LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Loss of antiretroviral drug susceptibility at low viral load during early virological failure in treatment-experienced patients.

BACKGROUND
Clinical studies have demonstrated a correlation between the response to second-line antiretroviral therapy and the number of drugs in the regimen to which the virus is susceptible. These studies have largely been performed in patients with viral loads over 1000 copies/ml.


OBJECTIVES
To examine the evolution of resistance during early virological failure, and the potential role of susceptibility testing in patients with low viral loads (below 1000 copies/ml), in treatment-experienced patients.


METHODS
Drug susceptibility and genotypes of HIV-1 from indinavir-experienced patients undergoing therapy with nelfinavir, saquinavir, abacavir and either a second nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) or nevirapine were determined.


RESULTS
Sixteen subjects were studied. Five of the ten subjects treated with nevirapine, and one of six treated with a second NRTI, achieved and maintained plasma HIV RNA < 500 copies/ml. Virus from the treatment failures lost susceptibility to one or more treatment drugs, including nelfinavir and/or saquinavir, after 4 to 36 weeks of treatment. In six of the ten failures, virus with new reductions in drug susceptibility was detected prior to failure. In five of the six failures who had at least one plasma sample with a viral load between 50 and 1000 copies/ml, reductions in susceptibility to one or more treatment drugs were detected (viral load range: 260 to 630 copies/ml).


CONCLUSIONS
Drug resistance can be detected at viral loads below 1000 copies/ml which may be predictive of treatment failure. Failure of a second line regimen was typically associated with early evolution of resistance in HIV protease.
A MAXIMAL FUNCTION CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CLASS H ' i 1 )

Let u be harmonic in the upper half-plane and 0 < p < co. Then « = ReF for some analytic function F of the Hardy class Hp if and only if the nontangential maximal function of « is in L". A general integral inequality between the nontangential maximal function of u and that of its conjugate function is established. Hardy and Littlewood have shown [6] ([12,1, p. 278]) that if F(z) is an analytic function in the unit disc \z\ < 1, and 0,(0) is the Stolz domain given by the interior of the smallest convex set containing the disc \z\ < a and the point ew, then sup \ReF(z)\"d9 ^ Qp sup \F(reie)\p d9 Jo zeCla(B) ' 0<r<l Jo for all/? > 0,0 < a < 1. In this paper we prove the converse inequality which, together with the above theorem of Hardy and Littlewood, gives a maximal function characterization of the Hardy class Hp. We also prove the analogous inequality for the upper half-plane. Since the latter is the more difficult case, we treat it first. In order to state our principal result we require some definitions. Recall that an analytic function F(z) belongs to the class Hp, p>0, in the upper half-plane Im z>0 if it is defined there and /»oo sup \F(x + iy)\pdx !/>0 J -oo < oo. If f(z) is any function defined in the upper half-plane, its nontangential maximal function is given by Na(f)(x)= sup |/(z)| zera(x) where Ta(x) is the cone {z = s + iy : \s — x\ <ay}. The function Na(f) belongs to L", p>0, if /: \Na(f)\* dx < co. Received by the editors September 1, 1970. AMS 1969 subject classifications. Primary 3067, 3110, 6062.
Hedonic Games

Coalitions are a central part of economic, political, and social life, and coalition formation has been studied extensively within the mathematical social sciences. Agents (be they humans, robots, or software agents) have preferences over coalitions and, based on these preferences, it is natural to ask which coalitions are expected to form, and which coalition structures are better social outcomes. In this chapter, we consider coalition formation games with hedonic preferences, or simply hedonic games. The outcome of a coalition formation game is a partitioning of the agents into disjoint coalitions, which we will refer to synonymously as a partition or coalition structure. The defining feature of hedonic preferences is that every agent only cares about which agents are in its coalition, but does not care how agents in other coalitions are grouped together (Drèze and Greenberg, 1980). Thus, hedonic preferences completely ignore inter-coalitional dependencies. Despite their relative simplicity, hedonic games have been used to model many interesting settings, such as research team formation (Alcalde and Revilla, 2004), scheduling group activities (Darmann et al., 2012), formation of coalition governments (Le Breton et al., 2008), clusterings in social networks (see e.g., Aziz et al., 2014b; McSweeney et al., 2014; Olsen, 2009), and distributed task allocation for wireless agents (Saad et al., 2011). Before we give a formal definition of a hedonic game, we give a standard hedonic game from the literature that we will use as a running example (see e.g., Banerjee et al. (2001)).
The economics of fiber to the home revisited

In this paper, we examine broadband access networks based on very high bandwidth digital subscriber line (VDSL), passive optical network (PON), and active optical network (AON) technologies, and discuss the cost and performance tradeoffs of these technologies as a function of the critical network parameters (e.g., dedicated user bandwidth, population density, and subscription rate). We estimate the potential bandwidth needs, both current and future, and detail the critical costs involved in constructing an access network to serve those needs, using a simple generic model of the relative economics of the different broadband access technologies. We explicitly include trenching, cabling, equipment, and housing costs at all points in the network, from the customer premises to the metropolitan area network (MAN) node. We show that there is a critical downstream bandwidth of approximately 26 Mb/s per subscriber, above which the limited reach of digital subscriber line (xDSL) makes it less cost-effective to deploy than fiber to the home (FTTH), when all network costs are explicitly accounted for. We also show that, when near-symmetric upstream bandwidth is required, the argument for deploying FTTH networks (either active or passive) becomes compelling. © 2003 Lucent Technologies Inc.
Long-term effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity.

BACKGROUND
Methylxanthine therapy is commonly used for apnea of prematurity but in the absence of adequate data on its efficacy and safety. It is uncertain whether methylxanthines have long-term effects on neurodevelopment and growth.


METHODS
We randomly assigned 2006 infants with birth weights of 500 to 1250 g to receive either caffeine or placebo until therapy for apnea of prematurity was no longer needed. The primary outcome was a composite of death, cerebral palsy, cognitive delay (defined as a Mental Development Index score of <85 on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development), deafness, or blindness at a corrected age of 18 to 21 months.


RESULTS
Of the 937 infants assigned to caffeine for whom adequate data on the primary outcome were available, 377 (40.2%) died or survived with a neurodevelopmental disability, as compared with 431 of the 932 infants (46.2%) assigned to placebo for whom adequate data on the primary outcome were available (odds ratio adjusted for center, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.93; P=0.008). Treatment with caffeine as compared with placebo reduced the incidence of cerebral palsy (4.4% vs. 7.3%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.87; P=0.009) and of cognitive delay (33.8% vs. 38.3%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.99; P=0.04). The rates of death, deafness, and blindness and the mean percentiles for height, weight, and head circumference at follow-up did not differ significantly between the two groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity improves the rate of survival without neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 21 months in infants with very low birth weight. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00182312 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Shortest Path Geometric Rounding

Exact implementations of algorithms of computational geometry are subject to exponential growth in running time and space. In particular, coordinate bit-complexity can grow exponentially when algorithms are cascaded : the output of one algorithm becomes the input to the next. Cascading is a significant problem in practice. We propose a geometric rounding technique: shortest path rounding . Shortest path rounding trades accuracy for space and time and eliminates the exponential cost introduced by cascading. It can be applied to all algorithms which operate on planar polygonal regions, for example, set operations, transformations, convex hull, triangulation, and Minkowski sum. Unlike other geometric rounding techniques, shortest path rounding can round vertices to arbitrary lattices, even in polar coordinates, as long as the rounding cells are connected. (Other rounding techniques can only round to the integer grid.) On the integer grid, shortest path rounding introduces less combinatorial change and geometric error than the other rounding methods. Three algorithms are given for shortest path rounding, one of which we have used in industrial application software since 1992. In combination with recent advances in exact floating point evaluation of numerical primitives, shortest path geometric rounding yields a practical solution to numerical issues in computational geometry. Geometric algorithms can be implemented exactly on floating point input coordinates; the exact output coordinates can be rounded to accurate floating point approximations; and the cost of each arithmetic operation is only a little more than if it were implemented as a single hardware floating point operation.
The S-100B substudy of the GLUTAMICS trial: glutamate infusion not associated with sustained elevation of plasma S-100B after coronary surgery.

BACKGROUND & AIMS
Concerns have been raised about potential neurological injury related to exogenous glutamate. In cardiac surgery glutamate has been administered as a putative cardioprotective agent by cardioplegia or intravenous infusion. In the GLUTAMICS trial, in addition to surveillance of clinical neurological injuries, a prespecified subgroup was analyzed with regard to postoperative S-100B levels to detect potential subclinical neurological injury related to glutamate infusion.


METHODS
Sixty-nine patients operated on for unstable coronary syndrome were randomized to intravenous infusion of glutamate (n=35) or saline (n=34) perioperatively. Plasma levels of S-100B were obtained on the third postoperative day.


RESULTS
S-100B in the glutamate group and the control group were 0.079+/-0.034microg/L and 0.090+/-0.042microg/L respectively (p=0.245). There were no patients with stroke or mortality. Three patients in the control group and two in the glutamate group had postoperative confusion. These patients had significantly elevated S-100B compared with those without confusion (0.132+/-0.047vs 0.081+/-0.036microg/L; p=0.003). Overall, 21 patients had S-100B above reference level (> or =0.10microg/L) and these patients had significantly more calcifications in the ascending aorta on epiaortic scanning.


CONCLUSIONS
Intravenous glutamate infusion during surgery for unstable coronary artery disease did not initiate a sustained elevation of plasma S-100B. Thus, no evidence for subclinical neurological injury related to glutamate infusion was found. In contrast, postoperative elevation of plasma S-100B was linked to calcification of the ascending aorta and postoperative confusion.
The Neuroscience Literacy of Trainee Teachers

Background: There is concern about the prevalence of neuromyths in education, but little is known about how teachers think about the brain and how this may influence their practice. Aim: To further understanding of how teachers, at entry to the profession, think about brain development and function. Sample: 158 graduate trainee teachers at the end of their one-year course. Methods: Preliminary semi-structured interviews contributed to the development of a suitable survey instrument. Participants were then surveyed during one of their final lectures. Results: Trainees’ ideas reflected misconceptions in public circulation and notions promoted by popular brain-based educational programmes. Most of the trainee teachers in our survey did not accept, or were unsure, about whether mental activity derives from biological brain function. Trainee teachers place equal importance on home environment and education as determinants of educational outcome, with genetics a significant but smaller influence than either. A follow up survey with a new cohort of trainees confirmed that constructs about development are linked to a sense of agency, with beliefs in strong genetic influence associated with stronger notions of biologically-defined limits on pupil achievement. Conclusions: In the absence of formal training, trainee teachers acquire their own ideas about brain function, many of which are potentially detrimental to their practice as teachers. Neuroscience Literacy   3
Issues with the design of brushless doubly-fed reluctance machines: Unbalanced magnetic pull, skew and iron losses

In this paper some fundamental design issues concerning the brushless doubly-fed reluctance machine are addressed. The literature has several examples of electrical machines with different pole number. It has become apparent that a radially-laminated ducted rotor is a better option. In this paper it is illustrated that the pole number combination should not have pole pair number varying by one, otherwise unbalanced magnetic pull occurs. In addition, it is shown that to reduce voltage ripple due to the interaction of the slotting between the stator slots and rotor ducts, two axial rotor sections can be used with a small degree of skew between them. The example machine design is a 2 MW design as used previously, this has 48 stator slots. The machine results are couched in terms of a 4/8 pole and a 4/6 pole combination (for UMP calculation). Finite element analysis and analytical algorithms are used in the paper.
Handbook of writing for the mathematical sciences

I have a ton of questions about layout, design how formal to be in my writing, and Nicholas J. Higham. Handbook of Writing for the Mathematical Sciences. Nick J Higham School of Mathematics and Manchester Institute for Mathematical of numerical algorithms Handbook of writing for the mathematical sciences. (1) Nicholas J. Higham. Handbook of writing for the mathematical sciences. SIAM, 1998. (2) Leslie Lamport. LATEX Users Guide & Reference Manual.
A Tree Structure For Dynamic Facility Location

We study the metric facility location problem with client insertions and deletions. This setting differs from the classic dynamic facility location problem, where the set of clients remains the same, but the metric space can change over time. We show a deterministic algorithm that maintains a constant factor approximation to the optimal solution in worst-case time Õ(2O(κ)) per client insertion or deletion in metric spaces while answering queries about the cost in O(1) time, where κ denotes the doubling dimension of the metric. For metric spaces with bounded doubling dimension, the update time is polylogarithmic in the parameters of the problem. 2012 ACM Subject Classification Theory of computation → Facility location and clustering
Continuous multilead ST-monitoring identifies patients with unstable coronary artery disease who benefit from extended antithrombotic treatment.

AIMS
Prolongation of anticoagulant treatment might reduce subsequent cardiac events in patients with unstable coronary artery disease. Multilead ST-segment monitoring identifies patients with a high risk of adverse outcome. The aim was to assess the value of multilead ST-monitoring in prospectively identifying patients who respond to extended anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular weight heparin when treated by a primarily non-invasive strategy.


METHODS AND RESULTS
In this substudy of the FRISC II trial, ST-monitoring with a continuous 12-lead ECG or vectorcardiography was performed for 24 h in 629 patients with unstable coronary artery disease randomized to receive either the low-molecular weight heparin dalteparin, or placebo for 3 months after at least 5 days' dalteparin treatment in all patients. Ischaemic episodes were detected in 34% during ST-monitoring. In the group with ischaemic episodes, the extended dalteparin treatment was associated with a lower rate of death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization (35.2% vs 53.4%, relative risk reduction: 34%, P=0.01). In patients without ischaemic episodes, long-term dalteparin treatment had no effect.


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with unstable coronary artery disease treated primarily with a non-invasive strategy, ischaemic episodes revealed while on multilead ST-monitoring identifies patients who benefit most from extended treatment with anticoagulants.
A novel approach of test case generation for concurrent systems using UML Sequence Diagram

Testing concurrency is difficult yet important. Because of arbitrary interference of concurrent objects, test case explosion becomes a major problem in testing concurrent systems. Synchronization and Deadlock being the two key features of concurrent systems make the systematic testing of concurrent systems a tedious task. In this paper we present a novel approach of generating test cases for concurrent systems with the help of UML Sequence Diagram. Our approach consists of transferring the Sequence Diagram into a Concurrent Composite Graph (CCG). The CCG is traversed by an effective graph traversing technique like BFS (Breath-First-Technique) and DFS (Depth-First-search) using message sequence path criteria to generate the test cases for concurrent systems. The proposed approach is applied to concurrent systems for test case generation and found to be very effective in controlling the test case explosion problem. The generated test cases are useful to detect interaction, scenario, as well as operational faults in case of concurrent systems.
Constructivism and E-Learning: Balancing between the Individual and Social Levels of Cognition.

In current literature, there are many interpretations of constructivism – from the radical views individualistic cognition to the other side of the continuum where mind is simply social in orientation. In essence, we argue for a balanced and pragmatic view of the mind bridging both the individual and social levels of cognition – balancing between Vygotskian and Piagetian views. From such a perspective, we propose the design of e-learning environments where both personalization of learning (individual) and affiliations to the community of learners (social) are complemented. Both a collective and individual understanding of knowledge and meanings are important. Introduction Constructivism has been a dominant epistemology gradually replacing the objectivist and positivist paradigm in the last one to two decades. Constructivism, like objectivism, holds that there is a real world that we experience, however, the argument is that meaning is imposed by our interpretation (or meaning-making) of the world. There are many ways to structure and interpret the world, and there are many meanings and perspectives for any event or concept. Hence the constructivist view is opposed to the one correct objectivist meaning that we strive for (Duffy & Jonassen, 1992). The purpose of this paper is to clarify the main ‘faces’ of constructivism and to formulate a possible working constructivist framework for e-learning. Having balanced the individual and social perspectives to constructivism, we recognized that e-learning environments should be situated in both the social community of teaching practice and in the individual minds of students. Constructivism – Balancing the Individual and Social Perspectives The two dominant roots of constructivism are the radical constructivist and the socialcultural views. Arising from Piaget and von Glasersfeld is the radical constructivist view where learning is defined as a predominantly individual self-organization of the mind – an active cognitive reorganization through processes such as assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium. The social-cultural view, on the other hand, argues that mind is a by-product of external culturally organized phenomena such as practices in the context of artifacts, tools, and language. Such a view is attributed to Vygotsky, Leont’ev and other Marxist orientations. Recent notions such as cognitive apprenticeship, legitimate peripheral participation, or the negotiation of meaning in stipulated construction zones are notions arising from the social-cultural perspective. It is important to realize that proponents of the above two views did not deny the presence of either the social or individual dimensions. For example, although von
Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression.

AIM
To examine the evidence on the association between cannabis and depression and evaluate competing explanations of the association.


METHODS
A search of Medline, Psychinfo and EMBASE databases was conducted. All references in which the terms 'cannabis', 'marijuana' or 'cannabinoid', and in which the words 'depression/depressive disorder/depressed', 'mood', 'mood disorder' or 'dysthymia' were collected. Only research studies were reviewed. Case reports are not discussed.


RESULTS
There was a modest association between heavy or problematic cannabis use and depression in cohort studies and well-designed cross-sectional studies in the general population. Little evidence was found for an association between depression and infrequent cannabis use. A number of studies found a modest association between early-onset, regular cannabis use and later depression, which persisted after controlling for potential confounding variables. There was little evidence of an increased risk of later cannabis use among people with depression and hence little support for the self-medication hypothesis. There have been a limited number of studies that have controlled for potential confounding variables in the association between heavy cannabis use and depression. These have found that the risk is much reduced by statistical control but a modest relationship remains.


CONCLUSIONS
Heavy cannabis use and depression are associated and evidence from longitudinal studies suggests that heavy cannabis use may increase depressive symptoms among some users. It is still too early, however, to rule out the hypothesis that the association is due to common social, family and contextual factors that increase risks of both heavy cannabis use and depression. Longitudinal studies and studies of twins discordant for heavy cannabis use and depression are needed to rule out common causes. If the relationship is causal, then on current patterns of cannabis use in the most developed societies cannabis use makes, at most, a modest contribution to the population prevalence of depression.