LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and features of hospital-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is defined as radiologically confirmed pneumonia occurring ≥48h after hospitalization, in non-intubated patients. Empirical treatment regimens use broad-spectrum antimicrobials.


AIM
To evaluate the accuracy of the diagnosis of HAP and to describe the demographic and microbiological features of patients with HAP.


METHODS
Medical and surgical inpatients receiving intravenous antimicrobials for a clinical diagnosis of HAP at a UK tertiary care hospital between April 2013 and 2014 were identified. Demographic and clinical details were recorded.


FINDINGS
A total of 166 adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of HAP were identified. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials were prescribed, primarily piperacillin-tazobactam (57.2%) and co-amoxiclav (12.5%). Sputum from 24.7% of patients was obtained for culture. Sixty-five percent of patients had radiological evidence of new/progressive infiltrate at the time of HAP treatment, therefore meeting HAP diagnostic criteria (2005 American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines). Radiologically confirmed HAP was associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers and sputum culture positivity. Previous surgery and/or endotracheal intubation were associated with radiologically confirmed HAP. A bacterial pathogen was identified from 17/35 sputum samples from radiologically confirmed HAP patients. These were Gram-negative bacilli (N = 11) or Staphylococcus aureus (N = 6). Gram-negative bacteria tended to be resistant to co-amoxiclav, but susceptible to ciprofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem. Five of the six S. aureus isolates were meticillin susceptible and all were susceptible to doxycycline.


CONCLUSION
In ward-level hospital practice 'HAP' is an over-used diagnosis that may be inaccurate in 35% of cases when objective radiological criteria are applied. Radiologically confirmed HAP represents a distinct clinical and microbiological phenotype. Potential risk factors were identified that could represent targets for preventive interventions.
von Bertalanffy 1.0: a COBRA toolbox extension to thermodynamically constrain metabolic models

MOTIVATION
In flux balance analysis of genome scale stoichiometric models of metabolism, the principal constraints are uptake or secretion rates, the steady state mass conservation assumption and reaction directionality. Here, we introduce an algorithmic pipeline for quantitative assignment of reaction directionality in multi-compartmental genome scale models based on an application of the second law of thermodynamics to each reaction. Given experimental or computationally estimated standard metabolite species Gibbs energy and metabolite concentrations, the algorithms bounds reaction Gibbs energy, which is transformed to in vivo pH, temperature, ionic strength and electrical potential.


RESULTS
This cross-platform MATLAB extension to the COnstraint-Based Reconstruction and Analysis (COBRA) toolbox is computationally efficient, extensively documented and open source.


AVAILABILITY
http://opencobra.sourceforge.net.
Parallel, hardware-supported interrupt handling in an event-triggered real-time operating system

A common problem in event-triggered real-time systems is caused by low-priority tasks that are implemented as interrupt handlers interrupting and disturbing high-priority tasks that are implemented as threads. This problem is termed rate-monotonic priority inversion, and current software-based solutions are restricted in terms of more sophisticated scheduler features as demanded for instance by the AUTOSAR embedded-operating-system specification.
 We propose a hardware-based approach that makes use of a coprocessor to eliminate the potential priority inversion. By evaluating a prototypical implementation, we show that our approach both overcomes the restrictions of software approaches and introduces only a slight processing overhead in exchange for increased predictability.
The Music Encoding Initiative as a Document-Encoding Framework

Recent changes in the Music Encoding Initiative (MEI) have transformed it into an extensible platform from which new notation encoding schemes can be produced. This paper introduces MEI as a document-encoding framework, and illustrates how it can be extended to encode new types of notation, eliminating the need for creating specialized and potentially incompatible notation encoding standards.
Reflections on the Object Constraint Language

The Object Constraint Language (OCL), which forms part of the UML set of modelling notations, is a precise, textual language for expressing constraints that cannot be shown diagrammatically in UML. This paper reflects on a number of aspects of the syntax and semantics of the OCL, and makes proposals for clarification or extension. Specifically, the paper suggests that: the concept of flattening collections of collections is unnecessary, state models should be connectable to class models, defining object creation should be made more convenient, OCL should be based on a 2-valued logic, set subtraction should be cov ered more fully, and a "let" feature should be introduced.
Fuzzy hierarchical analysis

We present a new method of finding the fuzzy weights in fuzzy hierarchical analysis which is the direct fuzzification of the original method used by Saaty (1980) in the analytic hierarchy process. We test our new procedure in two cases where there are formulas for the crisp weights. An example is presented where there are five criteria and three alternatives.
Algebraic Methods for Interactive Proof Systems

A new algebraic technique for the construction of interactive proof systems is presented. Our technique is used to prove that every language in the polynomial-time hierarchy has an interactive proof system. This technique played a pivotal role in the recent proofs that IP = PSPACE [28] and that MIP = NEXP [4].
Spectrum requirements for TV broadcast services using cellular transmitters

Wide-spread provisioning of TV services has strongly shaped the cultural development since the last century; terrestrial radio broadcast transmission has been the original form of TV distribution. Although the majority of TV reception is today based on alternative distribution means, like cable or satellite, TV broadcast enjoys still a significant amount of allocated terrestrial spectrum (∼300 MHz). However, it has been identified that TV broadcast does not efficiently use its allocated spectrum. At the same time, other spectrum users like mobile communication systems experience a tremendous growth and demand for spectrum. The scarcity of radio spectrum has led the US FCC rule that additional 500 MHz of spectrum are to be identified for mobile broadband systems in the next decade — out of which 120 MHz are to come from the TV band in the next 5 years. In this paper we identify an alternative transmission architecture for TV distribution based on cellular LTE MBMS, with densely placed low-power transmitters that transmit in a synchronized single frequency network. It is demonstrated that in this way a full frequency reuse at all sites is possible, in contrast to the large reuse distances in high-power high-tower TV transmission. As a result, we show that it is possible to support TV services with 84 MHz of spectrum via LTE MBMS, in contrast to the 300 MHz used by today's ATSC TV broadcast system. This approach can be realized in a cost-effective manner by re-using existing mobile network infrastructure and we also show that the total radiated power can be decreased.
Comparison of the effects of commonly used wound agents on epithelialization and neovascularization.

BACKGROUND
The primary effect sought with most topical wound therapy is antimicrobial. Topical wound agents are thought to promote normal healing by protecting the wound from infection. In this study, we examined the effect of six commonly used topical wound agents (bacitracin, sodium hypochlorite, silver nitrate, silver sulfadiazine, mafenide acetate, and povidone-iodine) on epithelialization and neovascularization in noninfected wounds. For this study, a new wound model was used in which direct visualization and quantification of wound epithelialization and neovascularization were carried out throughout the entire healing process.


STUDY DESIGN
We measured the effect which 500 U per g of bacitracin, 0.25 percent of sodium hypochlorite, 0.5 percent silver nitrate, 1 percent silver sulfadiazine, 8.5 percent mafenide acetate, and 10 percent povodione-iodine had on the rate of wound epithelialization and neovascularization. The agents were applied topically to 99 circular full-thickness wounds (2.25 mm diameter, 0.125 mm depth) created on the dorsum of male hairless mouse ears. This model enabled us to visualize and measure directly wound epithelialization and neovascularization repeatedly throughout healing, using intravital video microscopy and computerized digitized planimetry.


RESULTS
Control wounds and wounds treated with silver sulfadiazine (n = 18) and mafenide acetate (n = 14) epithelialized in 7.2 +/- 0.7, 7.1 +/- 0.3, and 7.3 +/- 0.3 days, respectively. This was significantly (p < 0.01) faster than the wounds treated with povidone-iodine (n = 10), sodium hypochlorite, (n = 8), and bacitracin (n = 13). Wounds treated with povidone-iodine epithelialized the slowest (11.8 +/- 0.55 days). Wound neovascularization was completed most rapidly in the groups treated with povidone-iodine and silver sulfadiazine (15.0 +/- 0.4 and 15.3 +/- 0.7 days, respectively). This was significantly (p < 0.05) faster than wounds treated with silver nitrate (n = 15), which neovascularized in 18.4 +/- 0.56 days. One-half of the wounds treated with sodium hypochlorite (eight of 16) did not epithelialize or neovascularize.


CONCLUSIONS
The various antimicrobial agents studied in our in vivo model affect wound epithelialization and neovascularization differently. These effects on these two very important aspects of healing should be taken into consideration when indicating a specific agent for treatment of different types of wounds.
Clinical Factors Associated With a Short Survival Time After Percutaneous Nephrostomy for Ureteric Obstruction in Cancer Patients: An Updated Model.

CONTEXT
Patients with advanced cancer can develop ureteric obstruction. Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) tube insertion can relieve this obstruction and prevent renal failure. PCN is associated with complications and can worsen quality of life. Prognostic models of survival after PCN in cancer patients can help identify the patients who will most likely benefit from this intervention. This work updates a prognostic model to predict overall survival in cancer patients after receiving PCN.


OBJECTIVES
The primary objective was to assess survival of patients with malignant urinary obstruction after PCN tube insertion. The secondary objective was to identify factors associated with poor prognosis in this group of patients and externally validate an existing model.


METHODS
We conducted a retrospective analysis of 211 patients who had malignant urinary obstruction and received PCN tube insertion.


RESULTS
The median survival was 5.05 months (95% CI = 3.87-7.11; range 2-963 days). On univariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with shorter survival were type of malignancy, bilateral hydronephrosis, serum albumin <3.5 mg/dL, presence of metastasis, ascites, and pleural effusion (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that type of malignancy, serum albumin <3.5 mg/dL, pleural effusion, and bilateral hydronephrosis were significantly associated with shorter survival (P < 0.05). Using the latter three factors, we stratified patients into four prognostic groups: zero risk factors (32 patients), one risk factor (85 patients), two risk factors (78 patients), and three risk factors (16 patients). Median survival for each group was 17.6 months, 7.7 months, 2.2 months, and 1.7 months, respectively (P < 0.0001).


CONCLUSION
Survival in patients with malignant ureteric obstruction can range widely from a few days to a few years. The presented prognostic model is an updated model and can be used to identify patients with poor survival after PCN.
A Cryptosystem Based on Hilbert Matrix using Cipher Block Chaining Mode

Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data. Cryptography enables you to store sensitive information or transmit it across insecure networks so that it cannot be read by anyone except the intended recipient. While cryptography is the science of securing data, cryptanalysis is the science of analyzing and breaking secure communication. Classical cryptanalysis involves an interesting combination of analytical reasoning, application of mathematical tools and pattern finding. The objectives of the proposed work are to propose a new cryptographic method based on the special matrix called the Hilbert matrix for authentication and confidentiality and to propose a model for confidentiality and authentication using a combination of symmetric and public cryptosystems. Further, it is extended to shared key cryptosystems with the concept of digital enveloping using a session key. In the present work an algorithm for shared key encryption is developed using Hilbert matrix cryptosystem. In this the block chaining modes of operation have been used to tackle the issues of confusion and diffusion. Keywords— Crypto System, Hilbert Matrix, Cipher Block Chain Encryption,Decryption.
A review for mobile commerce research and applications

Although a large volume of literature is available on mobile commerce (m-commerce), the topic is still under development and offers potential opportunities for further research and applications. Since the subject is at the stage of development, a review of the literature on m-commerce with the objective of bringing to the fore the state-of-art in m-commerce research and applications will initiate further research on the growth of m-commerce technologies. This paper reviews the literature on mcommerce and applications using a suitable classification scheme to identify the gap between theory and practice and future research directions. The 149 m-commerce articles are classified and the results of these are presented based on a scheme that consists of five distinct categories: m-commerce theory and research, wireless network infrastructure, mobile middleware, wireless user infrastructure, and m-commerce applications and cases. A comprehensive list of references is presented. We hope that the findings of this research will provide useful insights into the anatomy of m-commerce literature and be a good source for anyone who is interested in m-commerce. The paper also provides some future directions for research. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Identifying Opposing Views in Online Discourse

Discourse in online media often takes the form of siloed discussions where unpopular views tend to get drowned out by the majority. This is especially true in platforms such as Reddit, where only the most popular opinions get visibility. In this work, we propose that this problem may be solved by building tools that surface opposing views and I advance a means for automatically identifying disagreeing views on Reddit.
Hominins do not share a common postnatal facial ontogenetic shape trajectory.

This paper examines the hypothesis raised by recent studies that postnatal trajectories of shape change in the facial skeleton are parallel between, at least, chimpanzees, modern humans and also fossil hominins, specifically australopithecines and possibly Neanderthals. In contrast, other studies point to divergences in postnatal shape trajectories within diverse groups of primates. As such there is some debate regarding the relative contributions of pre and postnatal ontogeny to adult morphological differences. This paper presents a series of geometric morphometric studies of the ontogeny of facial shape in hominins with the specific aim of resolving these issues. The results indicate that many differences in facial shape between hominins are established prenatally, however highly significant divergences of postnatal facial ontogeny are found among living hominins. Our studies point to possible differences between the shape ontogeny of the Australopithecus africanus face and that of African apes on the one hand and humans on the other. However, sampling experiments indicate that the small sample size of available specimens of A. africanus does not permit any conclusions to be drawn regarding comparative shape ontogeny of the face.
Nurse–Physician Collaboration Scale: development and psychometric testing

AIM
This paper is a report of a study conducted to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Nurse-Physician Collaboration Scale.


BACKGROUND
The importance of cooperation between healthcare professionals is widely acknowledged in Europe and the United States of America, but there have been no specific studies of interactions between healthcare professionals or of nurse-physician cooperation in Japan.


METHODS
The 51-item Nurse-Physician Collaboration Scale was developed using a process of item design, item refinement, and testing for reliability and validity. Random sampling was used to identify potential respondents from 27 of the 87 acute care hospitals in one city in Japan in 2006. Valid responses were obtained from 446 physicians and 1217 nurses (response rate 78.7% for nurses, and 54.4% for physicians). Construct validity was first confirmed by an exploratory factor analysis and then by a confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, a simultaneous analysis of several groups was performed. The test-retest method and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to assess reliability.


FINDINGS
Exploratory factor analysis yielded three factors. The three-factor models were confirmed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFI >0.9, RMSEA <0.08). Simultaneous analysis of several groups (RMSEA = 0.046, AIC = 3115.888) showed the same factor structure for both nurses and physicians. The r values of the test-retest reliability correlations were all 0.7 or above. Internal consistency was demonstrated by a Cronbach's alpha = 0.8 or above.


CONCLUSION
The Nurse-Physician Collaboration Scale can be used to establish standards for nurse-physician collaboration, to measure the frequency of collaborative activity, and to verify unit-specific relationships between collaboration and quality of care.
Green Data Centers: A Survey, Perspectives, and Future Directions

At present, a major concern regarding data centers is their extremely high energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. However, because of the over-provisioning of resources, the utilization of existing data centers is, in fact, remarkably low, leading to considerable energy waste. Therefore, over the past few years, many research efforts have been devoted to increasing efficiency for the construction of green data centers. The goal of these efforts is to efficiently utilize available resources and to reduce energy consumption and thermal cooling costs. In this paper, we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art research on green data center techniques, including energy efficiency, resource management, thermal control and green metrics. Additionally, we present a detailed comparison of the reviewed proposals. We further discuss the key challenges for future research and highlight some future research issues for addressing the problem of building green data centers. Keywords—Green data center; Energy efficiency; Resource management; Thermal control; Green metrics, monitoring and experimental techniques
The population of Fraserville in 1891

Extract from the nominative census of the town of Fraserville, Quebec, Decennial Census of Canada, 1891, p. 110.
Graphic Organizers as a Reading Strategy: Research Findings and Issues

The present article extends prior research on graphic organizers mainly used as a reading strategy. Graphic strategies, visual representation of information in a text, refer to different approaches to reading from the traditional, linear text representation. This study constitutes an attempt to shed light on the research evidence regarding the effectiveness of GOs on text learning and the various types of graphic organizers, which use different conventions to communicate information and are classified in various ways. As such, it highlights key concepts, the theoretical and historical foundations of graphic organizers, includes the major types of graphic organizers, summarizes research findings, recommends ways of integrating them in reading lessons, touches on the issue of strategy instruction and its effects on language learning and leaves room for further exploration.
Efficient compact dual-band antennas for GSM and Wi-Fi energy harvesting

Since the demand for autonomous wireless sensors increases, there is an important interest in battery-less systems that use radiofrequency (RF) energy harvesters. The key element on the receiving side of an energy harvesting system is the rectenna (rectifier + antenna) which receives electromagnetic power and converts it into electric continuous power. With the development of multiple frequency bands in today's wireless communication systems, the multi-band rectennas would be useful. Among various entities of rectenna, antenna is one of the important elements which is responsible for collecting the incoming RF signals of various frequencies. We present in this paper two efficient compact dual-band antennas for RF energy harvesters: a Printed-IFA for GSM bands with 1.3 dBi at 900 MHz band and 3.2 dBi at 1800 MHz band; and a quasi-Yagi for Wi-Fi bands with 5.7 dBi at 2.45 GHz band and 5.9 dBi at 5.3 GHz band. Also simulation and measurement results will be presented.
Garbage Collecting the Internet: A Survey of Distributed Garbage Collection

Internet programming languages such as Java present new challenges to garbage-collection design. The spectrum of garbage-collection schema for linked structures distributed over a network are reviewed here. Distributed garbage collectors are classified first because they evolved from single-address-space collectors. This taxonomy is used as a framework to explore distribution issues: locality of action, communication overhead and indeterministic communication latency.