LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Twelve tips for developing an integrated curriculum.

BACKGROUND
Integration of curriculum is meant to make the teaching/learning activities meaningful; however, the interpretation of 'integration' varies in different institutions and among individuals. Many medical schools find it hard to change their existing curriculum or develop a new integrated curriculum mainly because of lack of will, infrastructure and understanding the process of change.


AIM
Drawn from experience, these 12 tips relating to staff development, establishing working groups, organizing the teaching/learning materials under themes and developing some innovative teaching/learning and assessment strategies, are the techniques that a teaching institution can use to change the existing curriculum to an integrated one or develop a new curriculum.


CONCLUSION
Knowing about the different levels of integration and steps for developing an integrated curriculum can make it easier to integrate an existing curriculum or develop a new one.
Effect Of Spoiler Position On Aerodynamic Characteristics Of An Airfoil

In this paper the effect of spoilers on aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil were observed by CFD.As the experimental airfoil NACA 2415 was choosen and spoiler was extended from five different positions based on the chord length C. Airfoil section is designed with a spoiler extended at an angle of 7 degree with the horizontal.The spoiler extends to 0.15C.The geometry of 2-D airfoil without spoiler and with spoiler was designed in GAMBIT.The numerical simulation was performed by ANS YS Fluent to observe the effect of spoiler position on the aerodynamic characteristics of this particular airfoil. The results obtained from the computational process were plotted on graph and the conceptual assumptions were verified as the lift is reduced and the drag is increased that obeys the basic function of a spoiler. Coefficient of drag. I. INTRODUCTION An airplane wing has a special shape called an airfoil. As a wing moves through air, the air is split and passes above and below the wing. The wing's upper surface is shaped so the air rushing over the top speeds up and stretches out. This decreases the air pressure above the wing. The air flowing below the wing moves in a straighter line, so its speed and air pressure remains the same. Since high air pressure always moves toward low air pressure, the air below the wing pushes upward toward the air above the wing. The wing is in the middle, and the whole wing is ―lifted‖. The faster an airplane moves, the more lift there is and when the force of lift is greater than the force of gravity, the airplane is able to fly. [1] A spoiler, sometimes called a lift dumper is a device intended to reduce lift in an aircraft. Spoilers are plates on the top surface of a wing which can be extended upward into the airflow and spoil it. By doing so, the spoiler creates a carefully controlled stall over the portion of the wing behind it, greatly reducing the lift of that wing section. Spoilers are designed to reduce lift also making considerable increase in drag. Spoilers increase drag and reduce lift on the wing. If raised on only one wing, they aid roll control, causing that wing to drop. If the spoilers rise symmetrically in flight, the aircraft can either be slowed in level flight or can descend rapidly without an increase in airspeed. When the …
Cloud computing adoption by SMEs in the north east of England: A multi-perspective framework

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a growing body of research on cloud computing, by studying the small to medium-sized enterprise (SME) adoption process. If SMEs have access to scalable technologies they could potentially deliver products and services that in the past only large enterprises could deliver, flattening the competitive arena. Design/methodology/approach – By adopting the Technological, Organisational and Environmental (TOE) framework as a theoretical base, this qualitative exploratory study used semi-structured interviews to collect data in 15 different SMEs and service providers in the north east of England. The north east of England was selected as it is a region that aspires to become home to innovative digital firms and most of the companies in the region are SMEs. Findings – The main factors that were identified as playing a significant role in SME adoption of cloud services were: relative advantage, uncertainty, geo-restriction, compatibility, trialability, size, top management support, prior experience, innovativeness, industry, market scope, supplier efforts and external computing support. In contrast, this study did not find enough evidence that competitive pressure was a significant determinant of cloud computing adoption. Research limitations/implications – These findings have important implications and great value to the research community, managers and information and communication technologies (ICT) providers, in terms of formulating better strategies for cloud computing adoption. For service providers, using the research model in this study can assist in increasing their understanding of why some SMEs choose to adopt cloud computing services, while seemingly similar ones facing similar market conditions do not. Also, cloud computing providers may need to improve their interaction with SMEs which are involved in the cloud computing experience, in an effort to create a healthy environment for cloud computing adoption, and to remove any vagueness surrounding this type of technology. Originality/value – This study is an attempt to explore and develop an SME cloud computing adoption model that was theoretically grounded in the TOE framework. By adopting the TOE framework this study has shown that the three contexts of this framework (technological, organisational, and environmental) are connected to each other.
2 Natural and artificial life Natural life

In this first chapter we give a brief overview of the historical origins of the relatively young field in science called Artificial Life. We also try to give the reader an idea of the controversial understandings of Natural Life and the comparatively straightforward definition of Artificial Life. In the third part of this chapter we introduce the main methodology used in Artificial Life “the synthetic approach” which can be briefly explained by the phrase “understanding by building”.
Primary infertility after genital mutilation in girlhood in Sudan: a case-control study

BACKGROUND
In theory, infections that arise after female genital mutilation (FGM) in childhood might ascend to the internal genitalia, causing inflammation and scarring and subsequent tubal-factor infertility. Our aim was to investigate this possible association between FGM and primary infertility.


METHODS
We did a hospital-based case-control study in Khartoum, Sudan, to which we enrolled women (n=99) with primary infertility not caused by hormonal or iatrogenic factors (previous abdominal surgery), or the result of male-factor infertility. These women underwent diagnostic laparoscopy. Our controls were primigravidae women (n=180) recruited from antenatal care. We used exact conditional logistic regression, stratifying for age and controlling for socioeconomic status, level of education, gonorrhoea, and chlamydia, to compare these groups with respect to FGM.


FINDINGS
Of the 99 infertile women examined, 48 had adnexal pathology indicative of previous inflammation. After controlling for covariates, these women had a significantly higher risk than controls of having undergone the most extensive form of FGM, involving the labia majora (odds ratio 4.69, 95% CI 1.49-19.7). Among women with primary infertility, both those with tubal pathology and those with normal laparoscopy findings were at a higher risk than controls of extensive FGM, both with borderline significance (p=0.054 and p=0.055, respectively). The anatomical extent of FGM, rather than whether or not the vulva had been sutured or closed, was associated with primary infertility.


INTERPRETATION
Our findings indicate a positive association between the anatomical extent of FGM and primary infertility. Laparoscopic postinflammatory adnexal changes are not the only explanation for this association, since cases without such pathology were also affected. The association between FGM and primary infertility is highly relevant for preventive work against this ancient practice.
Sheehan’s syndrome with pancytopenia—complete recovery after hormone replacement (case series with review)

Reports of pancytopenia in patients with Sheehan’s syndrome are rare, because the disorder is not commonly seen in western countries. A case series of pancytopenia in three patients of Sheehan’s syndrome is presented. Three women aged 22, 30, and 34 years developed Sheehan’s syndrome preceded by post partum hemorrhage. During investigations, they were found to have pancytopenia with hypocellular marrow. Treatment with thyroxine and glucocorticoids resulted in complete recovery after attaining euthyroid and eucortisolemic state. Review of literature revealed the rarity of the disorder, with only four cases reported so far. Multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies in Sheehan’s syndrome are responsible for pancytopenia; replacement of thyroid and cortisol hormones results in complete recovery.
Factors Influencing Internet Addiction in a Sample of Freshmen University Students in China

The prevalence of Internet addiction and influential factors associated with Internet addiction among freshmen college students were investigated in this study. A total of 3557 first-year university students from a university in northwest China were surveyed with Young's 20-item Internet Addiction Test (IAT) questionnaire, a Self-Rating Depression scale (SDS), a Self-Rating Anxiety scale (SAS), and a basic information questionnaire. A rate of 6.44% of the participants surveyed showed Internet addiction. The students with Internet addiction had higher scores of SDS and SAS compared with those without Internet addiction (p < 0.01). There were significant positive correlations between SDS and SAS scores and Internet addiction (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that a single-parent family, the age of first exposure to Internet use, the age of the student, city residence, and homesickness were significantly associated with Internet addiction (p < 0.01). Special and closer attention should be paid to these factors, and a risk-focus approach should be implemented in university freshmen with depression, anxiety, and other influential factors associated with Internet addiction at the beginning of their university life to guarantee the fulfillment of their academic study and graduation.
The association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE
To summarize relevant evidence investigating the association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents (up to 20 years).


DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.


PARTICIPANTS
Results from 7 cross-sectional studies were pooled in a meta-analysis. A further 16 studies (8 cross-sectional not meeting criteria for meta-analysis; 7 prospective cohort studies; 1 randomized, controlled trial [RCT]) were reported in the systematic review.


METHODS
The literature search included 4 databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL]), and reference lists of retrieved studies. Estimates of association were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. We summarized data examining the association between time spent outdoors and prevalent myopia, incident myopia, and myopic progression.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for myopia for each additional hour spent outdoors per week from a meta-analysis.


RESULTS
The pooled OR for myopia indicated a 2% reduced odds of myopia per additional hour of time spent outdoors per week, after adjustment for covariates (OR, 0.981; 95% CI, 0.973-0.990; P<0.001; I(2), 44.3%). This is equivalent to an OR of 0.87 for an additional hour of time spent outdoors each day. Three prospective cohort studies provided estimates of risk of incident myopia according to time spent outdoors, adjusted for possible confounders, although estimates could not be pooled, and the quality of studies and length of follow-up times varied. Three studies (2 prospective cohort and 1 RCT) investigated time spent outdoors and myopic progression and found increasing time spent outdoors significantly reduced myopic progression.


CONCLUSIONS
The overall findings indicate that increasing time spent outdoors may be a simple strategy by which to reduce the risk of developing myopia and its progression in children and adolescents. Therefore, further RCTs are warranted to investigate the efficacy of increasing time outdoors as a possible intervention to prevent myopia and its progression.
Double Conformal Geometric Algebra for Quadrics and Darboux Cyclides

We introduce Clifford geometric algebra based multivector modeling of quartic and general quadric surfaces, Darboux cyclides, Dupin cyclies, tori and pairs of standard CGA objects. A computer visualization is briefly described.
Self-administration behavior is maintained by the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana in squirrel monkeys

Many attempts to obtain reliable self-administration behavior by laboratory animals with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, have been unsuccessful. Because self-administration behavior has been demonstrated in laboratory animals for almost all other psychoactive drugs abused by humans, as well as for nicotine, the psychoactive ingredient in tobacco, these studies would seem to indicate that marijuana has less potential for abuse. Here we show persistent intravenous self-administration behavior by monkeys for doses of THC lower than doses used in previous studies, but comparable to doses in marijuana smoke inhaled by humans.
A wide-band dual-polarization patch antenna with directional coupler

A broad-band dual-polarization patch antenna fed by L-shaped probes at the patch corners is presented. A coupled line directional coupler mounted at the back of the ground plane is used to enhance the isolation between the L-probes to a large extent. Through using the coupler to feed the L-probes, the isolation between the input ports is 34 dB over the GSM900 operating bandwidth, which has enhanced by 14 dB. By using two plastic spacers of 0.1/spl lambda//sub o/ in height to support the patch in the air, an impedance bandwidth of 18% (for S/sub 11//spl les/-14 dB), and an average gain of 7 dBi can be obtained for both ports. The far field patterns are stable across the passband. This antenna can potentially be used as a GSM900 base station antenna.
1 Applications of Intelligent Agents

1.1 Introduction Intelligent agents are a new paradigm for developing software applications. More than this, agent-based computing has been hailed as 'the next significant breakthrough in software development' (Sargent, 1992), and 'the new revolution in software' (Ovum, 1994). Currently, agents are the focus of intense interest on the part of many sub-fields of computer science and artificial intelligence. Agents are being used in an increasingly wide variety of applications, ranging from comparatively small systems such as email filters to large, open, complex, mission critical systems such as air traffic control. At first sight, it may appear that such extremely different types of system can have little in common. And yet this is not the case: in both, the key abstraction used is that of an agent. Our aim in this article is to help the reader to understand why agent technology is seen as a fundamentally important new tool for building such a wide array of systems. More precisely, our aims are five-fold: • to introduce the reader to the concept of an agent and agent-based systems, • to help the reader to recognize the domain characteristics that indicate the appropriateness of an agent-based solution, • to introduce the main application areas in which agent technology has been successfully deployed to date, • to identify the main obstacles that lie in the way of the agent system developer, and finally • to provide a guide to the remainder of this book. We begin, in this section, by introducing some basic concepts (such as, perhaps most importantly, the notion of an agent). In Section 1.2, we give some general guidelines on the types of domain for which agent technology is appropriate. In Section 1.3, we survey the key application domains for intelligent agents. In Section 1.4, we discuss some issues in agent system development, and finally, in Section 1.5, we outline the structure of this book. Before we can discuss the development of agent-based systems in detail, we have to describe what we mean by such terms as 'agent' and 'agent-based system'. Unfortunately, we immediately run into difficulties, as some key concepts in agent-based computing lack universally accepted definitions. In particular, there is no real agreement even on the core question of exactly what an agent is (see Franklin and Graesser (1996) for a discussion). However, we believe that most researchers
Comparison of Real-World Fuel Use and Emissions for Dump Trucks Fueled with B20 Biodiesel Versus Petroleum Diesel

Diesel vehicles contribute substantially to emissions of NOx, an ozone precursor, and to particulate matter. Real-world in-use on-road emissions of selected diesel vehicles, fueled with B20 biodiesel and petroleum diesel, were measured during normal duty cycles using a portable emissions measurement system. Four categories of dump trucks were tested, including: (1) single rear axle with Tier 1 engines; (2) single rear axle with Tier 2 engines; (3) tandems with Tier 1 engines; and (4) tandems with Tier 2 engines. Each vehicle was tested for one day on B20 biodiesel and for one day on petroleum diesel. On average, there were 4.5 duty cycles per day. Each duty cycle can be represented as a combination of nine operating modes (idle, three levels of acceleration, three levels of cruise, deceleration, and dumping). Average fuel flow and emission rates on a mass per time basis varied substantially among the operating modes. Key factors responsible for the observed variability in fuel use and emissions include: operating mode, vehicle size, engine type, vehicle weight, and fuel. Average fuel use and CO2 emission rates were approximately the same for the two fuels, but average emission rates of NO, CO, HC, and PM decreased by 10, 11, 22, and 10 percent, respectively, for B20 biodiesel versus petroleum diesel. The observed decrease in NO emissions is different from results reported by others based on engine dynamometer testing. The difference may be because of the effect of real-world duty cycles versus standardized test procedures used in dynamometer testing, and requires further work to determine if the ratio of NO to total NOx is impacted by the duty cycle.
Evaluation of adrenal function in patients with growth hormone deficiency and hypothalamic-pituitary disorders: comparison between insulin-induced hypoglycemia, low-dose ACTH, standard ACTH and CRH stimulation tests.

OBJECTIVES
Patients with organic growth hormone deficiency (GHD) or with structural hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities may have additional anterior pituitary hormone deficits, and are at risk of developing complete or partial corticotropin (ACTH) deficiency. Evaluation of the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is essential in these patients because, although clinically asymptomatic, their HPA cannot appropriately react to stressful stimuli with potentially life-threatening consequences.


DESIGN AND METHODS
In this study we evaluated the integrity of the HPA in 24 patients (age 4.2-31 years at the time of the study) with an established diagnosis of GHD and compared the reliability of the insulin tolerance test (ITT), short synacthen test (SST), low-dose SST (LDSST), and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) test in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.


RESULTS
At a cortisol cut-off for a normal response of 550 nmol/l (20 microg/dl), the response to ITT was subnormal in 11 subjects, 6 with congenital and 5 with acquired GHD. Four patients had overt adrenal insufficiency, with morning cortisol concentrations ranging between 66.2-135.2 nmol/l (2.4-4.9 microg/dl) and typical clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. In all these patients, a subnormal cortisol response to ITT was confirmed by LDSST and by CRH tests. SST failed to identify one of the patients as adrenal insufficient. In the seven asymptomatic patients with a subnormal cortisol response to ITT, the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency was confirmed in one by LDSST, in none by SST, and in five by CRH tests. The five patients with a normal cortisol response to ITT exhibited a normal response also after LDSST and SST. Only two of them had a normal response after a CRH test. In the seven patients with asymptomatic adrenal insufficiency mean morning cortisol concentration was significantly higher than in the patients with overt adrenal insufficiency. ITT was contraindicated in eight patients, and none of them had clinical symptoms of overt adrenal insufficiency. One of these patients had a subnormal cortisol response to LDSST, SST, and CRH, and three exhibited a subnormal response to CRH but normal responses to LDSST and to SST.


CONCLUSION
We conclude that none of these tests can be considered completely reliable for establishing or excluding the presence of secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiency. Consequently, clinical judgment remains one of the most important issues for deciding which patients need assessment or re-assessment of adrenal function.
Structure Learning of Probabilistic Graphical Models: A Comprehensive Survey

Probabilistic graphical models combine the graph theory and probability theory to give a multivariate statistical modeling. They provide a unified description of uncertainty using probability and complexity using the graphical model. Especially, graphical models provide the following several useful properties: - Graphical models provide a simple and intuitive interpretation of the structures of probabilistic models. On the other hand, they can be used to design and motivate new models. - Graphical models provide additional insights into the properties of the model, including the conditional independence properties. - Complex computations which are required to perform inference and learning in sophisticated models can be expressed in terms of graphical manipulations, in which the underlying mathematical expressions are carried along implicitly. The graphical models have been applied to a large number of fields, including bioinformatics, social science, control theory, image processing, marketing analysis, among others. However, structure learning for graphical models remains an open challenge, since one must cope with a combinatorial search over the space of all possible structures. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the existing structure learning algorithms.