LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The Origins of Angiosperms and Their Biological Consequences

List of contributors Preface 1. Introduction to angiosperms E. M. Friis, W. G. Chaloner and P. R. Crane 2. The origin of angiosperms J. A. Doyle and M. J. Donoghue 3. Global palaeogeography and palaeoclimate of the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary Judith Totman Parrish 4. Mid-Cretaceous to Early Tertiary vegetation and climate: evidence from fossil leaves and woods G. R. Upchurch, Jr and J. A. Wolfe 5. Vegetational consequences of angiosperm diversification P. R. Crane 6. Time of appearance of floral features E. M. Friis and W. L. Crepet 7. The evolution of insect pollination in angiosperms W. L. Crepet and E. M. Friis 8. Interactions of angiosperms and herbivorous tetrapods through time S. L. Wing and B. H. Tiffney 9. Dinosaurs and land plants M. J. Coe, D. L. Dilcher, J. O. Farlow, D. M. Jarzen and D. A. Russell 10. Vegetational and mammalian faunal changes in the Early Tertiary of southern England M. E. Collinson and J. J. Hooker Classification of plants and animals Stratigraphic table Glossary Index.
Dorsal and Ventral Stream Interaction: Contributions from Optic Ataxia

In monkeys and humans, two functionally specialized cortical streams of visual processing emanating from V1 have been proposed: a dorsal, action-related system and a ventral, perception-related pathway. Traditionally, a separate organization of the two streams is assumed; the extent of functional interaction is unknown. After lesions of the dorsal stream in patients with optic ataxia, it has recently been shown that the ventral perception-related system might contribute to visuo-motor processing if movements rely on remembered target positions. The ventral pathway thus seemed to participate in goal-directed movements, a function that previously has been assigned exclusively to the dorsal stream. We wondered whether different types of pointing movements are controlled by switching between two separated cortical pathways or whether a variable interaction of interconnected systems should be assumed. Our study investigated two acute stroke patients with optic ataxia following lesions of the dorsal stream in a delayed pointing task. The delays ranged from 0 to 10 sec. The patients' pointing error decreased in a linear manner with the length of time. The finding suggests a gradual change between dorsal and ventral control of reaching behavior, rather than a sudden switch between two separated cortical processing streams. Although our observations with two patients require further validation, the results suggest that the ventral and dorsal systems interact closely in the sensorimotor control of reaching behavior.
Providers' perspectives on the vaginal birth after cesarean guidelines in Florida, United States: a qualitative study

BACKGROUND
Women's access to vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) in the United States has declined steadily since the mid-1990s, with a current rate of 8.2%. In the State of Florida, less than 1% of women with a previous cesarean deliver vaginally. This downturn is thought to be largely related to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) VBAC guidelines, which mandate that a physician and anesthesiologist be "immediately available" during a trial of labor. The aim of this exploratory qualitative study was to explore the barriers associated with the ACOG VBAC guidelines, as well as the strategies that obstetricians and midwives use to minimize their legal risks when offering a trial of labor after cesarean.


METHODS
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 obstetricians, 12 midwives, and a hospital administrator (n = 24). Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis informed the findings.


RESULTS
Fear of liability was a central reason for obstetricians and midwives to avoid attending VBACs. Providers who continued to offer a trial of labor attempted to minimize their legal risks by being highly selective in choosing potential candidates. Definitions of "immediately available" varied widely among hospitals, and providers in solo or small practices often favored the convenience of a repeat cesarean delivery rather than having to remain in-house during a trial of labor. Midwives were often marginalized due to restrictive hospital policies and by their consulting physicians, even though women with previous cesareans were actively seeking their care.


CONCLUSIONS
The current ACOG VBAC guidelines limit US obstetricians' and midwives' ability to provide care for women with a previous cesarean, particularly in community and rural hospitals. Although ACOG has proposed that women be allowed to accept "higher levels of risk" in order to be able to attempt a trial of labor in some settings, access to VBAC is unlikely to increase in Florida as long as systemic barriers and liability risks remain high.
Light history and age-related changes in retinal light damage.

PURPOSE
To determine the effects of age and long-term light- or dark-rearing environments on acute, intense-light-mediated retinal degeneration.


METHODS
Male albino rats were maintained in a dim cyclic light environment or in darkness for as long as 1 year. When aged 2, 4, 8, and 12 months, some rats were given the synthetic antioxidant dimethylthiourea (DMTU) by intraperitoneal injection and were exposed to intense visible light for as long as 24 hours. Uninjected control rats were exposed to light at the same time. Other rats were treated with light of lower intensity for various periods. Two weeks after intense-light treatment, photoreceptor cell degeneration was estimated by determining the level of rhodopsin and by measuring the content of photoreceptor cell DNA. Light-induced changes in retinal DNA were analyzed immediately after exposure by neutral gel electrophoresis and by 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine measurements. Expression of the antioxidative stress protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was determined by northern blot analysis of mRNA in retinal extracts.


RESULTS
At all ages, rats reared in cyclic dim-light conditions had lower rhodopsin levels than did rats reared in darkness; photoreceptor cell DNA levels were unaffected by the rearing environment. Senescent losses in rhodopsin and retinal DNA were significant after rats were 12 months old. Dim-light-reared rats exhibited an age-related increase in retinal light damage susceptibility, whereas dark-reared rats were equally susceptible to damage at all ages. In both types of rats, the mechanism of light-induced cell death involved an apoptotic process, visualized by the pattern of DNA fragments on electrophoretic gels. The process also induced the expression of HO-1 mRNA. Photoreceptor cell loss determined by biochemical measurement, DNA fragmentation, and HO-1 induction were dramatically reduced by the administration of DMTU.


CONCLUSIONS
The age-related increase in susceptibility to retinal light damage in rats is influenced by their long-term daily light history. Decreasing retinal irradiance by dark-rearing eliminates the age-related increase in light damage, suggesting a correlation between light environment and retinal gene expression associated with damage. In all rats, retinal light damage resulted in a pattern of DNA fragmentation consistent with apoptotic cell death and in an increased expression of HO-1 mRNA. Antioxidant treatment greatly reduced apoptosis and HO-1 expression. This indicates that light damage involves an oxidative process that may also trigger apoptosis in the retina. The rat aging model may provide useful insights into the role of light environment associated with retinal degeneration in an aging human population.
Flood risk assessments at different spatial scales

Managing flood risk, i.e. both the hazard and the potential consequences, is an important aspect of adapting to global change and has gained much traction in recent decades. As a result, a priori flood risk assessments have become an important part of flood management practices. Many methodologies have been set up, ranging from global risk assessments for the world as a whole, to local assessments for a particular stretch of a river/coast or small town. Most assessment frameworks generally follow a similar approach, but there are also notable differences between assessments at different spatial scales. This review article examines these differences, for instance those related to the methodology, use of assessments and uncertainties. From this review, future research needs are identified in order to improve flood risk assessments at different scales. At global/continental scale, there is a clear need for harmonised information on flood defences to improve assessments. Furthermore, inclusions of indirect economic effects at the macro-/meso-scale would give a better indication of the total effects of catastrophic flooding. At the meso-/micro-scale, there is an urgent need to improve our understanding of the effects of flooding on critical infrastructures, given their importance to society, the economy, emergency management and reconstruction. An overarching theme at all scales is the validation of flood risk assessments, which is often limited. More detailed post-disaster information would allow for improved calibration, validation and thus performance of flood risk models. Lastly, the link between spatial scales also deserves attention, for instance up- or downscaling methodologies.
APERTURE COUPLED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA WITH LOW RCS

Research of antenna Radar Cross Section (RCS) is very important for low observable platform. Aperture coupled microstrip antenna is fit for the low RCS antenna design because the feed network produce less effect on scattering of microstrip patch. A novel aperture coupled microstrip antenna is proposed, which utilizes the chip-resistor load, ground slot and miniaturization, to realize RCS reduction. Aperture coupled antenna with rectangular patch is chosen as the reference antenna. Two antennas are simulated and measured. The measured results show that the designed antenna realizes only 0.5 dB gain loss while RCS are reduced in almost all the frequency band.
Sex chromosomes and the brain: a study of neuroanatomy in XYY syndrome.

AIM
To assess global and regional brain matter variations associated with XYY syndrome by comparison with Klinefelter syndrome and typical development.


METHODS
We used two conceptually distinct voxel-based magnetic resonance imaging methods to examine brain structure in young males with XYY syndrome: (1) volumetric comparison to assess global grey and white matter volumes and (2) support vector machine-based multivariate pattern classification analysis to assess regional neuroanatomy. We assessed verbal, non-verbal, and spatial abilities with the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), and we measured autism diagnostic criteria in eight males with XYY syndrome using the Social Responsiveness Scale and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R).


RESULTS
A comparison of 36 typically developing males (mean age 11 y, SD 1 y 9 mo), 31 males with Klinefelter syndrome (mean age 9 y 8 mo, SD 1 y 8 mo), and eight males with XYY syndrome (mean age 11 y 6 mo, SD 1 y 11 mo) showed that total white and grey matter volumes were significantly, or nearly significantly, higher in males with XYY syndrome than in males belonging to the other two groups (grey matter: XYY males vs typically developing males, p<0.006; XYY vs males with Klinefelter syndrome, p<0.001; white matter: XYY males vs typically developing males, p=0.061; XYY males vs males with Klinefelter syndrome, p=0.004). Voxel-based multivariate pattern classification analysis indicates that, after controlling for global volumes, regional brain variations in XYY syndrome are more like those found in Klinefelter syndrome than those occurring in typical development. Further, visualization of classification parameters suggests that insular and frontotemporal grey matter and white matter, including known language areas, are reduced in males with XYY syndrome, similar to what is seen in Klinefelter syndrome. In males with XYY syndrome, DAS verbal and non-verbal scores were significantly lower than in typically developing participants (both p<0.001). DAS scores were not significantly different between XYY and Klinefelter syndrome groups. In five of eight males with XYY syndrome, the Social Responsiveness Scale score exceeded the cut-off for a likely diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In three of eight males with XYY syndrome, the ADI-R score met the cut-off for ASD diagnosis; in another two, ADI-R scores within the social and communication domains met the cut-off values for a diagnosis of ASD.


INTERPRETATION
The results suggest that genetic variations associated with XYY syndrome result in increased brain matter volumes, a finding putatively related to the increased frequency of ASDs in individuals with this condition. In addition, frontotemporal grey and white matter reductions in XYY syndrome provide a likely neuroanatomical correlate for observed language impairments.
Enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of Fenofibrate by melt granulation technique

This work describes a melt granulation technique to improve the solubility and dissolution characterist ics of a poorly water-soluble drug Fenofibrate (FNO). Melt g ranulation technique is a process by which pharmace utical powders are efficiently agglomerated by a meltable polymers and surfactants. The advantage of this technique compar ed to a conventional granulation is that no water or organic solvents is needed. Because of bypassing drying step, the proc ess is less time consuming and uses less energy than wet granulation . Granules were prepared by using hydrophilic polym er PEG (polyethylene glycol-6000) and surfactant (poloxome rs-407). The prepared granules were characterized us ing powder XRD, DSC and FTIR techniques. A significant enhancement i n the solubility and vitro dissolution profiles of the melt granules was observed compared to the pure drug and drug excipie nt hysical mixtures. DSC results indicated change i internal energy of FNO with polymer and surfactant in the melted granu les. In conclusion, the results of this work sugges t that melt granulation is a useful technique to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drug like , FNO.
Commentary - The "Tar Baby" of Computing: Performance Analysis

It looks so easy. To find the speed of a computer, just take a job and time it. To compare two speeds, or try to establish speed in some type of universal unit, well…. Reporting performance is the “tar baby” of computing, and many authors and researchers have attacked this issue only to find themselves stuck in a mess of shaky logic and shakier assumptions. The more scientific one tries to be, the more difficult the problem is. Barr and Hickman have aimed their efforts at this issue, and have generated some thought-provoking ideas. INFORMS Journal on Computing, ISSN 1091-9856, was published as ORSA Journal on Computing from 1989 to 1995 under ISSN 0899-1499.
Validation of hospital register-based diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION
Denmark has a long-standing tradition of maintaining one of the world's largest health science specialized register data bases as the National Hospital Register (NHR). To estimate the prevalence and incidence of diseases, the correctness of the diagnoses recorded is critical. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and only 75-80% of patients with parkinsonism will have idiopathic PD (iPD). It is necessary to follow patients in order to determine if some of them will develop other neurodegenerative diseases and a one-time-only diagnostic code for iPD reported in the register may be incorrect.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
This was a large nationwide population-based study of risk factors for iPD, called Parkinson's disease in Denmark (PASIDA). We evaluated the iPD diagnosis reported in the NHR. Medical records with primary diagnoses of iPD from six neurological departments were collected and abstracted using a standardized system to review the diagnostic accuracy of the ICD codes.


RESULTS
Among the 1,040 medical records abstracted, 857 (82.4%) patients met our criteria for iPD. 183(17.6%) of the patients suffered from other diagnoses such as atypical PD (66 patients), secondary PD (60 patients) and other diagnoses (46 patients).


CONCLUSION
Possibly only about 82% of the patients with the primary diagnosis of iPD in the Danish NHR actually suffered from iPD. To improve diagnostic validity, we appeal to update the ICD code and to identify the correct parkinsonian phenotype to reduce biased case sampling in register-based studies and appropriate treatment for these rare diseases.


FUNDING
This study was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, USA (grant No R01 ES013717). The funding source had no role in the design or analysis of the study or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Ethical approval: The study protocol was approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (No 2006-41-7323) and by UCLA-IRB.
Key Regulatory Role of Dermal Fibroblasts in Pigmentation as Demonstrated Using a Reconstructed Skin Model: Impact of Photo-Aging

To study cutaneous pigmentation in a physiological context, we have previously developed a functional pigmented reconstructed skin model composed of a melanocyte-containing epidermis grown on a dermal equivalent comprising living fibroblasts. The present studies, using the same model, aimed to demonstrate that dermal fibroblasts influence skin pigmentation up to the macroscopic level. The proof of principle was performed with pigmented skins differing only in the fibroblast component. First, the in vitro system was reconstructed with or without fibroblasts in order to test the global influence of the presence of this cell type. We then assessed the impact of the origin of the fibroblast strain on the degree of pigmentation using fetal versus adult fibroblasts. In both experiments, impressive variation in skin pigmentation at the macroscopic level was observed and confirmed by quantitative parameters related to skin color, melanin content and melanocyte numbers. These data confirmed the responsiveness of the model and demonstrated that dermal fibroblasts do indeed impact the degree of skin pigmentation. We then hypothesized that a physiological state associated with pigmentary alterations such as photo-aging could be linked to dermal fibroblasts modifications that accumulate over time. Pigmentation of skin reconstructed using young unexposed fibroblasts (n = 3) was compared to that of tissues containing natural photo-aged fibroblasts (n = 3) which express a senescent phenotype. A stimulation of pigmentation in the presence of the natural photo-aged fibroblasts was revealed by a significant increase in the skin color (decrease in Luminance) and an increase in both epidermal melanin content and melanogenic gene expression, thus confirming our hypothesis. Altogether, these data demonstrate that the level of pigmentation of the skin model is influenced by dermal fibroblasts and that natural photo-aged fibroblasts can contribute to the hyperpigmentation that is associated with photo-aging.
Domestic Violence and Perinatal Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND
Domestic violence in the perinatal period is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes, but evidence is limited on its association with perinatal mental disorders. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and odds of having experienced domestic violence among women with antenatal and postnatal mental disorders (depression and anxiety disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], eating disorders, and psychoses).


METHODS AND FINDINGS
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO reference CRD42012002048). Data sources included searches of electronic databases (to 15 February 2013), hand searches, citation tracking, update of a review on victimisation and mental disorder, and expert recommendations. Included studies were peer-reviewed experimental or observational studies that reported on women aged 16 y or older, that assessed the prevalence and/or odds of having experienced domestic violence, and that assessed symptoms of perinatal mental disorder using a validated instrument. Two reviewers screened 1,125 full-text papers, extracted data, and independently appraised study quality. Odds ratios were pooled using meta-analysis. Sixty-seven papers were included. Pooled estimates from longitudinal studies suggest a 3-fold increase in the odds of high levels of depressive symptoms in the postnatal period after having experienced partner violence during pregnancy (odds ratio 3.1, 95% CI 2.7-3.6). Increased odds of having experienced domestic violence among women with high levels of depressive, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in the antenatal and postnatal periods were consistently reported in cross-sectional studies. No studies were identified on eating disorders or puerperal psychosis. Analyses were limited because of study heterogeneity and lack of data on baseline symptoms, preventing clear findings on causal directionality.


CONCLUSIONS
High levels of symptoms of perinatal depression, anxiety, and PTSD are significantly associated with having experienced domestic violence. High-quality evidence is now needed on how maternity and mental health services should address domestic violence and improve health outcomes for women and their infants in the perinatal period.
A Survey on Behavior Recognition Using WiFi Channel State Information

In this article, we present a survey of recent advances in passive human behavior recognition in indoor areas using the channel state information (CSI) of commercial WiFi systems. The movement of the human body parts cause changes in the wireless signal reflections, which result in variations in the CSI. By analyzing the data streams of CSIs for different activities and comparing them against stored models, human behavior can be recognized. This is done by extracting features from CSI data streams and using machine learning techniques to build models and classifiers. The techniques from the literature that are presented herein have great performance; however, instead of the machine learning techniques employed in these works, we propose to use deep learning techniques such as long-short term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networking (RNN) and show the improved performance. We also discuss different challenges such as environment change, frame rate selection, and the multi-user scenario; and finally suggest possible directions for future work.
Understanding Issues in Cloud Forensics : Two Hypothetical Case Studies

The inevitable vulnerabilities and criminal targeting of cloud environments demand an understanding of how digital forensic investigations of the cloud can be accomplished. We present two hypothetical case studies of cloud crimes; child pornography being hosted in the cloud, and a compromised cloudbased website. Our cases highlight shortcomings of current forensic practices and laws. We describe significant challenges with cloud forensics, including forensic acquisition, evidence preservation and chain of custody, and open problems for continued research.
Broken U(1) gauge symmetry and excitations in Bose liquids

We derive the low-energy effective field theory at finite temperature of Bose condensed liquids (e.g., superfluid 4He) directly from the breakdown of the global gauge symmetry U(1). The theory can immediately yield the Landau quantum hydrodynamics. The Bogoliubov type spectrum of low-energy collective excitations is given in the zeroth order of this theory and the momentum and temperature dependences of the damping of excitations are obtained by simple power counting. The well-known Hugenholtz-Pines theorem is understood in terms of the nonrelativistic Goldstone theorem. PACS: 67.40.Db, 11.15.Ex, 05.30.Jp