LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Resource aware design of a deep convolutional-recurrent neural network for speech recognition through audio-visual sensor fusion

Today’s Automatic Speech Recognition systems only rely on acoustic signals and often don’t perform well under noisy conditions. Performing multi-modal speech recognition processing acoustic speech signals and lip-reading video simultaneously significantly enhances the performance of such systems, especially in noisy environments. This work presents the design of such an audio-visual system for Automated Speech Recognition, taking memory and computation requirements into account. First, a Long-Short-TermMemory neural network for acoustic speech recognition is designed. Second, Convolutional Neural Networks are used to model lipreading features. These are combined with an LSTM network to model temporal dependencies and perform automatic lip-reading on video. Finally, acoustic-speech and visual lip-reading networks are combined to process acoustic and visual features simultaneously. An attention mechanism ensures performance of the model in noisy environments. This system is evaluated on the TCD-TIMIT ’lipspeaker’ dataset for audio-visual phoneme recognition with clean audio and with additive white noise at an SNR of 0dB. It achieves 75.70% and 58.55% phoneme accuracy respectively, over 14 percentage points better than the state-of-the-art for all noise levels.
Targeting preschool children to promote cardiovascular health: cluster randomized trial.

BACKGROUND
School programs can be effective in modifying knowledge, attitudes, and habits relevant to long-term risk of chronic diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles. As part of a long-term research strategy, we conducted an educational intervention in preschool facilities to assess changes in preschoolers' knowledge, attitudes, and habits toward healthy eating and living an active lifestyle.


METHODS
Using a cluster design, we randomly assigned 14 preschool facilities in Bogotá, Colombia to a 5-month educational and playful intervention (7 preschool facilities ) or to usual curriculum (7 preschool facilities ). A total of 1216 children aged 3-5 years, 928 parents, and 120 teachers participated. A structured survey was used at baseline, at the end of the study, and 12 months later to evaluate changes in knowledge, attitudes, and habits.


RESULTS
Children in the intervention group showed a 10.9% increase in weighted score, compared with 5.3% in controls. The absolute adjusted difference was 3.90 units (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64-6.16; P <.001). Among parents, the equivalent statistics were 8.9% and 3.1%, respectively (absolute difference 4.08 units; 95% CI, 2.03 to 6.12; P <.001), and among teachers, 9.4% and 2.5%, respectively (absolute difference 5.36 units; 95% CI, -0.29-11.01; P = .06). In the intervened cohort 1 year after the intervention, children still showed a significant increase in weighted score (absolute difference of 6.38 units; P <.001).


CONCLUSIONS
A preschool-based intervention aimed at improving knowledge, attitudes, and habits related to healthy diet and active lifestyle is feasible, efficacious, and sustainable in very young children.
Topographic anatomy of the superior labial artery for dermal filler injection.

BACKGROUND
The superior labial artery, which is a branch of the facial artery, supplies the upper lip area. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution pattern of the superior labial artery and provide precise topographic information of the artery for dermal filler injection.


METHODS
Sixty hemifaces from 18 Korean and 18 Thai cadavers were used for this study. The various distribution patterns of the superior labial artery were classified according to its relationship with the facial artery.


RESULTS
The course of the superior labial artery was classified into four types: type I (56.7 percent), in which the artery and the alar branch both arise directly and independently from the facial artery; type II (21.7 percent), in which the superior labial artery branches off from the facial artery and then gives off an alar branch; type III (15.0 percent), in which it is the terminal branch of the facial artery; and type IV (6.7 percent), in which the artery is absent. The origin of the superior labial artery was located 12.1 ± 3.1 mm (mean ± SD) lateral and at a variable angle of 42.8 ± 26.9 degrees relative to the mouth corner.


CONCLUSIONS
The superior labial artery proceeded from the origin of the artery located within a 1.5-cm-side square superolateral to the mouth corner as running along the vermilion border of the upper lip to the facial sagittal midline at a depth of 3 mm. Thus, clinicians should be careful when injecting dermal filler into this area.
Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: time for reappraisal

Whilst following up large numbers of patients with irritable bowel syndrome we got the impression that wholemeal wheat and bran products made people with the condition worse rather than better. One hundred consecutive new referrals, all of whom had tried bran, were questioned to resolve this issue. 55% of patients were made worse by bran whereas only 10% had found it helpful. With the exception of fruit, other forms of dietary fibre were not as detrimental and proprietary supplements were found to be beneficial. All symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome were exacerbated by bran, with bowel disturbance most often adversely affected, followed by abdominal distension and pain. The results of this study suggest that the use of bran in irritable bowel syndrome should be reconsidered. The study also raises the possibility that excessive consumption of bran in the community may actually be creating patients with irritable bowel syndrome by exacerbating mild, non-complaining cases.
International health electives: thematic results of student and professional interviews.

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to explore the complexities (including harms and benefits) of international health electives (IHEs) involving medical trainees. This exploration contributes to the ongoing debate about the goals and implications of IHEs for medical trainees.


METHODS
This qualitative study used anonymous, one-to-one, semi-structured interviews. All participants had previous international health experiences. Between September 2007 and March 2008, we interviewed a convenience sample of health care professionals (n=10) and medical trainees (n=10). Using a modified grounded theory methodology, we carried out cycles of data analysis in conjunction with data collection in an iterative and constant comparison process. The study's thematic structure was finalised when theme saturation was achieved.


RESULTS
Participants described IHEs in both negative and positive terms. IHEs were described as unsustained short-term contributions that lacked clear educational objectives and failed to address local community needs. Ethical dilemmas were described as IHE challenges. Participants reflected that many IHEs included aspects of medical tourism and the majority of participants described the IHE in negative terms. However, a few participants acknowledged the benefits of the IHE. Specifically, it was seen as an introduction to a career in global health and as a potential foundation for more sustainable projects with positive host community impacts. Finally, despite similar understandings among participants, self-awareness of medical tourism was low.


CONCLUSIONS
International health electives may include potential harms and benefits for both the trainee and the host community. Educational institutions should encourage and support structured IHEs for trainee participation. We recommend that faculties of medicine and global health educators establish pre-departure training courses for trainees and that IHE opportunities have sufficient structures in place to mitigate the negative effects of medical tourism. We also recommend that trainees be provided with opportunities to conduct self-reflection and critically assess their IHE experiences.
Remote agent prototype for spacecraft autonomy

NASA has recently announced the New Millennium Program (NMP) to develop \faster, better, cheaper" spacecraft in order to establish a \virtual presence" in space. A crucial element in achieving this vision is onboard spacecraft autonomy, requiring us to automate functions which have traditionally been achieved on ground by humans. These include planning activities, sequencing spacecraft actions, tracking spacecraft state, ensuring correct functioning, recovering in cases of failure and recon guring hardware. In response to these challenging requirements, we analyzed the spacecraft domain to determine its unique properties and developed an architecture which provided the required functionality. This architecture integrates traditional real-time monitoring and control with constraint-based planning and scheduling, robust multi-threaded execution, and model-based diagnosis and recon guration. In a ve month e ort we successfully demonstrated this implemented architecture in the context of an autonomous insertion of a simulated spacecraft into orbit around Saturn, trading o science and engineering goals, and achieving the mission goals in the face of any single point of hardware failure. This scenario turned out to be among the most complex handled by each of the component technologies. As a result of this success, the integrated architecture has been selected to control the rst NMP ight, Deep Space One, in 1998. It will be the rst AI system to autonomously control an actual spacecraft. keywords: autonomous robots, agent architectures, action selection and planning, diagnosis, integration and coordination of multiple activities, fault protection, operations, real-time systems, modeling.
Conditional-replication, integration, excision, and retrieval plasmid-host systems for gene structure-function studies of bacteria.

We have developed a series of powerful and versatile conditional-replication, integration, and modular (CRIM) plasmids. CRIM plasmids can be replicated at medium or high copy numbers in different hosts for making gene (or mutant) libraries. They can be integrated in single copies into the chromosomes of Escherichia coli and related bacteria to study gene function under normal physiological conditions. They can be excised from the chromosome, e.g., to verify that phenotypes are caused by their presence. Furthermore, they can be retrieved singly or en masse for subsequent molecular analyses. CRIM plasmids are integrated into the chromosome by site-specific recombination at one of five different phage attachment sites. Integrants are selected as antibiotic-resistant transformations. Since CRIM plasmids encode different forms of resistance, several can be used together in the same cell for stable expression of complex metabolic or regulatory pathways from diverse sources. Following integration, integrants are stably maintained in the absence of antibiotic selection. Each CRIM plasmid has a polylinker or one of several promoters for ectopic expression of the inserted DNA. Their modular design allows easy construction of new variants with different combinations of features. We also report a series of easily curable, low-copy-number helper plasmids encoding all the requisite Int proteins alone or with the respective Xis protein. These helper plasmids facilitate integration, excision ("curing"), or retrieval of the CRIM plasmids.
Validation of the Pittsburgh Infant Brain Injury Score for Abusive Head Trauma.

BACKGROUND
Abusive head trauma is the leading cause of death from physical abuse. Misdiagnosis of abusive head trauma as well as other types of brain abnormalities in infants is common and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality. We previously derived the Pittsburgh Infant Brain Injury Score (PIBIS), a clinical prediction rule to assist physicians deciding which high-risk infants should undergo computed tomography of the head.


METHODS
Well-appearing infants 30 to 364 days of age with temperature <38.3°C, no history of trauma, and a symptom associated with an increased risk of having a brain abnormality were eligible for enrollment in this prospective, multicenter clinical prediction rule validation. By using a predefined neuroimaging paradigm, subjects were classified as cases or controls. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values of the rule for prediction of brain injury were calculated.


RESULTS
A total of 1040 infants were enrolled: 214 cases and 826 controls. The 5-point PIBIS included abnormality on dermatologic examination (2 points), age ≥3.0 months (1 point), head circumference >85th percentile (1 point), and serum hemoglobin <11.2g/dL (1 point). At a score of 2, the sensitivity and specificity for abnormal neuroimaging was 93.3% (95% confidence interval 89.0%-96.3%) and 53% (95% confidence interval 49.3%-57.1%), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that the PIBIS accurately identifies infants who would benefit from neuroimaging to evaluate for brain injury. An implementation analysis is needed before the PIBIS can be integrated into clinical practice.
Direct Marketing of Fresh Produce : Understanding Consumer Purchasing Decisions

Direct marketing via farmers' markets, roadside stands, community supported agriculture (CSA) programs, and other outlets, is integral to the prosperity of many small fruit and vegetable farms. 1 Through direct marketing, producers are able to establish a closer relationship with consumers , avoid expenses associated with using a broker or wholesaler, and increase their profits (USDA-AMS, 2002a). Moreover, direct marketing may be one of the most effective marketing system strategies to address emerging demand for more local food systems (Pirog, 2004). Evidence of direct marketing's popularity among producers can be found in the growth of the number of farm-ers' markets countrywide. The United States Department of Agriculture reported that between 1994 and 2006, the number of U.S. farmers' markets more than doubled to over 3,700, and the value of U.S. agricultural products directly sold increased thirty-seven percent from $592 million to $812 million (USDA-AMS, 2002b). Furthermore, the 2002 USDA Ag Census found that the number of farmers using direct marketing channels grew from 110,639 in 1997 to 116,733 in 2002, while the average value of direct marketing per farm rose from $5,349 to $6,958 over the same time period. American consumption trends may be contributing to growth in produce-related direct marketing channels. According to the 2004 USDA Vegetables and Melons Situation and Outlook, U.S. per capita consumption of fresh vegetables and melons increased by 52.6% between 1979 and 2004. Increased demand may have consumers seeking out new sources, including direct marketing channels, to satisfy their desire for fresh produce. Furthermore, a significant number of consumers have expressed a willingness to pay a premium for environmentally friendly (e.g., organic) and locally produced products, both of which are common offerings at many farmers markets and CSA programs (Wimberley et al., 2003). In addition to farmers' markets, producers may choose to develop their own marketing enterprises, including " pick-your-own " farms and on-farm produce stands, as a way to capture consumers who may drive by or be seeking an on-farm experience. Other programs, like the afore-mentioned CSAs, allow producers to spread production risk over a number of shareholders by selling shares of the farm production prior to the growing season. As such, direct marketing strategies may play a role in supporting the financial prosperity of small-and medium-sized farms. This article contributes to the understanding of direct produce marketing by reporting some key results from a national survey that collected data on consumers' fresh …
Sleep Duration, Lifestyle Intervention, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Impaired Glucose Tolerance

OBJECTIVE
Both short and long sleep duration have frequently been found to be associated with an increased risk for diabetes. The aim of the present exploratory analysis was to examine the association between sleep duration and type 2 diabetes after lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with impaired glucose tolerance in a 7-year prospective follow-up.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 522 individuals (aged 40-64 years) were randomly allocated either to an intensive diet-exercise counseling group or to a control group. Diabetes incidence during follow-up was calculated according to sleep duration at baseline. Sleep duration was obtained for a 24-h period. Physical activity, dietary intakes, body weight, and immune mediators (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6) were measured.


RESULTS
Interaction between sleep duration and treatment group was statistically significant (P = 0.003). In the control group, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CI) for diabetes were 2.29 (1.38-3.80) and 2.74 (1.67-4.50) in the sleep duration groups 9-9.5 h and >or=10 h, respectively, compared with for that of the 7-8.5 h group. In contrast, sleep duration did not influence the incidence of diabetes in the intervention group; for sleep duration groups 9-9.5 h and >or=10 h, the adjusted HRs (95% CI) were 1.10 (0.60-2.01) and 0.73 (0.34-1.56), respectively, compared with that in the reference group (7-8.5 h sleep). Lifestyle intervention resulted in similar improvement in body weight, insulin sensitivity, and immune mediator levels regardless of sleep duration.


CONCLUSIONS
Long sleep duration is associated with increased type 2 diabetes risk. Lifestyle intervention with the aim of weight reduction, healthy diet, and increased physical activity may ameliorate some of this excess risk.
What does research reproducibility mean?

The language and conceptual framework of “research reproducibility” are nonstandard and unsettled across the sciences. In this Perspective, we review an array of explicit and implicit definitions of reproducibility and related terminology, and discuss how to avoid potential misunderstandings when these terms are used as a surrogate for “truth.”
WEIGHTED MODULAR INEQUALITIES FOR HARDY-TYPE OPERATORS ON MONOTONE FUNCTIONS

If (Kf)(x) = ∫ x 0 k(x, y)f(y) dy, x > 0, is a Hardy-type operator defined on the cone of monotone functions, then weight characterizations for which the modular inequality Q−1 (∫ ∞ 0 Q[θ(Kf)]w ) ≤ P−1 (∫ ∞ 0 P [Cf ]v ) holds, are given for a large class of modular functions P,Q. Specifically, these functions need not both beN -functions, and the class includes the case where Q ◦ P−1 is concave. Our results generalize those in [7, 24], where the case Q ◦ P−1 convex, withP,Q, N -function was studied. Applications involving the Hardy averaging operator, its dual, the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function, and the Hilbert transform are also given.
Stochastic discrimination

A general method is introduced for separating points in multidimensional spaces through the use of stochastic processes. This technique is called stochastic discrimination.
A multicenter, 14-week study of telmisartan and ramipril in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

BACKGROUND
Blood pressure (BP) has a circadian pattern with a morning surge that is associated with an increased risk of acute coronary and cerebrovascular events. In a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint, parallel-group, multicenter, forced-titration study of telmisartan and ramipril, the efficacy of both drugs on mean ambulatory diastolic BP (DBP) and systolic BP (SBP) during the last 6 h of a 24-h dosing interval was evaluated.


METHODS
After screening and a single-blind run-in phase, 812 adults with mild-to-moderate hypertension (defined as a mean seated DBP > or =95 mm Hg and < or =109 mm Hg and a 24-h ABPM mean DBP 7 > or = 85 mm Hg) were randomized to the open-label, 14-week, forced-titration, active-treatment phase as follows: telmisartan 40 mg/80 mg/80 mg (n = 405) or ramipril 2.5 mg/5 mg/10 mg (n = 407), once daily in the morning. The primary efficacy variable was change from baseline in the last 6-h mean DBP and SBP at 8 and 14 weeks as assessed by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). Secondary efficacy variables were changes from baseline in BP control during each of the 24-h periods and in-clinic trough cuff BP.


RESULTS
Telmisartan 80 mg was superior to ramipril 5 mg and 10 mg in change from baseline in the last 6-h ABPM mean DBP and SBP at both 8 and 14 weeks (both P < .0001), respectively. At 14 weeks, the adjusted mean change from baseline in DBP for telmisartan 80 mg was -8.8 mm Hg compared with that for ramipril 10 mg of -5.4 mm Hg (P < .0001). For SBP, the adjusted mean change from baseline for telmisartan 80 mg was -12.7 mm Hg compared with that for ramipril 10 mg of -7.9 mm Hg (P < .0001). At 14 weeks, telmisartan 80 mg also yielded superior reductions from baseline in trough cuff BP compared with ramipril 10 mg (DBP: -11.0 mm Hg v -7.8 mm Hg, respectively; SBP: -14.3 mm Hg v -9.1 mm Hg, respectively; both P < .0001). Measures of 24-h BP control favored telmisartan 80 mg versus ramipril 10 mg (P < .0001), as did other secondary ABPM endpoints during the daytime, night-time, and morning periods. Treatment-related adverse events were uncommon; patients treated with ramipril had a higher incidence of cough than those treated with telmisartan (10.1% v 1.5%, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
Telmisartan 80 mg was consistently more effective than ramipril 10 mg in reducing both DBP and SBP during the last 6 h of the dosing interval, a measure of the early morning period when patients are at greatest risk of life-threatening cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Telmisartan 80 mg was also more effective than ramipril 10 mg in reducing BP throughout the entire 24-h dosing interval. Both drugs were well tolerated.