LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Geophysical investigation of sedimentary basin development : Viking Graben, North Sea.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the structure of the Viking Graben and adjacent areas using geophysical and geological techniques. The results thus obtained are used to construct a model for the development of the sedimentary basins of the northern North Sea since the beginning of the Mesozoic era. The regional consideration of the gravity field of the northern North Sea basin revealed the presence of a mass excess beneath the low density sediments. This high amplitude, long wave length anomaly is explained by thinning of the crust. Predictions obtained from the gravity data confirm the crustal structure derived so far from seismic experiments. "Normal" porosity-depth curves were constructed for three different sedimentary rock types in order to backstrip and decompact the sediments. Montmorillonite to illite transformation is proposed to be the main cause of the few undercompacted sedimentary sequences observed. Using well data the subsidence of the basement was calculated by backstripping and decompacting the sediments. By comparing the observed subsidence paths with those predicted by a simple stretching mechanism, a model is proposed to account for the geophysical development of the northern North Sea since Top-Permian times. Finally very close agreement is shown between the present crustal thickness values estimated from the modelling of wells and the values derived from the investigation of the gravity field. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 GEOLOGICAL HISTORY, SUBSIDENCE MECHANISMS, OBJECTIVES AND DATA Page Introduction 1 1.1 The Structural Framework and the Geological History of the North Sea Area. 2 1.1.1 Pre-Permian 2 1.1.2 Permian 4 1.1.3 Triassic 4 1.1.4 Jurassic 5 1.1.5 Cretaceous 5 1.1.6 Tertiary to Recent 5
AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part VI: acute ischemia/infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Card

2009;53;992-1002; originally published online Feb 19, 2009; J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. and Leonard S. Gettes E. William Hancock, Barbara J. Deal, David M. Mirvis, Peter Okin, Paul Kligfield, International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology Endorsed by the Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Associated With Cardiac Chamber Hypertrophy A Scientific Statement From Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part V: Electrocardiogram Changes AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and This information is current as of August 2, 2011 http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/53/11/992 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
Discriminative, generative and imitative learning

I propose a common framework that combines three different paradigms in machine learning: generative, discriminative and imitative learning. A generative probabilistic distribution is a principled way to model many machine learning and machine perception problems. Therein, one provides domain specific knowledge in terms of structure and parameter priors over the joint space of variables. Bayesian networks and Bayesian statistics provide a rich and flexible language for specifying this knowledge and subsequently refining it with data and observations. The final result is a distribution that is a good generator of novel exemplars. Conversely, discriminative algorithms adjust a possibly non-distributional model to data optimizing for a specific task, such as classification or prediction. This typically leads to superior performance yet compromises the flexibility of generative modeling. I present Maximum Entropy Discrimination (MED) as a framework to combine both discriminative estimation and generative probability densities. Calculations involve distributions over parameters, margins, and priors and are provably and uniquely solvable for the exponential family. Extensions include regression, feature selection, and transduction. SVMs are also naturally subsumed and can be augmented with, for example, feature selection, to obtain substantial improvements. To extend to mixtures of exponential families, I derive a discriminative variant of the ExpectationMaximization (EM) algorithm for latent discriminative learning (or latent MED). While EM and Jensen lower bound log-likelihood, a dual upper bound is made possible via a novel reverse-Jensen inequality. The variational upper bound on latent log-likelihood has the same form as EM bounds, is computable efficiently and is globally guaranteed. It permits powerful discriminative learning with the wide range of contemporary probabilistic mixture models (mixtures of Gaussians, mixtures of multinomials and hidden Markov models). We provide empirical results on standardized data sets that demonstrate the viability of the hybrid discriminative-generative approaches of MED and reverse-Jensen bounds over state of the art discriminative techniques or generative approaches. Subsequently, imitative learning is presented as another variation on generative modeling which also learns from exemplars from an observed data source. However, the distinction is that the generative model is an agent that is interacting in a much more complex surrounding external world. It is not efficient to model the aggregate space in a generative setting. I demonstrate that imitative learning (under appropriate conditions) can be adequately addressed as a discriminative prediction task which outperforms the usual generative approach. This discriminative-imitative learning approach is applied with a generative perceptual system to synthesize a real-time agent that learns to engage in social interactive behavior. Thesis Supervisor: Alex Pentland Title: Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Sciences, MIT Media Lab Discriminative, Generative and Imitative Learning
Safety of theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation: a systematic review of the literature.

Theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocols have recently emerged as a method to transiently alter cortical excitability in the human brain through repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. TBS involves applying short trains of stimuli at high frequency repeated at intervals of 200 milliseconds. Because repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is known to carry a risk of seizures, safety guidelines have been established. TBS has the theoretical potential of conferring an even higher risk of seizure than other repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols because it delivers high-frequency bursts. In light of the recent report of a seizure induced by TBS, the safety of this new protocol deserves consideration. We performed an English language literature search and reviewed all studies published from May 2004 to December 2009 in which TBS was applied. The adverse events were documented, and crude risk was calculated. The majority of adverse events attributed to TBS were mild and occurred in 5% of subjects. Based on this review, TBS seems to be a safe and efficacious technique. However, given its novelty, it should be applied with caution. Additionally, this review highlights the need for rigorous documentation of adverse events associated with TBS and intensity dosing studies to assess the seizure risk associated with various stimulation parameters (e.g., frequency, intensity, and location).
On the risk of severe dengue during secondary infection: a systematic review coupled with mathematical modeling.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES
The present study aimed to systematically quantify the well known risk of severe dengue during secondary infection in literature and to understand how epidemiological mechanisms of enhancement during the secondary infection influence the empirically estimated risk of severe dengue by means of mathematical modeling.


METHODS
Two conditional risks of severe dengue, i.e. symptomatic illness and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS), given secondary infection were explored based on systematically searched prospective studies. A two-strain epidemiological model was employed to simulate the transmission dynamics of dengue and to identify the relevant data gaps in empirical observations.


RESULTS
Using the variance-based weighting, the pooled relative risk (RR) of symptomatic illness during secondary infection was estimated at 9.4 [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.1-14.4], and similarly, RR of DHF/DSS was estimated to be 23.7 (95% CI: 15.3-36.9). A variation in the RR of DHF/DSS was observed among prospective studies. Using the mathematical modeling technique, we identified the duration of cross-protective immunity as an important modulator of the time-dependent behaviour of the RR of severe dengue. Different epidemiological mechanisms of enhancement during secondary infection yielded different RR of severe dengue.


INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION
Optimal design of prospective cohort study for dengue should be considered, accounting for the time-dependence in the RR during the course of dengue epidemic. It is critical to statistically infer the duration of cross-protective immunity and clarify how the enhancement influences the epidemiological dynamics during secondary infection.
Low turn-off switching energy 1200 V IGBT module

A new 5th generation IGBT module with low turn-off energy has been developed. The module utilizes IGBT chips optimized for high frequency industrial power supplies in applications such as X-ray, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), and induction heating. This technology is designed to provide a simplified cost effective alternative to parallel discrete MOSFETs in these applications.
Misdiagnosis in fibromyalgia: a multicentre study.

BACKGROUND
Fibromyalgia (FM) is the second most common cause of visits to rheumatologists after osteoarthritis, and may be difficult to diagnose in many patients. It is associated with various rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies (SpA) and connective tissue disease (CTD), and a late diagnosis or misdiagnosis is a common and underestimated problem.


OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to investigate the 'underdiagnosis' of FM, and which rheumatic diseases tend to be confused with it.


METHODS
The following data were collected at baseline: symptoms, disease duration, physical examination findings, previous and current investigations and management, laboratory tests, tender point count, tender and swollen joint counts, and spinal pain. The clinimetric evaluation included the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and Fibromyalgia Assessment Status (FAS).


RESULTS
The study population consisted of 427 outpatients (418 females and 9 males; mean age 49.3 years; mean disease duration 8.5 years). Fifty-seven patients (13.3%) had been previously misdiagnosed as having other musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs); 370 patients had been previous correctly diagnosed as having FM, or were diagnosed as having it during the course of the study. The FM and MSD groups were comparable in terms of demographic data and referral patterns. Disease duration was longer and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was higher in the MSD patients, who also had less severe FIQ and lower pain visual analogue scale scores. Moreover, the FIQ and FAS scores correlated in the MS group.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study suggest that, although FM is a wellknown clinical entity, differential diagnosis with SpA, CTD and inflammatory arthritis can still be a challenge for rheumatologists and general practitioners.
Self-Evaluation of Decision-Making: A General Bayesian Framework for Metacognitive Computation

People are often aware of their mistakes, and report levels of confidence in their choices that correlate with objective performance. These metacognitive assessments of decision quality are important for the guidance of behavior, particularly when external feedback is absent or sporadic. However, a computational framework that accounts for both confidence and error detection is lacking. In addition, accounts of dissociations between performance and metacognition have often relied on ad hoc assumptions, precluding a unified account of intact and impaired self-evaluation. Here we present a general Bayesian framework in which self-evaluation is cast as a "second-order" inference on a coupled but distinct decision system, computationally equivalent to inferring the performance of another actor. Second-order computation may ensue whenever there is a separation between internal states supporting decisions and confidence estimates over space and/or time. We contrast second-order computation against simpler first-order models in which the same internal state supports both decisions and confidence estimates. Through simulations we show that second-order computation provides a unified account of different types of self-evaluation often considered in separate literatures, such as confidence and error detection, and generates novel predictions about the contribution of one's own actions to metacognitive judgments. In addition, the model provides insight into why subjects' metacognition may sometimes be better or worse than task performance. We suggest that second-order computation may underpin self-evaluative judgments across a range of domains. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Harm of Symbolic Actions and Green-Washing: Corporate Actions and Communications on Environmental Performance and Their Financial Implications

We examine over 100 top performing Canadian firms in visibly polluting industries as we seek to answer four research questions: What specific environmental issues are firms addressing? How do these issues differ between industries? Are both symbolic and substantive actions financially beneficial? Does green-washing, measured as the difference between symbolic and substantive action, and/or green-highlighting, measured as the combined effect of symbolic and substantive actions, pay? We find that substantive actions of environmental issues (green walk) neither harm nor benefit firms financially, but symbolic actions (green talk) are negatively related to financial performance. We also find that green-washing (discrepancy between green talk and green walk) has a negative effect on financial performance and greenhighlighting (concentrated efforts of the talk and walk) has no effect on financial performance. We provide explanations of our findings and put forth future research directions.
Impact of the multidisciplinary education program in self-care on fatigue in lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND
Lung cancer has high mortality rates, with up to 90% of patients dying within one to two years of its onset. It is essential to carry out research to attempt to solve the problems. Most patients suffer serious fatigue resulting from various symptoms and its long-term treatment. Furthermore, the other related complications such as underlying disease, anemia, malnutrition, nausea, and vomiting can reduced tolerance of chemotherapy. Study showed that nurses are the only hospital staff involved in managing fatigue. As it remains unclear to how fatigue should be managed, it is important to devise a strategy for providing a better service to help these patients survive longer.


OBJECTIVE
To examine fatigue scores in patients with lung cancer after chemotherapy treatment, and to compare the scores of the group receiving the multidisciplinary education program in self-care group with those of the control group.


MATERIAL AND METHOD
A randomized controlled trial was conducted in two groups. The control group and the trial group were 30 patients in each. Studied aged from 45 to 65 years old who were receiving chemotherapy at the Chemotherapy Unit in the Out-Patients Department, Rajavithi Hospital. For a nine-week period, the control group received the hospital's normal care program while the trial group received the multidisciplinary education program in self-care on fatigue. Scores were allocated to each individual to reflect their levels of fatigue, nutrition, physical fitness, and depression, compared using Independent t-test, Fisher exact test, and Mann-Whitney U-test.


RESULTS
Sixty patients were enrolled into the study (mean age = 56.10 (45-65), male = 68.33%). The basic characteristics of each individual were not significantly different between the two groups. The mean (+/- SD) fatigue scores were 2.98 +/- 1.96 and 3.99 +/- 1.64 for the control and the trial group respectively, and these figures were statistically significant (p = 0.036). Nutrition scores were significantly higher in the trial group than in the control group (p = 0.002), but the other scores weight, albumin, physical fitness, and depression were not significantly different between the two groups.


CONCLUSION
The multidisciplinary education program in self-care results in decreased fatigue in patients with lung cancer who are receiving chemotherapy. Therefore, it is recommended that more health professionals and specialists participate actively inpatient care to respond directly to patients' needs. This strategy should be adopted as the standard guideline for caring for patients with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy, and for patients with other conditions.
Dermoscopy of early stage mycosis fungoides.

BACKGROUND
Early stage mycosis fungoides (MF) is difficult to be clinically differentiated from chronic dermatitis (CD) in a high proportion of patients. Dermoscopy is a rapid, cheep, non-invasive and widely used method for the evaluation of skin tumours and, recently, of inflammatory skin diseases, as well.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the dermoscopic pattern of early stage MF and compare it with the dermoscopic features observed in CD.


METHODS
This was a retrospective study. Dermoscopic images of lesions that were clinically equivocal between MF and CD were evaluated for the presence of predefined morphologic criteria. Diagnosis had been histopathologically and immunohistochemically confirmed in all cases. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for predefined dermoscopic criteria in relation to the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides.


RESULTS
A total of 67 dermoscopic images were selected for dermoscopic evaluation. Mycosis fungoides lesions exhibited a characteristic dermoscopic pattern consisting of fine short linear vessels (sensitivity 93.7%, specificity 97.1%) and orange-yellowish patchy areas (sensitivity 90.6%, specificity 99.7%). A characteristic vascular structure resembling spermatozoa was also found to be highly specific for the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides. CD was typified by a different dermoscopic pattern, usually consisting of dotted vessels.


CONCLUSIONS
These observations provide a first indication that early stage MF exhibits a characteristic dermoscopic pattern which is different from CD. Prospective studies with long term follow-up are needed to determine the value of these dermoscopic criteria in the differentiation between the two entities in the daily routine.
Structured and Extended Named Entity Evaluation in Automatic Speech Transcriptions

The evaluation of named entity recognition (NER) methods is an active field of research. This includes the recognition of named entities in speech transcripts. Evaluating NER systems on automatic speech recognition (ASR) output whereas human reference annotation was prepared on clean manual transcripts raises difficult alignment issues. These issues are emphasized when named entities are structured, as is the case in the Quaero NER challenge organized in 2010. This paper describes the structured named entity definition used in this challenge and presents a method to transfer reference annotations to ASR output. This method was used in the Quaero 2010 evaluation of extended named entity annotation on speech transcripts, whose results are given in the paper.
Vestibular cues and virtual environments

The vast majority of virtual environments concentrate on constructing a realistic visual simulation while ignoring non-visual environmental cues. Although these missing cues can to some extent be ignored by an operator, the lack of appropriate cues may contribute to cybersickness and may affect operator performance. We examine the role of vestibular cues to self-motion on an operator's sense of self-motion within a virtual environment. We show that the presence of vestibular cues has a very significant effect on an operator's estimate of self-motion. The addition of vestibular cues, however, is not always beneficial.
( FTB-1650 ) a-Amylases from Microbial Sources – An Overview on Recent Developments

This review covers the progress made in research on microbial a-amylase, a highly demanded industrial enzyme in various sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, detergents, etc. Amylases are of ubiquitous occurrence and hold the maximum market share of enzyme sales. The article surveys the a-amylase family and the major characteristics, microbial sources, production aspects, downstream processing, salient biochemical properties, industrial applications, enzyme engineering and some recent research developments.
Longitudinal study on the Quality of Life of symptomatic HIV-infected patients in a trial of zidovudine versus zidovudine and interferon-alpha.

OBJECTIVES
To compare the effect of treatment with zidovudine (ZDV) or a combination of ZDV and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) on patient Quality-of-Life (QoL); and to document changes over time in QoL.


DESIGN
This study is part of a longitudinal, randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing the efficacy and tolerance of ZDV monotherapy and ZDV plus IFN-alpha. Patients were followed-up for 1 year.


SETTING
Seven academic or general medical hospitals.


PARTICIPANTS
Thirty-six symptomatic HIV-infected patients (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stage IV) with a CD4+ count > or = 150 x 10(6)/l and Karnofsky Performance Status score > or = 60, who had not received ZDV or IFN-alpha before.


METHODS
QoL was assessed using two self-report questionnaires (the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality-of-Life Questionnaire and an AIDS-specific questionnaire), administered before and every 3 months after the start of the treatment.


RESULTS
There were no significant differences in QoL between the two treatment groups over a 1-year period. Emotional, cognitive and social functioning improved in the entire group, and patients reported fewer symptoms (for example, shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting, influenza-like symptoms, diarrhoea, lack of appetite, taste disturbances, dizziness, weight loss, trouble in vision) and a better overall QoL until month 9. Thereafter, emotional, cognitive and social functioning and overall QoL deteriorated and patients reported more symptoms. Major complaints at baseline and follow-up were associated with fatigue and emotional functioning: patients reported a strong need to rest, and felt very tired, worried, tense and irritable.


CONCLUSIONS
These results show that both treatments may have a temporary beneficial effect on patient QoL. QoL research may contribute to evaluation of clinical trials and provide patients with information about the effects of treatment on their QoL, thus enabling them to make informed decisions.