LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A novel CMOS low-noise amplifier design for 3.1- to 10.6-GHz ultra-wide-band wireless receivers

An ultra-wideband (UWB) 3.1- to 10.6-GHz low-noise amplifier (LNA) employing a common-gate stage for wideband input matching is presented in this paper. Designed in a commercial 0.18-mum 1.8-V standard RFCMOS technology, the proposed UWB LNA achieves fully on-chip circuit implementation, contributing to the realization of a single-chip CMOS UWB receiver. The proposed UWB LNA achieves 16.7plusmn0.8 dB power gain with a good input match (S11<-9 dB) over the 7500-MHz bandwidth (from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz), and an average noise figure of 4.0 dB, while drawing 18.4-mA dc biasing current from the 1.8-V power supply. A gain control mechanism is also introduced for the first time in the proposed design by varying the biasing current of the gain stage without influencing the other figures of merit of the circuit so as to accommodate the UWB LNA in various UWB wireless transmission systems with different link budgets
Effect of selenium supplementation on CD4+ T-cell recovery, viral suppression and morbidity of HIV-infected patients in Rwanda: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE
To examine the effect of selenium supplementation on CD4 T-cell counts, viral suppression, and time to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in ART-naive HIV-infected patients in Rwanda.


METHODS
A multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted. Eligible patients were HIV-infected adults (≥21 years) who had a CD4 cell count between 400 and 650 cells/μl (ART eligibility was ≤350 cells/μl throughout the trial), and were willing to practice barrier methods of birth control. Patients were randomized to receive once-daily 200 μg selenium tablets or identical placebo. They were followed for 24 months with assessments every 6 months. Declines in CD4 cell counts were modeled using linear regressions with generalized estimating equations and effect modification, and the composite outcome (ART eligible or ART initiation) using Cox proportional-hazards regression, both conducted with intention to treat.


RESULTS
Of the 300 participants, 149 received selenium, 202 (67%) were women, and median age was 33.5 years. The rate of CD4 depletion was reduced by 43.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.8-79.8% decrease] in the treatment arm - from mean 3.97 cells/μl per month to mean 2.23 cells/μl per month. We observed 96 composite outcome events - 45 (47%) in the treatment arm. We found no treatment effect for the composite outcome (hazard ratio 1.00, 95% CI 0.66-1.54) or viral suppression (odds ratio 1.18, 95% CI 0.71-1.94). The trial was underpowered for the composite outcome due to a lower-than-anticipated event rate. Adverse events were comparable throughout.


CONCLUSIONS
This randomized clinical trial demonstrated that 24-month selenium supplementation significantly reduces the rate of CD4 cell count decline among ART-naive patients.
Do hospitalists or physicians with greater inpatient HIV experience improve HIV care in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy? Results from a multicenter trial of academic hospitalists.

BACKGROUND
Little is known about the effect of provider type and experience on outcomes, resource use, and processes of care of hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Hospitalists are caring for this population with increasing frequency.


METHODS
Data from a natural experiment in which patients were assigned to physicians on the basis of call cycle was used to study the effects of provider type-that is, hospitalist versus nonhospitalist-and HIV-specific inpatient experience on resource use, outcomes, and selected measures of processes of care at 6 academic institutions. Administrative data, inpatient interviews, 30-day follow-up interviews, and the National Death Index were used to measure outcomes.


RESULTS
A total of 1207 patients were included in the analysis. There were few differences in resource use, outcomes, and processes of care by provider type and experience with HIV-infected inpatients. Patients who received hospitalist care demonstrated a trend toward increased length of hospital stay compared with patients who did not receive hospitalist care (6.0 days vs. 5.2 days; P = .13). Inpatient providers with moderate experience with HIV-infected patients were more likely to coordinate care with outpatient providers (odds ratio, 2.40; P = .05) than were those with the least experience with HIV-infected patients, but this pattern did not extend to providers with the highest level of experience.


CONCLUSION
Provider type and attending physician experience with HIV-infected inpatients had minimal effect on the quality of care of HIV-infected inpatients. Approaches other than provider experience, such as the use of multidisciplinary inpatient teams, may be better targets for future studies of the outcomes, processes of care, and resource use of HIV-infected inpatients.
Higher circulating adiponectin levels are associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation in older adults.

BACKGROUND
Adiponectin has cardioprotective properties, suggesting that lower levels seen in obesity and diabetes could heighten risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). Among older adults, however, higher adiponectin has been linked to greater incidence of adverse outcomes associated with AF, although recent reports have shown this association to be U-shaped. We postulated that higher adiponectin would be linked to increased risk for AF in older adults in a U-shaped manner.


METHODS
We examined the associations of total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin with incident AF among individuals free of prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) participating in a population-based cohort study of older adults (n=3190; age=74±5 years).


RESULTS
During median follow-up of 11.4 years, there were 886 incident AF events. Adjusted cubic splines showed a positive and linear association between adiponectin and incident AF. After adjusting for potential confounders, including amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide 1-76, the HR (95% CI) for AF per SD increase in total adiponectin was 1.14 (1.05 to 1.24), while that for HMW adiponectin was 1.17 (1.08 to 1.27). Additional adjustment for putative mediators, including subclinical CVD, diabetes, lipids and inflammation, did not significantly affect these estimates.


CONCLUSIONS
The present findings demonstrate that higher, not lower, levels of adiponectin are independently associated with increased risk of AF in older adults despite its documented cardiometabolic benefits. Additional work is necessary to determine if adiponectin is a marker of failed counter-regulatory pathways or whether this hormone is directly harmful in the setting of or as a result of advanced age.
A novel fuzzy logic approach to contrast enhancement

Contrast enhancement is one of the most important issues of image processing, pattern recognition and computer vision. The commonly used techniques for contrast enhancement fall into two categories: (1) indirect methods of contrast enhancement and (2) direct methods of contrast enhancement. Indirect approaches mainly modify histogram by assigning new values to the original intensity levels. Histogram speci"cation and histogram equalization are two popular indirect contrast enhancement methods. However, histogram modi"cation technique only stretches the global distribution of the intensity. The basic idea of direct contrast enhancement methods is to establish a criterion of contrast measurement and to enhance the image by improving the contrast measure. The contrast can be measured globally and locally. It is more reasonable to de"ne a local contrast when an image contains textual information. Fuzzy logic has been found many applications in image processing, pattern recognition, etc. Fuzzy set theory is a useful tool for handling the uncertainty in the images associated with vagueness and/or imprecision. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive direct fuzzy contrast enhancement method based on the fuzzy entropy principle and fuzzy set theory. We have conducted experiments on many images. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is very e!ective in contrast enhancement as well as in preventing over-enhancement. ( 2000 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Whose Vote Should Count More: Optimal Integration of Labels from Labelers of Unknown Expertise

Modern machine learning-based approaches to computer vision require very large databases of hand labeled images. Some contemporary vision systems already require on the order of millions of images for training (e.g., Omron face detector [9]). New Internet-based services allow for a large number of labelers to collaborate around the world at very low cost. However, using these services brings interesting theoretical and practical challenges: (1) The labelers may have wide ranging levels of expertise which are unknown a priori, and in some cases may be adversarial; (2) images may vary in their level of difficulty; and (3) multiple labels for the same image must be combined to provide an estimate of the actual label of the image. Probabilistic approaches provide a principled way to approach these problems. In this paper we present a probabilistic model and use it to simultaneously infer the label of each image, the expertise of each labeler, and the difficulty of each image. On both simulated and real data, we demonstrate that the model outperforms the commonly used “Majority Vote” heuristic for inferring image labels, and is robust to both noisy and adversarial labelers.
Impact of 12h shift patterns in nursing: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVES
To provide a comprehensive scoping review of evidence of the impact and effectiveness of 12h shifts in the international nursing literature, supplemented by a review of evidence in other, non-nursing related industries.


DATA SOURCES
A search of the academic literature was undertaken in electronic databases (AMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychInfo, Scopus, HMIC, the Cochrane Library, Business Source Premier, Econ Lit, ASSIA and Social Policy and Practice).


REVIEW METHODS
A total of 158 potentially relevant nursing research papers and reviews were published between 1973 and 2014. Two reviewers independently reviewed the articles, leaving 85 primary research studies and 10 review papers in the nursing field to be included in the scoping review. Thirty-one relevant primary research papers and reviews were also identified in the non-nursing related industries literature.


RESULTS
Research into 12h nursing shifts fell within five broad themes: 'risks to patients', 'patient experience', 'risks to staff', 'staff experience' and 'impact on the organisation of work'. There was inconclusive evidence of the effects of 12h shift patterns in all five themes, with some studies demonstrating positive impacts and others negative or no impacts. This also mirrors the evidence in other, non-nursing related industries. The quality of research reviewed is generally weak and most studies focus on the risks, experience and work/life balance for staff, with few addressing the impact on patient outcomes and experience of care or work productivity.


CONCLUSIONS
There is insufficient evidence to justify the widespread implementation or withdrawal of 12h shifts in nursing. It is not clearly understood where there are real benefits and where there are real and unacceptable risks to patients and staff. More research focusing on the impact of 12h nursing shifts on patient safety and experience of care and on the long term impact on staff and work organisation is required.
SIM: A C++ Library for Discrete Event Simulation

In this report we give a full description of sim, a C++ library for discrete event simulation. The sim library supports both an event and process-oriented approach to developing simulations. Events as well as entities (which may be considered as events with states signifying episodes in its lifetime) are provided as abstract classes that must be reened by the application programmer to deene the actual events and entities participating in the simulation. The sim library is integrated with the hush library, thus ooering powerful graphic and animation facilities. However, the sim library may also be used independently, on both Unix and MS-Dos platforms. This report presents an overview of the classes constituting the sim library (including the classes event, entity, generator, resource, queue, histogram and analysis) as well as two standard examples illustrating the deployment of the classes in writing simulation programs. Also, an example is given of how to create a graphical animation of a particular simulation. The appendix contains, moreover, a more extensive example of a jobshop simulation illustrating how the analysis class may be used to obtain measurements of complex queing behavior.
PET and SPECT in epilepsy: A critical review

Molecular imaging with ictal and interictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) as well as positron emission tomography (PET) rank among the established functional imaging tests for the presurgical evaluation of epileptic onset zone in patients with intractable partial epilepsy. In temporal lobe epilepsy the sensitivity of these methods was shown to be excellent, in particular if a multimodal platform is used, which combines the functional imaging with the additional morphological information of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but was lower in extra temporal lobe epilepsy. Functional imaging with SPECT and PET reflects seizure related changes of cerebral perfusion, glucose-metabolism and neuroreceptor status. In this review the usefulness of SPECT and PET imaging in clinical routine in epilepsy as well as the role of different neuroreceptor PET-tracer, which were used in epilepsy are discussed. The use of perfusion SPECT tracer allows the investigation of ictal activations, but the low temporal resolution of ictal perfusion SPECT often results in the detection of both the ictal onset zone as well as the propagation pathways, an area that has not always need to be resected in order to render a patient seizure free. The additional use of interictal PET with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose which measures regional cerebral metabolism or interictal perfusion SPECT enhance the informational value of ictal SPECT and were shown to be important tools to better define the ictal onset and surround inhibition zones. In recent years PET imaging of different cerebral neuroreceptor-systems inter alia GABA(A) receptors, serotonin receptors (5-HT(1A)), opioid receptors as well as dopamine receptors was used to investigate the neurochemical basis of epilepsy, the role of these neurotransmitters for the epileptogenesis as well as the spread of epileptic activity during seizures and partially entered in clinical routine. Currently some of these radioligands are also used to investigate new treatment approaches.
More Than Just a Lock in the Browser: A Global Consumer-Company Transaction Security Perspective

The views about the security in B2C e-commerce often point to a particular aspect. The role and the real value of these matters can be understood only from a broad perspective. This paper examines the security as a global problem that it is a first order concern for consumers and companies.
Lung Cancer Occurrence in Never-Smokers: An Analysis of 13 Cohorts and 22 Cancer Registry Studies 

BACKGROUND
Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions.


METHODS AND FINDINGS
We pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death rates among self-reported never-smokers from 13 large cohort studies, representing over 630,000 and 1.8 million persons for incidence and mortality, respectively. We also abstracted population-based data for women from 22 cancer registries and ten countries in time periods and geographic regions where few women smoked. Our main findings were: (1) Men had higher death rates from lung cancer than women in all age and racial groups studied; (2) male and female incidence rates were similar when standardized across all ages 40+ y, albeit with some variation by age; (3) African Americans and Asians living in Korea and Japan (but not in the US) had higher death rates from lung cancer than individuals of European descent; (4) no temporal trends were seen when comparing incidence and death rates among US women age 40-69 y during the 1930s to contemporary populations where few women smoke, or in temporal comparisons of never-smokers in two large American Cancer Society cohorts from 1959 to 2004; and (5) lung cancer incidence rates were higher and more variable among women in East Asia than in other geographic areas with low female smoking.


CONCLUSIONS
These comprehensive analyses support claims that the death rate from lung cancer among never-smokers is higher in men than in women, and in African Americans and Asians residing in Asia than in individuals of European descent, but contradict assertions that risk is increasing or that women have a higher incidence rate than men. Further research is needed on the high and variable lung cancer rates among women in Pacific Rim countries.
Graph Minors for Preserving Terminal Distances Approximately - Lower and Upper Bounds

Given a graph where vertices are partitioned into k terminals and non-terminals, the goal is to compress the graph (i.e., reduce the number of non-terminals) using minor operations while preserving terminal distances approximately. The distortion of a compressed graph is the maximum multiplicative blow-up of distances between all pairs of terminals. We study the trade-off between the number of non-terminals and the distortion. This problem generalizes the Steiner Point Removal (SPR) problem, in which all non-terminals must be removed. We introduce a novel black-box reduction to convert any lower bound on distortion for the SPR problem into a super-linear lower bound on the number of non-terminals, with the same distortion, for our problem. This allows us to show that there exist graphs such that every minor with distortion less than 2 / 2.5 / 3 must have Ω(k2) / Ω(k5/4) / Ω(k6/5) non-terminals, plus more trade-offs in between. The black-box reduction has an interesting consequence: if the tight lower bound on distortion for the SPR problem is super-constant, then allowing any O(k) non-terminals will not help improving the lower bound to a constant. We also build on the existing results on spanners, distance oracles and connected 0-extensions to show a number of upper bounds for general graphs, planar graphs, graphs that exclude a fixed minor and bounded treewidth graphs. Among others, we show that any graph admits a minor with O(log k) distortion and O(k2) non-terminals, and any planar graph admits a minor with 1 + ε distortion and Õ((k/ε)2) non-terminals. 1998 ACM Subject Classification G.2.2 Graph Theory
Text Classification Using Association Rules, Dependency Pruning and Hyperonymization

We present new methods for pruning and enhancing itemsets for text classification via association rule mining. Pruning methods are based on dependency syntax and enhancing methods are based on replacing words by their hyperonyms of various orders. We discuss the impact of these methods, compared to pruning based on tfidf rank of words.
Magneto-Acoustic Resonator for Aquatic Animal Tracking

Over the past three decades, passive acoustic telemetry has significantly helped marine scientist to study and understand the spatial ecology, migratory behaviors, and mortality rates of aquatic animals. A popular telemetry system consists of two components: an acoustic transmitter tag attached to an aquatic animal and powered by a small battery, and a stationary station that receives the acoustic signals from the tagged animal and determines its location. The added weight and increased size of the tag introduced by the battery limit the implementation of this system to relatively large animals. Moreover, these tags have a limited operational time determined by the lifetime of the battery in combination with the measurement frequency and data resolution and transfer rate. In this paper, a self-powered magneto-acoustic resonator for animal tracking is proposed. It is achieved by utilizing the low-frequency motions of the animals to excite high-frequency acoustic pulses. The measurement results show that the device is capable of producing an average acoustic sound of 55 dB sound pressure level at 1 m of distance with a resonant frequency of 15 kHz.
Catching a draft: on the process of selecting quarterbacks in the National Football League amateur draft

The reverse order college draft gives the worst teams in the National Football League (NFL) the opportunity to hire the best amateur talent. For it to work effectively, teams must be able to identify the ‘‘best’’ talent. Our study of NFL quarterbacks highlights problems with the draft process. We find only a weak correlation between teams’ evaluations on draft day and subsequent quarterback performance in the NFL. Moreover, many of the factors that enhance a quarterback’s draft position are unrelated to future NFL performance. Our analysis highlights the difficulties in evaluating workers in the uncertain environment of professional sports.
Denoising Distantly Supervised Open-Domain Question Answering

Careful Reading Fast Skimming p1: As the capital of Ireland, Dublin is ... p3: Dublin is the capital of Ireland. Besides, Dublin is one of famous tourist cities in Ireland and ... p1: As the capital of Ireland, Dublin is ... p3: Dublin is the capital of Ireland. Besides, Ottawa is one of famous tourist cities in Ireland and ... Paragraph Selector Paragraph Reader P(pi |q,P) P(a|q,pi ) P(a|q,P)= P(a|q,pi )P(pi |q,P) pi∈P ∑ Question:
Use of modified cornstarch therapy to extend fasting in glycogen storage disease types Ia and Ib.

BACKGROUND
Type I glycogen storage disease (GSD) is caused by a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase resulting in severe fasting hypoglycemia.


OBJECTIVE
We compared the efficacy of a new modified starch with the currently used cornstarch therapy in patients with type Ia and Ib GSD.


DESIGN
This was a randomized, 2-d, double-blinded, crossover pilot study comparing the commonly used uncooked cornstarch with the experimental starch in 12 subjects (6 GSDIa, 6 GSDIb) aged >or=13 y. At 2200, the subjects were given 100 g of digestible starch, and glucose and lactate were measured hourly until the subject's plasma glucose concentration reached 60 mg/dL or until the subject had fasted for 10 h. The order in which the products were tested was randomized in a blinded fashion.


RESULTS
The matched-pair Gehan rank test for censored survival was used to compare the therapies. The experimental starch maintained blood glucose concentrations significantly longer than did the traditional therapy (P = 0.013) in the 2-sided analysis. Most of the benefit was found to be after glucose concentrations fell below 70 mg/dL. The currently used cornstarch resulted in higher peak glucose concentrations and a more rapid rate of fall than did the new starch.


CONCLUSIONS
The experimental starch was superior to standard therapy in preventing hypoglycemia (<or=60 mg/dL). This therapy may allow patients with GSD to sleep through the night without awakening for therapy while enhancing safety. Additional studies are warranted to determine whether alternative dosing will further improve control in the therapeutic blood glucose range.