LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
High Incidence of Infraspinatus Muscle Atrophy in Elite Professional Female Tennis Players.

BACKGROUND
Isolated infraspinatus muscle atrophy is common in overhead athletes, who place significant and repetitive stresses across their dominant shoulders. Studies on volleyball and baseball players report infraspinatus atrophy in 4% to 34% of players; however, the prevalence of infraspinatus atrophy in professional tennis players has not been reported.


PURPOSE
To investigate the incidence of isolated infraspinatus atrophy in professional tennis players and to identify any correlations with other physical examination findings, ranking performance, and concurrent shoulder injuries.


STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.


METHODS
A total of 125 professional female tennis players underwent a comprehensive preparticipation physical health status examination. Two orthopaedic surgeons examined the shoulders of all players and obtained digital goniometric measurements of range of motion (ROM). Infraspinatus atrophy was defined as loss of soft tissue bulk in the infraspinatus scapula fossa (and increased prominence of dorsal scapular bony anatomy) of the dominant shoulder with clear asymmetry when compared with the contralateral side. Correlations were examined between infraspinatus atrophy and concurrent shoulder disorders, clinical examination findings, ROM, glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, singles tennis ranking, and age.


RESULTS
There were 65 players (52%) with evidence of infraspinatus atrophy in their dominant shoulders. No wasting was noted in the nondominant shoulder of any player. No statistically significant differences were seen in mean age, left- or right-hand dominance, height, weight, or body mass index for players with or without atrophy. Of the 77 players ranked in the top 100, 58% had clinical infraspinatus atrophy, compared with 40% of players ranked outside the top 100. No associations were found with static physical examination findings (scapular dyskinesis, ROM glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, postural abnormalities), concurrent shoulder disorders, or compromised performance when measured by singles ranking.


CONCLUSION
This study reports a high level of clinical infraspinatus atrophy in the dominant shoulder of elite female tennis players. Infraspinatus atrophy was associated with a higher performance ranking, and no functional deficits or associations with concurrent shoulder disorders were found. Team physicians can be reassured that infraspinatus atrophy is a common finding in high-performing tennis players and, if asymptomatic, does not appear to significantly compromise performance.
Simulation debriefing for clinical judgment development: A concept analysis.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review was to provide an in-depth analysis of debriefing in nursing simulation-based learning. Specifically, the authors sought to describe the debriefing concept within the context of enhancing nursing students' clinical judgment skill.


DESIGN
Concept analysis.


DATA SOURCES
A literature review was conducted using five electronic databases with the addition of references for relevant papers reviewed. Medline Ovid, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL) Plus, Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), ScienceDirect and Google Scholar were searched for articles published in English between 2005 and 2015. Search terms included clinical judgment, debriefing, and simulation.


REVIEW METHODS
The Walker and Avant systematic approach was utilized as a concept analysis framework. The analysis informed how the concept is defined in the existing literature.


RESULTS
The search resulted in a total of 47 articles. The concept of debriefing was analyzed using seven themes from Walker and Avant: concept definition, defining attributes, antecedents, consequences, empirical referents, uses of the concept, and a model case. Based on the analysis, an integrative simulation debriefing guide for promoting students' clinical judgment was presented as a vehicle for a consistent approach.


CONCLUSIONS
This review identified simulation debriefing as a structured and guided reflection process in which students actively appraise their cognitive, affective, and psychomotor performance within the context of their clinical judgment skill. Reflective debriefing provides students with an opportunity to assume an active role during the learning process. Following a structured debriefing guide can help educators and even students facilitate a learning environment that enhances students' clinical judgment development.
Force levels in complex tooth alignment with conventional and self-ligating brackets.

INTRODUCTION
The force applied to the teeth is a variable of orthodontic treatment that can be controlled. Poor control of the applied force can lead to adverse biologic effects as well as undesirable tooth movements. The selected archwire-bracket combination is a primary determining factor in the force level applied to a tooth during orthodontic treatment. The aim of this research was to use an experimental biomechanical setup to measure forces generated during complex orthodontic tooth movements with various archwire-bracket combinations.


METHODS
The materials consisted of 3 types of 0.022-in slot orthodontic brackets: (1) conventional brackets (Victory Series [3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif] and Mini-Taurus [Rocky Mountain Orthodontics, Denver, Colo]), (2) self-ligating brackets (SmartClip [3M Unitek] and Time3 [American Orthodontics, Shegoygan, Wis]), and (3) a conventional low-friction bracket (Synergy [Rocky Mountain Orthodontics]); and 4 archwire types: (1) 0.012-in stainless steel (3M Unitek), (2) 0.0155-in coaxial (Advanced Orthodontics [Näpflein, Düsseldorf, Germany]), (3) 0.012-in Orthonol (Rocky Mountain Orthodontics), and (4) 0.012-in Thermalloy (Rocky Mountain Orthodontics). Stainless steel ligatures and elastomeric rings were used. The materials were used in different combinations in a simulated malocclusion that represented a maxillary central incisor displaced 2 mm gingivally (x-axis) and 2 mm labially (z-axis).


RESULTS
The lowest forces were measured when the brackets were combined with either the coaxial or the Thermalloy archwires; the forces ranged from 3.4 ± 0.2 to 0.7 ± 0.1 N in the x-axis direction, and from 4.5 ± 0.3 to 0.5 ± 0.1 N in the z-axis direction. The highest forces were measured in combination with stainless steel archwires; the forces ranged from 6.3 ± 0.3 to 3.0 ± 0.1 N in the x-axis direction, and from 6.3 ± 0.3 to 1.7 ± 0.1 N in the z-axis direction.


CONCLUSIONS
We recommend 0.0155-in coaxial and 0.012-in Thermalloy archwires for leveling and alignment. Elastomeric rings, when used with conventional brackets, increased the force applied to the teeth.
Outcome is not improved by the use of alternating chemotherapy in elderly patients with aggressive lymphoma.

INTRODUCTION
A prospective randomised study involving 810 elderly patients was conducted in an attempt to compare alternating chemotherapy with conventional first-line chemotherapy in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in order to improve prognosis with an acceptable toxicity for elderly patients.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients included were 55-69 years old and had at least one adverse prognostic factor. Patients were treated either with ACVBP followed by consolidation (n = 396) or with an alternating regimen (n = 414). This regimen was an association of active drugs in NHL relapsing patients, alternating VIMMM with ACVBP for induction and alternation of VIM and ACVM in consolidation. Eight hundred and sixty-six patients were randomised. After histological review, 810 patients met the inclusion criteria: 396 in arm A, 414 in arm B.


RESULTS
The complete response rate after induction was superior for conventional first-line therapy (58.5% vs 48%, P = 0.003) but at the end of treatment, the CR rate was not statistically different (52% vs 48%, P = 0.19). Conventional chemotherapy had a better five-year event-free survival than alternating regimen (33% (95% CI: 30-36%) vs 28% (95% CI: 26-30%), P = 0.0289) but overall survival was not statistically different (40% (CI 95% 38-42%) vs 36% (CI 95% 34-38%), P = 0.068). In this elderly high risk population, the toxicity was very high: 19% in arm A and 26% in arm B died during treatment.


CONCLUSION
Alternating regimen did not improve outcome, was less efficient and more toxic.
An advanced multi-carrier modulation for future radio systems

Many alternative modulation schemes have been investigated to replace OFDM for radio systems. But they all have some weak points. In this paper, we present a novel modulation scheme, which minimizes the predecessors' drawbacks, while still keeping their advantages.
Scalable Digital CMOS Comparator Using a Parallel Prefix Tree

We present a new comparator design featuring wide-range and high-speed operation using only conventional digital CMOS cells. Our comparator exploits a novel scalable parallel prefix structure that leverages the comparison outcome of the most significant bit, proceeding bitwise toward the least significant bit only when the compared bits are equal. This method reduces dynamic power dissipation by eliminating unnecessary transitions in a parallel prefix structure that generates the N-bit comparison result after (log4 N)+(log16N)+4 CMOS gate delays. Our comparator is composed of locally interconnected CMOS gates with a maximum fan-in and fan-out of five and four, respectively, independent of the comparator bitwidth. The main advantages of our design are high speed and power efficiency, maintained over a wide range. Additionally, our design uses a regular reconfigurable VLSI topology, which allows analytical derivation of the input-output delay as a function of bitwidth. HSPICE simulation for a 64-b comparator shows a worst case input-output delay of 0.86 ns and a maximum power dissipation of 7.7 mW using 0.15- μm TSMC technology at 1 GHz.
Increasing Adoption of Smart Learning Content for Computer Science Education

Computer science educators are increasingly using interactive learning content to enrich and enhance the pedagogy of their courses. A plethora of such learning content, specifically designed for computer science education, such as visualization, simulation, and web-based environments for learning programming, are now available for various courses. We call such content smart learning content. However, such learning content is seldom used outside its host site despite the benefits it could offer to learners everywhere. In this paper, we investigate the factors that impede dissemination of such content among the wider computer science education community. To accomplish this we surveyed educators, existing tools and recent research literature to identify the current state of the art and analyzed the characteristics of a large number of smart learning content examples along canonical dimensions. In our analysis we focused on examining the technical issues that must be resolved to support finding, integrating and customizing smart learning content in computer science courses. Finally, we propose a new architecture for hosting, integrating and disseminating smart learning content and discuss how it could be implemented based on existing protocols and standards.
Predictive defense against evolving adversaries

Adaptive adversaries are a primary concern in several domains, including cyber defense, border security, counterterrorism, and fraud prevention, and consequently there is great interest in developing defenses that maintain their effectiveness in the presence of evolving adversary strategies and tactics. This paper leverages the coevolutionary relationship between attackers and defenders to derive two new approaches to predictive defense, in which future attack techniques are anticipated and these insights are incorporated into defense designs. The first method combines game theory with machine learning to model and predict future adversary actions in the learner's “feature space”; these predictions form the basis for synthesizing robust defenses. The second approach to predictive defense involves extrapolating the evolution of defense configurations forward in time, in the space of defense parameterizations, as a way of generating defenses which work well against evolving threats. Case studies with a large cyber security dataset assembled for this investigation demonstrate that each method provides effective, scalable defense against current and future attacks, outperforming gold-standard techniques. Additionally, preliminary tests indicate that a simple variant of the proposed design methodology yields defenses which are difficult for adversaries to reverse-engineer.
Solid oxide fuel cell comprising nano-structure composite cathode and fabrication method thereof

PURPOSE: A solid oxide fuel cell is provided to overcome a difference of thermal expansion coefficient with an electrolytic material and to improve structural stability at SOFC operation temperature by forming a nanostructured electrolyte-air electrode composite thin layer with high catalytic activity which is mixed to molecular size by using a thin film deposition. CONSTITUTION: A solid oxide fuel cell comprises a fuel electrode support, a solid electrolyte layer (10) formed on the fuel electrode support, and a nano structure composite air electrode layer(20) formed on the solid electrolyte layer. The nanostructured composite air electrode layer comprises an electrode material and an electrolyte material which are mixed to a molecular size but does not forms a single phase by the materials being not reacted or solved to each other. The ratio of the electrode material and the electrolyte material in the nanostructured composite air electrode layer is 2:8-8:2. A particle size of the composite air electrode layer is 100 nm or less.
Predicting disease risks from highly imbalanced data using random forest

BACKGROUND
We present a method utilizing Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) dataset for predicting disease risk of individuals based on their medical diagnosis history. The presented methodology may be incorporated in a variety of applications such as risk management, tailored health communication and decision support systems in healthcare.


METHODS
We employed the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data, which is publicly available through Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), to train random forest classifiers for disease prediction. Since the HCUP data is highly imbalanced, we employed an ensemble learning approach based on repeated random sub-sampling. This technique divides the training data into multiple sub-samples, while ensuring that each sub-sample is fully balanced. We compared the performance of support vector machine (SVM), bagging, boosting and RF to predict the risk of eight chronic diseases.


RESULTS
We predicted eight disease categories. Overall, the RF ensemble learning method outperformed SVM, bagging and boosting in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). In addition, RF has the advantage of computing the importance of each variable in the classification process.


CONCLUSIONS
In combining repeated random sub-sampling with RF, we were able to overcome the class imbalance problem and achieve promising results. Using the national HCUP data set, we predicted eight disease categories with an average AUC of 88.79%.
Genes as Determinants of Heredity

Published on the centennial of "Darwin's Origin of the Species," Anfinsen's textbook was instrumental in establishing
 macromolecular structure information as a tool in evolutionary analysis. The text was highly influential in shaping the perspectives
 of a generation of researchers who entered science in the decades following its release.
Venlafaxine: in vitro inhibition of CYP2D6 dependent imipramine and desipramine metabolism; comparative studies with selected SSRIs, and effects on human hepatic CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP1A2.

AIMS
In order to anticipate drug-interactions of potential clinical significance the ability of the novel antidepressant, venlafaxine, to inhibit CYP2D6 dependent imipramine and desipramine 2-hydroxylation was investigated in human liver microsomes. The data obtained were compared with the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine and paroxetine. Venlafaxine's potential to inhibit several other major P450 s was also studied (CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP1A2).


METHODS
Ki values for venlafaxine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and sertraline as inhibitors of imipramine and desipramine 2-hydroxylation were determined from Dixon plots of control and inhibited rate data in human hepatic microsomal incubations. The inhibitory effect of imipramine and desipramine on liver microsomal CYP2D6 dependent venlafaxine O-demethylation was determined similarly. Venlafaxine's IC50 values for CYP3A4, CYP1A2 CYP2C9 were determined based on inhibition of probe substrate activities (testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylation, ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase and tolbutamide 4-hydroxylation, respectively).


RESULTS
Fluoxetine, paroxetine, and fluvoxamine were potent inhibitors of imipramine 2-hydroxylase activity (Ki values of 1.6 +/- 0.8, 3.2 +/- 0.8 and 8.0 +/- 4.3 microM, respectively; mean +/- s.d., n = 3), while sertraline was less inhibitory (Ki of 24.7 +/- 8.9 microM). Fluoxetine also markedly inhibited desipramine 2-hydroxylation with a Ki of 1.3 +/- 0.5 microM. Venlafaxine was less potent an inhibitor of imipramine 2-hydroxylation (Ki of 41.0 +/- 9.5 microM) than the SSRIs that were studied. Imipramine and desipramine gave marked inhibition of CYP2D6 dependent venlafaxine O-demethylase activity (Ki values of 3.9 +/- 1.7 and 1.7 +/- 0.9 microM, respectively). Venlafaxine did not inhibit ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (CYP1A2), tolbutamide 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C9) or testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylase (CYP3A4) activities at concentrations of up to 1 mM.


CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that venlafaxine has a low potential to inhibit the metabolism of substrates for CYP2D6 such as imipramine and desipramine compared with several of the most widely used SSRIs, as well as the metabolism of substrates for several of the other major human hepatic P450s.
[The effect of rosiglitazone on plasma adiponectin and resistin levels in obese PCO woman--preliminary report].

AIM OF THE STUDY
to determine the effect of rosiglitazone on plasma adiponectin and resistin levels in obese, non-diabetic polycystic ovary (PCO) subjects and relationship between circulating adipocytokines, insulin resistance and lipid profile.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
PCOS women were treated 6 months with 4mg rosiglitazone daily (the blood was tested before and 3; 6 months after treatment). Plasma resistin, adiponectin, total-cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol levels were examined in 12 obese PCO women (age 18-45) with BMI >30. Twelve healthy, obese individuals with BMI >30 were controls. We measured peripheral insulin resistance using FIRI and Quicki indexes derived from fasting insulin and glucose levels, and insulin area under the curve during an oral glucose challenge.


RESULTS
BMI, WHR, % of total fat, FIRI, Quicki and fasting insulin were comparable in both groups. We observed significantly lower adiponectin and resistin plasma levels in PCO woman. Fasting plasma insulin level was similar in both groups and didn't change after treatment. We noticed decrease in insulin area under the curve after 3 and 6 months of rosiglitazon (respectively p = 0.029 and 0.03). There were decreases after treatment in BMI and WHR and beneficial changes in lipid profile--but not significant. Plasma adiponectin level increased after 6 months of treatment (p = 0.03) but plasma resistin level didn't change. We revealed negative correlation between adiponectin, BMI and fasting glucose.


CONCLUSION
Our data confirm that in obese, hyperinsulinemic PCO women adiponectin and resistin levels were decreased. After therapy we observed increase in adiponectin level and no change in resistin level.
Thyroid Hormone Activates Brown Adipose Tissue and Increases Non-Shivering Thermogenesis - A Cohort Study in a Group of Thyroid Carcinoma Patients

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Thyroid hormone receptors are present on brown adipose tissue (BAT), indicating a role for thyroid hormone in the regulation of BAT activation. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of thyroid hormone withdrawal followed by thyroid hormone in TSH-suppressive dosages, on energy expenditure and brown adipose tissue activity.


SUBJECTS/METHODS
This study was a longitudinal study in an academic center, with a follow-up period of 6 months. Ten patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma eligible for surgical treatment and subsequent radioactive iodine ablation therapy were studied in a hypothyroid state after thyroidectomy and in a subclinical hyperthyroid state (TSH-suppression according to treatment protocol). Paired two-tailed t-tests and linear regression analyses were used.


RESULTS
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was significantly higher after treatment with synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine) than in the hypothyroid state (BMR 3.8 ± 0.5 kJ/min versus 4.4 ± 0.6 kJ/min, P = 0.012), and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) significantly increased from 15 ± 10% to 25 ± 6% (P = 0.009). Mean BAT activity was significantly higher in the subclinical hyperthyroid state than in the hypothyroid state (BAT standard uptake value (SUVMean) 4.0 ± 2.9 versus 2.4 ± 1.8, P = 0.039).


CONCLUSIONS
Our study shows that higher levels of thyroid hormone are associated with a higher level of cold-activated BAT.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02499471.
Late extended adjuvant treatment with letrozole improves outcome in women with early-stage breast cancer who complete 5 years of tamoxifen.

PURPOSE
The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group MA.17 trial examined the efficacy of letrozole (LET) started within 3 months of 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen in postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive early-stage breast cancer. When the trial was unblinded, patients who received placebo (PLAC) were offered LET.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
This cohort analysis describes the outcomes of women assigned PLAC at the initial random assignment after unblinding. Efficacy outcomes of women who chose LET (PLAC-LET group) were compared with those who did not (PLAC-PLAC group) by the hazard ratios and by P values calculated from Cox models that adjusted for imbalances between the groups. Toxicity analyses included only events that occurred after unblinding.


RESULTS
There were 1,579 women in the PLAC-LET group (median time from tamoxifen, 2.8 years) and 804 in the PLAC-PLAC group. Patients in the PLAC-LET group were younger; had a better performance status; and were more likely to have had node-positive disease, axillary dissection, and adjuvant chemotherapy than those in the PLAC-PLAC group. At a median follow-up of 5.3 years, disease-free survival (DFS; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.37; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.61; P < .0001) and distant DFS (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.74; P = .004) were superior in the PLAC-LET group. More self-reported new diagnoses of osteoporosis and significantly more clinical fractures occurred in the women who took LET (5.2% v 3.1%, P = .02).


CONCLUSION
Interpretation of this cohort analysis suggests that LET improves DFS and distant DFS even when there has been a substantial period of time since the discontinuation of prior adjuvant tamoxifen.