LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Land Reform in Southern and Eastern Africa : Key issues for strengthening women ' s access to and rights in land

Report on a desktop study commissioned by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) This paper was prepared under contract with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The positions and opinions presented are those of the author alone, and are not intended to represent the views of FAO. 2 CONTENTS List of Tables 4 Abbreviations used in the text 4 Acknowledgements 4 SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 The Project Brief 5 Background to the study 5 Objectives of the study 6 Geographic scope of the study 7 1.2 Structure of the Report 7 SECTION TWO: THE CONTEXT FOR LAND REFORM 8 2.1 The changing land dispensation 8 The historical legacy of colonialism 8 Current land distribution and ownership 9 Dual legal and land tenure systems 10 Redistributive land reform in Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe 13 Women's access to land 15 Private freehold land 16 Communal areas 17 The position of widows 18 Women's land rights in situations of war and social disruption 19 2.2 The socioeconomic context for land reform 20 Economic and human development indicators 20 Agriculture 22 Women in agriculture 24 Urbanisation 26 2.3 HIV/AIDS and land reform 27 The scale of the pandemic in the region 27 Economic implications of the pandemic 28 The gender dynamics of HIV/AIDS 29 Implications for land reform policy 32 SECTION THREE:AN OVERVIEW OF LAND REFORM ISSUES AND DEBATES 35 3.1 Types of land reform 35 3.2 Policy issues within land reform 37 Economic arguments for land reform 37 Political and social objectives of land reform 38 3 Customary law and tenure systems 39 Traditional leadership 41 3.3 Gender equity as a policy goal in land reform 43 The gap between high-level commitments and land policy practice 43 Human rights and development perspectives 45 Independent rights in land and/or joint rights within the household 46 Statutory and/or customary law 48 Limitations of policies targeted at 'female-headed households' 50 Capacity to implement gender-sensitive land reform 51 SECTION FOUR: LAND REFORM AND WOMEN: FOUR CASE STUDIES 52 4.1 Kenya 52 4.2 South Africa 55 4.3 Uganda 57 4.4 Zimbabwe 6161 SECTION FIVE: CONCLUSION 64 5.1 Key findings 64 Women's rights in land 64 Land policies and land legislation 65 Efforts to formalise indigenous tenure systems 66 The changing role of traditional institutions 66 The impact of HIV/AIDS 67 Agricultural productivity and food security 67 5.2 Recommendations. 68 Research 68 Policy …
A reflective learning report about the implementation and impacts of Psychological First Aid (PFA) in Gaza

Psychological First Aid (PFA) is the recommended immediate psychosocial response during crises. As PFA is now widely implemented in crises worldwide, there are increasing calls to evaluate its effectiveness. World Vision used PFA as a fundamental component of their emergency response following the 2014 conflict in Gaza. Anecdotal reports from Gaza suggest a range of benefits for those who received PFA. Though not intending to undertake rigorous research, World Vision explored learnings about PFA in Gaza through Focus Group Discussions with PFA providers, Gazan women, men and children and a Key Informant Interview with a PFA trainer. The qualitative analyses aimed to determine if PFA helped individuals to feel safe, calm, connected to social supports, hopeful and efficacious - factors suggested by the disaster literature to promote coping and recovery (Hobfoll et al., 2007). Results show positive psychosocial benefits for children, women and men receiving PFA, confirming that PFA contributed to: safety, reduced distress, ability to engage in calming practices and to support each other, and a greater sense of control and hopefulness irrespective of their adverse circumstances. The data shows that PFA formed an important part of a continuum of care to meet psychosocial needs in Gaza and served as a gateway for addressing additional psychosocial support needs. A "whole-of-family" approach to PFA showed particularly strong impacts and strengthened relationships. Of note, the findings from World Vision's implementation of PFA in Gaza suggests that future PFA research go beyond a narrow focus on clinical outcomes, to a wider examination of psychosocial, familial and community-based outcomes.
A study on chip thinning process for ultra thin memory devices

Telecommunication equipment that supports high-level information networks is being made portable, small and lightweight. Thus, the miniaturization of semiconductor devices is necessary, and chip thinning technologies are important key technologies to achieve it. The manufacturing steps for semiconductor devices are generally classified into steps for patterning semiconductor elements in a wafer, steps for thinning a wafer, steps for dicing semiconductor elements into chips and sealing the chips in packages. Wafers are thinned by means of mechanical in-feed grinding using a grindstone containing diamond particles, resulting in spiral grinding saw marks on the backside of the wafers. Dicing wafers always causes surface chipping, dicing saw marks on the chip side and backside chipping. Such defects on chip faces become sources of cracks, decreasing chip strength. Therefore, the manufacturing process of thin chips must achieve the requirement of no damage on all chip faces. We already proposed a novel wafer thinning process namely a dicing before grinding (DBG) and DBG + mirror finish process on 56th ECTC, and also proposed a novel flip chip process for ultra thin chip on 57th ECTC. Incidentally, the thickness required for a semiconductor chip to work has not yet been determined. In this paper, the memory chip performance test results are described.
Transcriptional activation of long terminal repeat retrotransposon sequences in the genome of pitaya under abiotic stress.

Frequent somatic variations exist in pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) plants grown under abiotic stress conditions. Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons can be activated under stressful conditions and play key roles in plant genetic variation and evolution. However, whether LTR retrotransposons promotes pitaya somatic variations by regulating abiotic stress responses is still uncertain. In this study, transcriptionally active LTR retrotransposons were identified in pitaya after exposure to a number of stress factors, including in vitro culturing, osmotic changes, extreme temperatures and hormone treatments. In total, 26 LTR retrotransposon reverse transcriptase (RT) cDNA sequences were isolated and identified as belonging to 9 Ty1-copia and 4 Ty3-gypsy families. Several RT cDNA sequences had differing similarity levels with RTs from pitaya genomic DNA and other plant species, and were differentially expressed in pitaya under various stress conditions. LTR retrotransposons accounted for at least 13.07% of the pitaya genome. HuTy1P4 had a high copy number and low expression level in young stems of pitaya, and its expression level increased after exposure to hormones and abiotic stresses, including in vitro culturing, osmotic changes, cold and heat. HuTy1P4 may have been subjected to diverse transposon events in 13 pitaya plantlets successively subcultured for four cycles. Thus, the expression levels of these retrotransposons in pitaya were associated with stress responses and may be involved in the occurrence of the somaclonal variation in pitaya.
OpenAI Gym

OpenAI Gym1 is a toolkit for reinforcement learning research. It includes a growing collection of benchmark problems that expose a common interface, and a website where people can share their results and compare the performance of algorithms. This whitepaper discusses the components of OpenAI Gym and the design decisions that went into the software.
A Systematic Method for Designing a PR Controller and Active Damping of the LCL Filter for Single-Phase Grid-Connected PV Inverters

The Proportional Resonant (PR) current controller provides gains at a certain frequency (resonant frequency) and eliminates steady state errors. Therefore, the PR controller can be successfully applied to single grid-connected PV inverter current control. On the contrary, a PI controller has steady-state errors and limited disturbance rejection capability. Compared with the Land LC filters, the LCL filter has excellent harmonic suppression capability, but the inherent resonant peak of the LCL filter may introduce instability in the whole system. Therefore, damping must be introduced to improve the control of the system. Considering the controller and the LCL filter active damping as a whole system makes the controller design method more complex. In fact, their frequency responses may affect each other. The traditional trial-and-error procedure is too time-consuming and the design process is inefficient. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the frequency response influence between the PR controller and the LCL filter regarded as a whole system. In addition, the paper presents a systematic method for designing controller parameters and the capacitor current feedback coefficient factor of LCL filter active-damping. The new method relies on meeting the stable margins of the system. Moreover, the paper also clarifies the impact of the grid on the inverter output current. Numerical simulation and a 3 kW laboratory setup assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. OPEN ACCESS Energies 2014, 7 3935
Attention Guided Deep Imitation Learning

SUBMISSION DETAILS Presentation Type Either Poster or Oral Presentation Presentation Abstract Summary When a learning agent attempts to imitate human visuomotor behaviors, it may benefit from knowing the human demonstrator's visual attention. Such information could clarify the goal of the demonstrator, i.e., the object being attended is the most likely target of the current action. Hence it could help the agent better infer and learn the demonstrator's underlying state representation for decision making. We collect human control actions and eye-tracking data for playing Atari games. We train a deep neural network to predict human actions, and show that including gaze information significantly improves the prediction accuracy. In addition, more biologically correct representation enhances prediction accuracy. Paper Upload (PDF) 2017_CCN_ADIL.pdf Co-author Information
Energy Efficient Routing (EER) For Reducing Congestion and Time Delay in Wireless Sensor Network

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has sensor nodes which highly scalable and limited storage capability nodes. In the network, the nodes are in distributed manner and autonomous devices. The sensor node can communicate the information directly or indirectly. In WSN, the packets should be routed from source to destination within the limited power storage. The sensor nodes of WSN are highly mobile and based on the dynamic scenarios in the routing path and the network topology change frequently. A node in the routing path should be aware of the information regarding the nearest node. In traditional routing protocols, every node in the network exchanges periodic one-hop beacons. Beacons are short messages send periodically to indicate the neighbor nodes about their identification and position in the network. In the existing approach, some problems may occur during the data forwarding. Hence to overcome those problems Energy Efficient Routing (EER) approach is proposed in this paper. In the proposed modelling, the new algorithm named Discrete Delay Function (DDF) is introduced. In that algorithm, RTS/CTS message handshaking mechanism is used for data forwarding. By using this mechanism, the existing approaches’ limitations can be reduced. Simulation results show that EER scheme significantly outperforms existing protocols in wireless sensor networks with highly dynamic network topologies. Index Terms – Discrete Delay Function, Energy Efficient Routing, Geographic Adaptive Fidelity, Geographic Energy Aware Routing.
Asenapine for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a double-blind 40-week extension study.

BACKGROUND
Asenapine is approved in the United States for acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features. We report the results of long-term treatment with asenapine in patients with bipolar I disorder.


METHODS
Patients completing either of two 3-week efficacy trials and a subsequent 9-week double-blind extension were eligible for this 40-week double-blind extension. Patients in the 3-week trials were randomized to flexible-dose asenapine (5 or 10mg BID), placebo, or olanzapine (5-20mg QD; included for assay sensitivity only). Patients entering the extension phase maintained their preestablished treatment; those originally randomized to placebo received flexible-dose asenapine (placebo/asenapine). Safety and tolerability endpoints included adverse events (AEs), extrapyramidal symptoms, laboratory values, and anthropometric measures. Efficacy, a secondary assessment, was measured as change in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) total score from 3-week trial baseline to week 52 with asenapine or olanzapine; the placebo/asenapine group was assessed for safety only.


RESULTS
Incidence of treatment-emergent AEs was 71.9%, 86.1%, and 79.4% with placebo/asenapine, asenapine, and olanzapine, respectively. The most frequent treatment-emergent AEs were headache and somnolence with placebo/asenapine; insomnia, sedation, and depression with asenapine; and weight gain, somnolence, and sedation with olanzapine. Among observed cases, mean ± SD changes in YMRS total score at week 52 were -28.6 ± 8.1 and -28.2 ± 6.8 for asenapine and olanzapine, respectively.


LIMITATIONS
The study did not have a long-term placebo group.


CONCLUSIONS
In this 52-week extension in patients with bipolar mania, asenapine was well tolerated and long-term maintenance of efficacy was supported.
The acceptance and use of a virtual learning environment in China

The success of a virtual learning environment (VLE) depends to a considerable extent on student acceptance and use of such an e-learning system. After critically assessing models of technology adoption, including the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), TAM2, and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technology (UTAUT), we build a conceptual model to explain the differences between individual students in the level of acceptance and use of a VLE. This model extends TAM2 and includes subjective norm, personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology, and computer anxiety. Data were collected from 45 Chinese participants in an Executive MBA program. After performing satisfactory reliability and validity checks, the structural model was tested with the use of PLS. Results indicate that perceived usefulness has a direct effect on VLE use. Perceived ease of use and subjective norm have only indirect effects via perceived usefulness. Both personal innovativeness and computer anxiety have direct effects on perceived ease of use only. Implications are that program managers in education should not only concern themselves with basic system design but also explicitly address individual differences between VLE users. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A MULTI-PATH SIGNAL PROPAGATION MODEL FOR THE POWERLINE CHANNEL IN THE HIGH FREQUENCY RANGE

For the use of the mains networks as high speed data path for Internet, voice and data services carrier frequencies within the range from 500 kHz up to 20 MHz must be considered. The development of suitable communication systems and the planning of power line communication networks requires measurement-based models of the transfer characteristics of the mains network in the abovementioned frequency range. ' The heterogeneous structure of the mains network with numerous branches and impedance mismatching causes numerous reflections. Besides multi-path propagation with frequency-selective fading, typical power cables exhibit signal attenuation increasing with lengtli and frequency. The complex transfer function of n power line link can be described by a parametric model in the considered frequency range. Measurements of amplitude and phase response of a sample network with well-known geometry approve the validity of the model. Comparisons with measurements conducted at ,,live6' mains networks prove the validity of the model also for real network topologies.
Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election

The dynamics and influence of fake news on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election remains to be clarified. Here, we use a dataset of 171 million tweets in the five months preceding the election day to identify 30 million tweets, from 2.2 million users, which contain a link to news outlets. Based on a classification of news outlets curated by www.opensources.co, we find that 25% of these tweets spread either fake or extremely biased news. We characterize the networks of information flow to find the most influential spreaders of fake and traditional news and use causal modeling to uncover how fake news influenced the presidential election. We find that, while top influencers spreading traditional center and left leaning news largely influence the activity of Clinton supporters, this causality is reversed for the fake news: the activity of Trump supporters influences the dynamics of the top fake news spreaders. The influence of 'fake news’, spread via social media, has been much discussed in the context of the 2016 US presidential election. Here, the authors use data on 30 million tweets to show how content classified as fake news diffused on Twitter before the election.
Nanomechanics and the viscoelastic behavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymers

........................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................. xix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND................................................................................ 8 Structure of Carbon Nanotubes...........................................................................11 Methods of Nanotube Fabrication.......................................................................17 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes ......................................................22 Modulus .......................................................................................................22 Strength........................................................................................................24 Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymers..............................................................28 Issues related to the fabrication of NRPs.......................................................28 Nanotube dispersion with the polymer ....................................................29 Nanotube orientation...............................................................................29 Load transfer across the nanotube-polymer interface...............................31 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymers ................35 Elastic behavior ......................................................................................35 Viscoelastic behavior..............................................................................41 Other properties ......................................................................................46
Effect of C1-Esterase-inhibitor in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS
The study objective was to generate pilot data to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of C1-esterase-inhibitor concentrate (C1-INH) compared to standard treatment in patients with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi)-induced angioedema affecting the upper aerodigestive tract.


STUDY DESIGN
Proof-of-concept case series with historical control.


METHODS
Adult patients with angioedema in the upper aerodigestive tract presenting to the emergency department were included. After establishing the diagnosis of ACEi-induced angioedema based on patient history and thorough clinical examination, all patients were administered 1,000 international units (IU) of C1-INH intravenously. A historical control group consisting of adult patients with ACEi-induced angioedema who had been treated with intravenous corticosteroids and antihistamines at the same institution over the past 8 years was used for comparison. The most important parameters assessed were the time to complete resolution of symptoms and the need for intubation or tracheotomy.


RESULTS
Ten patients were included in the C1-INH group and 47 in the corticosteroid/antihistamine group. The time to complete resolution of symptoms was considerably longer in the historical control group (33.1 ± 19.4 hours) than in the C1-INH group (10.1 ± 3.0 hours). No intubation or tracheotomy was needed in the C1-INH group (0/10 patients), whereas three out of the 47 historical controls required tracheotomy and two were intubated (5/47).


CONCLUSION
The results suggest a role for C1-INH as an effective and safe therapeutic option in patients with ACEi-induced angioedema, which needs to be confirmed by further larger and double-blinded studies.


LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
4.
Clutch tectonics and the partial attachment of lithospheric layers

Clutch zones, in analogy to the clutch in an automobile, explain the mechanical communication between the necessarily different displacement fields of rheologicallydistinct lithospheric layers. In contrast to detachment zones, these sub-horizontal shear zones act as partial attachment zones between lithospheric layers. Two cases are possible: 1) Top-driven clutch systems, such as in extensional core complexes, in which kinematics are controlled by gravitational forces; or 2) Bottom-driven clutch systems in which kinematics are imposed from below. We focus on three different clutches that are associated with the lithosphere: the crustal brittle/ductile transition, the crust/mantle transition (lower crust), and the lithosphere/asthenosphere transition. The clutch model predicts coupled crustal (lithospheric?) deformation resulting from bulk flow of the lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle. An indication that orogenic systems are generally bottom-driven, rather than side-driven, is the pervasive sub-horizontal shearing which occurs within the lowermost crust. This model questions several aspects of classical plate tectonics by suggesting that: 1) Vertical displacement gradients are as significant as horizontal displacement gradients; 2) Areas of coherent upper crustal movement (plates?) do not encompass the entire lithosphere; and 3) Orogenic deformation results from bottom, rather than side, boundary conditions.