LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Picking Virtual Pockets using Relay Attacks on Contactless Smartcard

A contactless smartcard is a smartcard that can communicate with other devices without any physical connection, using Radio-Frequency Identifier (RFID) technology. Contactless smartcards are becoming increasingly popular, with applications like credit-cards, national-ID, passports, physical access. The security of such applications is clearly critical. A key feature of RFID-based systems is their very short range: typical systems are designed to operate at a range of ≈ 10cm. In this study we show that contactless smartcard technology is vulnerable to relay attacks: An attacker can trick the reader into communicating with a victim smartcard that is very far away. A "low-tech" attacker can build a pick-pocket system that can remotely use a victim contactless smartcard, without the victim’s knowledge. The attack system consists of two devices, which we call the "ghost" and the "leech". We discuss basic designs for the attacker’s equipment, and explore their possible operating ranges. We show that the ghost can be up to 50m away from the card reader— 3 orders of magnitude higher than the nominal range. We also show that the leech can be up to 50cm away from the the victim card. The main characteristics of the attack are: orthogonality to any security protocol, unlimited distance between the attacker and the victim, and low cost of the attack system.
The origin of new genes: glimpses from the young and old

Key PointsThe variation in the numbers of genes in different organisms indicates a general process of the origin and evolution of new genes.Examining young genes is a direct approach to study this process, whereas ancient genes reveal the antiquity of some origination mechanisms.Several molecular mechanisms are involved in the creation of new gene structure, among which exon shuffling, retroposition and gene duplication have been found to be particularly important.A new gene in its early stage usually undergoes rapid changes in sequence, structure and expression, which indicates a continuous evolution of function.A significant role of positive Darwinian selection has been detected underlying these changes and adaptive evolution might have directed the entire origination process of new genes.Direct and indirect observations of new genes in eukaryotic genomes show that genes with new functions are not as rare as was previously thought.Analysis of the repeated new gene origination by retroposition in the Drosophila genome has uncovered a pattern in which new genes tend to avoid the X-chromosome linkage and most of the X-chromosome-derived autosomal new genes have evolved male-specific functions. This points to the importance of genome position in new gene origination.AbstractGenome data have revealed great variation in the numbers of genes in different organisms, which indicates that there is a fundamental process of genome evolution: the origin of new genes. However, there has been little opportunity to explore how genes with new functions originate and evolve. The study of ancient genes has highlighted the antiquity and general importance of some mechanisms of gene origination, and recent observations of young genes at early stages in their evolution have unveiled unexpected molecular and evolutionary processes.
Effect of Opuntia ficus indica on symptoms of the alcohol hangover.

BACKGROUND
The severity of the alcohol hangover may be related to inflammation induced by impurities in the alcohol beverage and byproducts of alcohol metabolism. An extract of the Opuntia ficus indica (OFI) plant diminishes the inflammatory response to stressful stimuli.


METHODS
In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 64 healthy, young adult volunteers were randomly assigned to receive OFI (1600 IU) and identical placebo, given 5 hours before alcohol consumption. During 4 hours, subjects consumed up to 1.75 g of alcohol per kilogram of body weight. Hangover severity (9 symptoms) and overall well-being were assessed on a scale (0-6), and blood and urine samples were obtained the following morning. Two weeks later, the study protocol was repeated with OFI and placebo reversed.


RESULTS
Fifty-five subjects completed both the OFI and placebo arms of the study. Three of the 9 symptoms-nausea, dry mouth, and anorexia-were significantly reduced by OFI (all P<.05). Overall, the symptom index was reduced by 2.7 points on average (95% confidence interval, -0.2 to 5.5; P =.07), and the risk of a severe hangover (>/=18 points) was reduced by half (odds ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.88; P =.02). C-reactive protein levels were strongly associated with hangover severity; the mean symptom index was 4.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-7.1; P =.007) higher in subjects with morning C-reactive protein levels greater than 1.0 mg/L. In addition, C-reactive protein levels were 40% higher after subjects consumed placebo compared with OFI.


CONCLUSIONS
The symptoms of the alcohol hangover are largely due to the activation of inflammation. An extract of the OFI plant has a moderate effect on reducing hangover symptoms, apparently by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators.
META-ANALYSIS OF CYP2D6 METABOLIZER PHENOTYPE AND METOPROLOL PHARMACOKINETICS

Metoprolol, a commonly prescribed β-blocker, is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), an enzyme with substantial genetic heterogeneity. Several smaller studies have shown that metoprolol pharmacokinetics is influenced by CYP2D6 genotype and metabolizer phenotype. To increase robustness of metoprolol pharmacokinetic estimates, a systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic studies that administered a single oral dose of immediate-release metoprolol were performed. Pooled analysis (n = 264) demonstrated differences in peak plasma metoprolol concentration, area under the concentration-time curve, elimination half-life, and apparent oral clearance that were 2.3-, 4.9-, 2.3-, and 5.9-fold between extensive and poor metabolizers, respectively, and 5.3-, 13-, 2.6-, and 15-fold between ultrarapid and poor metabolizers (all P < 0.001), respectively. Enantiomer-specific analysis revealed genotype-dependent enantio-selective metabolism, with nearly 40% greater R- than S-metoprolol metabolism in ultrarapid and extensive metabolizers. This study demonstrates a marked effect of CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotype on metoprolol pharmacokinetics and confirms enantiomer-specific metabolism of metoprolol.
The quantum basis of spatiotemporality in perception and consciousness.

Living systems inhabit the area of the world which is shaped by the predictable space-time of physical objects and forces that can be incorporated into their perception pattern. The process of selecting a "habitable" space-time is the internal quantum measurement in which living systems become embedded into the environment that supports their living state. This means that living organisms choose a coordinate system in which the influence of measurement is minimal. We discuss specific roles of biological macromolecules, in particular of the cytoskeleton, in shaping perception patterns formed in the internal measurement process. Operation of neuron is based on the transmission of signals via cytoskeleton where the digital output is generated that can be decoded through a reflective action of the perceiving agent. It is concluded that the principle of optimality in biology as formulated by Liberman et al. (BioSystems 22, 135-154, 1989) is related to the establishment of spatiotemporal patterns that are maximally predictable and can hold the living state for a prolonged time. This is achieved by the selection of a habitable space approximated to the conditions described by classical physics.
Back to the Basics: Who Is Researching and Interpreting for Whom?

I have always hated questionnaires. My conscious memory of this reaction goes back to grade school standardized exams when I gave the wrong answer to the question whether one takes butter out beforehand to soften it. Never having had that form of congealed fat in my Chinese home, I simply did not know the cooled nature of that artery hardener! My answers to the JAH questionnaire, it appears, were also far from typical. What three to four books were most influential? The Bible was the hands-down winner. But for me? The writings of the Chinese Daoist philosopher Chuang Tzu, Robert Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land, and Albert Memmi's The Colonizer and the Colonizedquite a postmodern pastiche! My favorite movie about the United States? Not Gone with the Wind, the overall favorite. It was George Romero's Dawn of the Dead, where zombied Americans of all creeds and persuasions gravitate to the local indoor mall to wander aimlessly.1 Growing up Chinese and "Oriental" in United States midwestern culture fostered a skepticism in my soul. I was born in the heartland of the U. S. of A. and yet was called a "gook." Daoist philosophy, far more than the transcendental mysticisms of the Bible, helped me weather such existential angst. When I was seeking to find my voice at the University of Wisconsin in the early seventies, only Harvey Goldberg, a radical and gay scholar who taught French history, and the faculty of Afro-American studies had any idea of what would be useful for me to read. Memmi's complex psychological analyses and W. E. B. Du Bois's double consciousness made innate sense to me, with the added dimension of my being neither white nor black but Chinese American and Asian American.2 De facto racialized as an "alien" foreigner, I could never simply narrow my concerns to a nationalist frame of mind. The survey respondents' lack of interest in,
Cognitive outcomes after on- versus off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND
The Randomized On versus Off Bypass trial found no difference for a global cognitive outcome measure for patients receiving on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). In this report, we present the baseline patient characteristics that were predictive of post-CABG cognitive decline as well as compare cognitive outcomes between treatment arms.


METHODS
A neuropsychological battery was administered preoperatively and at 1 year after undergoing CABG. Stepwise regression was used to identify demographic or clinical risk factors associated with cognitive decline. Neuropsychological data were converted to demographically corrected T scores to provide impairment levels.


RESULTS
Overall 1,156 patients (581 on-pump, 575 off-pump) completed match-paired neuropsychological assessments at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Baseline cognitive score, age, education level, and ethnicity predicted cognitive decline after CABG. Only 20% of either group had mild impairment at baseline on three of the test scores, and less than 10% had severe impairment on individual tests at either time. Few subjects in either group transitioned to clinically impaired levels at follow-up on individual tests.


CONCLUSIONS
At baseline, lower cognitive function, older age, lower education, and ethnicity other than white were predictive of cognitive decline after CABG. Patients in both groups demonstrated low frequencies of cognitive impairment on individual tests at baseline and follow- up, and few patients in either group were classified as impaired at 1-year follow-up on individual tests. In general, the Randomized On versus Off Bypass study documented that neither on-pump nor off-pump CABG adversely impacts long-term brain function.
REVIEW OF CERAMIC MATERIALS FOR HIGH‐FREQUENCY INSULATION*

The requirements of physical properties for high-frequency insulators arc outlined The three groups of ceramic materials especially suitable for high-frequency insulation arc steatite, cordierite, and rutile bodies The properties and manufacturing problems in connection with these three groups of materials arc discussed.
The PedsQL™ Family Impact Module: Preliminary reliability and validity

BACKGROUND
The PedsQL Measurement Model was designed to measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents. The PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales were developed to be integrated with the PedsQL Disease-Specific Modules. The newly developed PedsQL Family Impact Module was designed to measure the impact of pediatric chronic health conditions on parents and the family. The PedsQL Family Impact Module measures parent self-reported physical, emotional, social, and cognitive functioning, communication, and worry. The Module also measures parent-reported family daily activities and family relationships.


METHODS
The 36-item PedsQL Family Impact Module was administered to 23 families of medically fragile children with complex chronic health conditions who either resided in a long-term care convalescent hospital or resided at home with their families.


RESULTS
Internal consistency reliability was demonstrated for the PedsQL Family Impact Module Total Scale Score (alpha = 0.97), Parent HRQOL Summary Score (alpha = 0.96), Family Functioning Summary Score (alpha = 0.90), and Module Scales (average alpha = 0.90, range = 0.82 - 0.97). The PedsQL Family Impact Module distinguished between families with children in a long-term care facility and families whose children resided at home.


CONCLUSIONS
The results demonstrate the preliminary reliability and validity of the PedsQL Family Impact Module in families with children with complex chronic health conditions. The PedsQL Family Impact Module will be further field tested to determine the measurement properties of this new instrument with other pediatric chronic health conditions.
Myths and Misconceptions About Chronic Constipation

There are many strongly held beliefs about constipation that are not evidence based. The purpose of this review is to address these beliefs concerning various aspects of constipation. There is no evidence to support the theory that diseases may arise via “autointoxication,” whereby poisonous substances from stools within the colon are absorbed. Dolichocolon, defined as an elongated colon, should not be seen as a cause of constipation. The role of sex hormones altering gut function during the menstrual cycle appears to be minimal. During pregnancy they may play a role in slowing gut transit. Hypothyroidism can cause constipation, but among patients presenting with constipation, hypothyroidism is rare. A diet poor in fiber should not be assumed to be the cause of chronic constipation. Some patients may be helped by a fiber-rich diet but many patients with more severe constipation get worse symptoms when increasing dietary fiber intake. There is no evidence that constipation can successfully be treated by increasing fluid intake unless there is evidence of dehydration. In the elderly constipation may correlate with decreased physical activity, but many cofactors are likely to play a role. Intervention programs to increase physical activity as part of a broad rehabilitation program may help. It is unlikely that stimulant laxatives at recommended doses are harmful to the colon. A proportion of patients with chronic constipation is dependent of laxatives to achieve satisfactory bowel function, but this is not the result of prior laxative intake. Tolerance to stimulant laxatives is uncommon. There is no indication for the occurrence of “rebound constipation” after stopping laxative intake. While laxatives may be misused, there is no potential for addiction.
Economic impact of personality disorders in UK primary care attenders.

BACKGROUND
The economic impact of personality disorders on UK health services is unknown.


AIMS
To test the hypothesis that people with personality disorders have higher mean health and non-health costs compared with those without personality disorders.


METHOD
Prospective cohort study design. A total of 303 general practice attenders were followed-up I year after they had been assessed for the presence of personality disorders. Costs were estimated in pound sterling at 1999 price levels.


RESULTS
The mean total cost for patients with personality disorders was pound sterling 3094 (s.d.=5324) compared with pound sterling 1633 (s.d.=3779) for those without personality disorders. Personality disorders were not independently associated with increased costs. Multivariate analyses identified the presence of a significant interaction between personality disorders and common mental disorders and increased total costs (coefficient=499, 95% CI 180.1-626.2, P=0.002).


CONCLUSIONS
Personality disorders are not independently associated with increased costs. An interaction between personality disorders and common mental disorders significantly predicts increased total costs.
Dolutegravir versus raltegravir in antiretroviral-experienced, integrase-inhibitor-naive adults with HIV: week 48 results from the randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority SAILING study

BACKGROUND
Dolutegravir (GSK1349572), a once-daily HIV integrase inhibitor, has shown potent antiviral response and a favourable safety profile. We evaluated safety, efficacy, and emergent resistance in antiretroviral-experienced, integrase-inhibitor-naive adults with HIV-1 with at least two-class drug resistance.


METHODS
ING111762 (SAILING) is a 48 week, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, non-inferiority study that began in October, 2010. Eligible patients had two consecutive plasma HIV-1 RNA assessments of 400 copies per mL or higher (unless >1000 copies per mL at screening), resistance to two or more classes of antiretroviral drugs, and had one to two fully active drugs for background therapy. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to once-daily dolutegravir 50 mg or twice-daily raltegravir 400 mg, with investigator-selected background therapy. Matching placebo was given, and study sites were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies per mL at week 48, evaluated in all participants randomly assigned to treatment groups who received at least one dose of study drug, excluding participants at one site with violations of good clinical practice. Non-inferiority was prespecified with a 12% margin; if non-inferiority was established, then superiority would be tested per a prespecified sequential testing procedure. A key prespecified secondary endpoint was the proportion of patients with treatment-emergent integrase-inhibitor resistance. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01231516.


FINDINGS
Analysis included 715 patients (354 dolutegravir; 361 raltegravir). At week 48, 251 (71%) patients on dolutegravir had HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies per mL versus 230 (64%) patients on raltegravir (adjusted difference 7·4%, 95% CI 0·7 to 14·2); superiority of dolutegravir versus raltegravir was then concluded (p=0·03). Significantly fewer patients had virological failure with treatment-emergent integrase-inhibitor resistance on dolutegravir (four vs 17 patients; adjusted difference -3·7%, 95% CI -6·1 to -1·2; p=0·003). Adverse event frequencies were similar across groups; the most commonly reported events for dolutegravir versus raltegravir were diarrhoea (71 [20%] vs 64 [18%] patients), upper respiratory tract infection (38 [11%] vs 29 [8%]), and headache (33 [9%] vs 31 [9%]). Safety events leading to discontinuation were infrequent in both groups (nine [3%] dolutegravir, 14 [4%] raltegravir).


INTERPRETATION
Once-daily dolutegravir, in combination with up to two other antiretroviral drugs, is well tolerated with greater virological effect compared with twice-daily raltegravir in this treatment-experienced patient group.


FUNDING
ViiV Healthcare.
"Dumbbell-like" crystals in urine sediment.

Presence of crystals in urine sediment is not an infrequent finding, and its observation does not have any especial clinical signification in most situations. Some factors as pH, temperature, and emission time of the urine may play a part in their formation. Nevertheless, in some diseases such as congenital anomalies or severe liver pathology, some types of crystals (cystine, tyrosine, and leucine) are quite rare and its identification is very important. In urinary cytopathology, crystals such as uric acid, calcium oxalate dihydrate, and ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) are among those that may be frequently observed in urine sediment. Taking into account its morphology, they are usually named as ‘‘lemons’’ (uric acid), ‘‘envelopes’’ (calcium oxalate dihydrate), and ‘‘coffin linds’’ (struvite). Here, a type of crystal (calcium oxalate monohydrate), not as frequent as those mentioned earlier is showed (Fig. C-1). The image belongs to a voided urine smear from a patient suffering acute renal failure. Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals vary in size and, depending on their position, they give a different projection showing the typical ‘‘dumbbell’’ shape or round–oval morphology with a central depression (they are also described as ‘‘hour-glass" or ‘‘sheaf’’). Factors such as excessive consumption of certain aliments rich in oxalates (spinaches, asparagus, tomatoes, etc), a decrease in the urinary pH, and a scant diuresis may contribute to its development. The presence of calcium oxalate crystals (mono or dihydrate) in the urine sediment does not mean necessary the existence of calculi in the urinary tract. In fresh and unstained urine samples, and depending of their size, this type of crystals must be differentiated from erythrocytes, yeast, and parasitic ova, especially Enterobius vermicularis. However, its high refraction index can solve the problem.
Comparison of measurement properties of the P4 pain scale and disease specific pain measures in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE
To compare measurement properties of the P4 pain scale, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index pain subscale (WOMAC-pain), and Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP) measure in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).


DESIGN
A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial included participants (n = 156) with knee OA that were consulting with a surgeon regarding knee arthroplasty. They completed pain measures (P4, WOMAC-pain, ICOAP) and WOMAC-function subscale (WOMAC-function) at baseline and 2 weeks. Measurement properties assessed in various subgroups included floor/ceiling effects, test-retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1), internal consistency using Cronbach's ɑ, factorial structure of each pain measure combined with WOMAC-function using principal component analysis, and responsiveness using standardized response mean (SRM).


RESULTS
P4 had low floor and ceiling effects (<1%). P4 test-retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.72), internal consistency (Chronbach's ɑ = 0.91), and responsiveness (SRM = 0.56) were similar to the values for WOMAC-pain and ICOAP. Factorial structure of P4 and ICOAP were separate from WOMAC-function items. WOMAC-pain and WOMAC-function items loaded on similar factors. ICOAP-constant subscale had a large floor effect (33%).


CONCLUSIONS
P4 should be used to measure pain in patients with knee OA. It had acceptable measurement properties which is comparable to more widely used pain measures. WOMAC-pain shared a factorial structure with WOMAC-function indicating these measures might be capturing the same construct, questioning its validity to measure pain separately from function. ICOAP had acceptable properties. More work should compare pain measures in less severely affected OA populations.
Survey on Real Time Security Mechanisms in Network Forensics

Network forensics is a type of digital forensics which goal is to monitoring, correlate, examine and analysis of computer network traffic for various purposes likeinformation gathering, legal evidence, or intrusion detection. Now a days, various services like email, web, online transactions are used as network communication schemes. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of different real time security mechanisms for forensic investigation of network communication schemes.