LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A simplified HDR image processing pipeline for digital photography

High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging has revolutionized the digital imaging. It allows capture, storage, manipulation, and display of full dynamic range of the captured scene. As a result, it has spawned whole new possibilities for digital photography, from photorealistic to hyper-real. With all these advantages, the technique is expected to replace the conventional 8-bit Low Dynamic Range (LDR) imaging in the future. However, HDR results in an even more complex imaging pipeline including new techniques for capturing, encoding, and displaying images. The goal of this thesis is to bridge the gap between conventional imaging pipeline to the HDR’s in as simple a way as possible. We make three contributions. First we show that a simple extension of gamma encoding suffices as a representation to store HDR images. Second, gamma as a control for image contrast can be ‘optimally’ tuned on a per image basis. Lastly, we show a general tone curve, with detail preservation, suffices to tone map an image (there is only a limited need for the expensive spatially varying tone mappers). All three of our contributions are evaluated psychophysically. Together they support our general thesis that an HDR workflow, similar to that already used in photography, might be used. This said, we believe the adoption of HDR into photography is, perhaps, less difficult than it is sometimes posed to be.
Interictal PET and ictal subtraction SPECT: sensitivity in the detection of seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy.

PURPOSE
Interictal positron emission tomography (PET) and ictal subtraction single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain have been shown to be valuable tests in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. To determine the relative utility of these methods in the localization of seizure foci, we compared interictal PET and ictal subtraction SPECT to subdural and depth electrode recordings in patients with medically intractable epilepsy.


METHODS
Between 2003 and 2009, clinical information on all patients at our institution undergoing intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring was charted in a prospectively recorded database. Patients who underwent preoperative interictal PET and ictal subtraction SPECT were selected from this database. Patient characteristics and the findings on preoperative interictal PET and ictal subtraction SPECT were analyzed. Sensitivity of detection of seizure foci for each modality, as compared to intracranial EEG monitoring, was calculated.


KEY FINDINGS
Fifty-three patients underwent intracranial EEG monitoring with preoperative interictal PET and ictal subtraction SPECT scans. The average patient age was 32.7 years (median 32 years, range 1-60 years). Twenty-seven patients had findings of reduced metabolism on interictal PET scan, whereas all 53 patients studied demonstrated a region of relative hyperperfusion on ictal subtraction SPECT suggestive of an epileptogenic zone. Intracranial EEG monitoring identified a single seizure focus in 45 patients, with 39 eventually undergoing resective surgery. Of the 45 patients in whom a seizure focus was localized, PET scan identified the same region in 25 cases (56% sensitivity) and SPECT in 39 cases (87% sensitivity). Intracranial EEG was concordant with at least one study in 41 cases (91%) and both studies in 23 cases (51%). In 16 (80%) of 20 cases where PET did not correlate with intracranial EEG, the SPECT study was concordant. Conversely, PET and intracranial EEG were concordant in two (33%) of the six cases where the SPECT did not demonstrate the seizure focus outlined by intracranial EEG. Thirty-three patients had surgical resection and >2 years of follow-up, and 21 of these (64%) had Engel class 1 outcome. No significant effect of imaging concordance on seizure outcome was seen.


SIGNIFICANCE
Interictal PET and ictal subtraction SPECT studies can provide important information in the preoperative evaluation of medically intractable epilepsy. Of the two studies, ictal subtraction SPECT appears to be the more sensitive. When both studies are used together, however, they can provide complementary information.
ATmega and XBee-based wireless sensing

Health monitoring is a challenging research area. This research aims to develop a cost effective and reliable wireless sensor for collecting real-time health vital signs such as heart rate and body temperature. The literature review has led to the use of various micro-controllers for such applications. This paper presents a wireless sensor developed based on the ATmega micro-controller and XBee protocol. The sensor is capable of storing the data to an expandable memory card and/or transferring them to a remote computer. The developed sensor is low-cost, lightweight and compact. The final system has made a significant move towards these goals.
Monte-Carlo Tree Search vs . Model-Predictive Controller : A Lane-Following Example

Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has achieved remarkable success in the game 1 of Go. However, most success of MCTS is in games where actions are discrete. 2 For autonomous driving, the vehicle action such as throttle and steering angle is 3 continuous. To fill the gap, we propose an MCTS algorithm for continuous actions, 4 and used it specially for a lane-following scenario. We compared MCTS with a 5 standard Model Predictive Controller (MPC) on the Udacity simulator. Using the 6 same cost function and system model, this MCTS algorithm achieves a much lower 7 cost than MPC. MCTS drives with an adaptive speed, as well as exhibits a braking 8 behavior in sharp turns. MPC drives a nearly constant speed regardless of the curvy 9 track. 10
Security and usability: the case of the user authentication methods

The usability of security systems has become a major issue in research on the efficiency and user acceptance of security systems. The authentication process is essential for controlling the access to various resources and facilities. The design of usable yet secure user authentication methods raises crucial questions concerning how to solve conflicts between security and usability goals.
Meta-analysis and systematic review of the predictive value of carotid plaque hemorrhage on cerebrovascular events by magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVES
This study sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine precise estimates of the predictive value of carotid intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for cerebrovascular events.


BACKGROUND
There is emerging evidence that MR-based carotid atherosclerotic plaque assessment identifies high-risk features associated with cerebrovascular events. However, available data are based on smaller samples with heterogeneous source populations despite a promising value for noninvasive risk stratification.


METHODS
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library through September 2012 for studies that followed >35 individuals after baseline MRI. Independent observers abstracted information on populations, MR techniques, outcomes, and study quality. Risk estimates of the presence of IPH for cerebrovascular events were derived in random effects regression analysis, and causes of heterogeneity were determined in meta-regression analysis.


RESULTS
We identified 8 eligible studies including 689 participants who underwent carotid MRI. The prevalence of IPH at baseline was high (49.0%). Over a median follow-up of 19.6 months, a total of 108 cerebrovascular events occurred (15.7% event rate). The presence of IPH was associated with an ∼6-fold higher risk for events (hazard ratio [HR]: 5.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.98 to 10.87). The annualized event rate in subjects with detectable IPH was 17.71% compared with 2.43% in patients without IPH. Meta-regression analysis showed symptomatic subjects had higher risks as compared with asymptomatic subjects (HR: 11.71, 95% CI: 5.17 to 26.48 vs. HR: 3.50, 95% CI: 2.59 to 4.73, p = 0.0065), Also, differences were observed for sex and sample size (all p < 0.01), with moderate visual publication bias due to missing smaller sample-size studies (p = 0.18).


CONCLUSIONS
Presence of IPH on MRI strongly predicts cerebrovascular events. Homogenization of future studies is warranted to allow for sufficient assessment of level of evidence for intervention trials.
Changing illness perceptions after myocardial infarction: an early intervention randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
This study was designed to examine whether a brief hospital intervention designed to alter patients' perceptions about their myocardial infarction (MI) would result in a better recovery and reduced disability.


DESIGN
In a prospective randomized study, 65 consecutive patients with their first MI aged were assigned to receive an intervention designed to alter their perceptions about their MI or usual care from rehabilitation nurses. Patients were assessed in hospital before and after the intervention and at 3 months after discharge from hospital.


RESULTS
The intervention caused significant positive changes in patients' views of their MI. Patients in the intervention group also reported they were better prepared for leaving hospital (p<.05) and subsequently returned to work at a significantly faster rate than the control group (p<.05). At the 3-month follow-up, patients in the intervention group reported a significantly lower rate of angina symptoms than control subjects (14.3 vs. 39.3, p<.03). There was no significant differences in rehabilitation attendance between the two groups.


CONCLUSIONS
An in-hospital intervention designed to change patients' illness perceptions can result in improved functional outcome after MI.
In-situ investigation of the kesterite formation from binary and ternary sulphides

Abstract The formation of kesterite (Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 ) from different stoichiometric mixtures of binary and ternary sulphides was investigated by in-situ high temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The data were collected during the heating, the annealing and the cooling cycle. The Rietveld analysis of the diffractograms led us to determine temperature dependent phase changes qualitatively and quantitatively as well as the lattice constants of the different phases. Showing exemplarily with the mixture 2CuS + SnS + ZnS the formation of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 starts just below 300 °C. The volume size of the fcc anion substructure of the newly formed kesterite at 300 °C corresponds to the one of the ZnS phase. The lattice parameter of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 increases nonlinearly with increasing temperature showing possibly the trend of different formation stages. Comparing the lattice constants a and c of the several synthesized kesterites at 700 °C among each other and with a pre-synthesized kesterite, remarkable variations were obtained, whereas the ratio of the lattice parameter ( c /2 a ) is comparable. These features led to the assumption that the cation distribution may vary in dependence on temperature and on the phase mixture used as starting material.
Physician variability in the management of acute postoperative and cancer pain: a quantitative analysis of the Michigan experience.

BACKGROUND
Little is known about physician attitudes, goals, or satisfaction regarding acute postoperative and cancer pain management.


OBJECTIVES
To provide quantitative data regarding the status of acute postoperative and cancer pain management by Michigan physicians. To measure physician confidence, preference, and satisfaction as well as identify their pain care goals for acute postoperative and cancer pain management. To evaluate variability in acute postoperative and cancer pain decision making based upon physician demographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes.


RESEARCH DESIGN
A cross-sectional survey, which included two cancer and three acute postoperative pain vignettes.


SUBJECTS
A randomly-selected sample of three hundred sixty-eight licensed Michigan physicians who provide clinical care for acute postoperative and cancer pain patients.


RESULTS
The majority of respondents (>50%) reported providing acute postoperative pain care frequently, while a minority (<20%) reported doing so for cancer pain. The majority of the physicians (>75%) reported goals of at least adequate pain relief without distress for both acute postoperative and cancer pain. Physicians more frequently chose the optimal pain management response for men following prostatectomy (56.2%) than for women following myomectomy (42%). They also chose the optimal response for metastatic prostate cancer more frequently (16.3%) than for metastatic breast cancer pain management (10.7%).


CONCLUSION
These data highlight physician variability in acute postoperative and cancer pain management decision making. Further study of the physician variable is necessary to improve the management of acute postoperative and cancer pain.
A matter of divergence: Tracking recent warming at hemispheric scales using tree ring data

[1] No current tree ring (TR) based reconstruction of extratropical Northern Hemisphere (ENH) temperatures that extends into the 1990s captures the full range of late 20th century warming observed in the instrumental record. Over recent decades, a divergence between cooler reconstructed and warmer instrumental large-scale temperatures is observed. We hypothesize that this problem is partly related to the fact that some of the constituent chronologies used for previous reconstructions show divergence against local temperatures in the recent period. In this study, we compiled TR data and published local/regional reconstructions that show no divergence against local temperatures. These data have not been included in other large-scale temperature reconstructions. Utilizing this data set, we developed a new, completely independent reconstruction of ENH annual temperatures (1750–2000). This record is not meant to replace existing reconstructions but allows some degree of independent validation of these earlier studies as well as demonstrating that TR data can better model recent warming at large scales when careful selection of constituent chronologies is made at the local scale. Although the new series tracks the increase in ENH annual temperatures over the last few decades better than any existing reconstruction, it still slightly under predicts values in the post-1988 period. We finally discuss possible reasons why it is so difficult to model post-mid-1980s warming, provide some possible alternative approaches with regards to the instrumental target and detail several recommendations that should be followed in future large-scale reconstruction attempts that may result in more robust temperature estimates.
Electronic terms of complex molecules in the excited state

The electronic terms of complex molecules in the excited state have been examined. It has been shown that molecules containing several identical bonds as a rule do not exhibit repulsive excited states with respect to any of these bonds.
The disease legacy of our distant ancestors

We inherit far more disease genes from bacteria than from early mammals, which could mean scientists could study human disease in fish or insects as well as lab mice
Rab11 regulates cell–cell communication during collective cell movements

Collective cell movements contribute to development and metastasis. The small GTPase Rac is a key regulator of actin dynamics and cell migration but the mechanisms that restrict Rac activation and localization in a group of collectively migrating cells are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the small GTPases Rab5 and Rab11 regulate Rac activity and polarization during collective cell migration. We use photoactivatable forms of Rac to demonstrate that Rab11 acts on the entire group to ensure that Rac activity is properly restricted to the leading cell through regulation of cell–cell communication. In addition, we show that Rab11 binds to the actin cytoskeleton regulator Moesin and regulates its activation in vivo during migration. Accordingly, reducing the level of Moesin activity also affects cell–cell communication, whereas expressing active Moesin rescues loss of Rab11 function. Our model suggests that Rab11 controls the sensing of the relative levels of Rac activity in a group of cells, leading to the organization of individual cells in a coherent multicellular motile structure.
Information Seeking, Information Sharing, and going mobile: Three bridges to informal learning

This paper introduces a new perspective on information behavior in Web 2.0 environments, including the role of mobile access in bridging formal to informal learning. Kuhlthau’s (1991, 2007) Information Search Process (ISP) model is identified as a theoretical basis for exploring Information Seeking attitudes and behaviors, while social learning and literacy concepts of Vygotsky (1962, 1978), Bruner (1962, 1964) and Jenkins (2010) are identified as foundations for Information Sharing. The Guided Inquiry Spaces model (Maniotes, 2005) is proposed as an approach to bridging the student’s informal learning world and the curriculum-based teacher’s world. Research within this framework is operationalized through a recently validated Information and Communications Technology Learning (ICTL) survey instrument measuring learners’ preferences for self-expression, sharing, and knowledge acquisition interactions in technology-pervasive environments. Stepwise refinement of ICTL produced two reliable and valid psychometric scales, Information Sharing (alpha = .77) and Information Seeking (alpha = .72). Cross-validation with an established Mobile Learning Scale (Khaddage & Knezek, 2013) indicates that Information Sharing aligns significantly (p < .05) with Mobile Learning. Information Seeking, Information Sharing, and mobile access are presented as important, complimentary components important, complimentary components in the shift along the formal to informal learning continuum. Therefore, measures of these constructs can assist in understanding students’ preferences for 21st century learning. 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Data Management Challenges in Production Machine Learning

The tutorial discusses data-management issues that arise in the context of machine learning pipelines deployed in production. Informed by our own experience with such largescale pipelines, we focus on issues related to understanding, validating, cleaning, and enriching training data. The goal of the tutorial is to bring forth these issues, draw connections to prior work in the database literature, and outline the open research questions that are not addressed by prior art.
Location-based Resource Allocation for mobile D2D communications in multicell deployments

Cooperative intelligent traffic systems (C-ITS) will help improve the safety and efficiency of ground transportation by enabling the cooperation between traffic participants. Applications based on the C-ITS paradigm rely on vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-infrastructure, and vehicle-to-device (collectively, V2X) communication for the exchange of critical information and have very stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements on the reliability and availability of the communication links. In order to enable V2X communication using the envisioned device-to-device underlay of future 5G cellular networks, we have introduced a Location Dependent Resource Allocation Scheme (LDRAS) in [1]. In this paper, we enhance and extend LDRAS to multicell deployments, and quantify its performance based on extensive system level simulations. The results show that LDRAS significantly improves the QoS for future C-ITS applications, from radio resource management point of view. However, satisfying the requirements of such services necessitates further improvements of 5G networks over current 4G deployments.
A Low-Complexity GPS Anti-Spoofing Method Using a Multi-Antenna Array

Spoofing attacks can completely mislead the position solution provided by global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Recently, several anti-spoofing techniques have been introduced to combat spoofing attacks. However, in most cases the available anti-spoofing techniques are computationally complex or limited to a specific spoofing scenario. This paper provides a low computational complexity approach to mitigate the spoofing signals based on an antenna array processing technique. The proposed method is established based on the fact that all spoofing pseudo random noise (PRN) codes are transmitted from the same source in space. This technique steers a null toward a spatial sector where the maximum spatial energy is coming from. To avoid unintentional attenuation of authentic signals due to the beam pattern profile, the received power of each authentic signal is maximized individually after spoofing mitigation. The proposed anti-spoofing technique provides a low computational complexity process that performs prior to the acquisition stage of GPS receivers. Moreover, this method does not require any antenna array calibration process. Therefore, it can be easily employed as a standalone anti-spoofing module at the receiver input. Simulation results show that the proposed anti-spoofing method performs well for a wide range of received spoofing power. To verify the applicability of this method in real-world scenarios, a real data set has been collected and processed without any outdoor propagation. The data processing results demonstrate the desired performance of the proposed technique for real spoofing scenarios. INTRODUCTION GNSS signals are vulnerable to in–band interference such as jamming and spoofing signals. Spoofing is an intentional interfering signal that aims to coerce GNSS receivers into generating false position/navigation solutions (Humphreys et al 2008). A spoofing attack is more menacing than jamming since the target receiver is not aware of the threat. The rapid advance in software defined radio (SDR) technology has made GNSS spoofing more flexible and less costly; therefore, GNSS spoofers can be made available for civilian misapplications at a low cost. Several anti-spoofing techniques have been proposed in the open literature recently. These methods can be generally divided into two main categories, namely spoofing detection and spoofing mitigation. Spoofing detection algorithms concentrate on discriminating the spoofing attack while spoofing mitigation techniques aim to neutralize the spoofing threat. Most of the previously proposed techniques focus on spoofing detection rather than spoofing mitigation. Amplitude discrimination, time of arrival (TOA) discrimination, consistency cross-check