LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A Short History of Computational Complexity

It all started with a machine. In 1936, Turing developed his theoretical computational model. He based his model on how he perceived mathematicians think. As digital computers were developed in the 40’s and 50’s, the Turing machine proved itself as the right theoretical model for computation. Quickly though we discovered that the basic Turing machine model fails to account for the amount of time or memory needed by a computer, a critical issue today but even more so in those early days of computing. The key idea to measure time and space as a function of the length of the input came in the early 1960’s by Hartmanis and Stearns. And thus computational complexity was born. In the early days of complexity, researchers just tried understanding these new measures and how they related to each other. We saw the first notion of efficient computation by using time polynomial in the input size. This led to complexity’s most important concept, NP-completeness, and its most fundamental question, whether P = NP. The work of Cook and Karp in the early 70’s showed a large number of combinatorial and logical problems were NP-complete, i.e., as hard as any problem computable in nondeterministic polynomial time. The P = NP question is equivalent to an efficient solution of any of these problems. In the thirty years hence this problem has become one of the outstanding open questions in computer science and indeed all of mathematics. In the 70’s we saw the growth of complexity classes as researchers tried to encompass different models of computations. One of those models, probabilistic computation, started with a probabilistic test for primality, led to probabilistic complexity classes and a new kind of interactive proof system that itself led to hardness results for approximating certain NP-complete problems. We have also seen strong evidence that we can remove the randomness from computations and most recently a deterministic algorithm for the original primality problem. In the 80’s we saw the rise of finite models like circuits that capture computation in an inherently different way. A new approach to problems like P = NP arose from these circuits and though they have had limited success in separating complexity classes, this approach brought combinatorial techniques into the area and led to a much better understanding of the limits of these devices. ∗URL: http://www.neci.nj.nec.com/homepages/fortnow. Email: fortnow@research.nj.nec.com. †URL: http://www.cs.bu.edu/faculty/homer. Email: homer@cs.bu.edu. Supported in part by the NSF under grant NSF-CCR-998310 and by the ARO under grant DAAD19-02-1-0058.
PTZ camera target tracking in large complex scenes

This paper presents a real-time and automatic video tracking system with a single pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) camera. Compared with fixed camera, it can enlarge the surveillance area. By using three-dimensional background-weighted histogram in HSV color space, an improved mean-shift algorithm is proposed, and the algorithm can track target with multiple colors in real time. To keep the target in the center area of the camera's FOV, the information acquired from the tracking module is used to control PTZ camera actively. After the movement of the PTZ camera, the target is still in the center area of the camera's FOV. To realize the tracking to the same target, we employ the template matching method to find out the target. Based on motion history image (MHI), which provides the moving blob, a new tracking method is adopted to solve the strong maneuvering target tracking, partial occlusion or the erroneous template matching problem. Experimental results indicate that the system can perform well in large complex scenes.
Potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND
Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may be especially vulnerable to the side effects of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), especially those that impair cognition.


METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of PIM use among 689 patients with MCI. We used the 2003 Beers Criteria for cognitive impairment to identify PIMs. We then determined if certain patients were more likely to use PIMs.


RESULTS
There were 143 (20.8%) patients with MCI taking a PIM: 108 (15.7%) patients were taking one PIM and 35 (5.1%) patients were taking two or more PIMs. The most common PIMs were anticholinergics (35.7%) and benzodiazepines (31.5%). Patients were more likely to be taking PIMs if they were women and were taking a greater number of medications and less likely if they had a history of myocardial infarction.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with MCI are frequently taking PIMs that may negatively affect cognition. Future research is needed to assess whether cognitive impairment symptoms are improved if PIM use is reduced.
A weight and a meta-analysis on mobile banking acceptance research

Following the globalization of business and systems, there is a pressing need to understand the main factors affecting mobile banking user acceptance. The increasing number of mobile banking studies and articles published in the last years, as well as conferences and workshops, has made the research process on this important subject more complex and time-consuming. Therefore, it is necessary to synthesize findings from existing research, seeking an update of the current state-of-the-art knowledge. A combination of weight and meta-analysis was chosen, in order to identify the frequency and relevance of the most used constructs and their most important relationships. A total of 57 articles were found in the literature, having the necessary quantitative statistical data to be considered. The best predictors of the intention to use the mobile banking services identified, simultaneously significant in the weight and in the meta-analysis, are: (i) attitude, (ii) initial trust, (iii) perceived risk, and (iv) performance expectancy. In terms of use of mobile banking, considering the same assumptions, the best predictors are: (i) intention, and (ii) performance expectancy. Facilitating conditions on attitude, task technology fit on performance expectancy, and performance expectancy on initial trust have the potential to be added to the list of the most important predictors, but they still need additional research. A theoretical model based on our results is presented, providing a means to support future mobile banking acceptance studies. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparison between external fixation and cast treatment in the management of distal radius fractures in patients aged 65 years and older.

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to compare the functional and radiographic outcomes of dorsally displaced distal radius fractures treated by closed reduction plaster cast fixation (CRPCF) and external fixation (EF) in patients 65 years and older.


METHODS
This retrospective and nonrandomized study comprised 46 consecutive patients older than 65 years who had distal radial fractures. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to treatment: a CRPCF group and an EF group. All the fractures were dorsally displaced and AO/ASIF type A or C, without articular stepoff or gap. Cases were evaluated based on the criteria of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire score, wrist range of motion, and radiologic results.


RESULTS
The mean follow-up period was 25.1 months. Union was achieved in all cases. Although it was not a statistically significant difference, posttreatment complications were more common in the CRPCF group (10 patients) than in the EF group (7 patients). In the CRPCF group, most complications were discomfort from the cast, whereas in the EF group, most were pin site infections. The average wrist extension and ulnar deviation (clinically) and palmar tilt and radial height (radiologically) were statistically better in the EF group at the final follow-up. The mean DASH scores were 20.3 in the CRPCF group and 21.9 in the EF group. There was no statistically significant difference in the DASH scores; in wrist flexion, radial deviation, pronation, supination, grip strength, or pinch strength (clinically); or in ulnar variance or radial inclination (radiologically). There was no correlation between the DASH scores and palmar tilt and ulnar variance.


CONCLUSIONS
We concluded that both CRPCF and EF are useful methods for distal radius fractures in elderly patients. The results showed significant differences in wrist extension and ulnar deviation.
Development of High Density Fan Out Wafer Level Package (HD FOWLP) with Multi-layer Fine Pitch RDL for Mobile Applications

Recently, Fan-out Wafer Level Packaging (FOWLP) has been emerged as a promising technology to meet the ever increasing demands of the consumer electronic products. However, conventional FOWLP technology is limited to small size packages with single chip and Low to Mid-range Input/ Output (I/O) count due to die shift, warpage and RDL scaling issues. In this paper, we are presenting new RDL-First FOWLP approach which enables RDL scaling, overcomes the die shift, die protrusion and warpage challenges of conventional FOWLP, and extend the FOWLP technology for multi-chip and high I/O count package applications. RDL-First FOWLP process integration flow was demonstrated and fabricated test vehicles of large multi-chip package of 20 x 20 mm2 with 3 layers fine pitch RDL of LW/LS of 2μm/2μm and ~2400 package I/Os. Two Through Mold Interconnections (TMI) fabrication approaches (tall Cu pillar and vertical Cu wire) were evaluated on this platform for Package-on-Package (PoP) application. Backside RDL process on over molded Chip-to-Wafer (C2W) with carrier wafer was demonstrated for PoP applications. Laser de-bonding and sacrificial release layer material cleaning processes were established, and successfully used in the integration flow to fabricate the test vehicles. Assembly processes were optimized and successfully demonstrated large multi-chip RDL-first FOWLP package and PoP assembly on test boards. The large multi-chip FOWLP packages samples were passed JEDEC component level test Moisture Sensitivity Test Level 1 & Level 3 (MST L1 & MST L3) and 30 drops of board level drop test, and results will be presented.
Effect of hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor therapy on high sensitive C-reactive protein levels.

BACKGROUND
Prospective studies indicate that baseline levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), the prototypic marker of inflammation, are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events. Limited studies have examined therapies that influence high-sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) levels, especially in hyperlipidemic patients. Thus, we tested the effects of 3 hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), simvastatin (20 mg/d), pravastatin (40 mg/d), and atorvastatin (10 mg/d), on levels of hs-CRP in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of 22 patients with combined hyperlipidemia (LDL cholesterol >130 mg/dL and triglycerides of 200 to 600 mg/dL).


METHODS AND RESULTS
After 6 weeks of an American Heart Association Step 1 diet, fasting blood samples were drawn at baseline and after 6 weeks of therapy with each drug. hs-CRP levels were significantly decreased after treatment with all 3 statins compared with baseline (median values: baseline, 2.6 mg/L; atorvastatin, 1.7 mg/L; simvastatin, 1.7 mg/L; and pravastatin, 1.9 mg/L; P<0.025). The reductions obtained with the 3 statins were similar. In addition, there was no significant effect on either plasma interleukin-6 or interleukin-6 soluble receptor levels. There was no relationship between reductions in hs-CRP and LDL cholesterol.


CONCLUSIONS
Pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin significantly decreased levels of hs-CRP. These data support an anti-inflammatory effect of these drugs.
Research in Enterprise Integration

This paper provides a brief overview of the research underway in the Enterprise Integration Laboratory at the University of Toronto.
Influence of Variable Side-Stay Geometry on the Shimmy Dynamics of an Aircraft Dual-Wheel Main Landing Gear

Commercial aircraft are designed to fly but also need to operate safely and efficiently as vehicles on the ground. During taxiing, take-off, and landing the landing gear must operate reliably over a wide range of forward velocities and vertical loads. Specifically, it must maintain straight rolling under a wide variety of operating conditions. It is well known, however, that under certain conditions the wheels of the landing gear may display unwanted oscillations, referred to as shimmy oscillations, during ground maneuvers. Such oscillations are highly unwanted from a safety and a ride-comfort perspective. In this paper we conduct a study into the occurrence of shimmy oscillations in a main landing gear (MLG) of a typical midsize passenger aircraft. Such a gear is characterized by a main strut attached to the wing spar with a side-stay that connects the main strut to an attachment point closer to the fuselage center line. Nonlinear equations of motion are developed for the specific case of a two-wheeled MLG configuration and allow for large angle deflections within the geometrical framework of the system. The dynamics of the MLG are expressed in terms of three degrees of freedom: torsional motion, in-plane motion, and out-of-plane motion (with respect to the side-stay plane). These are modeled by oscillators that are coupled directly through the geometric configuration of the system as well as through the tire/ground interface, which is modeled here by the von Schlippe stretched string approximation of the tire dynamics. The mathematical model is fully parameterized and parameters are chosen to represent a generic (rather than a specific) landing gear. In particular, the positions of the attachment points are fully parameterized so that any orientation of the side-stay plane can be considered. The occurrence of shimmy oscillations is studied by means of a two-parameter bifurcation analysis of the system in terms of the forward velocity of the aircraft and the vertical force acting on the gear. The effect of a changing side-stay plane orientation angle on the bifurcation diagram is investigated. We present a consistent picture that captures the transition of the two-parameter bifurcation diagram as a function of this angle, with a considerable complexity of regions of different types of shimmy oscillations for intermediate and realistic side-stay plane orientations. In particular, we find a region of tristability in which stable torsional, in-plane, and out-of-plane shimmy oscillations coexist.
The effect of hysterectomy and bilaterally salpingo-oophorectomy on sexual function in post-menopausal women.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the effects of hysterectomy and bilaterally salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) on Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in the post-menopausal women.


METHOD
This study included 92 women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy (VH) and BSO (n:37) and who underwent abdominal hysterectomy (AH) and BSO (n:55). Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) was given 21 women who underwent VH and BSO and 28 women who underwent AH and BSO in pre- and postoperative periods. All patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperative 6th month in terms of FSFI scores.


RESULTS
It was found that hysterectomies by abdominal or vaginal routes reduced FSFI scores significantly (P<0.05). The use of ERT were no effect on total score of FSFI in AH and BSO (P>0.05). ERT prevented deterioration of FSFI in women who underwent VH relative to preoperative values but AH.


CONCLUSION
Hysterectomy causes unfavourable effects on sexual functions at least in the first 6 postoperative months and this negative effect can not be repaired by estrogen replacement therapy in AH and BSO.
Segmenting a deforming mesh into near-rigid components

Given a deforming mesh in an animation, we propose a new method to segment this mesh into several near-rigid sub-meshes. From this deforming mesh over all frames of an animation, we can analyze the degree of deformation between two nearby faces on the mesh. Then, our algorithm partitions the given deforming mesh into near-rigid components where the segmentation boundaries always pass at regions of large deformation. As a result, the mesh segmentation is invariant to all frames of the given animation and the motion of faces in each near-rigid-component can be represented by the same approximate affine transformation. To demonstrate the usefulness of the algorithm, we solve the restriction of deformation transfer for triangle meshes [31] which requires similar reference poses between source mesh and target mesh.
Reviews on Various Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Sensor Applications

Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors are used widely in many different movable applications. Across many years, the improvements and applications of IMU have increased through various areas such as manufacturing, navigation, and robotics. This paper presents a literature review of several current IMU categories and applications. A few considerations on choosing an IMU for different applications are summarized and current methods being used to improve the accuracy of the output from IMU are also presented to avoid the errors that latest IMU is facing. Improvement methods include the control algorithms and type of filters for the sensor. Pros and cons of the types and algorithms used are also discussed in relation to different applications. 
Bright light therapy for negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a pilot study.

Sir: Negative symptoms like blunted affect, lack of spontaneity , and emotional and social withdrawal are disabling conditions for many schizophrenic patients. Pharmacologic strategies alone are frequently insufficient in the treatment of negative symptoms. New treatment approaches are therefore required. Bright light therapy is the treatment of choice for seasonal depression , but is now also shown to be efficacious in nonseasonal depression. 1 Until now, no studies of bright light therapy in schizophrenic patients have been published. This is the first study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of bright light therapy in patients diagnosed with the residual subtype of schizophrenia. Method. Ten patients (8 men and 2 women) with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria) were included in the study, which was conducted from January 2001 to October 2003. At study entry, the mean age of all patients was 41.8 years. Inclusion criteria were residual subtype of schizophrenia (295.6) and stable antipsychotic medication treatment for at least 4 weeks. Antidepressants were not allowed, and any medication inducing photosensitivity was an exclusion criterion. All patients signed informed consent statements before they were enrolled in the study, and the study was approved by the local human subjects research committee. Bright light therapy with 10,000 lux (Chronolux CL–100; Samarit; Aachen, Germany) was applied 1 hour daily, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. All patients were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), 2 a visual analog scale (VAS) for mood and a VAS for drive (ranging from 0 mm [abso-lute best mood or drive] to 100 mm [absolute worst mood or drive]), the Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI), 3 and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (17 items). 4 Measurements were conducted by blinded raters at the screening visit and at weeks 1, 2, and 4, and follow-up examinations were conducted at weeks 8 and 12. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, Version 12 (SPSS Inc.; Chicago, Ill.). The effect of light therapy on the time course of the outcome variables listed above was tested with the Friedman test, as the assumption of normality was not met. Post hoc comparisons between individual time points were performed using the Wilcoxon test. During the treatment period (weeks 1–4), patients were analyzed by an intent-to-treat method, replacing missing data by the last-observation-carried-forward method. Results. Nine patients concluded 4 weeks of treatment, and 1 patient discontinued after 2 weeks for personal reasons. …
Daily step goal of 10,000 steps: a literature review.

BACKGROUND
This review looks at ways to increase physical activity, by walking and other sports and home activities, to reach the daily 10,000 steps goal. It also looks at a number of issues associated with achieving the daily step goal, such as considerations in walking, step counting and physical activity.


METHODS
The review is based on MEDLINE (1982-2006) and Google searches using keywords "pedometer", "daily step goal", "physical activity", "exercise".


RESULTS
Research has suggested a daily 10,000 step goal for maintaining a desirable level of physical activity for health. However, this is not normally achievable through routine daily activities. For many, there is a daily deficit of approximately 4000 steps (most from 3000 to 6000 steps), which must be gained from other more rigorous activities. This paper provides information based on the Compendium of Physical Activities, to help people to choose their physical activities to supplement their daily steps, through both sports activities and home activities. It thus helps people to better achieve the goals of Canada's Physical Activity Guide. There are issues to consider in counting steps. A pedometer is not an exact method to measure energy expenditure. Focusing on counting steps may lead to an obsessive attitude toward exercise. Excessive walking and physical activity may lead to certain health problems.


DISCUSSION
Walking is a practical and fun way to change our sedentary life style and to improve the health of the nation. When there is a deficit in daily steps, both sports and home activities can be used to supplement the daily steps to reach the daily step goal. The user-friendly table provided in this paper helps people to identify the sports and home activities, and estimate the durations needed, to meet the daily step goal.
Predictive value of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels in late-life depression.

BACKGROUND
The role of folate, vitamin B(12) and homocysteine levels in depression is not clear.


AIMS
To investigate cross-sectional and prospective associations between folate, B(12) and homocysteine levels and late-life depression.


METHOD
A total of 732 Korean people aged 65 years or over were evaluated at baseline. Of the 631 persons who were not depressed, 521 (83%) were followed over a period of 2-3 years and incident depression was ascertained with the Geriatric Mental State schedule. Serum folate, serum vitamin B(12) and plasma homocysteine levels were assayed at both baseline and follow-up.


RESULTS
Lower levels of folate and vitamin B(12) and higher homocysteine levels at baseline were associated with a higher risk of incident depression at follow-up. Incident depression was associated with a decline in vitamin B(12) and an increase in homocysteine levels over the follow-up period.


CONCLUSIONS
Lower folate, lower vitamin B(12) and raised homocysteine levels may be risk factors for late-life depression.