LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
DenseNet: Implementing Efficient ConvNet Descriptor Pyramids

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) can provide accurate object classification. They can be extended to perform object detection by iterating over dense or selected proposed object regions. However, the runtime of such detectors scales as the total number and/or area of regions to examine per image, and training such detectors may be prohibitively slow. However, for some CNN classifier topologies, it is possible to share significant work among overlapping regions to be classified. This paper presents DenseNet, an open source system that computes dense, multiscale features from the convolutional layers of a CNN based object classifier. Future work will involve training efficient object detectors with DenseNet feature descriptors.
Self-efficacy I. Sources of Self-efficacy Beliefs Ii. Efficacy-mediated Processes Iii. Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-beliefs of Efficacy Iv. Development and Exercise of Self-efficacy over the Lifespan I. Sources of Self-efficacy Ii. Efficacy-activated Processes

Glossary Affective Processes: Processes regulating emotional states and elicitation of emotional reactions. Cognitive Processes: Thinking processes involved in the acquisition, organization and use of information. Motivation: Activation to action. Level of motivation is reflected in choice of courses of action, and in the intensity and persistence of effort. Perceived Self-Efficacy: People's beliefs about their capabilities to produce effects. Self-Regulation: Exercise of influence over one's own motivation, thought processes, emotional states and patterns of behavior. Perceived self-efficacy is defined as people's beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational, affective and selection processes. A strong sense of efficacy enhances human accomplishment and personal well-being in many ways. People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather than as threats to be avoided. Such an efficacious outlook fosters intrinsic interest and deep engrossment in activities. They set themselves challenging goals and maintain strong commitment to them. They heighten and sustain their efforts in the face of failure. They quickly recover their sense of efficacy after failures or setbacks. They attribute failure to insufficient effort or deficient knowledge and skills which are acquirable. They approach threatening situations with assurance that they can exercise control over them. Such an efficacious outlook produces personal accomplishments, reduces stress and lowers vulnerability to depression. 2 In contrast, people who doubt their capabilities shy away from difficult tasks which they view as personal threats. They have low aspirations and weak commitment to the goals they choose to pursue. When faced with difficult tasks, they dwell on their personal deficiencies, on the obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of adverse outcomes rather than concentrate on how to perform successfully. They slacken their efforts and give up quickly in the face of difficulties. They are slow to recover their sense of efficacy following failure or setbacks. Because they view insufficient performance as deficient aptitude it does not require much failure for them to lose faith in their capabilities. They fall easy victim to stress and depression. Lisa's notes: So here is the crux of the matter: How do we raise children with serious, chronic illnesses to have strong self-efficacy? It can literally be a matter of …
Slow progress in changing the school food environment: nationally representative results from public and private elementary schools.

BACKGROUND
Children spend much of their day in school, and authorities have called for improvements in the school food environment. However, it is not known whether changes have occurred since the federal wellness policy mandate took effect in 2006-2007.


OBJECTIVE
We examined whether the school food environment in public and private elementary schools changed over time and examined variations by school type and geographic division.


DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS
Survey data were gathered from respondents at nationally representative samples of elementary schools during the 2006-2007 and 2009-2010 school years (respectively, 578 and 680 public schools, and 259 and 313 private schools).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Topics assessed included competitive foods, school meals, and other food-related practices (eg, school gardens and nutrition education). A 16-item food environment summary score was computed, with possible scores ranging from 0 (least healthy) to 100 (healthiest).


ANALYSES
Multivariate regression models were used to examine changes over time in the total school food environment score and component items, and variations by US census division.


RESULTS
Many practices improved, such as participation in school gardens or farm-to-school programs, and availability of whole grains and only lower-fat milks in lunches. Although the school food environment score increased significantly, the magnitude of change was small; as of 2009-2010 the average score was 53.5 for public schools (vs 50.1 in 2006-2007) and 42.2 for private schools (vs 37.2 in 2006-2007). Scores were higher in public schools than in private schools (P<0.001), but did not differ by race/ethnicity or school size. For public schools, scores were higher in the Pacific and West South Central divisions compared with the national average.


CONCLUSIONS
Changes in the school food environment have been minimal, with much room remaining for improvement. Additional policy changes may be needed to speed the pace of improvement.
A comparison of alcohol-induced and independent depression in alcoholics with histories of suicide attempts.

OBJECTIVE
Alcohol-dependent men and women are at high risk for two types of major depressive episodes and for suicide attempts. The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics of two groups: (1) alcohol-dependent subjects with histories of suicide attempts and independent mood disorders and (2) a similar population of alcoholics with histories of self harm but who have only experienced alcohol-induced depressions.


METHOD
As part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), semistructured detailed interviews were administered to 371 alcohol-dependent individuals (62% women) with histories of suicide attempts and major mood disorders. Of the total, 145 (39.1%) had ever had an independent depressive episode and 226 (60.9%) had experienced only alcohol-induced depressions. Information was obtained about socioeconomic characteristics, suicidal behavior, independent and induced psychiatric conditions, and aspects of alcohol dependence.


RESULTS
Univariate and multivariate comparisons revealed that alcohol-dependent individuals with a history of suicide attempts and independent depression had a higher number of suicide attempts, were less likely to have been drinking during their most severe attempt, and were more likely to have an independent panic disorder. Univariate analyses indicated that these subjects reported a less severe history of alcohol dependence.


CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that a distinction between independent and alcohol-induced mood disorders in alcoholics with a history of suicide attempts may be useful.
Prevalence of erosive tooth wear and associated risk factors in 2-7-year-old German kindergarten children.

OBJECTIVES
The aims of this study were to (1) investigate prevalence and severity of erosive tooth wear among kindergarten children and (2) determine the relationship between dental erosion and dietary intake, oral hygiene behaviour, systemic diseases and salivary concentration of calcium and phosphate.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A sample of 463 children (2-7 years old) from 21 kindergartens were examined under standardized conditions by a calibrated examiner. Dental erosion of primary and permanent teeth was recorded using a scoring system based on O'Sullivan Index [Eur J Paediatr Dent 2 (2000) 69]. Data on the rate and frequency of dietary intake, systemic diseases and oral hygiene behaviour were obtained from a questionnaire completed by the parents. Unstimulated saliva samples of 355 children were analysed for calcium and phosphate concentration by colorimetric assessment. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were applied to the data.


RESULTS
Prevalence of erosion amounted to 32% and increased with increasing age of the children. Dentine erosion affecting at least one tooth could be observed in 13.2% of the children. The most affected teeth were the primary maxillary first and second incisors (15.5-25%) followed by the canines (10.5-12%) and molars (1-5%). Erosions on primary mandibular teeth were as follows: incisors: 1.5-3%, canines: 5.5-6% and molars: 3.5-5%. Erosions of the primary first and second molars were mostly seen on the occlusal surfaces (75.9%) involving enamel or enamel-dentine but not the pulp. In primary first and second incisors and canines, erosive lesions were often located incisally (51.2%) or affected multiple surfaces (28.9%). None of the permanent incisors (n = 93) or first molars (n=139) showed signs of erosion. Dietary factors, oral hygiene behaviour, systemic diseases and salivary calcium and phosphate concentration were not associated with the presence of erosion.


CONCLUSIONS
Erosive tooth wear of primary teeth was frequently seen in primary dentition. As several children showed progressive erosion into dentine or exhibited severe erosion affecting many teeth, preventive and therapeutic measures are recommended.
Beyond g : Putting multiple intelligences theory to the test

We investigated Gardner's “Theory of Multiple Intelligences” in a sample of 200 adults. For each of the hypothesized eight “intelligence” domains–Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Spatial, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Naturalistic–we selected two tests based on Gardner's description of its content. Factor analysis revealed a large g factor having substantial loadings for tests assessing purely cognitive abilities–Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Spatial, Naturalistic, Interpersonal–but lower loadings for tests of other abilities, especially Bodily-Kinesthetic. Within most domains, the two tests showed some (weak) non-g associations, thus providing modest support for the coherence of those domains, which resemble the group factors of hierarchical models of intelligence. Results support previous findings that highly diverse tests of purely cognitive abilities share strong loadings on a factor of general intelligence, and that abilities involving sensory, motor, or personality influences are less strongly g-loaded. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Examining the Critical Success Factors of Mobile Website Adoption

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to examine the critical success factors of mobile web site adoption. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the valid responses collected from a questionnaire survey, the structural equation modelling technique was employed to examine the research model. Findings – The results indicate that system quality is the main factor affecting perceived ease of use, whereas information quality is the main factor affecting perceived usefulness. Service quality has significant effects on trust and perceived ease of use. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and trust determine user satisfaction. Practical implications – Mobile service providers need to improve the system quality, information quality and service quality of mobile web sites to enhance user satisfaction. Originality/value – Previous research has mainly focused on e-commerce web site success and seldom examined the factors affecting mobile web site success. This research fills the gap. The research draws on information systems success theory, the technology acceptance model and trust theory as the theoretical bases.
Distinctive abnormalities of motor axonal strength-duration properties in multifocal motor neuropathy and in motor neurone disease.

The strength-duration function is a classic measure of neural excitability. When studied on peripheral motor axons it reflects the intrinsic nodal membrane properties, and its time-constant (tau(SD) or chronaxie) predominantly depends on non-voltage-gated, rest Na(+) inward conductances. We assessed the strength-duration curve of ulnar motor axons in 22 nerves of healthy controls, in 18 nerves of patients with multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction blocks (MMN), and in 19 nerves of patients with motor neurone disease (MND). The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was smaller in nerves of both groups of patients than in controls (P < 0.05). The rheobasic current (rh(50%)) [mean +/- standard deviation (SD)] was higher in patients with MMN than in controls (13.3 +/- 16.3 mA; controls 4.7 +/- 1.7 mA, P < 0.05). The tau(SD) was differentially abnormal in the nerves of the two groups of patients: it was prolonged in the nerves of patients with MND for >or=40 years (227.2 +/- 34.5 micro s; controls 190.9 +/- 51.0 micro s, P < 0.05), but it was shortened in the nerves of patients with MMN (146.5 +/- 55.4 micro s; controls 208.6 +/- 51.2 micro s, P < 0.05) who had not been treated recently with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Nerves of patients with recently treated MMN (<6 weeks) who were under the therapeutic effect of IVIg had a normal tau(SD)(.) Our results suggest that, probably due to an immuno-mediated rest Na(+) channel dysfunction, Na(+) conductances are reduced in MMN. This abnormality is a function of the time after the last IVIg treatment and involves also the axonal membrane outside the conduction block. Conversely, in MND, possibly owing to the ionic leakage of degenerating membrane, rest Na(+) conductances are increased. Measuring the strength-duration curve of the ulnar motor axons might be useful in the differential diagnosis between de novo MMN and MND.
Efficacy of fluticasone propionate/formoterol fumarate in the treatment of asthma: a pooled analysis.

BACKGROUND
Fluticasone propionate and formoterol fumarate have been combined in a single inhaler (fluticasone/formoterol; flutiform(®)) for the maintenance treatment of asthma. This pooled analysis assessed the efficacy of fluticasone/formoterol versus fluticasone in patients who previously received inhaled corticosteroids.


METHODS
Data were pooled from five randomised studies in patients with asthma (aged ≥12 years) treated for 8 or 12 weeks with fluticasone/formoterol (100/10, 250/10 or 500/20 μg b.i.d.; n = 528 delivered via pMDI) or fluticasone alone (100, 250 or 500 μg b.i.d.; n = 527).


RESULTS
Fluticasone/formoterol provided significantly greater increases than fluticasone alone in mean morning forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) from pre-dose at baseline to 2 hours post-dose at study end (least-squares mean [LSM] treatment difference: 0.146L; p < 0.001) and in pre-dose FEV1 from baseline to study end (LSM treatment difference: 0.048 L; p = 0.043). Compared with fluticasone, fluticasone/formoterol provided greater increases in the percentage of asthma control days (no symptoms, no rescue medication use and no sleep disturbance due to asthma) from baseline to study end (LSM treatment difference: 8.6%; p < 0.001), and was associated with a lower annualised rate of exacerbations (rate ratio: 0.71; p = 0.014).


CONCLUSIONS
In summary, fluticasone/formoterol provides clinically significant improvements in lung function and asthma control measures, with a lower incidence of exacerbations than fluticasone alone.
Returning mail-order goods: analyzing the relationship between the rate of returns and the associated costs

Abstract Mail-ordering, particularly on the internet, has continually grown in importance over the last few years. This trend is expected to continue with no apparent end in sight. Liberal return policies have significantly contributed to this development by strengthening trust in both the individual retailers and the sales channel in general, but they do come at a price. This article is the first to systematically analyze the relation between the rate of returns and the associated costs. A circular model for the sales and returns process reveals a disproportionate relation between the two, which is further amplified once depreciation is considered. The model may serve decision-makers as an easy-to-use tool to systematically evaluate preventive returns management measures such as avoidance and gatekeeping.
Semi-supervised Learning with Regularized Laplacian

We study a semi-supervised learning method based on the similarity graph and Regularized Laplacian. We give convenient optimization formulation of the Regularized Laplacian method and establish its various properties. In particular, we show that the kernel of the method can be interpreted in terms of discrete and continuous time random walks and possesses several important properties of proximity measures. Both optimization and linear algebra methods can be used for efficient computation of the classification functions. We demonstrate on numerical examples that the Regularized Laplacian method is competitive with respect to the other state of the art semi-supervised learning methods. Key-words: Semi-supervised learning, Graph-based learning, Regularized Laplacian, Proximity measure, Wikipedia article classification ∗ Corresponding author. K. Avrachenkov is with Inria Sophia Antipolis, 2004 Route des Lucioles, 06902, Sophia Antipolis, France k.avrachenkov@inria.fr † P. Chebotarev is with Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 65 Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997, Russia ‡ A. Mishenin is with St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Control Processes, Peterhof, 198504, Russia § This work was partially supported by Campus France, Alcatel-Lucent Inria Joint Lab, EU Project Congas FP7-ICT-2011-8-317672, and RFBR grant No. 13-07-00990. L’Apprentissage Semi-supervisé avec Laplacian Régularisé Résumé : Nous étudions une méthode d’apprentissage semi-supervisé, basé sur le graphe de similarité et Laplacian régularisé. Nous formalisons la méthode comme un problème d’optimisation convexe et quadratique et nous établissons ses diverses propriétés. En particulier, nous montrons que le noyau de la méthode peut être interprété en termes des marches aléatoires en temps discret et continu et possède plusieurs propriétés importantes des mesures de proximité. Les techniques d’optimisation ainsi que les techniques d’algébre linéaire peuvent être utilisé pour un calcul efficace des fonctions de classification. Nous démontrons sur des exemples numériques que la méthode de Laplacian régularisé est concurrentiel par rapport aux autres état de l’art méthodes d’apprentissage semi-supervisé. Mots-clés : Apprentissage Semi-supervisé, Apprentissage basé sur le graphe de similarité, Laplacian régularisé, mesure de proximité, classification des articles Wikipedia Semi-supervised Learning with Regularized Laplacian 3
Haskell 98: Declarations and Bindings

4.1 Overview of Types and Classes 404.2 User-Defined datatypes 454.3 Type Classes and Overloading 494.4 Nested Declarations 554.5 Static Semantics of Function and Pattern Bindings 604.6 Kind Inference 66
A Mnemonic for Pharmacists to Ensure Optimal Monitoring and Safety of Total Parenteral Nutrition: I AM FULL.

OBJECTIVE
To present a guideline-derived mnemonic that provides a systematic monitoring process to increase pharmacists' confidence in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) monitoring and improve safety and efficacy of TPN use.


DATA SOURCES
The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) guidelines were reviewed. Additional resources included a literature search of PubMed (1980 to May 2016) using the search terms: total parenteral nutrition, mnemonic, indications, allergy, macronutrients, micronutrients, fluid, comorbidities, labs, peripheral line, and central line. Articles (English-language only) were evaluated for content, and additional references were identified from a review of literature citations.


STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION
All English-language observational studies, review articles, meta-analyses, guidelines, and randomized trials assessing monitoring parameters of TPN were evaluated.


DATA SYNTHESIS
The ASPEN guidelines were referenced to develop key components of the mnemonic. Review articles, observational trials, meta-analyses, and randomized trials were reviewed in cases where guidelines did not adequately address these components.


CONCLUSIONS
A guideline-derived mnemonic was developed to systematically and safely manage TPN therapy. The mnemonic combines 7 essential components of TPN use and monitoring: Indications, Allergies, Macro/Micro nutrients, Fluid, Underlying comorbidities, Labs, and Line type.
Prediction of flank wear by using back propagation neural network modeling when cutting hardened H-13 steel with chamfered and honed CBN tools

Productivity and quality in the finish turning of hardened steels can be improved by utilizing predicted performance of the cutting tools. This paper combines predictive machining approach with neural network modeling of tool flank wear in order to estimate performance of chamfered and honed Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) tools for a variety of cutting conditions. Experimental work has been performed in orthogonal cutting of hardened H-13 type tool steel using CBN tools. At the selected cutting conditions the forces have been measured using a piezoelectric dynamometer and data acquisition system. Simultaneously flank wear at the cutting edge has been monitored by using a tool makers microscope. The experimental force and wear data were utilized to train the developed simulation environment based on back propagation neural network modeling. A trained neural network system was used in predicting flank wear for various different cutting conditions. The developed prediction system was found to be capable of accurate tool wear classification for the range it had been trained.  2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Learning in Mean Field Games: the Fictitious Play

Mean Field Game systems describe equilibrium configurations in differential games with infinitely many infinitesimal interacting agents. We introduce a learning procedure (similar to the Fictitious Play) for these games and show its convergence when the Mean Field Game is potential.