LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Internet addiction assessment tools: dimensional structure and methodological status.

AIMS
Excessive internet use is becoming a concern, and some have proposed that it may involve addiction. We evaluated the dimensions assessed by, and psychometric properties of, a range of questionnaires purporting to assess internet addiction.


METHODS
Fourteen questionnaires were identified purporting to assess internet addiction among adolescents and adults published between January 1993 and October 2011. Their reported dimensional structure, construct, discriminant and convergent validity and reliability were assessed, as well as the methods used to derive these.


RESULTS
Methods used to evaluate internet addiction questionnaires varied considerably. Three dimensions of addiction predominated: compulsive use (79%), negative outcomes (86%) and salience (71%). Less common were escapism (21%), withdrawal symptoms (36%) and other dimensions. Measures of validity and reliability were found to be within normally acceptable limits.


CONCLUSIONS
There is a broad convergence of questionnaires purporting to assess internet addiction suggesting that compulsive use, negative outcome and salience should be covered and the questionnaires show adequate psychometric properties. However, the methods used to evaluate the questionnaires vary widely and possible factors contributing to excessive use such as social motivation do not appear to be covered.
Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women from opposite-sex twin pairs.

INTRODUCTION
Intrauterine androgens of a male fetus may influence the female fetus in opposite-sex twin pairs. Because female intrauterine overexposure to androgens could lead to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the prevalence of PCOS should be higher in women from opposite-sex twin pairs. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the prevalence of PCOS in women from opposite-sex twin pairs compared to women from same-sex twin pairs, sisters, and female spouses of twins.


SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Data from 1325 monozygotic twins, 1191 dizygotic twins (711 women from same-sex twin pairs and 480 women from opposite-sex twin pairs), 745 sisters of twins, and 218 spouses of male twins were evaluated. PCOS was defined as less than nine natural menstrual cycles a year combined with either hirsutism or acne. The prevalence of PCOS was compared using a chi2 test. Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to test for confounding effects of smoking, age, and body mass index.


RESULTS
No significant differences in PCOS prevalence were found between women from same-sex twin pairs (either monozygotic or dizygotic), opposite-sex twin pairs, sisters, and spouses.


CONCLUSION
The prevalence of PCOS is not different in women from opposite-sex and same-sex twin pairs, singleton sisters, or spouses. This indicates that possible androgen exposure of the female fetus, caused by a shared intrauterine environment with a male fetus, does not result in PCOS-like traits.
Carbetocin for prevention of postcesarean hemorrhage in women with severe preeclampsia: a before-after cohort comparison with oxytocin.

STUDY OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to compare the incidence of the use of additional uterotonics before and after the change of carbetocin to oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean delivery in women with severe preeclampsia.


DESIGN
This was an observational retrospective before-and-after study.


SETTING
Operating room, postoperative recovery area.


PATIENTS
Sixty women with severe preeclampsia undergoing cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia; American Society of Anesthesiologists 3.


INTERVENTIONS
Observational study.


MEASUREMENTS
Blood pressure, heart rate, and biological data (hemoglobin, platelets, haptoglobin, prothrombin time index, activated partial thromboplastin time ratio, blood uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, serum urea, serum creatinine, and albumin).


MAIN RESULTS
The incidence of additional uterotonic administration in the carbetocin and oxytocin groups was 15% and 10%, respectively (P=.70).


CONCLUSIONS
As carbetocin appears to be as effective and safe as oxytocin in preeclamptic women, its advantages make it a good uterotonic option in this particular setting.
Fabrication cost analysis for 2D, 2.5D, and 3D IC designs

The interposer-based 2.5D technology has some advantages that are provided in the 3D technology, such as low interconnect delay, and high bandwidth, etc. In addition, the 2.5D technology can mitigate area overhead of TSVs and help reduce the temperature and binding cost. An extra interposer layer, however, is introduced for interconnect in a 2.5D design. With 2D, 2.5D, and 3D design options, the fabrication cost is an important metric to decide which technology should be adopted for different designs. In this paper, we present a cost estimation method for 2.5D ICs by extending a 3D floorplanning tool and the 3D cost models. This method can provide an estimated cost comparison among three technologies as a reference of choosing the strategy during the early design stage. We apply our method to several design benchmarks and compare the cost with different design strategies. Moreover, the interconnect delay and temperature results are also provided for comparison.
Analysis and Testing of Programs with Exception Handling Constructs

Analysis techniques, such as control flow, data flow, and control dependence, are used for a variety of software-engineering tasks, including structural and regression testing, dynamic execution profiling, static and dynamic slicing, and program understanding. To be applicable to programs in languages, such as Java and C++, these analysis techniques must account for the effects of exception occurrences and exception-handling constructs; failure to do so can cause the analysis techniques to compute incorrect results and thus, limit the usefulness of the applications that use them. This paper discusses the effects of exceptionhandling constructs on several analysis techniques. The paper presents techniques to construct representations for programs with explicit exception occurrences—exceptions that are raised explicitly through throw statements—and exception-handling constructs. The paper presents algorithms that use these representations to perform the desired analyses. The paper also discusses several softwareengineering applications that use these analyses. Finally, the paper describes empirical results pertaining to the occurrence of exception-handling constructs in Java programs, and their effects on some analysis tasks. Keywords— Exception handling, control-flow analysis, control-dependence analysis, data-flow analysis, program slicing, structural testing.
Long-term measurements of sulphur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide , ammonia , nitric acid and ozone in southern Africa using passive samplers

Introduction Long-term air pollution measurements play a critical role in assessing the impact of the evolution and the sustainability of ecosystems. This information is needed to improve our understanding of the behaviour of the atmosphere and its interactions with the biosphere. The chemical content of atmospheric deposition is the product of numerous physical and chemical mechanisms that include emission, transport, chemical reactions and removal processes. The long-term study of deposition of atmospheric species consequently enables tracking the temporal and spatial evolution of atmospheric chemistry, and is a pertinent indicator of natural and anthropogenic influences. Pressures of costs and changing priorities make it difficult to maintain and expand long-term measurement programmes. Passive (or diffusive) samplers, one of the tools of modern atmospheric chemistry research, present a means of addressing these types of measurements in that they provide a costeffective way of monitoring many key pollutant species. These samplers were tested and used in the Deposition of Biogeochemically Important Trace Species (DEBITS) programme of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) and the World Meteorological Organisation’s Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO-GAW) programme, to assess dry deposition of these chemical types. The samplers are small, lightweight, silent, do not require electricity or field calibration, and can easily be deployed by non-specialists. As a result, they can be used to obtain long-term measurements at rural, regional and global scales. Nitrogen and sulphur are some of the key elements that influence productivity in the biosphere. The deposition of their compounds is thus important in atmospheric studies. Due to the availability of passive samplers capable of measuring atmospheric sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ammonia (NH3) and nitric acid (HNO3) concentrations, these compounds were included in the scope of DEBITS measurements. As the atmospheric chemistry of ozone (O3) is closely linked to that of several sulphur and nitrogen containing species, ozone measurements were also included. The purpose of this paper is to report, for the first time, a 10-year data series of SO2 , NO2 , NH3 , O3 and HNO3 concentrations at four remote sites in southern Africa. The findings reported here cover the period 1995 to 2005 and can be used in deposition modelling and impact assessment studies.
Using an explicit guideline-based criterion and implicit review to assess antipsychotic dosing performance for schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE
Using structured implicit review as the gold standard, this study assessed the sensitivity and specificity of an explicit antipsychotic dose criterion derived from schizophrenia guidelines.


DESIGN
Two psychiatrists reviewed medical records and made consensus-structured implicit review ratings of the appropriateness of discharge antipsychotic dosages for hospitalized patients who participated in a schizophrenia outcomes study. Structured implicit review ratings were compared with the explicit criterion: whether antipsychotic dose was within the guideline-recommended range of 300-1000 chlorpromazine milligram equivalents (CPZE). In addition, reasons for deviation from guideline dose recommendations were examined.


SETTING AND STUDY PARTICIPANTS
A total of 66 patients hospitalized for acute schizophrenia at a Veterans Affairs medical center or state hospital in the southeastern US.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The sensitivity and specificity of the explicit dose criterion at hospital discharge were determined in comparison with the gold standard of structured implicit review.


RESULTS
At hospital discharge, 61% of patients (n = 40) were receiving doses within the guideline-recommended range. According to structured implicit review ratings, antipsychotic dose management was appropriate for 80% (n = 53) of patients. When the 300-1000 CPZE dose criterion (dosage within or outside the recommended range) was compared with structured implicit review, it demonstrated 84.6% sensitivity and 71.7% specificity for detecting inappropriate antipsychotic dose.


CONCLUSIONS
The explicit antipsychotic dose criterion may provide a useful and efficient screen to identify patients at significant risk for quality of care problems; however, the relatively low specificity suggests that the measure may not be appropriate for quality measurement programs that compare performance among health plans.
A hierarchical classification approach to automated essay scoring

This study evaluates the use of a hierarchical classification approach to automated assessment of essays. Automated essay scoring (AES) generally relies on machine learning techniques that compute essay scores using a set of text variables. Unlike previous studies that rely on regression models, this study computes essay scores using a hierarchical approach, analogous to an incremental algorithm for hierarchical classification. The corpus in this study consists of 1243 argumentative (persuasive) essays written on 14 different prompts, across 3 different grade levels (9th grade, 11th grade, college freshman), and four different time limits for writing or temporal conditions (untimed essays and essays written in 10, 15, and 25 minute increments). The features included in the analysis are computed using the automated tools, Coh-Metrix, the Writing Assessment Tool (WAT), and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). Overall, the models developed to score all the essays in the data set report 55% exact accuracy and 92% adjacent accuracy between the predicted essay scores and the human scores. The results indicate that this is a promising approach to AES that could provide more specific feedback to writers and may be relevant to other natural language computations, such as the scoring of short answers in comprehension or knowledge assessments. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ∗ Corresponding author at: P.O. Box 872111, Tempe, AZ 85287-2111, United States. Tel.: +1 480 727 5690. E-mail address: dsmcnamara1@gmail.com (D.S. McNamara). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2014.09.002 1075-2935/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 36 D.S. McNamara et al. / Assessing Writing 23 (2015) 35–59
Directed Network Community Detection: A Popularity and Productivity Link Model

In this paper, we consider the problem of community detection in directed networks by using probabilistic models. Most existing probabilistic models for community detection are either symmetric in which incoming links and outgoing links are treated equally or conditional in which only one type (i.e., either incoming or outgoing) of links is modeled. We present a probabilistic model for directed network community detection that aims to model both incoming links and outgoing links simultaneously and differentially. In particular, we introduce latent variables node productivity and node popularity to explicitly capture outgoing links and incoming links, respectively. We demonstrate the generality of the proposed framework by showing that both symmetric models and conditional models for community detection can be derived from the proposed framework as special cases, leading to better understanding of the existing models. We derive efficient EM algorithms for computing the maximum likelihood solutions to the proposed models. Extensive empirical studies verify the effectiveness of the new models as well as the insights obtained from the unified framework. keywords: community detection, popularity, productivity, stochastic block model, directed network
Teacher Quality and Student Achievement : A Review of State Policy Evidence by

........................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 5 Differences in State Policies Regarding Teaching .......................................................... 14 Trends in Student Achievement: Policy Hypotheses ...................................................... 17 A National View of Teacher Qualifications and Student Achievement ............................. 27 Analysis of Policy Relationships...................................................................................... 32 Conclusions and Implications.......................................................................................... 38 Endnotes ......................................................................................................................... 40 References ...................................................................................................................... 41 CONTENTS
Energy harvesting technologies for low-power electronics

Power consumption is one of the most critical issues when designing low-cost electronic devices, such as sensing nodes in wireless sensor networks. To support their operation, such systems usually contain a battery; however, when the battery has consumed all its energy, the node (e.g. the sensor) must be retrieved and the battery replaced. If the node is located in a remote and non-accessible placement, battery replacement can become an expensive (and even impossible) task. This way, energy harvesting has emerged as a suitable alternative to supply low-power electronic systems, by converting ambient energy into electric power. Scavenged energy can be used to directly supply the circuits, or stored to be used when needed. This paper summarises the power needs of a general wireless sensor node and describes the main principles of most representative energy harvesting technologies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curriculum for an engineering renaissance

Engineering is a serving profession. During the last century, engineering curricula have become technology and process focused to the detriment of the "soft skills" so necessary for a professional. This paper proposes that engineering curricula undergo major revisions to return to the original service mission of the profession. The key elements for a renaissance within engineering education are presented.
New designer drug alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP): studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques.

The aim of the present study was to identify the metabolites of the new designer drug alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP) in rat urine using GC/MS techniques. Eleven metabolites of PVP could be identified suggesting the following metabolic steps: hydroxylation of the side chain followed by dehydrogenation to the corresponding ketone; hydroxylation of the 2''-position of the pyrrolidine ring followed by dehydrogenation to the corresponding lactam or followed by ring opening to the respective aliphatic aldehyde and further oxidation to the respective carboxylic acid; degradation of the pyrrolidine ring to the corresponding primary amine; and hydroxylation of the phenyl ring, most probably in the 4'-position. The authors' screening procedure for pyrrolidinophenones allowed the detection of PVP metabolites after application of a dose corresponding to a presumed user's dose. In addition, the involvement of nine different human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes in the side chain hydroxylation of PVP was investigated and CYP 2B6, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 were found to catalyze this reaction.
Optimal decentralized protocol for electric vehicle charging

We propose a decentralized algorithm to optimally schedule electric vehicle (EV) charging. The algorithm exploits the elasticity of electric vehicle loads to fill the valleys in electric load profiles. We first formulate the EV charging scheduling problem as an optimal control problem, whose objective is to impose a generalized notion of valley-filling, and study properties of optimal charging profiles. We then give a decentralized algorithm to iteratively solve the optimal control problem. In each iteration, EVs update their charging profiles according to the control signal broadcast by the utility company, and the utility company alters the control signal to guide their updates. The algorithm converges to optimal charging profiles (that are as “flat” as they can possibly be) irrespective of the specifications (e.g., maximum charging rate and deadline) of EVs, even if EVs do not necessarily update their charging profiles in every iteration, and use potentially outdated control signal when they update. Moreover, the algorithm only requires each EV solving its local problem, hence its implementation requires low computation capability. We also extend the algorithm to track a given load profile and to real-time implementation.
Rare-earth elements in some Egyptian metavolcanics

Abstract Ten samples from Egyptian metavolcanic formations (Qena-Quseir area, central Eastern Desert) have been analyzed for rare-earth elements (REE). The studied rock types include metabasalt, metaandesite and metadacite. On the basis of REE data, it is suggested that these volcanic rocks represent at least two magma types, a tholeiitic and a calc-alkaline magma.
Advanced Agent Identification With Fluctuation-Enhanced Sensing

Conventional agent sensing methods normally use the steady state sensor values for agent classification. Many sensing elements (Hines , 1999; Ryan, 2004; Young, 2003;Qian, 2004; Qian, 2006; Carmel, 2003) are needed in order to correctly classify multiple agents in mixtures. Fluctuation-enhanced sensing (FES) looks beyond the steady-state values and extracts agent information from spectra and bispectra. As a result, it is possible to use a single sensor to perform multiple agent classification. This paper summarizes the application of some advanced algorithms that can classify and estimate concentrations of different chemical agents. Our tool involves two steps. First, spectral and bispectral features will be extracted from the sensor signals. The features contain unique agent characteristics. Second, the features are fed into a hyperspectral signal processing algorithm for agent classification and concentration estimation. The basic idea here is to use the spectral/bispectral shape information to perform agent classification. Extensive simulations have been performed by using simulated nanosensor data, as well as actual experimental data using commercial sensor (Taguchi). It was observed that our algorithms are able to accurately classify different agents, and also can estimate the concentration of the agents. Bispectra contain more information than spectra at the expense of high-computational costs. Specific nanostructured sensor model data yielded excellent performance because the agent responses are additive with this type of sensor. Moreover, for measured conventional sensor outputs, our algorithms also showed reasonable performance in terms of agent classification.
Treatment cessation of entecavir in Asian patients with hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B: a multicentre prospective study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
The off-treatment durability of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in Asian hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and the role of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels in predicting off-treatment durability has not been well investigated.


METHODS
Following Asia-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines, entecavir was stopped in Asian HBeAg negative patients treated for ≥ 2 years with undetectable HBV DNA levels on ≥ 3 separate occasions 6 months apart before treatment cessation. HBsAg and HBV DNA levels were prospectively monitored every 6-12 weeks for 48 weeks. Entecavir was restarted if there was virologic relapse (defined as HBV DNA >2000IU/mL).


RESULT
184 patients (mean age 53.9 years, 67.9% male) were recruited. The cumulative rate of virologic relapse at 24 and 48 weeks was 74.2% and 91.4%, respectively. The median HBV DNA level at virologic relapse was 11000 (range 2115 to >1.98×10(8)) IU/mL. 42 (25.8%) patients had elevated alanine aminotransferase (median level 97 U/L, range 37-1058 U/L) during virologic relapse. Mean rate of off-treatment HBsAg decline was 0.018 (± 0.456) log IU/mL/year. No patients cleared HBsAg. There was no correlation between off-treatment serial HBsAg and HBV DNA levels (r=-0.026, p=0.541). HBsAg levels at the time of entecavir commencement, entecavir cessation and the subsequent rate of HBsAg reduction were not associated with virologic relapse (all p>0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Entecavir cessation in Asian HBeAg negative CHB resulted in high rates of virologic relapse, suggesting nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy should be continued indefinitely until the recognised treatment endpoint of HBsAg seroclearance.