LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Multi-source learning for joint analysis of incomplete multi-modality neuroimaging data

Incomplete data present serious problems when integrating large-scale brain imaging data sets from different imaging modalities. In the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), for example, over half of the subjects lack cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measurements; an independent half of the subjects do not have fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scans; many lack proteomics measurements. Traditionally, subjects with missing measures are discarded, resulting in a severe loss of available information. We address this problem by proposing two novel learning methods where all the samples (with at least one available data source) can be used. In the first method, we divide our samples according to the availability of data sources, and we learn shared sets of features with state-of-the-art sparse learning methods. Our second method learns a base classifier for each data source independently, based on which we represent each source using a single column of prediction scores; we then estimate the missing prediction scores, which, combined with the existing prediction scores, are used to build a multi-source fusion model. To illustrate the proposed approaches, we classify patients from the ADNI study into groups with Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal controls, based on the multi-modality data. At baseline, ADNI's 780 participants (172 AD, 397 MCI, 211 Normal), have at least one of four data types: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), FDG-PET, CSF and proteomics. These data are used to test our algorithms. Comprehensive experiments show that our proposed methods yield stable and promising results.
Test of Attention : Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population

OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data on the Brief Test of Attention (BTA) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, Honduras, Chile, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Bolivia. Each subject was administered the BTA as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models explained between 11–41% of the variance in BTA scores. Although men had higher scores on the BTA in Honduras, there were no other significant gender differences, and this one effect size was small. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in Latin America to create norms for the BTA; this study will have an impact on the future practice of neuropsychology throughout Latin America.
Structural scaling and functional design of the cercal wind-receptor hairs of cricket

We have estimated the intrinsic mechanical parameters of cricket cercal wind-receptor hairs. The hairs were modeled as an inverted pendulum, and mechanical parameters of the equation of motion were determined from data given by a systematic measurement of mobility by the least-square error method. The theoretical torque which turns the hair shaft is given by the drag force due to the moving air. The drag force is given by the method of Stokes' mechanical impedance of an oscillating cylinder in viscous fluid. The effect of the boundary layer in which air is stagnating on the substrate surface is also taken into account. The moment of inertia of a hair shaft shows a clear length dependency to the power of 4.32 of the hair length. The torsional resistance within the hair base and the stiffness of hair-supporting spring also show clear length dependencies to the power of 2.77 and 1.67, respectively. The torsional resistance within the hair base is so large that the hair is a strongly damped non-oscillatory second-order system. The large resistance within the hair base represents an efficient energy absorption by the sensory cell. The resistance seems to match with the source impedance, i.e., the frictional resistance at the site of air-hair contact. The impedance matching provides the condition of maximum power transmission from the moving air to the sensory cell. Structural scaling is discussed in relation to the functional scaling of the frequency-range fractionation of the mechanical filter array with a common biological design.
Abnormal wave propagation in passive media

Abnormal velocities in passive structures such as one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystals and a slab having a negative index of refraction are discussed. In the case of 1-D photonic crystal, the frequencyand time-domain experiments for waves tuned to the bandgap of the photonic crystal demonstrate a positive group velocity exceeding the speed of light in vacuum (superluminal). In the case of a medium with negative index of refraction, our theoretical studies show that such a medium can support positive group and negative phase velocities (backward waves), as well as negative group and negative phase velocities. The meaning of superluminal group velocity and negative group velocity, or equally, positive superluminal group delay and negative group delay, are discussed. It is shown that despite their counterintuitive meaning there are no contradictions with the requirements of relativistic causality (Einstein causality). To clearly demonstrate this, the important subject of the “front” is reintroduced.
DISCRETE DUALITY FINITE VOLUME SCHEMES FOR DOUBLY NONLINEAR DEGENERATE HYPERBOLIC-PARABOLIC EQUATIONS

We consider a class of doubly nonlinear degenerate hyperbolicparabolic equations with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, for which we first establish the existence and uniqueness of entropy solutions. We then turn to the construction and analysis of discrete duality finite volume schemes (in the spirit of Domelevo and Omnès [41]) for these problems in two and three spatial dimensions. We derive a series of discrete duality formulas and entropy dissipation inequalities for the schemes. We establish the existence of solutions to the discrete problems, and prove that sequences of approximate solutions generated by the discrete duality finite volume schemes converge strongly to the entropy solution of the continuous problem. The proof revolves around some basic a priori estimates, the discrete duality features, Minty-Browder type arguments, and “hyperbolic” L∞ weak-⋆ compactness arguments (i.e., propagation of compactness along the lines of Tartar, DiPerna, . . . ). Our results cover the case of non-Lipschitz nonlinearities.
Hierarchy, Commerce, and Fraud in Bourbon Spanish America

In this discussion on 18th century Spanish America, Ruth Hill argues for a richer, more nuanced understanding of the relationship between Spain and its western colonies, then crafts a complex argument for reassessing our understanding of race and class distinctions at the time, with enormous implications for how we view conceptions of race and class today.
Least-squares orthogonal distances fitting of circle, sphere, ellipse, hyperbola, and parabola

The least-squares "tting minimizes the squares sum of error-of-"t in prede"ned measures. By the geometric "tting, the error distances are de"ned with the orthogonal, or shortest, distances from the given points to the geometric feature to be "tted. For the geometric "tting of circle/sphere/ellipse/hyperbola/parabola, simple and robust nonparametric algorithms are proposed. These are based on the coordinate description of the corresponding point on the geometric feature for the given point, where the connecting line of the two points is the shortest path from the given point to the geometric feature to be "tted. 2001 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Progress Report on the ACM Guide to Computing Literature

i, INTRODUCTION The ACM Guide to Computing Literature (colloquially called Guide YY) is an important reference tool. Published annually, Guide contains thousands of bibliographic citations and numerous indexes covering a given year (Guide 19YY covers the computing literature appearing in year 19YY}. It complements but is significantly different from Computing Reviews (CR). Any item that has been reviewed in CR is automatically included in Guide together with a pointer to the review, but Guide includes listings of about seven times as many items as are reviewed in CR. In summary, to be described in more detail later, Guide provides literature citations while CR provides literature reviews. Today, we are in the position of just publishing Guide 81. The reasons for this delay are discussed in Section 2. In June 1983, the ACM Publications Board asked for a plan to restore Guide to a timely schedule and show the financial implications. We developed this plan during the summer of 1983 and submitted it to the Publications Board at its October 1983 meeting. They accepted the plan, as did the ACM Executive Committee. The Editor-in-Chief of Communications, who felt that Guide is not well-known or understood by the ACM
Physiological and morphological characteristics of chickpea accessions under low temperature stress

Economically important crop chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is sensitive to chilling stress, and breeding for chilling tolerance is the economic option even in countries with a high risk for drought and heat stresses. In this study, we have analyzed chilling-induced responses of ten chickpea accessions under field and growth-chamber conditions in order to screen, using phenotypic and physiological methods, for chilling tolerance. The field data analysis revealed that there were significant differences between accessions in their cold tolerance. The percent survival and cold-tolerance scores were the most important indices describing genotype tolerance to low temperature under field conditions; they can be used to assess chickpea cold tolerance. During environmentally controlled testing, the effects of low temperature regimes (−10°C for 15 and 30 min) were studied and cold tolerance was measured by electrolyte leakage from damaged leaves. The analysis of field data and cold treatments showed that two accessions, Sel 95Th1716 and Sel 96Th11439, grouped in one cluster, are good cold-tolerant genotypes (showing low scores for cold tolerance and electrolyte leakage). In comparison with ILC 8262, released as cold-tolerant accession, these genotypes showed more tolerance. Flip 00-6C, ILC 533, and Jam were less tolerant to cold stress. Thus, we have shown that as well as field studies, short-term cold treatment and electrolyte leakage assay can be used to evaluate low temperature tolerance of chickpea profitably in a short time.
Cross-domain activity recognition via transfer learning

In activity recognition, one major challenge is how to reduce the labeling effort one needs to make when recognizing a new set of activities. In this paper, we analyze the possibility of transferring knowledge from the available labeled data on a set of existing activities in one domain to help recognize the activities in another different but related domain. We found that such a knowledge transfer process is possible, provided that the recognized activities from the two domains are related in some way. We develop a bridge between the activities in two domains by learning a similarity function via Web search, under the condition that the sensor readings are from the same feature space. Based on the learned similarity measure, our algorithm interprets the data from the source domain as ‘‘pseudo training data’’ in the target domain with different confidence levels, which are in turn fed into supervised learning algorithms for training the classifier. We show that after using this transfer learning approach, the performance of activity recognition in the new domain is increased several fold as compared to when no knowledge transfer is done. Our algorithm is evaluated on several real-world datasets to demonstrate its effectiveness. In the experiments, our algorithm could achieve a 60% accuracy most of the time with no or very few training data in the target domain, which easily outperforms the supervised learning methods. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Invasive meningococcal disease epidemiology and control measures: a framework for evaluation

BACKGROUND
Meningococcal disease can have devastating consequences. As new vaccines emerge, it is necessary to assess their impact on public health. In the absence of long-term real world data, modeling the effects of different vaccination strategies is required. Discrete event simulation provides a flexible platform with which to conduct such evaluations.


METHODS
A discrete event simulation of the epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease was developed to quantify the potential impact of implementing routine vaccination of adolescents in the United States with a quadrivalent conjugate vaccine protecting against serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135. The impact of vaccination is assessed including both the direct effects on individuals vaccinated and the indirect effects resulting from herd immunity. The simulation integrates a variety of epidemiologic and demographic data, with core information on the incidence of invasive meningococcal disease and outbreak frequency derived from data available through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Simulation of the potential indirect benefits of vaccination resulting from herd immunity draw on data from the United Kingdom, where routine vaccination with a conjugate vaccine has been in place for a number of years. Cases of disease are modeled along with their health consequences, as are the occurrence of disease outbreaks.


RESULTS
When run without a strategy of routine immunization, the simulation accurately predicts the age-specific incidence of invasive meningococcal disease and the site-specific frequency of outbreaks in the Unite States. 2,807 cases are predicted annually, resulting in over 14,000 potential life years lost due to invasive disease. In base case analyses of routine vaccination, life years lost due to infection are reduced by over 45% (to 7,600) when routinely vaccinating adolescents 12 years of age at 70% coverage. Sensitivity analyses indicate that herd immunity plays an important role when this population is targeted for vaccination. While 1,100 cases are avoided annually when herd immunity effects are included, in the absence of any herd immunity, the number of cases avoided with routine vaccination falls to 380 annually. The duration of vaccine protection also strongly influences results.


CONCLUSION
In the absence of appropriate real world data on outcomes associated with large-scale vaccination programs, decisions on optimal immunization strategies can be aided by discrete events simulations such as the one described here. Given the importance of herd immunity on outcomes associated with routine vaccination, published estimates of the economic efficiency of routine vaccination with a quadrivalent conjugate vaccine in the United States may have considerably underestimated the benefits associated with a policy of routine immunization of adolescents.
Stochastic dynamic programming control policies for fuel efficient in-traffic driving

This paper demonstrates a methodology, based on stochastic dynamic programming, for developing a control policy that prescribes vehicle speed to minimize on average a weighted sum of fuel consumption and travel time, while travelling along the same route or a set of routes in a given geographic area. Given the current road grade, traffic speed and vehicle speed, the control policy prescribes an offset in vehicle speed relative to current traffic speed, which when added to the predicted value of traffic speed, gives a vehicle speed set point for an adaptive cruise control system. It is shown that transition probability matrices necessary to generate the control policy can be constructed from gathered data. A virtual testing environment based on CarSim is used for simulations that can effectively handle vehicle following and adaptive cruise control scenarios. Comparative fuel savings are shown to depend on time of travel (off-peak hours or rush hour) and traffic assumptions.
On the Capacity of Face Representation

Face recognition is a widely used technology with numerous large-scale applications, such as surveillance, social media and law enforcement. There has been tremendous progress in face recognition accuracy over the past few decades, much of which can be attributed to deep learning based approaches during the last five years. Indeed, automated face recognition systems are now believed to surpass human performance in some scenarios. Despite this progress, a crucial question still remains unanswered: given a face representation, how many identities can it resolve? In other words, what is the capacity of the face representation? A scientific basis for estimating the capacity of a given face representation will not only benefit the evaluation and comparison of different face representation methods, but will also establish an upper bound on the scalability of an automatic face recognition system. We cast the face capacity estimation problem under the information theoretic framework of capacity of a Gaussian noise channel. By explicitly accounting for two sources of representational noise: epistemic (model) uncertainty and aleatoric (data) variability, our approach is able to estimate the capacity of any given face representation. To demonstrate the efficacy of our approach, we estimate the capacity of a 128-dimensional deep neural network based face representation, FaceNet [1], and that of the classical Eigenfaces [2] representation of the same dimensionality. Our numerical experiments on unconstrained faces indicate that, (a) our capacity estimation model yields a capacity upper bound of 5.8×108 for FaceNet and 1×100 for Eigenface representation at a false acceptance rate (FAR) of 1%, (b) the capacity of the face representation reduces drastically as you lower the desired FAR (for FaceNet representation; the capacity at FAR of 0.1% and 0.001% is 2.4×106 and 7.0×102, respectively), and (c) the empirical performance of the FaceNet representation is significantly below the theoretical limit.
A collaborative optimization approach to design and deployment of a space based infrared system constellation

—Collaborative optimization, as a design architecture, has been used successfully in solving large-scale multidisciplinary optimization problems related to aircraft and space vehicle designs. The study presented in this paper attempts to demonstrate yet another application for this architecture, i.e., to satellite constellation designs. As an example, it is implemented for the design and deployment problem of a space based infrared system placed at low earth orbit. Preliminary results on a simplified problem are presented as a proof-of-concept. The constellation configuration is fixed to be a 28/4/2 Walker delta pattern (four planes with seven satellites per plane and relative phasing of two). The mission orbit, spacecraft design, and deployment strategy are varied to determine the optimal system (i.e., one with the minimum cost to deployment). Problem reformulation required by the collaborative optimization architecture and some implementation issues are discussed. The three analysis tools used in this study are also described in this paper. The constellation design module finds orbit parameters and constellation configurations that satisfy the coverage requirements. The spacecraft model performs the payload and bus design. Finally, the launch manifest module finds the best strategy, in terms of total launch cost, to deploy the constellation system.
Metrology in Medicine: From Measurements to Decision, with Specific Reference to Anesthesia and Intensive Care

Metrology is the science of measurements. Although of critical importance in medicine and especially in critical care, frequent confusion in terms and definitions impact either interphysician communications or understanding of manufacturers' and engineers' instructions and limitations when using devices. In this review, we first list the terms defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures regarding quantities and units, measurements, devices for measurement, properties of measuring devices, and measurement standards. The traditional tools for assessing the most important measurement quality criteria are also reviewed with clinical examples for diagnosis, alarm, and titration purposes, as well as for assessing the uncertainty of reference methods.
Feasibility of Transseptal Puncture Using a Nonfluoroscopic Catheter Tracking System.

BACKGROUND
Radiation exposure in the electrophysiology lab is a major occupational hazard to the electrophysiologists. A catheter localization system (MediGuide Technology, St. Jude Medical Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA) allows the integration of electroanatomical mapping and x-ray imaging, and has been shown to be effective in reducing radiation exposure during several electrophysiological procedures. We intended to evaluate the feasibility of this catheter tracking system to guide transseptal (TS) access.


METHODS
The feasibility of performing TS puncture with MediGuide (MDG) was assessed in a prospective observational study in 16 patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. These patients were compared to 16 matched patients undergoing similar procedures during the same time frame using conventional approach. There were no differences in mean age, gender distribution, and body mass index between the two groups. Total duration of fluoroscopic exposure during TS puncture was compared between the two groups.


RESULTS
All patients underwent successful TS puncture. Fluoroscopy time for double TS puncture using the MDG system was significantly lower than the control group (0.48 ± 0.17 minutes vs. 5.9 ± 0.65 minutes; P < 0.0001). No major complications occurred during the procedures in either group.


CONCLUSIONS
TS puncture can be successfully performed using MDG, and results in significant reduction in radiation exposure.