LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of breast cancer and its early detection measures among rural women in Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria

Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women in Nigeria and globally. In Nigeria, late presentations of breast cancer cases have also been consistent for three decades. In an environment where there is no established national screening program for breast cancer, it is pertinent to assess the knowledge of breast cancer and its early detection measures. The objective of this study therefore, was to assess rural women's level of knowledge of breast cancer and its early detection measures. The knowledge of various aspects of breast cancer; etiology, early warning signs, treatment modes and early detection measures; was assessed among women in two randomly selected health districts in Akinyele Local Government in Ibadan. The assessment was performed with the use of a self-structured validated questionnaire administered by trained interviewers to 420 women randomly selected from the two health districts. The various aspects of facts about breast cancer were scored and added together to determine respondents' level of knowledge The mean score of knowledge of breast cancer was 55.4 SD 5.4 (range of scores obtainable was 26–78), while the mean score for knowledge of early detection of breast cancer was 24.8 SD 2.3 (range of scores obtainable was 12–36). The leading source of information about breast cancer was "elders, neighbors and friends" and 63(15.4%) acknowledged this source, while only 18 (4.4%) respondents acknowledged health workers as source. Only 54 (13.3%) claimed to have heard about breast self- examination (BSE) however, and the leading source of information about BSE were health workers. Nine (2.2%) of respondents claimed this source. This study revealed that respondents lacked knowledge of vital issues about breast cancer and early detection measures. It also revealed that health workers were not forthcoming with information to the public thereby constituting a challenge to community health nurses and other health workers, to provide vital information to the public.
The performance effect of managerial ownership: Evidence from China

By examining a sample of non-listed Chinese firms, we provide the first evidence from China for the effect of managerial ownership on firm performance. In matching-sample comparisons, we find that firms of significant managerial ownership outperform firms whose managers do not own equity shares. Our further results indicate the relation between firm performance and managerial ownership is nonlinear, and the inflection point at which the relation turns negative occurs at ownership above 50 percent. Compared with previous studies, our results are less likely to suffer from an endogeneity problem due to the non-list nature of our sample and the unique institutional environment in China. JEL classification: G32; L14; L22
An improved LSB based image steganography technique for RGB images

Steganography is the art and science of invisible communication by hiding secret information into other sources of information like text, video, audio, image etc. In image steganography the digital image is used as cover image in which we hide data and the message implanted image is called stego-image. There are number of steganography techniques proposed to hide data like LSB, DCT, pixel-value differencing, DFT etc. into images with precision level. But these techniques suffering from some problems like less hiding capacity, degrade the quality of image and security of hidden data after hiding more data into it. To overcome these problems this paper proposed an improved LSB technique for color images by embedding the information into three planes of RGB image in a way that enhances the quality of image and achieves high embedding capacity. The PSNR value of the proposed technique is better than previous steganography methods.
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose phase III study of vilazodone in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.

BACKGROUND
Vilazodone, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, is approved for treating major depressive disorder in adults. This study (NCT01629966 ClinicalTrials.gov) evaluated the efficacy and safety of vilazodone in adults with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).


METHODS
A multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study in patients with GAD randomized (1:1:1) to placebo (n = 223), or vilazodone 20 mg/day (n = 230) or 40 mg/day (n = 227). Primary and secondary efficacy parameters were total score change from baseline to week 8 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAMA) and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), respectively, analyzed using a predefined mixed-effect model for repeated measures (MMRM). Safety outcomes were presented by descriptive statistics.


RESULTS
The least squares mean difference (95% confidence interval) in HAMA total score change from baseline (MMRM) was statistically significant for vilazodone 40 mg/day versus placebo (-1.80 [-3.26, -0.34]; P = .0312 [adjusted for multiple comparisons]), but not for vilazodone 20 mg/day versus placebo. Mean change from baseline in SDS total score was not significantly different for either dose of vilazodone versus placebo when adjusted for multiplicity; significant improvement versus placebo was noted for vilazodone 40 mg/day without adjustment for multiplicity (P = .0349). The incidence of adverse events was similar for vilazodone 20 and 40 mg/day (∼71%) and slightly lower for placebo (62%). Nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, vomiting, and fatigue were reported in ≥5% of patients in either vilazodone group and at least twice the rate of placebo.


CONCLUSIONS
Vilazodone was effective in treating anxiety symptoms of GAD. No new safety concerns were identified.
MOBILE LECTURE INTERACTION: MAKING TECHNOLOGY AND LEARNING CLICK

We present the MLI (Mobile Lecture Interaction) application for enhancing lecture interaction between a teacher and the students. With their personal mobile phones students can anonymously ask questions and support questions from other students by voting for them. The questions and their support are displayed in real-time to the teacher who can then address them as (s)he finds appropriate. The results of the empirical evaluation of the MLI application in the real usage context at eight university lectures showed that the MLI improves the lecture interaction in a meaningful way.
Construction and Strategies in IoT Security System

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the development production of the computer science and communication technology. As IoT is broadly used in many fields, the security of IoT is becoming especially important and will take great effects on the industry of IoT. Beginning with the concept of IoT, its features and systemic structure, this paper analyzes the security problem of IoT in the stratums of perception, network and application in the system of IoT, puts forward the secure construction of IoT, and offers the corresponding secure strategies based on the existing problems in the framework of IoT. And eventually the theoretical basis will be offered to build up reliable security system of IoT.
Changes over time in the relationship between symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema: a global perspective from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC).

BACKGROUND
The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) identified trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema over a seven-year period. We hypothesised that environmental influences on the three diseases are different and therefore investigated the correlation over time between trends in the prevalence of these diseases and their combinations at centre and individual level.


METHODS
Centre level analyses were correlations between time trends in the prevalence of symptoms. At an individual level, odds ratios were calculated for associations between symptoms between Phases One and Three. We also investigated potential effect modification in the younger versus older age group; male versus female; and by average Gross National Income per capita (GNI).


RESULTS
Both phases were completed in 66 centres in 37 countries for the 6-7 year age group and in 106 centres in 56 countries for the 13-14 year age group. We found that the correlations in time trends were stronger for the older age group than the younger one. Between symptoms of diseases, correlations of time trends were the strongest for rhinoconjunctivitis with eczema and weakest for eczema with asthma. The relationship between the three diseases was generally consistent over the seven-year period, and there was little association found with average GNI.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite some increase in the proportion of children with symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema, the pattern between the three diseases has not changed much, suggesting that similar factors may be affecting them at a global level.
Knowledge, attitudes, practices and behaviors regarding deceased organ donation and transplantation in Malaysia's multi-ethnic society: a baseline study.

BACKGROUND
Malaysia's organ and tissue donation rates are among the lowest in the world. The study aims to explore the knowledge, attitudes, practices and behaviors regarding deceased organ donation and transplantation in the diverse ethnic communities in the state of Selangor, Malaysia.


METHODS
A cross-sectional, population-based, computer-assisted telephone interview exploring multi-ethnic participants' knowledge, attitudes, practices and behavioral on deceased organ donation and transplantation was conducted from February to April 2009.


RESULTS
Although only 5.5% of the total participants (N = 1174) reported that they have registered to be organ donor, a further 35.2% of those who have not register for organ donation indicated willingness to donate their own. Significant socio-demographic disparities with respect to knowledge and attitudes scores were observed. In particular, Malays (20.7%) indicated lower willingness to donate organs compared to the Chinese (36.6%) and Indians (51.4%) (p < 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, willingness to donate one's own organ was associated with knowledge score (odds ratio [OR] = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13-1.22), attitude score (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.05-1.31), secondary school education (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.05-2.02), and Malay ethnicity (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.03-0.94).


CONCLUSION
Findings assist organ donation and transplantation organizations to reach out the diverse socio-demographic and ethnic communities with cultural-specific information about organ donation.
Laser beam machining—A review

Laser beam machining (LBM) is one of the most widely used thermal energy based non-contact type advance machining process which can be applied for almost whole range of materials. Laser beam is focussed for melting and vaporizing the unwanted material from the parent material. It is suitable for geometrically complex profile cutting and making miniature holes in sheetmetal. Among various type of lasers used for machining in industries, CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers are most established. In recent years, researchers have explored a number of ways to improve the LBM process performance by analysing the different factors that affect the quality characteristics. The experimental and theoretical studies show that process performance can be improved considerably by proper selection of laser parameters, material parameters and operating parameters. This paper reviews the research work carried out so far in the area of LBM of different materials and shapes. It reports about the experimental and theoretical studies of LBM to improve the process performance. Several modelling and optimization techniques for the determination of optimum laser beam cutting condition have been critically examined. The last part of this paper discusses the LBM developments and outlines the trend for future research. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Low response to clopidogrel is associated with cardiovascular outcome after coronary stent implantation.

AIMS
To assess whether low response to clopidogrel influences cardiovascular outcome after coronary stent implantation in a consecutively measured cohort of patients with coronary stent implantation.


METHODS AND RESULTS
A total of 379 consecutive patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD), (stable angina n = 206 and acute coronary syndrome, n = 173) treated with percutaneous coronary stenting were enrolled in this trial. Responsiveness to clopidogrel was assessed by ADP (20 micromol/L)-induced aggregometry at least 6 h (mean 34.8+/-25.9 h) after administration of a loading dose of 600 mg clopidogrel. Platelet inhibition < 30% was defined as low response to clopidogrel. At 3-month follow-up, the primary outcome of a combined major cardiovascular event including non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal ischaemic stroke, or cardiovascular death was evaluated. Twenty-two patients (5.8%) were classified as low responders. Compared with patients who adequately responded to clopidogrel, a low responder had a significantly higher risk of major cardiovascular events [22.7 vs. 5.6%; odds ratio, 4.9; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.66-14.96; P = 0.004]. After adjustment for other factors influencing cardiovascular outcome, low response to clopidogrel and severe left ventricular dysfunction were independently associated with a major cardiovascular event within 3 months (hazard ratio for low response to clopidogrel, 3.71; 95% CI, 1.08-12.69; P = 0.037).


CONCLUSION
Low response to clopidogrel in patients with symptomatic CAD treated by stenting significantly enhances the occurrence of cardiovascular events and death. The evaluation of low response to clopidogrel may help to identify patients at increased risk who may benefit from intensified antiplatelet strategy.
Household Welfare, Investment in Soil and Water Conservation and Tenure Security: Evidence From Kenya. PREM Working Paper 06-06. Poverty Reduction and Environmental Management; Vri

In Kenya, conservation and sustainable utilization of the environment and natural resources form an integral part of national planning and poverty reduction efforts. However, weak environmental management practices are a major impediment to agricultural productivity growth. This study was motivated by the paucity of literature on the poverty-environment nexus in Kenya, since poverty, agricultural stagnation and environmental degradation are issues of policy interest in the country’s development strategy. The paper builds on the few existing studies from Kenya and explores the impact of household, farm and village characteristics as well as the development domain dimensions on household welfare and investment in soil and water conservation. The results show that strengthening the tenure security improves household welfare. Further, soil quality, topography and investments in soil and water conservation affect household welfare. Agroecological potential, which is related to environmental conservation, is also a key correlate of poverty. Results for investment in water and soil conservation confirm the importance of tenure security in determining adoption and also the intensity of SWC investments. We also find that household assets, farm characteristics, presence of village institutions and development domain dimensions are important determinants of adoption and intensity of soil and water conservation investments. The results for both poverty and investment in soil and water conservation suggest the existence of a strong poverty-environment link in our sample. The results also suggest that rural poverty can be alleviated by policies that improve environmental conservation and strengthen land tenure security. The study also underscores the importance of village institutions in both investment adoption of soil and water conservation and in improving household welfare. PREM Working Paper: PREM 06/06
Text Pre-processing and Text Segmentation for OCR

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems have been effectively developed for the recognition of printed script. The accuracy of OCR system mainly depends on the text preprocessing and segmentation algorithm being used. When the document is scanned it can be placed in any arbitrary angle which would appear on the computer monitor at the same angle. This paper addresses the algorithm for correction of skew angle generated in scanning of the text document and a novel profile based method for segmentation of printed text which separates the text in document image into lines, words and characters. Keywords—Skew correction, Segmentation, Text preprocessing, Horizontal Profile, Vertical Profile.
The role of social and dispositional variables associated with emotional processing in adjustment to breast cancer: an internet-based study.

Cognitive and emotional processing is seen as critical to successful adjustment to traumatic experiences, such as breast cancer. Cognitive and emotional processing can be facilitated by dispositional and social environmental factors. Emotional intelligence is a dispositional characteristic defined as the ability to understand, accurately perceive, express, and regulate emotions (J. D. Mayer & P. Salovey. 1997). This study investigated psychological adjustment as a function of emotional intelligence, social support, and social constraints in 210 patients recruited via postings to Internet-based breast cancer support groups. Regression analyses indicated high social constraints and low emotional intelligence were associated with greater distress. Evidence suggested high emotional intelligence could buffer against the negative impact of a toxic social environment. Results support a social-cognitive processing model of adaptation to traumatic events and suggest consideration of emotional intelligence may broaden this model.
MetaPhlAn2 for enhanced metagenomic taxonomic profiling

1Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA. 2Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea. 3School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang, Korea. 4Physics Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. 5These authors contributed equally to this work. e-mail: fishel.7@osu.edu
Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential of Soils

It is widely recognized that earthquakes are among the most severe natural disasters causing significant damages such as failure of earth structure, settlement or tipping of buildings, lateral spreading of sloping ground and densification causing vertical settlements. The reasons for these failures can be attributed either due to the compaction of loose deposits of soils or by a phenomenon called liquefaction. The phenomenon of liquefaction is associated with a condition of zero effective stress due to progressive increase in pore water pressure resulting from the tendency to densification of the sand structure subjected to cyclic loading. The generation of excess pore pressure under undrained loading condition is a hallmark of all liquefaction phenomena. The relative incompressibility of the pore water makes the rapid compaction of the sand impossible. Instead, an excess pore water pressure develops whose value increases with the duration of cyclic loading and many a time these pressures only start dissipating after the ground shaking has ended. Due to its high potential to cause damages, this phenomenon of liquefaction during earthquakes has become a prime subject of concern in the geotechnical engineering. Catastrophic failures in recent earthquakes have provided a serious reminder that liquefaction of sandy soils and sands with large amount of non-plastic fines as a result of earthquake ground shaking poses a major threat to the safety of civil engineering structures. Primary seismological factors that control liquefaction are amplitude and frequency of the cyclic shear stress besides the duration of shaking. Whereas, the other site-specific factors that control development of liquefaction of soil are grain size distribution of the soil mass, relative density of the soil deposit, depth and thickness of different soil strata, depth of ground water table etc. Major landslides, lateral spreads, settling and tilting of buildings and failure of waterfront retaining structures were some of the observed excellent examples of liquefaction triggered by the recent Bhuj earthquake on 26 January 2001. In many places of earthquake-affected area several sand boils/water fountains (Figure 1) were developed indicating the occurrence of extensive liquefaction.
How Best to Teach Global Software Engineering? Educators Are Divided

Pioneering educators discuss how they inject realism into global-software-engineering education.
Transforming Industrial Business: The Impact of Digital Transformation on Automotive Organizations

The increasing diffusion of digital technologies throughout industries and aspects of life is transforming businesses even in areas that always have been dependent on physical materiality. In this paper, by conducting an exploratory Delphi study in collaboration with 19 industry experts, we aim to shed light on the specific managerial challenges associated with the impact of digital transformation in the industrial-age, physical product–manufacturing automotive industry. Our results point to three key themes: (1) the radicalization of IT-enabled business transformation going beyond intraorganizational challenges, (2) the transformation of industrial business through digital innovation, and (3) the emergence of physical–digital paradoxes. With our study, we extend the knowledge in IT-enabled business transformation literature by relating it to the emergent topic of digital innovation. We find organizational ambidexterity to be of specific importance when dealing with emergent challenges that arise from the combination of the physical and digital worlds.
Strength training versus robot-assisted gait training after incomplete spinal cord injury: a randomized pilot study in patients depending on walking assistance

Task-specific locomotor training has been promoted to improve walking-related outcome after incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). However, there is also evidence that lower extremity strength training might lead to such improvements. The aim of this randomized cross-over pilot study was to compare changes in a broad spectrum of walking-related outcome measures and pain between robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) and strength training in patients with chronic iSCI, who depended on walking assistance. We hypothesized that task-specific locomotor training would result in better improvements compared to strength training. Nine participants with a chronic iSCI were randomized to group 1 or 2. Group 1 received 16 sessions of RAGT (45 min each) within 4 weeks followed by 16 sessions of strength training (45 min each) within 4 weeks. Group 2 received the same interventions in reversed order. Main outcome measures were the 10 m Walk Test (10MWT) at preferred and maximal speed. Furthermore, we assessed several measures such as walking speed under different conditions, balance, strength, and 2 questionnaires that evaluate risk of falling and pain. Data were collected at baseline, between interventions after 4 weeks, directly after the interventions and at follow-up 6 months after the interventions. Pain was assessed repeatedly throughout the study. There were no significant differences in changes in scores between the 2 interventions, except for maximal walking speed (10MWT), which improved significantly more after strength training than after RAGT. Pain reduced after both interventions. In patients with chronic iSCI dependent on walking assistance, RAGT was not more effective in improving walking-related outcome compared to lower extremity strength training. However, the low sample size limits generalizability and precision of data interpretation. This study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT01087918 ).