LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Variables influencing information security policy compliance: A systematic review of quantitative studies

Purpose: To identify variables that influence compliance with information security policies of organizations and to identify how important these variables are. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic review of empirical studies described in extant literature is performed. This review found 29 studies meeting its inclusion criterion. The investigated variables in these studies and the effect size reported for them were extracted and analysed. Findings: In the 29 studies more than 60 variables have been studied in relation to security policy compliance and incompliance. Unfortunately, no clear winners can be found among the variables or the theories they are drawn from. Each of the variables only explain a small part of the variation in people’s behaviour and when a variable has been investigated in multiple studies the findings often show a considerable variation. Research limitations/implications: It is possible that the disparate findings of the reviewed studies can be explained by the sampling methods used in the studies, the treatment/control of extraneous variables and interplay between variables. These aspects ought to be addressed in future research efforts Practical implications: For decision makers who seek guidance on how to best achieve compliance with their information security policies should recognize that a large number of variables probably influence employees’ compliance. In addition, both their influence strength and interplay is uncertain and largely unknown. Originality/value: This is the first systematic review of research on variables that influence compliance with information security policies of organizations.
Pain in human immunodeficiency virus disease.

OBJECTIVES
To review the prevalence and etiology of pain in persons with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), and issues and considerations for pain management in this patient population.


DATA SOURCES
Research studies, review articles, and books related to pain in persons with HIV/AIDS.


CONCLUSIONS
Pain is a common problem for individuals with HIV/AIDS that is often poorly managed and net well documented. Many of these patients have multiple, coexisting illnesses that are painful. Adequate assessment of the underlying cause will help in the treatment or eradication of pain.


IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE
The management of pain in persons with HIV/AIDS is an important responsibility for oncology nurses because increasing numbers of persons with HIV/AIDS are being treated for neoplastic complications, cytopenias, or being referred to hospice care.
Vulnerability analysis of an all-electric warship

Thesis (Nav. E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (M.S. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2010.
Development of an E-learning System for the Endoscopic Diagnosis of Early Gastric Cancer: An International Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND
In many countries, gastric cancer is not diagnosed until an advanced stage. An Internet-based e-learning system to improve the ability of endoscopists to diagnose gastric cancer at an early stage was developed and was evaluated for its effectiveness.


METHODS
The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. After receiving a pre-test, participants were randomly allocated to either an e-learning or non-e-learning group. Only those in the e-learning group gained access to the e-learning system. Two months after the pre-test, both groups received a post-test. The primary endpoint was the difference between the two groups regarding the rate of improvement of their test results.


FINDINGS
515 endoscopists from 35 countries were assessed for eligibility, and 332 were enrolled in the study, with 166 allocated to each group. Of these, 151 participants in the e-learning group and 144 in the non-e-learning group were included in the analysis. The mean improvement rate (standard deviation) in the e-learning and non-e-learning groups was 1·24 (0·26) and 1·00 (0·16), respectively (P<0·001).


INTERPRETATION
This global study clearly demonstrated the efficacy of an e-learning system to expand knowledge and provide invaluable experience regarding the endoscopic detection of early gastric cancer (R000012039).
Outcomes in Thread Lift for Facial Rejuvenation: a Study Performed with Happy Lift™ Revitalizing

INTRODUCTION
Barbed suture lifting is a minimally invasive surgical technique for facial rejuvenation. This study examined the efficacy and associated risks with this procedure, using a new synthetic, monofilament suspension thread named "Happy Lift™ Revitalizing" (Promoitalia International S.r.l, Naples, Italy).


METHODS
All the patients had average aging signs and required a lifting of modest degree. A total of 37 thread lifts were performed over a 24-month period.


RESULTS
In the majority of patients (89%), the results obtained were considered satisfactory. The incidence of complications was low. Only 6% of the patients had slight post-operation asymmetry that was easily corrected. Minor complications experienced by patients included small ecchymosis (62%), mild erythema (40%), small hemorrhage (25%), mild transitory esthesia (6%) and mild post-operation tumefaction (40%). Histopathological and ecographic analyses were performed on the treated skin of selected patients, demonstrating that the lifting effect is guaranteed and fortified by the cutaneous reaction that appears along the length of the thread.


CONCLUSION
Thread lift with "Happy Lift™ Revitalizing" is a safe procedure associated with minor complications, when performed on cohorts of patients requiring a facial lifting of modest degree.
Oil-Led Development: Social, Political, and Economic Consequences

corruption Though often used interchangeably with rent seeking, corruption is more narrowly defined as the misuse of public power or resources for private gain, and it is generally illegal. Dutch disease Named after the negative effects of the North Sea oil boom on industrial production in The Netherlands, this phenomenon occurs when resource booms cause real exchange rates to rise and labor and capital to migrate to the booming sector. This results in higher costs and reduced competitiveness for domestically produced goods and services, effectively ‘‘crowding out’’ previously productive sectors. oil-led development An overwhelming dependence on revenues from the export (and not the internal consumption) of petroleum, as measured by the ratio of oil and gas to gross domestic product, total exports, and the contribution to central government revenues. rent In Adam Smith’s classic definition, this is unearned income or profits ‘‘reaped by those who did not sow.’’ According to economists, rents are earnings in excess of all relevant costs, including the market rate of return on invested assets. They are the equivalent of what most noneconomists consider to be monopoly profits. rentier state A state that lives from externally generated rents rather than from the surplus production of the population. In oil-exporting states, this is measured by the percentage of natural resource rents in total government revenues. rent seeking The efforts, both legal and illegal, to acquire access to or control over opportunities for earning rents. In oil-dependent countries, rent seeking refers to widespread behavior, in both the public and the private sectors, aimed at capturing oil money through unproductive means. resource curse The negative growth and development outcomes associated with minerals and petroleum-led development. In its narrowest sense, it is the inverse relationship between high levels of natural resource dependence and growth rates.
Inflammatory phenotypes underlying uncontrolled childhood asthma despite inhaled corticosteroid treatment: rationale and design of the PACMAN2 study

BACKGROUND
The diagnosis of childhood asthma covers a broad spectrum of pathological mechanisms that can lead to similarly presenting clinical symptoms, but may nonetheless require different treatment approaches. Distinct underlying inflammatory patterns are thought to influence responsiveness to standard asthma medication.


METHODS/DESIGN
The purpose of the PACMAN2 study is to identify inflammatory phenotypes that can discriminate uncontrolled childhood asthma from controlled childhood asthma by measures in peripheral blood and exhaled air. PACMAN2 is a nested, case-control follow-up study to the ongoing pharmacy-based "Pharmacogenetics of Asthma medication in Children: Medication with Anti-inflammatory effects" (PACMAN) study. The original PACMAN cohort consists of children aged 4-12 years with reported use of asthma medication. The PACMAN2 study will be conducted within the larger PACMAN cohort, and will focus on detailed phenotyping of a subset of the PACMAN children. The selected participants will be invited to a follow-up visit in a clinical setting at least six months after their baseline visit based on their adherence to usage of inhaled corticosteroids, their asthma symptoms in the past year, and their age (≥ 8 years). During the follow-up visit, current and long-term asthma symptoms, medication use, environmental factors, medication adherence and levels of exhaled nitric oxide will be reassessed. The following measures will also be examined: pulmonary function, exhaled volatile organic compounds, as well as inflammatory markers in peripheral blood and blood plasma. Comparative analysis and cluster-analyses will be used to identify markers that differentiate children with uncontrolled asthma despite their use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) (cases) from children whose asthma is controlled by the use of ICS (controls).


DISCUSSION
Asthmatic children with distinct inflammatory phenotypes may respond differently to anti-inflammatory therapy. Therefore, by identifying inflammatory phenotypes in children with the PACMAN2 study, we may greatly impact future personalised treatment strategies, uncover new leads for therapeutic targets and improve the design of future clinical studies in the assessment of the efficacy of novel therapeutics.
The Spirit of the Hive: The Mechanisms of Social Evolution

Honey bees are a favorite example used by advocates of creationism to assert the impossibility of evolution. This springs directly from Darwin’s extended discussion of honey bees in On the Origin of Species. Creationist arguments focus on two aspects of honey bee life that Darwin saw as difficulties for his theory of natural selection. The first is the perfection of the hexagonal cells of honey bee combs, and the second is the perfection of a highly interconnected colony of sterile workers and the reproductive queen in which workers and the queen are unable to live without one another. Darwin resolved the honeycomb difficulty by outlining an evolutionary scenario whereby complex honeycombs could have evolved via natural selection acting on small variations among less complex ancestral comb structures. With regard to the second difficulty, Darwin felt that the greatest challenge to his theory of natural selection was the difference in morphology and behavior between workers and the queen of insect societies. How could workers’ traits have evolved via natural selection if workers do not reproduce themselves? Darwin resolved this difficulty by proposing that natural selection operates at the level of the colony and can thereby act on small variations in worker morphology and behavior that contribute to differences in colony success. It is this aspect of honey bee social life that Robert E Page Jr treats in The Spirit of the Hive. Page doesn’t address the Darwinian difficulty per se. Instead, he shows how variation among honey bee colonies can reflect variation in the underlying mechanisms of behavior and development in non-reproducing individuals in ways that could underlie adaptation at the colony level. Page is Founding Director and Foundation Professor of the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University with more than 200 publications to his credit. The attempt to learn and understand the mechanisms of insect social life is a common thread that runs through them all.
Oz - A Programming Language for Multi-Agent Systems

Oz is an experimental higher-order concurrent constraint programming system under development at DFKI. It combines ideas from logic and concurrent programming in a simple yet expressive language. From logic programming Oz inherits logic variables and logic data structures, which provide for a programming style where partial information about the values of variables is imposed concurrently and incremen-tally. A novel feature of Oz is that it accommodates higher-order programming without sacri-cing that denotation and equality of variables are captured by rst-order logic. Another new feature of Oz is constraint communication, a new form of asynchronous communication exploiting logic variables. Constraint communication avoids the problems of stream communication , the conventional communication mechanism employed in concurrent logic programming. Constraint communication can be seen as providing a minimal form of state fully compatible with logic data structures. Based on constraint communication and higher-order programming, Oz readily supports a variety of object-oriented programming styles including multiple inheritance.
Toward Morphological Thoracic EIT: Major Signal Sources Correspond to Respective Organ Locations in CT

Lung and cardiovascular monitoring applications of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) require localization of relevant functional structures or organs of interest within the reconstructed images. We describe an algorithm for automatic detection of heart and lung regions in a time series of EIT images. Using EIT reconstruction based on anatomical models, candidate regions are identified in the frequency domain and image-based classification techniques applied. The algorithm was validated on a set of simultaneously recorded EIT and CT data in pigs. In all cases, identified regions in EIT images corresponded to those manually segmented in the matched CT image. Results demonstrate the ability of EIT technology to reconstruct relevant impedance changes at their anatomical locations, provided that information about the thoracic boundary shape (and electrode positions) are used for reconstruction.
Sparse nonnegative matrix approximation : new formulations and algorithms

We introduce several new formulations for sparse nonnegative matrix approximation. Subsequently, we solve these formulations by developing generic algorithms. Further, to help selecting a particular sparse formulation, we briefly discuss the interpretation of each formulation. Finally, preliminary experiments are presented to illustrate the behavior of our formulations and algorithms.
Growth hormone therapy in dilated cardiomyopathy monitored with MRI

Left ventricular failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) severely impairs the prognosis of patients [1]. A pilot study of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) indicated very strong effect on myocardial wall thickness and ejection fraction in these patients [2]. However, study was not controlled, and sample size was small (seven patients). In the setting of a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial we assessed the impact of recombinant human growth hormone on 50 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy using MRI and conventional echocardiography [3]. The parameters measured were left ventricular (LV) diameters, LV volumes and LV ejection fraction as well as LV muscle mass and end systolic wall stress. The numbers of subjects needed to detect changes of 10 and 20% of baseline values were calculated.
The FOUR score predicts outcome in patients after traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND
The most widely used and most studied coma score to date is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which is used worldwide to assess level of consciousness and predict outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our aim was to determine whether the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) score is an accurate predictor of outcome in TBI patients and to compare its performance to GCS.


METHODS
We prospectively identified TBI patients admitted to our Neuro-ICU between July 2010 and February 2011. We enrolled 51 patients. The FOUR score and GCS were determined by one of the investigators. Outcomes were in-hospital mortality, and poor neurologic outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) 1-3 and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 3-6) at 3-6 months.


RESULTS
There was a high degree of internal consistency for both the FOUR score (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89) and GCS (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85). In terms of predictive power for in-hospital mortality, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.93 for FOUR score and 0.89 for GCS. In terms of predictive power of poor neurologic outcome at 3-6 months, the area under the ROC curve was 0.85 for FOUR score and 0.83 for GCS as evidenced by GOS 1-3, and 0.80 for FOUR score and 0.78 for GCS as evidenced by mRS 3-6. The odds ratio (OR) for in-hospital mortality was 0.64 (0.46-0.88) from FOUR score and 0.63 (0.45-0.89) from GCS, for poor neurologic outcome was 0.67 (0.53-0.85) from FOUR score and 0.65 (0.51-0.83) from GCS for GOS, and was 0.71 (0.57-0.87) from FOUR score and 0.71 (0.57-0.87) from GCS for mRS.


CONCLUSION
The FOUR score is an accurate predictor of outcome in TBI patients. It has some advantages over GCS, such as all components of FOUR score but not GCS can be rated in intubated patients.
Effect of a scale-dependent cosmological term on the motion of small test particles in a Schwarzschild background

Abstract It was recently suggested that the gravitational action could contain a scale-dependent cosmological term, depending on the length or momentum scale characteristic of the processes under consideration. In this work we explore a simple possible consequence of this assumption. We compute the field generated in empty space by a static spherical source (the Schwarzschild metric), using the modified action. The resulting static potential turns out to contain a tiny non-Newtonian component which depends on the size of the test particles. The possible relevance of this small correction for the analysis of the recent Pioneers data [J.D. Anderson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 2858] is briefly discussed.
Characterization of bionanocomposite films prepared with agar and paper-mulberry pulp nanocellulose.

Crystallized nanocellulose (CNC) was separated from paper-mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold) bast pulp by sulfuric acid hydrolysis method and they were blended with agar to prepare bionanocomposite films. The effect of CNC content (1, 3, 5 and 10 wt% based on agar) on the mechanical, water vapor permeability (WVP), and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were studied. Changes of the cellulose fibers in structure, morphology, crystallinity, and thermal properties of the films were evaluated using FT-IR, TEM, SEM, XRD, and TGA analysis methods. The CNC was composed of fibrous and spherical or elliptic granules of nano-cellulose with sizes of 50-60 nm. Properties of agar film such as mechanical and water vapor barrier properties were improved significantly (p<0.05) by blending with the CNC. The tensile modulus and tensile strength of agar film increased by 40% and 25%, respectively, in the composite film with 5 wt% of CNC, and the WVP of agar film decreased by 25% after formation of nanocomposite with 3 wt% of CNC. The CNC obtained from the paper-mulberry bast pulp can be used as a reinforcing agent for the preparation of bio-nanocomposites, and they have a high potential for the development of completely biodegradable food packaging materials.
Tramadol and acetaminophen combination tablets in the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

PURPOSE
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination analgesic tablet (37.5 mg tramadol/325 mg acetaminophen) for the treatment of fibromyalgia pain.


METHODS
This 91-day, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study compared tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets with placebo. The primary outcome variable was cumulative time to discontinuation (Kaplan-Meier analysis). Secondary measures at the end of the study included pain, pain relief, total tender points, myalgia, health status, and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire scores.


RESULTS
Of the 315 subjects who were enrolled in the study, 313 (294 women [94%], mean [+/- SD] age, 50 +/- 10 years) completed at least one postrandomization efficacy assessment (tramadol/acetaminophen: n = 156; placebo: n = 157). Discontinuation of treatment for any reason was less common in those treated with tramadol/acetaminophen compared with placebo (48% vs. 62%, P = 0.004). Tramadol/acetaminophen-treated subjects also had significantly less pain at the end of the study (53 +/- 32 vs. 65 +/- 29 on a visual analog scale of 0 to 100, P <0.001), and better pain relief (1.7 +/- 1.4 vs. 0.8 +/- 1.3 on a scale of -1 to 4, P <0.001) and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire scores (P = 0.008). Indexes of physical functioning, role-physical, body pain, health transition, and physical component summary all improved significantly in the tramadol/acetaminophen-treated subjects. Discontinuation due to adverse events occurred in 19% (n = 29) of tramadol/acetaminophen-treated subjects and 12% (n = 18) of placebo-treated subjects (P = 0.09). The mean dose of tramadol/acetaminophen was 4.0 +/- 1.8 tablets per day.


CONCLUSION
A tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablet was effective for the treatment of fibromyalgia pain without any serious adverse effects.
Deaths from violence in North Carolina, 2004: how deaths differ in females and males.

OBJECTIVE
To identify gender differences in violent deaths in terms of incidence, circumstances, and methods of death.


DESIGN
Analysis of surveillance data.


SETTING
North Carolina, a state of 8.6 million residents on the eastern seaboard of the US.


SUBJECTS
1674 North Carolina residents who died from violence in the state during 2004.


METHODS
Information on violent deaths was collected by the North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System using data from death certificates, medical examiner reports, and law enforcement agency incidence reports.


RESULTS
Suicide and homicide rates were lower for females than males. For suicides, females were more likely than males to have a diagnosis of depression (55% v 36%), a current mental health problem (66% v 42%), or a history of suicide attempts (25% v 13%). Firearms were the sole method of suicide in 65% of males and 42% of females. Poisonings were more common in female than male suicides (37% v 12%). Male and female homicide victims were most likely to die from a handgun or a sharp instrument. Fifty seven percent of female homicides involved intimate partner violence, compared with 13% of male homicides. Among female homicides involving intimate partner violence, 78% occurred in the woman's home. White females had a higher rate of suicide than African-American females, but African-American females had a higher rate of homicide than white females.


CONCLUSIONS
The incidence, circumstances, and methods of fatal violence differ greatly between females and males. These differences should be taken into account in the development of violence prevention efforts.