LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Sports Specialization, Part II

CONTEXT
Many coaches, parents, and children believe that the best way to develop elite athletes is for them to participate in only 1 sport from an early age and to play it year-round. However, emerging evidence to the contrary indicates that efforts to specialize in 1 sport may reduce opportunities for all children to participate in a diverse year-round sports season and can lead to lost development of lifetime sports skills. Early sports specialization may also reduce motor skill development and ongoing participation in games and sports as a lifestyle choice. The purpose of this review is to employ the current literature to provide evidence-based alternative strategies that may help to optimize opportunities for all aspiring young athletes to maximize their health, fitness, and sports performance.


EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
Nonsystematic review with critical appraisal of existing literature.


STUDY DESIGN
Clinical review.


LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 4.


CONCLUSION
Based on the current evidence, parents and educators should help provide opportunities for free unstructured play to improve motor skill development and youth should be encouraged to participate in a variety of sports during their growing years to influence the development of diverse motor skills. For those children who do choose to specialize in a single sport, periods of intense training and specialized sport activities should be closely monitored for indicators of burnout, overuse injury, or potential decrements in performance due to overtraining. Last, the evidence indicates that all youth should be involved in periodized strength and conditioning (eg, integrative neuromuscular training) to help them prepare for the demands of competitive sport participation, and youth who specialize in a single sport should plan periods of isolated and focused integrative neuromuscular training to enhance diverse motor skill development and reduce injury risk factors.


STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION TAXONOMY SORT
B.
System Performance Prediction With the Gaussian Noise Model in 100G PDM-QPSK Coherent Optical Networks

We demonstrate that the transmission BER, OSNR penalty, and system margin can be accurately predicted for multiple fiber types using the back-to-back response together with the Gaussian Noise model of nonlinear penalties. We first experimentally quantify the 1600 km link performance of SMF, MDF, and LAF fiber types in a coherent, WDM PDM-QPSK system at both 28 and 32 GBaud employing all-EDFA amplification and nearly identical span lengths to isolate fiber performance effects. We quantify the BER, OSNR transmission penalty, and link margin versus per-channel launch power in both linear and nonlinear transmission regimes. We demonstrate that the total system performance can be directly and accurately predicted using the fiber parameters α, D, and γ, the number spans and noise figures, and back-to-back performance of the transmitter-receiver pair. We also show that the system margins scale as (α |D|/γ2)1/3 as predicted by the Gaussian Noise model of nonlinear penalties in uncompensated systems.
The Application of Data Mining to Build Classification Model for Predicting Graduate Employment

Data mining has been applied in various areas because of its ability to rapidly analyze vast amounts of data. This study is to build the Graduates Employment Model using classification task in data mining, and to compare several of data-mining approaches such as Bayesian method and the Tree method. The Bayesian method includes 5 algorithms, including AODE, BayesNet, HNB, NaviveBayes, WAODE. The Tree method includes 5 algorithms, including BFTree, NBTree, REPTree, ID3, C4.5. The experiment uses a classification task in WEKA, and we compare the results of each algorithm, where several classification models were generated. To validate the generated model, the experiments were conducted using real data collected from graduate profile at the Maejo University in Thailand. The model is intended to be used for predicting whether a graduate was employed, unemployed, or in an undetermined situation. Keywords-Bayesian method; Classification model; Data mining; Tree method
TinySLAM improvements for indoor navigation

TinySLAM [1] is one of the most simple SLAM methods but the original implementation [2] is based on the specific robot model and provided as the ad-hoc application. Its key feature is simplicity of implementation and configuration at cost of accuracy (as our tests shown). Some changes were made in the original algorithm in order to minimize an error of estimated trajectories. The introduced model of cell leads to an error decrease on almost all tested indoor sequences. The proposed dynamic probability estimator improves usage of coarse-grained maps when memory efficiency is more desirable than accuracy. Obtained quantitative measurements justify the changes made in tinySLAM in case the method is used in a relatively small environment.
Contemporary perspectives of core stability training for dynamic athletic performance: a survey of athletes, coaches, sports science and sports medicine practitioners

BACKGROUND
Core stability training has grown in popularity over 25 years, initially for back pain prevention or therapy. Subsequently, it developed as a mode of exercise training for health, fitness and sport. The scientific basis for traditional core stability exercise has recently been questioned and challenged, especially in relation to dynamic athletic performance. Reviews have called for clarity on what constitutes anatomy and function of the core, especially in healthy and uninjured people. Clinical research suggests that traditional core stability training is inappropriate for development of fitness for heath and sports performance. However, commonly used methods of measuring core stability in research do not reflect functional nature of core stability in uninjured, healthy and athletic populations. Recent reviews have proposed a more dynamic, whole body approach to training core stabilization, and research has begun to measure and report efficacy of these modes training. The purpose of this study was to assess extent to which these developments have informed people currently working and participating in sport.


METHODS
An online survey questionnaire was developed around common themes on core stability training as defined in the current scientific literature and circulated to a sample population of people working and participating in sport. Survey results were assessed against key elements of the current scientific debate.


RESULTS
Perceptions on anatomy and function of the core were gathered from a representative cohort of athletes, coaches, sports science and sports medicine practitioners (n = 241), along with their views on effectiveness of various current and traditional exercise training modes. Most popular method of testing and measuring core function was subjective assessment through observation (43%), while a quarter (22%) believed there was no effective method of measurement. Perceptions of people in sport reflect the scientific debate, and practitioners have adopted a more functional approach to core stability training. There was strong support for loaded, compound exercises performed upright, compared to moderate support for traditional core stability exercises. Half of the participants (50%) in the survey, however, still support a traditional isolation core stability training.


CONCLUSION
Perceptions in applied practice on core stability training for dynamic athletic performance are aligned to a large extent to the scientific literature.
Forecasting intraday time series with multiple seasonal cycles using parsimonious seasonal exponential smoothing

This paper concerns the forecasting of seasonal intraday time series. An extension of Holt-Winters exponential smoothing has been proposed that smoothes an intraday cycle and an intraweek cycle. A recently proposed exponential smoothing method involves smoothing a different intraday cycle for each distinct type of day of the week. Similar days are allocated identical intraday cycles. A limitation is that the method allows only whole days to be treated as identical. We introduce an exponential smoothing formulation that allows parts of different days of the week to be treated as identical. The result is a method that involves the smoothing and initialisation of fewer terms than the other two exponential smoothing methods. We evaluate forecasting up to a day ahead using two empirical studies. For electricity load data, the new method compares well with a range of alternatives. The second study involves a series of arrivals at a call centre that is open for a shorter duration at the weekends than on weekdays. By contrast with the previously proposed exponential smoothing methods, our new method can model in a straightforward way this situation, where the number of periods on each day of the week is not the same.
Research Paper: Automatic Resolution of Ambiguous Terms Based on Machine Learning and Conceptual Relations in the UMLS

UNLABELLED
Motivation. The UMLS has been used in natural language processing applications such as information retrieval and information extraction systems. The mapping of free-text to UMLS concepts is important for these applications. To improve the mapping, we need a method to disambiguate terms that possess multiple UMLS concepts. In the general English domain, machine-learning techniques have been applied to sense-tagged corpora, in which senses (or concepts) of ambiguous terms have been annotated (mostly manually). Sense disambiguation classifiers are then derived to determine senses (or concepts) of those ambiguous terms automatically. However, manual annotation of a corpus is an expensive task. We propose an automatic method that constructs sense-tagged corpora for ambiguous terms in the UMLS using MEDLINE abstracts.


METHODS
For a term W that represents multiple UMLS concepts, a collection of MEDLINE abstracts that contain W is extracted. For each abstract in the collection, occurrences of concepts that have relations with W as defined in the UMLS are automatically identified. A sense-tagged corpus, in which senses of W are annotated, is then derived based on those identified concepts. The method was evaluated on a set of 35 frequently occurring ambiguous biomedical abbreviations using a gold standard set that was automatically derived. The quality of the derived sense-tagged corpus was measured using precision and recall.


RESULTS
The derived sense-tagged corpus had an overall precision of 92.9% and an overall recall of 47.4%. After removing rare senses and ignoring abbreviations with closely related senses, the overall precision was 96.8% and the overall recall was 50.6%.


CONCLUSIONS
UMLS conceptual relations and MEDLINE abstracts can be used to automatically acquire knowledge needed for resolving ambiguity when mapping free-text to UMLS concepts.
The differential lambdamu-calculus

We define a differential lambda-mu-calculus which is an extension of both Parigot's lambda-mu-calculus and Ehrhard- Regnier's differential lambda-calculus. We prove some basic properties of the system: reduction enjoys Church-Rosser and simply typed terms are strongly normalizing.
Heavy quarkonium effective theory

AbstractWe formulate a QCD-based effective theory approach to heavy quarkonia-like systems as
$$\bar cc$$
 and
$$\bar bb$$
 resonances andBc states. We apply the method to inclusive decays, working out a few examples in detail.
Chemical arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints using sodium monoiodoacetate in 104 horses.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate chemical arthrodesis using sodium monoiodoacetate for treatment of degenerative joint disease of the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints.


DESIGN
Retrospective clinical study.


METHOD
Horses were diagnosed with degenerative joint disease of one or more of the tarsometatarsal or distal intertarsal joints based on history, lameness examination, radiographic findings and, in some cases, response to intra-articular anaesthesia or medication. Intra-articular injections of sodium monoiodoacetate were performed using 23 gauge needles in the sedated, standing horse. Positive contrast arthrography of the distal intertarsal joint was performed in all horses to evaluate needle placement and the presence or absence of communication with other synovial structures. The mean intra-articular dose of sodium monoiodoacetate was 192 mg. Horses were subject to a graded exercise program commencing 7 to 10 days after treatment. Where possible, follow up lameness examination and radiography was performed at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment.


RESULTS
At 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment, respectively, 0/57, 14/55, 41/50, and 29/34 of horses were sound. At 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment, respectively, 5/55, 24/38, 26/30 and 18/18 of horses had radiographic evidence of ankylosis of treated joints. Post injection pain was marked in 6.7% of horses and significant complications requiring further treatment occurred in 3.8% of horses.


CONCLUSIONS
Chemical arthrodesis using sodium monoiodoacetate was an effective treatment method for degenerative joint disease of the distal tarsal joints. The technique was performed in the sedated standing horse and required minimal equipment. Results were comparable to those achieved following surgical arthrodesis. The risk of significant complications was minimised through good technique using an appropriate injection volume and concentration.
History of Optimal Power Flow and Formulations

The purpose of this paper is to present a literature review of the AC Optimal Power Flow (ACOPF) problem and propose areas where the ACOPF could be improved. The ACOPF is at the heart of Independent System Operator (ISO) power markets, and is solved in some form every year for system planning, every day for day‐ahead markets, every hour, and even every 5 minutes. It was first formulated in 1962, and formulations have changed little over the years. With advances in computing power and solution algorithms, we can model more of the constraints and remove unnecessary limits and approximations that were previously required to find a solution in reasonable time. One example is nonlinear voltage magnitude constraints that are modeled as linear thermal proxy constraints. In this paper, we refer to the full ACOPF as an ACOPF that simultaneously optimizes real and reactive power. Today, 50 years after the problem was formulated, we still do not have a fast, robust solution technique for the full ACOPF. Finding a good solution technique for the full ACOPF could potentially save tens of billions of dollars annually. Based on our literature review, we find that the ACOPF research community lacks a common understanding of the problem, its formulation, and objective functions. However, we do not claim that this literature review is a complete review—our intent was simply to capture the major formulations of the ACOPF. Instead, in this paper, we seek to clearly present the ACOPF problem through clear formulations of the problem and its parameters. This paper defines and discusses the polar power‐voltage, rectangular power‐voltage, and rectangular current‐voltage formulations of the ACOPF. Additionally, it discusses the different types of constraints and objective functions. This paper lays the groundwork for further research on the convex approximation of the ACOPF solution space, a survey of solution techniques, and computational performance of different formulations. Disclaimer: The views presented are the personal views of the authors and not the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or any of its Commissioners. History of Optimal Power Flow and Formulations • December 2012 Page 3 Table of
Distinct pools of beta-amyloid in Alzheimer disease-affected brain: a clinicopathologic study.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides segregated into distinct biochemical compartments would differentially correlate with clinical severity of Alzheimer disease (AD).


DESIGN
Clinicopathologic correlation study.


PARTICIPANTS
Twenty-seven patients from a longitudinal study of AD and 13 age- and sex-matched controls without a known history of cognitive impairment or dementia were included in this study.


INTERVENTIONS
Temporal and cingulate neocortex were processed using a 4-step extraction, yielding biochemical fractions that are hypothesized to be enriched with proteins from distinct anatomical compartments: TRIS (extracellular soluble), Triton (intracellular soluble), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (membrane associated), and formic acid (extracellular insoluble). Levels of Abeta(40) and Abeta(42) were quantified in each biochemical compartment by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.


RESULTS
The Abeta(42) level in all biochemical compartments was significantly elevated in patients with AD vs controls (P < .01). The Abeta(40) levels in the TRIS and formic acid fractions were elevated in patients with AD (temporal, P < .01; cingulate, P = .03); however, Triton and SDS Abeta(40) levels were similar in patients with AD and in controls. Functional impairment proximal to death correlated with Triton Abeta(42) (r = 0.48, P = .02) and SDS Abeta(42) (r = 0.41, P = .04) in the temporal cortex. Faster cognitive decline was associated with elevated temporal SDS Abeta(42) levels (P < .001), whereas slower decline was associated with elevated cingulate formic acid Abeta(42) and SDS Abeta(42) levels (P = .02 and P = .01, respectively).


CONCLUSION
Intracellular and membrane-associated Abeta, especially Abeta(42) in the temporal neocortex, may be more closely related to AD symptoms than other measured Abeta species.
Is 3D technique superior to 2D in Down syndrome screening? Evaluation of six second and third trimester fetal profile markers.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this article is to investigate whether in the clinical setting of second trimester ultrasound (US) investigations, 3D multiplanar correction prior to the measurement of Down syndrome (DS) facial markers (nasal bone length, prenasal thickness, fetal profile line, maxilla-nasion-mandible angle, prenasal thickness to nasal bone length ratio, and prefrontal space ratio) is superior to subjective judgment of a correct midsagittal plane by 2D technique.


METHODS
Measurements were performed on 2D images and 3D volumes (corrected to the midsagittal plane), acquired during the same scanning session.


RESULTS
All six markers were measured in 105 datasets (75 of euploid fetuses and 30 of DS fetuses). The maxilla-nasion-mandible angle measured on 2D images was significantly larger than on 3D volumes (p < 0.01). In all other markers, there was no significant difference between measurements performed on 2D images or 3D volumes. No statistical difference was found for any marker between measurements performed on images acquired by either 2D or 3D US in their ability to discriminate between normal and DS fetuses.


CONCLUSIONS
Nasal bone length, prenasal thickness, fetal profile line, prenasal thickness to nasal bone length ratio, and prefrontal space ratio can be confidently used as DS markers in second trimester US examinations performed by 2D US. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trajectories of Glycemic Change in a National Cohort of Adults With Previously Controlled Type 2 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND
Individualized diabetes management would benefit from prospectively identifying well-controlled patients at risk of losing glycemic control.


OBJECTIVES
To identify patterns of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) change among patients with stable controlled diabetes.


RESEARCH DESIGN
Cohort study using OptumLabs Data Warehouse, 2001-2013. We develop and apply a machine learning framework that uses a Bayesian estimation of the mixture of generalized linear mixed effect models to discover glycemic trajectories, and a random forest feature contribution method to identify patient characteristics predictive of their future glycemic trajectories.


SUBJECTS
The study cohort consisted of 27,005 US adults with type 2 diabetes, age 18 years and older, and stable index HbA1c <7.0%.


MEASURES
HbA1c values during 24 months of observation.


RESULTS
We compared models with k=1, 2, 3, 4, 5 trajectories and baseline variables including patient age, sex, race/ethnicity, comorbidities, medications, and HbA1c. The k=3 model had the best fit, reflecting 3 distinct trajectories of glycemic change: (T1) rapidly deteriorating HbA1c among 302 (1.1%) youngest (mean, 55.2 y) patients with lowest mean baseline HbA1c, 6.05%; (T2) gradually deteriorating HbA1c among 902 (3.3%) patients (mean, 56.5 y) with highest mean baseline HbA1c, 6.53%; and (T3) stable glycemic control among 25,800 (95.5%) oldest (mean, 58.5 y) patients with mean baseline HbA1c 6.21%. After 24 months, HbA1c rose to 8.75% in T1 and 8.40% in T2, but remained stable at 6.56% in T3.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with controlled type 2 diabetes follow 3 distinct trajectories of glycemic control. This novel application of advanced analytic methods can facilitate individualized and population diabetes care by proactively identifying high risk patients.
Mechanical characterization of curly hair: Influence of the use of nonconventional hair straightening treatments.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
Hair straighteners are very popular around the world, although they can cause great damage to the hair. Thus, the characterization of the mechanical properties of curly hair using advanced techniques is very important to clarify how hair straighteners act on hair fibers and to contribute to the development of effective products. On this basis, we chose two nonconventional hair straighteners (formaldehyde and glyoxylic acid) to investigate how hair straightening treatments affect the mechanical properties of curly hair.


METHODS
The mechanical properties of curly hair were evaluated using a tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), a torsion modulus, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.


RESULTS
The techniques used effectively helped the understanding of the influence of nonconventional hair straighteners on hair properties. For the break stress and the break extension tests, formaldehyde showed a marked decrease in these parameters, with great hair damage. Glyoxylic acid had a slight effect compared to formaldehyde treatment. Both treatments showed an increase in shear modulus, a decrease in water sorption and damage to the hair surface.


CONCLUSIONS
A combination of the techniques used in this study permitted a better understanding of nonconventional hair straightener treatments and also supported the choice of the better treatment, considering a good relationship between efficacy and safety. Thus, it is very important to determine the properties of hair for the development of cosmetics used to improve the beauty of curly hair.