LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Mobile taskflow in context: a screenshot study of smartphone usage

The impact of interruptions on workflow and productivity has been extensively studied in the PC domain, but while fragmented user attention is recognized as an inherent aspect of mobile phone usage, little formal evidence exists of its effect on mobile productivity. Using a survey and a screenshot-based diary study we investigated the types of barriers people face when performing tasks on their mobile phones, the ways they follow up with such suspended tasks, and how frustrating the experience of task disruption is for mobile users. From 386 situated samples provided by 12 iPhone and 12 Pocket PC users, we distill a classification of barriers to the completion of mobile tasks. Our data suggest that moving to a PC to complete a phone task is common, yet not inherently problematic, depending on the task. Finally, we relate our findings to prior design guidelines for desktop workflow, and discuss how the guidelines can be extended to mitigate disruptions to mobile taskflow.
Einstein and the Kaluza-Klein particle

Abstract In his search for a unified field theory that could undercut quantum mechanics, Einstein considered five-dimensional classical Kaluza–Klein theory. He studied this theory most intensively during the years 1938–1943. One of his primary objectives was finding a non-singular particle solution. In the full theory this search got frustrated, and in the x 5 -independent theory Einstein, together with Pauli, argued it would be impossible to find these structures.
Clinical and pharmacokinetic phase II study of fotemustine in refractory and relapsing multiple myeloma patients.

BACKGROUND
Patients with relapsing or refractory multiple myeloma have poor prognosis. Few compounds are active in these patients and response duration remains short. We report the results of an open phase II trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of fotemustine monotherapy.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Twenty-one patients with relapsing (17) or refractory (four) multiple myeloma received fotemustine 100 mg/m(2) on an outpatient basis on days 1 and 8 of the induction cycle, followed after a 6-week rest period by fotemustine 100 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Fotemustine pharmacokinetics during the first day of induction was compared between patients with normal or abnormal renal function.


RESULTS
Five of 20 eligible patients had an objective response giving an intention-to-treat response rate of 25% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6% to 44%] and a 35.7% response rate (95% CI 11% to 61%) in the 14 patients having received at least four injections of fotemustine. The median time to objective response was 8.9 months. The median times to progression and survival were 13.8 and 23.1 months, respectively, with a 2-year survival rate of 49%. The main toxicity was myelosuppression with grade 3-4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in 66% and 71% of patients, respectively. There was one toxic death by sepsis after induction. The pharmacokinetic parameters in renal-impaired patients were not significantly different from those in patients with normal renal function with a similar incidence of grade 3-4 toxicity in both groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Fotemustine as a single agent has definite activity in patients with relapsing or refractory multiple myeloma, with acceptable toxicity and can be administered at conventional doses in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment.
Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML) Study Group Report

The objective of Battle Management Language (BML) is to define an unambiguous language to describe a commander’s intent, to be understood by both live forces and automated systems, for simulated and realworld operations. The resulting language is intended to be applicable not only to simulation systems, but also to operational command and control systems, and robotic systems. Within the last three years, multiple papers presented at the Simulation Interoperability Workshops (SIW) have dealt with the need for, and initial work in, Modeling & Simulation (M&S) to Command and Control (C2) Interoperability based on the use of unambiguous mission and task definitions. During the Spring 2004 SIW, a meeting of subject matter experts determined that a detailed evaluation of BML efforts at a Coalition level is necessary and subsequently drafted Terms of Reference (TOR) for a Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) Study Group. The TOR for the Coalition BML (C-BML) Study Group was accepted by the SISO Standards Activity Committee and identifies the following tasks: • The Study Group shall conduct a Survey comprising as many international contributions applicable to the Coalition BML effort as possible. • The Study Group shall develop a plan for how these various efforts can contribute to a common Coalition BML specification within a methodological framework. • The Study Group shall formulate a set of Recommendations for a Coalition BML Product Development Group (PDG). The Coalition BML Study Group was subsequently formed in September 2004 to address these tasks. The Study Group has conducted a number of face-to-face and teleconference meetings through the year since the Fall 2004 SIW, involving a membership of over 100 persons from 11 different countries. This paper is an executive summary of the full Study Group Final Report. As the Study Group concludes, it recommends that a PDG be formed. The C-BML Study Group has worked closely with the Military Scenario Definition Language (MSDL) Study Group to coordinate both PDG proposals to ensure a consistent set of standards for initialization, tasking and reporting.
Advances in Topological Vulnerability Analysis

Currently, network administrators must rely on labor-intensive processes for tracking network configurations and vulnerabilities, which requires a great deal of expertise and is error prone. The organization of networks and the inter dependencies of vulnerabilities are so complex as to make traditional vulnerability analysis inadequate. We describe a Topological Vulnerability Analysis (TVA) approach that analyzes vulnerability dependencies and shows all possible attack paths into a network. From models of the network vulnerabilities and potential attacker exploits, we discover attack paths (organized as graphs) that convey the impact of individual and combined vulnerabilities on overall security. We provide sophisticated attack graph visualizations, with high-level overviews and detail drill down. Decision support capabilities let analysts make optimal tradeoffs between safety and availability, and show how to best apply limited security resources. We employ efficient algorithms that scale well to larger networks.
Novel strategies in newborn screening for cystic fibrosis: a prospective controlled study.

CONTEXT
Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) is included in many routine programmes but current strategies have considerable drawbacks, such as false-positive tests, equivocal diagnosis and detection of carriers.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the test performance of two newborn screening strategies for CF.


DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
In 2008 and 2009, CF screening was added to the routine screening programme as a prospective study in part of The Netherlands.


INTERVENTIONS
Two strategies were performed in all newborns. In the first strategy, concentrations of immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) and pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) were measured. In the second method, samples with IRT ≥60 μg/litre were analysed for 36 CFTR mutations, followed by sequencing when a single mutation was detected. Tests were positive only with two identified CFTR mutations.


MAIN OUTCOME
Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of both screening strategies.


RESULTS
145,499 infants were screened. The IRT/PAP approach showed a sensitivity of 95.0%, a specificity of 99.897% and a PPV of 12.3%. Test properties for the IRT/DNA/sequencing strategy were respectively 100%, 100% and 64.9%. Combining both strategies (IRT/PAP/DNA/sequencing) led to a sensitivity of 95.0%, a specificity of 100% and a PPV of 87.5%.


CONCLUSION
In conclusion, all strategies performed well. Although there was no statistically significant difference in test performance, the IRT/DNA/sequencing strategy detected one infant that was missed by IRT/PAP (/DNA/sequencing). IRT/PAP may be the optimal choice if the use of DNA technology must be avoided. If identification of carriers and equivocal diagnosis is considered an important disadvantage, IRT/PAP/DNA/sequencing may be the best choice.
Exploration of Visual Data

One day, you will discover a new adventure and knowledge by spending more money. But when? Do you think that you need to obtain those all requirements when having much money? Why don't you try to get something simple at first? That's something that will lead you to know more about the world, adventure, some places, history, entertainment, and more? It is your own time to continue reading habit. One of the books you can enjoy now is exploration of visual data here.
Novel View Synthesis for Large-scale Scene using Adversarial Loss

Novel view synthesis aims to synthesize new images from different viewpoints of given images. Most of previous works focus on generating novel views of certain objects with a fixed background. However, for some applications, such as virtual reality or robotic manipulations, large changes in background may occur due to the egomotion of the camera. Generated images of a large-scale environment from novel views may be distorted if the structure of the environment is not considered. In this work, we propose a novel fully convolutional network, that can take advantage of the structural information explicitly by incorporating the inverse depth features. The inverse depth features are obtained from CNNs trained with sparse labeled depth values. This framework can easily fuse multiple images from different viewpoints. To fill the missing textures in the generated image, adversarial loss is applied, which can also improve the overall image quality. Our method is evaluated on the KITTI dataset. The results show that our method can generate novel views of large-scale scene without distortion. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated through qualitative and quantitative evaluation. . . .
Drug-Drug Interactions between Sofosbuvir and Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir with or without Dasabuvir.

The combination of ombitasvir (an NS5A inhibitor), paritaprevir (an NS3/4A inhibitor) coadministered with ritonavir (r), and dasabuvir (an NS5B nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitor), referred to as the 3D regimen, and the combination of ombitasvir-paritaprevir-r, referred to as the 2D regimen, have demonstrated high efficacy with and without ribavirin in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected subjects. These regimens have potential for coadministration with sofosbuvir (nucleoside NS5B inhibitor) in the treatment of HCV. This phase 1, drug-drug interaction, open-label, multiple-dose study enrolled 32 healthy subjects to receive the 3D or 2D regimen in combination with sofosbuvir. Doses of study drugs were as follows: ombitasvir-paritaprevir-r, 25/150/100 mg daily (QD); dasabuvir, 250 mg twice daily (BID); and sofosbuvir, 400 mg QD. Blood samples were collected on study days 7, 14, and 21 for evaluating drug interaction at steady state. The effect of the 3D and 2D regimens on the pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir and its circulating metabolite GS-331007 and vice versa was assessed by a repeated-measures analysis. Exposures of the 3D and 2D regimens were similar (≤20% change) during coadministration with sofosbuvir and during administration alone. Sofosbuvir exposures were 61% to 112% higher with the 3D regimen and 64% to 93% higher with the 2D regimen than with sofosbuvir alone. GS-331007 total exposures were 27% and 32% higher with the 3D and 2D regimens, respectively, than with sofosbuvir alone. Increases in sofosbuvir and GS-331007 exposures likely resulted from breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and/or P glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter inhibition by paritaprevir and ritonavir. No subjects discontinued the study due to study drug-related adverse events. No dose adjustment is recommended for 3D, 2D, or sofosbuvir in clinical trials exploring the safety and efficacy of the combination. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02356562 and NCT02292719.).
Hyperosmotic stress induces autophagy and apoptosis in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell culture.

During recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell culture, various events, such as feeding with concentrated nutrient solutions or the addition of base to maintain an optimal pH, increase the osmolality of the medium. To determine the effect of hyperosmotic stress on two types of programmed cell death (PCD), apoptosis and autophagy, of rCHO cells, two rCHO cell lines, producing antibody and erythropoietin, were subjected to hyperosmotic stress resulting from NaCl addition (310-610 mOsm/kg). For both rCHO cell lines, hyperosmolality up to 610 mOsm/kg increased cleaved forms of PARP, caspase-3, caspase-7, and fragmentation of chromosomal DNA, confirming the previous observation that apoptosis was induced by hyperosmotic stress. Concurrently, hyperosmolality increased the level of accumulation of LC3-II, a widely used autophagic marker, which was determined by Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy. When glucose and glutamine concentrations were measured during the cultures, glucose and glutamine concentrations in the culture medium at various osmolalities (310-610 mOsm/kg) showed no significant differences. This result suggests that induction of PCD by hyperosmotic stress occurred independently of nutrient depletion. Taken together, autophagy as well as apoptosis was observed in rCHO cells subjected to hyperosmolality.
Archaea: very diverse, often different but never bad?

Christa Schleper is Professor and Head of the Department of Genetics in Ecology at the University of Vienna. Her research combines microbial physiology, genetics and metagenomics and is now focused primarily on anaerobic ammoniaoxidizing Archaea and on the study of genetic elements in Sulfolobus. This is the second Current Opinions in Microbiology volume dedicated to the Archaea. Comparing the reviews published here with those published in December 2005 underlines the impressive progress made in several areas of on-going archaeal research (evolution and phylogenetics, metabolic diversity and pathway biochemistry, transcription, cell cycle and pyrrolysine studies) and identifies areas in which archaeal research has more recently expanded (anaerobic methane and aerobic ammonia oxidations, CRISPR, tRNAs, cell surface structures, viruses and symbiotic interactions). The impacts of rapid genome sequencing, metagenomics and microbial cultivation techniques, all much expanded since 2005, are also very apparent. Perhaps most notably, they have documented the presence of Archaea in almost all natural environments, and confirmed that Archaea contribute substantially to the global carbon and nitrogen cycles, in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The accumulation of microbial genome sequences has also fully established that the Archaea and Bacteria constitute fundamentally different evolutionary Domains [1]. As a taxon, the term prokaryote is therefore seriously questioned [2] but, with no nuclear membrane, Archaea and Bacteria may share features not found in Eukarya. For example, translation can be tightly coupled with transcription and, although transmitted horizontally, adaptive immunity CRISPR systems (see below) may exist only in Archaea and Bacteria. Prokaryote is also still used sometimes as a synonym for Bacteria, ignoring the Archaea, and many of the 2005 reviews addressed this with features described as being (or not being) bacterial-like or eukaryal-like. Evolutionary relationships are often still noted, but the reviews now published definitively describe archaeal features and functions. A reader must therefore recognize the diversity of the Archaea; an archaeal feature is not necessarily present in all Archaea, just as not all Bacteria are Gram-negative.
Differences in frequency of violence and reported injury between relationships with reciprocal and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence.

OBJECTIVES
We sought to examine the prevalence of reciprocal (i.e., perpetrated by both partners) and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence and to determine whether reciprocity is related to violence frequency and injury.


METHODS
We analyzed data on young US adults aged 18 to 28 years from the 2001 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, which contained information about partner violence and injury reported by 11,370 respondents on 18761 heterosexual relationships.


RESULTS
Almost 24% of all relationships had some violence, and half (49.7%) of those were reciprocally violent. In nonreciprocally violent relationships, women were the perpetrators in more than 70% of the cases. Reciprocity was associated with more frequent violence among women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.9, 2.8), but not men (AOR=1.26; 95% CI=0.9, 1.7). Regarding injury, men were more likely to inflict injury than were women (AOR=1.3; 95% CI=1.1, 1.5), and reciprocal intimate partner violence was associated with greater injury than was nonreciprocal intimate partner violence regardless of the gender of the perpetrator (AOR=4.4; 95% CI=3.6, 5.5).


CONCLUSIONS
The context of the violence (reciprocal vs nonreciprocal) is a strong predictor of reported injury. Prevention approaches that address the escalation of partner violence may be needed to address reciprocal violence.
Constraint-induced movement therapy for the lower extremities in multiple sclerosis: case series with 4-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate in a preliminary manner the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of Constraint-Induced Movement therapy (CIMT) of persons with impaired lower extremity use from multiple sclerosis (MS).


DESIGN
Clinical trial with periodic follow-up for up to 4 years.


SETTING
University-based rehabilitation research laboratory.


PARTICIPANTS
A referred sample of ambulatory adults with chronic MS (N=4) with at least moderate loss of lower extremity use (average item score ≤6.5/10 on the functional performance measure of the Lower Extremity Motor Activity Log [LE-MAL]).


INTERVENTIONS
CIMT was administered for 52.5 hours over 3 consecutive weeks (15 consecutive weekdays) to each patient.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was the LE-MAL score at posttreatment. Secondary outcomes were posttreatment scores on laboratory assessments of maximal lower extremity movement ability.


RESULTS
All the patients improved substantially at posttreatment on the LE-MAL, with smaller improvements on the laboratory motor measures. Scores on the LE-MAL continued to improve for 6 months afterward. By 1 year, patients remained on average at posttreatment levels. At 4 years, half of the patients remained above pretreatment levels. There were no adverse events, and fatigue ratings were not significantly changed by the end of treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
This initial trial of lower extremity CIMT for MS indicates that the treatment can be safely administered, is well tolerated, and produces substantially improved real-world lower extremity use for as long as 4 years afterward. Further trials are needed to determine the consistency of these findings.
Safety and efficacy of the PrePex device for rapid scale-up of male circumcision for HIV prevention in resource-limited settings.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the safety and efficacy of the PrePex device for nonsurgical circumcision in adult males as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention program in Rwanda.


METHODS
Single-center 6-week noncontrolled study in which healthy men underwent circumcision using the PrePex device, which employs fitted rings to clamp the foreskin, leading to distal necrosis. In the first phase of the study, the feasibility of the procedure was tested on 5 subjects in a sterile environment; in the main phase, an additional 50 subjects were circumcised in a nonsterile setting by physicians or a nurse. Outcome measures included the rate of successful circumcision, time to complete healing, pain, and adverse events.


RESULTS
In the feasibility phase, all 5 subjects achieved complete circumcision without adverse events. In the main phase, all 50 subjects achieved circumcision with 1 case of diffuse edema after device removal, which resolved with minimal intervention. Pain was minimal except briefly during device removal (day 7 after placement in most cases). The entire procedure was bloodless, requiring no anesthesia, no suturing, and no sterile settings. Subjects had no sick/absent days associated with the procedure. Median time for complete healing was 21 days after device removal. There were no instances of erroneous placement and no mechanical problems with the device.


CONCLUSION
The PrePex device was safe and effective for nonsurgical adult male circumcision without anesthesia or sterile settings and may be useful in mass circumcision programs to reduce the risk of HIV infection, particularly in resource-limited settings.
An Efficient Face Normalization Algorithm Based on Eyes Detection

This paper presents an effective and efficient face normalization method based on eyes location. The face is first rapidly detected based on boosted cascade of simple Haar-like features. Then, the algorithm detects the position of pupils in the face image using the geometric relation between the face and the eyes. Finally, the algorithm normalizes the orientation, the scale and the grayscale of the face image. The experimental results demonstrated that this algorithm can detect and normalize the face image efficiently and accurately. The algorithm can be used in face recognition because the normalized faces can improve the recognition rate
Mind the semantic gap

Hypertext can be seen as a logic representation, where semantics are encoded in both the textual nodes and the graph of links. Systems that have a very formal representation of these semantics are able to manipulate the hypertexts in a sophisticated way; for example by adapting them or sculpting them at run-time. However, hypertext systems which require the author to write in terms of structures with explicit semantics are difficult/costly to write in, and can be seen as too restrictive by certain authors because they do not allow the playful ambiguity often associated with literary hypertext.In this paper we present a vector-based model of the formality of semantics in hypertext systems, where the vectors represent the translation of semantics from author to system and from system to reader. We categorise a variety of existing systems and draw out some general conclusions about the profiles they share. We believe that our model will help hypertext system designers analyse how their own systems formalise semantics, and will warn them when they need to mind the Semantic Gap between authors and readers.