LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as a Micro-Neural Interface Material for Electrostimulation

Chronic microstimulation-based devices are being investigated to treat conditions such as blindness, deafness, pain, paralysis, and epilepsy. Small-area electrodes are desired to achieve high selectivity. However, a major trade-off with electrode miniaturization is an increase in impedance and charge density requirements. Thus, the development of novel materials with lower interfacial impedance and enhanced charge storage capacity is essential for the development of micro-neural interface-based neuroprostheses. In this report, we study the use of conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a neural interface material for microstimulation of small-area iridium electrodes on silicon-substrate arrays. Characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrodeposition of PEDOT results in lower interfacial impedance at physiologically relevant frequencies, with the 1 kHz impedance magnitude being 23.3 +/- 0.7 kOmega, compared to 113.6 +/- 3.5 kOmega for iridium oxide (IrOx) on 177 mum(2) sites. Further, PEDOT exhibits enhanced charge storage capacity at 75.6 +/- 5.4 mC/cm(2) compared to 28.8 +/- 0.3 mC/cm(2) for IrOx, characterized by cyclic voltammetry (50 mV/s). These improvements at the electrode interface were corroborated by observation of the voltage excursions that result from constant current pulsing. The PEDOT coatings provide both a lower amplitude voltage and a more ohmic representation of the applied current compared to IrOx. During repetitive pulsing, PEDOT-coated electrodes show stable performance and little change in electrical properties, even at relatively high current densities which cause IrOx instability. These findings support the potential of PEDOT coatings as a micro-neural interface material for electrostimulation.
Perfusion CT in acute stroke: a comprehensive analysis of infarct and penumbra.

PURPOSE
To perform a large-scale systematic comparison of the accuracy of all commonly used perfusion computed tomography (CT) data postprocessing methods in the definition of infarct core and penumbra in acute stroke.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
The collection of data for this study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and all patients gave informed consent. Three hundred fourteen patients with hemispheric ischemia underwent perfusion CT within 6 hours of stroke symptom onset and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 24 hours. CT perfusion maps were generated by using six different postprocessing methods. Pixel-based analysis was used to calculate sensitivity and specificity of different perfusion CT thresholds for the penumbra and infarct core with each postprocessing method, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) analysis was used to define the optimum threshold.


RESULTS
Delay-corrected singular value deconvolution (SVD) with a delay time of more than 2 seconds most accurately defined the penumbra (AUC = 0.86, P = .046, mean volume difference between acute perfusion CT and 24-hour diffusion-weighted MR imaging = 1.7 mL). A double core threshold with a delay time of more than 2 seconds and cerebral blood flow less than 40% provided the most accurate definition of the infarct core (AUC = 0.86, P = .038). The other SVD measures (block circulant, nondelay corrected) were more accurate than non-SVD methods.


CONCLUSION
This study has shown that there is marked variability in penumbra and infarct prediction among various deconvolution techniques and highlights the need for standardization of perfusion CT in stroke.


SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.12120971/-/DC1.
Stacked PCA Network (SPCANet): An effective deep learning for face recognition

High-level features can represent the semantics of the original data and it is a plausible way to avoid the problem of hand-crafted features for face recognition. This paper proposes an effective deep learning framework by stacking multiple output features that learned through each stage of the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Different from the traditional deep learning network, we use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to get the filter kernels of convolutional layer, which is name as Stacked PCA Network (SPCANet). Our SPCANet model follows the basic architecture of the CNN, which comprises three layers in each stage: convolutional filter layer, nonlinear processing layer and feature pooling layer. Firstly, in the convolutional filter layer of our model, PCA instead of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is employed to learn filter kernels, and the output of all cascaded convolutional filter layers is used as the input of nonlinear processing layer. Secondly, the following nonlinear processing layer is also simplified. We use hashing method for nonlinear processing. Thirdly, the block based histograms instead of max-pooling technique are employed in the feature pooling layer. In the last output layer, the output of each stage is stacked together as one final feature output of our model. Extensive experiments conducted on many different face recognition scenarios demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
Orthodontic treatment with a series of removable appliances.

BACKGROUND
In the United States, the demand for straight white teeth has never been more important to patients. Crowded, poorly aligned teeth are not esthetically pleasing and are difficult to keep clean. However, until recently, the process of straightening the teeth typically has involved appliances involving bands, brackets and wires that also can be difficult to clean. The desire for a cosmetic solution to misaligned teeth has led to an increase in the number of patients seeking veneers, crowns and other laboratory-fabricated cosmetic restorations. Some clinicians are not aware that there are other ways to align teeth without either significant enamel reduction or conspicuous fixed orthodontic appliances.


DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUE
An alternative method of treatment, involving a series of clear removable appliances, circumvents this shortcoming and enables tooth alignment while avoiding deterioration in the cosmetics of the smile during treatment. This article describes a method of treatment, Invisalign (Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif.), that clinicians can use in conjunction with 3-D computer models to accomplish the esthetic and oral hygiene objectives during and after treatment.


CASE DESCRIPTIONS
The authors present three case reports, all involving a chief concern of crowding. The first case involved treatment of both arches by interproximal reduction, alignment of teeth and leveling the curve of Spee. The second case involved treatment of both arches by proclination, expansion and minor interproximal reduction. The final case shows relief of lower-arch crowding via lower-incisor extraction.


CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
In addition to satisfying the patient's chief concern of desiring straight teeth, this method of treatment satisfies additional objectives of esthetic treatment and esthetic results with significant oral hygiene benefits. Clinicians can address a patient's chief concern effectively without requiring an inventory of appliances (such as bands, brackets, wires and instruments). Furthermore, the use of 3-D computer models can give clinicians additional information to make more complete decisions regarding treatment.
Active versus receptive group music therapy for major depressive disorder-A pilot study.

OBJECTIVES
To compare the effects of 1) active group music therapy and 2) receptive group music therapy to group counseling in treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).


DESIGN & SETTING
On top of standard care, 14 MDD outpatients were randomly assigned to receive 1) active group music therapy (n=5), 2) receptive group music therapy (n=5), or 3) group counseling (n=4). There were 12 one-hour weekly group sessions in each arm.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Participants were assessed at baseline, 1 month (after 4 sessions), 3 months (end of interventions), and 6 months. Primary outcomes were depressive scores measured by Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Thai version. Secondary outcomes were self-rated depression score and quality of life.


RESULTS
At 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, both therapy groups showed statistically non-significant reduction in MADRS Thai scores when compared with the control group (group counseling). The reduction was slightly greater in the active group than the receptive group. Although there were trend toward better outcomes on self-report depression and quality of life, the differences were not statistically significant.


CONCLUSION
Group music therapy, either active or receptive, is an interesting adjunctive treatment option for outpatients with MDD. The receptive group may reach peak therapeutic effect faster, but the active group may have higher peak effect. Group music therapy deserves further comprehensive studies.
Efficacy and safety of celivarone, with amiodarone as calibrator, in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for prevention of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interventions or death: the ALPHEE study.

BACKGROUND
Celivarone is a new antiarrhythmic agent developed for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of celivarone in preventing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) interventions or death.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Celivarone (50, 100, or 300 mg/d) was assessed compared with placebo in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Amiodarone (200 mg/d after loading dose of 600 mg/d for 10 days) was used as a calibrator. A total of 486 patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% and at least 1 ICD intervention for ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation in the previous month or ICD implantation in the previous month for documented ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation were randomized. Median treatment duration was 9 months. The primary efficacy end point was occurrence of ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation-triggered ICD interventions (shocks or antitachycardia pacing) or sudden death. The proportion of patients experiencing an appropriate ICD intervention or sudden death was 61.5% in the placebo group; 67.0%, 58.8%, and 54.9% in the celivarone 50-, 100-, and 300-mg groups, respectively; and 45.3% in the amiodarone group. Hazard ratios versus placebo for the primary end point ranged from 0.860 for celivarone 300 mg to 1.199 for celivarone 50 mg. None of the comparisons versus placebo were statistically significant. Celivarone had an acceptable safety profile.


CONCLUSIONS
Celivarone was not effective for the prevention of ICD interventions or sudden death.


CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00993382.
Handbook of PI and PID Controller Tuning Rules

The first controllers with proportional , integral, and derivative (PID) feedback control action became commercially available during the 1930s. The 1940s saw widespread acceptance in industry of pneumatic PID controllers, and their electronic counterparts entered the market in the 1950s. Digital hardware has been routinely used since the 1980s with significant impact on process control. Even several decades after three-mode controllers were introduced, the vast majority of controllers used in the chemical process industry are based on PI/PID models [1]. The popularity of these controllers has led to research on tuning methods, resulting in hundreds of publications on this topic [2]–[9]. Ziegler-Nichols tuning relations [10] and Cohen-Coon tuning rules [12] are among the earliest published methods. Tuning relations based on error criteria [7], as well as more recent model-based tuning rules such as internal model control (IMC) [12] and direct synthesis [13], offer improvements over earlier tuning methods. Tuning rules also exist for unstable processes [14] as well as for tuning in the presence of plant-model mismatch [15]. Despite the numerous approaches available for controller tuning, surveys indicate that poorly tuned control loops are abundant in industry [16]. In fact, some control loops are not properly tuned when they are implemented, while other loops are not updated sufficiently often [16]. This situation is motivation for O'Dwyer's book, which provides a comprehensive summary of PI and PID controller tuning relations published over the last six decades. Special attention is given to the use of a consistent notation for these tuning methods. Handbook of PI and PID Controller Tuning Rules is structured into five chapters and two appendices. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the topic, while Chapter 2 presents background material needed for using the controller tuning tables presented in Chapters 3 and 4. The book concludes in Chapter 5 with a discussion of performance and robustness issues. A more detailed description of the contents of the book is given below. Chapter 2 presents PI and PID controller structures that appear in the literature as well as in process control equipment. A list of process models with time delay provides the foundation for defining the tuning rules in the remainder of the book. The controller tuning rules for PI and PID controllers are presented in Chapters 3 and 4, respectively. Before a controller can be tuned, it is necessary to specify the structure of the controller as well as the …
Performance of distance relays on shunt-FACTS compensated transmission lines

This paper presents a study of the performance of distance protection relays when applied to protect shunt Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) compensated transmission lines. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of distance relays on transmission lines with FACTS devices applied for mid point voltage control. Effect of two types of shunt FACTS devices, Static Var Compensators (SVC) and Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM) are studied. The study is conducted in three stages. First the situation is studied analytically, where the errors introduced in the impedance measurement due to the presence of shunt FACTS devices on the line are analyzed. In the second stage, the situation is simulated using transient simulation software, EMTDC. In this method, the response of FACTS devices for different fault conditions and system conditions is also modeled. This method brings out some unique problems that would be experienced by the distance relays due to some specific characteristics of the FACTS devices. Finally, the findings are confirmed by testing a commercial distance relay using a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). The results obtained by testing the commercial relay validate the analytical and simulation studies.
Software Architecture for Mobile Mixed Reality and 4D BIM Interaction

This article describes a software architecture for providing mobile user at the construction site with two-way real-time augmented reality access to 4D CAD and BIM information. The system covers all the components from content creation and positioning tools, through wireless data sharing and mobile interaction, up to augmented visualisation and feedback from the site. Special emphasis is placed on managing different model formats, linking them to 4D information, placing the models in geo coordinates, as well as managing data intensive building model information on thin mobile clients. We also discuss various interaction aspects, vision based and sensor based tracking methods, as well as tools for high-end architectural AR visualisation. The AR4BC project (Augmented Reality for Building and Construction) between VTT and industrial partners from the Finnish B&C sector aims to providing the mobile user at the construction site with direct two-way access to 3D CAD and 4D BIM information. The expected benefits for application users are photorealistic augmented visualisations of architectural plans, mobile access and feedback to digital building data during and after construction, improved communication, and increasingly versatile use of BIM models. This article describes the overall AR4BC software architecture, from content creation (4DStudio) and positioning tools (MapStudio) through onsite visualisation (OnSitePlayer) and wireless data sharing (OnSiteServer) up to mobile interaction and visualisation (OnSiteClient). Special emphasis is on authoring tools, i.e. managing different model formats, linking them to 4D information, placing the models in geo coordinates, as well as managing complex data intensive building model information on thin mobile clients. We also discuss model based tracking and other methods to match the camera view with the virtual model description of the building and its environment, visualisation and interaction tools, as well as the feedback mechanisms to be enabled; however these are still ongoing work and less detail will be given thereof. The remainder of the article is organized in a further four sections. In Section 2, we take a brief look at our previous work conducted in this area. In Section 3, an overview is provided of the current system architecture, extended in Section 4 into a more detailed description of the system’s implementation and its usage. Conclusions and items for future work are presented in Section 5.
An integrated framework for project portfolio selection

The task of selecting project portfolios is an important and recurring activity in many organizations. There are many techniques available to assist in this process, but no integrated framework for carrying it out. This paper simpli®es the project portfolio selection process by developing a framework which separates the work into distinct stages. Each stage accomplishes a particular objective and creates inputs to the next stage. At the same time, users are free to choose the techniques they ®nd the most suitable for each stage, or in some cases to omit or modify a stage if this will simplify and expedite the process. The framework may be implemented in the form of a decision support system, and a prototype system is described which supports many of the related decision making activities. # 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved
Motivations and Uses: Evaluating Virtual Reference Service from the Users' Perspective

The questions of whether chat reference service is beneficial enough to users to justify the costs of offering it, and how valuable it is to users in fulfilling their information needs, have been primary concerns for librarians providing the service, for library administrators managing the service, and for funding agencies paying for it. The present study combines a traditional evaluation of the user's satisfaction with the reference encounter, with details of the user's information use and the user's motivation for using the chat reference service. This evaluation study assesses the effectiveness of chat reference service in meeting users' information needs. © 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.
How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art: Abstract Expressionism, Freedom, and the Cold War

"A provocative interpretation of the political and cultural history of the early cold war years. . . . By insisting that art, even art of the avant-garde, is part of the general culture, not autonomous or above it, he forces us to think differently not only about art and art history but about society itself."-- "New York Times Book Review"
Prediction of stroke by self-measurement of blood pressure at home versus casual screening blood pressure measurement in relation to the Joint National Committee 7 classification: the Ohasama study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
To compare the predictive power of self-measured home blood pressure (HBP) and casual blood pressure (CBP) for stroke risk in relation to the Joint National Committee 7 (JNC-7) classification.


METHODS
HBP and CBP measurements were taken in 1702 subjects (> or =40 years) without a history of stroke, who were followed up for an average of 11 years. Subjects were classified into 4 groups on the basis of either HBP or CBP, according to the JNC-7 criteria: group 1 (HBP <115/75 mm Hg; CBP <120/80 mm Hg); group 2 (115/75< or =HBP<135/85 mm Hg; 120/80< or =CBP<140/90 mm Hg); group 3 (135/85< or =HBP<150/95 mm Hg; 140/90< or =CBP<160/100 mm Hg); and group 4 (HBP> or =150/95 mm Hg; CBP > or =160/100 mm Hg). Groups 2, 3, and 4 were further divided into 2 subgroups (a and b): those without and with cardiovascular disease risks, respectively. The risk of the first stroke in these groups was examined by the Cox hazards model adjusted for age and sex.


RESULTS
The stroke risk in groups 3b and 4b (defined by HBP and CBP) was 2 to 5x higher than that in group 1 with significant differences. The risk in groups 2a, 3a, and even 4a was not significantly different from that in group 1 by the CBP-based classification, but the risk in group 4a was significantly higher than that in group 1 by the HBP-based classification, which also showed a stepwise increase in risk from groups 2a to 4a.


CONCLUSIONS
The JNC-7 classification had a stronger predictive power using HBP-based classification compared with CBP-based classification, suggesting the usefulness of HBP in the management of hypertension.
Modelling user-phishing interaction

To protect users from phishing attacks system designers and security professionals need to understand how users interact with those attacks and be able to predict userspsila behaviours in a given situation. In this paper we introduce the first model to visualise user-phishing interaction. We present a method to accurately describe userspsila perceptions in a uniform and compact manner. Within the context of this model we have investigated: what exact mismatches may occur between perception and reality in an attack; how to detect those mismatches; and why users fail to do so. Using this model we also identify where the security tools/indicators are lacking, suggest new aspects for security evaluation for the user interface, and provide guidance on effective anti-phishing user education.
A Distributed Parameter Electromechanical Model for Cantilevered Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

Cantilevered beams with piezoceramic layers have been frequently used as piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters in the past five years. The literature includes several single degree-of-freedom models, a few approximate distributed parameter models and even some incorrect approaches for predicting the electromechanical behavior of these harvesters. In this paper, we present the exact analytical solution of a cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvester with Euler–Bernoulli beam assumptions. The excitation of the harvester is assumed to be due to its base motion in the form of translation in the transverse direction with small rotation, and it is not restricted to be harmonic in time. The resulting expressions for the coupled mechanical response and the electrical outputs are then reduced for the particular case of harmonic behavior in time and closed-form exact expressions are obtained. Simple expressions for the coupled mechanical response, voltage, current, and power outputs are also presented for excitations around the modal frequencies. Finally, the model proposed is used in a parametric case study for a unimorph harvester, and important characteristics of the coupled distributed parameter system, such as short circuit and open circuit behaviors, are investigated in detail. Modal electromechanical coupling and dependence of the electrical outputs on the locations of the electrodes are also discussed with examples. DOI: 10.1115/1.2890402