LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of acellular dermal matrices in revisionary aesthetic breast surgery: a 6-year experience.

BACKGROUND
Augmentation mammaplasty and augmentation mastopexy are associated with a substantial primary and secondary revision rate. Capsular contracture (CC), implant malposition, ptosis, asymmetry, and rippling are the main reasons for revisionary surgery in these patients. Traditional corrective techniques have not been completely reliable in preventing or treating these complications. Recently, acellular dermal matrices (ADM) have been used to assist with revisionary surgery with promising results.


OBJECTIVE
The authors review their 6-year experience using ADM for revisionary surgery in aesthetic patients and evaluate long-term outcomes with this approach.


METHODS
Patients who underwent revisionary breast augmentation or augmentation mastopexy with ADM in conjunction with standard techniques over a 6-year period between October 2005 and December 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Only patients with at least 1 year of follow-up were included in the analysis.


RESULTS
A total of 197 revisions were performed (197 patients). Reasons for revision included CC (61.8%), implant malposition (31.2%), rippling (4.8%), ptosis (4.8%), implant exposure (1.6%), and breast wound (0.5%). The mean ± SD follow-up period was 3.1 ± 1.1 years (range, 0.1-6.1 years). The complication rate was 4.8%, including Baker grade III/IV CC (1.6%), infection (1.6%), implant malposition (0.5%), hematoma (0.5%), and seroma (0.5%). Most (98%) revisions were successful, with no recurrence of the presenting complaint.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of ADM in conjunction with standard techniques for the reinforcement of weak tissue in revision augmentation and augmentation mastopexy patients appears to be effective.
Presentation and Clinical Outcomes of Choledochal Cysts in Children and Adults: A Multi-institutional Analysis.

IMPORTANCE
Choledochal cysts (CCs) are rare, with risk of infection and cancer.


OBJECTIVE
To characterize the natural history, management, and long-term implications of CC disease.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
A total of 394 patients who underwent resection of a CC between January 1, 1972, and April 11, 2014, were identified from an international multi-institutional database. Patients were followed up through September 27, 2014. Clinicopathologic characteristics, operative details, and outcome data were analyzed from May 1, 2014, to October 14, 2014.


INTERVENTION
Resection of CC.


MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Management, morbidity, and overall survival.


RESULTS
Among 394 patients, there were 135 children (34.3%) and 318 women (80.7%). Adults were more likely to present with abdominal pain (71.8% vs 40.7%; P < .001) and children were more likely to have jaundice (31.9% vs 11.6%; P < .001). Preoperative interventions were more commonly performed in adults (64.5% vs 31.1%; P < .001), including endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (55.6% vs 27.4%; P < .001), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (17.4% vs 5.9%; P < .001), and endobiliary stenting (18.1% vs 4.4%; P < .001)). Type I CCs were more often seen in children vs adults (79.7% vs 64.9%; P = .003); type IV CCs predominated in the adult population (23.9% vs 12.0%; P = .006). Extrahepatic bile duct resection with hepaticoenterostomy was the most frequently performed procedure in both age groups (80.3%). Perioperative morbidity was higher in adults (35.1% vs 16.3%; P < .001). On pathologic examination, 10 patients (2.5%) had cholangiocarcinoma. After a median follow-up of 28 months, 5-year overall survival was 95.5%. On follow-up, 13 patients (3.3%), presented with biliary cancer.


CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Presentation of CC varied between children and adults, and resection was associated with a degree of morbidity. Although concomitant cancer was uncommon, it occurred in 3.0% of the patients. Long-term surveillance is indicated given the possibility of future development of biliary cancer after CC resection.
Large-Vocabulary Speech Recognition Algorithms

P roviding the computer with a natural interface, including the ability to understand human speech, has been a research goal for almost 40 years. Speech recognition research started with an attempt to decode isolated words from a small vocabulary. As time progressed, the research community began working on large-vocabulary and continuousspeech tasks. Practical versions of such systems have become moderately usable and commercially successful only in the past few years, however. Even now, these commercial applications either restrict the vocabulary to a few thousand words, in the case of banking or airline reservation systems, or require high-bandwidth, high-feedback situations such as dictation, which requires modifying the user’s speech to minimize recognition errors. Early attempts at speech recognition tried to apply expert knowledge about speech production and perception processes, but researchers found that such knowledge was inadequate for capturing the complexities of continuous speech. To date, statistical modeling techniques trained from hundreds of hours of speech have provided most speech recognition advancements. Speech researchers have combined these modeling techniques with the massive increase in available computing power over the past several years to explore complex models with hundreds of thousands of parameters. Multisite speech recognition research cooperation and competition, supported through government agencies such as DARPA, have also fueled advancements in this field. In addition to participating in government-sponsored competitions, industrial labs, universities, and other companies have fostered rapid advances in speech recognition technology by sharing data and algorithms (http://www.nist.gov/speech/publications/tw00). A by-product of these cooperative efforts has been that most successful systems share roughly the same architecture and algorithms because each site immediately copies other sites’ successful algorithms. To enable next-generation applications such as speech recognition over cellular phones, transcription of call center interactions, and recognition of broadcast news, researchers continue to work on the advanced speech recognition (ASR) problem. An understanding of today’s ASR systems architecture provides a basis for exploring the recent advances motivated by next-generation applications.
International Conference on Radiation Effects in Semiconductors.

Abstract : Selected papers given at this Conference are briefly reviewed. The meeting emphasized how much is still unknown concerning the nature of defects in semiconductors other than silicon, as well as the need to develop other microscopic probes for investigating materials that are not readily amenable to ESR studies. (Author)
Introductory Lectures on Contact Geometry

Though contact topology was born over two centuries ago, in the work of Huygens, Hamilton and Jacobi on geometric optics, and been studied by many great mathematicians, such as Sophus Lie, Elie Cartan and Darboux, it has only recently moved into the foreground of mathematics. The last decade has witnessed many remarkable breakthroughs in contact topology, resulting in a beautiful theory with many potential applications. More specifically, as a coherent – though sketchy – picture of contact topology has been developed, a surprisingly subtle relationship arose between contact structures and 3(and 4-) dimensional topology. In addition, the applications of contact topology have extended far beyond geometric optics to include non-holonomic dynamics, thermodynamics and more recently Hamiltonian dynamics [25, 40] and hydrodynamics [12]. Despite it long history and all the recent work in contact geometry, it is not overly accessible to those trying to get into the field for the first time. There are a few books giving a brief introduction to the more geometric aspects of the theory. Most notably the last chapter in [1], part of Chapter 3 in [34] and an appendix to the book [2]. There have not, however, been many books or survey articles (with the notable exception of [20]) giving an introduction to the more topological aspects of contact geometry. It is this topological approach that has lead to many of the recent breakthroughs in contact geometry and to which this paper is devoted. I planned these lectures when asked to give an introduction to contact geometry at the Georgia International Topology Conference in the summer of 2001. My idea was to give an introduction to the “classical” theory of contact topology, in which the characteristic foliation plays a central roll, followed by a hint at the more modern trends, where specific foliations take a back seat to dividing curves. This was much too ambitious for the approximately one and a half hours I had for these lectures, but I nonetheless decided to follow this outline in preparing these lecture notes. These notes begin with an introduction to contact structures in Section 2, here all the basic definitions are given and many examples are discussed. In the following section we consider contact structures near a point and near a surface. It is in
Learning to live with a permanent intestinal ostomy: impact on everyday life and educational needs.

PURPOSE
The aim of the study was to explore the impact of a permanent stoma on patients' everyday lives and to gain further insight into their need for ostomy-related education.


SUBJECTS AND SETTING
The sample population comprised 15 persons with permanent ostomies. Stomas were created to manage colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. The research setting was the surgical department at a hospital in the Capitol Region of Denmark associated with the University of Copenhagen.


METHODS
Focus group interviews were conducted using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. Data were collected and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.


RESULTS
Stoma creation led to feelings of stigma, worries about disclosure, a need for control and self-imposed limits. Furthermore, patients experienced difficulties identifying their new lives with their lives before surgery. Participants stated they need to be seen as a whole person, to have close contact with health care professionals, and receive trustworthy information about life with an ostomy. Respondents proposed group sessions conducted after hospital discharge. They further recommended that sessions be delivered by lay teachers who had a stoma themselves.


CONCLUSIONS
Self-imposed isolation was often selected as a strategy for avoiding disclosing the presence of a stoma. Patient education, using health promotional methods, should take the settings into account and patients' possibility of effective knowledge transfer. Respondents recommend involvement of lay teachers, who have a stoma, and group-based learning processes are proposed, when planning and conducting patient education.
Modeling trial by trial and block feedback in perceptual learning

Feedback has been shown to play a complex role in visual perceptual learning. It is necessary for performance improvement in some conditions while not others. Different forms of feedback, such as trial-by-trial feedback or block feedback, may both facilitate learning, but with different mechanisms. False feedback can abolish learning. We account for all these results with the Augmented Hebbian Reweight Model (AHRM). Specifically, three major factors in the model advance performance improvement: the external trial-by-trial feedback when available, the self-generated output as an internal feedback when no external feedback is available, and the adaptive criterion control based on the block feedback. Through simulating a comprehensive feedback study (Herzog & Fahle, 1997), we show that the model predictions account for the pattern of learning in seven major feedback conditions. The AHRM can fully explain the complex empirical results on the role of feedback in visual perceptual learning.
Food prices and obesity: evidence and policy implications for taxes and subsidies.

CONTEXT
Pricing policies have been posited as potential policy instruments to address the increasing prevalence of obesity. This article examines whether altering the cost of unhealthy, energy-dense foods, compared with healthy, less-dense foods through the use of fiscal pricing (tax or subsidy) policy instruments would, in fact, change food consumption patterns and overall diet enough to significantly reduce individuals' weight outcomes.


METHODS
This article examined empirical evidence regarding the food and restaurant price sensitivity of weight outcomes based on a literature search to identify peer-reviewed English-language articles published between 1990 and 2008. Studies were identified from the Medline, PubMed, Econlit, and PAIS databases. The fifteen search combinations used the terms obesity, body mass index, and BMI each in combination with the terms price, prices, tax, taxation, and subsidy.


FINDINGS
The studies reviewed showed that when statistically significant associations were found between food and restaurant prices (taxes) and weight outcomes, the effects were generally small in magnitude, although in some cases they were larger for low-socioeconomic status (SES) populations and for those at risk for overweight or obesity.


CONCLUSIONS
The limited existing evidence suggests that small taxes or subsidies are not likely to produce significant changes in BMI or obesity prevalence but that nontrivial pricing interventions may have some measurable effects on Americans' weight outcomes, particularly for children and adolescents, low-SES populations, and those most at risk for overweight. Additional research is needed to be able to draw strong policy conclusions regarding the effectiveness of fiscal-pricing interventions aimed at reducing obesity.
Pressurized liquid extraction in determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in fish samples

Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is a relatively new technique applicable for the extraction of persistent organic pollutants from various matrices. The main advantages of this method are short time and low consumption of extraction solvent. The effects of various operational parameters (i.e. temperature of extraction, number of static cycles and extraction solvent mixtures) on the PLE efficiency were investigated in this study. Fish muscle tissue containing 3.2% (w/w) lipids and native polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and other related compounds was used for testing. Purification of crude extracts was carried out by gel permeation chromatography employing Bio-Beads S-X3. Identification and quantitation of target indicator PCBs and OCPs was performed by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) with two parallel electron-capture detectors (ECDs). Results obtained by the optimized PLE procedure were compared with conventional Soxhlet extraction (the same extraction solvent mixtures hexane–dichloromethane (1:1 v/v) and hexane–acetone (4:1 v/v) were used). The recoveries obtained by PLE operated at 90–120 ◦C were either comparable to “classic” Soxhlet extraction (for higher-chlorinated PCB congeners and DDT group) or even better (for lower chlorinated analytes). The highest recoveries were obtained for three static 5 min extraction cycles. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Is parenting style a predictor of suicide attempts in a representative sample of adolescents?

BACKGROUND
Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts are serious but not rare conditions in adolescents. However, there are several research and practical suicide-prevention initiatives that discuss the possibility of preventing serious self-harm. Profound knowledge about risk and protective factors is therefore necessary. The aim of this study is a) to clarify the role of parenting behavior and parenting styles in adolescents' suicide attempts and b) to identify other statistically significant and clinically relevant risk and protective factors for suicide attempts in a representative sample of German adolescents.


METHODS
In the years 2007/2008, a representative written survey of N = 44,610 students in the 9th grade of different school types in Germany was conducted. In this survey, the lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts was investigated as well as potential predictors including parenting behavior. A three-step statistical analysis was carried out: I) As basic model, the association between parenting and suicide attempts was explored via binary logistic regression controlled for age and sex. II) The predictive values of 13 additional potential risk/protective factors were analyzed with single binary logistic regression analyses for each predictor alone. Non-significant predictors were excluded in Step III. III) In a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, all significant predictor variables from Step II and the parenting styles were included after testing for multicollinearity.


RESULTS
Three parental variables showed a relevant association with suicide attempts in adolescents - (all protective): mother's warmth and father's warmth in childhood and mother's control in adolescence (Step I). In the full model (Step III), Authoritative parenting (protective: OR: .79) and Rejecting-Neglecting parenting (risk: OR: 1.63) were identified as significant predictors (p < .001) for suicidal attempts. Seven further variables were interpreted to be statistically significant and clinically relevant: ADHD, female sex, smoking, Binge Drinking, absenteeism/truancy, migration background, and parental separation events.


CONCLUSIONS
Parenting style does matter. While children of Authoritative parents profit, children of Rejecting-Neglecting parents are put at risk - as we were able to show for suicide attempts in adolescence. Some of the identified risk factors contribute new knowledge and potential areas of intervention for special groups such as migrants or children diagnosed with ADHD.
Word segmentation in monolingual and bilingual infant learners of English and French

Word segmentation skills emerge during infancy, but it is unclear to what extent this ability is shaped by experience listening to a specific language or language type. This issue was explored by comparing segmentation of bi-syllabic words in monolingual and bilingual 7.5-month-old learners of French and English. In a native-language condition, monolingual infants segmented bi-syllabic words with the predominant stress pattern of their native language. Monolingual French infants also segmented in a different dialect of French, whereas both monolingual groups failed in a cross-language test, i.e. English infants failed to segment in French and vice versa. These findings support the hypothesis that word segmentation is shaped by infant sensitivity to the rhythmic structure of their native language. Our finding that bilingual infants segment bi-syllabic words in two native languages at the same age as their monolingual peers shows that dual language exposure does not delay the emergence of this skill.
Postoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio plus platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts the outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND
There is limited information regarding NLR-PLR (the combination of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR] and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio [PLR]) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to assess the predictive ability of NLR-PLR in patients with resectable hepatitis B virus-related HCC within Milan criteria after hepatectomy.


METHODS
Two hundred thirty-six consecutive HCC patients were included in the study. The postoperative NLR-PLR was calculated based on the data obtained on the first postoperative month after liver resection as follows: patients with both an elevated PLR and an elevated NLR, which were detected by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, were allocated a score of 2, and patients showing one or neither of these elevations were allocated a score of 1 or 0, respectively.


RESULTS
During the follow-up period, 113 patients experienced recurrence and 41 patients died. Multivariate analyses suggested that tumor-node-metastasis stage, preoperative alpha-fetal protein, and postoperative NLR-PLR were independently associated with recurrence, whereas microvascular invasion and postoperative NLR-PLR adversely impacted the overall survival. The 5-y recurrence-free and overall survival rates of the patients with a postoperative NLR-PLR of 0, 1, or 2 were 43.6%, 35.6%, or 8.3% (P < 0.001) and 82.1%, 73.0%, or 10.5% (P < 0.001), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The postoperative NLR-PLR predicted outcomes of hepatitis B virus-related HCC patients within Milan criteria after liver resection.
Interventions for cough in cancer.

BACKGROUND
Cough is a common symptom in patients with malignancies, especially in patients with lung cancer. Cough is not well controlled in clinical practice and clinicians have few management options to treat it.


OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of this review was to determine the effectiveness of interventions, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, (other than chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy) in the management of cough in malignant disease (especially in lung cancer).


SEARCH STRATEGY
Databases searched included: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) (The Cochrane Library issue 4, 2009); MEDLINE (1966 to May 2010); EMBASE (1980 to May 2010); CINAHL (1980 to May 2010); PSYCHINFO (1980 to May 2010); AMED (1985 to May 2010); SIGLE (1980 to May 2010); British Nursing Index (1985 to May 2010); CancerLit (1975 to May 2010). We searched for cough suppressants, antitussives and other drugs with antitussive activity as well as non-pharmacological interventions (see Appendices 1-4 for search terms).


SELECTION CRITERIA
We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical trials (quasi-experimental trials, and trials where there is a comparison group but no mention of randomisation) in participants with primary or metastatic lung cancer or other cancers.


DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed titles and abstracts of all studies, and extracted data from all selected studies before reaching consensus. A third review author arbitrated with any disagreement. Meta-analysis was not attempted due to the heterogeneity of studies.


MAIN RESULTS
Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria and examined either brachytherapy, laser or photodynamic therapy (eight studies) or a variety of pharmacological therapies (nine studies). Overall, there was absence of credible evidence and the majority of studies were of low methodological quality and high risk of bias. Brachytherapy seemed to improve cough in a variety of doses in selected participants, suggesting that possibly the lowest effective dose should be used to minimise side effects. Photodynamic therapy was examined in one study, and while improvements in cough were observed, its role over other therapies for cough is unclear. Some indication of effect was observed with morphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, levodropropizine, sodium cromoglycate and butamirate citrate linctus (cough syrup), although all studies had significant risk of bias.


AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
No practice recommendations could be drawn from this review. There is an urgent need to increase the number and quality of studies evaluating the effects of interventions in the management of cough in cancer.