LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Impact of injecting drug use on mortality in Danish HIV-infected patients: a nation-wide population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVES
To estimate the impact of injecting drug use (IDU) on mortality in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era.


DESIGN
Population-based, nation-wide prospective cohort study in Denmark (the Danish HIV Cohort Study).


METHODS
A total of 4578 HIV-infected patients were followed from 1 January 1997 or date of HIV diagnosis. We calculated mortality rates stratified on IDU. One-, 5- and 10-year survival probabilities were estimated by Kaplan-Meier methods, and Cox regression analyses were used to estimate mortality rate ratios (MRR).


RESULTS
Of the patients, 484 (10.6%) were categorized as IDUs and 4094 (89.4%) as non-IDUs. IDUs were more likely to be women, Caucasian, hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected and younger at baseline; 753 patients died during observation (206 IDUs and 547 non-IDUs). The estimated 10-year survival probabilities were 53.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 48.1-58.3] in the IDU group and 82.1% (95% CI: 80.7-83.6) in the non-IDU group. IDU as route of HIV infection more than tripled the mortality in HIV-infected patients (MRR: 3.2; 95% CI: 2.7-3.8). Adjusting for potential confounders did not change this estimate substantially. The risk of HIV-related death was not increased in IDUs compared to non-IDUs (MRR 1.1; 95% CI 0.7-1.7).


CONCLUSIONS
Although Denmark's health care system is tax paid and antiretroviral therapy is provided free of charge, HIV-infected IDUs still suffer from substantially increased mortality in the HAART era. The increased risk of death seems to be non-HIV-related and is due probably to the well-known risk factors associated with intravenous drug abuse.
Gender and Bladder Cancer: A Collaborative Review of Etiology, Biology, and Outcomes.

CONTEXT
The incidence of bladder cancer is three to four times greater in men than in women. However, women are diagnosed with more advanced disease at presentation and have less favorable outcomes after treatment.


OBJECTIVE
To review the literature on potential biologic mechanisms underlying differential gender risk for bladder cancer, and evidence regarding gender disparities in bladder cancer presentation, management, and outcomes.


EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A literature search of English-language publications that included an analysis of the association of gender with bladder cancer was performed using Pubmed. Ninety-seven articles were selected for analysis with the consensus of all authors.


EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
It has been shown that the gender difference in bladder cancer incidence is independent of differences in exposure risk, including smoking status. Potential molecular mechanisms include disparate metabolism of carcinogens by hepatic enzymes between men and women, resulting in differential exposure of the urothelium to carcinogens. In addition, the activity of the sex steroid hormone pathway may play a role in bladder cancer development, with demonstration that both androgens and estrogens have biologic effects in bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, gender differences exist in the timeliness and completeness of hematuria evaluation, with women experiencing a significantly greater delay in urologic referral and undergoing guideline-concordant imaging less frequently. Correspondingly, women have more advanced tumors at the time of bladder cancer diagnosis. Interestingly, higher cancer-specific mortality has been noted among women even after adjusting for tumor stage and treatment modality.


CONCLUSIONS
Numerous potential biologic and epidemiologic factors probably underlie the gender differences observed for bladder cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, and outcomes. Continued evaluation to define clinical applications for manipulation of the sex steroid pathway and to improve the standardization of hematuria evaluation in women may improve future patient outcomes and reduce these disparities.


PATIENT SUMMARY
We describe the scientific basis and clinical evidence to explain the greater incidence of bladder cancer in men and the adverse presentation and outcomes for this disease in women. We identify goals for improving patient survival and reducing gender disparities in bladder cancer.
Detecting effects of the indicated prevention Programme for Externalizing Problem behaviour (PEP) on child symptoms, parenting, and parental quality of life in a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND
Behavioural parent training is effective in improving child disruptive behavioural problems in preschool children by increasing parenting competence. The indicated Prevention Programme for Externalizing Problem behaviour (PEP) is a group training programme for parents and kindergarten teachers of children aged 3-6 years with externalizing behavioural problems.


AIMS
To evaluate the effects of PEP on child problem behaviour, parenting practices, parent-child interactions, and parental quality of life.


METHOD
Parents and kindergarten teachers of 155 children were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 91) and a nontreated control group (n = 64). They rated children's problem behaviour before and after PEP training; parents also reported on their parenting practices and quality of life. Standardized play situations were video-taped and rated for parent-child interactions, e.g. parental warmth.


RESULTS
In the intention to treat analysis, mothers of the intervention group described less disruptive child behaviour and better parenting strategies, and showed more parental warmth during a standardized parent-child interaction. Dosage analyses confirmed these results for parents who attended at least five training sessions. Children were also rated to show less behaviour problems by their kindergarten teachers.


CONCLUSIONS
Training effects were especially positive for parents who attended at least half of the training sessions.


ABBREVIATIONS
CBCL: Child Behaviour Checklist; CII: Coder Impressions Inventory; DASS: Depression anxiety Stress Scale; HSQ: Home-situation Questionnaire; LSS: Life Satisfaction Scale; OBDT: observed behaviour during the test; PCL: Problem Checklist; PEP: prevention programme for externalizing problem behaviour; PPC: Parent Problem Checklist; PPS: Parent Practices Scale; PS: Parenting Scale; PSBC: Problem Setting and Behaviour checklist; QJPS: Questionnaire on Judging Parental Strains; SEFS: Self-Efficacy Scale; SSC: Social Support Scale; TRF: Caregiver-Teacher Report Form.
Relationship Between Microvessel Density and Thermographic Hot Areas in Breast Cancer

 Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of thermography in breast examination. Methods: We performed contact thermography and measured the direct temperature by inserting a needle-type thermometer into the tissue. The core temperature of the tumor (dTt) and the temperature of the tissue surrounding the tumor (dTs) were compared with normal tissue. The microvessel density (MVD) and the MIB-1 labeling index (MIB-1 LI) of the tumor were examined immunohistochemically. The subjects were 48 women with primary invasive ductal carcinoma. The area of the tumor was diagnosed pathologically, and the hot area was measured using thermography. Results: The dTt was significantly higher than the dTs. Both the dTt and dTs were significantly higher when the thermographical hot area was positive, or when more than four lymph node metastases were found. The dTs was correlated with MVD. A correlation between MVD and tumor temperature measured directly was also confirmed. A higher dTs was related to the dissociated wide area of the thermogram. Conclusion: These findings suggested a relationship between dTs and the high-risk group of breast cancer. We also found that abnormalities in temperature were reflected in thermography and that a higher dTs was related to the dissociated wide area of the thermogram.
Correction for Activation of serum/glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1) underlies increased glycogen levels, mTOR activation, and autophagy defects in Lafora disease

The authors of " Activation of serum/glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1) underlies increased glycogen levels, mTOR activation , and autophagy defects in Lafora disease " (Mol. Biol. Cell [2013] 24, 3776–3786; originally published in MBoC In Press as 10.1091/mbc.E13-05-0261) wish to make a correction to Figure 2 in the article. In the original HTML and PDF versions, the graph for the densitometry analysis (Glut/Caveolin ratio) of Figure 2A was mistakenly shown also for Figure 2B. A correct version of the densitometry graph of Figure 2B (Glut1-GFP/Caveolin) is given in the corrected Figure 2 below. The authors regret the error. The HTML and PDF versions were corrected on April 14, 2014. These corrections may not appear on copies of the article that reside on other websites.
HyperSentry: enabling stealthy in-context measurement of hypervisor integrity

This paper presents HyperSentry, a novel framework to enable integrity measurement of a running hypervisor (or any other highest privileged software layer on a system). Unlike existing solutions for protecting privileged software, HyperSentry does not introduce a higher privileged software layer below the integrity measurement target, which could start another race with malicious attackers in obtaining the highest privilege in the system. Instead, HyperSentry introduces a software component that is properly isolated from the hypervisor to enable stealthy and in-context measurement of the runtime integrity of the hypervisor. While stealthiness is necessary to ensure that a compromised hypervisor does not have a chance to hide the attack traces upon detecting an up-coming measurement, in-context measurement is necessary to retrieve all the needed inputs for a successful integrity measurement.
 HyperSentry uses an out-of-band channel (e.g., Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI), which is commonly available on server platforms) to trigger the stealthy measurement, and adopts the System Management Mode (SMM) to protect its base code and critical data. A key contribution of HyperSentry is the set of novel techniques that overcome SMM's limitation, providing an integrity measurement agent with (1) the same contextual information available to the hypervisor, (2) completely protected execution, and (3) attestation to its output. To evaluate HyperSentry, we implement a prototype of the framework along with an integrity measurement agent for the Xen hypervisor. Our experimental evaluation shows that HyperSentry is a low-overhead practical solution for real world systems.
The syllabus for the 1970 University of Toronto Ph. D. written comprehensive examination

The attached list of books and monographs served as the syllabus for the 1970 Ph.D. written comprehensive examination in the Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto. This examination is intended to test our Ph.D. students' breadth* of knowledge in Computer Science and is given at the end of his first Ph.D. year. The students are expected to have a basic knowledge in each of the following five areas: Programming Languages, Computer Systems, Numerical Analysis, Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science, and Computer Applications. This year, the syllabus consisted of 3 6 books or monographs in each area, plus a supplementary list of books in the "General" category. The set of books in each area was chosen to reflect the breadth of the area rather than to give a definitive outline of what the student is expected to know in the area. The students were not expected to have read all chapters of all books but rather to have made an intelligent selection of the material presented. In some areas the student may have had to do some extra reading.
Expression of odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein, amelotin, ameloblastin, and amelogenin in odontogenic tumors: immunohistochemical analysis and pathogenetic considerations.

Screening for expression of amelogenesis-related proteins represents a powerful molecular approach to characterize odontogenic tumors and investigate their pathogenesis. In this study, we have examined the presence and distribution of odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM), amelotin (AMTN), ameloblastin (AMBN), and amelogenin (AMEL) by immunohistochemistry in samples of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT), calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT), developing odontoma, ameloblastoma, calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT), ameloblastic fibroma (AF), myxoma, odontogenic fibroma (OF), and reduced enamel epithelia (REE). Positive results were obtained in those tumors with epithelial component, except for AF, OF, and ameloblastoma. ODAM was found around mineralized structures (dystrophic calcifications) and CEOT's amyloid, whereas AMTN stained the eosinophilic material of AOTs. The CCOT transitory cells to ghost cells were strongly positive with all proteins except AMEL, and the REE as well as odontomas showed immunoexpression for ODAM, AMTN, AMBN, and AMEL similar to those found in normal rat tooth germs. Based on these results, some histopathogenetic theories were formulated.
Does publicity about cancer screening raise fear of cancer? Randomised trial of the psychological effect of information about cancer screening.

1 Davey Smith G, Hart C, Watt G, Hole D, Hawthorne V. Individual social class, area-based deprivation, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and mortality: the Renfrew and Paisley study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1998;52:399-405. 2 Carstairs V. Deprivation indices: their interpretation and use in relation to health. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995;49(suppl 2):S3-8. 3 Davey Smith G, Dorling D. “I’m all right John”: voting patterns and mortality in England and Wales, 1981-92. BMJ 1996;313:1573-7. 4 Phillimore P, Beattie A, Townsend P. Widening inequality of health in northern England, 1981-91. BMJ 1994;308:1125-8. 5 Davey Smith G, Neaton JD, Wentworth D, Stamler J. Socioeconomic differentials in mortality risk among men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. 1. White men. Am J Pub Health 1996;86:486-96. 6 Gunnell D, Peters T, Kammerling M, Brooks J. The relation between parasuicide, suicide, psychiatric admissions, and socioeconomic deprivation. BMJ 1995;311:226-30. 7 Bunting J, Kelly S. Geographic variations in suicide mortality, 1982-1996. Pop Trends 1998;93:7-18. 8 Ashford JR, Lawrence PA. Aspects of the epidemiology of suicide in England and Wales. Int J Epidemiol 1976;5:133-44. 9 Saunderson T, Haynes R, Langford IH. Urban-rural variations in suicides and undetermined deaths in England and Wales. J Pub Health Med 1998;20:261-7. 10 Durkheim E. Suicide: a study in sociology [translation by Spalding J, Simpson G]. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1952. 11 Sainsbury P. Suicide in London. London: Chapman and Hall, 1955. 12 Congdon P. Suicide and parasuicide in London: a small-area study. Urban Studies 1996;33:137-58. 13 Lester D. A regional analysis of suicide and homicide rates in the USA: search for broad cultural patterns. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1988;23:202-5. 14 Davey Smith G, Dorling D. Associations between voting patterns and mortality remain. BMJ 1997;315:430-1. 15 Charlton J, Kelly S, Dunnell K, Evans B, Jenkins R, Wallis R. Trends in suicide deaths in England and Wales. Pop Trends 1992;69:10-6. 16 Townsend P, Phillimore P, Beattie A. Health and deprivation: inequality and the north. London: Croom Helm, 1988. 17 Charlton J. Trends and patterns in suicide in England and Wales. Int J Epidemiol 1995;24:S45-52. 18 MacIntyre S, MacIver S, Sooman A. Area, class and health: should we be focusing on places or people? J Soc Pol 1993;22:213-34. (Accepted 6 June 1999)
Porting Mobile Web Application Engine to the Android Platform

Android which Google released as an open-source mobile phone operating system is a Linux-based platform; it consists of the operating system, middleware, and user interface and application software. xFace is a cross-platform web application engine for mobile Internet. As a global leader in mobile web application engine, xFace [1] has the advantages of versatility, easy to master, universal. It significantly reduces the effort of development; while the services of testing which porting layer provides, will greatly reduce the developer's development costs. A perfect transplant will greatly reduce the Android platform migration workload, but also to make widget's operating efficiency to be improved. This paper describes xFace of native code (c + +) runs on the Android (java) platform through JNI called, xFace porting layer(c++) also calls the Android platform APIs(JAVA) by JNI, such as Graphics, HTTP and other related system modules.
A review on computer vision based defect detection and condition assessment of concrete and asphalt civil infrastructure

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2015.01.008 1474-0346/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. q Handled by W.O. O’Brien ⇑ Corresponding author at: The University of Nottingham, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Room B27 Coates Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Tel.: +44 (0) 115 84 68933. E-mail address: christian.koch@nottingham.ac.uk (C. Koch). URL: http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/civeng (C. Koch). Christian Koch a,⇑, Kristina Georgieva , Varun Kasireddy , Burcu Akinci , Paul Fieguth d
Poor nutrition is a relative contraindication to negative pressure wound therapy for pressure ulcers: preliminary observations in patients with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy of negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for healing of pressure ulcers (PrUs) in individuals with spinal-cord injury (SCI).


DESIGN
Multicenter, 28-day observational study.


SETTING
Ten Veterans Affairs Medical Center SCI centers.


PATIENTS
Eighty-six SCI inpatients with Stage III/IV pelvic PrUs.


INTERVENTIONS
Standard wound care with NPWT versus standard wound care alone (NoNPWT).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Change in wound surface area (WSA) using the Verg Videometer Measurement Documentation software.


MAIN RESULTS
The proportion of patients demonstrating a decrease in WSA (healing subgroup) was not significantly different between the NPWT (n = 33) and NoNPWT (n = 53) groups (67% vs 70%, respectively). In the healing subgroup, there was no significant difference between the NPWT versus NoNPWT groups in WSA decrease (-43 ± 22% vs -50% ± 26%, not statistically significant). Similarly, in the nonhealing subgroup, there was no significant difference between NPWT and NoNPWT groups (31% ± 26% vs 32% ± 34%). In the NPWT group, the nonhealing subgroup (11/33) had significantly lower serum albumin levels than the healing subgroup (22/33) (2.9 ± 0.4 vs 3.3 ± 0.5 mg/dL, P < .05). In the NoNPWT group, there was no significant difference in serum albumin levels between the healing versus nonhealing subgroups (3.2 ± 0.3 vs 3.2 ± 0.3 mg/dL).


CONCLUSION
In SCI patients with Stage III/IV pelvic PrUs, NPWT did not significantly influence the rate of healing. Additionally, in malnourished individuals (albumin <3.0 mg/dL), NPWT was not efficacious. Healing outcomes in the NPWT group were significantly influenced by albumin levels, whereas no such disparity was noted between the healing and nonhealing PrUs for the NoNPWT group. Nutritional status appears to be important in the effectiveness of NPWT.
Association of walking with survival and RRT among patients with CKD stages 3-5.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Patients with CKD can benefit from an increase in physical activity. Walking is one of the most common exercises in patients with CKD; however, the association of walking with outcomes in patients with CKD is not clear. This study investigated the association of walking with overall mortality and RRT in patients with CKD stages 3-5.


DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
All patients with CKD stages 3-5 in the CKD program of China Medical University Hospital from June 2003 to May 2013 were enrolled. The risks of overall mortality and RRT were analyzed using competing-risks regressions.


RESULTS
A total of 6363 patients (average age, 70 years) during a median of 1.3 (range=0.6-2.5) years of follow-up were analyzed. There were 1341 (21.1%) patients who reported walking as their most common form of exercise. The incidence density rate of overall mortality was 2.7 per 100 person-years for walking patients and 5.4 for nonwalking ones. The incidence density rate of RRT was 22 per 100 person-years for walking patients and 32.9 for nonwalking ones. Walking, independent of patients' age, renal function, and comorbidity, was linked to lower overall mortality and lower RRT risk in the multivariate competing-risks regression. The adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) of walking was 0.67 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.53 to 0.84; P<0.001) for overall mortality and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.73 to 0.85; P<0.001) for the risk of RRT. The SHRs of overall mortality were 0.83, 0.72, 0.42, and 0.41 for patients walking 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, and ≥7 times per week, and the SHRs of RRT were 0.81, 0.73, 0.57, and 0.56, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Walking is the most popular form of exercise in patients with CKD and is associated with lower risks of overall mortality and RRT. The benefit of walking is independent of patients' age, renal function, and comorbidity.
Ray tracing volume densities

This paper presents new algorithms to trace objects represented by densities within a volume grid, e.g. clouds, fog, flames, dust, particle systems. We develop the light scattering equations, discuss previous methods of solution, and present a new approximate solution to the full three-dimensional radiative scattering problem suitable for use in computer graphics. Additionally we review dynamical models for clouds used to make an animated movie.
Spreadsheet Validation and Analysis through Content Visualization

Visualizing spreadsheet content provides analytic insight and visual validation of large amounts of spreadsheet data. Oculus Excel Visualizer is a point and click data visualization experiment which directly visualizes Excel data and re-users the layout and formatting already present in the spreadsheet.
Hyper-heuristics: a survey of the state of the art

Hyper-heuristics comprise a set of approaches that are motivated (at least in part) by the goal of automating the design of heuristic methods to solve hard computational search problems. An underlying strategic research challenge is to develop more generally applicable search methodologies. The term hyper-heuristic is relatively new; it was first used in 2000 to describe heuristics to choose heuristics in the context of combinatorial optimisation. However, the idea of automating the design of heuristics is not new; it can be traced back to the 1960s. The definition of hyper-heuristics has been recently extended to refer to a search method or learning mechanism for selecting or generating heuristics to solve computational search problems. Two main hyper-heuristic categories can be considered: heuristic selection and heuristic generation. The distinguishing feature of hyper-heuristics is that they operate on a search space of heuristics (or heuristic components) rather than directly on the search space of solutions to the underlying problem that is being addressed. This paper presents a critical discussion of the scientific literature on hyper-heuristics including their origin and intellectual roots, a detailed account of the main types of approaches, and an overview of some related areas. Current research trends and directions for future research are also discussed. Journal of the Operational Research Society advance online publication, 10 July 2013; doi:10.1057/jors.2013.71