LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Pediatric endurance and limb strengthening for children with cerebral palsy (PEDALS) – a randomized controlled trial protocol for a stationary cycling intervention

BACKGROUND
In the past, effortful exercises were considered inappropriate for children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) due to concern that they would escalate abnormalities including spasticity and abnormal movement patterns. Current scientific evidence indicates that these concerns were unfounded and that therapeutic interventions focused on muscle strengthening can lead to improved functional ability. However, few studies have examined the potential benefits of cardiorespiratory fitness exercises in this patient population.


METHODS/DESIGN
The rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial examining the effects of a stationary cycling intervention for children with CP are outlined here. Sixty children with spastic diplegic CP between the ages of 7 and 18 years and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels of I, II, or III will be recruited for this study. Participants will be randomly assigned to either an intervention (cycling) or a control (no cycling) group. The cycling intervention will be divided into strengthening and cardiorespiratory endurance exercise phases. During the strengthening phase, the resistance to lower extremity cycling will be progressively increased using a uniquely designed limb-loaded mechanism. The cardiorespiratory endurance phase will focus on increasing the intensity and duration of cycling. Children will be encouraged to exercise within a target heart rate (HR) range (70-80% maximum HR). Thirty sessions will take place over a 10-12 week period. All children will be evaluated before (baseline) and after (follow-up) the intervention period. Primary outcome measures are: knee joint extensor and flexor moments, or torque; the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM); the 600 Yard Walk-Run test and the Thirty-Second Walk test (30 sec WT).


DISCUSSION
This paper presents the rationale, design and protocol for Pediatric Endurance and Limb Strengthening (PEDALS); a Phase I randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a stationary cycling intervention for children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.
Human Sleep and Sleep EEG

This review article summarizes the basic knowledge from the field of sleep research. The emphasis is on the exploration of the rules of polysomnographic recording and scoring sleep stages as well as on results and opinions about the nature of sleep EEG. History of sleep research, sleep physiology, functions of sleep and mostly used experiments are briefly mentioned. Relevant spectral methods and methods inspired by dynamical systems theory are listed.
Millisecond pulsars and the Galactic Center gamma-ray excess: the importance of luminosity function and secondary emission

Recently, several groups of authors have analyzed Fermi LAT data in a region around the Galactic Center finding an unaccounted gamma-ray excess over diffuse backgrounds in the GeV energy range. Here we test the possibility that this excess is produced by a population of yet unresolved millisecond pulsars (MSPs) located in the bulge of the Milky Way. We rely on the MSP characteristics reported by the 2PC catalogue, use the package GALPLOT to simulate this population, and compare our results to what has been detected and flagged as “gamma ray excess”. We find that the conclusions strongly depend on the details of the MSP luminosity function (in particular, its high luminosity end) as well as on the possible secondary emission of the MSP population. Within current uncertainties, a large if not dominant contribution 1 ar X iv :1 41 1. 29 80 v1 [ as tr oph .H E ] 1 1 N ov 2 01 4 to the excess cannot be excluded. We also compute the number of MSP expected to be detected with a relatively minor improvement over the current Fermi LAT point source sensitivity, with promising perspectives for future instruments or possibly already for the performances expected for the latest LAT data analysis (Pass 8).
Conservation biological control and enemy diversity on a landscape scale [Erratum: 2008 May, v. 45, issue 2, p. 238-253.]

Conservation biological control in agroecosystems requires a landscape management perspective, because most arthropod species experience their habitat at spatial scales beyond the plot level, and there is spillover of natural enemies across the crop–noncrop interface. The species pool in the surrounding landscape and the distance of crop from natural habitat are important for the conservation of enemy diversity and, in particular, the conservation of poorly-dispersing and specialized enemies. Hence, structurally complex landscapes with high habitat connectivity may enhance the probability of pest regulation. In contrast, generalist and highly vagile enemies may even profit from the high primary productivity of crops at a landscape scale and their abundance may partly compensate for losses in enemy diversity. Conservation biological control also needs a multitrophic perspective. For example, entomopathogenic fungi, plant pathogens and endophytes as well as belowand above-ground microorganisms are known to influence pest-enemy interactions in ways that vary across spatiotemporal scales. Enemy distribution in agricultural landscapes is determined by beta diversity among patches. The diversity needed for conservation biological control may occur where patch heterogeneity at larger spatial scales is high. However, enemy communities in managed systems are more similar across space and time than those in natural systems, emphasizing the importance of natural habitat for a spillover of diverse enemies. According to the insurance hypothesis, species richness can buffer against spatiotemporal disturbances, thereby insuring functioning in changing environments. Seemingly redundant enemy species may become important under global change. Complex landscapes characterized by highly connected crop–noncrop mosaics may be best for long-term conservation biological control and sustainable crop production, but experimental evidence for detailed recommendations to design the composition and configuration of agricultural landscapes that maintain a diversity of generalist and specialist natural enemies is still needed. 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Unable to resist temptation: How self-control depletion promotes unethical behavior

Across four experimental studies, individuals who were depleted of their self-regulatory resources by an initial act of self-control were more likely to ‘‘impulsively cheat’’ than individuals whose self-regulatory resources were intact. Our results demonstrate that individuals depleted of self-control resources were more likely to behave dishonestly (Study 1). Depletion reduced people’s moral awareness when they faced the opportunity to cheat, which, in turn, was responsible for heightened cheating (Study 2). Individuals high in moral identity, however, did not show elevated levels of cheating when they were depleted (Study 3), supporting our hypothesis that self-control depletion increases cheating when it robs people of the executive resources necessary to identify an act as immoral or unethical. Our results also show that resisting unethical behavior both requires and depletes self-control resources (Study 4). Taken together, our findings help to explain how otherwise ethical individuals predictably engage in unethical
Organizational Divisions in BIM-Enabled Commercial Construction

Proponents claim that the adoption of building information modeling BIM will lead to greater efficiencies through increased collaboration. In this paper, we present research that examines the use of BIM technologies for mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire life safety systems often referred to as MEP coordination and how the introduction of BIM influences collaboration and communication. Using data from over 12 months of ethnographic observations of the MEP coordination process for two commercial construction projects and interviews with 65 industry leaders across the United States, we find that BIM-enabled projects are often tightly coupled technologically, but divided organizationally. This means that while BIM makes visible the connections among project members, it is not fostering closer collaboration across different companies. We outline the competing obligations to scope, project, and company as one cause for this division. Obligations to an individual scope of work or to a particular company can conflict with project goals. Individual leadership, especially that of the MEP coordinator in the teams we studied, often substitutes for stronger project cohesion and organization. Organizational forces and structures must be accounted for in order for BIM to be implemented successfully. DOI: 10.1061/ ASCE CO.1943-7862.0000109 CE Database subject headings: Integrated systems; Construction industry; Leadership; Information systems; Information technology; Communication; Constructability; Mechanical systems; Electrical systems. Author keywords: Integrated systems; Construction industry; Leadership; Information systems; Information technology; Communication; Constructability; Mechanical systems; Electrical systems.
Effect of oral ALA supplementation on oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity among overweight/obese adults: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled, cross-over intervention trial.

[1] Fournier PE, Thuny F, Richet H, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic strategy for blood culture-negative endocarditis: a prospective study of 819 new cases. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:131–40. [2] Fournier PE, Thuny F, Grisoli D, et al. A deadly aversion to pork. Lancet 2011;377:1542. [3] Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:633–8.
Randomized comparative study between buccal mucosal and acellular bladder matrix grafts in complex anterior urethral strictures.

PURPOSE
Urethral strictures have been a reconstructive dilemma for many years due to the limited availability of tissue substitutes and incidence of recurrence. Buccal mucosal grafts have been a favored material in instances where penile skin is unavailable due to its durability and excellent graft survival. Recently collagen based matrices derived from the bladder have been used successfully in patients with stricture disease and hypospadias. We performed a randomized comparative study to assess the outcome of the acellular bladder matrix compared to buccal mucosa in patients with complex urethral strictures.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Human demineralized bone matrix, obtained from cadaveric donors, was processed and prepared for use as an off-the-shelf material. Thirty patients with stricture 21 to 59 years old (mean 36.2) were enrolled and assessed using a standard protocol. The stricture length ranged from 2 to 18 cm (mean 6.9), of which 11 patients had bulbar, 7 had pendulous and 12 had combined bulbopendulous strictures. Of the 30 patients 7 had received no previous intervention while the remaining 23 had undergone 1 to 7 procedures (mean 1.9). All patients were randomized and alternatively assigned to receive either buccal mucosa or decellularized bladder [corrected] matrix and underwent an onlay procedure.


RESULTS
All patients except 2 who were lost during followup were followed for 18 to 36 months (mean 25). In patients with a healthy urethral bed (less than 2 prior operations) the success rate of buccal mucosa grafts (10 of 10) was similar to the bladder matrix grafts (8 of 9) in terms of patency. In patients with an unhealthy urethral bed (more than 2 prior operations) only 2 of 6 patients with a bladder matrix graft were successful, whereas all 5 patients with a buccal mucosa graft had a patent urethra. Postoperative uroflowmetry showed significant voiding improvement in both groups. Histology of the graft biopsies showed normal urethral tissue characteristics.


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that the use of acellular bladder matrix is a viable option for urethral repair. Demineralized bone matrix as an off-the-shelf biomaterial achieves the best results in patients with a healthy urethral bed, no spongiofibrosis and good urethral mucosa.
[Multiple papules on a circumcision wound].

Un patient de 23 ans a été adressé en dermatologie par la consultation de proctologie pour diagnostic et traitement de lésions génitales siégeant sur le fourreau de la verge. À l’examen, il s’agissait de lésions multiples, indolores, de quelques millimètres, pédiculées, couleur de la semi-muqueuse normale et d’allure papillomateuse, prenant une disposition circonférentielle sur le fourreau de la verge, à distance de la couronne balanique (Fig. 1 et 2). Le diagnostic évoqué initialement était celui de condylomes acuminés multiples en raison de l’existence de condylomes anaux en cours de traitement. L’aspect clinique et l’anamnèse n’étaient toutefois pas en faveur de ce diagnostic. En effet, ces lésions étaient connues depuis de nombreuses années. Elles étaient apparues progressivement au cours de l’enfance, après la circoncision. Un prélèvement biopsique a été effectué et l’examen histologique montrait essentiellement une hyperplasie de filets nerveux du derme caractéristiques de névromes post-traumatiques (Fig. 3 et 4). Il n’y avait pas de signes histologiques en faveur d’un papillome viral.
Do acute elevations of serum creatinine in primary care engender an increased mortality risk?

BACKGROUND
The significant impact Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) has on patient morbidity and mortality emphasizes the need for early recognition and effective treatment. AKI presenting to or occurring during hospitalisation has been widely studied but little is known about the incidence and outcomes of patients experiencing acute elevations in serum creatinine in the primary care setting where people are not subsequently admitted to hospital. The aim of this study was to define this incidence and explore its impact on mortality.


METHODS
The study cohort was identified by using hospital data bases over a six month period.


INCLUSION CRITERIA
People with a serum creatinine request during the study period, 18 or over and not on renal replacement therapy.The patients were stratified by a rise in serum creatinine corresponding to the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria for comparison purposes. Descriptive and survival data were then analysed.Ethical approval was granted from National Research Ethics Service (NRES) Committee South East Coast and from the National Information Governance Board.


RESULTS
The total study population was 61,432. 57,300 subjects with 'no AKI', mean age 64.The number (mean age) of acute serum creatinine rises overall were, 'AKI 1' 3,798 (72), 'AKI 2' 232 (73), and 'AKI 3' 102 (68) which equates to an overall incidence of 14,192 pmp/year (adult). Unadjusted 30 day survival was 99.9% in subjects with 'no AKI', compared to 98.6%, 90.1% and 82.3% in those with 'AKI 1', 'AKI 2' and 'AKI 3' respectively. After multivariable analysis adjusting for age, gender, baseline kidney function and co-morbidity the odds ratio of 30 day mortality was 5.3 (95% CI 3.6, 7.7), 36.8 (95% CI 21.6, 62.7) and 123 (95% CI 64.8, 235) respectively, compared to those without acute serum creatinine rises as defined.


CONCLUSIONS
People who develop acute elevations of serum creatinine in primary care without being admitted to hospital have significantly worse outcomes than those with stable kidney function.
Association Between 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism and Tics after Treatment with Methylphenidate in Korean Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism (44-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism of serotonin transporter gene) and methylphenidate (MPH) treatment response, as well as the association between the adverse events of MPH treatment and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).


METHODS
A total of 114 children with ADHD (mean age 9.08 ± 1.94 years) were recruited from the child psychiatric clinic in a hospital in South Korea. We have extracted the genomic DNA of the subjects from their blood lymphocytes and analyzed 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the SLC6A4 gene. All children were treated with MPH for 8 weeks, with clinicians monitoring both the improvement of ADHD symptoms and the side effects. We compared the response to MPH treatment and adverse events among those with the genotype of 5-HRRLPR polymorphism.


RESULTS
There was no significant association between the 5-HTTLPR genotype and the response to MPH treatment in children with ADHD. Subjects with the S/L+L/L genotype tended to have tics and nail biting (respectively, p < 0.001, p = 0.017).


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study do not support the association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and treatment response with MPH in ADHD. However, our findings suggest the association between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and the occurrence of tics and nail-biting as an adverse event of methylphenidate. This may aid in our understanding of the genetic contribution and genetic susceptibility of a particular allele in those ADHD patients with tics or nail biting.
Crowdsourcing Control: Moving Beyond Multiple Choice

Introduction: Crowdsourcing marketplaces (e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk) continue to rise in popularity. Unfortunately, workers come with hugely varied skill sets and motivation levels. Ensuring high quality results is a serious challenge for all requesters. A key drawback of prior decision-theoretic approaches (Dai, Mausam, and Weld 2010; 2011) to quality control is the restriction to multiple choice questions, i.e., jobs where every alternative answer is known in advance. While many tasks can be formulated in a multiple-choice fashion (e.g. nary classification), there are a large number of tasks with an unbounded number of possible answers. A common example is completing a database with workers’ help, e.g., asking questions such as “Find the mobile phone number of Acme Corporation’s CEO.” Unfortunately, adapting multiple-choice models for these scenarios is not straightforward, because of the difficulty with reasoning about unknown answers. Requesters, therefore, must resort to using a majority-vote, a significant hindrance to achieving quality results (Dai, Mausam, and Weld 2010; 2011; Whitehill et al. 2009). Our paper tackles this challenging problem. We first create a probabilistic, generative model for tasks where workers are free to give any answer. We then present a decision-theoretic controller, LAZYSUSAN, that uses our model to dynamically infer answers to these tasks, and finally show that it obtains a better costquality tradeoff compared to an agent that uses majorityvoting.
High Performance ATP Systems by Combining Several AI Methods

We present a design for an automated theorem prover that controls its search based on ideas from several areas of artificial intelligence (AI). The combination of case-based reasoning, several similarity concepts, a cooperation concept of distributed AI and reactive planning enables a system to learn from previous successful proof attempts. In a kind of bootstrapping process easy problems are used to solve more and more complicated ones. We provide case studies from two domains in pure equational theorem proving. These case studies show that an instantiation of our architecture achieves a high grade of automation and outperforms state-of-the-art conventional theorem provers.
Cryptorchidism concordance in monozygotic and dizygotic twin brothers, full brothers, and half-brothers.

OBJECTIVE
To study concordance rates of cryptorchidism (undescended testis) in pairs of boys with varying family structure, to evaluate the risk contribution from the intrauterine environment and genetic factors.


DESIGN
Population based study of 1,024,500 Danish boys born from January 1, 1973 to December 31, 2004. Classic twin method and computerized square dance design.


SETTING
Hospitals and outpatient clinics.


PATIENT(S)
Six groups of boy pairs: boys with no relation, paternal half-brothers, maternal half-brothers, full brothers, dizygotic twin brothers, and monozygotic twin brothers.


INTERVENTION(S)
Observational study.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
Status on each individual regarding cryptorchidism and orchiopexy from the Danish National Patient Register.


RESULT(S)
Concordance rates of cryptorchidism in the groups were as follows: boys with no relation 3.2% (95% confidence interval 2.7%-3.6%), paternal half-brothers 3.4% (2.3%-4.7%), maternal half-brothers 6.0% (4.5%-7.7%), full brothers 8.8% (8.3%-9.8%), dizygotic twin brothers 24.1% (16.0%-33.6%), and monozygotic twin brothers 27.3% (15.5%-41.2%).


CONCLUSION(S)
The concordance rate was higher in maternal than in paternal half-brothers, and much higher but of equal magnitude in both twin groups. The findings strongly support that the intrauterine environment and maternal inheritance are contributing to the occurrence of cryptorchidism.
Variational Graph Auto-Encoders

Figure 1: Latent space of unsupervised VGAE model trained on Cora citation network dataset [1]. Grey lines denote citation links. Colors denote document class (not provided during training). Best viewed on screen. We introduce the variational graph autoencoder (VGAE), a framework for unsupervised learning on graph-structured data based on the variational auto-encoder (VAE) [2, 3]. This model makes use of latent variables and is capable of learning interpretable latent representations for undirected graphs (see Figure 1).
Prevention of emergency physician migratory contamination in a cluster randomized trial to increase tissue plasminogen activator use in stroke (the INSTINCT trial).

OBJECTIVES
Cluster randomized trials (CRTs) are increasingly used to evaluate quality improvement interventions aimed at health care providers. In trials testing emergency department (ED) interventions, migration of emergency physicians (EPs) between hospitals is an important concern, as contamination may affect both internal and external validity. We hypothesized that geographically isolating EDs would prevent migratory contamination in a CRT designed to increase ED delivery of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in stroke (the INSTINCT trial).


METHODS
INSTINCT was a prospective, cluster randomized, controlled trial. Twenty-four Michigan community hospitals were randomly selected in matched pairs for study. Contamination was defined at the cluster level, with substantial contamination defined a priori as greater than 10% of EPs affected. Nonadherence, total crossover (contamination+nonadherence), migration distance, and characteristics were determined.


RESULTS
Three hundred seven EPs were identified at all sites. Overall, 7 (2.3%) changed study sites. One moved between control sites, leaving 6 (2.0%) total crossovers. Of these, 2 (0.7%) moved from intervention to control (contamination); and 4 (1.3%) moved from control to intervention (nonadherence). Contamination was observed in 2 of 12 control sites, with 17% and 9% contamination of the total site EP workforce at follow-up, respectively. Average migration distance was 42 miles for all EPs moving in the study and 35 miles for EPs moving from intervention to control sites.


CONCLUSION
The mobile nature of EPs should be considered in the design of quality improvement CRTs. Increased reporting of contamination in CRTs is encouraged to clarify thresholds and facilitate CRT design.
Control-Relevant Modeling , Analysis , and Design for Scramjet-Powered Hypersonic Vehicles

Armando A. Rodriguez ∗ Jeffrey J. Dickeson † Srikanth Sridharan ‡ Akshay Korad § Jaidev Khatri ¶ Dept. of Electrical Eng., Fulton School of Eng., Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, U.S.A. Jose Benavides ‖ Don Soloway ∗∗ Guidance, Navigation, and Control, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, U.S.A. Atul Kelkar †† Jerald M. Vogel ‡‡ Dept. of Aerospace Eng., College of Eng., Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A.