LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Generalized symmetrical angle PWM technique for A.C. voltage controller

Conventional methods of a.c. voltage controllers, such as on-off control and phase-angle control are known to produce harmonic voltages in the ax. supply lines. This paper introduces the use of forced commutated techniques in a. c. voltage controllers, namely; symmetrical angle pulse width modulation technique. The symmetrically displaced pulses within the sinusoidal voltage waveform is adopted. The advantages of unity displacement factor and high frequency harmonic currents which are easy to filter, can be gained in the suggested control technique. The resulting harmonic currents from the proposed technique are analyzed and compared on a basis of the phase-angle controlled technique. Simple LC filters can be introduced in the supply input side of the voltage controllers to improve the quality of the supply voltage waveform. The analysis of harmonic currents showed that noticeable reduction is gained with increasing the number of pulses per half cycle. Index Term A.C. Choppers, P WM, Harmonics
Making the transition from microsurgery to endoscopic trans-sphenoidal pituitary neurosurgery.

This article reviews the published experience of others and introduces the authors' insights into the development of an endoscopic pituitary program. While initially challenging, this transition to endoscopic trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery can yield rewards in the form of superior visualization and potentially more complete tumor resections. With increasing cumulative experience with the endoscopic transsphenoidal technique for pituitary surgery, the improved visualization and less steep learning curve will facilitate more widespread acceptance of endoscopic pituitary surgery as a valid alternative to the trans-septal trans-sphenoidal microscopic approach to pituitary tumors. If not a complete alternative, endoscopic-assisted pituitary surgery will also become more widespread, as endoscopy can easily supplement standard microscopic approaches to pituitary tumors. As transnasal endoscopic approaches to the skull base are increasingly refined in technology and skill, additional applications of this technology may permit skull base approaches through the planum sphenoidale and tuberculum sellae for the removal of giant suprasellar macroadenomas that may otherwise require an open craniotomy for surgical management. The collaboration between otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons is important for further developing successful endoscopic trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery and improving care for patients. Objective evidence is needed to validate whether the improved visualization results in superior patient outcomes and reduced clinical complications, and if this technique can be reasonably taught in a controlled, supervised setting in residency training programs. Additional outcomes data are needed to evaluate long-term outcomes and define the boundaries of endoscopic trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery.
Diagnosis and treatment of rosacea.

BACKGROUND
Rosacea is a common skin disorder affecting middle-aged and older adults. Many patients mistakenly assume that early rosacea is normally aging skin and are not aware that effective treatments exist to prevent progression to permanent disfiguring skin changes.


METHODS
The medical literature was reviewed on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of rosacea. MEDLINE was searched using the key search terms "rosacea," "rhinophyma," "metronidazole," "Helicobacter pylori," and "facial redness."


RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Rosacea is easily diagnosed by physician observation, and physicians should initiate discussion of rosacea treatment with patients. Effective treatment of rosacea includes avoidance of triggers, topical and oral antibiotic therapy, both topical and oral retinoid therapy, topical vitamin C therapy, and cosmetic surgery.
Marshall-Olkin Extended Burr Type XII Distribution

Marshall and Olkin (1997) proposed a new method to establish more flexible new families of distributions by adding a parameter to a distribution. In this article, Marshall-Olkin extended Burr type XII (MOEBXII) distribution is introduced. Properties of MOEBXII distribution are studied and analyzed. Based on complete sample, maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimators of the parameters are derived. Application to a real data set is carried out to illustrate the flexibility of the model.
Isoperimetric graph partitioning for image segmentation

Spectral graph partitioning provides a powerful approach to image segmentation. We introduce an alternate idea that finds partitions with a small isoperimetric constant, requiring solution to a linear system rather than an eigenvector problem. This approach produces the high quality segmentations of spectral methods, but with improved speed and stability.
Worked examples of alternative methods for the synthesis of qualitative and quantitative research in systematic reviews

BACKGROUND
The inclusion of qualitative studies in systematic reviews poses methodological challenges. This paper presents worked examples of two methods of data synthesis (textual narrative and thematic), used in relation to one review, with the aim of enabling researchers to consider the strength of different approaches.


METHODS
A systematic review of lay perspectives of infant size and growth was conducted, locating 19 studies (including both qualitative and quantitative). The data extracted from these were synthesised using both a textual narrative and a thematic synthesis.


RESULTS
The processes of both methods are presented, showing a stepwise progression to the final synthesis. Both methods led us to similar conclusions about lay views toward infant size and growth. Differences between methods lie in the way they dealt with study quality and heterogeneity.


CONCLUSION
On the basis of the work reported here, we consider textual narrative and thematic synthesis have strengths and weaknesses in relation to different research questions. Thematic synthesis holds most potential for hypothesis generation, but may obscure heterogeneity and quality appraisal. Textual narrative synthesis is better able to describe the scope of existing research and account for the strength of evidence, but is less good at identifying commonality.
Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS)

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to develop a self-diagnostic scale that could distinguish smartphone addicts based on the Korean self-diagnostic program for Internet addiction (K-scale) and the smartphone's own features. In addition, the reliability and validity of the smartphone addiction scale (SAS) was demonstrated.


METHODS
A total of 197 participants were selected from Nov. 2011 to Jan. 2012 to accomplish a set of questionnaires, including SAS, K-scale, modified Kimberly Young Internet addiction test (Y-scale), visual analogue scale (VAS), and substance dependence and abuse diagnosis of DSM-IV. There were 64 males and 133 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 53 years (M = 26.06; SD = 5.96). Factor analysis, internal-consistency test, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation analysis were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of SAS.


RESULTS
Based on the factor analysis results, the subscale "disturbance of reality testing" was removed, and six factors were left. The internal consistency and concurrent validity of SAS were verified (Cronbach's alpha = 0.967). SAS and its subscales were significantly correlated with K-scale and Y-scale. The VAS of each factor also showed a significant correlation with each subscale. In addition, differences were found in the job (p<0.05), education (p<0.05), and self-reported smartphone addiction scores (p<0.001) in SAS.


CONCLUSIONS
This study developed the first scale of the smartphone addiction aspect of the diagnostic manual. This scale was proven to be relatively reliable and valid.
Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D, but not the bioavailable fraction of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels correlate with higher disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, it is not clear whether low 25(OH)D levels directly contribute to increased disease activity or merely represent a consequence of reduced endogenous vitamin D synthesis in more disabled MS patients. Furthermore, recent data suggest that bioavailable vitamin D, which also integrates the levels of vitamin D binding proteins and albumin, could be a biologically more relevant parameter than 25(OH)D.


METHODS
Measured de-seasonalized 25(OH)D3 and vitamin D binding protein and calculated bioavailable and free vitamin D were compared in the baseline serum samples of 76 patients with clinically isolated syndrome enrolled in a longitudinal observational study and in 76 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC).


RESULTS
25(OH)D3 levels were lower in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (P = 0.002) than in HC, and more patients (8/76, 10.5%) than HC (1/76, 1.3%) had 25(OH)D3 levels <25 nmol/l (P = 0.03). In contrast, levels of 25(OH)D2, vitamin D binding protein and calculated levels of free and bioavailable vitamin D did not differ between the two groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Lower 25(OH)D3 levels already in the earliest phase of disease and in clinically hardly affected patients suggest that low 25(OH)D3 levels are rather a risk factor for than a consequence of MS. Nevertheless, because bioavailable vitamin D levels did not differ between the two groups, the mechanism underlying the association of 25(OH)D3 and MS does not appear to be related to reduced bioavailability of vitamin D.
Fog Computing: Helping the Internet of Things Realize Its Potential

The Internet of Things (IoT) could enable innovations that enhance the quality of life, but it generates unprecedented amounts of data that are difficult for traditional systems, the cloud, and even edge computing to handle. Fog computing is designed to overcome these limitations.
Evaluating the diet of children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes: first results from the TEENDIAB study.

OBJECTIVE
The development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is potentially influenced by nutrition. The aim of our study was to assess food and nutrient intakes of children at increased risk of T1D.


DESIGN
Dietary intake of the last 4 weeks was assessed using a diet history interview. The daily nutrient and food intakes were compared with the German Dietary Reference Intakes, the Optimized Mixed Diet recommendations and those of a representative sample of children from the EsKiMo study.


SETTING
Children included in the analysis participated in the prospective TEENDIAB study.


SUBJECTS
First-degree relatives of people with T1D (n 268), aged 8-12 years.


RESULTS
The TEENDIAB children consumed 52·0 % of their total energy from carbohydrates, 32·6 % from fat and 14·3 % from protein. Compared with the reference values, their intake was lowest for folate at 61·3 % of the reference, for iodine at 58·1 % and for vitamin D at 8·9 %, and exceeded the reference for vitamin K about 5-fold, for Na about 3·5-fold and for protein about 1·5-fold. Their nutrient intakes were similar to those of a control cohort without increased T1D risk. The consumption of non-desirable food groups (meat products, sweets/snacks) was above the recommendations and the consumption of desirable food groups (fruits, vegetables, carbohydrate-rich foods) was below the recommendations.


CONCLUSIONS
The TEENDIAB children had intakes considerably below the recommendations for vitamin D, iodine, folate and plant-based foods, and intakes above for vitamin K, Na, protein, meat products and sweets/snacks. They showed similar dietary patterns to non-risk children.
Practice parameter: early detection of dementia: mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

OBJECTIVE
The goal of this project was to determine whether screening different groups of elderly individuals in a general or specialty practice would be beneficial in detecting dementia.


BACKGROUND
Epidemiologic studies of aging and dementia have demonstrated that the use of research criteria for the classification of dementia has yielded three groups of subjects: those who are demented, those who are not demented, and a third group of individuals who cannot be classified as normal or demented but who are cognitively (usually memory) impaired.


METHODS
The authors conducted computerized literature searches and generated a set of abstracts based on text and index words selected to reflect the key issues to be addressed. Articles were abstracted to determine whether there were sufficient data to recommend the screening of asymptomatic individuals. Other research studies were evaluated to determine whether there was value in identifying individuals who were memory-impaired beyond what one would expect for age but who were not demented. Finally, screening instruments and evaluation techniques for the identification of cognitive impairment were reviewed.


RESULTS
There were insufficient data to make any recommendations regarding cognitive screening of asymptomatic individuals. Persons with memory impairment who were not demented were characterized in the literature as having mild cognitive impairment. These subjects were at increased risk for developing dementia or AD when compared with similarly aged individuals in the general population.


RECOMMENDATIONS
There were sufficient data to recommend the evaluation and clinical monitoring of persons with mild cognitive impairment due to their increased risk for developing dementia (Guideline). Screening instruments, e.g., Mini-Mental State Examination, were found to be useful to the clinician for assessing the degree of cognitive impairment (Guideline), as were neuropsychologic batteries (Guideline), brief focused cognitive instruments (Option), and certain structured informant interviews (Option). Increasing attention is being paid to persons with mild cognitive impairment for whom treatment options are being evaluated that may alter the rate of progression to dementia.
Kawasaki disease after vaccination: reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system 1990-2007.

BACKGROUND
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a multisystemic vasculitis primarily affecting children<5 years. A review of RotaTeq (rotavirus vaccine live) clinical trial data revealed higher, though not statistically significantly, KD rates among RotaTeq vaccines than placebo recipients. In June 2007, the RotaTeq label was revised accordingly.


OBJECTIVES
To describe and assess KD reported to Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) for all US licensed vaccines.


METHODS
We reviewed all KD reports received by VAERS from 1990 through mid-October 2007. Cases were characterized by age, gender, onset interval, and vaccine type. Proportional reporting ratio (PRR) was used to evaluate KD reporting for each vaccine compared with all others. Reporting rates were calculated using number of doses distributed as denominator.


RESULTS
Through October 14, 2007, 107 KD reports were received by VAERS: 26 were categorized as classic cases, 19 atypical, 52 possible, and 10 were noncases. Of the 97 cases, 91% were children<5 years. There was no clustering of onset intervals after day 1 postvaccination. Before the RotaTeq label revision, the KD PRR was elevated only for Pediarix (DTaP, hepB, and IPV combined) but the KD reporting rate for Pediarix (0.59/100,000 person-years) was much lower than the background incidence rate (9-19/100,000 person-years) for children<5 years in the United States. After the revision, reporting of KD for RotaTeq was stimulated but the reporting rate for RotaTeq (1.47/100,000 person-years) was still much lower than the background rate.


CONCLUSIONS
Our review does not suggest an elevated KD risk for RotaTeq or other vaccines. Continued postmarketing monitoring for KD is ongoing.
2D/3D indoor navigation based on multi-sensor assisted pedestrian navigation in Wi-Fi environments

Because of the complementary nature of inertial measurement unit based pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) and Wi-Fi positioning, the combination of both systems yields a synergetic effect resulting in higher navigation performance. Barometric sensors can provide height information for 2D/3D indoor navigation applications in multi-floor environments. In this paper, we explore the multi-sensor assisted pedestrian navigation. A PDR/Wi-Fi/barometer integrated system is presented. The adaptive Kalman filter is employed for sensor fusion, which can adapt dynamic noise statistics. One field experiment has been conducted in a multi-floor building. The numerical results are presented to show the navigation performance of the integrated system.
Post-PC devices: A summary of early iPad technology adoption in tertiary environments

In just under 3 months worldwide sales of Apple's iPad tablet device stood at over 3 million units sold. The iPad device, along with rival products signify a shift in the way in which print and other media products are purchased and consumed by users. While facing initial skepticism about the uptake of the device numerous industries have been quick to adapt the device to their specific needs. Based around a newly developed six point typology of “post-PC” device utility this project undertook a significant review of publicly available material to identify worldwide trends in iPad adoption and use within the tertiary sector.
Multimodal photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy in mouse.

Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) is a novel imaging technology that measures optical absorption in the retina. The capability of PAOM can be further enhanced if it could image mouse eyes, because mouse models are widely used for various retinal diseases. The challenges in achieving high-quality imaging of mouse retina, however, come from the much smaller eyeball size. Here, we report an optimized imaging system, which integrates PAOM, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and autofluorescence-scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AF-SLO), for mouse eyes. Its multimodal capability was demonstrated by imaging transgenic Nrl-GFP mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in photoreceptors. SD-OCT provided guidance of optical alignment for PAOM and AF-SLO, and complementary contrast with high depth-resolution retinal cross sections. PAOM visualized the retinal vasculature and retinal pigment epithelium melanin, and AF-SLO measured GFP-expressing in retinal photoreceptors. The in vivo imaging results were verified by histology and confocal microscopy.
The adjunctive use of light-activated disinfection (LAD) with FotoSan is ineffective in the treatment of peri-implantitis: 1-year results from a multicentre pragmatic randomised controlled trial.

PURPOSE
To evaluate possible benefits of the adjunctive use of light-activated disinfection (LAD) in the treatment of peri-implantitis.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 80 patients with at least one implant affected by peri-implantitis defined as at least 3 mm of bone loss on baseline radiographs in the presence of signs of infection (pus exudation and/or soft tissue swelling and/or soft tissue redness) were non-surgically or surgically treated for peri-implantitis and 50% of them were randomly allocated to receive an additional LAD treatment (FotoSan) according to a parallel group design at four different centres. Only one implant per patient was considered. Outcome measures were implant failures, recurrence of peri-implantitis, complications, peri-implant marginal bone level (RAD) changes, probing pocket depth (PPD) changes and number of re-treatment sessions recorded by blinded assessors. Patients were followed up for 1 year after treatment.


RESULTS
Five treated patients did not fit the original inclusion criteria: 4 because they were not affected by the present definition of peri-implantitis and 1 due to being treated with antibiotics. However, they were included according to an intention-to-treat-analysis concept. Nine patients of the LAD group were treated surgically versus 10 control patients. After 1 year, 3 patients dropped out, all from the LAD group. One implant treated with the LAD therapy failed versus none of the control group. Four complications occurred: 3 in 3 patients of the LAD group and 1 in the control group. Recurrence of peri-implantitis defined as 2 mm of peri-implant bone loss or more recorded on standardised periapical radiographs was observed in 6 patients, 3 from each group. In total, 29 implants were re-treated 1 to 4 times in the LAD group versus 33 implants 1 to 4 times in the control group; the difference was not statistically significant. Peri-implant marginal bone levels remained stable up to 1 year with no statistically significant differences between groups (0.13 mm favouring LAD therapy; 95% CI of difference -0.47 to 0.72; P = 0.68). PPD significantly reduced in both groups, and at 1 year there were no significant differences between groups (difference 0.19 mm favouring LAD therapy; 95% CI of difference -0.70 to 1.07; P = 0.68). There were significant differences between centres for the number of re-treatment sessions delivered, PPD changes, plaque and marginal bleeding 1 year after treatment, but not for implant failures, complications, RAD changes and recurrence of peri-implantitis. The results did not change when removing the 5 patients who did not match the original inclusion criteria.


CONCLUSIONS
Adjunctive use of LAD therapy (FotoSan) with mechanical cleaning of implants affected by peri-implantitis did not improve any clinical outcomes when compared to mechanical cleaning alone up to 1 year after treatment.
The Impact of Quantum Computing on Present Cryptography

The aim of this paper is to elucidate the implications of quantum computing in present cryptography and to introduce the reader to basic post-quantum algorithms. In particular the reader can delve into the following subjects: present cryptographic schemes (symmetric and asymmetric), differences between quantum and classical computing, challenges in quantum computing, quantum algorithms (Shor’s and Grover’s), public key encryption schemes affected, symmetric schemes affected, the impact on hash functions, and post quantum cryptography. Specifically, the section of Post-Quantum Cryptography deals with different quantum key distribution methods and mathematicalbased solutions, such as the BB84 protocol, lattice-based cryptography, multivariate-based cryptography, hash-based signatures and code-based cryptography. Keywords—quantum computers; post-quantum cryptography; Shor’s algorithm; Grover’s algorithm; asymmetric cryptography; symmetric cryptography