorithm whose running time of O(1.8966) has been analyzed using the Measure-and-Conquer technique. Finally we provide a lower bound of Ω(1.4422) for the worst case running time of our algorithm.
Normal variants and pitfalls in MR imaging of the ankle and foot.

This article focuses on the variants and imaging pitfalls in the ankle and foot.
Mental disorder and perceived threat to the public: people who do not return to community living.

BACKGROUND
In the UK, people with mental disorder thought to pose a high risk of harm to others are usually put in a high-security (special) hospital. Little is known about what happens after that.


AIMS
To test a hypothesis that, under current services and laws (from the mid-1980s), no one leaving high-security hospitals remains indefinitely institutionalised.


METHOD
The special hospitals' case register was used for case ascertainment and admission data; post-discharge data were collected from multiple sources on patients discharged in 1984 (census date 31.12.1995).


RESULTS
In this discharge cohort (n=223), 36 (17%) did not return to the community: 17 died in special hospital and 19 continuously lived in other institutions until death or the census date. Over two-thirds of these had mental illness, were older on admission and had lived longer in special hospital than their better-rehabilitated peers. Offending history was irrelevant to this. Most post-discharge institution time was in open psychiatric hospital, or back in special hospital, not in medium secure units or prison.


CONCLUSIONS
The hypothesis was not sustained, but fewer people never reached the community than before the mid-1980s. Atypical antipsychotics might reduce this number. We found no justification for a new tier of long-term medium secure units.
Preventing facial pressure ulcers in patients under non-invasive mechanical ventilation: a randomised control trial.

OBJECTIVE
To comparatively assess the efficacy of four different therapeutic strategies to prevent the development of facial pressure ulcers (FPUs) related to the use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) with oro-nasal masks in critically ill hospitalised patients.


METHOD
This randomised control trial was performed at the high dependency unit in the University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón in Madrid, Spain. Overall, 152 patients with acute respiratory failure were recruited. All patients were hospitalised and received NIV through oro-nasal masks. The Norton tool was used to evaluate the general risk of developing pressure ulcers (PUs). Subjects were divided into four groups, each of them receiving a different treatment. Tissue assessment and preventive care were performed by a member of the research team.


RESULTS
The incidence of FPUs was significantly lower in the group receiving a solution of hyperoxygenated fatty acids (HOFA) when compared with each of the other therapeutic strategies: direct mask (p=0.055), adhesive thin dressing (p=0.03) and adhesive foam dressing (p<0.001).


CONCLUSION
The application of HOFA on the facial skin in contact with the oro-nasal masks showed the highest efficacy in the prevention of NIV-related FPUs.
Depression, visual acuity, comorbidity, and disability associated with age-related macular degeneration.

OBJECTIVE
To examine (1) the prevalence of depressive disorders in community-dwelling adults with advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and (2) the relationship in this population between depression, visual acuity, the number of comorbid medical conditions, disability caused by vision loss as measured by the National Eye Institute-Vision Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ) and the vision-specific Sickness Impact Profile (SIPV), and disability caused by overall health status as measured by the Sickness Impact Profile-68 (SIP).


DESIGN
Analysis of cross-sectional baseline data from a randomized clinical trial.


PARTICIPANTS
Participants were 151 adults aged 60 and older (mean age, 80 years) with advanced macular degeneration whose vision was 20/60 or worse in their better eye.


METHODS
Subjects were interviewed using measures of depression, disability, and chronic medical conditions. Visual acuity was obtained. Nonparametric correlation analyses and linear regression analyses were performed.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), NEI-VFQ, SIPV, and SIP.


RESULTS
Of the participants, 32.5% (n = 49) met SCID-IV criteria for depressive disorder, twice the rate observed in previous studies of community-dwelling elderly. Over and above depression (GDS), visual acuity aided in prediction of the level of vision-specific disability (NEI-VFQ and SIPV).


CONCLUSIONS
Depressive disorder is a significant problem for the elderly afflicted with advanced macular degeneration. Further research on psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions for depressed AMD patients is warranted to improve depression and enhance functioning. Over and above depression, visual acuity aided in predicting vision-specific disability. Treatment strategies that teach patients to cope with vision loss should be developed and evaluated.
Organizing cardiovascular preventive care in general practice: determinants of a successful intervention.

BACKGROUND
Although outreach visitor interventions have proven to be effective, more detailed studies are needed to understand what elements of interventions work and why. In this study we investigate the determinants of success of an intervention for optimizing cardiovascular preventive care in general practice.


METHODS
After baseline measurements and randomization, 62 general practices received a comprehensive intervention program, by means of outreach visitors, lasting 21 months. Data on practice management and preventive activities were gathered at baseline and at postintervention measurements. Key characteristics of the intervention considered possible determinants of success were gathered by questionnaire. The difference between ideal and actual practice in each aspect of organizing cardiovascular preventive care was calculated as a deficiency score. The difference between deficiency scores before and after the intervention were the main outcome measures.


RESULTS
The key characteristic, duration of exposure to an aspect (in months), was positively related to the change in availability of separate clinics and in the amount of teamwork. The improvement in instruments and materials was positively related to the general practitioner's opinion about the given feedback. No relations were found between the key characteristics and changes in record-keeping or follow-up routines.


CONCLUSIONS
Although implementation of a comprehensive prevention program is effective, we could not fully disentangle the "black box" of the intervention. The duration of exposure to an aspect of organizing cardiovascular care was the key determinant to success.
IT Governance Maturity in the Public Sector Organizations in a Developing Country: The Case of Tanzania

Today in many organizations in the public sector, the use of IT has become crucial in sustaining and extending the organizations’ strategies and objectives. Such use of technology has caused a critical dependency on IT thus a call for specific focus on IT governance. Despite increased practice of IT governance in these organizations, little academic empirical research has been undertaken to investigate its maturity, which is even worse in a developing country environment. Therefore this paper, based on the 15 most important processes of the COBIT framework and a case study in five public sector organizations, establishes IT governance maturity in the public sector in a developing country like Tanzania. In addition, the study result is compared against a similar benchmark in the public sector in a developed country like Australia and internationally from a range of nations. The result indicates some IT processes to have scored relatively lower maturity but very important to the process of IT decision making and monitoring in the studied environment. In addition, it indicates the maturity to be relatively lower in the organizations with less established IT governance mechanisms. Moreover when compared with the public sector organizations from Australia as a developed country and internationally from a range of nations, the IT governance maturity pattern turned out to be relatively lower in all studied IT processes. Finally, based on these results, recommendations are provided to improve poorly performing processes for successful IT governance in support of better public service delivery in this environment.
Inconsistent condom use among HIV-positive women in the “Treatment as Prevention Era”: data from the Italian DIDI study

INTRODUCTION
Translation of the evidence regarding the protective role of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on HIV sexual transmission rates into sexual behaviour patterns of HIV-infected subjects remains largely unexplored. This study aims to describe frequency of self-reported condom use among women living with HIV in Italy and to investigate the variables associated with inconsistent condom use (ICU).


METHODS
DIDI (Donne con Infezione Da HIV) is an Italian multicentre study based on a questionnaire survey performed during November 2010 and February 2011. Women-reported frequency of condom use was dichotomized in "always" versus "at times"/"never" (ICU).


RESULTS
Among 343 women, prevalence of ICU was 44.3%. Women declared a stable partnership with an HIV-negative (38%) and with an HIV-positive person (43%), or an occasional sexual partner (19%). Among the 194 women engaged in a stable HIV-negative or an occasional partnership, 51% reported fear of infecting the partner. Nonetheless, 43% did not disclose HIV-positive status. Less than 5% of women used contraceptive methods other than condoms. At multivariable analysis, variables associated with ICU in the subgroup of women with a stable HIV-negative or an occasional HIV-unknown partner were: having an occasional partner (AOR 3.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-8.54, p=0.005), and reporting fear of infecting the sexual partner (AOR 3.20, 95% CI 1.43-7.16, p=0.004). Current use of HAART together with virological control in plasma level did not predict ICU after adjusting for demographic, behavioural and HIV-related factors. With regard to socio-demographic factors, lower education was the only variable significantly associated with ICU in the multivariate analysis (AOR 2.27, 95% CI 1.07-4.82, p=0.03). No association was found between high adherence to HAART and ICU after adjusting for potential confounders (AOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.39-2.01, p=0.78).


CONCLUSIONS
Currently in Italy, the use of HAART with undetectable HIV RNA in plasma as well as antiretroviral adherence is not associated with a specific condom use pattern in women living with HIV and engaged with a sero-discordant or an HIV-unknown partner. This might suggest that the awareness of the protective role of antiretroviral treatment on HIV sexual transmission is still limited among HIV-infected persons, at least in this country.
Internet uses and gratifications: A survey in the Indian context

Uses and gratifications (U&G) theory, aids in the assessment of peoples’ motivations for media usage, access and to understand their attitude towards a particular medium. In this paper this theory has been applied to derive the Internet gratification structure of Internet users in the Indian context. This study proceeds in four stages. First, six gratifications for Internet use namely self development, wide exposure, user friendly, relaxation, career opportunities, and global exchange were identified using the exploratory factor analysis. Then the factors were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. Next with the use of t-tests the study identified the gratifications on which males and females differ significantly. Finally, with the use of discriminant analysis it has been shown that the light and heavy users of Internet differ on some of the gratification factors obtained in the study. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cigar and pipe smoking and lung cancer risk: a multicenter study from Europe.

BACKGROUND
Because limited information is available on the quantitative association between consumption of tobacco products other than cigarettes and lung cancer risk, we undertook a case-control study of this relationship.


METHODS
We investigated lung cancer risk among smokers of cigars and/or cigarillos only and of pipes only and compared these risks with the risk of smokers of cigarettes only in a case-control study conducted in seven European areas. Our study population consisted of 5621 male case patients with lung cancer and 7255 male control subjects. Each subject or his proxy was interviewed with respect to the subject's smoking history and other risk factors for lung cancer.


RESULTS
The odds ratio (OR) for smoking cigars and cigarillos only was 9.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.8-14.1), based on 43 exposed case patients and 77 exposed control subjects, and the OR for smoking a pipe only was 7.9 (95% CI = 5.3-11.8), representing 61 case patients and 129 control subjects. The OR for smoking cigarettes only was 14.9 (95% CI = 12.3-18.1), based on 4204 case patients and 3930 control subjects. A dose-response relationship was present for duration of use and cumulative consumption both for cigars and cigarillos and for pipe tobacco. An effect was also suggested for inhalation of cigar and cigarillo smoke. The dose-response relationships between lung cancer risk and either duration of smoking or average and cumulative consumption were similar for cigar and cigarillo smoking, pipe smoking, and cigarette smoking.


CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that smoking of European cigars, cigarillos, and pipe tobacco might exert a carcinogenic effect on the lung comparable to that of cigarettes.
"The contribution of chronic diseases to the prevalence of dependence among older people in Latin America, China and India: a 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based survey"

BACKGROUND
The number of older people is set to increase dramatically worldwide. Demographic changes are likely to result in the rise of age-related chronic diseases which largely contribute to years lived with a disability and future dependence. However dependence is much less studied although intrinsically linked to disability. We investigated the prevalence and correlates of dependence among older people from middle income countries.


METHODS
A one-phase cross-sectional survey was carried out at 11 sites in seven countries (urban sites in Cuba, Venezuela, and Dominican Republic, urban and rural sites in Peru, Mexico, China and India). All those aged 65 years and over living in geographically defined catchment areas were eligible. In all, 15,022 interviews were completed with an informant interview for each participant. The full 10/66 Dementia Research Group survey protocol was applied, including ascertainment of depression, dementia, physical impairments and self-reported diagnoses. Dependence was interviewer-rated based on a key informant's responses to a set of open-ended questions on the participant's needs for care. We estimated the prevalence of dependence and the independent contribution of underlying health conditions. Site-specific prevalence ratios were meta-analysed, and population attributable prevalence fractions (PAPF) calculated.


RESULTS
The prevalence of dependence increased with age at all sites, with a tendency for the prevalence to be lower in men than in women. Age-standardised prevalence was lower in all sites than in the USA. Other than in rural China, dementia made the largest independent contribution to dependence, with a median PAPF of 34% (range 23%-59%). Other substantial contributors were limb impairment (9%, 1%-46%), stroke (8%, 2%-17%), and depression (8%, 1%-27%).


CONCLUSION
The demographic and health transitions will lead to large and rapid increases in the numbers of dependent older people particularly in middle income countries (MIC). The prevention and control of chronic neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases and the development of long-term care policies and plans should be urgent priorities.
Structure and Advice: The Case of Kenya

THE RECENT INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT in Africa has caught economic development theory largely unprepared. Current studies still tend to focus on the problems of the European colonists' export economy with its existing statistical apparatus, leaving native life and labor largely to the special studies of the anthropologist, focused on tribalism. The nature of the dual economic structure in which the African population actually finds itself and the characteristics of the African's striving for better opportunity remain largely virgin territory.l Such neglect tends, of course, to reinforce pre-existing suppositions concerning development potentials and the means of realizing them. Two recent studies of Kenya illustrate the problem I have in mind. One, the World Bank Mission Report, The Economic Development of Kenya, 1963, in spite of much interesting material, represents pretty much the conventional development approach, differing not widely from that of the outgoing British administration which it sets out to analyze.2 The other, a brief doctoral dissertation by Marion W. Forrester, Kenya Today: Social Prerequisites for Economic Development (Mouton, The Hague, 1962), gives the results of a three-year field study of African savings and spending. To the best of my knowledge, in spite of some confusions in presentation, this study's focus on capital formation among African wage earners, taken in conjunction with their families at home, is unique.3 However, neither work gives an all-round setting for the strange structure, portions of which it sets out to examine. At the risk of some inaccuracy, the main facts of this structure may be summarized as follows. Kenya was inhabited on the eve of independence by some 8.6 million people, 60-odd thousand of them until recently European, primarily British, 200 thousand Asian (chiefly Indian), and 8.5
Monitoring Chewing and Eating in Free-Living Using Smart Eyeglasses

We propose to 3-D-print personal fitted regular-look smart eyeglasses frames equipped with bilateral electromyography recording to monitor temporalis muscles’ activity for automatic dietary monitoring. Personal fitting supported electrode–skin contacts are at temple ear bend and temple end positions. We evaluated the smart monitoring eyeglasses during in-lab and free-living studies of food chewing and eating event detection with ten participants. The in-lab study was designed to explore three natural food hardness levels and determine parameters of an energy-based chewing cycle detection. Our free-living study investigated whether chewing monitoring and eating event detection using smart eyeglasses is feasible in free-living. An eating event detection algorithm was developed to determine intake activities based on the estimated chewing rate. Results showed an average food hardness classification accuracy of 94% and chewing cycle detection precision and recall above 90% for the in-lab study and above 77% for the free-living study covering 122 hours of recordings. Eating detection revealed the 44 eating events with an average accuracy above 95%. We conclude that smart eyeglasses are suitable for monitoring chewing and eating events in free-living and even could provide further insights into the wearer's natural chewing patterns.
A case-control study of major congenital heart defects in Sweden — 1981–1986

This paper reports the results of a case-control study of major congenital heart defects (CHD) in Sweden. During the period 1981–1986, 1,324 such cases were identified and 2,648 controls were selected. Some common maternal characteristics and exposures were studied using information from prospectively collected data. Possible associations with CHD were found for previous perinatal death, maternal diabetes, epilepsy, hydramnios and disproportion between fetus and pelvis. More specific associations were observed between previous spontaneous abortion, epilepsy, hydramnios and truncus anomalies and between diabetes and septal anomalies. However, no associations were found with involuntary childlessness, contraceptive use, or smoking.
The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake

By combining new archival and existing data, this paper provides estimates of the economic impact of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the largest ever-recorded natural catastrophe in Europe. The direct cost of the earthquake is estimated to be between 32 and 48 percent of the Portuguese GDP. In spite of strict controls, prices and wages remained volatile in the years after the tragedy. The recovery from earthquake also led to a rise in the wage premium of construction workers. More significantly, the earthquake became an opportunity for economic reform and to reduce the economic semi-dependency vis-à-vis Britain. JEL Codes: N13, Q54, O52