LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Automated Conflict Resolution Utilizing Probability Collectives Optimizer

Rising manned air traffic and deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles in complex operations requires integration of innovative and autonomous conflict detection and resolution methods. In this paper, the task of conflict detection and resolution is defined as an optimization problem searching for a heading control for cooperating airplanes using communication. For the optimization task, an objective function integrates both collision penalties and efficiency criteria considering airplanes' objectives (waypoints). The probability collectives optimizer is used as a solver for the specified optimization task. This paper provides two different implementation approaches to the presented optimization-based collision avoidance: 1) a parallel computation using multiagent deployment among participating airplanes and 2) semicentralized computation using the process-integrated-mechanism architecture. Both implementations of the proposed algorithm were implemented and evaluated in a multiagent airspace test bed AGENTFLY. The quality of the solution is compared with a negotiation-based cooperative collision avoidance method - an iterative peer-to-peer algorithm.
Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between dapagliflozin and simvastatin, valsartan, warfarin, or digoxin.

INTRODUCTION
Coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease are the most common causes of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of these studies was to assess the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between dapagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor being developed for the treatment of T2DM, and four medications commonly prescribed in patients with T2DM and cardiovascular disease: simvastatin, valsartan, warfarin, and digoxin.


METHODS
Potential pharmacokinetic interactions between 20 mg dapagliflozin, 40 mg simvastatin, or 320 mg valsartan were assessed in an open-label, randomized, five-period, five-treatment, unbalanced crossover study in 24 healthy subjects. In a second study, the effects of steady-state dapagliflozin on the pharmacokinetics of 25 mg warfarin or 0.25 mg digoxin were assessed in an open-label, randomized, two-period, two-treatment crossover study in 30 healthy subjects divided into two cohorts. The potential pharmacodynamic interaction between dapagliflozin and warfarin was also evaluated.


RESULTS
All treatments were well tolerated. Neither simvastatin nor valsartan had any clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin. Dapagliflozin increased the area under the curve for simvastatin, simvastatin acid, and valsartan by approximately 19%, 30%, and 6%, respectively, and decreased the maximum observed plasma concentration of valsartan by approximately 6%. These effects were not considered clinically meaningful. In addition, dapagliflozin had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of either digoxin or warfarin. The pharmacodynamics of warfarin were also unaffected by dapagliflozin.


CONCLUSION
In these studies the co-administration of dapagliflozin and simvastatin, valsartan, warfarin, or digoxin was well tolerated without clinically meaningful drug-drug interaction.
Employee Engagement and Organizational Commitment: Evidence from Jordan

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the two measurements of employee engagement (job engagement and organizational engagement) and organizational commitment measured by three key measurements which are: affective (emotional) commitment; continuance (maintenance) commitment; and normative commitment, that is in the context of Jordanian banking sector. This study uses a non-probability sampling technique specifically of quota and convenience sampling. A survey self-administrated questionnaire was distributed on a sample of 336 frontline employees of banks in Jordan. Our findings show that frontline employees who have high job engagement and organizational engagement will have high level of affective commitment and normative commitment. On the other hand, high employees’ job engagement can meaningfully affect employees’ continuance commitment. This study has made significant contributions to the knowledge academically and practically. It is expected to extend the knowledge of the relationship between employee engagement and organizational commitment, also through examining the impact of various measurements of employees and organizational engagement and commitment in Jordan as one of the developing countries. Explicitly, this study fills the gap in the literature of employees' engagement and commitment and their impact on organizational overall performance. JEC Classifications: M1, M12
Screening for human ADME / Tox drug properties in drug discovery

▼ In addition to the relatively large number of drug candidates that fail during clinical trials, some drugs have been taken off the market after successful clinical trials. One reason for this is the incidence of drug–drug interactions. A recent example was in June 1998, when the anti-hypertensive and anti-anginal medication mibefradil was voluntarily withdrawn from the market by its manufacturer because of concerns over drug–drug interactions (V. Suga, 8 June 1998, News Release: Roche announces voluntary withdrawal of Posicor. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Other cases of voluntary market withdrawal because of drug–drug interactions include the drugs soruvidine and terfenadine. The antiviral drug, soruvidine, was withdrawn from the Japanese market by its manufacturer within the year of its introduction because of its fatal interactions with the antitumor 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) prodrugs3, and the non-sedating antihistamine terfenadine was withdrawn from the worldwide market by its manufacturer after co-administration with the antifungal ketoconazole resulted in cardiotoxicity4. Unexpected drug toxicity is another factor that might lead to the withdrawal of a drug from the market. Recently, in November 2000, a public health advisory was issued by the Food and Drug Administration (Rockville, MD, USA) concerning the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, or bleeding into the brain, associated with phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, a common ingredient used both in cough and cold medicines as a decongestant, and in overthe-counter weight loss products. In this advisory, the FDA requested that drug companies discontinue marketing products that contain phenylpropanolamine (FDA, 6 November 2000, Safety of phenylpropanolamine, FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research). In March 2000, troglitazone, a thiazolidinedione compound introduced in 1997 for the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes, was withdrawn from the market upon the request of the FDA after several cases of severe hepatotoxicity were reported (FDA, 21 March 2000, Rezulin to be withdrawn from the market. FDA News: HHS News, P00-8). It is, therefore, becoming apparent that in addition to pharmacological properties, ADME/Tox properties are crucial determinants of the ultimate clinical success of a drug. This realization has led to the early introduction of ADME/Tox screening during the drug discovery process, in an effort to select against drugs with problematic ADME/Tox profiles. In this review, the scientific concept and practice of human-based, in vitro ADME/Tox screening approaches are described. Approaches with laboratory animals, which are also important tools in preclinical drug development, will not be discussed.
Enhancing mechanical properties of tissue-engineered constructs via lysyl oxidase crosslinking activity.

A number of strategies have been investigated to enhance the mechanical stability of engineered tissues. In this study, we utilized lysyl oxidase (LO) to enzymatically crosslink extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, particularly collagen and elastin, to enhance the mechanical integrity of the ECM and thereby impart mechanical strength to the engineered tissue. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were liposomally transfected with the LO gene. Both Northern and Western analyses confirmed increased LO expression. Increased LO activity was demonstrated using a fluorescent enzyme substrate assay and by observation of the presence of increased levels of desmosine, a product of LO crosslinking, in the ECM. The mechanical effects of altered crosslink densities within tissue-engineered constructs were demonstrated in a VSMC-populated collagen gel model. When smooth muscle cells transfected with lysyl oxidase were seeded in collagen gels, the tensile strength and elastic modulus in these constructs increased by approximately two-fold compared to constructs seeded with mock-transfected VSMCs. Also, desmosine levels in the LO-populated collagen gels were higher than they were in mock-seeded gels, as demonstrated via immunohistochemical staining. Compositional analysis of the ECM deposited by the transformed cells showed similar collagen and elastin levels, and cell proliferation rates were similar as well, thus attributing increased mechanical properties to ECM crosslinking.
Reliability and validity of Hebrew Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) in children with cerebral palsy -- health care professionals vs. mothers.

AIM
To evaluate the reliability and validity of the PEDI in Hebrew (PEDI-H) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) using health care professionals' (HCP) and mothers' evaluations.


METHODS
The sample comprised 73 participants (40 males, 33 females) with CP. Two modes of PEDI-H administration were used: interview of the mothers by a social worker and HCP evaluation. PEDI-H reliability was examined by two modes: 1) internal consistency via Cronbach's alpha and 2) overall absolute agreement within subject reliability via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Discriminative validity using collapsed strata of the Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) (area under the curve=AUC) were examined for each of the PEDI-H sub-domains.


RESULTS
Participants' mean age was 8 years 8 months (standard deviation (SD) 2 years 10 months). The reliability of mothers' PEDI-H was good-to-excellent (Cronbach's alpha=0.889-0.964, ICC=0.845-0.938). The HCPs' reliability was excellent (Cronbach's alpha and ICCs > 0.90). The PEDI-H was also reliable in children with mild, moderate, and severe CP (GMFCS=I+II, III and IV+V, respectively), in younger (6-7 years) and older children (8-12 years), and in children with various CP distribution. Mothers and HCPs had low accuracy in Social-Function domains (AUC=0.538-0.686) and moderate-to-high accuracy in Mobility and Self-Care domains (AUC=0.887-0.967). PEDI-H was able to distinguish between children with various CP severities.


CONCLUSION
The PEDI-H has good psychometric properties when administered by mothers and HCPs and can be used in older children with CP.
Websites that Satisfy Users: A Theoretical Framework for Web User Interface Design and Evaluation

With the fast development and increasing use of the World Wide Web as both an information seeking and an electronic commerce tool, web usability studies grow in importance. While web designers have largely focused on functional aspects of websites, there has been little systematic attention to (1) the motivational issues of web user interface design or (2) a theoretically driven approach to web user satisfaction studies. The objective of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework and foundation for systematically investigating features in the web environment that contribute to user satisfaction with a web interface. This research uses Herzberg’s [1] motivation-hygiene theory to guide the identification of these features. Among the implications and contributions of this research are the identification of web design features that may maximize the likelihood of user satisfaction and return visits to the web site.
Attitudes of Sri Lankan medical students toward learning communication skills.

INTRODUCTION
The General Medical Council of the UK, advocates that by the end of their undergraduate course, medical students should be proficient in communicating with patients. However, the attitude of some medical students toward formal training in communication skills seems lukewarm. Although several studies on assessing attitudes of medical students on learning communication skills have been carried out in Europe and America, Asian studies are very few and literature in the Sri Lankan context is lacking. To explore the attitudes of first to fourth year medical students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya (FOMUP), Sri Lanka on learning communication skills and to identify possible factors that may influence student attitudes.


METHODS
A total of 675 students from year 1 to 4 of the FOMUP were asked to complete a modified version of the Communication Skills Attitude Scale. Items of its positive attitude scale (PAS) were analyzed together while negative items were considered individually.


RESULTS
Response rates ranged from 70% to 98% for the various year groups. There were no significant differences between the PAS for males and females and for those exposed to formal training and those who were not. The junior students scored significantly higher on the PAS than seniors. Most students of all the groups disagreed with the item "I don't see why I should learn communication skills". Approximately one-quarter of the students of each group endorsed the statement "Nobody is going to fail their medical degree for having poor communication skills". Out of the students who have undergone formal communication training, almost one-third agreed that they find it difficult to take communication skills learning seriously.


DISCUSSION
Although medical students seem to have realized the importance of communication skills training for the practice of medicine, a significant minority have reservations on attending such sessions. Sri Lanka faculty will need to make a concerted effort to change this attitude through improving teaching and assessment strategies.
A fast, lock-free approach for efficient parallel counting of occurrences of k-mers

MOTIVATION
Counting the number of occurrences of every k-mer (substring of length k) in a long string is a central subproblem in many applications, including genome assembly, error correction of sequencing reads, fast multiple sequence alignment and repeat detection. Recently, the deep sequence coverage generated by next-generation sequencing technologies has caused the amount of sequence to be processed during a genome project to grow rapidly, and has rendered current k-mer counting tools too slow and memory intensive. At the same time, large multicore computers have become commonplace in research facilities allowing for a new parallel computational paradigm.


RESULTS
We propose a new k-mer counting algorithm and associated implementation, called Jellyfish, which is fast and memory efficient. It is based on a multithreaded, lock-free hash table optimized for counting k-mers up to 31 bases in length. Due to their flexibility, suffix arrays have been the data structure of choice for solving many string problems. For the task of k-mer counting, important in many biological applications, Jellyfish offers a much faster and more memory-efficient solution.


AVAILABILITY
The Jellyfish software is written in C++ and is GPL licensed. It is available for download at http://www.cbcb.umd.edu/software/jellyfish.
Elacytarabine, a novel 5'-elaidic acid derivative of cytarabine, and idarubicin combination is active in refractory acute myeloid leukemia.

Cytarabine (ara-C, [1-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine]), enters ells primarily as a false substrate through specialized nucleoside ransporter proteins, predominantly hENT1 (the human equilirative nucleoside transporter). Reduced hENT1 expression and ctivity is associated with adverse therapeutic outcomes and educed cytotoxicity for patients treated with cytarabine [1,2]. atients with AML and low hENT1 expression have reduced isease-free survival [1,3]. Elacytarabine (CP-4055) (Fig. 1), the ipophilic 5′-elaidic acid ester of cytarabine, enters cells indepenently of hENT1. Preclinical studies of elacytarabine demonstrate ctivity in cytarabine-resistant cell lines and in animal models with umor xenografts [4,5]. Elacytarabine may thus be active in patients ith leukemia for whom cytarabine is ineffective [6–8]. We conucted a study to determine DLT, establish the pharmacokinetics PK) and toxicity profiles and to obtain a preliminary assessment f activity of elacytarabine CIV combined with idarubicin in adult atients with refractory AML.
Deal or No Deal? End-to-End Learning for Negotiation Dialogues

Much of human dialogue occurs in semicooperative settings, where agents with different goals attempt to agree on common decisions. Negotiations require complex communication and reasoning skills, but success is easy to measure, making this an interesting task for AI. We gather a large dataset of human-human negotiations on a multi-issue bargaining task, where agents who cannot observe each other’s reward functions must reach an agreement (or a deal) via natural language dialogue. For the first time, we show it is possible to train end-to-end models for negotiation, which must learn both linguistic and reasoning skills with no annotated dialogue states. We also introduce dialogue rollouts, in which the model plans ahead by simulating possible complete continuations of the conversation, and find that this technique dramatically improves performance. Our code and dataset are publicly available.1
Assessing the visual vertical: how many trials are required?

BACKGROUND
The visual vertical (VV) consists of repeated adjustments of a luminous rod to the earth vertical. How many trials are required to reach consistency in this measure? This question has never been addressed despite the widespread clinical use of the measurement in stroke rehabilitation.


METHODS
VV perception was assessed (10 trials) in 117 patients undergoing rehabilitation after a first hemisphere stroke. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated for each patient category: with contralesional VV bias (n = 48), ipsilesional VV bias (n = 17) and normal VV (n = 52).


RESULTS
For patients with VV biases, 6 trials were required to reach high inter-trial reliability (contralesional: ICC = 0.9, SEM = 1.36°; ipsilesional: ICC = 0.896, SEM = 0.96°). For patients with normal VV, a minimum of 10 trials was required (ICC =  .728, SEM = 1.13°). A set of 6 trials correctly classified 96 % of patients.


CONCLUSIONS
In the literature, 10 is the most frequently used number of trials used to assess VV orientation. Our study shows that 10 trials are required to adequately measure VV orientation in non-selected subacute stroke patients. For complex protocols imposing a decrease in the number of trials in each condition, 6 trials are needed to identify VV biases in most patients.
Herbivory may modify functional responses to shade in seedlings of a light-demanding tree species

1. The ability to display functional responses to shading, i.e. phenotypic changes that enhance plant performance in low light, is fundamental for plant success in forest communities. Herbivory may constrain plant functional responses to shading and this could explain the often observed lower plant tolerance of herbivore damage in the shade. 2. We carried out a field trial and a greenhouse experiment to evaluate whether simulated herbivory (i) causes greater fitness losses in the shade, and (ii) modifies plant functional responses to shading. Changes in functional traits were measured at the biochemical, leaf, shoot and wholeplant levels, in seedlings of the light-demanding evergreen tree Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), which is endemic to South American austral forests. 3. We hypothesized that plant responses to shade would be constrained by herbivory due to within-plant limitations in resource availability and ⁄or antagonistic interactions between responses to shade and herbivory. We further expected that this limitation would result in a greater field mortality of damaged plants in forest understory as compared to open sites. 4. Simulated herbivory (50% defoliation) on field seedlings decreased 8-month plant survival in the shade (forest understory) but not in the sun (canopy gaps) in a temperate rainforest. Likewise, simulated herbivory in the greenhouse decreased plant growth rate and final biomass in the shade treatment but not in the sun treatment. 5. The phenotypic responses to shading of seven traits were constrained by simulated herbivory: chlorophyll, leaf shape, leaf blade angle, petiole angle, SLA (specific leaf area), internodes length and total leaf area. A path-analysis showed that most of these constrained responses were uncorrelated to each other. Some of these results might be explained by antagonistic interactions between molecules or pathways involved in plant responses to shading and herbivory. Four functional traits exhibited greater responses to shading in damaged plants: Amax (Photosynthetic rate), foliar carbon, shoot : root ratio and LMR (leaf mass ratio); but most of them resulted from correlated changes in SLA. 6. The present study undertook a mechanistic approach to the often observed pattern of greater impact of herbivore damage on plant performance in low light environments. The central finding of this study is that the unraveling of herbivory-constrained plant functional responses to shading may explain the often observed greater fitness losses due to herbivory in the shade. It is also suggested that herbivory pressure is an underestimated factor in pioneer species distribution along the light gradient.
Retrospective Analysis: Most Common Diagnoses Seen in a Primary Care Clinic and Corresponding Occupational Therapy Interventions

Background: The literature supports occupational therapy (OT) on primary care (PC) interprofessional teams; however, due to uncertainty regarding the role of, and reimbursement for, OT in PC, few occupational therapists practice in PC. This study addressed the first barrier by identifying the 15 most common diagnoses in a specific PC practice and determining how many of them have evidence-based OT interventions appropriate for their treatments. Method: A retrospective analysis of the ICD-10 codes used by one physician during a 12-month period was completed. These codes were reviewed and categorized using a functional classification system to determine the 15 most frequently occurring diagnostic categories. These diagnostic categories were compared to evidence-based industry standard OT interventions. Results: We reviewed 1,769 distinct ICD-10 codes and condensed them into 58 thematically grouped diagnostic categories. The 15 most frequent categories comprised 64% of the codes used. Evidence-based OT interventions to treat conditions directly, or address related underlying issues and common comorbidities, were identified for 100% of these categories. Discussion: Evidence-based OT interventions exist to treat aspects of 100% of the 15 most common conditions seen in PC. The findings support the growing body of literature that demonstrate the use of occupational therapists as interprofessional PC team members. Comments The authors report that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.