LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Flow-Based Propagators for the SEQUENCE and Related Global Constraints

Abstract. We propose new filtering algorithms for the S EQUENCE constraint and some extensions of the S EQUENCEconstraint based on network flows. We enforce domain consistency on the S EQUENCEconstraint inO(n) time down a branch of the search tree. This improves upon the best exist ing domain consistency algorithm by a factor of O(log n). The flows used in these algorithms are derived from a linear program. Some of them differ from th e flows used to propagate global constraints like G CC since the domains of the variables are encoded as costs on the edges rather than capacities. Such flows are efficient for maintaining bounds consistency over large domains and may b e useful for other global constraints.
Do effects of price discounts and nutrition education on food purchases vary by ethnicity, income and education? Results from a randomised, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND
Reducing health inequalities requires interventions that work as well, if not better, among disadvantaged populations. The aim of this study was to determine if the effects of price discounts and tailored nutrition education on supermarket food purchases (percentage energy from saturated fat and healthy foods purchased) vary by ethnicity, household income and education.


METHOD
A 2×2 factorial trial of 1104 New Zealand shoppers randomised to receive a 12.5% discount on healthier foods and/or tailored nutrition education (or no intervention) for 6 months.


RESULTS
There was no overall association of price discounts or nutrition education with percentage energy from saturated fat, or nutrition education with healthy food purchasing. There was an association of price discounts with healthy food purchasing (0.79 kg/week increase; 95% CI 0.43 to 1.16) that varied by ethnicity (p=0.04): European/other 1.02 kg/week (n=755; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.43); Pacific 1.20 kg/week (n=101; 95% CI 0.06 to 2.34); Māori -0.15 kg/week (n=248; 95% CI -1.10 to 0.80). This association of price discounts with healthy food purchasing did not vary by household income or education.


CONCLUSIONS
While a statistically significant variation by ethnicity in the effect of price discounts on food purchasing was found, the authors caution against a causal interpretation due to likely biases (eg, attrition) that differentially affected Māori and Pacific people. The study highlights the challenges in generating valid evidence by social groups for public health interventions. The null findings for tailored nutritional education across all social groups suggest that structural interventions (such as price) may be more effective.
Nurse moral distress and cancer pain management: an ethnography of oncology nurses in India.

BACKGROUND
The majority of cancer patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) present with late-stage, incurable disease, and basic tools to alleviate patient suffering-such as morphine-are often absent. Oncology nurses must cope with many challenges and may experience moral distress (MD), yet little research has examined this experience in LMICs.


OBJECTIVE
This ethnographic study explored the experience of MD with oncology nurses (n = 37) and other providers (n = 22) in India and its potential relationship to opioid availability.


METHODS
Data (semistructured interviews and field observations) were collected at a 300-bed government cancer hospital in urban South India over 9 months. Dedoose v.4.5.91 supported analysis of transcripts using a coding schema that mapped to an Integrated Model of Nurse Moral Distress and concepts that emerged from field notes.


RESULTS
Primary themes included "We feel bad," "We are alone and afraid," "We are helpless," and "We leave it." A weak link between MD and opioid availability was found.


CONCLUSIONS
Participants described significant work-related distress, but the moral dimension to this distress was less clear as some key aspects of the Integrated Model of Nurse Moral Distress were not supported. The concept of MD may have limited applicability in settings where alternative courses of action are unknown, or not feasible, and where differing social and cultural norms influence moral sensitivity.


IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Improving job-related conditions is prerequisite to creating an environment where MD can manifest. Educational initiatives in LMICs must account for the role of the oncology nurse and their contextual moral and professional obligations.
Clinical outcomes of severe malnutrition in a high tuberculosis and HIV setting.

OBJECTIVE
Case death rates for severe childhood malnutrition remain stubbornly elevated in high HIV prevalence settings, despite the implementation of WHO guidelines. This study examined case death and other clinical outcomes in malnourished children with and without HIV infection.


METHODS
A prospective, observational study was undertaken at three tertiary hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa. All severely malnourished children had their HIV status established, and anthropometric, clinical and diagnostic findings and admission outcomes were analysed.


FINDINGS
Just over half (51%) of the 113 severely malnourished children were HIV infected, but 31/58 (54%) of these children had their positive status diagnosed only after admission. Marasmic children were significantly more likely to be HIV infected (OR 9.7, 95% CI 3.5 to 29.1). Tuberculosis (TB) was strongly suspected and treated in 27 children (24%) although confirmed in only five (4%). The overall case death rate was 11.5%. HIV infection, pallor and shock were significant predictors of death. HIV-infected children were six times more likely to die compared with HIV-negative children (19% vs 3.6%, OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 59). HIV-'affected' children (HIV negative but exposed) and HIV-negative children had similar outcomes.


CONCLUSION
HIV infection significantly increases severe malnutrition case death. WHO guidelines for the management of severe malnutrition in high HIV prevalence settings need to be modified to include routine HIV and TB testing and offer guidance on the criteria and timing of TB treatment and highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation.
Media Freedom, Political Knowledge, and Participation

A lexis de Tocqueville ([1835–1840] 1988, p. 517) once remarked, “Only a newspaper can put the same thought at the same time before a thousand readers.” In the twenty-first century, a similar claim holds true for television, radio, and the Internet, which provide information to millions of viewers and listeners across the globe. Given the importance of the media, governments may seek to control or influence the flow of media-provided information reaching their citizens. This control can be direct, such as when states monopolize media ownership in their nations, or indirect, such as when they exert financial pressure on private media outlets to cover news in a certain way (Leeson and Coyne, 2005). This paper examines the relationship between media freedom from government control and citizens’ political knowledge, political participation, and voter turnout. To explore these connections, I examine media freedom and citizens’ political knowledge in 13 central and eastern European countries with data from Freedom House’s Freedom of the Press report and the European Commission’s Candidate Countries Eurobarometer survey. Next, I consider media freedom and citizens’ political participation in 60 countries using data from the World Values Survey. Finally, I investigate media freedom and voter turnout in these same 60 or so countries with data from the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. I find that where government owns a larger share of media outlets and infrastructure, regulates the media industry more, and does more to control the content of news, citizens are more politically ignorant and apathetic. Where the media is less regulated and there is greater private ownership in the media industry, citizens are more politically knowledgeable and active.
Review of Literature on Heat Transfer Enhancement in Compact Heat Exchangers

This paper features a broad discussion on the application of enhanced heat transfer surfaces to compact heat exchangers. The motivation for heat transfer enhancement is discussed, and the principles behind compact heat exchangers are summarized. Next, various methods for evaluating and comparing different types of heat transfer enhancement devices using ftrst and/or second law analysis are presented. Finally, the following plate-fm enhancement geometries are discussed: rectangular and triangular plain ftns, offset strip ftns, louvered fms, and vortex generators. MOTIVATION FOR HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT For well over a century, efforts have been made to produce more efficient heat exchangers by employing various methods of heat transfer enhancement. The study of enhanced heat transfer has gained serious momentum during recent years, however, due to increased demands by industry for heat exchange equipment that is less expensive to build and operate than standard heat exchange devices. Savings in materials and energy use also provide strong motivation for the development of improved methods of enhancement. When designing cooling systems for automobiles and spacecraft, it is imperative that the heat exchangers are especially compact and lightweight. Also, enhancement devices are necessary for the high heat duty exchangers found in power plants (i. e. air-cooled condensers, nuclear fuel rods). These applications, as well as numerous others, have led to the development of various enhanced heat transfer surfaces. In general, enhanced heat transfer surfaces can be used for three purposes: (1) to make heat exchangers more compact in order to reduce their overall volume, and possibly their cost, (2) to reduce the pumping power required for a given heat transfer process, or (3) to increase the overall UA value of the heat exchanger. A higher UA value can be exploited in either of two ways: (1) to obtain an increased heat exchange rate for ftxed fluid inlet temperatures, or (2) to reduce the mean temperature difference for the heat exchange; this increases the thermodynamic process efficiency, which can result in a saving of operating costs. Enhancement techniques can be separated into two categories: passive and active. Passive methods require no direct application of external power. Instead, passive techniques employ special surface geometries or fluid additives which cause heat transfer enhancement. On the other hand, active schemes such as electromagnetic ftelds and surface vibration do require external power for operation [1]. The majority of commercially interesting enhancement techniques are passive ones. Active techniques have attracted little commercial interest because of the costs involved, and the problems that are associated with vibration or acoustic noise [2]. This paper deals only with gas-side heat transfer enhancement using special surface geometries.
Overview of Grounding and Configuration Options for Meshed HVDC Grids

This paper provides an overview and comparison of the possible grounding and configuration options for meshed HVDC grids. HVDC grids are expected to play a key role in the development of future power systems. Nevertheless, the type of grounding and the base configuration for the grid have not yet been determined. Various studies related to multiterminal HVDC or meshed HVDC grids often assume one specific configuration and grounding scheme and take it for granted. However, since a large number of options exist, an overview is needed to balance the pros and cons. In this paper, the influence of the different grounding options on fault behavior is investigated for point-to-point connections. Furthermore, the impact of the grounding type on the system fault behavior is investigated with electromagnetic transient simulations. Next, the suitability of a configuration to serve as a base configuration in a meshed dc grid is investigated and compared in terms of extensibility and flexibility. In this evaluation, the grounding type, the number, and location of grounding points in a grid are considered as well. Finally, an overview of the most important conclusions is given in a summarizing table.
Major bleeding risk among non‐valvular atrial fibrillation patients initiated on apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or warfarin: a “real‐world” observational study in the United States

BACKGROUND
Limited data are available about the real-world safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs).


OBJECTIVES
To compare the major bleeding risk among newly anticoagulated non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients initiating apixaban, warfarin, dabigatran or rivaroxaban in the United States.


METHODS AND RESULTS
A retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare the major bleeding risk among newly anticoagulated NVAF patients initiating warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran or rivaroxaban. The study used the Truven MarketScan(®) Commercial & Medicare supplemental US database from 1 January 2013 through 31 December 2013. Major bleeding was defined as bleeding requiring hospitalisation. Cox model estimated hazard ratios (HRs) of major bleeding were adjusted for age, gender, baseline comorbidities and co-medications. Among 29 338 newly anticoagulated NVAF patients, 2402 (8.19%) were on apixaban; 4173 (14.22%) on dabigatran; 10 050 (34.26%) on rivaroxaban; and 12 713 (43.33%) on warfarin. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, initiation on warfarin [adjusted HR (aHR): 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-3.33, P=.018] or rivaroxaban (aHR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.26-3.79, P=.005) had significantly greater risk of major bleeding vs apixaban. Dabigatran initiation (aHR: 1.71, 95% CI: 0.94-3.10, P=.079) had a non-significant major bleeding risk vs apixaban. When compared with warfarin, apixaban (aHR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30-0.89, P=.018) had significantly lower major bleeding risk. Patients initiating rivaroxaban (aHR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.91-1.41, P=.262) or dabigatran (aHR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.64-1.21, P=.446) had a non-significant major bleeding risk vs warfarin.


CONCLUSION
Among newly anticoagulated NVAF patients in the real-world setting, initiation with rivaroxaban or warfarin was associated with a significantly greater risk of major bleeding compared with initiation on apixaban. When compared with warfarin, initiation with apixaban was associated with significantly lower risk of major bleeding. Additional observational studies are required to confirm these findings.
GXNOR-Net: Training deep neural networks with ternary weights and activations without full-precision memory under a unified discretization framework

Although deep neural networks (DNNs) are being a revolutionary power to open up the AI era, the notoriously huge hardware overhead has challenged their applications. Recently, several binary and ternary networks, in which the costly multiply-accumulate operations can be replaced by accumulations or even binary logic operations, make the on-chip training of DNNs quite promising. Therefore there is a pressing need to build an architecture that could subsume these networks under a unified framework that achieves both higher performance and less overhead. To this end, two fundamental issues are yet to be addressed. The first one is how to implement the back propagation when neuronal activations are discrete. The second one is how to remove the full-precision hidden weights in the training phase to break the bottlenecks of memory/computation consumption. To address the first issue, we present a multi-step neuronal activation discretization method and a derivative approximation technique that enable the implementing the back propagation algorithm on discrete DNNs. While for the second issue, we propose a discrete state transition (DST) methodology to constrain the weights in a discrete space without saving the hidden weights. Through this way, we build a unified framework that subsumes the binary or ternary networks as its special cases, and under which a heuristic algorithm is provided at the website https://github.com/AcrossV/Gated-XNOR. More particularly, we find that when both the weights and activations become ternary values, the DNNs can be reduced to sparse binary networks, termed as gated XNOR networks (GXNOR-Nets) since only the event of non-zero weight and non-zero activation enables the control gate to start the XNOR logic operations in the original binary networks. This promises the event-driven hardware design for efficient mobile intelligence. We achieve advanced performance compared with state-of-the-art algorithms. Furthermore, the computational sparsity and the number of states in the discrete space can be flexibly modified to make it suitable for various hardware platforms.
ISO-TimeML Event Extraction in Persian Text

Recognizing TimeML events and identifying their attributes, are important tasks in natural language processing (NLP). Several NLP applications like question answering, information retrieval, summarization, and temporal information extraction need to have some knowledge about events of the input documents. Existing methods developed for this task are restricted to limited number of languages, and for many other languages including Persian, there has not been any effort yet. In this paper, we introduce two different approaches for automatic event recognition and classification in Persian. For this purpose, a corpus of events has been built based on a specific version of ISO-TimeML for Persian. We present the specification of this corpus together with the results of applying mentioned approaches to the corpus. Considering these methods are the first effort towards Persian event extraction, the results are comparable to that of successful methods in English. TITLE AND ABSTRACT IN PERSIAN اھداديور جارختسا زا یسراف نوتم فيرعت رب انب ISO-TimeML نتفاي اھداديور یگژيو و اھنآ یاھ ساسا رب TimeML زا یکي لئاسم هزوح رد مھم یعيبط یاھ نابز شزادرپ ی تسا . نابز شزادرپ یاھدربراک زا یرايسب هناماس دننام یعيبط یاھ و یزاس هص2خ ،تاع2طا جارختسا ،خساپ و شسرپ یاھ ات دنراد زاين ینامز تاع2طا جارختسا هرابرد یشناد یاھداديور رد دوجوم نوتم یدورو شور .دنشاب هتشاد هک یياھ نيا دروم رد نونکات هدش داجيا هلئسم نابز دنچ هب دودحم ، صاخ نابز زا یرايسب رد و تسا اھ هلمج زا ،یسراف نابز یراک نونکات هدشن ماجنا هطبار نيا رد یسراف نابز رد اھداديور جارختسا یارب فلتخم شور ود ام ،هلاقم نيا رد .تسا یم هئارا .ميھد یارب هرکيپ ،راک نيا اب قباطم یا ISO-TimeML ، سن هتبلا هخ دش هتخاس ،نآ یسراف صاخ ی ام . ناشن ار ،نآ یور رب لصاح جياتن و هرکيپ نيا تاصخشم یم ميھد شور جياتن . هئارا یاھ هدش هلاقم نيا رد ناونع هب ، شور نيلوا هدايپ یاھ اب ،یسراف نابز یور رب هدش یزاس .تسا هسياقم لباق یسيلگنا نابز رد قفوم یاھ شور
Effect of selected ions from lyotropic series on lipid oxidation rate

Abstract Organic or inorganic salts, commonly present in foods as natural components or ingredients, can affect the hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions among food components. In particular, modifying the physicochemical equilibrium in the media, the ionic species forming salts could affect the kinetics of chemical reactions occurring in foods. The aim of the present research was to study the influence of different ionic species from lyotropic series on the kinetics of lipid oxidation. For this purpose, salts containing antichaotropic (carbonate and acetate), neutral (Na + , K + ) and chaotropic ions (Cl − ) were added to soybean oil. Results indicate that potassium carbonate and potassium acetate present a strong antioxidant capacity, whereas no effect was detected for NaCl and KCl. The salt antioxidant activity was prevalently attributed to the antichaotropic anionic species present in the media, which could interact with hydroperoxides by virtue of their ability to form hydrogen bonds. These results appear to be of considerable interest for controlling the development of rancidity in foods.
Fitt's law as an explicit time/error trade-off

The widely-held view that Fitts' law expresses a speed/accuracy trade-off is presumably correct, but it is vague. We outline a simple resource-allocation theory of Fitts' law in which movement time and error trade for each other. The theory accounts quite accurately for the data of Fitts' (1954) seminal study, as well as some fresh data of our own. In both data sets we found the time/error trade-off to obey a power law. Our data, which we could analyze more thoroughly than Fitts', are consistent with a square-root function with a single adjustable constant. We suggest that the resource-allocation framework should help combine information and energy considerations to allow a more complete account of Fitts' law.
The benefits of constructing leads from fragment hits.

'Fragments' refer to particularly small molecular starting points in medicinal chemistry. The small size of fragments requires adapted techniques for their screening and subsequent elaboration. The detection of the weak binding affinity of fragments for their target, and associated screening issues, have been debated at length. Since it is now clear that fragments can be developed into clinical candidates, the discussion is shifting to the design of good-quality lead compounds from fragment hits. The increasing ability to control and tailor this construction process highlights the potential benefits of fragment-based drug discovery.
Haemodialysis: effects of acute decrease in preload on tissue Doppler imaging indices of systolic and diastolic function of the left and right ventricles.

AIMS
Conventional echocardiographic (ECHO) parameters of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) systolic and diastolic function have been shown to be load-dependent; however, the impact of preload reduction on tissue Doppler (TD) parameters of LV and RV function is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute preload reduction by haemodialysis (HD) on conventional (ECHO) and TD imaging (TDI) indices of systolic and diastolic function of the left and right ventricles.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Seventeen chronically uremic patients (age 31 +/- 10 years), without overt heart disease underwent conventional 2D and Doppler ECHO together with measurement of longitudinal mitral and tricuspid annular motion velocities. Fluid volume removed by HD was 2706 +/- 1047 cm(3). Haemodialysis led to reduction in LV end-diastolic volume (P < 0.0001), end-systolic volume (P < 0.001), peak early (E wave) transmitral flow velocity (P = 0.0001), and the ratio of early to late Doppler velocities of diastolic mitral inflow (P = 0.021). For the LV, early diastolic (E0) TDI velocities and the ratio of early to late TDI diastolic velocities (E0/A0) only on the septal side of the mitral annulus decreased significantly after HD (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.009, respectively). In a subgroup of seven patients who sustained significantly larger fluid volume loses following HD, E0 and the ratio of E0/A0 at the lateral side of mitral annulus also decreased suggesting a greater resistance of the lateral annulus to preload changes. Systolic velocities decreased after HD on both sides of mitral annulus (septal 6.90 +/- 1.10 vs. 5.97 +/- 1.48 cm/s, P = 0.006; lateral 8.68 +/- 2.67 vs. 6.94 +/- 1.52 cm/s, P = 0.011). For the RV, systolic tricuspid annular velocities decreased (13.45 +/- 1.47 vs.11.73 +/- 1.90 cm/s, P = 0.002) together with early diastolic velocities after HD (13.95 +/- 2.90 vs.10.62 +/- 2.45 cm/s, P = 0.0001). Both systolic and early diastolic tricuspid annular velocities correlated directly with fluid removal (P < 0.01).


CONCLUSION
This study shows that both systolic and diastolic TDI velocities of the LV and RV are preload-dependent. However, the lateral mitral annulus is more resistant to preload changes than either the septal mitral annulus or the lateral tricuspid annulus.