LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Key considerations for the experimental training and evaluation of cancer odour detection dogs: lessons learnt from a double-blind, controlled trial of prostate cancer detection

BACKGROUND
Cancer detection using sniffer dogs is a potential technology for clinical use and research. Our study sought to determine whether dogs could be trained to discriminate the odour of urine from men with prostate cancer from controls, using rigorous testing procedures and well-defined samples from a major research hospital.


METHODS
We attempted to train ten dogs by initially rewarding them for finding and indicating individual prostate cancer urine samples (Stage 1). If dogs were successful in Stage 1, we then attempted to train them to discriminate prostate cancer samples from controls (Stage 2). The number of samples used to train each dog varied depending on their individual progress. Overall, 50 unique prostate cancer and 67 controls were collected and used during training. Dogs that passed Stage 2 were tested for their ability to discriminate 15 (Test 1) or 16 (Tests 2 and 3) unfamiliar prostate cancer samples from 45 (Test 1) or 48 (Tests 2 and 3) unfamiliar controls under double-blind conditions.


RESULTS
Three dogs reached training Stage 2 and two of these learnt to discriminate potentially familiar prostate cancer samples from controls. However, during double-blind tests using new samples the two dogs did not indicate prostate cancer samples more frequently than expected by chance (Dog A sensitivity 0.13, specificity 0.71, Dog B sensitivity 0.25, specificity 0.75). The other dogs did not progress past Stage 1 as they did not have optimal temperaments for the sensitive odour discrimination training.


CONCLUSIONS
Although two dogs appeared to have learnt to select prostate cancer samples during training, they did not generalise on a prostate cancer odour during robust double-blind tests involving new samples. Our study illustrates that these rigorous tests are vital to avoid drawing misleading conclusions about the abilities of dogs to indicate certain odours. Dogs may memorise the individual odours of large numbers of training samples rather than generalise on a common odour. The results do not exclude the possibility that dogs could be trained to detect prostate cancer. We recommend that canine olfactory memory is carefully considered in all future studies and rigorous double-blind methods used to avoid confounding effects.
Leader election algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks

We present two new leader election algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks. The algorithms ensure that eventually each connected component of the topology graph has exactly one leader. The algorithms are based on a routing algorithm called TORA [5], which in turn is based on an algorithm by Gafni and Bertsekas [3]. The algorithm require nodes to communicate with only their current neighbors, making it well suited to the ad hoc environment. The first algorithm is for a single topology change and is provided with a proof of correctness. The second algorithm tolerates multiple concurrent topology changes.
Factors Influencing the Usage of an Electronic Book Collection: Size of the E-book Collection, the Student Population, and the Faculty Population

Alain R. Lamothe is E-Resource Librarian in the J.N. Desmarais Library at Laurentian University; e-mail: alamothe@laurentian.ca. © 2013 Alain R. Lamothe. This paper presents the results of a quantitative and systematic investigation exploring online e-book usage at the J.N. Desmarais Library of Laurentian University over a 9-year period. The size of an e-book collection was determined to show evidence of an extremely strong relationship with the level of usage e-books experienced. Of all factors examined during the course of this study, it was the size of the collection that exhibited the strongest association to usage levels and would suggest just how important the size and content of a collection can be to patron acceptance and utilization. Of all student academic levels, doctoral students exhibited the strongest relationship with e-book usage, while undergraduate students showed signs of the weakest. Faculty demonstrated the overall weakest relationship with e-book usage.
Social media effects on fostering online civic engagement and building citizen trust and trust in institutions

Available online xxxx
Multinationals, regulatory competition and outside options

Lower barriers to entry and developments in world capital markets have increased the actual and potential mobility of multinational enterprises. This poses challenges for host countries’ tax and regulation policies. The paper examines implications for such policies, for multinantionals’ investment decisions and for host countries’ welfare in cooperative and non-cooperative settings. An interesting finding is that more attractive outside options for firms may constitute a win-win situation; the firm as well as its present host countries may gain when this occurs. This means that better outside options for the firm may reduce the gains from host countries’ policy coordination and thus reduce those countries’ incentives to coordinate their policies. Jel.class.no.: D82, H21, L51
DISEASE PREDICTING SYSTEM USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES

The successful application of data mining in highly visible fields like e-business, commerce and trade has led to its application in other industries. The medical environment is still information rich but knowledge weak. There is a wealth of data possible within the medical systems. However, there is a lack of powerful analysis tools to identify hidden relationships and trends in data. Heart disease is a term that assigns to a large number of heath care conditions related to heart. These medical conditions describe the unexpected health conditions that directly control the heart and all its parts. Medical data mining techniques like association rule mining, classification, clustering is implemented to analyze the different kinds of heart based problems. Classification is an important problem in data mining. Given a database contain collection of records, each with a single class label, a classifier performs a brief and clear definition for each class that can be used to classify successive records . A number of popular classifiers construct decision trees to generate class models. The data classification is based on MAFIA algorithms which result in accuracy, the data is estimated using entropy based cross validations and partition techniques and the results are compared. C4.5 algorithm is used as the training algorithm to show rank of heart attack with the decision tree. The heart disease database is clustered using the K-means clustering algorithm, which will remove the data applicable to heart attack from the database. Keywords—Data mining; MAFIA (Maximal Frequent Itemset Algorithm); C4.5 Algorithm; K-means clustering
The effect of suit wear during an intensive therapy program in children with cerebral palsy.

PURPOSE
To examine the effects of suit wear during an intensive therapy program on motor function among children with cerebral palsy.


METHOD
Twenty children were randomized to an experimental (TheraSuit) or a control (control suit) group and participated in an intensive therapy program. The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)-66 were administered before and after (4 and 9 weeks). Parent satisfaction was also assessed.


RESULTS
No significant differences were found between groups. Significant within-group differences were found for the control group on the GMFM-66 and for the experimental group on the GMFM-66, PEDI Functional Skills Self-care, PEDI Caregiver Assistance Self-care, and PEDI Functional Skills Mobility. No adverse events were reported.


CONCLUSIONS
Children wearing the TheraSuit during an intensive therapy program did not demonstrate improved motor function compared with those wearing a control suit during the same program.
The use of toluidine blue in the detection of pre-malignant and malignant oral lesions.

INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the toluidine blue (TB) test as a diagnostic tool in the detection of malignant and dysplastic lesions of the oral cavity. This study was carried out because of a lack of consensus among different authors on the utility of TB, as well as to determine useful adjuncts to detect oral pre-cancer and cancer.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study included 160 patients with oral mucosal disorders that included suspicious or malignant lesions detected at clinical visual examination, confirmed by histopathological evaluation. All lesions were submitted to TB staining.


RESULTS
The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of malignant or dysplastic lesions by this test were 65.5% and 73.3%, respectively. Overall, the detection rate with TB (sensitivity) was slightly lower compared with those reported by other authors but the specificity was comparable to several reports. Positive predictive value (35.2%) was also lower than previous studies, whereas negative predictive value (90.6%) was similar.


CONCLUSIONS
The simplicity of the test procedure and the validity of derived values suggest TB staining can be a valuable adjunct to the diagnostic process, as long as it is carefully correlated with the clinical characteristics of the mucosal disorder and histopathological diagnosis.
Effects of a Whatsapp-delivered physical activity intervention to enhance health-related physical fitness components and cardiovascular disease risk factors in older adults.

BACKGROUND
This pilot study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a 10-week WhatsApp-based intervention aimed at enhancing health-related physical fitness components and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors compared with a face-to-face condition.


METHODS
Participants (N.=32) were assigned to one of three groups: training group (N.=16), mobile group (N.=7) and control group (N.=9). Training group and mobile group performed the same training program, based on strength training with elastics bands and aerobic exercise, during 10 weeks; only the delivery mode differed.


RESULTS
The mobile group increased handgrip strength, aerobic capacity and decreased systolic blood pressure and heart rate after exercise though there were no significant differences respect to control group. The training group decreased significantly systolic blood pressure (P=0.038), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.005), mean arterial pressure (P=0.006) and heart rate after exercise (P=0.002), respect to control group.


CONCLUSIONS
Comparison between training and mobile group showed that WhatsApp-based physical activity intervention was less effective than face-to-face condition. The results indicate that the use of an online social network produced slight changes in some health-related physical fitness components and CVD risk factors.
Advancing Cutting Technology

This paper reviews some of the main developments in cutting technology since the foundation of CIRP over fifty years ago. Material removal processes can take place at considerably higher performance levels in the range up to Qw = 150 1500 cm/min for most workpiece materials at cutting speeds up to some 8.000 m/min. Dry or near dry cutting is finding widespread application. The superhard cutting tool materials embody hardness levels in the range 3000 – 9000 HV with toughness levels exceeding 1000 MPa. Coated tool materials offer the opportunity to fine tune the cutting tool to the material being machined. Machining accuracies down to 10 μm can now be achieved for conventional cutting processes with CNC machine tools, whilst ultraprecision cutting can operate in the range < 0.1μm. The main technological developments associated with the cutting tool and tool materials, the workpiece materials, the machine tool, the process conditions and the manufacturing environment which have led to this advancement are given detailed consideration in this paper. The basis for a roadmap of future development of cutting technology is provided.
Financial Intermediation and Macroeconomic Analysis

I ssues relating to fi nancial stability have always been part of the macroeconomics curriculum, but they have often been presented as mainly of historical interest, or primarily of relevance to emerging markets. However, the recent fi nancial crisis has made it plain that even in economies like the United States, signifi cant disruptions of fi nancial intermediation remain a possibility. Understanding such phenomena and the possible policy responses requires the use of a macroeconomic framework in which fi nancial intermediation matters for the allocation of resources. In this paper, I fi rst discuss why neither standard macroeconomic models that abstract from fi nancial intermediation nor traditional models of the “bank lending channel” are adequate as a basis for understanding the recent crisis. I argue that instead we need models in which intermediation plays a crucial role, but in which intermediation is modeled in a way that better conforms to current institutional realities. In particular, we need models that recognize that a market-based fi nancial system—one in which intermediaries fund themselves by selling securities in competitive markets, rather than collecting deposits subject to reserve requirements—is not the same as a frictionless system. I then sketch the basic elements of an approach that allows fi nancial intermediation and credit frictions to be integrated into macroeconomic analysis in a straightforward way. I show how the model can be used to analyze the macroeconomic consequences of the recent fi nancial crisis and conclude with a discussion of some implications of the model for the conduct of monetary policy. Financial Intermediation and Macroeconomic Analysis
Triptolide with potential medicinal value for diseases of the central nervous system.

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. (TWHF) has a long history as a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herb that aids in treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The major bioactive component of TWHF is triptolide, which has been recognized to possess a broad spectrum of biological profiles including antiinflammatory, immunosuppressive, antifertility, and antitumor activities, as well as neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Limitation of triptolide, such as poor water solubility and severe systemic toxicity, has postponed clinical development and trials; however, the wide range of medicinal value of triptolide has been drawing intensive worldwide attention. In particular, triptolide has been shown to have significant effects on central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord and brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. This review focuses on the potential therapeutic role of triptolide on CNS diseases, and discusses the structural features, potential modifications, and the other pharmacological activities of triptolide.
Half-molar sodium lactate infusion improves cardiac performance in acute heart failure: a pilot randomised controlled clinical trial

INTRODUCTION
Acute heart failure (AHF) is characterized by inadequate cardiac output (CO), congestive symptoms, poor peripheral perfusion and end-organ dysfunction. Treatment often includes a combination of diuretics, oxygen, positive pressure ventilation, inotropes and vasodilators or vasopressors. Lactate is a marker of illness severity but is also an important metabolic substrate for the myocardium at rest and during stress. We tested the effects of half-molar sodium lactate infusion on cardiac performance in AHF.


METHODS
We conducted a prospective, randomised, controlled, open-label, pilot clinical trial in 40 patients fulfilling two of the following three criteria for AHF: (1) left ventricular ejection fraction <40%, (2) acute pulmonary oedema or respiratory failure of predominantly cardiac origin requiring mechanical ventilation and (3) currently receiving vasopressor and/or inotropic support. Patients in the intervention group received a 3 ml/kg bolus of half-molar sodium lactate over the course of 15 minutes followed by 1 ml/kg/h continuous infusion for 24 hours. The control group received only a 3 ml/kg bolus of Hartmann's solution without continuous infusion. The primary outcome was CO assessed by transthoracic echocardiography 24 hours after randomisation. Secondary outcomes included a measure of right ventricular systolic function (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE)), acid-base balance, electrolyte and organ function parameters, along with length of stay and mortality.


RESULTS
The infusion of half-molar sodium lactate increased (mean ± SD) CO from 4.05 ± 1.37 L/min to 5.49 ± 1.9 L/min (P < 0.01) and TAPSE from 14.7 ± 5.5 mm to 18.3 ± 7 mm (P = 0.02). Plasma sodium and pH increased (136 ± 4 to 146 ± 6 and 7.40 ± 0.06 to 7.53 ± 0.03, respectively; both P < 0.01), but potassium, chloride and phosphate levels decreased. There were no significant differences in the need for vasoactive therapy, respiratory support, renal or liver function tests, duration of ICU and hospital stay or 28- and 90-day mortality.


CONCLUSIONS
Infusion of half-molar sodium lactate improved cardiac performance and led to metabolic alkalosis in AHF patients without any detrimental effects on organ function.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01981655. Registered 13 August 2013.
The theory of atomic-molecular transformations in condensed phase at low temperatures

Abstract The probability of the elementary act of a nonadiabatic chemical reaction in condensed medium at low temperature is calculated. General results are illustrated by the formulas for Debye-type and resonance-type absorption spectra of the medium. For the reactions involving the reorganization of the intramolecular structure of the reactants the limiting cases of both weak and strong coupling of the reactants with the medium are considered.
Structure-based Sybil Detection in Social Networks via Local Rule-based Propagation

Social networks are known to be vulnerable to the so-called Sybil attack, in which an attacker maintains massive Sybils and uses them to perform various malicious activities. Therefore, Sybil detection in social networks is a basic security research problem. Structure-based methods have been shown to be promising at detecting Sybils. Existing structure-based methods can be classified into two categories: Random Walk (RW)-based methods and Loop Belief Propagation (LBP)-based methods. RW-based methods cannot leverage labeled Sybils and labeled benign users simultaneously, which limits their detection accuracy, and/or they are not robust to noisy labels. LBP-based methods are not scalable, and they cannot guarantee convergence. In this work, we propose SybilSCAR, a novel structure-based method to detect Sybils in social networks. SybilSCAR is Scalable, Convergent, Accurate, and Robust to label noise. We first propose a framework to unify RW-based and LBP-based methods. Under our framework, these methods can be viewed as iteratively applying a (different) local rule to every user, which propagates label information among a social graph. Second, we design a new local rule, which SybilSCAR iteratively applies to every user to detect Sybils. We compare SybilSCAR with state-of-the-art RW-based methods and LBP-based methods both theoretically and empirically. Theoretically, we show that, with proper parameter settings, SybilSCAR has a tighter asymptotical bound on the number of Sybils that are falsely accepted into a social network than existing structure-based methods. Empirically, we perform evaluation using both social networks with synthesized Sybils and a large-scale Twitter dataset (41.7M nodes and 1.2B edges) with real Sybils, and our results show that 1) SybilSCAR is substantially more accurate and more robust to label noise than state-of-the-art RW-based methods; and 2) SybilSCAR is more accurate and one order of magnitude more scalable than state-of-the-art LBP-based methods.
First Observation of Time Variation in the Solar-Disk Gamma-Ray Flux with Fermi

Kenny C. Y. Ng, 2, ∗ John F. Beacom, 2, 3, † Annika H. G. Peter, 2, 3, ‡ and Carsten Rott § Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP), Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea (Dated: 7 November 2015)
Comparison of classification techniques applied for network intrusion detection and classification

Article history: Available online xxxx
Effect of physiological loads on cortical and traditional pedicle screw fixation.

STUDY DESIGN
Human cadaveric biomechanical study.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the fixation strength of laterally directed, cortical pedicle screws under physiological loads.


SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA
Lateral trajectory cortical pedicle screws have been described as a means of obtaining improved fixation while minimizing soft-tissue dissection during lumbar instrumentation. Biomechanical data have demonstrated equivalent strength in a quasi-static model; however, no biomechanical information is available comparing the fixation of cortical with traditional pedicle screws under cyclic physiological loads.


METHODS
Seventeen vertebral levels (T11-L5) underwent quantitative computed tomography. On 1 side, a laterally directed, cortical pedicle screw was inserted with a traditional, medially directed pedicle screw placed on the contralateral side. With the specimen constrained in a testing apparatus, each screw underwent cyclic craniocaudal toggling under incrementally increasing physiological loads until 2 mm of head displacement occurred. Next, uniaxial pullout of each toggled screw was performed. The number of craniocaudal toggle cycles and load (N) required to achieve pedicle screw movement as well as axial pullout resistance (N) were compared between the 2 techniques.


RESULTS
The mean trabecular bone mineral density of the specimens was 202 K2HPO4 mg/cm. Cortical pedicle screws demonstrated significantly improved resistance to toggle testing, requiring 184 cycles to reach 2 mm of displacement compared with 102 cycles for the traditional pedicle screws (P=0.002). The force necessary to displace the screws was also significantly greater for the cortical versus the traditional screws (398 N vs. 300 N, P=0.004). There was no statistical difference in axial pullout strength between the previously toggled cortical and traditional pedicle screws (1722 N vs. 1741 N, P=0.837).


CONCLUSION
Laterally directed cortical pedicle screws have superior resistance to craniocaudal toggling compared with traditional pedicle screws.


LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
N/A.