LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Materials for Enabling Hands-On Robotics and STEM Education

We describe our approach to enabling hands-on experiential robotics for all ages through the introduction of a robot programming workbook and robot test-bed. We describe the vision and motivation for the project, and then the details of the robot hardware, software, and the accompanying workbook and textbook materials. Together, these resources are aimed at providing free, detailed, and readily accessible materials to K-12 and university educators and students for direct immersion in hands-on robotics. Introduction and Motivation It has long been recognized that experiential, hands-on education provides superior motivation for learning new material, by providing real-world meaning to the otherwise abstract knowledge. Robotics has been shown to be a superb tool for hands-on learning, not only of robotics itself, but of general topics in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Given the current shortage of student interest in STEM topics, and an undersupply of a trained workforce in those areas, increasing attention has been paid to developing innovative tools for improved teaching of STEM, including through robotics. A broad spectrum of avenues for pursuing robotics at the pre-university level exists; some of the most visible are FIRST (2) LEGO Mindstorms (5), and Botball (1). Increasingly, high schools across the country are providing elective robotics courses as well as after-school programs. Gradually, middle schools are starting to get involved as well. However, significant barriers still exist to making robotics accessible to pre-university students and teachers. In this paper, we describe our vision for making robotics accessible to all pre-university K-12 ages, as well as the materials and tools we are developing toward making that vision possible.
Proton MR spectroscopy improves discrimination between tumor and pseudotumoral lesion in solid brain masses.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Differentiating between tumors and pseudotumoral lesions by conventional MR imaging may be a challenging question. This study aims to evaluate the potential usefulness and the added value that single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy could provide on this discrimination.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 84 solid brain lesions were retrospectively included in the study (68 glial tumors and 16 pseudotumoral lesions). Single-voxel spectra at TE 30 ms (short TE) and 136 ms (long TE) were available in all cases. Two groups were defined: "training-set" (56 cases) and "test-set" (28 cases). Tumors and pseudotumors were compared in the training-set with the Mann-Whitney U test. Ratios between resonances were defined as classifiers for new cases, and thresholds were selected with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The added value of spectroscopy was evaluated by 5 neuroradiologists and assessed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.


RESULTS
Differences between tumors and pseudotumors were found in myo-inositol (mIns); P < .01) at short TE, and N-acetylaspartate (NAA; P < .001), glutamine (Glx; P < .01), and choline (CHO; P < .05) at long TE. Classifiers suggested tumor when mIns/NAA ratio was more than 0.9 at short TE and also when CHO/NAA ratio was more than 1.9 at long TE. Classifier accuracy was tested in the test-set with the following results: short TE, 82% (23/28); long TE, 79% (22/28). The neuroradiologists' confidence rating of the test-cases on a 5-point scale (0-4) improved between 5% (from 2.86-3) and 27% (from 2.25-2.86) with spectroscopy (mean, 17%; P < .01).


CONCLUSIONS
The proposed ratios of mIns/NAA at short TE and CHO/NAA at long TE provide valuable information to discriminate between brain tumor and pseudotumor by improving neuroradiologists' accuracy and confidence.
Breast self examination practices among female secondary school teachers in a rural community in Oyo State, Nigeria

The objective of the study was to assess female secondary school teachers’ knowledge and attitude of breast self examination (BSE) and to describe the extent of practice of breast self examination among them. This study employed a descriptive design and data was collected with the aid of validated semi structured questionnaire from 100 female teachers in all the five secondary schools in Oko, Oyo State, and analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The result showed that 82% of the respondents were aware of breast self examination practices and their source of this information was from mass media (55%) and friends (25%). Fifty-four respondents had poor knowledge of BSE and 48% had negative attitude towards practice of BSE and majority (62%) had a low practice. The study however, revealed that majority of the respondents who practice BSE do not know what to look for. The results further showed that, there is no significant relationship between age of the respondents and their awareness (X = 8.322; p = 0.0800; df = 4) and knowledge (X = 14.501; p = 0.264 and df = 8) of breast self examination. This study concluded that there is poor knowledge and attitude towards BSE practice among the secondary school teachers in Oko community and with unsatisfactory practice. It therefore, suggests that breast awareness campaign and self efficacy development is important for teachers in secondary schools to aid early detection and better prognosis of breast cancer in this community, and this will have a multiplier effect on female secondary school girls.
Spin-Orbit Coupling, Quantum Dots, and Qubits in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

We derive an effective Hamiltonian which describes the dynamics of electrons in the conduction band of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) in the presence of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields. We discuss in detail both the intrinsic and the Bychkov-Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) induced by an external electric field. We point out interesting differences in the spin-split conduction band between different TMDC compounds. An important consequence of the strong intrinsic SOC is an effective out-of-plane g-factor for the electrons which differs from the freeelectron g-factor g ≃ 2. We identify a new term in the Hamiltonian of the Bychkov-Rashba SOC which does not exist in III-V semiconductors. Using first-principles calculations, we give estimates of the various parameters appearing in the theory. Finally, we consider quantum dots (QDs) formed in TMDC materials and derive an effective Hamiltonian which allows us to calculate the magnetic field dependence of the bound states in the QDs. We find that all states are both valley and spin split, which suggests that these QDs could be used as valley-spin filters. We explore the possibility of using spin and valley states in TMDCs as quantum bits, and conclude that, due to the relatively strong intrinsic spin-orbit splitting in the conduction band, the most realistic option appears to be a combined spin-valley (Kramers) qubit at low magnetic fields.
The Calderón problem with partial data in two dimensions

We consider the problem of determining a complex-valued potential q in a bounded two-dimensional domain from the Cauchy data measured on an arbitrary open subset of the boundary for the associated Schrödinger equation Δ+q. A motivation comes from the classical inverse problem of electrical impedance tomography. In this inverse problem one attempts to determine the electrical conductivity of a body by measurements of voltage and current on the boundary of the body. This problem was proposed by Calderón [9] and is also known as Calderón’s problem. In dimensions n ≥ 3, the first global uniqueness result for C-conductivities was proven in [28]. In [25], [5] the global uniqueness result was extended to less regular conductivities. Also see [14] for the determination of more singular conormal conductivities. In dimension n ≥ 3 global uniqueness was shown for the Schrödinger equation with bounded potentials in [28]. The case of more singular conormal potentials was studied in [14]. In two dimensions the first global uniqueness result for Calderón’s problem was obtained in [24] for C-conductivities. Later the regularity assumptions were relaxed in [6] and [2]. In particular, the paper [2] proves uniqueness for L∞conductivities. In two dimensions a recent breakthrough result of Bukhgeim [7] gives unique identifiability of the potential from Cauchy data measured on the whole boundary for the associated Schrödinger equation. As for the uniqueness in determining two coefficients, see [10], [18]. In all the above-mentioned articles, the measurements are made on the whole boundary. The purpose of this paper is to show global uniqueness in two dimensions, both for the Schrödinger and conductivity equations, by measuring all the Neumann data on an arbitrary open subset Γ̃ of the boundary produced by inputs of Dirichlet data supported on Γ̃. We formulate this inverse problem more precisely below. Let Ω ⊂ R be a bounded domain with smooth boundary which consists of N smooth closed curves γj , ∂Ω = ⋃N j=1 γj , and let ν be the unit outward normal vector to ∂Ω. We denote ∂u ∂ν = ∇u · ν. A bounded and positive function γ̃(x)
Reliability of self-reported blood pressure measurements.

BACKGROUND
Home blood pressure (BP) monitoring improves BP control, but it is unknown whether patients accurately report home BP readings to their physician. This study compared self-reported with electronically stored home BP and heart rate (HR) readings and evaluated this agreement in patients with controlled vs. uncontrolled hypertension.


METHODS
A single-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted in an ambulatory managed care population. Subjects were identified by hypertension-related codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (401.0, 401.1, and 401.9). Subjects recorded systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and HR 3 times daily for 1 week by means of a digital BP monitor. Subjects were unaware that the monitor electronically stored results.


RESULTS
Thirty subjects were enrolled (29 complete data sets); their mean age (+/-SD) was 56+/-9 years, and 15 (52%) were women. Sixty-eight percent of subject-recorded SBP, DBP, and HR measurements were identical to electronically stored results. Twenty percent of recorded SBPs and 17% of recorded DBPs differed from stored SBP and DBP by more than 10 mm Hg. Erroneous reporting was evident in 9% of uncontrolled vs 4% of controlled SBPs (P<.001). Similarly, 21% of uncontrolled and 4% of controlled DBPs were erroneously reported (P<.001). In cases where the stored HR exceeded 100 beats/min, 43% of HR readings were recorded as 100 beats/min or less (P<.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Most self-reported BP and HR readings were identical to electronically stored measurements. However, erroneous reporting occurred significantly more often in cases of uncontrolled BP and HR, which may misguide physicians in the optimal treatment of their patients with hypertension.
Functional divergence within class B MADS-box genes TfGLO and TfDEF in Torenia fournieri Lind

Homeotic class B genes GLOBOSA (GLO)/PISTILLATA (PI) and DEFICIENS (DEF)/APETALA3 (AP3) are involved in the development of petals and stamens in Arabidopsis. However, functions of these genes in the development of floral organs in torenia are less well known. Here, we demonstrate the unique floral phenotypes of transgenic torenia formed due to the modification of class B genes, TfGLO and TfDEF. TfGLO-overexpressing plants showed purple-stained sepals that accumulated anthocyanins in a manner similar to that of petals. TfGLO-suppressed plants showed serrated petals and TfDEF-suppressed plants showed partially decolorized petals. In TfGLO-overexpressing plants, cell shapes on the surfaces of sepals were altered to petal-like cell shapes. Furthermore, TfGLO- and TfDEF-suppressed plants partially had sepal-like cells on the surfaces of their petals. We isolated putative class B gene-regulated genes and examined their expression in transgenic plants. Three xyloglucan endo-1,4-beta-d-glucanase genes were up-regulated in TfGLO- and TfDEF-overexpressing plants and down-regulated in TfGLO- and TfDEF-suppressed plants. In addition, 10 anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes, including anthocyanin synthase and chalcone isomerase, were up-regulated in TfGLO-overexpressing plants and down-regulated in TfGLO-suppressed plants. The expression patterns of these 10 genes in TfDEF transgenic plants were diverse and classified into several groups. HPLC analysis indicated that sepals of TfGLO-overexpressing plants accumulate the same type of anthocyanins and flavones as wild-type plants. The difference in phenotypes and expression patterns of the 10 anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes between TfGLO and TfDEF transgenic plants indicated that TfGLO and TfDEF have partial functional divergence, while they basically work synergistically in torenia.
Factor V G1691A and prothrombin G20210A in childhood spontaneous venous thrombosis – Evidence of an age-dependent thrombotic onset in carriers of factor V G1691A and prothrombin G20210A mutation

Risk factors for venous thrombosis in adults are the prothrombin (PT) G20210A, the factor (F) V G1691A mutations and hereditary deficiencies of protein C, protein S and antithrombin. However, data are limited on the relevance of these risk factors for thrombosis in children and adolescents. We therefore investigated 119 patients aged 0–18 with spontaneous venous thrombosis and controls (n= 100) for the presence of the factor V G1691A mutation and the prothrombin G20210A variant with respect to thrombotic onset and thrombosis location. The following frequencies (patients vs. controls), odds ratios (OR), 95%-confidence intervals (CI) and p-values were found: FV G1691A, 19.3% vs. 5%, OR/CI 4.55/1.66–12.5, p= 0.0038 and prothrombin G20210A, 8.4% vs. 3%, OR/CI 2.96/0.8–11, p= 0.17. A combination of the FV G1691A mutation with the PT G20210A variant was found in 3 children (2.5% of cases) but only once in the controls. With a median (range) age of 2 years (0–17), carriers of the FV mutation were significantly younger compared with patients carrying the PT variant (16 years: 0–18, p < 0.001). Vascular accidents in carriers of the FV mutation occurred in deep veins of the leg (n= 11), cerebral veins (n= 4), renal veins (n= 3) and portal veins (n= 2). Patients with the PT mutation showed spontaneous thrombosis in the majority of cases in the deep veins of the leg (n= 5) and in the central nervous system (n= 2). Combined defects were found in a neonate with renal venous thrombosis and in two adolescents with deep vein thrombosis. Conclusion Data presented here suggest that the heterozygous FV mutation is the most commonly found prothrombotic risk factor responsible for spontaneous thrombosis during infancy and early childhood. In contrast, the PT G20210A variant is likely to be more important during puberty and adolescence.
A Linear Algorithm For Generating Random Numbers With a Given Distribution

Let [ be a random variable over a finite set with an arbitrary probability distribution. In this paper we make improvements to a fast method of generating sample values for ( in constant time.
Interactive Road Situation Analysis for Driver Assistance and Safety Warning Systems: Framework and Algorithms

Road situation analysis in Interactive Intelligent Driver-Assistance and Safety Warning (I2DASW) systems involves estimation and prediction of the position and size of various on-road obstacles. Real-time processing, given incomplete and uncertain information, is a challenge for current object detection and tracking technologies. This paper proposed a development framework and novel algorithms for road situation analysis based on driving action behavior, where the safety situation is analyzed by simulating real driving action behaviors. First, we review recent development and trends in road situation analysis to provide perspective for the related research. Second, we introduce a road situation analysis framework, where onboard sensors provide information about drivers, traffic environment, and vehicles. Finally, on the basis of the previous frameworks, we proposed multiple-obstacle detection and tracking algorithms using multiple sensors including radar, lidar, and a camera, where a decentralized track-to-track fusion approach is introduced to fuse these sensors. In order to reduce the effect of obstacle shape and appearance, we cluster lidar data and then classify obstacles into two categories: static and moving objects. Future collisions are assessed by computation of local tracks of moving obstacles using extended Kalman filter, maximum likelihood estimation to fuse distributed local tracks into global tracks, and finally, computation of future collision distribution from the global tracks. Our experimental results show that our approach is efficient for road situation evaluation and prediction
Special Issue on Design and Development: Sourcing By Design: Product Complexity and the Supply Chain

This paper focuses on the connection between product complexity and vertical integration using original empirical evidence from the auto industry. A rich literature has addressed the choice between internal production and external sourcing of components in the auto industry. More recent literature has developed the concept of product architecture as another choice variable that may be one of the important contributors to product complexity. In this paper, we connect these two important decisions and study them jointly. We use the property rights approach to argue that complexity in product design and vertical integration of production are complements: that in-house production is more attractive when product complexity is high, as firms seek to capture the benefits of their investment in the skills needed to coordinate development of complex designs. We test this hypothesis with a simultaneous equations model applied to data from the luxury-performance segment of the auto industry. We find a significant and positive relationship between product complexity and vertical integration. This has implications for optimal incentive structures within firms, as well as for interpreting firm performance. (Product Development; Product Complexity; Product Architecture; Property Rights; Transaction Costs; Vertical Integration; Automotive Industry; Supply Chain Management)
Natural Language Processing in Accounting, Auditing and Finance: A Synthesis of the Literature with a Roadmap for Future Research

Natural language processing (NLP) is a part of the artificial intelligence domain focused on communication between humans and computers. NLP attempts to address the inherent problem that while human communications are often ambiguous and imprecise, computers require unambiguous and precise messages to enable understanding. The accounting, auditing and finance domains frequently put forth textual documents intended to communicate a wide variety of messages, including, but not limited to, corporate financial performance, management’s assessment of current and future firm performance, analysts’ assessments of firm performance, domain standards and regulations as well as evidence of compliance with relevant standards and regulations. NLP applications have been used to mine these documents to obtain insights, make inferences and to create additional methodologies and artefacts to advance knowledge in accounting, auditing and finance. This paper synthesizes the extant literature in NLP in accounting, auditing and finance to establish the state of current knowledge and to identify paths for future research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspects of noncommutative descriptions of planar systems in high magnetic fields

We study some aspects of recent proposals to use the noncommutative Chern–Simons theory as an effective description of some planar condensed matter models in strong magnetic fields, such as the quantum Hall effect. We present an alternative justification for such a description, which may be extended to other planar systems where a uniform magnetic field is present.
E-learning system use and its outcomes: Moderating role of perceived compatibility

This paper explores the moderating role of perceived compatibility on the relationship between e-learning system use and its outcomes. We conceptualize e-learning outcomes using academic performance, perceived learning assistance, and perceived community building assistance. We further hypothesize that perceived compatibility moderates the relationships between e-learning system use and these outcome variables. The model was tested by collecting data from university students (n = 179) participating in hybrid courses using a popular learning management system, Moodle. The findings suggest that perceived compatibility moderates the relationship between e-learning system use and academic performance. However, it did not moderate the other two relationships, i.e. (1) the relationship between e-learning system use and perceived learning assistance, and (2) the relationship between e-learning system use and perceived community building assistance. 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Association between eprosartan-based hypertension therapy and improvement in cognitive function score: long-term follow-up from the OSCAR observational study.

OBJECTIVE
The Observational Study on Cognitive function And systolic blood pressure Reduction (OSCAR) was designed to evaluate the impact of eprosartan-based therapy on cognitive function in a cohort of 25,745 hypertensive subjects followed for six months.


METHODS
In this supplementary analysis, we studied the relationship between eprosartan-based therapy and cognitive function (assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)) after 12-month follow-up of 3600 patients (the long-term follow-up on-treatment population).


RESULTS
Reduction in blood pressure was sustained over 12 months, with mean systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure 130.9/79 mmHg at one year, compared with 164.3/92.8 mmHg at baseline (p<0.001). The overall mean MMSE score at completion of 12-month follow-up was significantly increased from baseline (27.8 ± 2.7 vs. 26.3 ± 3.5; p<0.001). The increase in MMSE score was observed when the population was stratified by age (p<0.001) and in a subgroup of patients with cerebrovascular disease at baseline (n=290) (p<0.001, 12 months vs. baseline).


CONCLUSIONS
In this cohort of patients, use of eprosartan-based treatment for one year was associated with sustained reduction in blood pressure and stabilization or improvement of MMSE scores. These data are supportive of a role for blood pressure control in the prevention or delay of cognitive decline.