LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF LEAD CITRATE AT HIGH pH AS AN ELECTRON-OPAQUE STAIN IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Aqueous solutions of lead salts (1, 2) and saturated solutions of lead hydroxide (1) have been used as stains to enhance the electron-scattering properties of components of biological materials examined in the electron microscope. Saturated solutions of lead hydroxide (1), while staining more intensely than either lead acetate or monobasic lead acetate (l , 2), form insoluble lead carbonate upon exposure to air. The avoidance of such precipitates which contaminate surfaces of sections during staining has been the stimulus for the development of elaborate procedures for exclusion of air or carbon dioxide (3, 4). Several modifications of Watson's lead hydroxide stain (1) have recently appeared (5-7). All utilize relatively high pH (approximately 12) and one contains small amounts of tartrate (6), a relatively weak complexing agent (8), in addition to lead. These modified lead stains are less liable to contaminate the surface of the section with precipitated stain products. The stain reported here differs from previous alkaline lead stains in that the chelating agent, citrate, is in sufficient excess to sequester all lead present. Lead citrate, soluble in high concentrations in basic solutions, is a chelate compound with an apparent association constant (log Ka) between ligand and lead ion of 6.5 (9). Tissue binding sites, presumably organophosphates, and other anionic species present in biological components following fixation, dehydration, and plastic embedding apparently have a greater affinity for this cation than lead citrate inasmuch as cellular and extracellular structures in the section sequester lead from the staining solution. Alkaline lead citrate solutions are less likely to contaminate sections, as no precipitates form when droplets of fresh staining solution are exposed to air for periods of up to 30 minutes. The resultant staining of the sections is of high intensity in sections of Aralditeor Epon-embedded material. Cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, glycogen, and nuclear material are stained (Figs. 1 to 3). STAIN SOLUTION: Lead citrate is prepared by
The likelihood of death from prostate cancer in men with favorable or unfavorable intermediate-risk disease.

BACKGROUND
Recently, men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PC) were classified into favorable and unfavorable categories; however, whether the risk of PC-specific mortality (PCSM) among men with high-risk PC versus unfavorable intermediate-risk PC is increased is unknown.


METHODS
In a prospective, randomized trial conducted between 1995 and 2001, 206 men with intermediate-risk or high-risk PC were randomized to receive 70 Gy with or without 6 months of androgen-suppression therapy (AST). The subgroup of 197 patients with information available on the percentage of positive biopsies formed the cohort. Fine and Gray regression analysis was used to assess whether men with high-risk PC versus unfavorable intermediate-risk PC had an increased risk of PCSM.


RESULTS
After a median follow-up of 14.3 years, there were 127 deaths (64.5%), including 22 deaths (17.3%) from PC. There were no PC deaths in the favorable intermediate-risk group. There was an increase in the risk of PCSM among men with high-risk PC versus unfavorable intermediate-risk PC, but the difference was not significant (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.66-3.83; P = .30) after adjusting for age, randomized treatment arm, and comorbidity.


CONCLUSIONS
The lack of PC deaths among men with favorable intermediate-risk PC suggests that adding AST may not reduce their risk of PCSM; whereas many men with unfavorable intermediate-risk PC are at risk for harboring occult PC with Gleason scores from 8 to 10 and, if proven, would benefit from long-term AST. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and targeted biopsy of suspicious lesions should be considered to identify PC with Gleason scores from 8 to 10 in these men.
Design and implementation of the Exercise for Health trial -- a pragmatic exercise intervention for women with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND
Exercise for Health was a pragmatic, randomised, controlled trial comparing the effect of an eight-month exercise intervention on function, treatment-related side effects and quality of life following breast cancer, compared with usual care. The intervention commenced six weeks post-surgery, and two modes of delivering the same intervention was compared with usual care. The purpose of this paper is to describe the study design, along with outcomes related to recruitment, retention and representativeness, and intervention participation.


METHODS
Women newly diagnosed with breast cancer and residing in a major metropolitan city of Queensland, Australia, were eligible to participate. Consenting women were randomised to a face-to-face-delivered exercise group (FtF, n = 67), telephone-delivered exercise group (Tel, n = 67) or usual care group (UC, n = 60) and were assessed pre-intervention (5-weeks post-surgery), mid-intervention (6 months post-surgery) and 10 weeks post-intervention (12 months post-surgery). Each intervention arm entailed 16 sessions with an Exercise Physiologist.


RESULTS
Of 318 potentially eligible women, 63% (n = 200) agreed to participate, with a 12-month retention rate of 93%. Participants were similar to the Queensland breast cancer population with respect to disease characteristics, and the randomisation procedure was mostly successful at attaining group balance, with the few minor imbalances observed unlikely to influence intervention effects given balance in other related characteristics. Median participation was 14 (min and max: 0 and 16) and 13 (min and max: 3 and 16) intervention sessions for the FtF and Tel, respectively, with 68% of those in Tel and 82% in FtF participating in at least 75% of sessions.


DISCUSSION
Participation in both intervention arms during and following treatment for breast cancer was feasible and acceptable to women. Future work, designed to inform translation into practice, will evaluate the quality of life, clinical, psychosocial and behavioural outcomes associated with each mode of delivery.
Automated Behavioral Analysis of Malware: A Case Study of WannaCry Ransomware

Ransomware, a class of self-propagating malware that uses encryption to hold the victims’ data ransom, has emerged in recent years as one of the most dangerous cyber threats, with widespread damage; e.g., zero-day ransomware WannaCry has caused world-wide catastrophe, from knocking U.K. National Health Service hospitals offline to shutting down a Honda Motor Company in Japan [1]. Our close collaboration with security operations of large enterprises reveals that defense against ransomware relies on tedious analysis from high-volume systems logs of the first few infections. Sandbox analysis of freshly captured malware is also commonplace in operation. We introduce a method to identify and rank the most discriminating ransomware features from a set of ambient (non-attack) system logs and at least one log stream containing both ambient and ransomware behavior. These ranked features reveal a set of malware actions that are produced automatically from system logs, and can help automate tedious manual analysis. We test our approach using WannaCry and two polymorphic samples by producing logs with Cuckoo Sandbox during both ambient, and ambient plus ransomware executions. Our goal is to extract the features of the malware from the logs with only knowledge that malware was present. We compare outputs with a detailed analysis of WannaCry allowing validation of the algorithm’s feature extraction and provide analysis of the method’s robustness to variations of input data—changing quality/quantity of ambient data and testing polymorphic ransomware. Most notably, our patterns are accurate and unwavering when generated from polymorphic WannaCry copies, on which 63 (of 63 tested) antivirus (AV) products fail.
Objective and subjective measures for sleep disorders

Subjective and objective measures of sleep structure or quality could help to characterize the chronic sleep disturbances, with relation to patients’ risk factor profiles and co-morbidities. Studies have shown that discrepancies can occur between subjective data regarding sleep disturbances and the impact of insomnia and objective assays, and surrogate markers of sleep and sleep disturbances. Both objective and subjective measures should be incorporated into clinic studies. It seems likely that sleep quality is represented by a combination of more than one subjective sleep parameter. Objective and subjective assessments of sleep quality may relate to different parameters. Future studies incorporated both subjective and objective measures could help to address the sleep disorders. 睡眠的主观及客观评价方法均能评估分析睡眠的结构形式和睡眠质量, 在对睡眠障碍患者的诊断和治疗中有重要意义。 但是很多研究表明, 两种评价手段对睡眠障碍患者的评估结果并不完全一致, 可能存在偏差, 单凭主观评价或客观评价的个别参数不能确定睡眠质量的好坏, 因此在临床上需根据两种评价方法的特点, 结合使用。 本文将对目前临床常用的几种主观评价和客观评价方法进行分析和比较。
Low etiologic fraction for high-risk human papillomavirus in oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas.

BACKGROUND
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a cause of oropharyngeal cancer, but a role for HPV in the etiology of oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (OCSCC) remains uncertain.


METHODS
We sought to estimate the etiologic fraction for HPV among consecutive, incident OCSCC diagnosed from 2005 to 2011 at four North American hospitals. DNA and RNA purified from paraffin-embedded tumors were considered evaluable if positive for DNA and mRNA control genes by quantitative PCR. Fifteen high-risk (HR) HPV types were detected in tumors by consensus PCR followed by type-specific HR-HPV E6/7 oncogene expression by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. P16 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). A study of 400 cases allowed for precision to estimate an etiologic fraction of as low as 0% (97.5% confidence interval, 0-0.92%).


RESULTS
Of 409 evaluable OCSCC, 24 (5.9%, 95%CI 3.6-8.2) were HR-HPV E6/7 expression positive; 3.7% (95%CI 1.8-5.5) for HPV16 and 2.2% (95%CI 0.8-3.6) for other HR-HPV types. HPV-positive tumors arose from throughout the oral cavity (floor of mouth [n=9], anterior tongue [6], alveolar process [4], hard palate [3], gingiva [1] and lip [1]) and were significantly associated with male gender, small tumor stage, poor tumor differentiation, and basaloid histopathology. P16 IHC had very good-to-excellent sensitivity (79.2%, 95%CI 57.9-92.9), specificity (93.0%, 95%CI 90.0-95.3), and negative-predictive value (98.6%, 95%CI 96.8-99.6), but poor positive-predictive value (41.3%, 95%CI 27.0-56.8) for HR-HPV E6/7 expression in OCSCC.


CONCLUSION
The etiologic fraction for HR-HPV in OCSCC was 5.9%. p16 IHC had poor positive predictive value for detection of HPV in these cancers.
Economic Openness, Democracy, and Income Inequality An Empirical Analysis

Scholars have studied effects of economic openness and democracy on national income inequality in two literatures. In democracy studies, scholars agree democracy reduces inequality but empirical evidence is ambiguous. In globalization studies, effects of economic openness on inequality are debated but have not been rigorously examined. This article is the first systematic statistical study of the effects of both economic openness and democracy on income inequality. These effects need to be studied together. The authors measure national income inequality from a comprehensive Gini coefficient data set. Economic openness is measured from trade flows, foreign direct investment inflows, and financial capital inflows. The period studied is 1960 to 1996, the unit of analysis is a country decade, and the sample includes 69 countries. The authors find that democracy and trade reduce income inequality, foreign direct investments increase income inequality, and financial capital does not affect income inequality. Policy implications are discussed.
Security Metrics in Industrial Control Systems

In terms of cyber security metrics, ICSs tend to have unique features: in many cases, these systems are older technologies that were designed for functionality rather than security. They are also extremely diverse systems that have different requirements and objectives. Therefore, metrics for ICSs must be tailored to a diverse group of systems with many features and perform many different functions.
Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps

UNLABELLED
Research over the last few years has revealed significant haplotype structure in the human genome. The characterization of these patterns, particularly in the context of medical genetic association studies, is becoming a routine research activity. Haploview is a software package that provides computation of linkage disequilibrium statistics and population haplotype patterns from primary genotype data in a visually appealing and interactive interface.


AVAILABILITY
http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview/


CONTACT
jcbarret@broad.mit.edu
Randomized trial of efficacy and safety of dornase alfa delivered by eRapid nebulizer in cystic fibrosis patients.

BACKGROUND
Dornase alfa administered via jet nebulizer is indicated as a chronic respiratory medication for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Efficacy and safety of dornase alfa via an electronic nebulizer with vibrating membrane technology have not been formally assessed in randomized clinical trials.


METHODS
87 CF patients (≥6 years) were randomized in a crossover study to receive dornase alfa 2.5 mg/d in 2-week periods with the Pari eRapid and Pari LC Plus jet nebulizers. The primary end point was comparison of forced expiratory volume in the first second. Safety, quality of life, and treatment satisfaction/preference were also compared between devices.


RESULTS
Lung function was equivalent between nebulizers. Most domain scores from the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised and Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication instruments were similar but patients strongly preferred the eRapid. Mean patient-reported administration times were shorter with the eRapid vs the LC Plus (2.7 vs 10.2 min). Adverse events were similar between devices.


CONCLUSIONS
Administration of dornase alfa via the eRapid nebulizer resulted in comparable efficacy and safety, shorter nebulization times, and higher patient preference.
Synaptic plasticity and functionality at the cone terminal of the developing zebrafish retina.

Previous studies have analyzed photoreceptor development, some inner retina cell types, and specific neurotransmitters in the zebrafish retina. However, only minor attention has been paid to the morphology of the synaptic connection between photoreceptors and second order neurons even though it represents the transition from the light sensitive receptor to the neuronal network of the visual system. Here, we describe the appearance and differentiation of pre- and postsynaptic elements at cone synapses in the developing zebrafish retina together with the maturation of the directly connecting second order neurons and a dopaminergic third order feedback-neuron from the inner retina. Zebrafish larvae were examined at developmental stages from 2 to 7dpf (days postfertilization) and in the adult. Synaptic maturation at the photoreceptor terminals was examined with antibodies against synapse associated proteins. The appearance of synaptic plasticity at the so-called spinule-type synapses between cones and horizontal cells was assessed by electron microscopy, and the maturation of photoreceptor downstream connection was identified by immunocytochemistry for GluR4 (AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunit), protein kinase beta(1) (mixed rod-cone bipolar cells), and tyrosine hydroxylase (dopaminergic interplexiform cells). We found that developing zebrafish retinas possess first synaptic structures at the cone terminal as early as 3.5dpf. Morphological maturation of these synapses at 3.5-4dpf, together with the presence of synapse associated proteins at 2.5dpf and the maturation of second order neurons by 5dpf, indicate functional synaptic connectivity and plasticity between the cones and their second order neurons already at 5dpf. However, the mere number of spinules and ribbons at 7dpf still remains below the adult values, indicating that synaptic functionality of the zebrafish retina is not entirely completed at this stage of development.
[Study the effects of neuroplasticity on major depression disorder in rTMS combined with antidepressant treatments].

OBJECTIVE
To explore the effects of neuroplasticity on major depression disorder (MDD) with event related potentials (ERPs) of mismatch negativity (MMN) and sensory gating potentials P50 for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with antidepressant treatments.


METHODS
A total of 159 patients with MDD randomly divided into two groups: 75 patients in group A was administrated rTMS treatment for 2 weeks (15 days), and continues to give antidepressant of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) regularly. 84 patients in group B was consistently administered the similar antidepressant. The 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24), MMN latency, S1-P50 amplitude, S2-P50 amplitude and S2-P50/S1-P50 amplitude ratio, and the percentages of abnormal P50 (S2-P50/S1-P50 > or = 0.5) were assessed and measured before treatment, at the 2nd and the 10th weekend after treatment in two treatment groups. Meanwhile, 90 normal control cases was set up as control group (group C). Results At 2th and 10th week after treatment, the HAMD-24 scores were reduced remarkably than those before treatment in group A and B (P < 0.001), and the scores in group A was lower than that in group B (P < 0.001). MMN latencies and S-P50 amplitudes after treatment in group A were significant shorter and lower than those before treatment in group A and after treatment in group B (P < 0.05) (except for intergroup comparison of S2-P50, amplitude after treatment weeks). No significant difference was found in S2-P50/S1-P50 ratio ( except for after treatment 2 weeks ) and percentage of abnormal P50 between group A after treatment and group C (P > 0.05). There were no statistical significance difference of ERPs between after treatment 2 weeks and 10 weeks in group A (P > 0.05). No statistical differences of ERPs between before and after treatment in group B (P > 0.05) was observed.


CONCLUSION
rTMS combined with antidepressant therapy was superior to single antidepressant treatment, and marked improved automatic processing and sensory gating of the brain senior functional electrical physiological index. rTMS might induce effects of long-term potentiation/long-term depression like plasticity on brain, and keep brain function in a dynamic stability and balance. MMN and P50 maybe become neuroplasticity index reflecting relevant the brain senior function.
Cognitive Perspectives of Information Retrieval Interaction: Elements of a Cognitive IR Theory

full text) and the cognitively different indexer interpretations of the
Fingerprint Segmentation using the Phase of Multiscale Gabor Wavelets

Most automatic systems for fingerprint identification are based on minutiae matching. Minutiae points are terminaisons and bifurcations of the ridge lines that constitute a fingerprint pattern. A critical step in fingerprint matching is to automatically and reliably extract minutiae from the input fingerprint image. The efficiency of minutiae detection depends on how well the ridges and valleys are extracted. The result of this segmentation process is a binarized image. In our present work, we propose a multiscale Gabor wavelet filter bank for a robust and efficient fingerprint segmentation. After a brief presentation of the Gabor wavelet theory, we explain how ridges and valleys are distinguished in terms of the phase, this being the key point of our binarization process. Moreover, the multiscale approach provides noise elimination whilst preserving singularities that characterize minutiae. Finally, we have evaluated the performance of our minutiae extraction algorithm using the accuracy of an online fingerprint verification system.
IoT SENTINEL: Automated Device-Type Identification for Security Enforcement in IoT

With the rapid growth of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), concerns about the security of IoT devices have become prominent. Several vendors are producing IP-connected devices for home and small office networks that often suffer from flawed security designs and implementations. They also tend to lack mechanisms for firmware updates or patches that can help eliminate security vulnerabilities. Securing networks where the presence of such vulnerable devices is given, requires a brownfield approach: applying necessary protection measures within the network so that potentially vulnerable devices can coexist without endangering the security of other devices in the same network. In this paper, we present IoT Sentinel, a system capable of automatically identifying the types of devices being connected to an IoT network and enabling enforcement of rules for constraining the communications of vulnerable devices so as to minimize damage resulting from their compromise. We show that IoT Sentinel is effective in identifying device types and has minimal performance overhead.
Mesostructure and porosity effects on the thermal conductivity of additively manufactured interpenetrating phase composites

Abstract We have investigated the relationship between structure and thermal conductivity in additively manufactured interpenetrating A356/316L composites. We used X-ray microcomputed tomography to characterize the pore structure in as-fabricated composites, finding microporosity in both constituents as well as a 50 μm thick layer of interfacial porosity separating the constituents. We measured the thermal conductivity of a 43 vol% 316L composite to be 53 Wm −1 K −1 , which is significantly less than that predicted by a simple rule-of-mixtures approximation, presumably because of the residual porosity. Motivated by these experimental results we used periodic homogenization theory to determine the combined effects of porosity and unit cell structure on the effective thermal conductivity. This analysis showed that in fully dense composites, the topology of the constituents has a weak effect on the thermal conductivity, whereas in composites with interfacial porosity, the size and structure of the unit cell strongly influence the thermal conductivity. We also found that an approximation formula of the strong contrast expansion method gives excellent estimates of the effective thermal conductivity of these composites, providing a powerful tool for designing functionally graded composites and for identifying mesostructures with optimal thermal conductivity values.
Fun and Sports: Enhancing the Home Fitness Experience

The current paper describes research that is aimed to elucidate our understanding of technology factors that may help users of home exercise equipment to stay motivated for doing regular work-outs. In particular, we investigated the effects of immersion and coaching by a virtual agent on intrinsic motivation and the sense of presence of participants cycling on a stationary home exercise bike. A basic two-by-two within-subjects experimental design was employed whereby participants were presented with a virtual racetrack with two levels of immersion (high vs. low) and two levels of a virtual coach (with vs. without). Results indicate a clear positive effect of immersion on both motivation and presence. The virtual coach significantly lowered the perceived control and pressure/tension dimensions of intrinsic motivation, but did not affect the enjoyment dimension. The presence of the virtual coach also reduced negative effects associated with VEs.