LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Land use and land cover change in Arctic Russia: Ecological and social implications of industrial development

Sizable areas in northwestern arctic Russia have undergone fundamental change in recent decades as the explorationofvasthydrocarbondepositshas intensified.Weundertook twocase studieson the influenceof oil and gas activities within neighbouring federal districts in the tundra zone. Employing a strongly interdisciplinary approach, we studied the ecological, spatial and social dimensions of the visible and perceived changes in landuseand landcover.Our data arederived fromfield sampling, remote sensingand intensive participant observation with indigenous Nenets reindeer herders and non-indigenous workers. Important trends include the rapid expansion of infrastructure, a large influx of workers who compete for freshwater fish, and extensive transformation from shrubto grassand sedge-dominated tundra. The latter represents an alternative ecosystemstate that is likely to persist indefinitely. On terrain disturbed by off-road vehicle traffic, reindeer pastures’ vegetation regenerateswith fewer species amongwhich grasses and sedges dominate, thus reducing biodiversity. To have maximum forage value such pastures must be accessible and free of trash, petro-chemicals and feral dogs. We found that a wide range of direct and indirect impacts, bothecological andsocial, accumulate in spaceand timesuch that thecombined influence is effectively regional rather than local, depending in part on the placement of facilities. While incoming workers commonly commit poaching, they also serve as exchange partners, making barter for goods possible in remote locations. In general, the samepositive and negative impacts of thepresence of industry werementioned in each study region. Evenusingveryhigh-resolution remote sensingdata (Quickbird-2) it is notpossible todetermine fully theamount of degraded territory inmodernoil and gasfields.With regard to policy, both biophysical and social impacts could be substantially reduced if information flow between herders and workers were to be optimized. ! 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +358 13 2514563; fax: +358 13 2513454. E-mail address: timo.kumpula@uef.fi (T. Kumpula). 1 Present address: Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden. G Model JGEC-840; No. of Pages 13 Please cite this article in press as: Kumpula, T., et al., Land use and land cover change in Arctic Russia: Ecological and social implications of industrial development. Global Environ. Change (2011), doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.12.010
Fashion Landmark Detection in the Wild

Visual fashion analysis has attracted many attentions in the recent years. Previous work represented clothing regions by either bounding boxes or human joints. This work presents fashion landmark detection or fashion alignment, which is to predict the positions of functional key points defined on the fashion items, such as the corners of neckline, hemline, and cuff. To encourage future studies, we introduce a fashion landmark dataset with over 120K images, where each image is labeled with eight landmarks. With this dataset, we study fashion alignment by cascading multiple convolutional neural networks in three stages. These stages gradually improve the accuracies of landmark predictions. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, as well as its generalization ability to pose estimation. Fashion landmark is also compared to clothing bounding boxes and human joints in two applications, fashion attribute prediction and clothes retrieval, showing that fashion landmark is a more discriminative representation to understand fashion images.
A guided tour of data-center networking

A good user experience depends on predictable performance within the data-center network.
SOME THEOREMS RELATED TO THE JACOBI VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE OF ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

It is shown that there exists a commuting diagram of mappings between dynamics of classical systems on one side and variational principles for geodesic lines in stationary spacetimes of general relativity on the other. The construction of the mappings is based on classical Routh's and Jacobi's procedures and on corresponding inverse procedures which are reviewed in the paper.
Bijective spherical parametrization with low distortion

Computing a bijective spherical parametrization of a genus-0 surface with low distortion is a fundamental task in geometric modeling and processing. Current methods for spherical parametrization cannot, in general, control the worst case distortion of all triangles nor guarantee bijectivity. Given an initial bijective spherical parametrization, with high distortion, we develop a non-linear constrained optimization problem to refine it, with objective penalizing the presence of triangles degeneration and maximal distortion. By using a dynamic adjusting parameter and a constrained, iterative inexact block coordinate descent optimization method, we efficiently and robustly achieve a bijective and low distortion parametrization with an optimal sphere radius. Compared to the state-of-the-art methods, our method is robust to initial parametrization and not sensitive to parameter choice. We demonstrate that our method produces excellent results on numerous models undergoing simple to complex shapes, in comparison to several state-of-the-art methods. & 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A predictive maintenance system based on regularization methods for ion-implantation

Ion Implantation is one of the most sensitive processes in Semiconductor Manufacturing. It consists in impacting accelerated ions with a material substrate and is performed by an Implanter tool. The major maintenance issue of such tool concerns the breaking of the tungsten filament contained within the ion source of the tool. This kind of fault can happen on a weekly basis, and the associated maintenance operations can last up to 3 hours. It is important to optimize the maintenance activities by synchronizing the Filament change operations with other minor maintenance interventions. In this paper, a Predictive Maintenance (PdM) system is proposed to tackle such issue; the filament lifetime is estimated on a statistical basis exploiting the knowledge of physical variables acting on the process. Given the high-dimensionality of the data, the statistical modeling has been based on Regularization Methods: Lasso, Ridge Regression and Elastic Nets. The predictive performances of the aforementioned regularization methods and of the proposed PdM module have been tested on actual productive semiconductor data.
Coherent Acoustic Array Processing and Localization on Wireless Sensor Networks

Advances in microelectronics, array processing, and wireless networking, have motivated the analysis and design of low-cost integrated sensing, computating, and communicating nodes capable of performing various demanding collaborative space-time processing tasks. In this paper, we consider the problem of coherent acoustic sensor array processing and localization on distributed wireless sensor networks. We first introduce some basic concepts of beamforming and localization for wideband acoustic sources. A review of various known localization algorithms based on time-delay followed by LS estimations as well as maximum likelihood method is given. Issues related to practical implementation of coherent array processing including the need for fine-grain time synchronization are discussed. Then we describe the implementation of a Linux-based wireless networked acoustic sensor array testbed, utilizing commercially available iPAQs with built in microphones, codecs, and microprocessors, plus wireless Ethernet cards, to perform acoustic source localization. Various field-measured results using two localization algorithms show the effectiveness of the proposed testbed. An extensive list of references related to this work is also included. Keywords— Beamforming, Source Localization, Distributed Sensor Network, Wireless Network, Ad Hoc Network, Microphone Array, Time Synchronization.
Consumption of black and green tea has no effect on inflammation, haemostasis and endothelial markers in smoking healthy individuals

Obejective: Firstly, to study the effect of tea and tea polyphenols on cardiovascular risk indicators of the inflammatory system (IL6, IL1β and TNF-α, CRP), and on haemostasis and endothelial proteins with an acute phase behaviour (fibrinogen, vWF, PAI-1, FVIIa and u-PA). Secondly, to study the relationship between plasma levels of antioxidants (α-tocopherol, β-carotene and vitamin C) and these acute-phase, cardiovascular risk indicators.Design: Randomized study.Subjects: Sixty-four smoking healthy volunteers were recruited by newspaper advertisements; there were five dropouts.Intervention: Four-week administration of black tea, green tea, green tea polyphenol isolate and mineral water (13–16 per group).Measures: Plasma levels of the inflammatory markers IL6, IL1β, TNF-α, CRP, fibrinogen, vWF, PAI-1, FVIIa and u-PA and of the antioxidants α-tocopherol, β-carotene and vitamin C.Results: Different dosages of tea polyphenols had no effect on inflammation, haemostasis and endothelial markers. There was a significant negative correlation between the levels of the antioxidant β-carotene and the inflammation markers IL6 and fibrinogen (r=−0.35 and r=−0.37, respectively, P<0.01) in this group of smokers. Remarkably, there was a significant positive correlation between the levels of the antioxidant α-tocopherol and the inflammation marker IL6 (r=0.28, P<0.05).Conclusions: Tea drinking had no effect on the levels of the inflammation, haemostasis and endothelial cardiovascular risk factors measured. We did observe a relationship between the antioxidant variables α-tocopherol and β-carotene and inflammation markers in this group of healthy smoking subjects.Sponsorship: This work was supported in part by Unilever Research, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. European Journal Of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 24, 757–763
The role of 18F-FDG uptake features in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary lesions with PET/CT

BACKGROUND
The aim of this study is to evaluate the value of (18)F-FDG uptake features in the diagnosis of solitary pulmonary lesions.


METHODS
One hundred thirty-nine patients with solitary pulmonary lesions were divided into full uptake, circular uptake, multi-focus uptake, mild uptake, and no-uptake groups according to the uptake features of (18)F-FDG in solitary pulmonary lesions. The incidence of benign and malignant lesions and the false-positive and false-negative rates in each group were analyzed. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the method using (18)F-FDG uptake features combined with maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) (SUV method) in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary lesions were evaluated.


RESULTS
There were 89 malignant and 50 benign lesions. (1) The malignant incidence of the full uptake group was 84.0% (63/75), and there were significant differences when compared with the other groups except the circular uptake group (16/23) (all P = 0.0001). The benign incidence of the multi-focus and no-uptake groups was 83.3% (10/12) and 82.4% (14/17), respectively, and there were significant differences when compared with the full uptake and the circular uptake groups, respectively (all P < 0.05). The benign incidence of the mild uptake group was 58.3% (7/12), and there were no significant differences when compared with the others except the full uptake group (all P > 0.05). No statistical significance was found between either two of the no-uptake, mild uptake, and multi-focus uptake groups (all P > 0.05). (2) In cases with SUVmax ≥2.5, the false-positive rate in the multi-focus uptake group was 83.3% (10/12), which was significantly higher than in the full uptake (12/75) or circular uptake group (7/23) (all P < 0.05). In cases with SUVmax <2.5, the false-negative rates in the mild and no-uptake groups were 41.7 and 17.6% (P = 0.218). (3) The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV of the method using (18)F-FDG uptake features combined with SUVmax and the single SUV method were 88.7%/91.0%, 62.0%/42.0%, 79.1%/73.4%, 80.6%/73.6%, and 75.6%/72.4%, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The method using uptake features of (18)F-FDG combined with SUVmax can improve the diagnostic specificity and accuracy of solitary pulmonary lesions. The multi-focus uptake feature maybe a benign sign, which still needs more researches to confirm.
ExPregel: a new computational model for large-scale graph processing

These days, large-scale graph processing becomes more and more important. Pregel, inspired by Bulk Synchronous Parallel, is one of the highly used systems to process large-scale graph problems. In Pregel, each vertex executes a function and waits for a superstep to communicate its data to other vertices. Superstep is a very time-consuming operation, used by Pregel, to synchronize distributed computations in a cluster of computers. However, it may become a bottleneck when the number of communications increases in a graph with million vertices. Superstep works like a barrier in Pregel that increases the side effect of skew problem in distributed computing environment. ExPregel is a Pregel-like model that is designed to reduce the number of communication messages between two vertices resided on two different computational nodes. We have proven that ExPregel reduces the number of exchanged messages as well as the number of supersteps for all graph topologies. Enhancing parallelism in our new computational model is another important feature that manifolds the speed of graph analysis programs. More interestingly, ExPregel uses the same model of programming as Pregel. Our experiments on large-scale real-world graphs show that ExPregel can reduce network traffic as well as number of supersteps from 45% to 96%. Runtime speed up in the proposed model varies from 1.2× to 30×. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IPET and FETR: Experimental Approach for Studying Molecular Structure Dynamics by Cryo-Electron Tomography of a Single-Molecule Structure

The dynamic personalities and structural heterogeneity of proteins are essential for proper functioning. Structural determination of dynamic/heterogeneous proteins is limited by conventional approaches of X-ray and electron microscopy (EM) of single-particle reconstruction that require an average from thousands to millions different molecules. Cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) is an approach to determine three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of a single and unique biological object such as bacteria and cells, by imaging the object from a series of tilting angles. However, cconventional reconstruction methods use large-size whole-micrographs that are limited by reconstruction resolution (lower than 20 Å), especially for small and low-symmetric molecule (<400 kDa). In this study, we demonstrated the adverse effects from image distortion and the measuring tilt-errors (including tilt-axis and tilt-angle errors) both play a major role in limiting the reconstruction resolution. Therefore, we developed a "focused electron tomography reconstruction" (FETR) algorithm to improve the resolution by decreasing the reconstructing image size so that it contains only a single-instance protein. FETR can tolerate certain levels of image-distortion and measuring tilt-errors, and can also precisely determine the translational parameters via an iterative refinement process that contains a series of automatically generated dynamic filters and masks. To describe this method, a set of simulated cryoET images was employed; to validate this approach, the real experimental images from negative-staining and cryoET were used. Since this approach can obtain the structure of a single-instance molecule/particle, we named it individual-particle electron tomography (IPET) as a new robust strategy/approach that does not require a pre-given initial model, class averaging of multiple molecules or an extended ordered lattice, but can tolerate small tilt-errors for high-resolution single "snapshot" molecule structure determination. Thus, FETR/IPET provides a completely new opportunity for a single-molecule structure determination, and could be used to study the dynamic character and equilibrium fluctuation of macromolecules.
Person Re-identification by Articulated Appearance Matching

Re-identification of pedestrians in video-surveillance settings can be effectively approached by treating each human figure as an articulated body, whose pose is estimated through the framework of Pictorial Structures (PS). In this way, we can focus selectively on similarities between the appearance of body parts to recognize a previously seen individual. In fact, this strategy resembles what humans employ to solve the same task in the absence of facial details or other reliable biometric information. Based on these insights, we show how to perform single image re-identification by matching signatures coming from articulated appearances, and how to strengthen this process in multi-shot re-identification by using Custom Pictorial Structures (CPS) to produce improved body localizations and appearance signatures. Moreover, we provide a complete and detailed breakdown of the system that surrounds these core procedures, with several novel arrangements devised for efficiency and flexibility. Finally, we test our approach on several public benchmarks, obtaining convincing results.
The story of phosphorus : Global food security and food for thought

Food production requires application of fertilizers containing phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium on agricultural fields in order to sustain crop yields. However modern agriculture is dependent on phosphorus derived from phosphate rock, which is a non-renewable resource and current global reserves may be depleted in 50–100 years. While phosphorus demand is projected to increase, the expected global peak in phosphorus production is predicted to occur around 2030. The exact timing of peak phosphorus production might be disputed, however it is widely acknowledged within the fertilizer industry that the quality of remaining phosphate rock is decreasing and production costs are increasing. Yet future access to phosphorus receives little or no international attention. This paper puts forward the case for including long-term phosphorus scarcity on the priority agenda for global food security. Opportunities for recovering phosphorus and reducing demand are also addressed together with institutional challenges. 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
An empirical study on predicting user acceptance of e-shopping on the Web

This study develops an extended model to predict consumer acceptance of electronic-shopping (e-shopping) based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the technology acceptance model (TAM). Our model was tested using data collected from 212 questionnaires and analyzed using multiple regression. The results show that individual attitudes toward e-shopping are strongly and positively correlated with user acceptance. The empirical results confirmed that perceived ease of use of trading online (PEOUT) and perceived usefulness (PU) significantly determine individual attitudes toward e-shopping, as well as confirming the significant effect of perceived ease of use of the Web on PEOUT, which in turn affects PU. However, PU was not found to affect user acceptance significantly. Additionally, user satisfaction with the Internet/WWW and perceptions of information, system and service were shown to affect user acceptance significantly. Overall, the proposed model could be used to predict consumer willingness to shop on the Web. # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Micronutrient Fortification to Improve Growth and Health of Maternally HIV-Unexposed and Exposed Zambian Infants: A Randomised Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND
The period of complementary feeding, starting around 6 months of age, is a time of high risk for growth faltering and morbidity. Low micronutrient density of locally available foods is a common problem in low income countries. Children of HIV-infected women are especially vulnerable. Although antiretroviral prophylaxis can reduce breast milk HIV transmission in early infancy, there are no clear feeding guidelines for after 6 months. There is a need for acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe (AFASS by WHO terminology) foods for both HIV-exposed and unexposed children after 6 months of age.


METHODS AND FINDINGS
We conducted in Lusaka, Zambia, a randomised double-blind trial of two locally made infant foods: porridges made of flour composed of maize, beans, bambaranuts and groundnuts. One flour contained a basal and the other a rich level of micronutrient fortification. Infants (n = 743) aged 6 months were randomised to receive either regime for 12 months. The primary outcome was stunting (length-for-age Z<-2) at age 18 months. No significant differences were seen between trial arms overall in proportion stunted at 18 months (adjusted odds ratio 0.87; 95% CI 0.50, 1.53; P = 0.63), mean length-for-age Z score, or rate of hospital referral or death. Among children of HIV-infected mothers who breastfed <6 months (53% of HIV-infected mothers), the richly-fortified porridge increased length-for-age and reduced stunting (adjusted odds ratio 0.17; 95% CI 0.04, 0.84; P = 0.03). Rich fortification improved iron status at 18 months as measured by hemoglobin, ferritin and serum transferrin receptors.


CONCLUSIONS
In the whole study population, the rich micronutrient fortification did not reduce stunting or hospital referral but did improve iron status and reduce anemia. Importantly, in the infants of HIV-infected mothers who stopped breastfeeding before 6 months, the rich fortification improved linear growth. Provision of such fortified foods may benefit health of these high risk infants.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN37460449.
Regional Innovation Systems, Clusters, and the Knowledge Economy

This paper presents a systematic account of the idea and content of regional innovation systems following discoveries made by regional scientists, economic geographers and innovation analysts. It considers the conditions and criteria for empirical recognition and judgement as to whether scientifically analysed, concrete cases of innovation activity warrant the designation of regional innovation system. The paper concludes by claiming that the source for Europe’s innovation gap with the United States rests on excess reliance on public intervention, which signifies major market failure. The future will require widespread evolution of public innovation support systems along with stronger institutional and organizational support from the private sector.
Cracking the Code for EBD

Abstract This paper examines the implications of proposed changes KEYWORDS to the Special Educational Needs Code of Practice for England and Wales, in particular the altered criteria for determining whether children have emotional and behavioural difficulties which call for their LEA to make additional resources available to them. It is argued that those changes come from a perceived need to reduce special education expenditure and to reverse a statistical upward trend in the number of children who have special education statements. Some of the forces which may account for the proposed changes are examined.