LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child behaviour problems: the Generation R Study.

BACKGROUND
Several studies showed that maternal smoking in pregnancy is related to behavioural and emotional disorders in the offspring. It is unclear whether this is a causal association, or can be explained by other smoking-related vulnerability factors for child behavioural problems.


METHODS
Within a population-based birth cohort, both mothers and fathers reported on their smoking habits at several time-points during pregnancy. Behavioural problems were measured with the Child Behavior Checklist in 4680 children at the age of 18 months.


RESULTS
With adjustment for age and gender only, children of mothers who continued smoking during pregnancy had higher risk of Total Problems [odds ratio (OR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21-2.08] and Externalizing problems (OR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.15-1.84), compared with children of mothers who never smoked. Smoking by father when mother did not smoke, was also related to a higher risk of behavioural problems. The statistical association of parental smoking with behavioural problems was strongly confounded by parental characteristics, chiefly socioeconomic status and parental psychopathology; adjustment for these factors accounted entirely for the effect of both maternal and paternal smoking on child behavioural problems.


CONCLUSIONS
Maternal smoking during pregnancy, as well as paternal smoking, occurs in the context of other factors that place the child at increased developmental risk, but may not be causally related to the child's behaviour. It is essential to include sufficient information on parental psychiatric symptoms in studies exploring the association between pre-natal cigarette smoke exposure and behavioural disorders.
Clinical application of therapeutic plasma exchange in the Three Gorges Area.

OBJECTIVE
To analyze the clinical effect of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) on 43 patients in the Three Gorges Area.


METHODS
Plasma was collected by machine and combined with low-molecular-weight dextran and albumin for use as a replacement fluid for TPE treatment of 43 patients suffering from various blood disorders, diseases of the nervous system, ABO incompatible allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and kidney disease.


RESULTS
The volume of a single TPE was 1.6-2.0l, performed on average 2.3 times/case, and effective in 88.4% (38/43) of cases.


CONCLUSION
TPE through the plasma collection machine is a well tolerated, economic and effective treatment.
Is There a Link Between Executive Compensation and Accounting Fraud ?

This study investigates the association between the structure of executive compensation and accounting fraud. We study 50 firms accused of accounting fraud by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) during the period 1996-2003 as compared to firms not accused of accounting fraud during the same period. We find that the probability of accounting fraud is increasing in the percent of total executive compensation that is stock-based (termed stock-based mix) after controlling for governance characteristics, financial performance, financial distress, firm size, and the likelihood of management wanting to obtain external financing. We find that while the unconditional likelihood of accounting fraud is small, a one standard deviation increase in the proportion of compensation that is stock-based increases the probability of an accounting fraud by approximately 68%. For managers to undertake fraud they must perceive positive benefits from it. We examine the extent to which managerial wealth was overstated prior to the alleged fraud by measuring the decline in managerial wealth once the alleged fraud was made public. We find that the value of managerial stock holdings in firms accused of fraud declined by 49% at the median over the six months following the accusation of fraud. We do not conclude from this evidence that stock-based compensation is inefficient. Rather, the evidence suggests that compensation committees face a trade-off between the positive incentive effects afford by stock-based compensation and the negative effect of increasing the probability of accounting fraud. JEL classification: G30, G32, J33, M41
The Influence of Metabolic Factors for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Women

BACKGROUND/AIMS
Women after menopause have increased insulin resistance and visceral fat, which may increase the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the pathogenesis of NAFLD in women has not been clearly defined. In this study, we aimed to determine the risk factors for NAFLD in women.


METHODS
A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Women who underwent abdominal ultrasonography and blood sampling for routine health check-ups were recruited.


RESULTS
Among 1,423 subjects, 695 women (48.9%) were in a menopausal state. The prevalence of NAFLD was higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women (27.2% versus 14.4%, P < 0.001). In premenopausal women, low HDL-cholesterol, central obesity, and homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance showed a significant association with the increased risk of NAFLD in multivariate analysis. In postmenopausal women, the presence of diabetes, triglyceridemia, and central obesity showed a significant association with the risk of NAFLD. The presence of menopause and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women were not risk factors for NAFLD.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings showed different metabolic factors for NAFLD in pre- and postmenopausal women. However, the key issues are the same: central obesity and insulin resistance. These results reemphasize the importance of metabolic factors irrespective of menopausal status in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in women.
Marketing financial services to all levels of affluence

This study examines efforts being made by commercial banks to satisfy their obligations under the Community Reinvestment Act while at the same time responding to changes in their economic and competitive environments. Banks are being directly and indirectly mandated by outside forces to find ways to serve all segments of their markets. What one could consider the banks' choices or prerogatives, such as served markets, selection and pursuit of desired market niches, differentiation strategies, and positioning alternatives, are all being affected by outside regulatory forces. In an effort to identify the marketing-related factors that differentiate the two groups, this study compares the policies and characteristics of those institutions that are satisfying their regulatory obligations to those institutions that are not satisfying their obligations. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Handbook of Constraint Programming

Syntax We distinguish between two different kinds of constraints: built-in (pre-defined) constraints which are solved by a built-in constraint solver, and CHR (user-defined) constraintswhich are defined by the rules in a CHR program. Built-in const rain s include syntactic equality=, true, andfalse. This distinction allows to embed and utilize existing constraint solvers as well as side-effect-free host langua ge statements. Built-in constraint solvers are considered as black-boxes in whose behavior is t rusted and that do not need to be modified or inspected. The solvers for the built-in constr ain s can be written in CHR itself, giving rise to a hierarchy of solvers [87]. A CHR programis a finite set of rules. There are three kinds of rules: Simplification rule: Name@ H ⇔ C B Propagation rule: Name@ H ⇒ C B Simpagation rule: Name@ H \H ′ ⇔ C B Nameis an optional, unique identifier of a rule, theadH , H ′ is a non-empty conjunction of CHR constraints, the guardC is a conjunction of built-in constraints, and the bodyB is a goal. Agoal is a conjunction of built-in and CHR constraints. A trivial g uard expression “ true” can be omitted from a rule. Simpagation rules abbreviate simplification rules of the fo rm H ∧H ′ ⇔ C H ∧B, so there is no further need to discuss them separately. Operational Semantics At runtime, a CHR program is provided with an initial state an d will be executed until either no more rules are applicable or a contradiction occur s. The operational semantics of CHR is given by a transition sys tem (Fig. 1.14). LetP be a CHR program. We define the transition relation 7→ by two computation steps (transitions), one for each kind of CHR rule. Statesare goals, i.e., conjunctions of built-in and CHR constraints. States are also called (constraint) stores . In the figure, all upper case letters are meta-variables that stand for conjunctions of cons trai ts. The constraint theory CT defines the semantics of the built-in constraints. Gbi denotes the built-in constraints of G. 2Integrating deduction and abduction, bottom-up and top-do wn execution, forward and backward chaining, tabulation and integrity constraints. 26 1. Constraints in Procedural and Concurrent Languages
Research Approaches to Mobile Use in the Developing World: A Review of the Literature

at Columbia University for support during the writing of the early draft of paper, and to numerous readers—particularly the three anonymous reviewers—for their suggestions. Opinions and analysis are the author's, and not necessarily those of Microsoft Corporation. Abstract The paper reviews roughly 200 recent studies of mobile (cellular) phone use in the developing world, and identifies major concentrations of research. It categorizes studies along two dimensions. One dimension distinguishes studies of the determinants of mobile adoption from those that assess the impacts of mobile use, and from those focused on the interrelationships between mobile technologies and users. A secondary dimension identifies a subset of studies with a strong economic development perspective. The discussion considers the implications of the resulting review and typology for future research.
Detection and prevention of SIP flooding attacks in voice over IP networks

As voice over IP (VoIP) increasingly gains popularity, traffic anomalies such as the SIP flooding attacks are also emerging and becoming into a major threat to the technology. Thus, detecting and preventing such anomalies is critical to ensure an effective VoIP system. The existing flooding detection schemes are inefficient in detecting low-rate flooding from dynamic background traffic, or may even totally fail when flooding is launched in a multi-attribute manner by simultaneously manipulating different types of SIP messages. In this paper, we develop an online scheme to detect and subsequently prevent the flooding attacks, by integrating a novel three-dimensional sketch design with the Hellinger distance (HD) detection technique. The sketch data structure summarizes the incoming SIP messages into a compact and constant-size data set based on which a separate probability distribution can be established for each SIP attribute. The HD monitors the evolution of the probability distributions and detects flooding attacks when abnormal variations are observed. The three-dimensional design equips our scheme with the advantages of high detection accuracy even for low-rate flooding, robust performance under multi-attribute flooding, and the capability of selectively discarding the offending SIP messages to prevent the attacks. Moreover, we develop an estimation freeze mechanism to protect the detection threshold from being polluted by attacks. Not only do we theoretically analyze the performance of the proposed detection and prevention techniques, but also resort to extensive simulations to thoroughly examine the performance.
Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease: results of a pooled analysis of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in Japan

BACKGROUND
With the increase in the aging population, there is a pressing need to provide effective treatment options for individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist used to treat AD in > 80 countries worldwide, and studies in the USA and Europe have shown it to be effective in improving language deficits; however, there are currently no data on language improvements in Japanese patients treated with memantine.


OBJECTIVES
To clarify the efficacy and safety of memantine in Japanese outpatients with moderate to severe AD, using a pooled analysis of two multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trials, a phase 2 dose-finding study and a phase 3 study.


RESULTS
The final analysis comprised 633 patients (318 receiving memantine and 315 placebo). Memantine produced better outcomes in terms of Severe Impairment Battery-Japanese version, Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change plus-Japanese version, Behavioral Pathology in AD Rating Scale, and language scores, versus placebo. The overall incidence of adverse events and adverse reactions was similar between groups.


CONCLUSION
In this pooled analysis of Japanese patients, memantine achieved better outcomes than placebo in terms of cognition, including attention, praxis, visuospatial ability and language, and behavioral and psychological symptoms, including activity disturbances and aggressiveness.
HEALTH AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY FOR FEMALE WORKFORCE OF GARMENT INDUSTRIES IN BANGLADESH

It is the advantage to outsourcing of supply chains that opened up a new door of economic emancipation for Bangladesh. The readymade garments (RMG) of Bangladesh emerge as value chain member of European, USA cloth merchants and retails. Many of them are found economic justification in outsourcing production function to Bangladesh. RMG sector of Bangladesh responded to this outsourcing demand quite successfully. The overwhelming success of the RMG sector of Bangladesh has moved its status in the global context in terms of economic and social development indicators. Despite the challenge that lies ahead, Bangladesh performed well in terms of realizing benefit of economic globalization, particularly its RMG sector. This paper discusses in brief the problem of health and safety issues of female workforce of garment industries in Bangladesh based upon the industry environment, their residential environment, working condition, age, problem of health, causes of diseases, causes of fire accident and their medical facilities.
Transversus abdominis muscle release: a novel approach to posterior component separation during complex abdominal wall reconstruction.

BACKGROUND
Several modifications of the classic retromuscular Stoppa technique to facilitate dissection beyond the lateral border of the rectus sheath recently were reported. We describe a novel technique of transversus abdominis muscle release (TAR) for posterior component separation during major abdominal wall reconstructions.


METHODS
Retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing TAR. Briefly, the retromuscular space is developed laterally to the edge of the rectus sheath. The posterior rectus sheath is incised 0.5-1 cm underlying medial to the linea semilunaris to expose the medial edge of the transversus abdominis muscle. The muscle then is divided, allowing entrance to the space anterior to the transversalis fascia. The posterior rectus fascia then is advanced medially. The mesh is placed as a sublay and the linea alba is restored ventral to the mesh.


RESULTS
Between December 2006 and December 2009, we have used this technique successfully in 42 patients with massive ventral defects. Thirty-two (76.2%) patients had recurrent hernias. The average mesh size used was 1,201 ± 820 cm(2) (range, 600-2,700). Ten (23.8%) patients developed various wound complications requiring reoperation/debridement in 3 patients. At a median follow-up period of 26.1 months, there have been 2 (4.7%) recurrences.


CONCLUSIONS
Our novel technique for posterior component separation was associated with a low perioperative morbidity and a low recurrence rate. Overall, transversus abdominis muscle release may be an important addition to the armamentarium of surgeons undertaking major abdominal wall reconstructions.
On estimation of wind velocity, angle-of-attack and sideslip angle of small UAVs using standard sensors

It is proposed to estimate wind velocity, Angle-Of-Attack (AOA) and Sideslip Angle (SSA) of a fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) using only kinematic relationships with a Kalman Filter (KF), avoiding the need to know aerodynamic models or other aircraft parameters. Assuming that measurements of airspeed and attitude of an UAV are available as inputs, a linear 4th order time-varying model of the UAV's longitudinal speed and the 3-D wind velocity is used to design a Kalman-filter driven by a GNSS velocity measurement airspeed sensor. An observability analysis shows that the states can be estimated along with an airspeed sensor calibration factor provided that the flight maneuvers are persistently exciting, i.e. the aircraft changes attitude. The theoretical analysis of the KF shows that global exponential stability of the estimation error is achieved under these conditions. The method is tested using experimental data from three different UAVs, using their legacy autopilot to provide basic estimates of UAV velocity and attitude. The results show that convergent estimates are achieved with typical flight patterns indicating that excitation resulting from the environment and normal flight operation is sufficient. Wind velocity estimates correlate well with observed winds at the ground. The validation of AOA and SSA estimates is preliminary, but indicate some degree of correlation between the AOA estimate and vertical accelerometer measurements, as would be expected since lift force can be modeled as a linear function of AOA in normal flight.
Big-Data in Climate Change Models — A Novel Approach with Hadoop MapReduce

The goal of this work is to present a software package which is able to process binary climate data through spawning Map-Reduce tasks while introducing minimum computational overhead and without modifying existing application code. The package is formed by the combination of two tools, Pipistrello, a Java utility that allows users to execute Map-Reduce tasks over any kind of binary file, Tina a lightweight Python library that building on top of Pipistrello is able to process scientific dataset, including NetCDF files. We benchmarked the combination of this two tools using a test Apache Hadoop Cluster (4 nodes) and a “relatively” small data set (200 GB), obtaining encouraging results. When using larger clusters and larger storage space, Tina and Pipistrello should be able to scale-up and analyse hundreds of Terabytes of scientific data in a faster, easier and efficient way.
The impact of isoniazid preventive therapy and antiretroviral therapy on tuberculosis in children infected with HIV in a high tuberculosis incidence setting.

BACKGROUND
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children infected with HIV. Strategies to prevent TB in children include isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) and antiretroviral therapy (ART). IPT and ART have been reported to reduce TB incidence in adults but there are few studies in children.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the combined effect of IPT and ART on TB risk in children infected with HIV.


METHODS
A cohort analysis was done within a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of isoniazid (INH) compared with placebo in children infected with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa, a high TB incidence setting. In May 2004 the placebo arm was terminated and all children were switched to INH. ART was not widely available at the start of the study, but children were started on ART following the establishment of the national ART program in 2004. Data were analysed using Cox proportional hazard regression.


RESULTS
After adjusting for age, nutritional status and immunodeficiency at enrolment, INH alone, ART alone and INH combined with ART reduced the risk of TB disease by 0.22 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.53), 0.32 (95% CI 0.07 to 1.55) and 0.11 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.32) respectively. INH reduced the risk of TB disease in children on ART by 0.23 (95% CI 0.05 to 1.00).


CONCLUSIONS
The finding that IPT may offer additional protection in children on ART has significant public health implications because this offers a possible strategy for reducing TB in children infected with HIV. Widespread use of this strategy will however require screening of children for active TB disease. Trial registration Trial registration-Clinical Trials NCT00330304.
Long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) produced from CD34+ cord blood cells with limiting dilution method.

OBJECTIVE
Even though much progress has been made in defining primitive hematologic cell phenotypes by using flow cytometry and clonogenic methods, the direct method for study of marrow repopulating cells still remains to be elusive. Long Term Culture-Initiating Cells (LTC-IC) are known as the most primitive human hematopoietic cells detectable by in vitro functional assays.


METHODS
In this study, LTC-IC with limiting dilution assay was used to evaluate repopulating potential of cord blood stem cells.


RESULTS
CD34 selections from cord blood were completed succesfully with magnetic beads (73,64%±9,12). The average incidence of week 5 LTC-IC was 1: 1966 CD34+ cells (range 1261-2906).


CONCLUSION
We found that number of LTC-IC obtained from CD34+ cord blood cells were relatively low in numbers when compared to previously reported bone marrow CD34+ cells. This may be due to the lack of some transcription and growth factors along with some cytokines and chemokines released by accessory cells which are necessary for proliferation of cord blood progenitor/stem cells and it presents an area of interest for further studies.
Faculty Development for Simulation Programs: Five Issues for the Future of Debriefing Training.

STATEMENT
Debriefing is widely recognized as a critically important element of simulation-based education. Simulation educators obtain and/or seek debriefing training from various sources, including workshops at conferences, simulation educator courses, formal fellowships in debriefings, or through advanced degrees. Although there are many options available for debriefing training, little is known about how faculty development opportunities should be structured to maintain and enhance the quality of debriefing within simulation programs. In this article, we discuss 5 key issues to help shape the future of debriefing training for simulation educators, specifically the following: (1) Are we teaching the appropriate debriefing methods? (2) Are we using the appropriate methods to teach debriefing skills? (3) How can we best assess debriefing effectiveness? (4) How can peer feedback of debriefing be used to improve debriefing quality within programs? (5) How can we individualize debriefing training opportunities to the learning needs of our educators?