LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Mobility Pattern Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of wireless nodes, all of which may be mobile, that dynamically create a wireless network amongst them without using any infrastructure. Ad hoc wireless networks come into being solely by peer-to-peer interactions among their constituent mobile nodes, and it is only such interactions that are used to provide the necessary control and administrative functions supporting such networks. Mobile hosts are no longer just end systems; each node must be able to function as a router as well to relay packets generated by other nodes. As the nodes move in and out of range with respect to other nodes, including those that are operating as routers, the resulting topology changes must somehow be communicated to all other nodes as appropriate. In accommodating the communication needs of the user applications, the limited bandwidth of wireless channels and their generally hostile transmission characteristics impose additional constraints on how much administrative and control information may be exchanged, and how often. Ensuring effective routing is one of the greatest challenges for ad hoc networking. As a practice, ad hoc routing protocols make routing decisions based on individual node mobility even for applications such as disaster recovery, battlefield combat, conference room interactions, and collaborative computing etc. that are shown to follow a pattern. In this thesis we propose an algorithm that performs routing based on underlying mobility patterns. A mobility pattern aware routing algorithm is shown to have several distinct advantages such as (a) A more precise view of the entire network topology as the nodes move (b) A more precise view of the location of the individual nodes (c) Ability to predict with reasonably accuracy the future locations of nodes (d) Ability to switch over to an alternate route before a link is disrupted due to node movements. iii Acknowledgements
Definition of successful aging by elderly Canadian males: the Manitoba Follow-up Study.

PURPOSE
Although the concept of successful aging is used widely in the field of gerontology, there is no agreed-on standard or common underlying definition for measuring success in aging. Our recent survey of an elderly male population asked respondents to define "successful aging." This paper describes the themes that evolved from those definitions, explores interrelationships between the themes, and examines the association between characteristics of respondents and the themes provided in their definition.


DESIGN AND METHODS
The Manitoba Follow-up Study has followed a cohort of 3,983 World War II Royal Canadian Air Force male aircrew recruits since July 1, 1948. At a mean age of 78 years in 1996, the survivors were surveyed and asked, "What is your definition of successful aging?" and "Would you say you have aged successfully?" A content analysis identified themes emerging from their definitions.


RESULTS
The most frequent of the 20 component themes from the definitions of successful aging as provided by 30% of the 1,771 respondents related to "health and disease"; "physical," "mental," and "social activity" were more likely to be found in a definition including "interest," "having goals," "family," or "diet," and they were less likely to be mentioned with themes of "independence" or "health." Many of the themes reflect an individual's attitudes toward life and the aging process. Current life satisfaction, self-rated health, and limitation in activities of daily living were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of reporting specific themes in definitions.


IMPLICATIONS
As health care professionals adapt to the changing demographic composition of society, it should be of interest to understand what successful aging might mean to the elderly males to whom they are attending.
Methodological Challenges in Determining Longitudinal Associations Between Anticholinergic Drug Use and Incident Cognitive Decline

OBJECTIVES
To compare the effect of using different anticholinergic drug scales and different models of cognitive decline in longitudinal studies.


DESIGN
Longitudinal cohort study.


SETTING
Outpatient clinics, Quebec, Canada.


PARTICIPANTS
Individuals aged 60 and older without dementia or depression (n = 102).


MEASUREMENTS
Using baseline and 1-year follow-up data, four measures of anticholinergic burden (anticholinergic component of the Drug Burden Index (DBI-Ach), Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB), Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS), and Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS)) were applied. Three models of cognitive decline (worsening of raw neuropsychological test scores, Reliable Change Index (RCI), and a standardized regression based measure (SRB)) were compared in relation to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) criteria for the onset of a new mild neurocognitive disorder. The consistency of associations was examined using logistic regression.


RESULTS
The frequency of identifying individuals with an increase in anticholinergic burden over 1 year varied from 18% with the DBI-Ach to 23% with the ACB. The frequency of identifying cognitive decline ranged from 8% to 86% using different models. The raw change score had the highest sensitivity (0.91), and the RCI the highest specificity (0.93) against DSM-V criteria. Memory decline using the SRB method was associated with an increase in ACB (odds ratio (OR) = 5.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-25.8), ADS (OR = 5.7, 95% CI = 1.1-27.7), and ARS (OR = 6.5, 95% CI = 1.34-32.3). An increase in the DBI-Ach was associated with a decline on memory testing using the raw change score method (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.8-15.4) and on the Trail-Making Test Part B using SRB (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.1-8.0). No associations were observed using the DSM-V criteria or RCI method.


CONCLUSION
The choice of different methods for defining drug exposure and cognitive decline will have a significant effect on the results of pharmacoepidemiological studies.
Results in 95 hemorrhagic stroke patients included in CLASS, a controlled trial of clomethiazole versus placebo in acute stroke patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Clomethiazole is a neuroprotective drug that enhances gamma-aminobutyrate type A (GABA(A)) receptor activity. Its efficacy and safety were tested in the CLomethiazole Acute Stroke Study (CLASS). The protocol allowed a CT scan to be done after randomization but within 7 days of stroke onset to minimize delays before start of treatment. Ninety-five of the 1360 patients randomized were diagnosed as having intracranial hemorrhage rather than ischemic stroke. Safety results for clomethiazole compared with placebo in this group are reported.


METHODS
The study included patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute hemispheric cerebral infarction. Treatment was a 24-hour intravenous infusion of 75 mg/kg clomethiazole or placebo. Patients with intracranial hemorrhage discovered on a postrandomization CT were withdrawn from study treatment if treatment was ongoing, and all patients were followed up to 90 days.


RESULTS
Ninety-four patients received treatment, 47 in each group. The hemorrhage was classified as intracerebral in 89 patients (94%). Mortality at 90 days was 19.1% in the clomethiazole group and 23.4% in the placebo group. Sedation was the most common adverse event, occurring at a higher incidence in clomethiazole-treated patients (clomethiazole 53%, placebo 17%), followed by rhinitis and coughing. The incidence and pattern of serious adverse events was similar between the treatment groups. The percentage of patients reaching relative functional independence on the Barthel Index (score >/=60) at 90 days was 59.6% in the clomethiazole group and 53.2% in the placebo group.


CONCLUSIONS
Clomethiazole appears safe to administer to hemorrhagic stroke patients compared with placebo. These results would obviate the need for a CT scan before therapy is initiated in acute stroke. The safety of clomethiazole in hemorrhagic stroke patients will be further evaluated in a prospective study that is under way in North America.
Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association.

The diabetic neuropathies are heterogeneous, affecting different parts of the nervous system that present with diverse clinical manifestations. They may be focal or diffuse. Most common among the neuropathies are chronic sensorimotor distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN) and the autonomic neuropathies. DPN is a diagnosis of exclusion. The early recognition and appropriate management of neuropathy in the patient with diabetes is important for a number of reasons. 1) Nondiabetic neuropathies may be present in patients with diabetes. 2) A number of treatment options exist for symptomatic diabetic neuropathy. 3) Up to 50% of DPN may be asymptomatic, and patients are at risk of insensate injury to their feet. As 80% of amputations follow a foot ulcer or injury, early recognition of at-risk individuals, provision of education, and appropriate foot care may result in a reduced incidence of ulceration and consequently amputation. 4) Autonomic neuropathy may involve every system in the body. 5) Autonomic neuropathy causes substantial morbidity and increased mortality, particularly if cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is present. Treatment should be directed at underlying pathogenesis. Effective symptomatic treatments are available for the manifestations of DPN and autonomic neuropathy. This statement is based on two recent technical reviews (1,2), to which the reader is referred for detailed discussion and relevant references to the literature.
National athletic trainers' association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes.

OBJECTIVE
To present recommendations to optimize the fluid-replacement practices of athletes.


BACKGROUND
Dehydration can compromise athletic performance and increase the risk of exertional heat injury. Athletes do not voluntarily drink sufficient water to prevent dehydration during physical activity. Drinking behavior can be modified by education, increasing accessibility, and optimizing palatability. However, excessive overdrinking should be avoided because it can also compromise physical performance and health. We provide practical recommendations regarding fluid replacement for athletes.


RECOMMENDATIONS
Educate athletes regarding the risks of dehydration and overhydration on health and physical performance. Work with individual athletes to develop fluid-replacement practices that optimize hydration status before, during, and after competition.
Laboratory guideline for Turner syndrome

Turner syndrome is a disorder that has distinct clinical features and has karyotypic aberrations with loss of critical regions of the X chromosome. Several clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients with Turner syndrome have been published, but there is relatively little on the laboratory aspects associated with this disorder. This disease-specific laboratory guideline provides laboratory guidance for the diagnosis/study of patients with Turner syndrome and its variants. Because the diagnosis of Turner syndrome involves both a clinical and laboratory component, both sets of guidelines are required for the provision of optimal care for patients with Turner syndrome.
Plato, Politics and a Practical Utopia,: Social Constructivism and Civic Planning in the 'Laws'

1. The Development of the Polis and its Re-Development Under Plato 2. Platonic Economics: Fleshing the Bones of Magnesia 3. The Magnesian Military, National Service and Mythical Amazons 4. The Magnesian Polity: Classical Democracy Recast Bibliography Index.
Faecal calprotectin: a noninvasive diagnostic tool and marker of severity in pouchitis.

INTRODUCTION
In pouchitis, the mucosa is infiltrated by activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils capable of producing calprotectin, a stable antimicrobial myelomonocytic protein.


AIM
The aim is to assess the ability of faecal calprotectin to differentiate between inflamed and noninflamed ileal pouches, and to correlate this with inflammation severity using the newly developed Objective Pouchitis Score.


METHOD
Fifty-four stool samples were collected from patients who had undergone restorative proctocolectomy; 46 from patients with ulcerative colitis and eight from those with familial adenomatous polyposis coli. Faecal calprotectin concentrations were determined by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay.


RESULTS
Of the ulcerative colitis patients, six were diagnosed with pouchitis and pre-pouch ileitis (median faecal calprotectin: 865 microg/g, with a range of 95-2350 microg/g); 13 had pouchitis alone (145, 33-3350 microg/g) and 27 were uninflamed (56, 4-705 microg/g). Of the familial adenomatous polyposis patients, one had pouchitis and pre-pouch ileitis (305 microg/g), and seven had noninflamed pouches (9, 6-26 microg/g). Stool samples obtained from pouchitis patients had significantly higher calprotectin concentrations compared with those obtained from uninflamed pouches (Mann-Whitney: P<0.0001). Faecal calprotectin concentrations correlated closely with the Objective Pouchitis Score, the Pouch Disease Activity Index and endoscopic and histological inflammatory scores (Spearman rank test: P values <0.0001). Using a faecal calprotectin threshold of >or=92.5 microg/g to define a positive result, Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis demonstrated a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 76.5%.


CONCLUSION
Faecal calprotectin measurement is a useful noninvasive tool in the diagnosis of acutely inflamed ileal pouches and correlates well with the severity of pouchitis.
Recognition of coded speech transmitted over wireless channels

Network-based speech recognition (NSR) and distributed speech recognition (DSR) have been proposed as solutions to translate speech recognition technologies to mobile environments. NSR is the most straightforward solution since it does not require any modification in the mobile phone, however DSR offers higher robustness against codec compression and transmission channel degradation. This paper explores an alternative approach for remote speech recognition which combines the advantages of NSR and DSR. In this scheme, a standard speech codec is used for speech transmission but the recognition is performed from the received codec parameters. In particular, we focus on the effect of transmission channel errors, which can cause a more severe performance reduction on speech recognition than codec distortion. First, we show that an NSR solution can approach DSR through a reconstruction technique along with an adapted noise reduction technique originally proposed for acoustic noise. Then, these results are improved by working with recognition features directly extracted from the codec bitstream by means of parameter transcoding. Required modifications on current networks in order to access the bitstream are described. The network upgrading with the tandem free operation (TFO) protocol is an attractive solution. This upgrade not only offers an overall improvement on the end-to-end speech quality, but would also allow a recognition performance similar, and even higher in poor channel conditions, to that obtained by DSR when parameter transcoding along with the proposed mitigation techniques are applied
Predictive and prognostic analysis of PIK3CA mutation in stage III colon cancer intergroup trial.

BACKGROUND
Somatic mutations in PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphonate 3-kinase [PI3K], catalytic subunit alpha gene) activate the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and contribute to pathogenesis of various malignancies, including colorectal cancer.


METHODS
We examined associations of PIK3CA oncogene mutation with relapse, survival, and treatment efficacy in 627 stage III colon carcinoma case subjects within a randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial (5-fluorouracil and leucovorin [FU/LV] vs irinotecan [CPT11], fluorouracil and leucovorin [IFL]; Cancer and Leukemia Group B 89803 [Alliance]). We detected PIK3CA mutation in exons 9 and 20 by polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess prognostic and predictive role of PIK3CA mutation, adjusting for clinical features and status of routine standard molecular pathology features, including KRAS and BRAF mutations and microsatellite instability (mismatch repair deficiency). All statistical tests were two-sided.


RESULTS
Compared with PIK3CA wild-type cases, overall status of PIK3CA mutation positivity or the presence of PIK3CA mutation in either exon 9 or 20 alone was not statistically significantly associated with recurrence-free, disease-free, or overall survival (log-rank P > .70; P > .40 in multivariable regression models). There was no statistically significant interaction between PIK3CA and KRAS (or BRAF) mutation status in survival analysis (P(interaction) > .18). PIK3CA mutation status did not appear to predict better or worse response to IFL therapy compared with FU/LV therapy (P(interaction) > .16).


CONCLUSIONS
Overall tumor PIK3CA mutation status is not associated with stage III colon cancer prognosis. PIK3CA mutation does not appear to serve as a predictive tumor molecular biomarker for response to irinotecan-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
Repeated Games and Reputations: Long-Run Relationships

2. page 20 (added 10/24/08): Each t +1 in the second and third last lines should be t. (There are three occurences.) 3. page 27 (added 10/4/06): In the 2nd and 3rd line, the superscript T − 1 ofâ should be T − 2 in the first terms of the right hand side. 4. page 29 (added 1/9/07): Add " (where h t = (a 0 ,. .. , a t−1) and h t−1 = (a 0 ,. .. , a t−2)) " after " defining " just before the displayed equation extending the transition function τ. 5. page 30 (added 6/18/2008): Insert " most " before " such " in the fifth line of the second paragraph of remark 2.3.1. 6. page 33 (added 10/19/06): At the end of the fourth line of the proof of proposition 2.4.1, insert the phrase " accessible from w 0 " after " for every w ∈ W " and before the comma. Similarly, three lines before equation (2.4.3), insert the phrase " accessible from w 0 " after " for everyˆw ∈ W " and before the comma. 7. page 34 (added 1/2/07): Insert " induced by the automaton " after " the strategy profile " in the first line of proposition 2.4.2. 8. page 37 (added 10/4/06): In Definition 2.5.2, add " for all i " after " such that ". 9. page 41 (added 1/2/07): In the third last line of the first paragraph of section 2.5.3, replace " equilibria " with " equilibrium payoffs ". Yamamoto for identifying some of these typos and errors.
Child nutrition in India

Malnutrition plagues a disproportionately large number of children in India compared with most other countries. National-level data on child malnutrition in India have, however, been scarce. Recognizing this gap, India’s 1992–93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) collected anthropometric data on the height and weight of children below four years of age. The NFHS is based on a large, nationally representative sample and therefore offers a unique opportunity to study the levels and determinants of child malnutrition in the country. This report estimates levels of child malnutrition and effects of selected demographic and socioeconomic factors on child malnutrition. The analysis focuses primarily on the country as a whole, with some findings for individual states. The results of the study indicate high levels of both chronic and acute malnutrition among Indian children. Fifty-two percent of all children below age four are stunted (as measured by height-for-age), 54 percent are underweight (as measured by weightfor-age), and 17 percent are wasted (as measured by weight-for-height). The extent of severe malnutrition is also substantial. Twenty-nine percent of the children are severely stunted, 22 percent are severely underweight, and 3 percent are severely wasted, according to internationally accepted definitions. The lower prevalence of wasting than stunting or underweight indicates that chronic malnutrition is more prevalent in India than acute malnutrition. Although less severe in percentage terms, the prevalence of wasting in India is about 8 times and the prevalence of severe wasting is about 25 times the prevalence in the international reference population that provides the basis for comparison. There is considerable variation in the prevalence of malnutrition by state. Among the states, Bihar and Kerala have the highest and lowest prevalence of malnutrition, respectively. Even in Kerala, which has the lowest prevalence, 27 percent of children below age four are stunted, 28 percent are underweight, and 12 percent are wasted. A multivariate analysis of the effects of selected demographic and socioeconomic factors on child malnutrition indicates that the strongest predictors of child nutrition in India are child’s age, child’s birth order, mother’s education, and household standard of living. Older children and children of higher birth order are more likely to be malnourished. Children whose mothers are more educated and children who live in households with a relatively high standard of living tend to be better nourished than
PREPARATION OF CELLULOSE FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES VIA ETHANOL DIGESTION : EFFECT OF ACID AND ALKALI CATALYSTS

Ethanol digestion of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fibres at a temperature between 165oC 180oC for 2 hr and at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 10:1, ethanol-to-water ratio of 1:1, and with or without 10% 1 N HCl and 1.25 M NaOH as catalysts was studied in order to prepare cellulose via ethanol pulping. The pulp produced was studied for yield, moisture content, solubility in cold/hot water and 1% NaOH, lignin, holocellulose and α-cellulose content. The highest yield of pulp (57%, oven dried weight basis) was from OPEFB fibres digested at 170oC for 2 hr without addition of catalyst, whereas OPEFB fibres digested at 175oC for 2 hr with acid catalyst gave the lowest yield of 45% (oven dried weight basis) pulp. Higher cooking temperature gave lower yield of pulp since the reaction hydrolyzed out the hemicellulose, lignin and part of the cellulose. The reactions at 165oC, 170oC and 175oC with acid catalyst produced 56%, 50% and 45% of pulp yield, respectively. It was found that a temperature of 180oC with or without catalyst was too high for pulping because it totally digested the fibre into a viscous soluble pulp. On the effect of catalysts, acid catalyst was found to enhance the pulping of OPEFB fibres. Without the acid catalyst, at temperature of 165oC, the fibres could not be fully cooked and would still be in the fibrous form. Reactions at 170oC and 175oC without catalyst gave 57% and 55% yield of pulp, respectively whereas with acid catalyst gave 50% and 45% yield of pulp respectively. The base catalyst could only fully pulp the OPEFB fibres at a temperature of 175oC, but the fibres dissolved at temperature 180oC. Pulp produced at 175oC for 2 hr with 10% 1.25 M NaOH gave the best quality pulp, which contained lowest lignin and highest holocellulose at 8.2% and 91.8% (based on the dry weight of pulp), respectively. The maximum yield of α-cellulose (isolated from the pulp) also was obtained from OPEFB digested with alkali catalyst at 175oC for 2 hr (64.3% based from dry weight of pulp; 34.1% based on dry weight of OPEFB). Journal of Oil Palm Research Vol. 14 No. 1, June 2002, p. 9-14 PREPARATION OF CELLULOSE FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES VIA ETHANOL DIGESTION: EFFECT OF ACID AND ALKALI CATALYSTS