LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A Framework of Translator From English Speech To Sanskrit Text

Human computer interaction is defined as Users (Humans) interact with the computers. Speech recognition is an area of computer science that deals with the designing of systems that recognize spoken words. Speech recognition system allows ordinary people to speak to the system. Recognizing and understanding a spoken sentence is obviously a knowledge-intensive process, which must take into account all variable information about the speech communication process, from acoustics to semantics and pragmatics. This paper is the survey of how speech is converted in text and that text in translated into another language. In this paper, we outline a speech recognition system, learning based approach and target language generation mechanism with the help of language EnglishSanskrit language pair using rule based machine translation technique [1]. Rule Based Machine Translation provides high quality translation and requires in depth knowledge of the language apart from real world knowledge and the differences in cultural background and conceptual divisions. Here the English speech is first converted into text and that will translated into Sanskrit language. Keywords-Speech Recognition, Sanskrit, Context Free Grammar, Rule based machine translation, Database.
Desmoid Tumors (Fibromatoses) of the Breast: A 25-Year Experience

Breast desmoid tumors are rare and often clinically mistaken for carcinoma. We reviewed our 25-year institutional experience with breast desmoid tumors. A search of pathology and sarcoma databases (1982–2006) identified 32 patients with pathologically confirmed breast desmoids. Records were retrospectively reviewed. Median presentation age was 45 years (range, 22–76). Eight patients (25%) had prior history of breast cancer and 14 (44%) of breast surgery, with desmoids diagnosed a median of 24 months postoperatively. All presented with physical findings. Mammography visualized the mass in 6/16, ultrasound in 9/9, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 8/8 patients in whom it was performed. In 15 patients with attempted needle biopsy, fine needle aspiration was inconclusive (9/9 patients), and core biopsy demonstrated a spindle cell lesion (6/7 patients). Treatment was surgical, with median tumor size of 2.5 cm (range, 0.3–15). Eight patients (29%) had recurring tumors at a median 15 months. Patients with recurring tumors were younger (median age: 28 vs. 46 years, p = 0.03). A trend toward more frequent recurrences in patients with positive (5/9 patients) versus negative (3/19 patients) margins (p = 0.07) and larger tumors (p = 0.12) was observed. In our series, breast desmoids presented as palpable masses suspicious for carcinoma clinically and radiographically. Therapy remains primarily surgical, and core biopsy aided in operative planning. Recurrences are common, with younger age and possibly positive margin status and larger tumor size associated with increased risk of recurrence. As 5/9 patients with positive and 3/19 patients with negative margins experienced recurrences, clinical judgment should be used prior to extensive and potentially deforming resections.
Research information in nurses' clinical decision-making: what is useful?

AIM
To examine those sources of information which nurses find useful for reducing the uncertainty associated with their clinical decisions.


BACKGROUND
Nursing research has concentrated almost exclusively on the concept of research implementation. Few, if any, papers examine the use of research knowledge in the context of clinical decision-making. There is a need to establish how useful nurses perceive information sources are, for reducing the uncertainties they face when making clinical decisions.


DESIGN
Cross-case analysis involving qualitative interviews, observation, documentary audit and Q methodological modelling of shared subjectivities amongst nurses. The case sites were three large acute hospitals in the north of England, United Kingdom. One hundred and eight nurses were interviewed, 61 of whom were also observed for a total of 180 hours and 122 nurses were involved in the Q modelling exercise.


RESULTS
Text-based and electronic sources of research-based information yielded only small amounts of utility for practising clinicians. Despite isolating four significantly different perspectives on what sources were useful for clinical decision-making, it was human sources of information for practice that were overwhelmingly perceived as the most useful in reducing the clinical uncertainties of nurse decision-makers.


CONCLUSIONS
It is not research knowledge per se that carries little weight in the clinical decisions of nurses, but rather the medium through which it is delivered. Specifically, text-based and electronic resources are not viewed as useful by nurses engaged in making decisions in real time, in real practice, but those individuals who represent a trusted and clinically credible source are. More research needs to be carried out on the qualities of people regarded as clinically important information agents (specifically, those in clinical nurse specialist and associated roles) whose messages for practice appear so useful for clinicians.
Sensitive Discount Optimality: Unifying Discounted and Average Reward Reinforcement Learning

Research in reinforcement learning (RL) has thus far concentrated on two optimality criteria: the discounted framework, which has been very well-studied, and the average-reward framework, in which interest is rapidly increasing. In this paper, we present a framework called sensitive discount optimality which ooers an elegant way of linking these two paradigms. Although sensitive discount optimality has been well studied in dynamic programming, with several provably convergent algorithms, it has not received any attention in RL. This framework is based on studying the properties of the expected cumulative discounted reward, as discounting tends to 1. Under these conditions, the cumulative discounted reward can be expanded using a Laurent series expansion to yields a sequence of terms, the rst of which is the average reward, the second involves the average adjusted sum of rewards (or bias), etc. We use the sensitive discount optimality framework to derive a new model-free average reward technique, which is related to Q-learning type methods proposed by Bertsekas, Schwartz, and Singh, but which unlike these previous methods, optimizes both the rst and second terms in the Laurent series (average reward and bias values). Statement: This paper has not been submitted to any other conference.
Prevalence and clinical characteristics of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in hospital patients with Type 2 diabetes in Korea.

AIMS
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of this neuropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetic mellitus treated at hospitals in Korea.


METHODS
Questionnaires and medical records were used to collect data on 4000 patients with Type 2 diabetes from the diabetes clinics of 40 hospitals throughout Korea. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was diagnosed based on a review of medical records or using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument score and monofilament test.


RESULTS
The prevalence of neuropathy was 33.5% (n = 1338). Multivariate analysis revealed that age, female sex, diabetes duration, lower glycated haemoglobin, treatment with oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin, presence of retinopathy, history of cerebrovascular or peripheral arterial disease, presence of hypertension or dyslipidaemia, and history of foot ulcer were independently associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Of the patients with neuropathy, 69.8% were treated for the condition and only 12.6% were aware of their neuropathy.


CONCLUSION
There was a high prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes in Korea and those patients were far more likely to have complications or co-morbidities. The proper management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy deserves attention from clinicians to ensure better management of diabetes in Korea.
Prevalence and management of uncontrolled hypertension in French patients aged over 80 years.

BACKGROUND
The rate of uncontrolled hypertensives aged >80 years is not well known. The available literature on this topic has used the threshold <140/90 mmHg, whereas there is now a consensus for a different target: systolic blood pressure (SBP)<150 mmHg.


AIMS
This prospective observational population-based study sought to assess the frequency and management of uncontrolled hypertension in French patients aged ≥80 years.


METHODS
Nine hundred and seventy-one treated hypertensive outpatients were evaluable (204 recruited by cardiologists, 767 by general practitioners [GPs]; mean age 84.8 ± 3.8 years; 57.8% women).


RESULTS
The frequency of SBP ≥ 150 mmHg was 36.6% (44.6% in cardiologists' patients and 34.4% in GPs' patients). The frequency of satisfaction with SBP ≥ 150 mmHg was 22.0% for cardiologists (32.6% if diastolic blood pressure [DBP] <90 mmHg and 9.5% if ≥90 mmHg; P=0.008) and 30.4% for GPs (51.7% if DBP <90 mmHg and 13.2% if ≥90 mmHg; P<0.0001). Non-diabetic status (for cardiologists) and DBP <90 mmHg (for cardiologists and GPs) were independent determinants of SBP being considered acceptable. Accordingly, in patients with an SBP level ≥ 150 mmHg that was considered too high, treatment was reinforced more often if DBP was ≥90 mmHg (82.3%) than <90 mmHg (68.5%).


CONCLUSION
In France, hypertension is uncontrolled in more than one in three elderly hypertensives. Physicians are aware that SBP should be lowered to <150 mmHg in patients aged>80 years, but when the target is not reached they are less likely to increase treatment if DBP is <90 mmHg.
Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE
Weight loss of 5% to 10% can improve type 2 diabetes and related comorbidities. Few safe, effective weight-management drugs are currently available.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate efficacy and safety of liraglutide vs placebo for weight management in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Fifty-six-week randomized (2:1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial with 12-week observational off-drug follow-up period. The study was conducted at 126 sites in 9 countries between June 2011 and January 2013. Of 1361 participants assessed for eligibility, 846 were randomized. Inclusion criteria were body mass index of 27.0 or greater, age 18 years or older, taking 0 to 3 oral hypoglycemic agents (metformin, thiazolidinedione, sulfonylurea) with stable body weight, and glycated hemoglobin level 7.0% to 10.0%.


INTERVENTIONS
Once-daily, subcutaneous liraglutide (3.0 mg) (n = 423), liraglutide (1.8 mg) (n = 211), or placebo (n = 212), all as adjunct to 500 kcal/d dietary deficit and increased physical activity (≥150 min/wk).


MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Three coprimary end points: relative change in weight, proportion of participants losing 5% or more, or more than 10%, of baseline weight at week 56.


RESULTS
Baseline weight was 105.7 kg with liraglutide (3.0-mg dose), 105.8 kg with liraglutide (1.8-mg dose), and 106.5 kg with placebo. Weight loss was 6.0% (6.4 kg) with liraglutide (3.0-mg dose), 4.7% (5.0 kg) with liraglutide (1.8-mg dose), and 2.0% (2.2 kg) with placebo (estimated difference for liraglutide [3.0 mg] vs placebo, -4.00% [95% CI, -5.10% to -2.90%]; liraglutide [1.8 mg] vs placebo, -2.71% [95% CI, -4.00% to -1.42%]; P < .001 for both). Weight loss of 5% or greater occurred in 54.3% with liraglutide (3.0 mg) and 40.4% with liraglutide (1.8 mg) vs 21.4% with placebo (estimated difference for liraglutide [3.0 mg] vs placebo, 32.9% [95% CI, 24.6% to 41.2%]; for liraglutide [1.8 mg] vs placebo, 19.0% [95% CI, 9.1% to 28.8%]; P < .001 for both). Weight loss greater than 10% occurred in 25.2% with liraglutide (3.0 mg) and 15.9% with liraglutide (1.8 mg) vs 6.7% with placebo (estimated difference for liraglutide [3.0 mg] vs placebo, 18.5% [95% CI, 12.7% to 24.4%], P < .001; for liraglutide [1.8 mg] vs placebo, 9.3% [95% CI, 2.7% to 15.8%], P = .006). More gastrointestinal disorders were reported with liraglutide (3.0 mg) vs liraglutide (1.8 mg) and placebo. No pancreatitis was reported.


CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Among overweight and obese participants with type 2 diabetes, use of subcutaneous liraglutide (3.0 mg) daily, compared with placebo, resulted in weight loss over 56 weeks. Further studies are needed to evaluate longer-term efficacy and safety.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01272232.
Diagnosis and management of kawasaki disease.

Kawasaki disease is an acute, systemic vasculitis that predominantly affects patients younger than five years. It represents the most prominent cause of acquired coronary artery disease in childhood. In the United States, 19 per 100,000 children younger than five years are hospitalized with Kawasaki disease annually. According to U.S. and Japanese guidelines, Kawasaki disease is a clinical diagnosis. Classic (typical) Kawasaki disease is diagnosed based on the presence of a fever lasting five or more days, accompanied by four out of five findings: bilateral conjunctival injection, oral changes such as cracked and erythematous lips and strawberry tongue, cervical lymphadenopathy, extremity changes such as erythema or palm and sole desquamation, and polymorphous rash. Incomplete (atypical) Kawasaki disease occurs in persons with fever lasting five or more days and with two or three of these findings. Transthoracic echocardiography is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice to screen for coronary aneurysms, although other techniques are being evaluated for diagnosis and management. Treatment for acute disease is intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin. If there is no response to treatment, patients are given a second dose of intravenous immunoglobulin with or without corticosteroids or other adjunctive treatments. The presence and severity of coronary aneurysms and obstruction at diagnosis determine treatment options and the need, periodicity, and intensity of long-term cardiovascular monitoring for potential atherosclerosis.
'Our community is the worst': the influence of cultural beliefs on stigma, relationships with family and help-seeking in three ethnic communities in London.

BACKGROUND
Existing knowledge about the cultural beliefs of black and minority ethnic (BME) communities in the UK regarding stigma and mental illness is limited.


MATERIAL
Data were collected in 10 focus groups, five with service users and five with laypersons, from BME communities in London.


DISCUSSION
Thematic analysis identified that cultural beliefs regarding mental illness reflect four different voices present within the BME communities.


CONCLUSION
The study revealed that cultural beliefs influencing both relationships with family and, consequently, help-seeking for individuals with mental illness must be considered in the development of anti-stigma interventions and when engaging communities around mental health.
Cohort Comparison of Event Sequences with Balanced Integration of Visual Analytics and Statistics

Finding the differences and similarities between two datasets is a common analytics task. With temporal event sequence data, this task is complex because of the many ways single events and event sequences can differ between the two datasets (or cohorts) of records: the structure of the event sequences (e.g., event order, co-occurring events, or event frequencies), the attributes of events and records (e.g., patient gender), or metrics about the timestamps themselves (e.g., event duration). In exploratory analyses, running statistical tests to cover all cases is time-consuming and determining which results are significant becomes cumbersome. Current analytics tools for comparing groups of event sequences emphasize a purely statistical or purely visual approach for comparison. This paper presents a taxonomy of metrics for comparing cohorts of temporal event sequences, showing that the problem-space is bounded. We also present a visual analytics tool, CoCo (for "Cohort Comparison"), which implements balanced integration of automated statistics with an intelligent user interface to guide users to significant, distinguishing features between the cohorts. Lastly, we describe two early case studies: the first with a research team studying medical team performance in the emergency department and the second with pharmacy researchers.
Response to Susilo and Duchaine: beyond neuropsychological dissociations in understanding face and word representations

We welcome the opportunity to clarify our theoretical position in light of comments by Susilo and Duchaine. Our central claim is that face and word processing are carried out by a distributed network of partially specialized cortical regions, with the degree of specialization varying across individuals (partly as a function of language lateralization). Thus, and perhaps not surprisingly, Susilo and Duchaine are adopting an overly all-or-none perspective when they mischaracterize our views as implying that cortical regions are ‘not specialized for particular categories’ or that ‘individuals with prosopagnosia will always have some deficits in word recognition while individuals with alexia will always have some deficits in face recognition’ (emphasis added). Rather, on our view, cortical regions are not dedicated to categories, and patients with severe face or word impairments will, as a population, tend to be more moderately impaired in the other domain, as well. To be clear, Susilo and Duchaine are absolutely correct to emphasize the importance of considering neuropsychological dissociations of face and word processing in evaluating our theory. It is worth pointing out that our claims concern the representations that support visual recognition of faces and words; we certainly do not claim that there are no mechanisms of any sort that are relevant to the processing of words, but not of faces (or vice versa). Thus, depending on the nature of the testing, performance on faces and words might dissociate for reasons outside the scope of our theory. More generally, however, as theories confront the complexities of individual differences among preand post-morbid populations, traditional neuropsychological inference based on single-case studies does not suffice [1,2] and a broader consideration of the full distribution of effects caused by brain damage is needed (see, e.g., [3]). Thus, it is difficult to interpret Farah’s [4] report of cases of prosopagnosia
Combined social cognitive and neurocognitive rehabilitation strategies in schizophrenia: neuropsychological and psychopathological influences on Theory of Mind improvement.

BACKGROUND
Neurocognitive and social cognitive impairments represent important treatment targets in schizophrenia, as they are significant predictors of functional outcome. Different rehabilitative interventions have recently been developed, addressing both cognitive and psychosocial domains. Although promising, results are still heterogeneous and predictors of treatment outcome are not yet identified. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of two newly developed social cognitive interventions, respectively based on the use of videotaped material and comic strips, combined with domain-specific Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT). We also analysed possible predictors of training outcome, including basal neurocognitive performance, the degree of cognitive improvement after CRT and psychopathological variables.


METHOD
Seventy-five patients with schizophrenia treated with CRT, were randomly assigned to: social cognitive training (SCT) group, Theory of Mind Intervention (ToMI) group, and active control group (ACG).


RESULTS
ANOVAs showed that SCT and ToMI groups improved significantly in ToM measures, whereas the ACG did not. We reported no influences of neuropsychological measures and improvement after CRT on changes in ToM. Both paranoid and non-paranoid subjects improved significantly after ToMI and SCT, without differences between groups, despite the better performance in basal ToM found among paranoid patients. In the ACG only non-paranoid patients showed an improvement in non-verbal ToM.


CONCLUSION
Results showed that both ToMI and SCT are effective in improving ToM in schizophrenia with no influence of neuropsychological domains. Our data also suggest that paranoid symptoms may discriminate between different types of ToM difficulties in schizophrenia.
Comprehensive MicroRNA expression profiling identifies novel markers in follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND
Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) shares features of papillary (PTC) and follicular (FTC) thyroid carcinomas on a clinical, morphological, and genetic level. MicroRNA (miRNA) deregulation was extensively studied in PTCs and FTCs. However, very limited information is available for FVPTC. The aim of this study was to assess miRNA expression in FVPTC with the most comprehensive miRNA array panel and to correlate it with the clinicopathological data.


METHODS
Forty-four papillary thyroid carcinomas (17 FVPTC, 27 classic PTC) and eight normal thyroid tissue samples were analyzed for expression of 748 miRNAs using Human Microarray Assays on the ABI 7900 platform (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). In addition, an independent set of 61 tumor and normal samples was studied for expression of novel miRNA markers detected in this study.


RESULTS
Overall, the miRNA expression profile demonstrated similar trends between FVPTC and classic PTC. Fourteen miRNAs were deregulated in FVPTC with a fold change of more than five (up/down), including miRNAs known to be upregulated in PTC (miR-146b-3p, -146-5p, -221, -222 and miR-222-5p) and novel miRNAs (miR-375, -551b, 181-2-3p, 99b-3p). However, the levels of miRNA expression were different between these tumor types and some miRNAs were uniquely dysregulated in FVPTC allowing separation of these tumors on the unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis. Upregulation of novel miR-375 was confirmed in a large independent set of follicular cell derived neoplasms and benign nodules and demonstrated specific upregulation for PTC. Two miRNAs (miR-181a-2-3p, miR-99b-3p) were associated with an adverse outcome in FVPTC patients by a Kaplan-Meier (p < 0.05) and multivariate Cox regression analysis (p < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Despite high similarity in miRNA expression between FVPTC and classic PTC, several miRNAs were uniquely expressed in each tumor type, supporting their histopathologic differences. Highly upregulated miRNA identified in this study (miR-375) can serve as a novel marker of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and miR-181a-2-3p and miR-99b-3p can predict relapse-free survival in patients with FVPTC thus potentially providing important diagnostic and predictive value.
Super-Resolution for Remote Sensing Images via Local–Global Combined Network

Super-resolution is an image processing technology that recovers a high-resolution image from a single or sequential low-resolution images. Recently deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made a huge breakthrough in many tasks including super-resolution. In this letter, we propose a new single-image super-resolution algorithm named local–global combined networks (LGCNet) for remote sensing images based on the deep CNNs. Our LGCNet is elaborately designed with its “multifork” structure to learn multilevel representations of remote sensing images including both local details and global environmental priors. Experimental results on a public remote sensing data set (UC Merced) demonstrate an overall improvement of both accuracy and visual performance over several state-of-the-art algorithms.