LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Significance of private water supply wells in a rural Nevada area as a route of exposure to aqueous arsenic.

In many rural areas domestic drinking water needs are met by a mixture of public water supplies and private water supplies. Private supplies are not subject to the regulations and management requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Amendments to the SDWA recently lowered the standard for arsenic from 50 to 10 ppb in public water supplies (effective in 2006). Churchill County, Nevada, has approximately 25,000 residents. Slightly more than half (13,500) rely on private domestic wells for water supply. Ample data and media publicity about high arsenic concentrations in water supplies and a federally led investigation of a leukaemia cluster suggested that residents of the county would be aware that arsenic concentrations in private wells were highly likely to exceed the 10 ppb standard. A survey carried out in 2002 showed that a majority of respondents (72%) consumed water from private wells and among them a minority (38%) applied treatment. Maximum, median and minimum concentrations of arsenic from all samples (n = 351) were 2,100, 26 and < 3 ppb, respectively. Seventy-four per cent of all samples exceeded 10 ppb. A majority (87%) of those who applied treatment consumed tap water. The relatively low rate of application of treatment suggested that these rural residents did not recognize that consumption could have associated health risks. However, those who applied treatment were approximately 0.3 times as likely to be consuming water with > 10 ppb arsenic than those who consumed water that was not treated. In areas where concentrations of arsenic have been demonstrated to be high, it may be important to conduct a focused educational effort for private well owners to ensure that they take the steps needed to assess and reduce risks associated with contaminants found in tap water, including arsenic. An educational effort could include promoting sampling efforts to determine the magnitude of arsenic concentrations, explaining the risk associated with arsenic consumption and providing information about choices for home treatment systems that are likely to be effective in removing arsenic. This may be especially important in rural areas where adverse health effects are not evident to local populations.
Opportunities for improving medication use and monitoring in gout.

PURPOSE
To study patterns and predictors of medication use and laboratory monitoring in gout.


METHODS
In a cohort of veterans with a diagnosis of gout prescribed allopurinol, colchicine or probenecid, quality of care was assessed by examining adherence to the following evidence-based recommendations: (1) whether patients starting a new allopurinol prescription (a) received continuous allopurinol, (b) received colchicine prophylaxis, (c) achieved the target uric acid level of <or=6 mg/dl; and (2) whether doses were adjusted for renal insufficiency. The association of sociodemographic characteristics, healthcare utilisation and comorbidity with the recommendations was examined by logistic/Poisson regression.


RESULTS
Of the 643 patients with gout receiving a new allopurinol prescription, 297 (46%) received continuous allopurinol, 66 (10%) received colchicine prophylaxis and 126 (20%) reached the target uric acid level of <or=6 mg/dl. During episodes of renal insufficiency, appropriate dose reduction/discontinuation of probenecid was done in 24/31 episodes (77%) and of colchicine in 36/52 episodes (69%). Multivariable regression showed that higher outpatient utilisation, more rheumatology care and lower comorbidity were associated with better quality of care; more rheumatology clinic or primary care visits were associated with less frequent allopurinol discontinuation; more total outpatient visit days or most frequent visits to a rheumatology clinic were associated with a higher likelihood of receiving colchicine prophylaxis; and a lower Charlson Comorbidity Index or more outpatient visit days were associated with higher odds of reaching the target uric acid level of <or=6 mg/dl.


CONCLUSIONS
Important variations were found in patterns of medication use and monitoring in patients with gout with suboptimal care. A concerted effort is needed to improve the overall care of gout.
The woman of ideas in French art, 1830-1848

Women in 19th-century French art were represented as victims of a harsh urban working-class life. This book offers the argument that this representation obscured the model woman of ideas, a prominent figure in the narratives of French national and sexual politics.
Study on Understanding the Influence of Diegetic Audio on Immersion in a Third-Person Role-Playing Game

.............................................................................................................................................. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 6 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 6
The Performance of Concurrent Red-Black Tree Algorithms

Relaxed balancing has become a commonly used concept in the design of concurrent search tree algorithms. The idea of relaxed balancing is to uncouple the rebalancing from the updating in order to speed up the update operations and to allow a high degree of concurrency. Many di erent relaxed balancing algorithms have been proposed, especially for red-black trees and AVL trees, but their performance in concurrent environments is not yet well understood. This paper presents an experimental comparison of three relaxed balancing algorithms for red-black trees. Using the simulation of a multi processor environment we study the performance of chromatic trees, the algorithm that is got by applying the general method of how to make strict balancing schemes relaxed to red-black trees, and the relaxed redblack tree. Furthermore, we compare the relaxed balancing algorithms with the standard red-black tree, i.e. the strictly balanced red-black tree combined with the locking scheme of Ellis. We nd that in a concurrent environment the relaxed balancing algorithms have a signi cant advantage over the strictly balanced red-black tree. With regard to the average response time of the dictionary operations the three relaxed balancing algorithms perform almost identically. Regarding the quality of the rebalancing we nd that the chromatic tree has the best performance.
Sleep and exercise: a reciprocal issue?

Sleep and exercise influence each other through complex, bilateral interactions that involve multiple physiological and psychological pathways. Physical activity is usually considered as beneficial in aiding sleep although this link may be subject to multiple moderating factors such as sex, age, fitness level, sleep quality and the characteristics of the exercise (intensity, duration, time of day, environment). It is therefore vital to improve knowledge in fundamental physiology in order to understand the benefits of exercise on the quantity and quality of sleep in healthy subjects and patients. Conversely, sleep disturbances could also impair a person's cognitive performance or their capacity for exercise and increase the risk of exercise-induced injuries either during extreme and/or prolonged exercise or during team sports. This review aims to describe the reciprocal fundamental physiological effects linking sleep and exercise in order to improve the pertinent use of exercise in sleep medicine and prevent sleep disorders in sportsmen.
CONVENTIONAL ACTUATORS , SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS , AND ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS

5.1 CONVENTIONAL ACTUATORS, SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS, AND ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 5.1.
Isolating a cloud instance for a digital forensic investigation

Cloud Computing is gaining acceptance and increasing in popularity. Organizations often rely on Cloud resources to effectively replace their in house computer systems. In a Cloud environment an instance is typically accepted to be a virtual system resource established within that Cloud. Multiple instances can be contained a single node. The Cloud itself consists of multiple nodes. The Cloud structure has no predefined or fixed boundaries. Digital Forensics (DFs) can be considered the science of finding a root cause of a particular incident. Isolating the incident environment is generally accepted within the Forensic Community to be an integral part of a Forensic process. We consider this isolation is also needed in a Digital Forensic Investigations (DFIs). The isolation prevents any further contamination or tampering of possible evidence. In order to isolate the incident the Cloud instance is isolated. The node instance is effectively placed in a controlled environment to enable a controlled DF investigation to be conducted. This paper will introduce possible techniques to isolate these Cloud instances to facilitate an investigation. The techniques include, but are not limited to Instance Relocation, Server Farming, Address Relocation, Failover, Sandboxing, Man in the Middle (MITM) and Let’s Hope for the Best (LHFTB). A discussion of each of these techniques will be given. This discussion will include a description of each techniques, the advantages and disadvantages of using the techniques and the visibility of the techniques.
Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid arthritis (the TICORA study): a single-blind randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND
Present treatment strategies for rheumatoid arthritis include use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, but a minority of patients achieve a good response. We aimed to test the hypothesis that an improved outcome can be achieved by employing a strategy of intensive outpatient management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis--for sustained, tight control of disease activity--compared with routine outpatient care.


METHODS
We designed a single-blind, randomised controlled trial in two teaching hospitals. We screened 183 patients for inclusion. 111 were randomly allocated either intensive management or routine care. Primary outcome measures were mean fall in disease activity score and proportion of patients with a good response (defined as a disease activity score <2.4 and a fall in this score from baseline by >1.2). Analysis was by intention-to-treat.


FINDINGS
One patient withdrew after randomisation and seven dropped out during the study. Mean fall in disease activity score was greater in the intensive group than in the routine group (-3.5 vs -1.9, difference 1.6 [95% CI 1.1-2.1], p<0.0001). Compared with routine care, patients treated intensively were more likely to have a good response (definition, 45/55 [82%] vs 24/55 [44%], odds ratio 5.8 [95% CI 2.4-13.9], p<0.0001) or be in remission (disease activity score <1.6; 36/55 [65%] vs 9/55 [16%], 9.7 [3.9-23.9], p<0.0001). Three patients assigned routine care and one allocated intensive management died during the study; none was judged attributable to treatment.


INTERPRETATION
A strategy of intensive outpatient management of rheumatoid arthritis substantially improves disease activity, radiographic disease progression, physical function, and quality of life at no additional cost.
Fostering Effective Early Learning (FEEL) through a professional development programme for early childhood educators to improve professional practice and child outcomes in the year before formal schooling: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND
A substantial research base documents the benefits of attendance at high-quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) for positive behavioural and learning outcomes. Research has also found that the quality of many young children's experiences and opportunities in ECEC depends on the skills, dispositions and understandings of the early childhood adult educators. Increasingly, research has shown that the quality of children's interactions with educators and their peers, more than any other programme feature, influence what children learn and how they feel about learning. Hence, we sought to investigate the extent to which evidence-based professional development (PD) - focussed on promoting sustained shared thinking through quality interactions - could improve the quality of ECEC and, as a consequence, child outcomes.


METHODS/DESIGN
The Fostering Effective Early Learning (FEEL) study is a cluster randomised controlled trial for evaluating the benefits of a professional development (PD) programme for early childhood educators, compared with no extra PD. Ninety long-day care and preschool centres in New South Wales, Australia, will be selected to ensure representation across National Quality Standards (NQS) ratings, location, centre type and socioeconomic areas. Participating centres will be randomly allocated to one of two groups, stratified by centre type and NQS rating: (1) an intervention group (45 centres) receiving a PD intervention or (2) a control group (45 centres) that continues engaging in typical classroom practice. Randomisation to these groups will occur after the collection of baseline environmental quality ratings. Primary outcomes, at the child level, will be two measures of language development: verbal comprehension and expressive vocabulary. Secondary outcomes at the child level will be measures of early numeracy, social development and self-regulation. Secondary outcomes at the ECEC room level will be measures of environmental quality derived from full-day observations. In all cases, data collectors will be blinded to group allocation.


DISCUSSION
This is the first randomised controlled trial of a new approach to PD, which is focussed on activities previously found to be influential in children's early language, numeracy, social and self-regulatory development. Results should inform practitioners, policy-makers and families of the value of specific professional development for early childhood educators.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN) identifier ACTRN12616000536460 . Registered on 27 April 2016. This trial was retrospectively registered, given the first participant (centre) had been enrolled at the time of registration.
3D bipedal robot with tunable leg compliance mechanism for multi-modal locomotion

It is expected that variation of leg compliance, that is determined not only by joint compliance but by joint angle, contributes to provide multi-modal locomotion such as walking, jumping and running by single robot. This paper describes a design of bipedal robot and feed forward controller that realize multi-modal locomotion by tuning appropriate leg compliance on individual locomotion. In order to tune physical leg compliance, we adopt rotational joints driven by antagonistic McKibben pneumatic muscles. Experimental results show that proper leg compliance provided by joint compliance and leg posture achieves a walking from standing and a sequential jumping. These results suggest that tunable leg compliance is powerful mechanism for bipedal robot to provide human-like multi-modal locomotion.
A Papionin Multilevel Society as a Model for Hominin Social Evolution

Multilevel societies are unique in their ability to facilitate the maintenance of strong and consistent social bonds among some individuals while allowing separation among others, which may be especially important when social and sexual bonds carry significant and reliable benefits to individuals within social groups. Here we examine the importance of social and sexual bonds in the multilevel society of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and apply these principles to social evolution in Plio-Pleistocene hominins. The behavior, adaptations, and socioecology of baboons (Papio spp.) have long been recognized as providing an important comparative sample to elucidate the processes of human evolution, and the social system of hamadryas baboons in particular shares even more similarities with humans than that of other baboons. Here we draw parallels between processes during the evolution of hamadryas social organization and those characterizing late Pliocene or early Pleistocene hominins, most likely Homo erectus. The higher costs of reproduction faced by female Homo erectus, exacerbated by an increased reliance on difficult to acquire, nutrient-dense foods, are commonly thought to have been alleviated by a strengthening of male–female bonds (via male provisioning and the evolution of monogamy) or by the assistance of older, postreproductive females (via grandmothering). We suggest that both of these social arrangements could have been present in Plio-Pleistocene hominins if we assume the development of a multilevel society such as that in hamadryas baboons. The evolution of a multilevel society thus underlies the adaptive potential for the complexity that we see in modern human social organization.
TB infection prevention and control experiences of South African nurses - a phenomenological study

BACKGROUND
The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in South Africa is characterised by one of the highest levels of TB/HIV co-infection and growing multidrug-resistant TB worldwide. Hospitals play a central role in the management of TB. We investigated nurses' experiences of factors influencing TB infection prevention and control (IPC) practices to identify risks associated with potential nosocomial transmission.


METHODS
The qualitative study employed a phenomenological approach, using semi-structured interviews with a quota sample of 20 nurses in a large tertiary academic hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. The data was subjected to thematic analysis.


RESULTS
Nurses expressed concerns about the possible risk of TB transmission to both patients and staff. Factors influencing TB-IPC, and increasing the potential risk of nosocomial transmission, emerged in interconnected overarching themes. Influences related to the healthcare system included suboptimal IPC provision such as the lack of isolation facilities and personal protective equipment, and the lack of a TB-IPC policy. Further influences included inadequate TB training for staff and patients, communication barriers owing to cultural and linguistic differences between staff and patients, the excessive workload of nurses, and a sense of duty of care. Influences related to wider contextual conditions included TB concerns and stigma, and the role of traditional healers. Influences related to patient behaviour included late uptake of hospital care owing to poverty and the use of traditional medicine, and poor adherence to IPC measures by patients, family members and carers.


CONCLUSIONS
Several interconnected influences related to the healthcare system, wider contextual conditions and patient behavior could increase the potential risk of nosocomial TB transmission at hospital level. There is an urgent need for the implementation and evaluation of a comprehensive contextually appropriate TB IPC policy with the setting and auditing of standards for IPC provision and practice, adequate TB training for both staff and patients, and the establishment of a cross-cultural communication strategy, including rapid access to interpreters.
Developing nursing leadership in social media.

AIM
A discussion on how nurse leaders are using social media and developing digital leadership in online communities.


BACKGROUND
Social media is relatively new and how it is used by nurse leaders and nurses in a digital space is under explored.


DESIGN
Discussion paper.


DATA SOURCES
Searches used CINAHL, the Royal College of Nursing webpages, Wordpress (for blogs) and Twitter from 2000-2015. Search terms used were Nursing leadership + Nursing social media.


IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Understanding the development and value of nursing leadership in social media is important for nurses in formal and informal (online) leadership positions. Nurses in formal leadership roles in organizations such as the National Health Service are beginning to leverage social media. Social media has the potential to become a tool for modern nurse leadership, as it is a space where can you listen on a micro level to each individual. In addition to listening, leadership can be achieved on a much larger scale through the use of social media monitoring tools and exploration of data and crowd sourcing. Through the use of data and social media listening tools nursing leaders can seek understanding and insight into a variety of issues. Social media also places nurse leaders in a visible and accessible position as role models.


CONCLUSION
Social media and formal nursing leadership do not have to be against each other, but they can work in harmony as both formal and online leadership possess skills that are transferable. If used wisely social media has the potential to become a tool for modern nurse leadership.
Reconfigurable Implementation of Wavelet Integer Lifting Transforms for Image Compression

Modern digital image processing requires powerful data compression algorithms to allow the data to be efficiently transferred from the host to end users (and back again). A typical 512times512 grayscale image of uncompressed data requires more than quarter of a million bytes. Current image compression standards like JPEG2000 and the FBI WSQ (wavelet scalar quantization) use wavelet transforms with quantization to compress still images, which reconstruct with high accuracy. This paper considers a number of popular 9/7 wavelet transform architectures. High level software models are developed for these transforms to validate their effectiveness. These software models are modified and evaluated as reversible integer wavelet lifting transforms. Further, using a virtual hardware design targeted to reconfigurable FPGA technology these transforms are implemented into a 2D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) image processor with DDR SDRAM operating at core speeds of 200+ MHz. Finally, our Matlab and Maple models perform the validation of wavelet lifting transforms
A monopolar patch antenna with very wide impedance bandwidth

A monopolar patch antenna that utilizes a bandwidth broadening technique is investigated experimentally and numerically. The proposed antenna consists of a monopole that is formed by connecting four trapezoidal plates orthogonally. A circular patch, which is shorted to the circular ground plane by four shorting wires, is placed at the top of the monopole. The antenna possesses 10-and 14-dB return loss bandwidths of 138% and 107.2% respectively, which is about 49 times that of the corresponding monopolar wire-patch antenna. Also, it provides monopole-like radiation patterns over such wide operating bandwidth. As the proposed antenna can achieve such wide impedance bandwidth with relatively low profile, it is very suitable for multi-band mobile communication systems.
Development of type 1 diabetes in a patient treated with anti-TNF-α therapy for active rheumatoid arthritis

To the Editor: Excess levels of TNF-α have been associated with certain autoimmune diseases. Prolonged administration of TNF-α antibody is used to effectively treat chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatic diseases and Crohn’s disease [1]. Anti-TNF-α drugs have clearly been shown to suppress disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis, and are a candidate therapy for immune intervention in type 1 diabetes. We report a case of a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, who developed type 1 diabetes while receiving anti-TNF-α therapy. Case history and examination