LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The elasticity of intertemporal substitution: new evidence from 401(k) participation

A key parameter in economics is the elasticity of intertemporal substitution (EIS), which measures the extent to which consumers shift total expenditures across time in response to changes in the effective rate of return. In contrast to the previous literature, which primarily has relied on Euler equation methods and generated a wide range of estimates, we show how a life-cycle-consistent econometric specification of employee 401(k) participation along with plausibly exogenous variation in rates of return due to employer matching contributions can be used to generate new estimates of the EIS. Because firms often cap the generosity of the match, employer matching generates non-linearities in household budget sets. We draw on non-linear budget-set estimation methods rooted in the public economics literature, and using detailed administrative contribution, earnings, and pension-plan data for a sample of 401(k)-eligible households from the Health and Retirement Study, we estimate the EIS to be in our richest specification, with a 95% confidence interval that ranges from to . 74 . 0 21 . 1 37 . 0 *Corresponding author. Engelhardt is Associate Professor, Department of Economics, and Senior Research Associate, Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University (gvengelh@maxwell.syr.edu). Kumar is an economist in the Research Department at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (anil.kumar@dal.frb.org). We thank Claudia Sahm and the seminar participants at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors for helpful comments. All research with the restricted-access data from the Health and Retirement Study was performed under agreement in the Center for Policy Research at Syracuse University and the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. We are especially grateful to Bob Peticolas and Helena Stolyarova for their efforts in helping us understand the HRS employer-provided pension-plan data. The research reported herein was supported (in part) by a grant from the TIAA-CREF Institute and (in part) by the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College pursuant to a grant from the U.S. Social Security Administration funded as part of the Retirement Research Consortium. Various portions of the underlying data construction were funded by the Center for Policy Research at Syracuse University, the Economics Program, National Science Foundation, under Grant No. SES-0078845, National Institute on Aging, under Grant No. 1 R03 AG19895-01, and the U.S. Department of Labor. The opinions and conclusions are solely those of the authors and should not be construed as representing the opinions or policy of the Social Security Administration, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Federal Reserve System, any agency of the Federal Government, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, TIAA-CREF, United States Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, National Institute on Aging, or Syracuse University. All errors are our own.
Effectiveness and safety of artemether–lumefantrine versus artesunate–amodiaquine for unsupervised treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in patients of all age groups in Nanoro, Burkina Faso: a randomized open label trial

Several studies have reported high efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) mostly under strict supervision of drug intake and limited to children less than 5 years of age. Patients over 5 years of age are usually not involved in such studies. Thus, the findings do not fully reflect the reality in the field. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of ACT in routine treatment of uncomplicated malaria among patients of all age groups in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. A randomized open label trial comparing artesunate–amodiaquine (ASAQ) and artemether–lumefantrine (AL) was carried out from September 2010 to October 2012 at two primary health centres (Nanoro and Nazoanga) of Nanoro health district. A total of 680 patients were randomized to receive either ASAQ or AL without any distinction by age. Drug intake was not supervised as pertains in routine practice in the field. Patients or their parents/guardians were advised on the time and mode of administration for the 3 days treatment unobserved at home. Follow-up visits were performed on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 to evaluate clinical and parasitological resolution of their malaria episode as well as adverse events. PCR genotyping of merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 (msp-1, msp-2) was used to differentiate recrudescence and new infection. By day 28, the PCR corrected adequate clinical and parasitological response was 84.1 and 77.8 % respectively for ASAQ and AL. The cure rate was higher in older patients than in children under 5 years old. The risk of re-infection by day 28 was higher in AL treated patients compared with those receiving ASAQ (p < 0.00001). Both AL and ASAQ treatments were well tolerated. This study shows a lowering of the efficacy when drug intake is not directly supervised. This is worrying as both rates are lower than the critical threshold of 90 % required by the WHO to recommend the use of an anti-malarial drug in a treatment policy. Trial registration: NCT01232530
AI techniques for the game of Go

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author.
Health-care seeking behaviour among persons with diabetes in Uganda: an interview study

BACKGROUND
Healthcare-seeking behaviour in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) has been investigated to a limited extent, and not in developing countries. Switches between different health sectors may interrupt glycaemic control, affecting health. The aim of the study was to explore healthcare-seeking behaviour, including use of complementary alternative medicine (CAM) and traditional healers, in Ugandans diagnosed with DM. Further, to study whether gender influenced healthcare-seeking behaviour.


METHODS
This is a descriptive study with a snowball sample from a community in Uganda. Semi-structured interviews were held with 16 women and 8 men, aged 25-70. Data were analysed by qualitative content analysis.


RESULTS
Healthcare was mainly sought among doctors and nurses in the professional sector because of severe symptoms related to DM and/or glycaemic control. Females more often focused on follow-up of DM and chronic pain in joints, while males described fewer problems. Among those who felt that healthcare had failed, most had turned to traditional healers in the folk sector for prescription of herbs or food supplements, more so in women than men. Males more often turned to private for-profit clinics while females more often used free governmental institutions.


CONCLUSIONS
Healthcare was mainly sought from nurses and physicians in the professional sector and females used more free-of-charge governmental institutions. Perceived failure in health care to manage DM or related complications led many, particularly women, to seek alternative treatment from CAM practitioners in the folk sector. Living conditions, including healthcare organisation and gender, seemed to influence healthcare seeking, but further studies are needed.
Effect of phase separation on the crystallization of soft segments of green waterborne polyurethanes

Abstract Effect of phase separation on the crystallization of soft segments of green waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) was discussed in this paper. Phase separation was studied through dynamic mechanical analysis and energy dispersive spectrometer. Energy dispersive spectrometer was employed originally for the study of phase separation of polyurethanes in our study. Crystallization of soft segments of green WPUs was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and polarizing optical microscope. Characterization results indicated that phase separation hindered the crystallization of soft segments of green WPUs; higher phase separation degree gave rise to lower crystallization capacity, lower crystallinity and smaller crystals of soft segments.
Preferences in Interactive Systems: Technical Challenges and Case Studies

merce and internet media, has coincided with growing recognition that many of the tasks people perform with computers can be performed better when the application adapts to its user. A popular example is Netflix, which gives customized movie recommendations to each user, using past movie ratings of the user and his or her friends. Netflix and other preference-aware interactive systems share the common aim of aiding the user in carrying out tasks—from finding a product to editing a document—by eliciting preferences from the user, inferring a preference model, and using the model to decide when and how to take action. The variety of preference-aware interactive applications includes recommender systems (such as Netflix or Amazon.com) that suggest items based on the user’s similarity to other users or on previously viewed items, conversational systems that interact with the user in a simplified dialogue to perform a task, interfaces that adapt to the user’s preferences and situation, and personal agents that can proactively support the user, modeling his or her needs and desires. In this article we review characteristic examples of intelligent, preference-aware interactive systems, survey the major questions, challenges and approaches with respect to preference representation, reasoning, and explanation and with respect to interactivity and task performed, and give an outlook on the potential of these systems. Throughout, we illustrate that designing a successful, adoptable system requires more than simply selecting the best form of representation, explanation, and reasoning. It requires a cohesive design that ensures the perceived benefits from using preferences significantly exceed the perceived costs of eliciting them. The interactivity of applications varies in nature, extent, modalities, and manifestation, as much as applications vary in their domains. Despite this diversity, the interactivity literature provides guidelines for designing an intelligent, interactive system (Horvitz 1999). Articles
Two-stage genetic programming (2SGP) for the credit scoring model

Credit scoring models have been widely studied in the areas of statistics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (AI). Many novel approaches such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), rough sets, or decision trees have been proposed to increase the accuracy of credit scoring models. Since an improvement in accuracy of a fraction of a percent might translate into significant savings, a more sophisticated model should be proposed for significantly improving the accuracy of the credit scoring models. In this paper, two-stage genetic programming (2SGP) is proposed to deal with the credit scoring problem by incorporating the advantages of the IF–THEN rules and the discriminant function. On the basis of the numerical results, we can conclude that 2SGP can provide the better accuracy than other models. 2005 Published by Elsevier Inc. 0096-3003/$ see front matter 2005 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.amc.2005.05.027 * Corresponding author. Address: Institute of Management of Technology and Institute of Traffic and Transportation College of Management, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 TaHsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. E-mail address: u5460637@ms16.hinet.net (G.-H. Tzeng). 2 J.-J. Huang et al. / Appl. Math. Comput. xxx (2005) xxx–xxx ARTICLE IN PRESS
University student depression inventory (USDI): confirmatory factor analysis and review of psychometric properties.

BACKGROUND
The 30-item USDI is a self-report measure that assesses depressive symptoms among university students. It consists of three correlated three factors: lethargy, cognitive-emotional and academic motivation. The current research used confirmatory factor analysis to asses construct validity and determine whether the original factor structure would be replicated in a different sample. Psychometric properties were also examined.


METHOD
Participants were 1148 students (mean age 22.84 years, SD=6.85) across all faculties from a large Australian metropolitan university. Students completed a questionnaire comprising of the USDI, the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS) and Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS).


RESULTS
The three correlated factor model was shown to be an acceptable fit to the data, indicating sound construct validity. Internal consistency of the scale was also demonstrated to be sound, with high Cronbach alpha values. Temporal stability of the scale was also shown to be strong through test-retest analysis. Finally, concurrent and discriminant validity was examined with correlations between the USDI and DASS subscales as well as the LSS, with sound results further supporting the construct validity of the scale. Cut-off points were also developed to aid total score interpretation.


LIMITATIONS
Response rates are unclear. In addition, the representativeness of the sample could be improved potentially through targeted recruitment (i.e. reviewing the online sample statistics during data collection, examining the representativeness trends and addressing particular faculties within the university that were underrepresented).


CONCLUSIONS
The USDI provides a valid and reliable method of assessing depressive symptoms found among university students.
The burden of treatment failure in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE
In type 2 diabetes, therapies to maintain blood glucose control usually fail after several years. We estimated the glycemic burden that accumulates from treatment failure and describe the time course and predictors of failure.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A prospective, population-based study using retrospective observational data. We identified all 7208 complete courses of treatment with nondrug therapy, sulfonylurea monotherapy, metformin monotherapy, and combination oral antihyperglycemic therapy between 1994 and 2002, inclusive, among members of the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Region. We calculated mean cumulative glycemic burden, defined as HbA(1c)-months >8.0 or 7.0% for each treatment. We then measured the likelihood that the next HbA(1c) would exceed 8.0 and 7.0% after HbA(1c) exceeded each of ten hypothetical treatment thresholds. Finally, we estimated multivariate logistic regression models to predict when HbA(1c) would continue to deteriorate.


RESULTS
In this well-controlled population, the average patient accumulated nearly 5 HbA(1c)-years of excess glycemic burden >8.0% from diagnosis until starting insulin and about 10 HbA(1c)-years of burden >7.0%. Whenever patients crossed the American Diabetes Association-recommended treatment threshold of 8.0%, their next HbA(1c) result was as likely to be <8.0 as >8.0%. Multivariate prediction models had highly statistically significant coefficients, but predicted <10% of the variation in future HbA(1c) results.


CONCLUSIONS
Clinicians should change glucose-lowering treatments in type 2 diabetes much sooner or use treatments that are less likely to fail. An action point at 7.0% or lower is more likely to prevent additional deterioration than the traditional action point of 8.0%.
Modulated model predictive current control for H-bridge two-level single phase active power filters STATCOM

Model predictive control techniques are characterized by a variable switching frequency which cause noise as well as large voltage and current ripple. In this paper a predictive control strategy with a fixed switching frequency for a single-phase active power filter, namely modulated model predictive control, is proposed. This technique produces modulated waveform at the output of the converter. The feasibility of this strategy is evaluated using simulation results to demonstrate the advantages of predictive control, such as fast dynamic response and the easy inclusion of nonlinearities. The constraints of the system are maintained but the performance of the system in terms of power quality is improved compared to the traditional model predictive control strategy.
Daily aciclovir for HIV-1 disease progression in people dually infected with HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus type 2: a randomised placebo-controlled trial

BACKGROUND
Most people infected with HIV-1 are dually infected with herpes simplex virus type 2. Daily suppression of this herpes virus reduces plasma HIV-1 concentrations, but whether it delays HIV-1 disease progression is unknown. We investigated the effect of acyclovir on HIV-1 progression.


METHODS
In a trial with 14 sites in southern Africa and east Africa, 3381 heterosexual people who were dually infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV-1 were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to acyclovir 400 mg orally twice daily or placebo, and were followed up for up to 24 months. Eligible participants had CD4 cell counts of 250 cells per mL or higher and were not taking antiretroviral therapy. We used block randomisation, and patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. Effect of acyclovir on HIV-1 disease progression was defined by a primary composite endpoint of first occurrence of CD4 cell counts of fewer than 200 cells per microL, antiretroviral therapy initiation, or non-trauma related death. As an exploratory analysis, we assessed the endpoint of CD4 falling to <350 cells per microL. Analysis was by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00194519.


FINDINGS
At enrollment, the median CD4 cell count was 462 cells per microL and median HIV-1 plasma RNA was 4.1 log(10) copies per microL. Acyclovir reduced risk of HIV-1 disease progression by 16%; 284 participants assigned acyclovir versus 324 assigned placebo reached the primary endpoint (hazard ratio [HR] 0.84, 95% CI 0.71-0.98, p=0.03). In those with CD4 counts >or=350 cells per microL, aciclovir delayed risk of CD4 cell counts falling to <350 cells per microL by 19% (0.81, 0.71-0.93, p=0.002)


INTERPRETATION
The role of suppression of herpes simplex virus type 2 in reduction of HIV-1 disease progression before initiation of antiretroviral therapy warrants consideration.


FUNDING
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Cutting Edge Design or a Beginner's Mistake? - A Semiotic Inspection of iOS7 Icon Design Changes

This work follows an ongoing discussion on the implications of skeuomorphic vs. flat design for interface design. Therefor two subsets of the standard iOS6 and iOS7 system icons were reviewed with a semiotic inspection method and compared against each other. The subsets were chosen according to an open online user rating. The findings suggest that missing information due to design simplification is a major issue for less user acceptance. This study shows that especially flat design affords a more careful focus on the semantics of the used elements.
Computational journalism

How computer scientists can empower journalists, democracy's watchdogs, in the production of news in the public interest.
Cycle Life of Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries with Lithium Titanium Oxide Anodes in Electric Vehicles

The lithium titanium oxide (LTO) anode is widely accepted as one of the best anodes for the future lithium ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs), especially since its cycle life is very long. In this paper, three different commercial LTO cells from different manufacturers were studied in accelerated cycle life tests and their capacity fades were compared. The result indicates that under 55 °C, the LTO battery still shows a high capacity fade rate. The battery aging processes of all the commercial LTO cells clearly include two stages. Using the incremental capacity (IC) analysis, it could be judged that in the first stage, the battery capacity decreases mainly due to the loss of anode material and the degradation rate is lower. In the second stage, the battery capacity decreases much faster, mainly due to the degradation of the cathode material. The result is important for the state of health (SOH) estimation and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction of battery management system (BMS) for LTO batteries in EVs.
The ISO/MPEG Unified Speech and Audio Coding Standard—Consistent High Quality for All Content Types and at All Bit Rates

MAX NEUENDORF,1 AES Member, MARKUS MULTRUS,1 AES Member, NIKOLAUS RETTELBACH1, GUILLAUME FUCHS1, JULIEN ROBILLIARD1, JÉRÉMIE LECOMTE1, STEPHAN WILDE1, STEFAN BAYER,10 AES Member, SASCHA DISCH1, CHRISTIAN HELMRICH10, ROCH LEFEBVRE,2 AES Member, PHILIPPE GOURNAY2, BRUNO BESSETTE2, JIMMY LAPIERRE,2 AES Student Member, KRISTOFER KJÖRLING3, HEIKO PURNHAGEN,3 AES Member, LARS VILLEMOES,3 AES Associate Member, WERNER OOMEN,4 AES Member, ERIK SCHUIJERS4, KEI KIKUIRI5, TORU CHINEN6, TAKESHI NORIMATSU1, KOK SENG CHONG7, EUNMI OH,8 AES Member, MIYOUNG KIM8, SCHUYLER QUACKENBUSH,9 AES Fellow, AND BERNHARD GRILL1
The Continuous Cross-Nested Logit Model: Formulation and Application for Departure Time Choice

Discrete choice models, like the multinomial logit (MNL), have long been recognized for their ability to capture a wide array of transport-related choice phenomena. However, a number of choices are continuous response variables (e.g., location choice, departure time choice, activity duration, and vehicle usage). In this paper, the continuous cross-nested logit (CCNL) model is introduced. The CCNL model results from generalizing the discrete cross-nested logit (CNL) model for a continuous response variable, much like the continuous logit model emerges by generalizing the MNL. The model is formulated and shown to come from the generalized extreme value (GEV) class of models. In addition, the structure of utility correlations is presented. The model’s parameters are estimated for a work-tour departure time context using Bayesian estimation techniques and San Francisco Bay Area data. Empirical results suggest model predictions that are very similar to the continuous logit, but it outperforms the continuous logit in terms of out-of-sample prediction with these data. Theoretically, however, the CCNL allows a more flexible choice behavior to emerge. Finally, a simple welfare example is illustrated and a number of model extensions are presented