LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Fractional CO2 laser resurfacing for atrophic acne scars: a randomized controlled trial with blinded response evaluation.

BACKGROUND
The treatment of acne scars with fractional CO(2) lasers is gaining increasing impact, but has so far not been compared side-by-side to untreated control skin.


OBJECTIVE
In a randomized controlled study to examine efficacy and adverse effects of fractional CO(2) laser resurfacing for atrophic acne scars compared to no treatment.


METHODS
Patients (n = 13) with atrophic acne scars in two intra-individual areas of similar sizes and appearances were randomized to (i) three monthly fractional CO(2) laser treatments (MedArt 610; 12-14 W, 48-56 mJ/pulse, 13% density) and (ii) no treatment. Blinded on-site evaluations were performed by three physicians on 10-point scales. Endpoints were change in scar texture and atrophy, adverse effects, and patient satisfaction.


RESULTS
Preoperatively, acne scars appeared with moderate to severe uneven texture (6.15 ± 1.23) and atrophy (5.72 ± 1.45) in both interventional and non-interventional control sites, P = 1. Postoperatively, lower scores of scar texture and atrophy were obtained at 1 month (scar texture 4.31 ± 1.33, P < 0.0001; atrophy 4.08 ± 1.38, P < 0.0001), at 3 months (scar texture 4.26 ± 1.97, P < 0.0001; atrophy 3.97 ± 2.08, P < 0.0001), and at 6 months (scar texture 3.89 ± 1.7, P < 0.0001; atrophy 3.56 ± 1.76, P < 0.0001). Patients were satisfied with treatments and evaluated scar texture to be mild or moderately improved. Adverse effects were minor.


CONCLUSIONS
In this single-blinded randomized controlled trial we demonstrated that moderate to severe atrophic acne scars can be safely improved by ablative fractional CO(2) laser resurfacing. The use of higher energy levels might have improved the results and possibly also induced significant adverse effects.
UNIFORMLY REFLEXIVE STRUCTURES: ON THE NATURE OF GODELIZATIONS AND RELATIVE COMPUTABILITY

In this paper we present an axiomatic theory within which much of the theory of computability can be developed in an abstract manner. The paper is based on the axiomatically defined concept of a Uniformly Reflexive Structure (U.R.S.). The axioms are chosen so as to capture what we view to be the essential properties of a "godelization" of a set of functions on arbitrary infinite domain. It can be shown that (with a "standard g6delization") both the partial recursive functions and the meta-recursive functions satisfy the axioms of U.R.S. In the first part of this paper, we define U.R.S. and develop the basic working theorems of the subject (e.g., analogues of the Kleene recursion theorems). The greater part of the paper is concerned with applying these basic results to (1) investigating the properties of godelizations, and (2) developing an intrinsic theory of relative com- putability. The notion of relative computability which we develop is equivalent to Turing reducibility when applied to the partial recursive functions. Applied to appropriate U.R.S. on arbitrary domains, it provides an upper-semi-lattice ordering on the set of all functions (both total and partial) on that domain. 0. Introduction. In this paper we present the axioms of an abstract theory of computability (the theory of Uniformly Reflexive Structures) and employ it to establish a number of general results on godelizations and to develop an intrinsic approach to the study of relative computability. To a first approximation, a Uniformly Reflexive Structure (a U.R.S.) is a set of functions on an arbitrary infinite domain together with a special indexing of the functions by elements of the domain. We call these indexings g6delizations; this terminology is apt in that the partial recursive functions with a "standard g6deli- zation" (such as given by Davis (1)) form a U.R.S. For each element u of the domain, the indexing gives us a 1-ary function denoted
Internet of Things for Smart Cities: Interoperability and Open Data

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a promising technology for addressing societal challenges by connecting smart devices and leveraging Big Data analytics to create smart cities worldwide. As the IoT scales up, it's important to provide interoperability among different devices. Yet current simple standard protocols lack sufficient openness and interoperability. IoT for smart cities needs to guarantee the accessibility of open data and cloud services to allow industries and citizens to develop new services and applications. Here, the authors provide a case study of the GreenIoT platform in Uppsala, Sweden, to demonstrate the idea of interoperability and open data for smart cities.
The dental safety profile of high-dose radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer: long-term results of a longitudinal cohort study.

UNLABELLED
The long-term dental safety profile of high-dose radioiodine therapy remained elusive despite more than 6 decades of clinical use.


METHODS
In a cohort study, we investigated the incidence of sialadenitis, xerostomia, caries, and tooth extractions after high-dose radioiodine therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer and explored risk factors by multiple regression models.


RESULTS
One hundred seventy-six participants were recruited (median follow-up, 6.6 y; range, 1.1-32.6 y; patient-years: 8,472 before and 1,421 after radioiodine therapy). Scintigraphic salivary gland uptake during radioiodine treatment predicted development of sialadenitis (odds ratio: 1.31 [1.05-1.63], P = 0.015) and xerostomia (odds ratio: 1.58 [1.16-2.16], P = 0.004). The caries risk increased by postradioiodine xerostomia (% increase: 98.8 [26.5-212], P = 0.003). The long-term risk for postradioiodine tooth extractions increased with increasing cumulative radioiodine activities (% increase [per gigabequerel]: 8.14 [1.07, 15.7], P = 0.02).


CONCLUSION
High-dose radioiodine treatment can impair the long-term dental health, depending on the cumulative radioiodine activity and individual salivary gland radioiodine uptake.
European approaches to ensure good animal welfare

Conventions to protect domestic animals during transport, farming and slaughter were established by the Council of Europe and approved by many European states. Conventions are followed by recommendations that specify how the general principles of conventions apply for the different species. The European Union (EU) started discussions on animal welfare in the 1980s and adopted a series of Directives to protect farm animals. Both Recommendations and Directives define higher space allowance, more opportunity for social contacts, balanced diet, enriched environment, and limitation of harmful procedures. Animal welfare law varies across Europe with Northern states generally having the most stringent legislation. There is also an increasing variety of farm production schemes within European member states which contain animal welfare standards that go beyond the legal minimum. Some schemes are retailer-led; others are founded by producer organizations, sometimes in co-operation with non-governmental organisations. The differences between schemes reflect higher national legal requirements, higher quality industry schemes, organic production schemes and specific welfare-friendlier schemes. The communication of these higher welfare standards to consumers through the use of a quality assurance scheme logo on a product or packaging claims does not always happen. Farmers differ in their motivation for participating in animal welfare schemes. Some are mainly encouraged by premium prices; others give ethical reasons for changing towards animal friendly production methods. Although there is no official link between the Brambell report and European regulations to protect farm animals, the fact that the first European regulations to protect animals were adopted 10 years after the report and were in line with the conclusions of the report suggest that the report was influential, not only in the United Kingdom but also in the rest of Europe. # 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Introducing a population-based outcome measure to evaluate the effect of interventions to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infection.

BACKGROUND
The catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) measure recommended by the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) accounts for the risk of infection in patients with an indwelling urinary catheter, but might not adequately reflect all efforts aimed to enhance patient safety by reducing urinary catheter use.


METHODS
We used computer-based Monte Carlo simulation to compare the NHSN-recommended CAUTI rate (CAUTIs per 1,000 catheter-days) with the proposed "population CAUTI rate" (CAUTIs per 10,000 patient-days). We simulated 100 interventions with a wide range of effects on catheter utilization and CAUTI risk in patients with catheters, and then compared the 2 measures before and after intervention across the simulated interventions.


RESULTS
Out of our 100 simulated interventions, 93 yielded reductions in CAUTI; however, in 25 (27%) of these 93 simulations, the NHSN CAUTI rate increased after the intervention. In addition, among the 68 simulations in which both the NHSN and the population CAUTI rates decreased, the percent decreases in the population CAUTI rate were consistently greater than those in the NHSN rate.


CONCLUSION
The population CAUTI rate-CAUTIs per 10,000 patient-days-should be calculated along with the NHSN rate, particularly in settings where interventions lead to substantial reductions in catheter placement. We suspect that this population CAUTI rate may eventually emerge as a primary outcome for hospital-based quality improvement interventions for reducing urinary catheter utilization, especially those focusing on avoiding urinary catheter placement.
The Case for Humanism: An Introduction

Chapter 1 Foreword Chapter 2 Humanism and Philosophy Chapter 3 Human Nature Chapter 4 Freedom and Destiny Chapter 5 The Moral Life Chapter 6 Knowledge, Truth, and Faith Chapter 7 Science and Religion Chapter 8 God, Humanism, and Philosophy Chapter 9 Society and Politics
Composing Software Defined Networks

s Providing Supporting Policy Compositional Operators Functional Composition Network Layered Abstract Topologies Topological Decomposition Packet Extensible Headers Policy & Network Abstractions Pyretic (Contributions)
Glycemic status and development of kidney disease: the Framingham Heart Study.

OBJECTIVE
Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of kidney disease and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the U.S. Whether pre-diabetes is associated with the development of kidney disease is unclear.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subjects free of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were drawn from the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort (1991-1995), given an oral glucose tolerance test, and followed for an average of 7 years for development of CKD (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] of <59 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in women and <64 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in men). Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for cardiovascular disease risk factors including age, sex, hypertension, smoking, BMI, total and HDL cholesterol levels, and prevalent myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure, were used to estimate the odds of patients developing kidney disease among glycemic categories.


RESULTS
Of 2,398 subjects (53% women; mean age 54 years), 63% were normoglycemic, 29% had impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 3.4% were newly diabetic, and 4.6% had known diabetes. By glycemic category, mean GFR at follow-up was 87, 85, 82, and 78 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively. The fully adjusted odds of developing CKD were 0.98 (95% CI 0.67-1.45), 1.71 (95% CI 0.83-3.55), and 1.93 (95% CI 1.06-3.49) among those with IFG or IGT, newly diagnosed diabetes, or known diabetes, respectively, compared with those who were normoglycemic at baseline. Among participants without diabetes, metabolic syndrome was not associated with kidney disease at follow-up (odds ratio 1.46, P = 0.06).


CONCLUSIONS
Cardiovascular disease risk factors explain much of the relationship between prediabetes and the development of chronic kidney disease. Clinical trials are warranted to determine whether vascular risk factor modification can slow the decline of kidney function among those with pre-diabetes.
Secretion and Signaling Activities of Lipoprotein-Associated Hedgehog and Non-Sterol-Modified Hedgehog in Flies and Mammals

Hedgehog (Hh) proteins control animal development and tissue homeostasis. They activate gene expression by regulating processing, stability, and activation of Gli/Cubitus interruptus (Ci) transcription factors. Hh proteins are secreted and spread through tissue, despite becoming covalently linked to sterol during processing. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to release Hh proteins in distinct forms; in Drosophila, lipoproteins facilitate long-range Hh mobilization but also contain lipids that repress the pathway. Here, we show that mammalian lipoproteins have conserved roles in Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) release and pathway repression. We demonstrate that lipoprotein-associated forms of Hh and Shh specifically block lipoprotein-mediated pathway inhibition. We also identify a second conserved release form that is not sterol-modified and can be released independently of lipoproteins (Hh-N*/Shh-N*). Lipoprotein-associated Hh/Shh and Hh-N*/Shh-N* have complementary and synergistic functions. In Drosophila wing imaginal discs, lipoprotein-associated Hh increases the amount of full-length Ci, but is insufficient for target gene activation. However, small amounts of non-sterol-modified Hh synergize with lipoprotein-associated Hh to fully activate the pathway and allow target gene expression. The existence of Hh secretion forms with distinct signaling activities suggests a novel mechanism for generating a diversity of Hh responses.
Flying Ad-Hoc Networks: Technological and Social Implications

With the world turning into a global village due to technological advancements, automation in all aspects of life is gaining momentum. Wireless technologies address the everincreasing demands of portable and flexible communications. Wireless ad-hoc networks, which allow communication between devices without the need for any central infrastructure, are gaining significance, particularly for monitoring and surveillance applications. A relatively new research area of ad-hoc networks is flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs), governing the autonomous movement of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) [1]. In such networks multiple UAVs are allowed to communicate so that an ad-hoc network is established between them. All UAVs in the network carry UAV-to-UAV communication and only groups of UAVs interact with the ground station. This feature eliminates the need for deployment of complex hardware in each UAV. Moreover, even if one of the UAV communication links breaks down; there is no link breakage with the base station due to the ad-hoc network between UAVs.
Multilevel oblique corpectomy for cervical spondylotic myelopathy preserves segmental motion

To document the neurological outcome, spinal alignment and segmental range of movement after oblique cervical corpectomy (OCC) for cervical compressive myelopathy. This retrospective study included 109 patients—93 with cervical spondylotic myelopathy and 16 with ossified posterior longitudinal ligament in whom spinal curvature and range of segmental movements were assessed on neutral and dynamic cervical radiographs. Neurological function was measured by Nurick’s grade and modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores. Eighty-eight patients (81%) underwent either a single- or two-level corpectomy; the remaining (19%) undergoing three- or four-level corpectomies. The average duration of follow-up was 30.52 months. The Nurick’s grade and the JOA scores showed statistically significant improvements after surgery (p < 0.001). The mean postoperative segmental angle in the neutral position straightened by 4.7 ± 6.5°. The residual segmental range of movement for a single-level corpectomy was 16.7° (59.7% of the preoperative value), for two-level corpectomy it was 20.0° (67.2%) and for three-level corpectomies it was 22.9° (74.3%). 63% of patients with lordotic spines continued to have lordosis postoperatively while only one became kyphotic without clinical worsening. Four patients with preoperative kyphotic spines showed no change in spine curvature. None developed spinal instability. The OCC preserves segmental motion in the short-term, however, the tendency towards straightening of the spine, albeit without clinical worsening, warrants serial follow-up imaging to determine whether this motion preservation is long lasting.
Practical Approach to Programmable Analog Circuits With Memristors

We suggest an approach to use memristors (resistors with memory) in programmable analog circuits. Our idea consists in a circuit design in which low voltages are applied to memristors during their operation as analog circuit elements and high voltages are used to program the memristor's states. This way, as it was demonstrated in recent experiments, the state of memristors does not essentially change during analog mode operation. As an example of our approach, we have built several programmable analog circuits demonstrating memristor-based programming of threshold, gain and frequency. In these circuits the role of memristor is played by a memristor emulator developed by us.
Insulin degludec, an ultra-longacting basal insulin, versus insulin glargine in basal-bolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 2 diabetes (BEGIN Basal-Bolus Type 2): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target non-inferiority trial

BACKGROUND
Basal insulin therapy does not stop loss of β-cell function, which is the hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and thus diabetes control inevitably deteriorates. Insulin degludec is a new, ultra-longacting basal insulin. We aimed to assess efficacy and safety of insulin degludec compared with insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.


METHODS
In this 52 week, phase 3, open-label, treat-to-target, non-inferiority trial, undertaken at 123 sites in 12 countries, we enrolled adults (aged ≥18 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) of 7·0-10·0% after 3 months or more of any insulin regimen (with or without oral antidiabetic drugs). We randomly allocated eligible participants in a 3:1 ratio to receive once-daily subcutaneous insulin degludec or glargine, stratified by previous insulin regimen, via a central interactive response system. Basal insulin was titrated to a target plasma glucose concentration of 3·9-<5·0 mmol/L self-measured before breakfast. The primary outcome was non-inferiority of degludec to glargine measured by change in HbA(1c) from baseline to week 52 (non-inferiority limit of 0·4%) by ANOVA in the full analysis set. We assessed rates of hypoglycaemia in all treated patients. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00972283.


FINDINGS
744 (99%) of 755 participants randomly allocated degludec and 248 (99%) of 251 allocated glargine were included in the full analysis set (mean age 58·9 years [SD 9·3], diabetes duration 13·5 years [7·3], HbA(1c) 8·3% [0·8], and fasting plasma glucose 9·2 mmol/L [3·1]); 618 (82%) and 211 (84%) participants completed the trial. After 1 year, HbA(1c) decreased by 1·1% in the degludec group and 1·2% in the glargine group (estimated treatment difference [degludec-glargine] 0·08%, 95% CI -0·05 to 0·21), confirming non-inferiority. Rates of overall confirmed hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose <3·1 mmol/L or severe episodes requiring assistance) were lower with degludec than glargine (11·1 vs 13·6 episodes per patient-year of exposure; estimated rate ratio 0·82, 95% CI 0·69 to 0·99; p=0·0359), as were rates of nocturnal confirmed hypoglycaemia (1·4 vs 1·8 episodes per patient-year of exposure; 0·75, 0·58 to 0·99; p=0·0399). Rates of severe hypoglycaemia seemed similar (0·06 vs 0·05 episodes per patient-year of exposure for degludec and glargine) but were too low for assessment of differences. Rates of other adverse events did not differ between groups.


INTERPRETATION
A policy of suboptimum diabetes control to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia and its consequences in advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus might be unwarranted with newer basal insulins such as degludec, which are associated with lower risks of hypoglycaemia than insulin glargine.


FUNDING
Novo Nordisk.
Employing transaction aggregation strategy to detect credit card fraud

Credit card fraud costs consumers and the financial industry billions of dollars annually. However, there is a dearth of published literature on credit card fraud detection. In this study we employed transaction aggregation strategy to detect credit card fraud. We aggregated transactions to capture consumer buying behavior prior to each transaction and used these aggregations for model estimation to identify fraudulent transactions. We use real-life data of credit card transactions from an international credit card operation for transaction aggregation and model estimation. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Curiosity, Creativity, and Surprise as Analytic Tools: Grounded Theory Method

Grounded theory method (GTM) is increasingly used in HCI and CSCW research (Fig. 1 ). GTM offers a rigorous way to explore a domain, with an emphasis on discovering new insights, testing those insights, and building partial understandings into a broader theory of the domain. The strength of the method—as a full method— is the ability to make sense of diverse phenomena, to construct an account of those phenomena that is strongly based in the data (“grounded” in the data), to develop that account through an iterative and principled series of challenges and modifi cations, and to communicate the end result to others in a way that is convincing and valuable to their own research and understanding. GTM is particularly appropriate for making sense of a domain without a dominant theory. It is not concerned with testing existing theories. Rather, GTM is concerned with the creation of theory, and with the rigorous and even ruthless examination of that new theory. Grounded Theory Method is exactly that—a method , or rather, a family of methods (Babchuk, 2010 )—for the development of theory. GTM makes explicit use of the capabilities that nearly all human share, to be curious about the world, to understand the world, and to communicate that understanding to others. GTM adds to these lay human capabilities a rigorous, scientifi c set of ways of inquiring, ways of thinking, and ways of knowing that can add power and explanatory strength to HCI and CSCW research. Curiosity, Creativity, and Surprise as Analytic Tools: Grounded Theory Method
Social tenure domain model requirements from the perspective of pro - poor land management

Many people think that the way to solve the problems of insecurity of tenure, homelessness and the development of slums is through large scale land titling (Biau, 2005). While this approach is of course important and necessary, it is not enough on its own to deliver security of tenure to the majority of citizens in most developing counties, especially in Africa. The best figures available indicate that less than 30 percent of the land in developing countries is titled. In many countries of Sub Saharan Africa, this drops to one percent. There are many reasons for this, such as the fact that customary tenure has a very strong influence. Individual land titling often works against the needs and aspirations of ordinary people, including in urban Africa where informal forms of land tenure are often adaptations of rural customs.