LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Interpreting Functions as Pi-Calculus Processes: A Tutorial

This paper is concerned with the relationship between-calculus and-calculus. The-calculus talks about functions and their applicative behaviour. This contrasts with the-calculus, that talks about processes and their interactive behaviour. Application is a special form of interaction , and therefore functions can be seen as a special form of processes. We study how the functions of the-calculus (the computable functions) can be represented as-calculus processes. The-calculus semantics of a language induces a notion of equality on the terms of that language. We therefore also analyse the equality among functions that is induced by their representation as-calculus processes. This paper is intended as a tutorial. It however contains some original contributions. The main ones are: the use of well-known Continuation Passing Style transforms to derive the encodings into-calculus and prove their correctness; the encoding of typed-calculi. Note: This is a draft of a chapter of a book that I am writing with David Walker. In the hope of making the paper self-contained, I have added appendices with background material on-calculus.
Systems view of commercial organizations' evolution

Organizational structure has a significant impact on performance of organizations and the way companies utilize their resources, develop new products and compete in the marketplace. As companies mature and grow, they undergo several developmental stages, characterized by different organizational structures and management styles used. The questions that this research aims to answer are: (1) What are the reasons for success and failure of various management styles? (2) What reasons or constraints render certain management styles obsolete or inadequate as an organization develops? (3) Based on the knowledge gained, what are the guidelines for applying different management styles in organizations at various stages of their growth, whether naturally or through mergers & acquisitions? This research recapitulates the concepts and principles of General System Theory and Universal Organizational Theory (Tektology) to establish the theoretical and philosophical basis for general methods and frameworks of evaluating complex systems. The broad approach to the studies of organizational structures and evolution is motivated by the conviction that all systems evolve under the influence of the same forces and are subject to the same general principles and universal laws of systems. Therefore, the general system methodologies and frameworks can be applied to solve problems faced by a variety of commercial organizations. This research confinns that a vast majority of modem organizations are based on division of labor, the principle formulated by Adam Smith in 1776. As the complexity of individuals' tasks is being reduced through specialization of labor and knowledge, and complexity of systems increases, more complex organizational structures evolve. Common trends of the organizations' evolution are analyzed. This analysis evaluates each stage of the organizational evolution model aiming to identify organizational structures and management styles most suitable at each developmental phase. As each stage of organizational development is characterized by a period of growth followed by a crisis, the management tends to overemphasize the aspects of organizational behavior that helped solve a previous crisis, inevitably causing the next one. The research highlights the necessity for a balance among several key aspects of organizational performance in order to remain successful at each phase. Thesis Supervisor: Dov Dori Title: Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Research Affiliate, Engineering Systems Division, MIT THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
French grand opera and the historical imagination

1. Politics, history, opera 2. La Muette de Portici: reliving the past 3. Gustave III: politics as spectacle 4. Stradella: legitimising the myth 5. Charles VI: creating the future 6. Le Prophete: the end of history? Conclusion.
The Interface Structure in Graphite/Aluminum Composites,

Abstract : Transmission electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy studies of the interfaces of selected graphite/aluminum composite systems revealed that generally titanium diboride, (TiB2), and aluminum oxide, (Gammer Al2O3), were present as the interfacial phases. The grain size and the crystallographic structure of these interfacial phases were studied and are discussed in terms of the transverse fracture behavior of the graphite/aluminum composites. (Author)
Corrective osteotomy for volarly malunited distal radius fracture.

PURPOSE
To retrospectively analyze consecutive cases with opening wedge corrective osteotomy of the volarly malunited distal radius with iliac bone graft, including preoperative and postoperative comparison of symptoms, visual analog scale (VAS), Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH-JSSH) questionnaires, radiographic indices, clinical results as evaluated by modified Mayo wrist score, and complications.


METHODS
Subjects were 28 patients with volarly malunited distal radius fracture treated by transverse opening wedge osteotomy with oblique iliac bone graft. Preoperative symptoms included wrist deformity, weakness of grip strength, and marked restriction of supination range. Postoperative symptoms, radiographic parameters, clinical results, and complications were analyzed at an average of 25 months of follow-up. We also analyzed the union period of the radius in younger patients (< or =45 years old) and older patients (>45 years old).


RESULTS
Mean preoperative visual analog scale was 45, improving significantly to 3 postoperatively. Range of wrist motion improved in all 28 patients, with supination range improving from 16 degrees preoperatively to 80 degrees postoperatively. Mean preoperative DASH-JSSH score was 55, improving to 9 postoperatively. Radiography revealed that volar tilt improved from 32 degrees preoperatively to 10 degrees postoperatively, and radial inclination increased from 17 degrees to 21 degrees . Preoperative ulnar variance of +5.9 mm was corrected to -0.1 mm postoperatively. All 28 wrists demonstrated bony union at the osteotomy site after an average of 52 days (younger patients, 51 days; older patients, 54 days). No complications, significant radiographic correction loss, or nonunion were seen after at least 2 years of follow-up. Modified Mayo wrist score was excellent in 16 patients, good in 10 patients, and fair in 2 patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Opening wedge osteotomy for volarly malunited distal radius fracture restored bony configuration of the distal radius, decreased pain, and improved grip strength and range of wrist motion, particularly for forearm supination. No complications or noteworthy correction loss were noted after surgery, even in older patients.


TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic IV.
A 3 DTV Approach Using Depth-Image-Based Rendering ( DIBR )

This paper will present details of a system that allows for an evolutionary introduction of depth perception into the existing 2D digital TV framework. The work is part of the European Information Society Technologies (IST) project “Advanced Three-Dimensional Television System Technologies” (ATTEST), an activity, where industries, research centers and universities have joined forces to design a backwards-compatible, flexible and modular broadcast 3D-TV system [1]. In contrast to former proposals, which often relied on the basic concept of “stereoscopic” video, this new idea is based on a more flexible joint transmission of monoscopic video and associated per-pixel depth information. From this data representation, one or more “virtual” views of the 3D scene can then be synthesized in real-time at the receiver side by means of so-called depthimage-based rendering (DIBR) techniques. This paper (a) highlights the advantages of this new approach on 3DTV and (b) develops an efficient algorithm for the generation of “virtual” 3D views that can be reproduced on any stereoscopicor autostereoscopic 3D-TV display.
Musculoskeletal findings of Loeys-Dietz syndrome.

BACKGROUND
Loeys-Dietz syndrome is a recently recognized multisystemic disorder caused by mutations in the genes encoding the transforming growth factor-beta receptor. It is characterized by aggressive aneurysm formation and vascular tortuosity. We report the musculoskeletal demographic, clinical, and imaging findings of this syndrome to aid in its diagnosis and treatment.


METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed the demographic, clinical, and imaging data of sixty-five patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome seen at one institution from May 2007 through December 2008.


RESULTS
The patients had a mean age of twenty-one years, and thirty-six of the sixty-five patients were less than eighteen years old. Previous diagnoses for these patients included Marfan syndrome (sixteen patients) and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (two patients). Spinal and foot abnormalities were the most clinically important skeletal findings. Eleven patients had talipes equinovarus, and nineteen patients had cervical anomalies and instability. Thirty patients had scoliosis (mean Cobb angle [and standard deviation], 30 degrees +/- 18 degrees ). Two patients had spondylolisthesis, and twenty-two of thirty-three who had computed tomography scans had dural ectasia. Thirty-five patients had pectus excavatum, and eight had pectus carinatum. Combined thumb and wrist signs were present in approximately one-fourth of the patients. Acetabular protrusion was present in approximately one-third of the patients and was usually mild. Fourteen patients had previous orthopaedic procedures, including scoliosis surgery, cervical stabilization, clubfoot correction, and hip arthroplasty. Features of Loeys-Dietz syndrome that are important clues to aid in making this diagnosis include bifid broad uvulas, hypertelorism, substantial joint laxity, and translucent skin.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome commonly present to the orthopaedic surgeon with cervical malformations, spinal and foot deformities, and findings in the craniofacial and cutaneous systems.


LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Parallelization of binary and real-coded genetic algorithms on GPU using CUDA

Genetic Algorithms(GAs) are suitable for parallel computing since population members fitness maybe evaluated in parallel. Most past parallel GA studies have exploited this aspect, besides resorting to different algorithms, such as island, single-population master-slave, fine-grained and hybrid models. A GA involves a number of other operations which, if parallelized, may lead to better parallel GA implementation than those currently existing. In this paper, we parallelize binary and real-coded genetic algorithms using CUDA API's with C. Although, objective and constraint violations evaluations are embarassingly parallel, other algorithmic and code optimizations have been proposed and tested. The bottlenecks in a parallel GA implementation are identified and modified suitably. The results are compared with the sequential algorithm on accuracy and clock time for varying problems by studying the effect of a number of parameters, namely: (i) population sizes, (ii) number of threads, (iii) problem sizes, and (iv) problems of differing complexities. Significant speed-ups have been observed over the sequential GA.
Randomised clinical trial comparing lightweight mesh with heavyweight mesh for inguinal hernioplasty

The aim of the present randomised clinical study was to compare the incidence of post-operative chronic groin pain and the feeling of a foreign body after inguinal hernioplasty with lightweight (LW) and heavyweight (HW) mesh, as well as to evaluate the patient’s quality of life after inguinal hernia repair. A total of 135 patients were randomised into the HW mesh group (66 patients) and the LW mesh group (69 patients). A tension-free repair using the Lichtenstein technique was performed on all patients. Pain scores were measured on a visual analogue scale. To evaluate the patient’s quality of life, the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form (SF) 36 questionnaire was completed by the patient. There were significantly more patients with pain at rest in the HW mesh group than in the LW mesh group at 6 months follow-up (6.3 vs. 0%, P = 0.038). The feeling of a foreign body at the operation site was experienced by 32.8% of the patients in the HW group and by 20.9% of the patients in the LW group after 6 post-operative months (P = 0.123). There were no significant differences in any dimension of quality of life on the SF36 between the two study groups 6 months after surgery. Our study shows that, compared with HW mesh, LW mesh has some advantages in reducing chronic groin pain at the operation site after inguinal hernioplasty. According to our study, there was no difference in the feeling of a foreign body and in the quality of life between the two study groups.
Mimicry of Sharp Turning Behaviours in a Robotic Fish

In nature, fish has astonishing swimming ability after thousands years of evolution. To realise fish-like swimming behaviours by a robotic system poses tremendous challenges, especially for the C-shape turning (CST). This requires fully understanding of fish biomechanics and the way to mimic it. Based on observations of fish swimming, this paper presents a new kinematics model to mimic the CST behaviour in a robotic fish with a 4-DOF (degrees of freedom) tail. The simulated and the real experiments are conducted to show the theoretic feasibility. Both behaviour analyses and hydrodynamics features between the robotic fish and the real fish are presented to show the performance.
Role for Intraoperative Margin Assessment in Patients Undergoing Breast-Conserving Surgery

Positive/close margins are associated with higher in-breast failure rates after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). We investigated whether intraoperative margin assessment aids in obtaining negative margins, and to evaluate the local control thus achieved. Between 1994 and 1996, 264 patients underwent BCS for stages 0–III breast cancer [invasive, n = 200; ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), n = 64]. Intraoperative margin assessment included gross tissue inspection, specimen radiography, with or without frozen section. Ninety-two patients (46%) with invasive cancer and 24 (38%) with DCIS had positive/close margins on the permanent section analysis of their initial surgical specimens. Fifty-eight patients (29%) with invasive cancer and six (9%) with DCIS had initial positive/close margins, and were rendered margin-negative by intraoperative analysis and immediate re-excision. Final margins on permanent pathology were positive/close in 52 patients (20%): 34 patients (17%) with invasive cancer and 18 patients (28%) with DCIS. By multivariate analysis, excisional biopsy for diagnosis, larger tumor size, and multifocality were associated with final positive/close margins. Of these 52 patients, 23 underwent a second operation to achieve widely negative margins (13 completion mastectomies, 10 re-excisions). The 5-year ipsilateral breast recurrence-free survival rates after BCS and radiation were 99% for invasive cancer (n = 167) and 100% for DCIS (n = 27). Intraoperative assessment of margins assisted in identifying positive/close margins and allowed over a quarter of the patients to be rendered margin-negative with intraoperative re-excision at their original operation. This approach resulted in excellent local control in patients treated with BCS and radiation.
Digital libraries and reference services: present and future

Reference services have taken a central place in library and information services. They are also regarded as personalised services since in most cases a personal discussion takes place between a user and a reference librarian. Based on this, the librarian points to the sources that are considered to be most appropriate to meet the specific information need(s) of the user. Since the Web and digital libraries are meant for providing direct access to information sources and services without the intervention of human intermediaries, the pertinent question that appears is whether we need reference services in digital libraries, and, if so, how best to offer such services. Current digital libraries focus more on access to, and retrieval of, digital information, and hardly lay emphasis on the service aspects. This may have been caused by the narrower definitions of digital libraries formulated by digital library researchers. This paper looks at the current state of research in personalised information services in digital libraries. It first analyses some representative definitions of digital libraries in order to establish the need for personalised services. It then provides a brief overview of the various online reference and information services currently available on the Web. The paper also briefly reviews digital library research that specifically focuses on the personalisation of digital libraries and the provision of digital reference and information services. Finally, the paper proposes some new areas of research that may be undertaken to improve the provision of personalised information services in digital libraries. Introduction Reference services, sometimes referred to as `̀ reference and information services’’, refer to the personal assistance provided to users in the pursuit of information (Bunge, 1999). Provision of such personalised information services has remained the central theme of the library and information profession. The importance of these services grew over time with the introduction of new technologies and services in libraries. Bunge (1999) categorised reference services into three broad groups: (1) information services that involve either finding the required information on behalf of the users, or assisting users in finding information; (2) instruction in the use of library resources and services (broadly defined as information literacy skills); and (3) user guidance, in which users are guided in selecting the most appropriate information sources and services. Reference questions can range from the simple fact-finding type to complex questions requiring consultation, and often analysis, of one or more T h e c u r re n t i s s u e a n d fu ll t e x t a r c h iv e o f th is jo u r n a l is a v a i la b le a t http://www.em eraldinsight.com/0022-0418.htm
Chemical Reactions at the Metal/Silicon Interface.

Abstract : This report includes the studies of Si(111) and Si(100) surfaces with Pd, Pt, Ni, and V metal overlayers leading to silicide formation. Experimental techniques utilized include ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, work function measurements and transmission electron microscopy.
Outfit Generation and Style Extraction via Bidirectional LSTM and Autoencoder

When creating an outt, style is a criterion in selecting each fashion item. is means that style can be regarded as a feature of the overall outt. However, in various previous studies on outt generation, there have been few methods focusing on global information obtained from an outt. To address this deciency, we have incorporated an unsupervised style extraction module into a model to learn outts. Using the style information of an outt as a whole, the proposed model succeeded in generating outts more exibly without requiring additional information . Moreover, the style information extracted by the proposed model is easy to interpret. e proposed model was evaluated on two human-generated outt datasets. In a fashion item prediction task (missing prediction task), the proposed model outperformed a baseline method. In a style extraction task, the proposed model extracted some easily distinguishable styles. In an outt generation task, the proposed model generated an outt while controlling its styles . is capability allows us to generate fashionable outts according to various preferences. CCS CONCEPTS •Computing methodologies→ Image representations; Factorization methods; Neural networks;
A New MANET Wormhole Detection Algorithm Based on Traversal Time and Hop Count Analysis

As demand increases for ubiquitous network facilities, infrastructure-less and self-configuring systems like Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) are gaining popularity. MANET routing security however, is one of the most significant challenges to wide scale adoption, with wormhole attacks being an especially severe MANET routing threat. This is because wormholes are able to disrupt a major component of network traffic, while concomitantly being extremely difficult to detect. This paper introduces a new wormhole detection paradigm based upon Traversal Time and Hop Count Analysis (TTHCA), which in comparison to existing algorithms, consistently affords superior detection performance, allied with low false positive rates for all wormhole variants. Simulation results confirm that the TTHCA model exhibits robust wormhole route detection in various network scenarios, while incurring only a small network overhead. This feature makes TTHCA an attractive choice for MANET environments which generally comprise devices, such as wireless sensors, which possess a limited processing capability.
Lower-Limb Movement Assistance through Wearable Robots: State of the Art and Challenges

Recent technological advances made necessary the use of robots in various types of applications. Unlike traditional robot-like scenarios dedicated to industrial applications with repetitive tasks, the current focus of attention is on applications that require close human interactions. One of the main fields of such applications concerns assisting and rehabilitating of dependent/elderly persons. In this study, the state-of-the-art of the main research advances in lower-limbs human assistance is presented. This includes a review on research covering mainly lower-limb actuated exoskeletons. Some case studies related to full-limb exoskeletons are presented as well. Lower-limb movement restoration using functional electrical stimulation and treadmillbased rehabilitation devices is also investigated. In addition, the seamless integration of wearable robots in ambient intelligence spaces appears as one of the major challenges for ubiquitous environments and ambient assisted living. Some open issues related to this integration are discussed in this paper. © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and The Robotics Society of Japan, 2012