LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Trajectory-Shape-Varying Missile Guidance for Interception of Ballistic Missiles during the Boost Phase

The paper presents a near-optimal guidance law that has been developed using the direct method of calculus of variations. By the direct access to controlling the shape of the trajectory, this guidance law seeks to maximize the kinetic energy transfer upon interception from a surface launched medium range interceptor missile to a ballistic missile target during the boost phase of flight. Mathematical models of a two-stage liquid-fueled medium-range ballistic missile and a velocity-limited endoatmospheric interceptor missile with onboard active radar guidance are used to demonstrate the guidance law’s performance. This law will utilize the interceptor's onboard computer and active radar sensors to independently predict an intercept point, solve the two-point boundary-value problem, and determine the best feasible flight path to that point. While determining a truly optimal flight path would require significant computing power and therefore cannot be realized online, the proposed nearoptimal flight path can be calculated onboard the interceptor in fractions of a second and updated in multiple times during the intercept without significant technological advancements in the interceptor’s onboard hardware. That near-optimal guidance path is then converted into a set of command functions and fed back into the control system of the interceptor. By modifying just a few parameters affecting the higher-order derivatives at the intercept point, the optimization algorithm varies the shape of a three-dimensional trajectory over a wide range without compromising the constraints on controls or jeopardizing satisfaction of the final conditions. An example features the guidance solution for probably the most difficult scenario of maximizing kinetic energy upon impact by forcing it to occur at a right angle.
Aging does not affect voluntary activation of the ankle dorsiflexors during isometric, concentric, and eccentric contractions.

This study examines the age-related deficit in force of the ankle dorsiflexors during isometric (Iso), concentric (Con), and eccentric (Ecc) contractions. More specifically, the contribution of neural and muscular mechanisms to the loss of voluntary force was investigated in men and women. The torque produced by the dorsiflexors and the surface electromyogram (EMG) from the tibialis anterior and the soleus were recorded during maximal Iso contractions and during Con and Ecc contractions performed at constant angular velocities (5-100 degrees/s). Central activation was tested by the superimposed electrical stimulation method during maximal voluntary contraction and by computing the ratio between voluntary average EMG and compound muscle action potential (M wave) induced by electrical stimulation (average EMG/M wave). Contractile properties of the dorsiflexor muscles were investigated by recording the mechanical responses to single and paired maximal stimuli. The results showed that the age-related deficit in force (collapsed across genders and velocities) was greater for Iso (20.5%; P < 0.05) and Con (38.6%; P < 0.001) contractions compared with Ecc contractions (6.5%; P > 0.05). When the torque produced during Con and Ecc contractions was expressed relative to the maximal Iso torque, it was significantly reduced in Con contractions and increased in Ecc contractions with aging, with the latter effect being more pronounced for women. In both genders, voluntary activation was not significantly impaired in elderly adults and did not differ from young subjects. Similarly, coactivation was not changed with aging. In contrast, the mechanical responses to single and paired stimuli showed a general slowing of the muscle contractile kinetics with a slightly greater effect in women. It is concluded that the force deficit during Con and Iso contractions of the ankle dorsiflexors in advanced age cannot be explained by impaired voluntary activation or changes in coactivation. Instead, this age-related adaptation and the mechanisms that preserve force in Ecc contractions appeared to be located at the muscular level.
Spatial and temporal crowding in amblyopia

Spatial crowding is a well-known deficit in amblyopia. We have previously reported evidence suggesting that the inability to isolate stimuli in space in crowded displays (spatial crowding) is a largely independent component of the amblyopic deficit in visual acuity, which is typically found in strabismic amblyopia [Bonneh, Y., Sagi, D., & Polat, U. (2004a). Local and non-local deficits in amblyopia: Acuity and spatial interactions. Vision Research, 44, 3009-3110]. Here, we extend this result to the temporal domain by measuring visual acuity (VA) for a single pattern in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP-VA, N=15) for fast ("crowded") and slow ("uncrowded") presentations. We found that strabismic amblyopes but not anisometropic amblyopes or normal controls exhibited a significant difference between VA under the fast and slow conditions. We further compared the "temporal crowding" measure to two measures of spatial crowding: (1) static Tumbling-E acuity in multi-pattern crowded displays (N=26) and (2) Gabor alignment with lateral flankers (N=20). We found that all three measures of crowding (one temporal and two spatial) were highly correlated across subjects while being largely independent of the visual acuity for a single isolated pattern, with both spatial and temporal crowding being high and correlated in strabismus and low in anisometropia. This suggests that time and space are related in crowding, at least in amblyopia.
Immunoliposome-PCR: a generic ultrasensitive quantitative antigen detection system

BACKGROUND
The accurate quantification of antigens at low concentrations over a wide dynamic range is needed for identifying biomarkers associated with disease and detecting protein interactions in high-throughput microarrays used in proteomics. Here we report the development of an ultrasensitive quantitative assay format called immunoliposome polymerase chain reaction (ILPCR) that fulfills these requirements. This method uses a liposome, with reporter DNA encapsulated inside and biotin-labeled polyethylene glycol (PEG) phospholipid conjugates incorporated into the outer surface of the liposome, as a detection reagent. The antigenic target is immobilized in the well of a microplate by a capture antibody and the liposome detection reagent is then coupled to a biotin-labeled second antibody through a NeutrAvidin bridge. The liposome is ruptured to release the reporter DNA, which serves as a surrogate to quantify the protein target using real-time PCR.


RESULTS
A liposome detection reagent was prepared, which consisted of a population of liposomes ~120 nm in diameter with each liposome possessing ~800 accessible biotin receptors and ~220 encapsulated reporters. This liposome detection reagent was used in an assay to quantify the concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in human serum. This ILPCR assay exhibited a linear dose-response curve from 10-10 M to 10-16 M CEA. Within this range the assay coefficient of variance was <6 % for repeatability and <2 % for reproducibility. The assay detection limit was 13 fg/mL, which is 1,500-times more sensitive than current clinical assays for CEA. An ILPCR assay to quantify HIV-1 p24 core protein in buffer was also developed.


CONCLUSIONS
The ILPCR assay has several advantages over other immuno-PCR methods. The reporter DNA and biotin-labeled PEG phospholipids spontaneously incorporate into the liposomes as they form, simplifying preparation of the detection reagent. Encapsulation of the reporter inside the liposomes allows nonspecific DNA in the assay medium to be degraded with DNase I prior to quantification of the encapsulated reporter by PCR, which reduces false-positive results and improves quantitative accuracy. The ability to encapsulate multiple reporters per liposome also helps overcome the effect of polymerase inhibitors present in biological specimens. Finally, the biotin-labeled liposome detection reagent can be coupled through a NeutrAvidin bridge to a multitude of biotin-labeled probes, making ILPCR a highly generic assay system.
Perceptual bias of patients with schizophrenia in morphed facial expression

Limited research has specifically examined the nature of the dysfunction in emotion categorization representation in schizophrenia. The current study aimed to investigate the perception bias of morphed facial expression in subjects with schizophrenia and healthy controls in the emotion continua. Twenty-eight patients with schizophrenia and thirty-one healthy controls took part in this study. They were administered a standardized set of morphed photographs of facial expressions with varying emotional intensities between 0% and 100% of the emotion, in 10% increments to provide a range of intensities from pleasant to unpleasant and approach to withdraw. Shift points, indicating the time point that the subjects' emotion identification begins to change, and response slopes, indicating how rapidly these changes have happened at the shift points in the emotion continuum, were measured. Patients exhibited a significantly greater response slope (i.e., patients' perception changed more rapidly) and greater shift point (i.e., patients still perceived mild expressions of anger as happy faces) with increasing emotion signal compared with healthy controls when the facial expression morphed from happy to angry. Furthermore, patients with schizophrenia still perceived mild expressions of fear as angry faces(a greater shift point) and were less discriminative from angry to fearful emotion(a flatter response slope). They were sensitive to sadness (a smaller shift point) and the perception changed rapidly (a sharper response slope) as compared with healthy controls in the emotion continuum of happy to sad. In conclusion, patients with schizophrenia demonstrated impaired categorical perception of facial expressions, with generally 'rapid' but 'late' discrimination towards social threat-related stimuli such as angry facial expression. Compared with healthy controls, these patients have a sharper discrimination perception pattern in the emotion continua from positive valence to negative valence.
Online optimization for scheduling preemptable tasks on IaaS cloud systems

In Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud computing, computational resources are provided to remote users in the form of leases. For a cloud user, he/she can request multiple cloud services simultaneously. In this case, parallel processing in the cloud system can improve the performance. When applying parallel processing in cloud computing, it is necessary to implement a mechanism to allocate resource and schedule the execution order of tasks. Furthermore, a resource optimization mechanism with preemptable task execution can increase the utilization of clouds. In this paper, we propose two online dynamic resource allocation algorithms for the IaaS cloud systemwith preemptable tasks. Our algorithms adjust the resource allocation dynamically based on the updated information of the actual task executions. And the experimental results show that our algorithms can significantly improve the performance in the situation where resource contention is fierce. © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
CBC: An associative classifier with a small number of rules

Associative classifiers have been proposed to achieve an accurate model with each individual rule being interpretable. However, existing associative classifiers often consist of a large number of rules and, thus, can be difficult to interpret. We show that associative classifiers consisting of an ordered rule set can be represented as a tree model. From this view, it is clear that these classifiers are restricted in that at least one child node of a non-leaf node is never split. We propose a new tree model, i.e., condition-based tree (CBT), to relax the restriction. Furthermore, we also propose an algorithm to transform a CBT to an ordered rule set with concise rule conditions. This ordered rule set is referred to as a condition-based classifier (CBC). Thus, the interpretability of an associative classifier is maintained, but more expressive models are possible. The rule transformation algorithm can be also applied to regular binary decision trees to extract an ordered set of rules with simple This research was partially supported by ONR grant N00014-09-1-0656. Email addresses: hdeng3@asu.com (Houtao Deng), george.runger@asu.edu (George Runger), eugene.tuv@intel.com (Eugene Tuv), wade.bannister@ingenixconsulting.com (Wade Bannister) Preprint submitted to Elsevier November 17, 2013 rule conditions. Feature selection is applied to a binary representation of conditions to simplify/improve the models further. Experimental studies show that CBC has competitive accuracy performance, and has a significantly smaller number of rules (median of 10 rules per data set) than well-known associative classifiers such as CBA (median of 47) and GARC (median of 21). CBC with feature selection has even a smaller number of rules.
Troubles on the way: An analysis of the challenges faced by multi-stakeholder platforms

Multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs) have been widely promoted as a promising means of resolving conflicts over natural resources, first in developed countries and, more recently, as a global good practice. However, many MSPs have been implemented in an unfavourable context — primarily of social inequities — and have not met initial high expectations. The article analyzes the challenges MSPs face in an unfavourable context, and identifies five main issues: • Power relationships; • Platform composition; • Stakeholder representation and capacity to participate meaningfully in the debates; • Decision-making power and mechanisms; and finally • Cost of setting up an MSP. The analysis is mainly based on two case studies of MSPs set up under inauspicious conditions. The first focuses on water user associations in South Africa, the second on a negotiation platform set up to resolve conflicts over a water and sanitation project in Bolivia. It is argued that MSPs should be seen less as an ideal communication process, and more as a negotiation process — always imperfect — but where positive outcomes may nevertheless outweigh negative ones, if and when the above-mentioned issues are adequately taken into account.
BodySnatcher: Towards reliable volatile memory acquisition by software

Recently there has been a surge in interest in memory forensics: the acquisition and analysis of the contents of physical memory obtained from live hosts. The emergence of kernel level rootkits, anti-forensics, and the threat of subversion that they pose threatens to undermine the reliability of such memory images and digital evidence in general. In this paper we propose a method of acquiring the contents of volatile memory from arbitrary operating systems in a manner that provides point in time atomic snapshots of the host OS volatile memory. Additionally the method is more resistant to subversion due to its reduced attack surface. Our method is to inject an independent, acquisition specific OS into the potentially subverted host OS kernel, snatching full control of the host’s hardware. We describe an implementation of this proposal, which we call BodySnatcher, which has demonstrated proof of concept by acquiring memory from Windows 2000 operating systems. a 2007 DFRWS. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Linkage/association study of a locus modulating total serum IgE on chromosome 14q13-24 in families with asthma.

BACKGROUND
A study was undertaken to validate a locus modulating total serum IgE levels on 14q13-24.


METHODS
A linkage and association study was performed between total serum IgE and a panel of seven microsatellites which map to the 14q13-24 region in 69 families with asthma recruited from Leeds, UK.


RESULTS
Non-parametric, multipoint, sib pair analysis showed no evidence of genetic linkage between the quantitative trait "log IgE" and any of the tested markers. However, a significant association was observed between locus D14S63 (14q23) and total serum IgE (p = 0.017). Allelic analysis showed an association between low total IgE and allele 157 of D14S63 (p = 0.01, OR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.90). Modelling of allele 157 genotypes as a continuous covariate indicated evidence of a significant inverse linear trend across the three genotypes where 157 homozygotes had the lowest mean log IgE (p = 0.045). Association of D14S63 with log IgE was confirmed in the analysis of a combined dataset of 53 families from Southampton, UK and the 69 families from Leeds (total 122 families). An association was observed at the locus level (p = 0.022) and the allelic level where allele 165 showed an association with high total IgE (p = 0.001, OR = 3.79, 95% CI 1.54 to 9.7) and allele 157 showed an association with low total IgE (p = 0.041, OR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.6 to 0.99). The transmission disequilibrium test was positive for allele 165 (p<0.05) and negative for allele 157 (p>0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Despite the lack of linkage, the findings of this study support the previous observation of a gene(s) at 14q23 that modulates total serum IgE.
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin) against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of the extracts of Cucurbita pepo (backpeel and seeds) against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi were carried out using standard procedures. The extraction was achieved using percolation method with ethanol and methanol as solvents. Higher yield of the extract was obtained from the backpeel. Phytochemical screening revealed differences in the presence of phytochemicals among the extracts. The result showed the presence of saponins in both methanol and ethanol extracts but tannins were recorded only in back peel methanol extract. The results of antibacterial activity showed that ethanol extract of Cucurbita pepo (backpeel) was active against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi (07mm). The methanol extract was active against S. aureus but inactive against S. typhi at 500 μg/disc. Similarly, both ethanol and methanol extracts were active against S. aureus but inactive against S. typhi (06mm) at 500 μg/disc. The implication of this study in relation to ethnomedicinal uses of this plant has been discussed.
Interactive remote control of legacy home appliances through a virtually wired sensor network

With the advance of wireless communications technology, home automation based on home networks has regained attention. This paper proposes a wireless network protocol and a control device, which make it possible to control legacy home appliances in an interactive way. The proposed wireless network protocol provides a bidirectional communication channel between a gateway and control devices. The control device hooked up to the wireless network controls a legacy home appliance requested by a user using IR signals and returns the result of the control action as a digested image so that the user can determine if the control operation has been conducted properly. The feasibility of the network protocol and control device is demonstrated by an experiment in which a wireless network is constructed using the proposed network protocol and TVs and air conditioners are controlled via the wireless network and the result is fed back to the user.
Combining Text and Linguistic Document Representations for Authorship Attribution

In this paper, we provide several alternatives to the classical Bag-Of-Words model for automatic authorship attribution. To this end, we consider linguistic and writing style information such as grammatical structures to construct different document representations. Furthermore we describe two techniques to combine the obtained representations: combination vectors and ensemble based meta classification. Our experiments show the viability of our approach.
Hand arm vibration syndrome among quarry workers in Vietnam.

Few studies have focused on the health effects of vibrating tools on workers in the tropical area. Work conditions and health effects related to rock drill operation were studied in 102 quarry workers, including 73 rock drill operators in Vietnam. We aimed to clarify (1) risk of vibration exposure, (2) occurrence of vibration-induced white finger (VWF), and (3) characteristics of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Total weighted r.m.s. acceleration of the Chinese -or Russian-made rock drills, was 45-55 m/s(2). According to work observation studies, daily exposure time to vibration was 160-210 min. ISO5349 predicted that this exposure level would be associated with a high risk of HAVS in workers. We found no clear evidence of VWF. There may be several reasons why no worker exhibited VWF: (1) warmer work conditions, (2) younger and less experienced workers, (3) seasonal changes in work operations, and (4) healthy worker effect. On the other hand, 5-10% of rock drill operators might be suffering from moderate HAVS which was sensori-neural type dominant. There may be some characteristic features of HAVS among quarry workers in the tropical area.
Identifying Synonyms among Distributionally Similar Words

There have been many proposals to compute similarities between words based on their distributions in contexts. However, these approaches do not distinguish between synonyms and antonyms. We present two methods for identifying synonyms among distributionally similar words.
Clinical inertia of discharge planning among patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE
We examined the effect of hospital admissions on the medical treatment of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus among Veterans Affairs (VA) patients.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This retrospective cohort study included male patients admitted to one of three VA hospitals from July 1, 2002, to August 31, 2009, who were receiving medication therapy for diabetes with hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) greater than 8.0%. The primary outcome was a change in preadmission and outpatient prescriptions for diabetes at hospital discharge. Covariates for multivariable logistic regression analysis of the primary outcome were defined a priori and retrieved from the electronic health record.


RESULTS
Of 2025 admissions for 1359 patients, 454 had some change in diabetes medications at discharge (rate of change 22.4%). In an adjusted analysis, higher preadmission HgbA1c [odds ratio (OR) 1.12 per 1.0 U increase; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-1.05; P < 0.001], higher mean blood glucose during admission (OR 1.07 per 10 mg/dl increase; 95% CI 1.05-1.10; P < 0.0001), occurrence of inpatient hypoglycemia (blood glucose < 50 mg/dl; OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.32-2.51, P < 0.001), and inpatient basal insulin therapy (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.25-2.35; P < 0.001) were associated with higher odds of change in therapy. A total of 656 admissions (32%) demonstrated aggregate clinical inertia with no change in therapy, no documentation of HgbA1c within 60 d of discharge, and no follow-up appointment within 30 d of discharge.


CONCLUSIONS
In this multicenter, retrospective study of patients with poorly controlled diabetes and at least one hospitalization, less than a quarter received a change in outpatient diabetes therapy upon discharge, suggesting widespread clinical inertia. Nearly one third had no change in therapy or subsequent follow-up scheduled.