LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
High-efficiency quantum-nondemolition single-photon-number-resolving detector

quantum information, quantum optics, quantum nondemolition, photon detector We discuss a new and novel approach to the problem of creating a photon number resolving detector using the giant Kerr nonlinearities available in electromagnetically induced transparency. Our scheme can implement a photon number quantum non-demolition measurement with high efficiency (>99%) using only a few hundred atoms, and can distinguish 0, 1 and 2 photons.
Patterns of mortality in asbestos factory workers in London.

’ This paper reports the results of a mortality study of workers employed at an East London asbestos factory. The factory opened in 1913, at first producing chiefly asbestos textiles, but later, producing also insulation materials, particularly asbestos pipe sections and a variety of other products. Crocidolite asbestos was used until the late 1950s but also chrysotile and amosite. Both men and women were employed. The factory closed in 1968. The male cohort of 4600 men consists of all males who began work between April I , 1933, the date of implementation of the Asbestos Regulations of 1931, and March 31, 1964; the female cohort consists of 922 women, all of whom were first employed between January 1, 1936 and December 31, 1942, a period when wartime identity records facilitated followup. Identification details of these workers were sent to the Central Registers of the National Health Service and to the National Insurance Scheme, now administered by the Department of Health and Social Security. These registers identified the vital status of the workers and subsequently sent to us copies of death certificates for the deceased and for those who died during the study period. Previous reports on this study have been published.’-’ The present study was continued to December 31, 1975 and thus includes 5 additional years of data. Jobs have been classified into six grades of exposure.’ There was little difference in experience between grades 1-3 and grades 5 and 6, and these two groups are classified as “low-moderate” and “severe” exposure, respectively. The experience of laggers is considered separately. The levels of dust exposure have recently been reviewed and suggest that before 1945, the dust levels in such processes as opening, carding, and sectional pipe making and in most other production jobs averaged 20 fibers/ml or higher. In jobs classified by the authors as “low-moderate,” asbestos levels in the air were probably 5-10 fibers/ml. Only in nonproduction jobs and, possibly, brake-lining departments and departments that make rubber jointings were these levels below 5 fibers/ml. In 1946. dust suppression improved, and dust levels were probably reduced by 50%. In 1955, the textile departments moved to another location, and factory hygiene further improved, but many areas in the factory may have contained levels above the current industrial standard of 2 fibers/ml.
Acute coronary syndromes in women and men

Evidence of sex-related disparities in the care and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) emerged >30 years ago, and yet the mechanisms behind these sex-specific differences remain unclear. In this Review, we discuss the current literature on differences between women and men in the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, evaluation, management, and outcomes of ACS. Although the symptoms of ACS and the benefits of therapy generally overlap between women and men, women continue to receive less-aggressive invasive and pharmacological therapy than men. In addition, young women in particular have worse short-term and long-term outcomes than men. To understand better the mechanisms behind these continued disparities, we have identified areas of future research that need to be urgently addressed in fields that range from clinical evaluation and management, to increasing representation of women in research.
Barriers and facilitators of prostate cancer screening among Filipino men in Hawaii.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To examine perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs regarding barriers and facilitators to prostate cancer screening, and to identify potential interventional strategies to promote prostate cancer screening among Filipino men in Hawaii.


DESIGN
Exploratory, qualitative.


SETTING
Community-based settings in Hawaii.


SAMPLE
20 Filipino men age 40 years or older.


METHODS
Focus group discussions were tape recorded and transcribed, and content analysis was performed for emergent themes.


MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Perceptions regarding prostate cancer, barriers and facilitators to prostate cancer screening, and culturally relevant interventional strategies.


FINDINGS
Perceptions of prostate cancer included fatalism, hopelessness, and dread. Misconceptions regarding causes of prostate cancer, such as frequency of sexual activity, were identified. Barriers to prostate cancer screening included lack of awareness of the need for screening, reticence to seek health care when feeling well, fear of cancer diagnosis, financial issues, time constraints, and embarrassment. Presence of urinary symptoms, personal experience with family or friends who had cancer, and receiving recommendations from a healthcare provider regarding screening were facilitators for screening. Potential culturally relevant interventional strategies to promote prostate cancer screening included screening recommendations from healthcare professionals and cancer survivors; radio or television commercials and newspaper articles targeting the Filipino community; informational brochures in Tagalog, Ilocano, or English; and interactive, educational forums facilitated by multilingual Filipino male healthcare professionals.


CONCLUSIONS
Culturally relevant interventions are needed that address barriers to prostate cancer screening participation and misconceptions about causes of prostate cancer.


IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Findings provide a foundation for future research regarding development of interventional strategies to promote prostate cancer screening among Filipino men.
Association between dietary fiber, water and magnesium intake and functional constipation among young Japanese women

Objective:Most research on constipation has focused on dietary fiber intake. Here, we examined the intake of water and magnesium, nutrients possibly associated with constipation, as well as that of dietary fiber in relation to constipation.Design:Cross-sectional study.Subjects:A total of 3835 female Japanese dietetic students aged 18–20 years from 53 institutions in Japan.Methods:Dietary intake was estimated with a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Functional constipation was defined using the Rome I criteria.Results:The prevalence of functional constipation was 26.2%. Neither dietary fiber intake (mean=6.4 g/4186 kJ) nor intakes of total water and water from fluids were associated with constipation. Conversely, low intake of water from foods was associated with an increasing prevalence of constipation. In comparison with women in the first (lowest) quintile, the multivariate adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for women in the second, third, fourth, and fifth quintiles were 0.72 (0.57, 0.90), 0.78 (0.62, 0.98), 0.71 (0.56, 0.89), and 0.77 (0.61, 0.97), respectively (P for trend=0.04). Additionally, low magnesium intake was associated with increasing prevalence of constipation. Compared with women in the first quintile, the multivariate adjusted OR (95% CI) for women in the second, third, fourth and fifth quintiles were 0.70 (0.56, 0.88), 0.75 (0.60, 0.95), 0.73 (0.58, 0.92) and 0.79 (0.63, 0.996), respectively (P for trend=0.09).Conclusions:Low intakes of water from foods and magnesium are independently associated with an increasing prevalence of functional constipation among a population whose dietary fiber intake is relatively low.
Nanoimprint of dehydrated PEDOT:PSS for organic photovoltaics.

We demonstrate the fabrication of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) nanogratings by a dehydration-assisted nanoimprint lithographic technique. Dehydration of PEDOT:PSS increases its cohesion to protect the nanostructures formed by nanoimprinting during demolding, resulting in the formation of high quality nanogratings of 60 nm in height, 70 nm in width and 70 nm in spacing (aspect ratio of 0.86). PEDOT:PSS nanogratings are used as hole transport and an electron blocking layer in blended poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT):[6,6]-penyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM) organic photovoltaic devices (OPV), showing enhancement of photocurrent and power efficiency in comparison to OPV devices with non-patterned PEDOT:PSS films.
The Institutional Origins of the Industrial Revolution

on an earlier version are acknowledged with gratitude. 1 North (1981, p. 166) comes close to linking the institutional changes of the late eighteenth century with the Industrial 1 Revolution when he maintains that it was explained by " a combination of better-specified and enforced property rights and increasingly efficient and expanding markets. " North and Weingast (1989, p. 831) are more prudent and wonder if arguing that without the Glorious Revolution the British economy would have followed a very different path and would not have experienced an Industrial Revolution would be " claiming too much. " Introduction. The new institutional economics has, so far, had little to say about the Industrial
Active perception: sensorimotor circuits as a cortical basis for language

Action and perception are functionally linked in the brain, but a hotly debated question is whether perception and comprehension of stimuli depend on motor circuits. Brain language mechanisms are ideal for addressing this question. Neuroimaging investigations have found specific motor activations when subjects understand speech sounds, word meanings and sentence structures. Moreover, studies involving transcranial magnetic stimulation and patients with lesions affecting inferior frontal regions of the brain have shown contributions of motor circuits to the comprehension of phonemes, semantic categories and grammar. These data show that language comprehension benefits from frontocentral action systems, indicating that action and perception circuits are interdependent.
MOOCs: So Many Learners, So Much Potential ...

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have exploded onto the scene, promising to satisfy a worldwide thirst for a high-quality, personalized, and free education. This article explores where MOOCs fit within the e-learning and Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) landscape.
Substance use and high risk sexual behaviors among women in psychosocial outpatient and methadone maintenance treatment programs.

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the present study was to assess the association between substance use/diagnosis and sexual risk behaviors among women enrolled in both psychosocial outpatient (PS) and methadone maintenance (MM) treatment and involved in a HIV prevention intervention study within the National Institute for Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network.


METHODS
515 sexually active women reported on unprotected sexual occasions (USO), anal sex, sex trading, sex with drug occasions, and multiple male sex partners at the baseline assessment.


RESULTS
Within the PS sample, cocaine use diagnosis was associated with more than twice the risk of having multiple partners, trading sex for drugs, having anal sex, or having sex with drugs; alcohol or opioid use diagnosis was associated with fewer risk behaviors. Within the MM sample, cocaine use, alcohol use and opiate use diagnoses were each associated with one to two risk behaviors. Associations between sexual risk and substance using days were less frequent in both samples.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings highlight the need for integration of HIV sexual prevention interventions that address the relationship between sexual risk behavior and substance use diagnoses into substance abuse treatment programs.
Modulation of Brain Activity during a Stroop Inhibitory Task by the Kind of Cognitive Control Required

This study used a proportion congruency manipulation in the Stroop task in order to investigate, at the behavioral and brain substrate levels, the predictions derived from the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) account of two distinct modes of cognitive control depending on the task context. Three experimental conditions were created that varied the proportion congruency: mostly incongruent (MI), mostly congruent (MC), and mostly neutral (MN) contexts. A reactive control strategy, which corresponds to transient interference resolution processes after conflict detection, was expected for the rare conflicting stimuli in the MC context, and a proactive strategy, characterized by a sustained task-relevant focus prior to the occurrence of conflict, was expected in the MI context. Results at the behavioral level supported the proactive/reactive distinction, with the replication of the classic proportion congruent effect (i.e., less interference and facilitation effects in the MI context). fMRI data only partially supported our predictions. Whereas reactive control for incongruent trials in the MC context engaged the expected fronto-parietal network including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex, proactive control in the MI context was not associated with any sustained lateral prefrontal cortex activations, contrary to our hypothesis. Surprisingly, incongruent trials in the MI context elicited transient activation in common with incongruent trials in the MC context, especially in DLPFC, superior parietal lobe, and insula. This lack of sustained activity in MI is discussed in reference to the possible involvement of item-specific rather than list-wide mechanisms of control in the implementation of a high task-relevant focus.
The Efficacy of Lapatinib in Metastatic Breast Cancer with HER2 Non-Amplified Primary Tumors and EGFR Positive Circulating Tumor Cells: A Proof-Of-Concept Study

BACKGROUND
Analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) provides real-time measures of cancer sub-populations with potential for CTC-directed therapeutics. We examined whether lapatinib which binds both HER2 and EGFR could induce depletion of the EGFR-positive pool of CTCs, which may in turn lead to clinical benefits.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients with metastatic breast cancer and HER2 non-amplified primary tumors with EGFR-positive CTCs were recruited and lapatinib 1500 mg daily was administered, in a standard two step phase 2 trial.


RESULTS
There were no responses leading to termination at the first analysis with 16 patients recruited out of 43 screened. In 6 out of 14 (43%) individuals eligible for the efficacy analysis, a decrease in CTCs was observed with most of these having a greater decrease in their EGFR-positive CTC pool.


CONCLUSIONS
This is one of the first studies of CTC-directed therapeutics and suggests that lapatinib monotherapy is not having any demonstrable clinical effects by reducing the EGFR-positive pool of CTCs in HER2 non-amplified primary tumors. Our attempt to expand the pool of patients eligible for a targeted therapy was unsuccessful; the role of clonal populations in cancer biology and therapeutic strategies to control them will require extensive evaluation in years to come.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinical trials.gov NCT00820924.
Smart Societies, Infrastructure, Technologies and Applications

We describe a new approach to building high performance nonstop infrastructure for scalable AI and cloud computing. With AI as the technological driving force behind future smart cities and smart societies, we will need powerful new nonstop AI infrastructures at both the cloud level and at the edge.
Timing Recovery in Digital Synchronous Data Receivers

research interests are in data communications and computer networks. Determination of path lengths in a distributed net-Dr. Pickholtz is a member of Eta Kappa Nu and Sigma Xi. Abstract-A new class of fast-converging timing recovery methods small loop gains the residual jitter is proportional and convergence time for synchronous digital data receivers is investigated. Starting with a is inversely proportional to the loop gain. The proposed algorithms are worst-case timing offset, convergence with random binary data will simple and economic to implement. They apply to binary or multi-typically occur within 10-20 symbols. The input signal is sampled at level PAM signals as well as to partial response signals. the baud rate; these samples are then processed to derive a suitable control signal to adjust the timing phase. A general method is outlined to obtain near-minimum-variance estimates of the timing offset with respect to a given steady-state sampling criterion. Although we make certain independence assumptions between successive samples and postulate ideal decisions to obtain convenient analytical results, our simulations with a decision-directed reference and baud-to-baud adjustments yield very similar results.
Using Deep Learning to Predict Customer Churn in a Mobile Telecommunication Network

Customer churn is defined as the loss of customers because they move out to competitors. It is an expensive problem in many industries since acquiring new customers costs five to six times more than retaining existing ones [1-4]. In particular, in telecommunication companies, churn costs roughly $10 billion per year [5]. A wide range of supervised machine learning classifiers have been developed to predict customer churn [6-9]. In general, these models base their effectiveness in the feature engineering process which is usually time consuming and thus tailored to specific datasets. Since deep learning automatically comes up with good features and representation for the input data; we investigated the application of autoencoders, deep belief networks and multi-layer feedforward networks with different configurations. We report results for predicting customer churn using a four-layer feedforward architecture. To scale the model to full-sized high dimensional customer data, like the social graph of a customer, we introduced a data representation architecture that allows efficient learning across multiple layers of detailed user behavior representations. In this article, we use billions of call records from an enterprise business intelligence system and present our current work towards using deep learning for predicting churn in a prepaid mobile telecommunication network. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work reporting the use of deep learning for predicting customer churn. On average, our model achieves 77.9% AUC on validation data, significantly better than our prior best performance of 73.2% obtained with random forests and an extensive custom feature engineering applied to the same datasets.
HIV-1 Drug Resistance and Second-Line Treatment in Children Randomized to Switch at Low Versus Higher RNA Thresholds.

BACKGROUND
The PENPACT-1 trial compared virologic thresholds to determine when to switch to second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). Using PENPACT-1 data, we aimed to describe HIV-1 drug resistance accumulation on first-line ART by virologic threshold.


METHODS
PENPACT-1 had a 2 × 2 factorial design, randomizing HIV-infected children to start protease inhibitor (PI) versus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based ART, and switch at a 1000 copies/mL versus 30,000 copies/mL threshold. Switch criteria were not achieving the threshold by week 24, confirmed rebound above the threshold thereafter, or Center for Disease Control and Prevention stage C event. Resistance tests were performed on samples ≥1000 copies/mL before switch, resuppression, and at 4-years/trial end.


RESULTS
Sixty-seven children started PI-based ART and were randomized to switch at 1000 copies/mL (PI-1000), 64 PIs and 30,000 copies/mL (PI-30,000), 67 NNRTIs and 1000 copies/mL (NNRTI-1000), and 65 NNRTI and 30,000 copies/mL (NNRTI-30,000). Ninety-four (36%) children reached the 1000 copies/mL switch criteria during 5-year follow-up. In 30,000 copies/mL threshold arms, median time from 1000 to 30,000 copies/mL switch criteria was 58 (PI) versus 80 (NNRTI) weeks (P = 0.81). In NNRTI-30,000, more nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) resistance mutations accumulated than other groups. NNRTI mutations were selected before switching at 1000 copies/mL (23% NNRTI-1000, 27% NNRTI-30,000). Sixty-two children started abacavir + lamivudine, 166 lamivudine + zidovudine or stavudine, and 35 other NRTIs. The abacavir + lamivudine group acquired fewest NRTI mutations. Of 60 switched to second-line, 79% PI-1000, 63% PI-30,000, 64% NNRTI-1000, and 100% NNRTI-30,000 were <400 copies/mL 24 weeks later.


CONCLUSIONS
Children on first-line NNRTI-based ART who were randomized to switch at a higher virologic threshold developed the most resistance, yet resuppressed on second-line. An abacavir + lamivudine NRTI combination seemed protective against development of NRTI resistance.
ABSTRACT Medical Technology and the Production of Health Care

Medical Technology and the Production of Health Care This paper investigates the factors that determine differences across OECD countries in health outcomes, using data on life expectancy at age 65, over the period 1960 to 2007. We estimate a production function where life expectancy depends on health and social spending, lifestyle variables, and medical innovation. Our first set of regressions include a set of observed medical technologies by country. Our second set of regressions proxy technology using a spatial process. The paper also tests whether in the long-run countries tend to achieve similar levels of health outcomes. Our results show that health spending has a significant and mild effect on health outcomes, even after controlling for medical innovation. However, its short-run adjustments do not seem to have an impact on health care productivity. Spatial spill overs in life expectancy are significant and point to the existence of interdependence across countries in technology adoption. Furthermore, nations with initial low levels of life expectancy tend to catch up with those with longer-lived populations. JEL Classification: C31, C33, H51
Title Transfer of reading-related cognitive skills in learning to read Chinese ( L 1 ) and English ( L 2 ) among Chinese elementary school children

This study investigated transfer of reading-related cognitive skills between learning to read Chinese (L1) and English (L2) among Chinese children in Hong Kong. Fifty-three Grade 2 students were tested on word reading, phonological, orthographic and rapid naming skills in Chinese (L1) and English (L2). The major findings were: (a) significant correlations between Chinese and English measures in phonological awareness and rapid naming, but not in orthographic skills; (b) significant unique contribution of Chinese and English rapid naming skills and English rhyme awareness for predicting Chinese word reading after controlling for all the Chinese and English cognitive measures; (c) significant unique contribution of English phonological skills and Chinese orthographic skills (a negative one) for predicting English word reading after controlling for all the English and Chinese cognitive measures; and (d) significant unique contribution of Chinese rhyme awareness for predicting English phonemic awareness. These findings provide initial evidence that developing reading-related cognitive skills in English may have facilitative effects on Chinese word reading development. They also suggest that Chinese orthographic skills or tactics may not be helpful for learning to read English words among ESL learners; and that Chinese rhyme awareness facilitates the development of English phonemic awareness which is an essential skill predicting ESL learning.