LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Social involvement of children with autism spectrum disorders in elementary school classrooms.

BACKGROUND
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are increasingly included in general education classrooms in an effort to improve their social involvement.


METHODS
Seventy-nine children with ASD and 79 randomly selected, gender-matched peers (88.6% male) in 75 early (K-1), middle (2nd-3rd), and late (4th-5th) elementary classrooms across 30 schools completed social network surveys examining each child's reciprocal friendships, peer rejection, acceptance, and social involvement.


RESULTS
Across grade levels, peers less frequently reciprocated friendships with children with ASD than students in the matched sample. While children with ASD were not more likely to be rejected by peers, they were less accepted and had fewer reciprocal friendships than matched peers at each grade level. Although 48.1% of children with ASD were involved in the social networks of their classrooms, children with ASD were more likely to be isolated or peripheral to social relationships within the classroom across all grade levels, and this difference is even more dramatic in later elementary grades.


CONCLUSIONS
In inclusive classrooms, children with ASD are only involved in peers' social relationships about half of the time, and appear to be even less connected with increasing grade level. Promoting children with ASD's skills in popular activities to share with peers in early childhood may be a key preventive intervention to protect social relationships in late elementary school grades.
Trajectories of adolescent alcohol use after brief treatment in an Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVE
The primary aim of this study was to identify distinct classes of trajectories of adolescent substance use following a brief motivational interviewing (MI) intervention in an Emergency Department (ED). The secondary aim was to identify predictors of class membership.


METHODS
Latent growth mixture modeling was used with 177 adolescents who participated in two randomized clinical trials evaluating MI for an alcohol-related event.


RESULTS
Three classes were identified: (1) moderate use, decreasers consisting of 56.8% of participants; (2) heavy use, decreasers, consisting of 10.5% of participants, and (3) heavy use sustainers, consisting of 32.7% of participants. Hispanic ethnicity, parental monitoring, and days of high-volume drinking were significant predictors of class membership. Hispanic ethnic status and high levels of parental monitoring were associated with decreased likelihood of belonging to either of the two heavy use classes. More frequent high-volume drinking at baseline was associated with increased likelihood of belonging to the heavy use, sustainer class, and decreased likelihood of belonging to the heavy use, decreaser class. Across all three classes, being female and having frequent high-volume drinking at baseline were associated with worse response to the intervention.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings have important implications for identifying adolescents who may benefit from different or additional intervention, and for anticipating and informing families of adolescents' potential drinking course following treatment.
Substitution of specialized rheumatology nurses for rheumatologists in the diagnostic process of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the substitution of specialized rheumatology nurses for rheumatologists in diagnosing fibromyalgia (FM).


METHODS
Referred patients with FM symptoms (n = 193) were randomized to a study group diagnosed by a specialized rheumatology nurse (SRN group, n = 97) or to a control group diagnosed by a rheumatologist (RMT group, n = 96). SRN patients were seen within 3 weeks by a nurse who took structured history and initiated routine laboratory tests. During a 5-minute supervision session, the rheumatologist was informed by the nurse about medical history, performed a brief physical examination, and confirmed or rejected the nurse's diagnosis. RMT patients were seen by a rheumatologist after a regular waiting period of 3 months. Outcome measures were initial agreement between the nurse and rheumatologist in the SRN group, final diagnosis after 12-24 months of followup, patient satisfaction, and diagnostic costs.


RESULTS
The mean waiting time after randomization was 2.8 and 12.1 weeks in the SRN and RMT groups, respectively. Eight RMT patients cancelled their appointments because of the waiting time. Excellent agreement (kappa = 0.91) between rheumatologists and nurses was found. After 12-24 months of followup, none of the initial diagnoses were recalled in either group. SRN patients were significantly more satisfied than RMT patients. Mean diagnostic costs were lower in the SRN group (euro219) than in the RMT group (euro281) (95% uncertainty interval euro-103, euro-20).


CONCLUSION
Substituting specialized nurses for rheumatologists in the diagnostic process of FM is a trustworthy and successful approach that saves waiting time, provides greater patient satisfaction, and is cost-effective.
Detection of known and unknown DDoS attacks using Artificial Neural Networks

The key objective of a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is to compile multiple systems across the Internet with infected zombies/agents and form botnets of networks. Such zombies are designed to attack a particular target or network with different types of packets. The infected systems are remotely controlled either by an attacker or by self-installed Trojans (e.g. roj/Flood-IM) that are programmed to launch packet floods. Within this context, the purpose of this paper is to detect and mitigate known and unknown DDoS attacks in real time environments. We have chosen an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm to detect DDoS attacks based on specific characteristic features (patterns) that separate DDoS attack traffic from genuine traffic. & 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
TOXIC EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS ON GERMINA- TION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF WHEAT

Heavy metal pollution is one of the major environmental problems of the present century. It is mainly due to the anthropogenic activities. Many industries, including metallurgy, electroplating, paints and pigments industries, tanning, wood preservation, chemical industries and pulp and paper producing industries use various heavy metals and discharge from these industries largely contribute to heavy metal pollution. Land disposal of wastes/effluents containing heavy metals contaminate soil ecosystem and once present in the soil the metals are persistent. Although living organisms require metals for their growth but at high concentration they become toxic to plants and animals. India is primarily an agriculture based country and if crops are grown on soil containing high amount of heavy metals then their growth will be adversely affected. Wheat is the main food crop of India and we wanted to study the effect of different heavy metals on its germination and seedling growth. In this paper the effect of copper, chromium and cobalt on seed germination, root and shoot growth of wheat is described. Our results show that seed germination and root and shoot growth is significantly reduced at high concentrations of all the three heavy metals.
Effects of aerobic exercise training in anemic cancer patients receiving darbepoetin alfa: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND
Anemia in patients with solid tumors is a common problem that is associated with impaired exercise capacity, increased fatigue, and lower quality of life (QoL). Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) have been shown to improve these outcomes; however, it is unknown if additional benefits can be achieved with aerobic exercise training.


METHODS
We conducted a single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled trial in 55 mild-to-moderately anemic patients with solid tumors. Patients were randomized to either darbepoetin alfa alone (DAL, n = 29) or darbepoetin alfa plus aerobic exercise training (DEX; n = 26). The DEX group performed aerobic exercise training three times per week at 60%-100% of baseline exercise capacity for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was QoL assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia scale. Secondary endpoints were fatigue, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO(2peak)), hemoglobin (Hb) response, and darbepoetin alfa dosing.


RESULTS
Intention-to-treat analyses indicated significant improvements in QoL and fatigue in both groups over time but there were no between-group differences. The DEX group had a significantly greater VO(2peak) than the DAL group (mean group difference, +3.0 ml/kg per minute; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.7; p = .001) and there were borderline significant differences in favor of the DEX group for Hb response and darbepoetin alfa dosing.


CONCLUSIONS
Aerobic exercise training did not improve QoL or fatigue beyond the established benefits of DAL but it did result in favorable improvements in exercise capacity and a more rapid Hb response with lower dosing requirements. Our results may be useful to clinicians despite the more recent restrictions on the indications for ESAs.
Postoperative mortality and morbidity in French patients undergoing colorectal surgery: results of a prospective multicenter study.

HYPOTHESIS
Better knowledge of independent risk factors might decrease mortality and morbidity rates following colorectal surgery.


DESIGN
Prospective multicenter study.


INTERVENTIONS
From June to September 2002, consecutive patients undergoing open or laparoscopic surgery (electively or on an emergent basis) for colorectal cancers or diverticular disease were prospectively included. Exclusion criteria were colectomy for other causes (eg, inflammatory bowel diseases, benign polyps). The structured sheet of data collection included more than 200 items on all perioperative data concerning the patient, the disease, and the operating surgeons. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were defined as in-hospital death and complications.


RESULTS
Among 1421 patients, the in-hospital death rate was 3.4% and the overall morbidity rate was 35%. Four independent preoperative risk factors of mortality were found: emergency surgery, loss of more than 10% of weight, neurological comorbidity, and age older than 70 years. Six independent risk factors of morbidity were found: age older than 70 years, neurologic comorbidity, hypoalbuminemia, cardiorespiratory comorbidity, long duration of operation, and peritoneal contamination.


CONCLUSION
Colorectal resection in France is associated with a 3.4% mortality rate and a 35% morbidity rate. Knowledge of the risk factors could help surgeons manage cases.
Monetary Institutions and Monetary Theory: Reflections on the History of Monetary Economics

Monetary economics is part of the belief system of society. It is also part of the system of social control. And those institutions studied by monetary economists are part of the power structure of society.
An efficient and secure mobile payment protocol for restricted connectivity scenarios in vehicular ad hoc network

0140-3664/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier B.V. A doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2011.09.003 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 62283240. E-mail address: liwenmin02@hotmail.com (W. Li). Value-added applications in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) come with the emergence of electronic trading. The restricted connectivity scenario in VANET, where the vehicle cannot communicate directly with the bank for authentication due to the lack of internet access, opens up new security challenges. Hence a secure payment protocol, which meets the additional requirements associated with VANET, is a must. In this paper, we propose an efficient and secure payment protocol that aims at the restricted connectivity scenario in VANET. The protocol applies self-certified key agreement to establish symmetric keys, which can be integrated with the payment phase. Thus both the computational cost and communication cost can be reduced. Moreover, the protocol can achieve fair exchange, user anonymity and payment security. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Taxonomy and Design Analysis for Distributed Web Caching

Proxy server caches reduce Internet traffic and improve response times. However, limited duplication among requests restricts most proxy server hit rates to under 50%, requiring other methods to expand cache sharing. This paper proposes a taxonomy for distributed network caching based on discovery, dissemination, and delivery methods. We analyze the match between taxonomy categories and Web characteristics, and use the taxonomy to classify current Web caching projects. Next we describe our cooperative Web caching protocol, in which proxy servers locate cache copies by looking in local metadata directories. Local lookup provides fast discovery, and allows multiple criteria be used to select a cache site. We propagate metadata by lazy prefetching, in which returned objects carry metadata for related or popular objects. The protocol is simulated using empirically-derived analytical workloads. Results indicate it substantially reduces server load and connection denials as compared to standard proxy server caching.
The immunomodulatory properties of probiotic microorganisms beyond their viability (ghost probiotics: proposal of paraprobiotic concept)

The probiotic approach represents a potentially effective and mild alternative strategy for the prevention and treatment of either inflammatory or allergic diseases. Several studies have shown that different bacterial strains can exert their probiotic abilities by influencing the host’s immune system, thereby modulating immune responses. However, the emerging concern regarding safety problems arising from the extensive use of live microbial cells is enhancing the interest in non-viable microorganisms or microbial cell extracts, as they could eliminate shelf-life problems and reduce the risks of microbial translocation and infection. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the scientific literature concerning studies in which dead microbial cells or crude microbial cell fractions have been used as health-promoting agents. Particular attention will be given to the modulation of host immune responses. Possible mechanisms determining the effect on the immune system will also be discussed. Finally, in the light of the FAO/WHO definition of probiotics, indicating that the word ‘probiotic’ should be restricted to products that contain live microorganisms, and considering the scientific evidence indicating that inactivated microbes can positively affect human health, we propose the new term ‘paraprobiotic’ to indicate the use of inactivated microbial cells or cell fractions to confer a health benefit to the consumer.
The efficacy of the synthetic interbody cage and Grafton for anterior cervical fusion.

STUDY DESIGN
Prospective study of 31 patients who underwent anterior cervical fusion.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the efficacy of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).


SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA
Although high fusion rates can be achieved with autogenous bone grafts, donor-site morbidity affects the patient's satisfaction with the surgical outcome.


METHODS
Thirty-one consecutive patients treated with ACDF using the PEEK cage with DBM (Grafton, Osteotech, Inc., Shrewsbury, NJ) at 42 levels were prospectively evaluated with a minimum of 12-month follow-up (mean: 16 months). Twenty-one patients underwent a single-level ACDF, 9 patients underwent a 2-level ACDF, and 1 patient had a 3-level ACDF. The affected level was C3-C4 in 7 patients; C4-C5 in 9, C5-C6 in 16, and C6-C7 in 10. The neurologic outcomes were evaluated using the VAS score for neck and arm pain and the Japanese Orthopedic Association scoring system for myelopathy at 3, 6, and 12 months. The cervical lordosis and fusion status were assessed on radiographs including flexion/extension radiographs.


RESULTS
At 12 months, the radiographs demonstrated grades I, II, and III new bone formation at 1, 13, and 28 levels, respectively. There was a significant improvement in both the neck and arm pain and a significant improvement in the Japanese Orthopedic Association scores at the last follow-up. There was no case with implant-related complications such as cage failure or migration, and no complications associated with the use of Grafton.


CONCLUSION
ACDF using the Solis cage packed with Grafton demonstrated good clinical and radiologic outcomes. The fusion rate was comparable with the published results of the traditional ACDF using tricortical iliac crest grafts. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the ongoing use of the PEEK cage packed with DBM and autologous bone chips in ACDF is a safe and effective alternative to the gold standard of autologous iliac bone grafts.
Tameness and extending frames

We combine two notions in AECs, tameness and good λ-frames, and show that they together give a very well-behaved nonforking notion in all cardinalities. This helps to fill a longstanding gap in classification theory of tame AECs and increases the applicability of frames. Along the way, we prove a complete stability transfer theorem and uniqueness of limit models in these AECs.
Physical activity, sedentary behavior and total wellness changes among sedentary adults: a 4-week randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND
The construct of total wellness includes a holistic approach to the body, mind and spirit components of life. While the health benefits of reducing sedentary behavior and increasing physical activity are well documented, little is known about the influence on total wellness of an internet-based physical activity monitor designed to help people to achieve higher physical activity levels.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this four-week, personal activity monitor-based intervention program was to reduce sedentary behavior and increase physical activity levels in daily living for sedentary adults and to determine if these changes would also be associated with improvement in total wellness.


METHODS
Twenty-two men and 11 women (27 years ± 4.0) were randomly assigned to either an intervention (n = 18) or control group (n = 15). The intervention group interacted with an online personal activity monitor (Gruve Solution™) designed to reduce sedentary time and increase physical activity during activities of daily living. The control group did not interact with the monitor, as they were asked to follow their normal daily physical activities and sedentary behavior routines. The Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle (WEL) inventory was used to assess total wellness. Sedentary time, light, walking, moderate and vigorous intensity physical activities were assessed for both intervention and control groups at baseline and at week-4 by the 7-day Sedentary and Light Intensity Physical Activity Log (7-day SLIPA Log) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).


RESULTS
Significant increases in pre-post total wellness scores (from 64% ± 5.7 to 75% ± 8.5) (t(17) = -6.5, p < 0.001) were observed in the intervention group by the end of week four. Intervention participants decreased their sedentary time (21%, 2.3 hours/day) and increased their light (36.7%, 2.5 hours/day), walking (65%, 1057 MET-min/week), moderate (67%, 455 MET-min/week) and vigorous intensity (60%, 442 MET-min/week) physical activity (all p < 0.001). No significant differences for total wellness were observed between the groups at baseline and no pre-post significant differences were observed for any outcome variable in the control group.


CONCLUSION
Total wellness is improved when sedentary, but sufficiently physically active adults, reduce sedentary time and increase physical activity levels (i.e. light, waking, moderate and vigorous).
Collapsar: A VM-based honeyfarm and reverse honeyfarm architecture for network attack capture and detention

The honeypot has emerged as an effective tool to provide insights into new attacks and exploitation trends. However, a single honeypot or multiple independently operated honeypots only provide limited local views of network attacks. Coordinated deployment of honeypots in different network domains not only provides broader views, but also create opportunities of early network anomaly detection, attack correlation, and global network status inference. Unfortunately, coordinated honeypot operation require close collaboration and uniform security expertise across participating network domains. The conflict between distributed presence and uniform management poses a major challenge in honeypot deployment and operation. To address this challenge, we present Collapsar, a virtual machine-based architecture for network attack capture and detention. A Collapsar center hosts and manages a large number of high-interaction virtual honeypots in a local dedicated network. To attackers, these honeypots appear as real systems in their respective production networks. Decentralized logical presence of honeypots provides a wide diverse view of network attacks, while the centralized operation enables dedicated administration and convenient event correlation, eliminating the need for honeypot expertise in every production network domain. Collapsar realizes the traditional honeyfarm vision as well as our new reverse honeyfarm vision, where honeypots act as vulnerable clients exploited by real-world malicious servers. We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a Collapsar prototype. Our experiments with a number of real-world attacks demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of Collapsar. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Can school structures improve teacher-student relationships? The relationship between advisory programs, personalization and students' academic achievement

This study focused on the relationships between student-perceived levels of personalization, students’ opinions about advisory period, and academic outcomes. Surveys were administered to 10,044 students over three consecutive years at 14 redesigned small schools and survey responses were linked to students’ weighted single-year grade point averages and English Language Arts standardized test scores. Results of a series of multi-level models indicated that more positive perceptions of personalization were predictive of better academic outcomes. Student perceptions of the advisory period were related to academic achievement as well, but in the opposite direction: more positive feelings about advisory period were associated with worse academic outcomes. These results are consistent with qualitative work suggesting that higher levels of personalization are associated with higher levels of academic achievement, improved school culture, and more student engagement. However, these results also suggest that the relationships among advisory period, personalization and academic outcomes are not as straightforward as was previously thought.
User-centered development of a smart phone mobile application delivering personalized real-time advice on sun protection.

Smart phones are changing health communication for Americans. User-centered production of a mobile application for sun protection is reported. Focus groups (n = 16 adults) provided input on the mobile application concept. Four rounds of usability testing were conducted with 22 adults to develop the interface. An iterative programming procedure moved from a specification document to the final mobile application, named Solar Cell. Adults desired a variety of sun protection advice, identified few barriers to use and were willing to input personal data. The Solar Cell prototype was improved from round 1 (seven of 12 tasks completed) to round 2 (11 of 12 task completed) of usability testing and was interoperable across handsets and networks. The fully produced version was revised during testing. Adults rated Solar Cell as highly user friendly (mean = 5.06). The user-centered process produced a mobile application that should help many adults manage sun safety.