LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of localised pulmonary lesions: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND
Persisting controversy surrounds the use of transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy (TNAB) stemming from its uncertain diagnostic accuracy. A systematic review and meta-analysis was therefore conducted to evaluate the accuracy of TNAB for the diagnosis of solitary or multiple localised pulmonary lesions.


METHODS
Searches for English literature papers in Index Medicus (1963-1965) and Medline (1966-1996) were performed and the bibliographies of the retrieved articles were systematically reviewed. Articles evaluating the accuracy of TNAB in series of consecutive patients presenting with solitary or multiple pulmonary lesions were considered. Only papers in which >/=90% of patients were given a final diagnosis according to an appropriate reference standard were included in the meta-analysis.


RESULTS
A total of 48 studies were included and five meta-analyses were conducted according to four diagnostic thresholds. From the pooled sensitivity and specificity corresponding to each diagnostic threshold, associated likelihood ratios (LRs) were derived for malignant disease as follows: (1) malignant versus all other categories, LR = 72; (2) malignant or suspicious versus all others, LR = 49; (3) suspicious versus all categories but malignant, LR = 15; (4) benign versus all others, LR = 0.07; and (5) specific benign diagnosis versus all others, LR = 0.005. Differences in methodological quality of the studies, needle types, or whether a cytopathologist participated in the procedure failed to explain the heterogeneity of the results found in almost every meta-analysis. Given a 50% probability of malignancy prior to the TNAB, post-test probabilities of malignancy upon receiving the results would be malignant, 99%; suspicious, 94%; non-specific benign, 7%; and benign with a specific diagnosis, 0.6%.


CONCLUSIONS
Given the intermediate pre-test probabilities that would probably lead to performing TNAB, findings of "malignant" or of a specific diagnosis of a benign condition provide definitive results. Findings of "suspicious" markedly increase the probability of malignancy, and "benign" markedly decreases it but may not be considered definitive.
Induced Voltage in Parallel Transmission Lines Caused by Electric Field Induction

Induced voltage in a transmission line due to its proximity of another transmission line in the same right of way is often erroneously considered to be solely the result of electromagnetic induction. In general, electromagnetic induction is a function of the loading of the energized line, the proximity of the two lines and the distance that they are paralleled. Most utility personnel are not aware that large voltages can be developed from electric field induction. Unlike electromagnetic induction, electric field induction is a not a function of the distance that the two lines are paralleled. It is primarily a function of the proximity of the two lines and the magnitude of the operating voltage of the energized line. This paper describes a method of calculating the induced voltage caused by electric field induction. Field test results are also shown and potential work hazards are addressed
Set partition statistics and q-Fibonacci numbers

We consider the set partition statistics ls and rb introduced by Wachs and White and investigate their distribution over set partitions avoiding certain patterns. In particular, we consider those set partitions avoiding the pattern 13/2, Πn(13/2), and those avoiding both 13/2 and 123, Πn(13/2, 123). We show that the distribution over Πn(13/2) enumerates certain integer partitions, and the distribution over Πn(13/2, 123) gives q-Fibonacci numbers. These q-Fibonacci numbers are closely related to q-Fibonacci numbers studied by Carlitz and by Cigler. We provide combinatorial proofs that these q-Fibonacci numbers satisfy q-analogues of many Fibonacci identities. Finally, we indicate how p, q-Fibonacci numbers arising from the bistatistic (ls, rb) give rise to p, q-analogues of identities.
KINETIC ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION RESOLUTION OF RACEMIC STUDIES FOR LIPASE-CATALYSED 2-METHYL-1-PENTANOL

The lipase-catalysed optical resolution of a racemic mixture of 2-methyl-1-pentanol by transesterification using vinyl acetate as acyl donor has been studied experimentally. A mechanistic model has been developed for the double-substrate reaction sequence treating both enantiomers as competing substrates. The model is based upon a ping-pong mechanism with alternative substrates involving an acyl-enzyme intermediate. The kinetic constants of the model have been evaluated using initial rate experiments and nonlinear regression analysis. The model successfully predicts the evolution of the enantiomeric excess of substrate (eeR) and the degree of conversion with time for batch experiments with various initial concentrations of vinyl acetate and (R,S)-2-methyl-l-pentanol. Furthermore, the rate equations have been used to theoretically study the dynamic progression of a continuous enzyme-catalysed resolution process. The enantiomeric excess as a function of conversion for different process configurations is discussed. It is found, that the maximum attainable eeR is strongly dependent on the residence time distribution of the continuous reactor and is rather low for a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) due to competitive inhibition effects.
EULAR/PRINTO/PRES criteria for Henoch-Schönlein purpura, childhood polyarteritis nodosa, childhood Wegener granulomatosis and childhood Takayasu arteritis: Ankara 2008. Part II: Final classification criteria.

OBJECTIVES
To validate the previously proposed classification criteria for Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), childhood polyarteritis nodosa (c-PAN), c-Wegener granulomatosis (c-WG) and c-Takayasu arteritis (c-TA).


METHODS
Step 1: retrospective/prospective web-data collection for children with HSP, c-PAN, c-WG and c-TA with age at diagnosis <or=18 years. Step 2: blinded classification by consensus panel of a representative sample of 280 cases. Step 3: statistical (sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve and kappa-agreement) and nominal group technique consensus evaluations.


RESULTS
827 patients with HSP, 150 with c-PAN, 60 with c-WG, 87 with c-TA and 52 with c-other were compared with each other. A patient was classified as HSP in the presence of purpura or petechiae (mandatory) with lower limb predominance plus one of four criteria: (1) abdominal pain; (2) histopathology (IgA); (3) arthritis or arthralgia; (4) renal involvement. Classification of c-PAN required a systemic inflammatory disease with evidence of necrotising vasculitis OR angiographic abnormalities of medium-/small-sized arteries (mandatory criterion) plus one of five criteria: (1) skin involvement; (2) myalgia/muscle tenderness; (3) hypertension; (4) peripheral neuropathy; (5) renal involvement. Classification of c-WG required three of six criteria: (1) histopathological evidence of granulomatous inflammation; (2) upper airway involvement; (3) laryngo-tracheo-bronchial involvement; (4) pulmonary involvement (x-ray/CT); (5) antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody positivity; (6) renal involvement. Classification of c-TA required typical angiographic abnormalities of the aorta or its main branches and pulmonary arteries (mandatory criterion) plus one of five criteria: (1) pulse deficit or claudication; (2) blood pressure discrepancy in any limb; (3) bruits; (4) hypertension; (5) elevated acute phase reactant.


CONCLUSION
European League Against Rheumatism/Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation/Paediatric Rheumatology European Society propose validated classification criteria for HSP, c-PAN, c-WG and c-TA with high sensitivity/specificity.
Performance evaluation of solar photovoltaic/thermal systems

The major purpose of the present study is to understand the performance of an integrated photovoltaic and thermal solar system (IPVTS) as compared to a conventional solar water heater and to demonstrate the idea of an IPVTS design. A commercial polycrystalline PV module is used for making a PV/T collector. The PV/T collector is used to build an IPVTS. The test results show that the solar PV/T collector made from a corrugated polycarbonate panel can obtain a good thermal efficiency. The present study introduces the concept of primary-energy saving efficiency for the evaluation of a PV/T system. The primary-energy saving efficiency of the present IPVTS exceeds 0.60. This is higher than for a pure solar hot * water heater or a pure PV system. The characteristic daily efficiency h reaches 0.38 which is about 76% of s * the value for a conventional solar hot water heater using glazed collectors (h 5 0.50). The performance of a s PV/T collector can be improved if the heat-collecting plate, the PV cells and the glass cover are directly packed together to form a glazed collector. The manufacturing cost of the PV/T collector and the system cost of the IPVTS can also be reduced. The present study shows that the idea of IPVTS is economically feasible too.  2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Energy-efficient work-stealing language runtimes

Work stealing is a promising approach to constructing multithreaded program runtimes of parallel programming languages. This paper presents HERMES, an energy-efficient work-stealing language runtime. The key insight is that threads in a work-stealing environment -- thieves and victims - have varying impacts on the overall program running time, and a coordination of their execution "tempo" can lead to energy efficiency with minimal performance loss. The centerpiece of HERMES is two complementary algorithms to coordinate thread tempo: the workpath-sensitive algorithm determines tempo for each thread based on thief-victim relationships on the execution path, whereas the workload-sensitive algorithm selects appropriate tempo based on the size of work-stealing deques. We construct HERMES on top of Intel Cilk Plus's runtime, and implement tempo adjustment through standard Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS). Benchmarks running on HERMES demonstrate an average of 11-12% energy savings with an average of 3-4% performance loss through meter-based measurements over commercial CPUs.
GLOBAL AND NATIONAL SOURCES OF POLITICAL PROTEST: THIRD WORLD RESPONSES TO THE DEBT CRISIS*

In recent years international financial institutions have required Third World debtor countries to adopt various austerity policies designed to restore economic viability and ensure debt repayment. The hardships created by these policies have provoked unprecedented protests in debtor countries, ranging from mass demonstrations to organized strikes and riots. We examine variation among Third World debtor countries in the presence and severity of protests against austerity policies. Results show that the principal conditions for the occurrence and severity of austerity p~otests are overurbanization and involvement of international agencies in domestic political-economic policy. We offer a theoretical interpretation that integrates global and national sources of contemporary political protest in the Third World.
Pancreatic cysts: preoperative diagnosis and clinical management.

Preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic cysts benefits from integrating the clinical, radiological, and cytological features. As patient management algorithms evolve to increasingly nonsurgical options, accuracy in distinguishing mucinous from nonmucinous and benign from malignant mucinous cysts is important. This review focuses on pseudocysts, serous cystadenomas, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), and mucinous cystic neoplasms. Patients with pseudocysts almost always present with pancreatitis and are usually medically managed. Radiological studies reveal a unilocular cyst mostly in the pancreatic tail. Cyst fluid is thin, with high amylase but low carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. DNA mutations are absent. Serous cystadenomas are benign and do not require resection. Patients are usually asymptomatic and have microcystic or macrocystic masses anywhere in the pancreas. Cytology is frequently nondiagnostic. CEA and amylase levels are low. DNA analysis may reveal loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 3p if associated with Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Neoplastic mucinous cysts are highly variable in their presentation. Most are resected. Mucinous cystic neoplasms typically arise in the body or tail of the pancreas of middle-aged women and demonstrate a septated cyst without dilatation of the main pancreatic duct. Branch duct IPMNs are more common in the pancreatic head of elderly men. Main duct dilatation correlates with main duct or combined type IPMN. Both types of mucinous cysts produce variable amounts of mucin. Cytologically nonmalignant but atypical epithelial cells, even when scant, are an indication of a high risk for malignancy. High CEA level supports a mucinous cyst, as do KRAS mutation and good quality DNA levels. KRAS mutation and multiple LOH support malignancy.
Multi-Agent Systems for the Simulation of Land-Use and LandCover Change : A Review

form to demonstrate potential theoretical causes for qualitatively assessed real-world phenomena? Alternatively, can they be used to create wellparameterized empirical simulations appropriate for scenario and policy analysis? How can these models be empirically parameterized, verified, and validated? What are some remaining challenges and open questions in this research area? By providing answers to these questions, we hope to offer guidance to researchers considering the utility of this new modeling approach. We also hope to spark a healthy debate among researchers as to the potential advantages, limitations, andmajor research challenges ofMAS/LUCC modeling.AsMASmodeling studies are beingundertaken by geographers in other research fields—including transportation, integrated assessment, recreation, and resource management—many of the issues raised in this articlemay be relevant for other applications as well. The remainder of this article sequentially addresses the questions outlined above. Approaches to Modeling Land-Use/Cover Change This section examines myriad LUCC modeling approaches and offers MAS as a means of complementing other techniques. We briefly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of seven broad, partly overlapping categories of models: mathematical equation-based, system dynamics, statistical, expert system, evolutionary, cellular, and hybrid. This review is not exhaustive and only serves to highlight ways in which present techniques are complemented by MAS/LUCC models that combine cellular and agent-based models. More comprehensive overviews of LUCCmodeling techniques focus on tropical deforestation (Lambin 1994; Kaimowitz and Angelsen 1998), economic models of land use (Plantinga 1999), ecological landscapes (Baker 1989), urban and regional community planning (U.S. EPA 2000), and LUCC dynamics (Briassoulis 2000; Agarwal et al. 2002; Veldkamp and Lambin 2001; Verburg et al. forthcoming). Equation-Based Models Most models are mathematical in some way, but some are especially so, in that they rely on equations that seek a static or equilibrium solution. The most common mathematical models are sets of equations based on theories of population growth and diffusion that specify cumulative LUCC over time (Sklar and Costanza 1991). More complex models, often grounded in economic theory, employ simultaneous joint equations (Kaimowitz and Angelsen 1998). One variant of such models is based on linear programming (Weinberg, Kling, and Wilen 1993; Howitt 1995), potentially linked to GIS information on land parcels (Chuvieco 1993; Longley, Higgs, and Martin 1994; Cromley and Hanink 1999). A major drawback of such models is that a numerical or analytical solution to the system of equations must be obtained, limiting the level of complexity that may practically be built into such models. Simulation models that combine mathematical equationswith other data structures are considered below.
Intelligent Output Interface for Intelligent Medical Search Engine

To facilitate ordinary people to search medical information, we have built an intelligent medical Web search engine called iMed. iMed uses medical knowledge and an interactive questionnaire to find multiple diseases serving as queries. The search results of these queries are combined together and returned to the searcher in a traditional sequential order. Nevertheless, searchers still frequently miss desired information, because the traditional search result output interface cannot capture the internal structures of medical search results. This paper presents a new, intelligent search result output interface devoted to intelligent medical search. The new output interface automatically offers searchers what they want instead of waiting until they ask explicitly. It structures all the search results into a multi-level hierarchy with explicitly marked medical meanings. In this way, searchers can efficiently navigate among all the search results and quickly obtain desired information. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques through an evaluation using USMLE medical exam cases.
Study of Groundwater Quality at Dindigul Town, Tamilnadu, India

Contamination of drinking water by human and industrial activities is a serious concern now-a-days. Thus the analysis of the water quality is very important to preserve and protect the natural eco system. An assessment of the groundwater quality was carried out in and around Dindigul town, Tamilnadu, India. Dindigul is an interior region of Tamilnadu having landscape of 6058 sqkm. A total number of twenty three groundwater samples were taken from the bore well in and around Dindigul town with necessary precaution. All the groundwater samples were subjected to analysis of physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate and fluoride and biological analysis such as dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. The obtained results are compared with WHO standard values. The results revealed that most of the physicochemical parameters such as fluoride, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were in high concentration at most of the groundwater sampling stations. The study of physico-chemical and biological characteristics of these groundwater samples suggest that the evaluation of water quality parameters as well as water quality management practices should be carried out periodically to protect the water resources.
A case of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis characterized by grouped small vesicles.

A 44-year-old woman presented with a 20-year history of pruritic, grouped vesicular eruptions. Multiple skin biopsies revealed nonspecific results. On further questioning, the patient stated that the skin lesions usually occurred 5 days before menstruation and improved 3 days after menstrual flow started. Dermatological examination showed small grouped vesicles localized on erythematous plaques approximately 20 9 30 mm in size, on the patient’s neck, shoulders, back, waist, upper arms and medial aspect of the legs (Fig. 1a–d). She had never received exogenous progesterone. Histological examination revealed multifocal small vesicles due to subepidermal separation, with neutrophil-rich exudates (Fig. 2a,b). Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) staining was negative. Using normal saline as negative control, intradermal skin test (IDT) with 0.1 mL saline solutions, each containing progesterone at concentrations of 1 : 1, 1 : 100 and 1 : 1000, was performed. An erythematous and indurated plaque was observed only with 1 : 1 concentration of progesterone after 30 min (Fig. 2c). The patient was diagnosed with autoimmune progesterone dermatitis (APD), which was confirmed by the occurrence of multiple urticarial plaques 24 h after intramuscular challenge test with micronized progesterone 50 mg/mL. Oral contraceptive therapy was recommended, but the patient refused it. APD is a rare dermatosis characterized by cyclical cutaneous eruptions. It usually affects premenopausal women, and occurs 3–10 days prior to the onset of menstrual flow, and resolves 2–3 days into menses when progesterone levels decrease. The pathogenesis of APD still remains unknown. It is supposed that the skin lesions occur via a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction, due to occurrence of APD in some patients after taking exogenous progesterone. However, this mechanism is not enough to explain the pathogenesis of patients such as our case, who have never taken exogenous progesterone. Antibodies against progesterone may stimulate dermatitis, leading to a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction. This mechanism may not be valid for some patients such as our case, because DIF staining is negative. IDT with progesterone may result with immediate (within 30 min) and delayed (24–48 h later) reactions. These two
School Climate and Social-Emotional Learning: Predicting Teacher Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Teaching Efficacy

The aims of this study were to investigate whether and how teachers’ perceptions of social–emotional learning and climate in their schools influenced three outcome variables—teachers’ sense of stress, teaching efficacy, and job satisfaction—and to examine the interrelationships among the three outcome variables. Along with sense of job satisfaction and teaching efficacy, two types of stress (workload and student behavior stress) were examined. The sample included 664 elementary and secondary school teachers from British Columbia and Ontario, Canada. Participants completed an online questionnaire about the teacher outcomes, perceived school climate, and beliefs about social–emotional learning (SEL). Structural equation modeling was used to examine an explanatory model of the variables. Of the 2 SEL beliefs examined, teachers’ comfort in implementing SEL had the most powerful impact. Of the 4 school climate factors examined, teachers’ perceptions of students’ motivation and behavior had the most powerful impact. Both of these variables significantly predicted sense of stress, teaching efficacy, and job satisfaction among the participants. Among the outcome variables, perceived stress related to students’ behavior was negatively associated with sense of teaching efficacy. In addition, perceived stress related to workload and sense of teaching efficacy were directly related to sense of job satisfaction. Greater detail about these and other key findings, as well as implications for research and practice, are discussed.