LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Supersonic Flow Separation with Application to Rocket Engine Nozzles

The increasing demand for higher performance in rocket launchers promotes the development of nozzles with higher performance, which basically is achieved by increasing the expansion ratio. However, this may lead to flow separation and ensuing instationary, asymmetric forces, so-called side-loads, which may present life-limiting constraints on both the nozzle itself and other engine components. Substantial gains can be made in the engine performance if this problem can be overcome, and hence different methods of separation control have been suggested. However, none has so far been implemented in full scale, due to the uncertainties involved in modeling and predicting the flow phenomena involved. In the present work the causes of unsteady and unsymmetrical flow separation and resulting side-loads in rocket engine nozzles are investigated. This involves the use of a combination of analytical, numerical and experimental methods, which all are presented in the thesis. A main part of the work is based on sub-scale testing of model nozzles operated with air. Hence, aspects on how to design sub-scale models that are able to capture the relevant physics of full-scale rocket engine nozzles are highlighted. Scaling laws like those presented in here are indispensable for extracting side-load correlations from sub-scale tests and applying them to full-scale nozzles. Three main types of side-load mechanisms have been observed in the test campaigns, due to: (i) intermittent and random pressure fluctuations, (ii) transition in separation pattern and (iii) aeroelastic coupling. All these three types are described and exemplified by test results together with analysis. A comprehensive, up-to-date review of supersonic flow separation and side-loads in internal nozzle flows is given with an in-depth discussion of different approaches for predicting the phenomena. This includes methods for predicting shock-induced separation, models for predicting side-load levels and aeroelastic coupling effects. Examples are presented to illustrate the status of various methods, and their advantages and shortcomings are discussed. A major part of the thesis focus on the fundamental shock-wave turbulent boundary layer interaction (SWTBLI) and a physical description of the phenomenon is given. This description is based on theoretical concepts, computational results and experimental observation, where, however, emphasis is placed on the rocket-engineering perspective. This work connects the industrial development of rocket engine nozzles to the fundamental research of the SWTBLI phenomenon and shows how these research results can be utilized in real applications. The thesis is concluded with remarks on active and passive flow control in rocket nozzles and directions of future research. The present work was performed at VAC's Space Propulsion Division within the framework of European space cooperation.
Entropy Production in a Cell and Reversal of Entropy Flow as an Anticancer Therapy

The entropy production rate of cancer cell is always higher than healthy cell under the case of no external field applied. Different entropy production between two kinds of cells determines the direction of entropy flow among cells. The entropy flow is the carrier of information flow. The entropy flow from cancer to healthy cell takes along the harmful information of cancerous cell, propagating its toxic action to healthy tissues. We demonstrate that a low-frequency and low-intensity electromagnetic field or ultrasound irradiation may increase the entropy production rate of a cell in normal tissue than that in cancer, consequently reverse the direction of entropy current between two kinds of cells. The modification of PH value of cells may also cause the reversal of the direction of entropy flow between healthy and cancerous cells. So, the biological tissue under the irradiation of electromagnetic field or ultrasound or under the appropriate change of cell acidity can avoid the propagation of harmful information from cancer cells. We suggest that this entropy mechanism possibly provides a basis for a novel approach to anticancer therapy. Thermodynamic entropy is expressed by (1) ln B S k W = where W is the number of microscopic states which are related to a given macroscopic thermodynamic state and kB is the Boltzmann constant. Entropy is a measure of disorder. From general physical principles, Schrodinger first indicated that life should remain in a low-entropy state or “an organism feeds with negative entropy”[1]. This means that entropy production in an organism is canceled by the outward entropy flow so that the system remains in a highly ordered state of low entropy. However, following our point of view, negative entropy (or negentropy) is only the first half of the story. The living organism is a chemical engine in which a series of chemical reactions take place one by one in an appropriate sequence. Accordingly, the energy transfer in an organism in the normal state is so efficient that the entropy production is minimized. Minimal entropy production in a healthy cell is the second half of the story [2]. We shall compare qualitatively and demonstrate that the entropy production rate (or “entropy production” for short) of a healthy cell is lower than that of a cancerous cell if no external energy input [3-5]. However, when the appropriate external energy is applied to tissues, the rate of entropy production of normal cells may exceed that of cancerous cells. As an example, we shall discuss the entropy production of cells under irradiation of ultrasound and alternative electromagnetic fields. We shall prove the B
An unexpected example of protein-templated click chemistry.

Click chemistry is a popular approach to the synthesis of functionalized molecules, and emphasizes the use of practical and reliable reactions. Copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), which selectively produces anti(1,4)-triazoles in preference to the syn isomer (1,5-triazole), is regarded as a superlative example of click chemistry. The CuAAC reaction can be accelerated by Cu-stabilizing ligands, such as tris[(1-substituted-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amines and tris(2-benzimidazolylmethyl)amines. The catalytic system has received a great deal of use in various fields such as chemical biology and materials science. 5] The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides with unactivated alkynes occurs much more slowly but is highly chemoselective. This property stimulated the development of “in situ click chemistry” for the field of drug discovery, in which target enzymes are allowed to assemble new inhibitors by linking azides and alkynes that bind to adjacent sites on the protein surface. The linkage reaction does not employ Cu catalysis, but instead relies on acceleration of the otherwise sluggish [3+2] cycloaddition reaction when the reaction partners are held in proximity to each other, often in or near the enzyme active site. In the course of an in situ click chemistry study on histone deacetylase (HDAC), we unexpectedly observed acceleration of the AAC reaction by trace copper associated with the protein in a structurally sensitive manner. Herein we report these findings, which constitute the first example of a Cu-protein complex catalyzing the AAC reaction. HDAC inhibitors are attractive drug candidates for cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders. As shown in Figure 1, most HDAC inhibitors consist of a
PixelNN: Example-based Image Synthesis

We present a simple nearest-neighbor (NN) approach that synthesizes highfrequency photorealistic images from an “incomplete” signal such as a lowresolution image, a surface normal map, or edges. Current state-of-the-art deep generative models designed for such conditional image synthesis lack two important things: (1) they are unable to generate a large set of diverse outputs, due to the mode collapse problem. (2) they are not interpretable, making it difficult to control the synthesized output. We demonstrate that NN approaches potentially address such limitations, but suffer in accuracy on small datasets. We design a simple pipeline that combines the best of both worlds: the first stage uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to map the input to a (overly-smoothed) image, and the second stage uses a pixel-wise nearest neighbor method to map the smoothed output to multiple high-quality, high-frequency outputs in a controllable manner. Importantly, pixel-wise matching allows our method to compose novel high-frequency content by cutting-and-pasting pixels from different training exemplars. We demonstrate our approach for various input modalities, and for various domains ranging from human faces, pets, shoes, and handbags. 12x12 Input (x8) Our Approach (a) Low-Resolution to High-Resolution Surface Normal Map Our Approach (b) Normals-to-RGB Edges Our Approach (c) Edges-to-RGB (d) Edges-to-RGB (Multiple Outputs) (e) Normals-to-RGB (Multiple Outputs) (d) Edges-to-Shoes (Multiple Outputs) (e) Edges-to-Handbags (Multiple Outputs) Figure 1: Our approach generates photorealistic output for various “incomplete” signals such as a low resolution image, a surface normal map, and edges/boundaries for human faces, cats, dogs, shoes, and handbags. Importantly, our approach can easily generate multiple outputs for a given input which was not possible in previous approaches (Isola et al., 2016) due to mode-collapse problem. Best viewed in electronic format.
PREDICTION OF LIGHT GAS DISTRIBUTION IN CONTAINMENT EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES USING CFX 4 CODE : JOZEF STEFAN INSTITUTE EXPERIENCE

Two and three-dimensional simulations of experiments on atmosphere mixing and stratification in a nuclear power plant containment were performed with the code CFX4.4, with the inclusion of simple models for steam condensation. The purpose was to assess the applicability of the approach to simulate the behaviour of light gases in containments at accident conditions. The comparisons of experimental and simulated results show that, despite a tendency to simulate more intensive mixing, the proposed approach may replicate the non-homogeneous structure of the atmosphere reasonably well. Introduction One of the nuclear reactor safety issues that have lately been considered using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes is the problem of predicting the eventual non-homogeneous concentration of light flammable gas (hydrogen) in the containment of a nuclear power plant (NPP) at accident conditions. During a hypothetical severe accident in a Pressurized Water Reactor NPP, hydrogen could be generated due to Zircaloy oxidation in the reactor core. Eventual high concentrations of hydrogen in some parts of the containment could cause hydrogen ignition and combustion, which could threaten the containment integrity. The purpose of theoretical investigations is to predict hydrogen behaviour at accident conditions prior to combustion. In the past few years, many investigations about the possible application of CFD codes for this purpose have been started [1-5]. CFD codes solve the transport mass, momentum and energy equations when a fluid system is modelled using local instantaneous description. Some codes, which also use local instantaneous description, have been developed specifically for nuclear applications [68]. Although many CFD codes are multi-purpose, some of them still lack some models, which are necessary for adequate simulations of containment phenomena. In particular, the modelling of steam condensation often has to be incorporated in the codes by the users. These theoretical investigations are complemented by adequate experiments. Recently, the following novel integral experimental facilities have been set up in Europe: TOSQAN [9,10], at the Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN) in Saclay (France), MISTRA [9,11], at the
A Review And Evaluations Of Shortest Path Algorithms

Nowadays, in computer networks, the routing is based on the shortest path problem. This will help in minimizing the overall costs of setting up computer networks. New technologies such as map-related systems are also applying the shortest path problem. This paper’s main objective is to evaluate the Dijkstra’s Algorithm, Floyd-Warshall Algorithm, Bellman-Ford Algorithm, and Genetic Algorithm (GA) in solving the shortest path problem. A short review is performed on the various types of shortest path algorithms. Further explanations and implementations of the algorithms are illustrated in graphical forms to show how each of the algorithms works. A framework of the GA for finding optimal solutions to the shortest path problem is presented. The results of evaluating the Dijkstra’s, Floyd-Warshall and Bellman-Ford algorithms along with their time complexity conclude the paper.
Predatory Trading ∗

This paper studies predatory trading : trading that induces and/or exploits other investors’ need to reduce their positions. We show that if one trader needs to sell, others also sell and subsequently buy back the asset. This leads to price overshooting and a reduced liquidation value for the distressed trader. Hence, the market is illiquid when liquidity is most needed. Further, a trader profits from triggering another trader’s crisis, and the crisis can spill over across traders and across markets.
Rilpivirine versus efavirenz with tenofovir and emtricitabine in treatment-naive adults infected with HIV-1 (ECHO): a phase 3 randomised double-blind active-controlled trial

BACKGROUND
Efavirenz with tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate and emtricitabine is a preferred antiretroviral regimen for treatment-naive patients infected with HIV-1. Rilpivirine, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, has shown similar antiviral efficacy to efavirenz in a phase 2b trial with two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. We aimed to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rilpivirine versus efavirenz, each combined with tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate and emtricitabine.


METHODS
We did a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled trial, in patients infected with HIV-1 who were treatment-naive. The patients were aged 18 years or older with a plasma viral load at screening of 5000 copies per mL or greater, and viral sensitivity to all study drugs. Our trial was done at 112 sites across 21 countries. Patients were randomly assigned by a computer-generated interactive web response system to receive either once-daily 25 mg rilpivirine or once-daily 600 mg efavirenz, each with tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate and emtricitabine. Our primary objective was to show non-inferiority (12% margin) of rilpivirine to efavirenz in terms of the percentage of patients with confirmed response (viral load <50 copies per mL intention-to-treat time-to-loss-of-virological-response [ITT-TLOVR] algorithm) at week 48. Our primary analysis was by intention-to-treat. We also used logistic regression to adjust for baseline viral load. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00540449.


FINDINGS
346 patients were randomly assigned to receive rilpivirine and 344 to receive efavirenz and received at least one dose of study drug, with 287 (83%) and 285 (83%) in the respective groups having a confirmed response at week 48. The point estimate from a logistic regression model for the percentage difference in response was -0.4 (95% CI -5.9 to 5.2), confirming non-inferiority with a 12% margin (primary endpoint). The incidence of virological failures was 13% (rilpivirine) versus 6% (efavirenz; 11%vs 4% by ITT-TLOVR). Grade 2-4 adverse events (55 [16%] on rilpivirine vs 108 [31%] on efavirenz, p<0.0001), discontinuations due to adverse events (eight [2%] on rilpivirine vs 27 [8%] on efavirenz), rash, dizziness, and abnormal dreams or nightmares were more common with efavirenz. Increases in plasma lipids were significantly lower with rilpivirine.


INTERPRETATION
Rilpivirine showed non-inferior efficacy compared with efavirenz, with a higher virological-failure rate, but a more favourable safety and tolerability profile.


FUNDING
Tibotec.
Multigranulation decision-theoretic rough sets

Article history: Available online 23 March 2013
Anastomic leak in colorectal cancer surgery. Development of a diagnostic index (DIACOLE).

BACKGROUND
We have obtained a diagnostic score (DIACOLE) in order to detect anastomotic leakage in the postoperative period of colorectal cancer surgery.


METHODS
Systematic review to identify any symptoms and clinical or analytical signs associated with anastomotic leakage after colorectal cancer surgery and a meta-analysis of each of these factors. The DIACOLE score encompasses all factors that reached statistical significance in their respective meta-analyses. The value of each factor in the score was determined depending the Napierian logarithm of the odds ratios. The index was validated using collected data at our institution.


RESULTS
We identified 13 potential signs and symptoms of anastomotic leakage to elaborate the DIACOLE score. The predictive power of the DIACOLE was validated in a case-control study, resulting in an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.911 and a 95% confidence interval. These values were considered indicative of a very good diagnostic score.


CONCLUSIONS
If DIACOLE score is > 3.065, a blood count and re-evaluating the score daily are recommended. If the DIACOLE>5.436, a radiological test is advised. We have developed free software to obtain DIACOLE value.
Multimodal nonlinear imaging of the human cornea.

PURPOSE
To evaluate the potential of third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy combined with second-harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) microscopies for visualizing the microstructure of the human cornea and trabecular meshwork based on their intrinsic nonlinear properties.


METHODS
Fresh human corneal buttons and corneoscleral discs from an eye bank were observed under a multiphoton microscope incorporating a titanium-sapphire laser and an optical parametric oscillator for the excitation, and equipped with detection channels in the forward and backward directions.


RESULTS
Original contrast mechanisms of THG signals in cornea with physiological relevance were elucidated. THG microscopy with circular incident polarization detected microscopic anisotropy and revealed the stacking and distribution of stromal collagen lamellae. THG imaging with linear incident polarization also revealed cellular and anchoring structures with micrometer resolution. In edematous tissue, a strong THG signal around cells indicated the local presence of water. Additionally, SHG signals reflected the distribution of fibrillar collagen, and 2PEF imaging revealed the elastic component of the trabecular meshwork and the fluorescence of metabolically active cells.


CONCLUSIONS
The combined imaging modalities of THG, SHG, and 2PEF provide key information about the physiological state and microstructure of the anterior segment over its entire thickness with remarkable contrast and specificity. This imaging method should prove particularly useful for assessing glaucoma and corneal physiopathologies.
Efficient Wireless Electric Power Transmission Using Magnetic Resonance Coupling

IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org Abstract— This paper presents how one can effectively transfer electric power wirelessly using magnetic resonance coupling, this paper also shows the results obtained from effective wireless electric power transmission, these results are obtained by transmitting magnetic waves at specific resonance frequency between two coils. This paper also provides some ways to improve wireless power transmission efficiency. In the end this paper gives a lot of practical applications where results of this project can efficiently use.
Automatic Image Mosaic System Using Image Feature Detection and Taylor Series

Image mosaicing has been collecting considerable attention in the field of computer vision and photogrammetry. Unlike previous methods using a tripod, we have developed which can handle images taken with a hand-held camera to accurately construct a panoramic image. This paper proposes the automatic image mosaic system implementation, which it sees to use feature detection of the image, which is extracted a feature point adjustment from continuous two images hour automatically from pixel price of image and in order to accomplish. Feature based image mosaics require the integration of corner detection, corner matching, motion parameters estimation, and image stitching. We used Taylor series for parameter and perspective transform estimation.
Risk factors for cervical cancer in criminal justice settings.

BACKGROUND
Women in criminal justice settings have an increased prevalence of cervical cancer compared with the general population. However, little is known about abnormal cervical cancer screening results among women in jail and community-based criminal justice settings. Thus, the aims of this study were to compare the prevalence of self-reported abnormal Papanicolou (Pap) test results in women in jail and under community criminal justice supervision and to examine factors associated with abnormal Pap tests in these criminal justice settings.


METHODS
We analyzed data from two cross-sectional surveys of women in jails and community corrections in two Southern cities (n=380) about their history of abnormal Pap tests and risk factors for cervical cancer. Univariate analyses (analysis of variance [ANOVA] and chi-square) and a binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to test associations between a history of abnormal Pap testing and factors known to be associated with cervical cancer.


RESULTS
Nearly half of the women surveyed (n=163, 43%) reported ever having an abnormal Pap test. There was a high prevalence of risk factors for cervical cancer among women with and without an abnormal Pap test. After controlling for age and race, there were significant associations between an abnormal Pap test and inconsistent use of barrier protection (odds ratio [OR] 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-3.43), having a history of gynecologic infections (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.05-2.67), and having a history of sexually transmitted diseases (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.17-3.15).


CONCLUSIONS
Women in jail and under community justice supervision reported a high prevalence of risk factors for cervical cancer. Because of their high prevalence of abnormal Pap testing, women in criminal justice settings may be appropriate targets for improved cervical cancer screening, prevention with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, risk reduction education, and treatment.
Biphasic culture strategy based on hyperosmotic pressure for improved humanized antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture

Hyperosmotic pressure increased specific antibody productivity (q Ab) of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells (SH2-0.32) and it depressed cell growth. Thus, the use of hyperosmolar medium did not increase the maximum antibody concentration substantially. To overcome this drawback, the feasibility of biphasic culture strategy was investigated. In the biphasic culture, cells were first cultivated in the standard medium with physiological osmolality (294 mOsm/kg) for cell growth. When cells reached the late exponential growth phase, the spent standard medium was replaced with the fresh hyperosmolar medium (522 mOsm/kg) for antibody production. The q Ab in growth phase with the standard medium was 2.1 μg per 106 cells/d, whereas the q Ab in antibody production phase with the hyperosmolar medium was 11.1 μg per 106 cells/d. Northern blot analysis showed a positive relationship between the relative contents of intracellular immunoglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid and q Ab. Because of the enhanced q Ab and the increased cell concentration in biphasic culture, the maximum antibody concentration obtained in biphasic culture with 522 mOsm/kg medium exchange was 161% higher than that obtained in batch culture with the standard medium. Taken together, the simple biphasic culture strategy based on hyperosmotic culture is effective in improving antibody production of rCHO cells.