LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Universal definition of myocardial infarction: clinical insights.

AIMS
The universal definition of myocardial infarction (MI) classifies acute ischaemia into different classes according to lesion mechanism. Our aim was to perform a detailed comparison between these different types of MI in terms of baseline characteristics, management and prognosis.


METHODS AND RESULTS
An observational retrospective single-centre cohort study was performed, including 1,000 consecutive patients admitted for type 1 (76.4%) or type 2 MI (23.6%). Type 2 MI patients were older, had a higher prevalence of comorbidities and worse medical status at admission. In-hospital mortality did not differ significantly between the MI groups (8.8 vs. 9.7%, p = 0.602). However, mortality during follow-up was almost 3 times higher in type 2 MIs (HR 2.75, p < 0.001). Type 2 MI was an independent all-cause mortality risk marker, adding discriminatory power to the GRACE model. Finally, important differences in traditional risk score performances (GRACE, CRUSADE) were found between both MI types.


CONCLUSIONS
Several important baseline differences were found between these MI types. Regarding prognosis, long-term survival is significantly compromised in type 2 MIs, potentially translating patients' higher medical complexity and frailty. Distinction between type 1 and type 2 MI seems to have important implications in clinical practice and likely also in the results of clinical trials.
Local applications of GM-CSF induce the recruitment of immune cells in cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.

PROBLEM
Quantitative alterations of antigen-presenting cells (APC) in (pre)neoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection suggest a diminished capacity to capture viral antigens and to induce a protective immune response.


METHOD OF STUDY
To test whether a cervical application of GM-CSF could restore an immune response against HPV in women with cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), we performed two clinical trials with 11 healthy women and 15 patients with LSIL.


RESULTS
GM-CSF applications were well tolerated in all enrolled women, and no difference in toxicity between the treated and placebo groups was observed during the follow-up (until 30 months). Interestingly, in the GM-CSF treated group, a significant increase of APC and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte infiltration was observed in the cervical biopsies with no change in regulatory T cell numbers. All the HPV16(+) patients exhibited an immune response against HPV16 after GM-CSF applications, as shown by NK and/or T cells producing IFN-gamma whereas no cellular immune response was observed before the treatment. Moreover, the anti-virus-like particles antibody titers also increased after the treatment.


CONCLUSION
These encouraging results obtained from a limited number of subjects justify further study on the therapeutic effect of APC in cervical (pre)neoplastic lesions.
What support can community mental health nurses deliver to carers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia? Findings from a review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this review was to determine the nature of support that mental health nurses could deliver to carers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The aim was to identify approaches that could be delivered within community practice to reduce burden and increase knowledge, mental health and coping. QUESTIONS ADDRESSED: What effect did support have on carer burden and other needs? What were the key elements of effective support? What effective supports could mental health nurses deliver within practice?


DESIGN
This review covers the international scientific literature published between 1980 and 2008.


DATA SOURCES
Searches were made of electronic databases relevant to nursing. All papers, published in English, were assessed. Hand searches of review papers and references were also carried out. Sixty-eight studies were included.


STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS
Only comparative studies providing a quantitative assessment of carer outcomes were included. Findings were synthesised in narrative format and grouped by intervention type.


RESULTS
Of the 68 emerging studies, 12 (18%) directly included nurses in delivering the intervention and 16 (24%) included nurses as part of a multidisciplinary team. There is fairly robust evidence that education improves carer knowledge of schizophrenia. There is, however, little evidence that it addresses more substantive areas such as burden, coping or mental health. Supportive family education moves beyond information giving by developing coping. As might be expected these approaches can reduce burden. More intensive programmes such as behavioural family therapy aim to address stressful relationships which commonly occur in families of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. These programmes are particularly effective in reducing burden and can also improve mental health. Community support such as intensive outreach is also effective in reducing burden. Finally, there is some evidence that mutual support groups reduce burden and improve coping.


CONCLUSIONS
Research on effective support for carers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia is emerging. Although findings were mixed, there was some evidence supporting a range of approaches that mental health nurses could offer to carers. There is, however, still a need for pragmatic studies to determine the extent that these approaches can be delivered within nursing practice.
Vertex partitioning problems: characterization, complexity and algorithms on partial K-trees

This thesis investigates the computational complexity of algorithmic problems defined on graphs. At the abstract level of the complexity spectrum we discriminate polynomial-time solvable problems from NP-complete problems, while at the concrete level we improve on polynomial-time algorithms for generally hard problems restricted to tree-decomposable graphs. One contribution of this thesis is a precise characterization of vertex partitioning problems which include variants of domination, coloring and packing. An elaboration of this characterization is given for problems defined over vertex subsets and over maximal/minimal vertex subsets. We introduce several new graph parameters as vertex partition generalizations of classical parameters. The given characterizations provide a basis for a taxonomy of vertex partitioning problems, facilitating their common algorithmic treatment and allowing for their uniform complexity classification. We explore the computational complexity of two important types of problems within this taxonomy: vertex subset optimization problems and H-covering problems. The taxonomy is particularly useful in categorizing and analyzing the complexity of vertex subset problems, of which there are a great variety. Our investigation of the complexity of vertex subset problems uncovers several infinite classes of NP-complete and of polynomial-time solvable problems. These results are contrasted and compared with the complexity of classical vertex subset problems. We also develop a methodology useful in analyzing the complexity of H-covering, a problem parameterized by a fixed graph H. As an illustration, we settle the complexity of the H-covering problem for any simple graph H on at most 6 vertices. We design efficient algorithms for H-covering problems by reduction to the 2-SAT problem and by reduction to factorization problems in regular graphs. Another contribution of this thesis is a methodology for the design of practical algorithms for generally NP-hard problems restricted to partial k-trees. Based on very simple graph operations, we define a binary parse tree of partial k-trees that facilitates algorithm derivation. We account for dependency on the treewidth k in analysis of the computational complexity of the resulting algorithms. These contributions culminate in applying the partial k-tree algorithm methodology to the general class of vertex partitioning problems. The input graph in the resulting algorithms is assumed to be given with a width k tree-decomposition, and the answer is computed by a dynamic programming bottom-up traversal of its binary parse tree. We give the first algorithms for these problems with reasonable time complexity as a function of treewidth. We also give the first polynomial-time algorithms on partial k-trees for certain problems, mainly Grundy Number, not known to have a finite state description even if restricted to graphs of bounded treewidth.
Interaction of beta-lactoglobulin and cytochrome c: complex formation and iron reduction.

Abstract β-Lactoglobulin forms a soluble complex with cytochrome c in mildly alkaline solutions of low ionic strength. Sedimentation velocity experiments suggest that the complex (maximum s 20 = 3.7) consists of one cytochrome c molecule per β-lactoglobulin monomer unit. At pH 8 or higher, the presence of β-lactoglobulin causes reduction of ferri- to ferrocytochrome c . The initial rate of reduction at a single temperature depends primarily on the concentration of β-lactoglobulin, although the final percentage ferrocytochrome c obtained is constant at molar ratios of three or more β-lactoglobulin monomers to one cytochrome c molecule. The temperature dependence of the initial rate of iron reduction resembles that for alkaline denaturation of β-lactoglobulin. The displacement of N -dansylaziridine, a sulfhydryl specific dye, from bovine β-lactoglobulin during iron reduction, and the formation of nonreducing complexes between the analogous swine protein (no sulfhydryls) and cytochrome c suggest that the sulfhydryl group of β-lactoglobulin is the electron donor.
Kaposi Sarcoma Incidence and Survival Among HIV-Infected Homosexual Men After HIV Seroconversion

BACKGROUND
Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in reducing the incidence of Kaposi sarcoma, HIV-infected individuals who have responded to treatment continue to be diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma. We examine factors associated with the incidence of Kaposi sarcoma among cART-treated HIV-infected homosexual men and changes in their survival after its diagnosis over calendar time.


METHODS
Data were from HIV-infected homosexual men with well-estimated dates of HIV seroconversion (ie, change in status from being HIV negative to having HIV antibodies detected). Incidence of Kaposi sarcoma was calculated. We used Kaplan-Meier methods to determine survival after Kaposi sarcoma diagnosis in three calendar periods: before 1996, 1996-2000, and 2001-2006. Poisson models were used to examine the effect of risk factors such as current and nadir CD4 cell count (ie, the lowest CD4 cell count ever recorded for a person), duration of infection, and age at diagnosis for Kaposi sarcoma incidence in cART-treated men. All statistical tests were two-sided.


RESULTS
Among the 9473 men, 555 were diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma in the period 1986-2006, of whom 319 died. The percentage surviving 24 months after Kaposi sarcoma diagnosis rose statistically significantly during the study period from 35% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 29% to 42%) before 1996 to 84% (95% CI = 76% to 90%) in 1996-2000 and to 81% (95% CI = 70% to 88%) in 2001-2006 (P < .001). Seventy men were diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma after starting cART. Current (ie, within 6 months) CD4 cell count was associated with incidence of Kaposi sarcoma among cART-treated men (rate ratios [RRs] = 18.91, 95% CI = 8.50 to 42.09, for CD4 level category <200 cells per cubic millimeter; RR = 3.55, 95% CI = 1.40 to 9.00, for 200-349 cells per cubic millimeter; and RR = 4.11, 95% CI = 1.74 to 9.70, for 350-499 cells per cubic millimeter; all compared with > or = 500 cells per cubic millimeter). After adjustment for current CD4 cell count, HIV infection duration, age, or nadir CD4 cell count was not associated with Kaposi sarcoma incidence.


CONCLUSIONS
Among cART-treated HIV-infected homosexual men, current CD4 cell count was the factor most strongly associated with the incidence of Kaposi sarcoma. Survival estimates after Kaposi sarcoma diagnosis have improved over time.
Mortality in overweight and underweight children with acute myeloid leukemia.

CONTEXT
Current treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children cures about half the patients. Of the other half, most succumb to leukemia, but 5% to 15% die of treatment-related complications. Overweight children with AML seem to experience excess life-threatening and fatal toxicity. Nothing is known about how weight affects outcomes in pediatric AML.


OBJECTIVE
To compare survival rates in children with AML who at diagnosis are underweight (body mass index [BMI] < or =10th percentile), overweight (BMI > or =95th percentile), or middleweight (BMI = 11th-94th percentiles).


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Retrospective review of BMI and survival in 768 children and young adults aged 1 to 20 years enrolled in Children's Cancer Group-2961, an international cooperative group phase 3 trial for previously untreated AML conducted August 30, 1996, through December 4, 2002. Data were collected through January 9, 2004, with a median follow-up of 31 months (range, 0-78 months).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Hazard ratios (HRs) for survival and treatment-related mortality.


RESULTS
Eighty-four of 768 patients (10.9%) were underweight and 114 (14.8%) were overweight. After adjustment for potentially confounding variables of age, race, leukocyte count, cytogenetics, and bone marrow transplantation, compared with middleweight patients, underweight patients were less likely to survive (HR, 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.87; P = .006) and more likely to experience treatment-related mortality (HR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.38-5.11; P = .003). Similarly, overweight patients were less likely to survive (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.25-2.83; P = .002) and more likely to have treatment-related mortality (HR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.99-6.10; P<.001) than middleweight patients. Infections incurred during the first 2 courses of chemotherapy caused most treatment-related deaths.


CONCLUSION
Treatment-related complications significantly reduce survival in overweight and underweight children with AML.
Adoption of Educational Technology: How Does Gender Matter?.

Gender differences have attracted attention in today’s educational research and practice. Very few studies, however, explore the gender differences in the use of technology in higher education. The authors conducted a study on technology adoption at a large Canadian university. One of its purposes was to inform our understanding of how gender matters in the process of technology adoption in post-secondary teaching. A survey was administered to all full-time faculty and sessional instructors. Results suggest that females were more likely to use student-centered pedagogical approaches in teaching than males. Females had lower confidence and less experience in the use of computers in teaching. They tended to learn how to use technology from others, whereas males were more likely to learn from their own experience. Based on these findings, the paper recommends that professional development for females should involve more showcases and interactions while training for males would be more appropriate when it provides many hands-on activities.
Oesophageal sensation in response to high PCO(2) and acidic solutions in nonerosive reflux disease.

BACKGROUND
Heartburn is commonly associated with the presence of acid in the oesophageal lumen. However, in patients with nonerosive reflux disease (NERD), the mechanism by which acid traverses the mucosa is not clear. We hypothesized that the luminal acid signal traverses the oesophageal epithelium in the form of the highly permeant gas CO(2) , which then is reconverted to H(+) in the submucosa.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
  Ten patients with heartburn, normal upper endoscopy and increased oesophageal acid exposure (NERD patients) and 10 healthy subjects were enrolled. Perceptual responses to intraoesophageal acid (0·1 N HCl solution) and a high PCO(2) solution were determined using a randomized cross over design. Stimulus-response functions to perfusions were quantified by three parameters: lag time to symptom perception, intensity rating and perfusion sensitivity score.


RESULTS
 In NERD patients, the difference in lag time to typical symptom perception, intensity rating and perfusion sensitivity score between high PCO(2) and acid perfusions was statistically significant (P = 0·02, 0·01 and 0·02, respectively). However, the difference in the same perfusion parameters between acid and high PCO(2) perfusions was nonsignificant in healthy controls. When NERD and controls were compared, the difference between the different perfusion variables was nonsignificant (adjusted to age).


CONCLUSIONS
In NERD subjects, acid perfusion reliably evoked heartburn symptoms of greater intensity than in healthy controls. Nevertheless, a high PCO(2) perfusion failed to produce symptoms in either group.
Perspective - Tacit Knowledge and Knowledge Conversion: Controversy and Advancement in Organizational Knowledge Creation Theory

Nonaka’s paper [1994. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organ. Sci. 5(1) 14–37] contributed to the concepts of “tacit knowledge” and “knowledge conversion” in organization science. We present work that shaped the development of organizational knowledge creation theory and identify two premises upon which more than 15 years of extensive academic work has been conducted: (1) tacit and explicit knowledge can be conceptually distinguished along a continuum; (2) knowledge conversion explains, theoretically and empirically, the interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge. Recently, scholars have raised several issues regarding the understanding of tacit knowledge as well as the interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge in the theory. The purpose of this article is to introduce and comment on the debate about organizational knowledge creation theory. We aim to help scholars make sense of this debate by synthesizing six fundamental questions on organizational knowledge creation theory. Next, we seek to elaborate and advance the theory by responding to questions and incorporating new research. Finally, we discuss implications of our endeavor for organization science.
Rigid Body Attitude Control Using a Single Vector Measurement and Gyro

Most existing methods for satellite attitude control assume that full knowledge of satellite attitude is available by algebraic manipulation of at least two vector measurements from attitude sensors such as Sun, Earth-horizon, Earth-magnetic or star tracker sensors. Kalman filtering is usually used when only one vector measurement is available, however, asymptotic stability of nonlinear and uncertain dynamics of satellite is not guaranteed in this case. This technical note presents a coupled nonlinear estimator-controller for satellite attitude determination and control by using a 3-axis gyro and a single vector measurement for a fully actuated satellite. We assume that the moment-of-inertia matrix of satellite is unknown. Asymptotic convergence of the satellite attitude and angular velocity to their desired values is proven. Performance of the proposed controller is illustrated in a realistic case study by simulation where a magnetometer is used to provide the single vector measurement.
One weird trick for parallelizing convolutional neural networks

I present a new way to parallelize the training of convolutional neural networks across multiple GPUs. The method scales significantly better than all alternatives when applied to modern convolutional neural
Comprehensive educational plan for patients with epilepsy and comorbidity (EDU-COM): a pragmatic randomised trial.

BACKGROUND
The impact of educational strategies in the management of adverse treatment effects and drug interactions in adult patients with epilepsy with comorbidities remains undetermined.


OBJECTIVE
The EDU-COM study is a randomised, pragmatic trial investigating the effect of a patient-tailored educational plan in patients with epilepsy with comorbidity.


METHODS
174 adult patients with epilepsy with chronic comorbidities, multiple-drug therapy and reporting at least one adverse treatment effect and/or drug interaction at study entry were randomly assigned to the educational plan or usual care. The primary endpoint was the number of patients becoming free from adverse treatment events and/or drug interactions after a 6-month follow-up. The number of adverse treatment events and drug interactions, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) summary score changes and the monetary costs of medical contacts and drugs were assessed as secondary outcomes.


RESULTS
The primary endpoint was met by 44.0% of patients receiving the educational plan versus 28.9% of those on usual care (p=0.0399). The control group reported a significantly higher risk not to meet successfully the primary endpoint at the end of the study: OR (95% CI) of 2.29 (1.03 to 5.09). A separate analysis on drug adverse effects and drug interactions showed that the latter were more sensitive to the effect of educational treatment. Quality of life and costs were not significantly different in the two groups.


CONCLUSIONS
A patient-tailored educational strategy is effective in reducing drug-related problems (particularly drug interactions) in epilepsy patients with chronic comorbidities, without adding significant monetary costs. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01804322, (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Letter by Nunes regarding article, "Clinical cardiology: physician update: erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease".

To the Editor:

I appreciated the review by Schwartz and Kloner,1 but I disagree with some points. The authors classify the patients with erectile dysfunction as low-, intermediate- and high-risk cardiovascular groups as defined by The Second Princeton Consensus Conference.1 They suggest that intermediate-risk patients with erectile dysfunction, including asymptomatic individuals with ≥3 cardiovascular risk factors, should undergo cardiac stress testing to detect asymptomatic coronary artery disease …
Effect of unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin on OPG, sRANKL, and von Willebrand factor concentrations during hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND
Endothelial dysfunction marker, von Willebrand factor (vWF), is physically connected with osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the Weibel-Palade bodies. We aimed to compare the effect of unfractionated (UFH) and low-molecular-weight (LMWH enoxaparin) heparin used as anticoagulants during hemodialysis (HD) on plasma levels and relationships of OPG, soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB Ligand (sRANKL), and vWF.


METHODS
Totally 21 clinically stable chronic HD patients were randomly assigned to either enoxaparin (n = 10) or UFH (n = 11) anticoagulation and followed prospectively for 12 weeks before crossing over to the alternate therapy for further 12 weeks. The OPG, RANKL, and vWF levels were measured at T0, T10, and T180 of HD session after each period of evaluation.


RESULTS
The baseline sRANKL level was higher under UFH treatment. Its over-HD level does not behave significantly different under enoxaparin and UFH treatment. Plasma OPG levels expressly changed during both enoxaparin (χ(2) analysis of variance [ANOVA] = 31.13, P < .016) and UFH (χ(2) ANOVA = 8.26, P = .016) anticoagulation, and its increment at T10 and T180 was significantly different between both the heparins. The main negative predictor of OPG concentration was the total cholesterol level (β = -.51, P = .025). von Willebrand factor concentration remained stable during UFH anticoagulation, whereas constant, no significant increments were noticed, under enoxaparin treatment. After 10 minutes of HD, especially under enoxaparin use, a positive correlation between OPG and vWF increase was noticed (P = .03, R = .45).


CONCLUSIONS
Impact of heparin on endothelial cells and simultaneously on OPG/RANK/RANKL axis reinforces the presumption of the pathophysiological linkage between bone mineralization and endothelial dysfunction in end-stage renal disease.