LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative and Statistical Performance Evaluation of Arbiter Physical Unclonable Functions on FPGAs

The quantitative performance indicators of Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs)\Randomness, Steadiness, Correctness, Diffuseness and Uniqueness\are strictly defined and applied to the evaluation of 45 arbiter PUFs on Virtex-5 FPGAs. The indicators effectively reflect the characteristics of PUFs ranging from 0 to 1 with 1 being the highest performance. The indicators enable the easy measurement and intuitive understanding of PUF performances. The experimental results shows that the arbiter PUFs have excellent overall intra-device performances though a slight bit bias is indicated. The inter-device performance is moderate and will suffice for the practical use of PUFs for device authentication and so on. Additionally, the reliability of the obtained PUF performances is statistically discussed in terms of the Confidence Interval and the number of devices. This paper presents in detail the definitions of the performance indicators and the quantitative and statistical evaluation results of the arbiter PUFs.
Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness of a Suicide Barrier on the Golden Gate
Bridge

BACKGROUND
The Golden Gate Bridge (GGB) is a well-known "suicide magnet" and the site of approximately 30 suicides per year. Recently, a suicide barrier was approved to prevent further suicides.


AIMS
To estimate the cost-effectiveness of the proposed suicide barrier, we compared the proposed costs of the barrier over a 20-year period ($51.6 million) to estimated reductions in mortality.


METHOD
We reviewed San Francisco and Golden Gate Bridge suicides over a 70-year period (1936-2006). We assumed that all suicides prevented by the barrier would attempt suicide with alternative methods and estimated the mortality reduction based on the difference in lethality between GGB jumps and other suicide methods. Cost/benefit analyses utilized estimates of value of statistical life (VSL) used in highway projects.


RESULTS
GGB suicides occur at a rate of approximately 30 per year, with a lethality of 98%. Jumping from other structures has an average lethality of 47%. Assuming that unsuccessful suicides eventually committed suicide at previously reported (12-13%) rates, approximately 286 lives would be saved over a 20-year period at an average cost/life of approximately $180,419 i.e., roughly 6% of US Department of Transportation minimal VSL estimate ($3.2 million).


CONCLUSIONS
Cost-benefit analysis suggests that a suicide barrier on the GGB would result in a highly cost-effective reduction in suicide mortality in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Moral and character development

Moral character development has been a topic of concern for thousands of years. It was central to the development of American schooling, but lost favor in the middle of the 20 century. Over the last several decades there has been increased attention paid to the importance of moral character as central to the purpose of schooling. This paper reviews the most important theories related to moral character development and suggests methods for including it in the school setting.
Dietary 18:3n-3 and 22:6n-3 as sources of 22:6n-3 accretion in neonatal baboon brain and associated organs

The bioequivalence of dietary linolenic acid (LNA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for brain DHA accretion was measured in neonatal baboons at 4–6 wk of age using stable isotope tracers. Neonates consumed a conventional U.S. term-infant formula devoid of long chain polyunsaturates and with an n-6/n-3 ratio of about 10:1. At 4 wk of age, neonates were dosed with either13C LNA or13C DHA. At 6 wk of age, neonate brain, retina, and other organs were harvested for fatty acid and isotopic analyses. The relative accretion of labeled DHA was 7-fold greater as a percentage of dose for the DHA-dosed animals compared to the LNA-dosed animals. The baboon is an omnivore that regularly consumes meat and insects; its plasma lipid profile responds similarly to humans in response to changes in feeding and living habits. These observations suggest that the baboon is a suitable model for human unsaturated fatty acid studies.
An Overview of Failure Analysis of Tantalum Capacitors

Copyright 2014, ASM International. This paper was published in Electronic Device Failure Analysis, Vol. 16, Issue 2, pp. 18-23 and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of ASM International. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic or multiple reproduction, distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means, duplications of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of this paper are prohibited.
When Domestic Politics and International Relations Intermesh: Subordinated Publics' Factional Support Within Layered Power Structures

Using social dominance theory and structural balance theory to analyze the political and psychological perspectives of subordinated peoples, we argue that struggles between dominant and subordinated polities are embedded in layered power structures. In such contexts, it is important to examine publics’ political desires and interests in relation to their political elites’ positions or choices of political tactics and allegiances. To illustrate these arguments, we used random urban samples surveyed in March 2010 to examine Lebanese and Syrian citizens’ favorability toward their governments and Hezbollah (a quasi-government faction with significant relations to the governments of Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and the United States). As theorized, citizens’ favorability depended on (i) how much they view their government as providing services for them, (ii) opposition to general group dominance, (iii) opposition to US oppression, and (iv) their governments’ alignments visa-vis the US. Implications for political psychology and international relations theory are discussed.
Nicotine Fast Dissolving Films Made of Maltodextrins: A Feasibility Study

This work aimed to develop a fast-dissolving film made of low dextrose equivalent maltodextrins (MDX) containing nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt (NHT). Particular attention was given to the selection of the suitable taste-masking agent (TMA) and the characterisation of the ductility and flexibility under different mechanical stresses. MDX with two different dextrose equivalents (DEs), namely DE 6 and DE 12, were selected in order to evaluate the effect of polymer molecular weight on film tensile properties. The bitterness and astringency intensity of NHT and the suppression effect of several TMA were evaluated by a Taste-Sensing System. The films were characterised in term of NHT content, tensile properties, disintegration time and drug dissolution test. As expected, placebo films made of MDX DE 6 appeared stiffer and less ductile than film prepared using MDX DE 12. The films disintegrated within 10 s. Among the tested TMA, the milk and mint flavours resulted particularly suitable to mask the taste of NHT. The addition of NHT and taste-masking agents affected film tensile properties; however, the effect of the addition of these components can be counterweighted by modulating the glycerine content and/or the MDX molecular weight. The feasibility of NHT loaded fast-dissolving films was demonstrated.
Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator with Concentrated Winding for Small Wind Power Applications

An axial flux permanent magnet machine, designed to operate as a generator in a small-scale wind-power applications, is described in this paper. The machine is realized by using consecrated stator winding with open slots and surface mounted permanent magnets on rotor disk. Such a novel generator structure is simple to construct and its performance is good; it offers sinusoidal back-emf waveform, low torque ripple and high efficiency. A 1.6 kW prototype machine is constructed and is installed to a pilot power plant. Design results as well as test result for the prototype machine are reported in this paper
Control of grasp stability during pronation and supination movements

 We analyzed the control of grasp stability during a major manipulative function of the human hand: rotation of a grasped object by pronation and supination movement. We investigated the regulation of grip forces used to stabilize an object held by a precision grip between the thumb and index finger when subjects rotated it around a horizontal axis. Because the center of mass was located distal to the grip axis joining the fingertips, destabilizing torque tangential to the grasp surfaces developed when the grip axis rotated relative to the field of gravity. The torque load was maximal when the grip axis was horizontal and minimal when it was vertical. An instrumented test object, with a mass distribution that resulted in substantial changes in torque load during the rotation task, measured forces and torques applied by the digits. The mass distribution of the object was unpredictably changed between trials. The grip force required to stabilize the object increased directly with increasing torque load. Importantly, the grip force used by the subjects also changed in proportion to the torque load such that subjects always employed adequate safety margins against rotational slips, i.e., some 20–40% of the grip force. Rather than driven by sensory feedback pertaining to the torque load, the changes in grip force were generated as an integral part of the motor commands that accounted for the rotation movement. Subjects changed the grip force in parallel with, or even slightly ahead of, the rotation movement, whereas grip force responses elicited by externally imposed torque load changes were markedly delayed. Moreover, blocking sensory information from the digits did not appreciably change the coordination between movement and grip force. We thus conclude that the grip force was controlled by feedforward rather than by feedback mechanisms. These feedforward mechanisms would thus predict the consequences of the rotation movement in terms of changes in fingertip loads when the orientation of the grip axis changed in the field of gravity. Changes in the object’s center of mass between trials resulted in a parametric scaling of the motor commands prior to their execution. This finding suggests that the sensorimotor memories used in manipulation to adapt the motor output for the physical properties of environmental objects also encompass information related to an object’s center of mass. This information was obtained by somatosensory cues when subjects initially grasped the object with the grip axis vertical, i.e., during minimum tangential torque load.
Nestin Is Essential for Zebrafish Brain and Eye Development through Control of Progenitor Cell Apoptosis

BACKGROUND
Nestin is expressed in neural progenitor cells (NPC) of developing brain. Despite its wide use as an NPC marker, the function of nestin in embryo development is unclear.


METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
As nestin is conserved in zebrafish and its predicted sequence is clustered with the mammalian nestin orthologue, we used zebrafish as a model to investigate its role in embryogenesis. Injection of nestin morpholino (MO) into fertilized eggs induced time- and dose-dependent brain and eye developmental defects. Nestin morphants exhibited characteristic morphological changes including small head, small eyes and hydrocephalus. Histological examinations show reduced hind- and mid-brain size, dilated ventricle, poorly organized retina and underdeveloped lens. Injection of control nestin MO did not induce brain or eye changes. Nestin MO injection reduced expression of ascl1b (achaete-scute complex-like 1b), a marker of NPCs, without affecting its distribution. Nestin MO did not influence Elavl3/4 (Embryonic lethal, abnormal vision, Drosophila-like 3/4) (a neuronal marker), or otx2 (a midbrain neuronal marker), but severely perturbed cranial motor nerve development and axon distribution. To determine whether the developmental defects are due to excessive NPC apoptosis and/or reduced NPC proliferation, we analyzed apoptosis by TUNEL assay and acridine orange staining and proliferation by BrdU incorporation, pcna and mcm5 expressions. Excessive apoptosis was noted in hindbrain and midbrain cells. Apoptotic signals were colocalized with ascl1b. Proliferation markers were not significantly altered by nestin MO.


CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE
These results suggest that nestin is essential for zebrafish brain and eye development probably through control of progenitor cell apoptosis.
Intrinsic motivation and the effects of self-consciousness , self-awareness , and ego-involvement : An investigation of internally controlling styles

This study explored the relationships among dispositional self-consciousness, situationally induced-states of self-awareness, ego-mvolvement, and intrinsic motivation Cognitive evaluation theory, as applied to both the interpersonal and intrapersonal spheres, was used as the basis for making predictions about the effects of various types of self-focus Public selfconsciousness, social anxiety, video surveillance and mirror manipulations of self-awareness, and induced ego-involvement were predicted and found to have negative effects on intrinsic motivation since all were hypothesized to involve controlling forms of regulation In contrast, dispositional pnvate self-consciousness and a no-self-focus condition were both found to be unrelated to intrinsic motivation The relationship among these constructs and manipulations was discussed in the context of both Carver and Scheier's (1981) control theory and Deci and Ryan's (1985) motivation theory Recent theory and research on self-awareness, stimulated bv the initial findings of Duval and Wicklund (1972), has suggested that qualitatively distinct styles of attention and consciousness can be involved in the ongoing process of self-regulation (Carver & Scheier, 1981) In particular, Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss (1975) have distinguished between private self-consciousness and pubhc selfconsciousness as two independent, but not necessarily exclusive, types of attentional focus with important behavioral, cognitive, and affective implications for regulatory processes Pnvate self-consciousness refers to the tendency to be aware of one's thoughts. This research was supported by Research Grant BSN-8018628 from the National Science Foundation The authors are grateful to the following persons who helped this project to reach fruition James Connell Edward Deci, Paul Tero, Shirlev Tracey We are also grateful for the experimental assistance of Margot Cohen Scott Cohen, Loren Feldman, and Darrell Mazlish Thanks also to Eileen Plant and Miriam Gale Requests for reprints should be sent to Richard M Ryan, Department of Psychology, Uniyersity of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 Journal of Personality 53 3, September 1985 Copyright © 1985 by Duke University
The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: Another View

In a recent paper in this Revieti*, Isaac Ehrlich found a negative relationship be-tueen the use o f the death penalty a n d homicide rates, over the three and a half decades from 1935 69 in the United States. This empirical finding, in apparent conflict with previous studies on the subject (see Thorsten Sellin, Robert Dann), takes on special meaning because (a) it is the first test of the capital punishment deterrence hypothesis to use econometric estimation techniques , and (b) its publication comes at a time when legislatures and the courts in both the United States a n d Canada are reshaping public policy on the use of the death penalty. Hence the importance of a second look a t Ehrlich's results. Such a reexamination, described below, suggests that the time-series model and data used by Ehrlich permit no inference about the deterrent effect of capital punishment on homicide. The data indicate that the parametersof Ehrlich's model are extremely sensitive to the choices of included explanatory variables and the functional form of the model; when recast in equally plausible alternative structures, the Ehrlich model fails to generate a deterrent effect for executions. Moreover, Ehrlich's methodo-logical approach to the question, estimation of a single structural equation relating executions to murders, sharply limits the policy implications of the estimated coefficients. Section I briefly describes Ehrlich's murder rate function and tests the model for parameter stability over the sample period. * C o l u m b ~ a Unirersit!. A n early rersion of this paper was wrltten before the Ehrlich appendix appeared: it uses an alternative data set. available on request from the authors. This paper was listed as a Columbia Workshop discuss~oli paper; it was published In a moditicd a n d less technical version in 1976. T h c conclusion a n d findings are similar despite the different data set. W e would like to thank Phoebus J. D h p m e s a n d David Krnnett for their comments a n d assistance. Section I1 considers his choice of explanatory variables and functional forms, and examines sensitivity of his estimate to these choices. Section 111 examines the pitfalls of inferring an execution-murder tradeoff from a single estimated equation. A representative sample of the empirical results reported by Ehrlich in support of the deterrence effect of capital punishment is his equation (I), Table 4, …
Phase II trial of intravenous lobradimil and carboplatin in childhood brain tumors: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group

Backround: Lobradimil is a synthetic bradykinin analog that rapidly and transiently increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The combination of lobradimil and carboplatin was studied in pediatric patients with primary brain tumors in a phase II trial, the primary endpoints of which were to estimate the response rate and time to disease progression. Patients and methods: Patients were stratified by histology into five cohorts: brainstem glioma, high-grade glioma, low-grade glioma, medullobastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), and ependymoma. Patients received carboplatin adaptively dosed to achieve a target AUC of 3.5 mg min/ml per day (7 mg·min/ml/cycle) intravenously over 15 min on 2 consecutive days and lobradimil 600 ng/kg ideal body weight/day on 2 consecutive days each 28 day cycle. Results: Forty-one patients, age 2–19 years, were enrolled; 38 patients, including 1 patient ultimately determined to have atypical neurocytoma, were evaluable for response. No objective responses were observed in the brainstem glioma (n=12) and high-grade glioma (n=9) cohorts, although two patients with high-grade glioma had prolonged disease stabilization (>6 months). The study was closed for commercial reasons prior to achieving the accrual goals for the ependymoma (n=8), medulloblastoma/PNET (n=6) and low-grade glioma (n=2) cohorts, although responses were observed in 1 patient with PNET and 2 patients with ependymoma. Conclusion: The combination of lobradimil and carboplatin was inactive in childhood high-grade gliomas and brainstem gliomas.
Effects of different antibiotic classes on airway bacteria in stable COPD using culture and molecular techniques: a randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND
Long-term antibiotic therapy is used to prevent exacerbations of COPD but there is uncertainty over whether this reduces airway bacteria. The optimum antibiotic choice remains unknown. We conducted an exploratory trial in stable patients with COPD comparing three antibiotic regimens against placebo.


METHODS
This was a single-centre, single-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Patients aged ≥45 years with COPD, FEV1<80% predicted and chronic productive cough were randomised to receive either moxifloxacin 400 mg daily for 5 days every 4 weeks, doxycycline 100 mg/day, azithromycin 250 mg 3 times a week or one placebo tablet daily for 13 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in total cultured bacterial load in sputum from baseline; secondary outcomes included bacterial load by 16S quantitative PCR (qPCR), sputum inflammation and antibiotic resistance.


RESULTS
99 patients were randomised; 86 completed follow-up, were able to expectorate sputum and were analysed. After adjustment, there was a non-significant reduction in bacterial load of 0.42 log10 cfu/mL (95% CI -0.08 to 0.91, p=0.10) with moxifloxacin, 0.11 (-0.33 to 0.55, p=0.62) with doxycycline and 0.08 (-0.38 to 0.54, p=0.73) with azithromycin from placebo, respectively. There were also no significant changes in bacterial load measured by 16S qPCR or in airway inflammation. More treatment-related adverse events occurred with moxifloxacin. Of note, mean inhibitory concentrations of cultured isolates increased by at least three times over placebo in all treatment arms.


CONCLUSIONS
Total airway bacterial load did not decrease significantly after 3 months of antibiotic therapy. Large increases in antibiotic resistance were seen in all treatment groups and this has important implications for future studies.


TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01398072).
Efficacy of amlodipine in pediatric patients with hypertension

 We designed a study to determine the efficacy and safety of amlodipine given once daily in the pediatric population. Twenty-one patients (mean age 13.1 years) with either essential (n=160) or renal (n=5) hypertension, and newly diagnosed (n=15) or poorly controlled or intolerant on existing antihypertensive therapy (n=6), were included. Patients received amlodipine once daily at a starting mean dose of 0.07±0.04 mg/kg per day. The total daily dose of amlodipine was increased 25%–50% every 5–7 days if the mean home blood pressure measurements (HBPM) were above the 95th percentile for age and gender. A baseline followed by a repeat 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitor study (ABPM) was performed in 20 patients when the mean HBPM was below the 95th percentile goal. The mean titrated dose required to control BP was 0.29±0.11 mg/kg per day for those <13 years, 0.16±0.11 mg/kg per day for those ≥13 years, 0.23±0.14 mg/kg per day for essential, hypertension and 0.24±0.13 mg/kg per day for renal hypertension. The ABPM demonstrated that amlodipine provided effective BP control as primary therapy in 14 essential patients. Adverse effects included fatigue (n=6), headache (n=5), facial flushing (n=4), dizziness (n=3), edema (n=3), abdominal pain (n=3), chest pain (n=2), nausea (n=1), and vomiting (n=1). Quality of life appeared to improve during therapy. Amlodipine was an effective once daily antihypertensive agent with an acceptable safety profile. Higher doses of amlodipine were required for younger patients, and monotherapy was effective in patients with essential hypertension.