LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
On the economics and politics of refugee migration

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of refugee migration, with emphasis on the current refugee crisis. After first reviewing the institutional framework laid out by the Geneva Convention for Refugees, we demonstrate that, despite numerous attempts at developing a common European asylum policy, EU countries continue to differ widely in interpretation and implementation. We then describe key features of the current refugee crisis and document the overall magnitudes and types of refugee movements, illegal border crossings, and asylum applications to EU member states. We next turn to the economics of refugee migrations, contrasting economic and refugee migrants, discussing the trade-offs between long-term asylum and temporary protection, and highlighting the economic advantages of increasingly coordinating the different national asylum policies. Finally, we illustrate the economic integration of past refugee migrants to EU countries and conclude with several policy recommendations. JEL-Codes: F220, J150, J610.
Variation in Catechol-<ce:italic>O</ce:italic>-Methyltransferase Is Associated with Duloxetine Response in a Clinical Trial for Major Depressive Disorder

BACKGROUND
The study objective was to evaluate variations in genes implicated in antidepressant mechanism of action for association with response to duloxetine treatment in major depressive disorder (MDD).


METHODS
We assessed response over 6 weeks in 250 duloxetine-treated Caucasian patients in a randomized, double-blind study of patients with MDD. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 19 candidate genes selected based on evidence for involvement in antidepressant mechanism of action. Primary analysis examined baseline to end point reduction in the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD17) total score, using a set-based test for association for each gene. Follow-up analyses examined individual SNPs within any significant gene for association with reduction in HAMD17 and 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C-30).


RESULTS
After correction for multiple comparisons, only COMT was associated with change in HAMD17 (experiment wide p = .018). Peak association was detected with rs165599 (p = .006), which accounted for approximately 3% of variance in HAMD17 change and >4% of variance in IDS-C-30 change (p = .001). The least-squared mean change (SE) in HAMD17 score by rs165599 genotype was -10.8 (1.2), -8.7 (.6), and -6.5 (.7) for patients with GG, GA, and AA genotypes, respectively. For SNPs in serotonin 2A receptor (HTR2A) previously associated with citalopram response, including rs7997012, no significant evidence of association with duloxetine response was identified.


CONCLUSIONS
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in COMT were associated with symptom change in duloxetine-treated patients with MDD. If replicated, the magnitude of the COMT genotype effect is of clinical relevance.
An acceleration model for lead-free (SAC) solder joint reliability under thermal cycling

The electronics industry has successfully transitioned from Sn/Pb to Pb free (LF) solder for computing and consumer electronics applications. However, there is no industry-wide standardized LF solder joint reliability model (neither empirical nor FEA-based) available for solder fatigue reliability assessment. A LF solder fatigue model has been proposed in this paper based on a 3-parameter modified Coffin-Manson approach. The proposed model showed best fit to the experimental data (17 pairs of temperature cycle test data) from different sources for multiple package types and sizes including various test conditions. The model fit to the experimental data was excellent and the error was less than 6%. This analysis showed that the LF acceleration factor (AF) model is not significantly different from the Sn/Pb model and proposed model provides best fit to experimental results.
CROSS-CULTURAL VALIDATION OF THE PORTUGUESE VERSION OF THE EDUCATIONAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT TOOL (PortENAT).

OBJECTIVES
To undertake a cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the educational needs assessment tool (ENAT) into Portuguese.


METHODS
The first phase of this research (cross-cultural adaptation) utilised a well-established translation method comprising five sequential steps: forward-translation, synthesis of translations, back-translation, expert committee and field-testing of the adapted version. The second phase involved collecting data from 123 patients and subjecting them to Rasch analysis for validity testing including cross-cultural invariance.


RESULTS
The translation and field-testing phase went smoothly giving rise to minor adjustments in the phrasing of some items. The preliminary analysis of the 39 items, revealed some deviations from the model with the overall item-person interaction fit statistics 2(df) = 56.025 (39), p = 0.038. Significant item-item correlations caused artificial inflation of the internal consistency, therefore violating the model assumption of local independence of items. To correct this, all locally dependent items were then grouped into their respective domains, creating a 7 testlet-scale which demonstrated a good fit to the Rasch model, 2(df) = 2.625 (7), p = 0.917 and internal consistency PSI = 0.975. Analysis of the pooled (Portuguese and the English) data revealed cross-cultural DIF, requiring adjustments in two testlets: 'treatments' and 'support' which ensured cross-cultural equivalence.


CONCLUSIONS
This study confirms the Portuguese ENAT is a robust unidimensional tool with which to assess the educational needs of Portuguese people with RA. Cross-cultural adjustments are required only if the data from Portugal and the UK are pooled or compared. The tool is now available for use in clinical practice and research.
Lidar Remote Sensing for Forestry and Terrestrial Applications

Remote sensing has facilitated extraordinary advances in modeling, mapping, and the understanding of ecosystems. Applications of remote sensing involve either images from passive optical systems, such as Aerial Photography and the Landsat Thematic Mapper, or, active Radar sensors such as RADARSAT. These types of remote sensors have proven to be satisfactory for many forest applications, such as mapping and classifying land cover into specific classes and, in some biomes, estimating aboveground biomass and Leaf Area Index (LAI). However, conventional sensors have significant limitations for ecological and forest applications. The sensitivity and accuracy of these devices have repeatedly been shown to fall with increasing aboveground biomass and LAI. They are also limited in their ability to represent the spatial patterns. They produce only two-dimensional (x & y) images, which cannot fully represent the three dimensional structure of the forest canopy. Ecologists have long understood that the presence of specific organisms and the overall richness of wildlife communities can be highly dependent on the threedimensional spatial pattern of vegetation. Individual bird species, in particular, are often associated with specific three dimensional features in riparian forests. Additionally, aspects of forests, such as productivity, may be related to forest canopy structure. Lidar (light detecting and ranging) is an alternative remote sensing technology that promises to both increase the accuracy of biophysical measurements and extend spatial analysis into the third dimension (z). Lidar sensors directly measure the three-dimensional distribution of forest canopies as well as sub-canopy topography, therefore providing high resolution topographic maps and highly accurate estimates of tree height, 100 Alireza Faridhouseini et al cover, and canopy structure. In addition, lidar has been shown to accurately estimate LAI and aboveground biomass, even in those high biomass ecosystems, where passive optical and active radar sensors typically fail to do so. Estimation of forest structural attributes, such as LAI, is an important step in identifying the amount of water use in forest areas.
Head-Mounted Display Systems

Real-time three-dimensional (3D) interactive displays refer to display devices servo to the line of sight of a user, allowing not only free head motion, but also potentially and importantly full body mobility. Ideally, one could wish for such capability to exist without the need to wear any view-aided device. However, unless a display system could be created in space, anywhere and anytime, a simple solution is to wear the display. Such displays are today rather referred to as head-worn displays, but historically they have been referred to as head-mounted displays (HMDs). Because humans have not evolved to wear heavy devices, the challenge of interfacing such displays to the human head is tremendous, given that the challenge is to design HMDs with lightweight optics as well as lightweight and ergonomic optomechanical headsets. Because some of the display specifications play against each other in achieving a lightweight and ergonomic display, it is critical to drive such display design with targeted applications and associated tasks that will help prioritizing the display requirements. This entry starts with a historical note and a perspective on contemporary pursuits in HMD designs. The main focus then shifts to details of the various components of HMDs, including the light source, various approaches to the optical design, and key aspects of the user interface. We then briefly review existing displays for both immersion and mixed reality. The final part discusses advanced pursuit in HMD designs.
Specialising Word Vectors for Lexical Entailment

We present LEAR (Lexical Entailment AttractRepel), a novel post-processing method that transforms any input word vector space to emphasise the asymmetric relation of lexical entailment (LE), also known as the IS-A or hyponymy-hypernymy relation. By injecting external linguistic constraints (e.g., WordNet links) into the initial vector space, the LE specialisation procedure brings true hyponymyhypernymy pairs closer together in the transformed Euclidean space. The proposed asymmetric distance measure adjusts the norms of word vectors to reflect the actual WordNetstyle hierarchy of concepts. Simultaneously, a joint objective enforces semantic similarity using the symmetric cosine distance, yielding a vector space specialised for both lexical relations at once. LEAR specialisation achieves state-of-the-art performance in the tasks of hypernymy directionality, hypernymy detection, and graded lexical entailment, demonstrating the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed asymmetric specialisation model.
High Performance Rogowski Current Transducers

A Rogowski current transducer is an invaluable tool for semiconductor and power electronic circuit development since it is non-intrusive and does not saturate at high currents. This paper reviews the operating principles, performance limitations and development of this measurement technology and outlines improvements to the integrator design that enables bandwidths of 10MHz to be achieved.
Neuromuscular training improves single-limb stability in young female athletes.

STUDY DESIGN
Controlled single-group pretest/posttest design.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to determine if a 6-week neuromuscular training program designed to decrease the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries would improve single-limb postural stability in young female athletes. We hypothesized neuromuscular training would result in an improvement in postural stability, with the greatest improvement taking place in the medial-lateral direction.


BACKGROUND
Balance training has become a common component of programs designed to prevent ACL injury. Rehabilitation programs can improve postural stability following ACL injury and reconstruction; however, there is limited information available which quantifies improvement of postural stability following neuromuscular training designed to prevent ACL injuries in a healthy population.


METHODS AND MEASURES
Forty-one healthy female high school athletes (mean age, 15.3 years; age range, 13-17 years) participated in this study. Single-limb postural stability for both lower extremities was assessed with a Biodex Stability System. The neuromuscular training program consisted of three 90-minute training sessions per week for 6 weeks. Following the completion of the training program, each subject was re-evaluated to determine change in total, anterior-posterior, and medial-lateral single-limb stability. Two-way analysis of variance models were used to determine differences between pretraining and posttraining and between limbs.


RESULTS
The subjects showed a significant improvement in single-limb total stability (P = .004) and anterior-posterior stability (P = .001), but not medial-lateral stability (P = .650) for both the right and left lower extremity following training. In addition, the subjects demonstrated significantly better total postural stability on the right side as compared to the left (P = .026).


CONCLUSIONS
A 6-week neuromuscular training program designed to decrease the incidence of ACL injuries improves objective measures of total and anterior-posterior single-limb postural stability in high school female athletes.
Pragmalinguistic Awareness: Is it Related to Motivation and Proficiency?

Previous research on interlanguage pragmatics revealed that, under implicit pragmatic instruction, some learners noticed the target pragmalinguistic features, whereas others receiving the same instruction did not. This suggests possible effects of individual difference (ID) variables on learners’ noticing of pragmalinguistic features. Among the ID variables, this study focused on motivation and proficiency, exploring their relationships with Japanese EFL learners’ awareness of six types of L2 pragmalinguistic features under an implicit input condition. Eighty Japanese college students first completed a motivation questionnaire and a proficiency test. They then took part in a noticing-the-gap activity as the treatment task. The degree of the learners’ awareness of the target pragmalinguistic features was assessed through a retrospective awareness questionnaire administered immediately after the treatment. The following two major findings were obtained: (1) The learners differentially noticed the target pragmalinguistic features; and (2) the learners’ awareness of the target features was correlated with motivation subscales, but not with their proficiency. In particular, the learners’ intrinsic motivation was found to be closely related to their pragmatic awareness. An attempt was made to further examine whether current models of attention in SLA are relevant in accounting for the noticing of L2 pragmalinguistic features.
Evaluation of three high-resolution satellite precipitation estimates : Potential for monsoon monitoring over Pakistan

Multi-sensor precipitation datasets including two products from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and estimates from Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH) product were quantitatively evaluated to study the monsoon variability over Pakistan. Several statistical and graphical techniques are applied to illustrate the nonconformity of the three satellite products from the gauge observations. During the monsoon season (JAS), the three satellite precipitation products captures the intense precipitation well, all showing high correlation for high rain rates (>30 mm/day). The spatial and temporal satellite rainfall error variability shows a significant geo-topography dependent distribution, as all the three products overestimate over mountain ranges in the north and coastal region in the south parts of Indus basin. The TMPA-RT product tends to overestimate light rain rates (approximately 100%) and the bias is low for high rain rates (about ±20%). In general, daily comparisons from 2005 to 2010 show the best agreement between the TMPA-V7 research product and gauge observations with correlation coefficient values ranging from moderate (0.4) to high (0.8) over the spatial domain of Pakistan. The seasonal variation of rainfall frequency has large biases (100–140%) over high latitudes (36N) with complex terrain for daily, monsoon, and pre-monsoon comparisons. Relatively low uncertainties and errors (Bias ±25% and MAE 1–10 mm) were associated with the TMPA-RT product during the monsoon-dominated region (32–35N), thus demonstrating their potential use for developing an operational hydrological application of the satellite-based near real-time products in Pakistan for flood monitoring. 2014 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Vertebral osteomyelitis: a potentially catastrophic outcome after lumbar epidural steroid injection.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Epidural steroid injections are commonly used to palliate the symptoms of spinal stenosis. Deep tissue infection is a known potential complication of these injections. There have been no previous published cases of osteomyelitis without epidural abscess after such injections. We present a case in an elderly patient who presented only with persistent axial low back pain following a lumbar epidural steroid injection (LESI). We emphasize early patient evaluation, consideration of infectious predisposing factors, sterile technique, and skin disinfectant.


DESIGN
Open-label case report.


CASE DESCRIPTION
A 77-year-old diabetic male with a history of radicular pain related to lumbar spinal stenosis was treated successfully several years prior with a series of lumbar epidural steroid injections (LESI) and was re-treated with LESIs for recurrent symptoms. Following his second epidural injection, he presented with back pain and induration at the injection site without fever or neurological deficits. Urgent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a soft tissue abscess extending close to the epidural space around the corresponding L4/L5 vertebral level. The patient recovered after incision and drainage of the abscess which was associated with an osteomyelitis of the L4 and L5 vertebral spine. The causative organism was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus.


CONCLUSION
This case demonstrates that even with proper aseptic techniques, immune-compromised patients who are colonized with an aggressive micro-organism may develop a potentially catastrophic infectious complication if subtle persistent symptomatic complaints are not promptly and carefully evaluated.
Handwritten Numeral Databases of Indian Scripts and Multistage Recognition of Mixed Numerals

This article primarily concerns the problem of isolated handwritten numeral recognition of major Indian scripts. The principal contributions presented here are (a) pioneering development of two databases for handwritten numerals of two most popular Indian scripts, (b) a multistage cascaded recognition scheme using wavelet based multiresolution representations and multilayer perceptron classifiers and (c) application of (b) for the recognition of mixed handwritten numerals of three Indian scripts Devanagari, Bangla and English. The present databases include respectively 22,556 and 23,392 handwritten isolated numeral samples of Devanagari and Bangla collected from real-life situations and these can be made available free of cost to researchers of other academic Institutions. In the proposed scheme, a numeral is subjected to three multilayer perceptron classifiers corresponding to three coarse-to-fine resolution levels in a cascaded manner. If rejection occurred even at the highest resolution, another multilayer perceptron is used as the final attempt to recognize the input numeral by combining the outputs of three classifiers of the previous stages. This scheme has been extended to the situation when the script of a document is not known a priori or the numerals written on a document belong to different scripts. Handwritten numerals in mixed scripts are frequently found in Indian postal mails and table-form documents.
KernelADASYN: Kernel based adaptive synthetic data generation for imbalanced learning

In imbalanced learning, most standard classification algorithms usually fail to properly represent data distribution and provide unfavorable classification performance. More specifically, the decision rule of minority class is usually weaker than majority class, leading to many misclassification of expensive minority class data. Motivated by our previous work ADASYN [1], this paper presents a novel kernel based adaptive synthetic over-sampling approach, named KernelADASYN, for imbalanced data classification problems. The idea is to construct an adaptive over-sampling distribution to generate synthetic minority class data. The adaptive over-sampling distribution is first estimated with kernel density estimation methods and is further weighted by the difficulty level for different minority class data. The classification performance of our proposed adaptive over-sampling approach is evaluated on several real-life benchmarks, specifically on medical and healthcare applications. The experimental results show the competitive classification performance for many real-life imbalanced data classification problems.
Image Reinforcement or Impairment: The Effects of Co-Branding on Attribute Uncertainty

Co-branding is often used by managers to reinforce the image of their brands. In this paper, we investigate when a brand’s image is reinforced or impaired as a result of co-branding, and which partner is right for a firm that considers co-branding for image reinforcement. We address these issues by examining the effects of co-branding on attribute uncertainty of partner brands. We conceptualize attribute beliefs as two-dimensional constructs. The first dimension reflects the expected value of the attribute, while the second dimension reflects the degree of certainty about the attribute. We argue that these parameters are updated after consumers are exposed to a co-branding activity and develop an analytical model that incorporates these notions. Based on categorization theory, the model describes the updating mechanism of partner brand beliefs that occur as a result of co-branding. An analysis of the model leads to several propositions, which we test in an experiment. Our findings indicate that it is not necessarily in a brand’s best interest to choose a partner that is of the highest performance possible. Moreover, we find that while expected values of the brand attributes may improve as a result of co-branding, under certain conditions, uncertainty associated with the brands increases through the alliance, increasing the risk of image impairment. (Brand alliances; Co-Branding; Image Reinforcement; Brand Positioning)
Influence of material removal on dynamic behavior of thin walled structure in peripheral milling

The peripheral milling of thin walled structure generates vibrations of the workpiece, which affect the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life is also observed. The stability lobes theory allows us to determine cutting conditions for which the vibrations will not appear. These cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. Machining is a working process by material removal, so, the dynamic properties will change during the machining. We show in this paper how to integrate in the stability lobes theory this variation of the dynamic properties. These computed results are compared with real experiments.