LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Deep Sets

We study the problem of designing models for machine learning tasks defined on sets. In contrast to traditional approach of operating on fixed dimensional vectors, we consider objective functions defined on sets that are invariant to permutations. Such problems are widespread, ranging from estimation of population statistics [1], to anomaly detection in piezometer data of embankment dams [2], to cosmology [3, 4]. Our main theorem characterizes the permutation invariant functions and provides a family of functions to which any permutation invariant objective function must belong. This family of functions has a special structure which enables us to design a deep network architecture that can operate on sets and which can be deployed on a variety of scenarios including both unsupervised and supervised learning tasks. We also derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for permutation equivariance in deep models. We demonstrate the applicability of our method on population statistic estimation, point cloud classification, set expansion, and outlier detection.
Update in acute lung injury and critical care 2010.

In this Update, we provide an overview of selected studies published in 2010 in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and other journals focusing on novel findings on acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We attempt to highlight key articles that advanced our understanding on clinical and basic aspects of critical illness.
Hybrid Task Cascade for Instance Segmentation

Cascade is a classic yet powerful architecture that has boosted performance on various tasks. However, how to introduce cascade to instance segmentation remains an open question. A simple combination of Cascade R-CNN and Mask R-CNN only brings limited gain. In exploring a more effective approach, we find that the key to a successful instance segmentation cascade is to fully leverage the reciprocal relationship between detection and segmentation. In this work, we propose a new framework, Hybrid Task Cascade (HTC), which differs in two important aspects: (1) instead of performing cascaded refinement on these two tasks separately, it interweaves them for a joint multi-stage processing; (2) it adopts a fully convolutional branch to provide spatial context, which can help distinguishing hard foreground from cluttered background. Overall, this framework can learn more discriminative features progressively while integrating complementary features together in each stage. Without bells and whistles, a single HTC obtains 38.4% and 1.5% improvement over a strong Cascade Mask RCNN baseline on MSCOCO dataset. More importantly, our overall system achieves 48.6 mask AP on the test-challenge dataset and 49.0 mask AP on test-dev, which are the stateof-the-art performance. 1
Assisting code search with automatic Query Reformulation for bug localization

Source code retrieval plays an important role in many software engineering tasks. However, designing a query that can accurately retrieve the relevant software artifacts can be challenging for developers as it requires a certain level of knowledge and experience regarding the code base. This paper demonstrates how the difficulty of designing a proper query can be alleviated through automatic Query Reformulation (QR) - an under-the-hood operation for reformulating a user's query with no additional input from the user. The proposed QR framework works by enriching a user's search query with certain specific additional terms drawn from the highest-ranked artifacts retrieved in response to the initial query. The important point here is that these additional terms injected into a query are those that are deemed to be “close” to the original query terms in the source code on the basis of positional proximity. This similarity metric is based on the notion that terms that deal with the same concepts in source code are usually proximal to one another in the same files. We demonstrate the superiority of our QR framework in relation to the QR frameworks well-known in the natural language document retrieval by showing significant improvements in bug localization performance for two large software projects using more than 4,000 queries.
Simvastatin given for 3 days can inhibit thrombin generation and activation of factor V and enhance factor Va inactivation in hypercholesterolemic patients.

Thrombin Generation and Activation of Factor V and Enhance Factor Va Inactivation in Hypercholesterolemic Patients To the Editor: The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, have been reported to exert multiple cholesterol-independent actions, including inhibition of blood coagulation, most likely attributable to downregulation of tissue factor (TF) expression.1 Previously, we have demonstrated that simvastatin inhibits blood clotting after a 3-month simvastatin therapy.2 It is unknown how rapidly statin administration can influence thrombin formation, factor (F)V activation, and the proteolytic degradation of FVa. The aim of the current study was to assess early effects of statins on coagulant reactions. Fourteen men (mean age, 54.6 years) with LDL cholesterol levels 3.4 mmol/L (130 mg/dL), who were treated with lowdose aspirin (75 mg/d), participated in the study after giving informed written consent. At baseline and after 3 days of simvastatin administration (40 mg/d), coagulant reactions were assessed in blood collected every 30 seconds at the site of microvascular injury, as previously described.2,3 Using quantitative Western blotting, we evaluated the time-courses of FVa generation and FVa inactivation, along with thrombin formation. We also determined lipid profiles, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, fibrinogen, and thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT) in peripheral venous blood (Dade Behring) with data expressed as mean SEM. Paired t test and Wilcoxon signed ranks test were used when appropriate to compare the differences before and after simvastatin treatment. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated to test the association between two variables. A 3-day simvastatin administration significantly retarded prothrombin activation (P 0.002; Figure, A) and FVa heavy (P 0.027; Figure, B) and light chains (P 0.033; data not shown) at the site of hemostatic plug formation. Plasma TAT levels showed a tendency toward lower posttreatment values (P 0.1), and fibrinogen was unchanged. After simvastatin use, thrombin generation at the site of injury slowed from 0.258 0.017 to 0.176 0.014 nmol/L/s (P 0.006), whereas the maximum rate of FVa heavy chain forma-
Global Illumination of Glossy Environments Using Wavelets and Importance

We show how importance-driven refinement and a wavelet basis can be combined to provide an efficient solution to the global illumination problem with glossy and diffuse reflections. Importance is used to focus the computation on the interactions having the greatest impact on the visible solution. Wavelets are used to provide an efficient representation of radiance, importance, and the transport operator. We discuss a number of choices that must be made when constructing a finite element algorithm for glossy global illumination. Our algorithm is based on the standard wavelet decomposition of the transport operator and makes use of a four-dimensional wavelet representation for spatially and angularly varying radiance distributions. We use a final gathering step to improve the visual quality of the solution. Features of our implementation include support for curved surfaces as well as texture-mapped anisotropic emission and reflection functions.
Real-Time Photogrammetry

Today’s speed of image processing tools as well as the availability of robust techniques for extracting geometric and basic thematic information from image streams makes real-time photogrammetry possible. The paper discusses the basic tools for fully automatic calibration, orientation and surface recontruction as well as for tracking, ego-motion determination and behaviour analysis. Examples demonstrate today’s potential for future applications.
Evaluation of postextraction bleeding incidence to compare patients receiving and not receiving warfarin therapy: a cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study

OBJECTIVES
We investigated incidence and risk factors for postextraction bleeding in patients receiving warfarin and those not receiving anticoagulation therapy.


DESIGN
Cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study.


SETTING
26 hospitals where an oral surgeon is available.


PARTICIPANTS
Data on 2817 teeth (from 496 patients receiving warfarin, 2321 patients not receiving warfarin; mean age (SD): 62.2 (17.6)) extracted between 1 November 2008 and 31 March 2010, were collected. Warfarin-receiving patients were eligible when prothrombin time-international normalised ratio (PT-INR) measured within 7 days prior to the extraction was less than 3.0.


INTERVENTIONS
Simple dental extraction was performed, and incidence of postextraction bleeding and comorbidities were recorded.


PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES
Postextraction bleeding not controlled by basic haemostasis procedure was clinically significant.


RESULTS
Bleeding events were reported for 35 (7.1%) and 49 (2.1%) teeth, of which 18 (3.6%) and 9 (0.4%) teeth were considered clinically significant, in warfarin and non-warfarin groups, respectively, the difference between which was 3.24% (CI 1.58% to 4.90%). The incidence rates by patients were 2.77% and 0.39%, in warfarin and non-warfarin groups, respectively (incidence difference 2.38%, CI 0.65% to 4/10%). Univariate analyses showed that age (OR 0.197, p=0.001), PT-INR (OR 3.635, p=0.003), mandibular foramen conduction anaesthesia (OR 4.854, p=0.050) and formation of abnormal granulation tissue in extraction socket (OR 2.900, p=0.031) significantly correlate with bleeding incidence. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (OR 0.126, p=0.001), antiplatelet drugs (OR 0.100, p=0.049), PT-INR (OR 7.797, p=0.001) and history of acute inflammation at extraction site (OR 3.722, p=0.037) were significant risk factors for postextraction bleeding.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that there is slight but significant increase in the incidences of postextraction bleeding in patients receiving warfarin. Although absolute incidence was low in both groups, the bleeding risk is not negligible.
Overexpression of Guanylate Cyclase Activating Protein 2 in Rod Photoreceptors In Vivo Leads to Morphological Changes at the Synaptic Ribbon

Guanylate cyclase activating proteins are EF-hand containing proteins that confer calcium sensitivity to retinal guanylate cyclase at the outer segment discs of photoreceptor cells. By making the rate of cGMP synthesis dependent on the free intracellular calcium levels set by illumination, GCAPs play a fundamental role in the recovery of the light response and light adaptation. The main isoforms GCAP1 and GCAP2 also localize to the synaptic terminal, where their function is not known. Based on the reported interaction of GCAP2 with Ribeye, the major component of synaptic ribbons, it was proposed that GCAP2 could mediate the synaptic ribbon dynamic changes that happen in response to light. We here present a thorough ultrastructural analysis of rod synaptic terminals in loss-of-function (GCAP1/GCAP2 double knockout) and gain-of-function (transgenic overexpression) mouse models of GCAP2. Rod synaptic ribbons in GCAPs-/- mice did not differ from wildtype ribbons when mice were raised in constant darkness, indicating that GCAPs are not required for ribbon early assembly or maturation. Transgenic overexpression of GCAP2 in rods led to a shortening of synaptic ribbons, and to a higher than normal percentage of club-shaped and spherical ribbon morphologies. Restoration of GCAP2 expression in the GCAPs-/- background (GCAP2 expression in the absence of endogenous GCAP1) had the striking result of shortening ribbon length to a much higher degree than overexpression of GCAP2 in the wildtype background, as well as reducing the thickness of the outer plexiform layer without affecting the number of rod photoreceptor cells. These results indicate that preservation of the GCAP1 to GCAP2 relative levels is relevant for maintaining the integrity of the synaptic terminal. Our demonstration of GCAP2 immunolocalization at synaptic ribbons at the ultrastructural level would support a role of GCAPs at mediating the effect of light on morphological remodeling changes of synaptic ribbons.
Defining, Assessing, and Promoting E‐Learning Success: An Information Systems Perspective*

This research advances the understanding of how to define, evaluate, and promote e-learning success from an information systems perspective. It introduces the E-Learning Success Model, which posits that the overall success of an e-learning initiative depends on the attainment of success at each of the three stages of e-learning systems development: system design, system delivery, and system outcome. To study this model, an online version of an undergraduate quantitative methods core course for business students is developed using a prototyping strategy. Four cycles of development are traced, each comprised analysis, design, implementation, testing, and enhancement. Findings from the study confirm the validity of using the proposed success model for e-learning success assessment. In addition, an action research methodology is also found to be a valuable impetus for promoting e-learning success through an iterative process of diagnosing, action planning, action taking, evaluating, and learning. Subject Areas: Action Research, E-Learning Success Model, and Online Courses.
Chromium treatment has no effect in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
Chromium treatment has been reported to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, concern exists about the possible toxic effects of chromium picolinate. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chromium treatment in the form of chromium yeast on glycemic control in a Western population of patients with type 2 diabetes who were being treated with oral hypoglycemic agents.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this 6-month, double-blind study, patients with moderate glycemic control, being treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, were randomly assigned to receive either a placebo or treatment with 400 microg of chromium daily in the form of chromium yeast. The primary efficacy parameter was a change in A1C. Secondary end points were changes in lipid profile, BMI, blood pressure, body fat, and insulin resistance.


RESULTS
No differences were found for the change in A1C between the intervention and placebo groups, nor were any differences found between the groups for the secondary end points.


CONCLUSIONS
There is no evidence that chromium in the form of chromium yeast is effective in improving glycemic control in Western patients with type 2 diabetes who are taking oral hypoglycemic agents.
PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA AMONG THE TRIBAL ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN JAVVADU HILLS IN THIRUVANNAMALAI , TAMIL NADU

Background: Anemia during adolescence contributes to maternal, fetal morbidity and mortality in future. Tribal population is vulnerable and underserved wherein it is indeed essential to explore anemia among tribal adolescent girls to prevent future morbidity and maternal mortality. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of anemia and risk factors among tribal adolescent girls in Javvadu hills in Thiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 tribal adolescent girls in Jamanamarathur Block of Javvadu hills in Thiruvannamalai during January 2017. Socio-demographic and anthropometric details were obtained and Hemoglobin was estimated using Cyan method. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 21. Results: Overall prevalence of anemia was 76%. About 7% had severe anemia. Age, menstruation, barefoot walking, poor awareness and undernutrition were the signicant factors. Conclusion: Health education, proper utilization of health services and timely intervention will alleviate this public health problem among tribal adolescent girls.
Obesity and body fat classification in the metabolic syndrome: impact on cardiometabolic risk metabotype.

OBJECTIVE
Obesity is a key factor in the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. We investigated whether obesity classification by BMI and body fat percentage (BF%) influences cardiometabolic profile and dietary responsiveness in 486 MetS subjects (LIPGENE dietary intervention study).


DESIGN AND METHODS
Anthropometric measures, markers of inflammation and glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, adhesion molecules, and hemostatic factors were determined at baseline and after 12 weeks of four dietary interventions (high saturated fat (SFA), high monounsaturated fat (MUFA), and two low fat high complex carbohydrate (LFHCC) diets, one supplemented with long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs)).


RESULTS
About 39 and 87% of subjects classified as normal and overweight by BMI were obese according to their BF%. Individuals classified as obese by BMI (≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and BF% (≥ 25% (men) and ≥ 35% (women)) (OO, n = 284) had larger waist and hip measurements, higher BMI and were heavier (P < 0.001) than those classified as nonobese by BMI but obese by BF% (NOO, n = 92). OO individuals displayed a more proinflammatory (higher C reactive protein (CRP) and leptin), prothrombotic (higher plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)), proatherogenic (higher leptin/adiponectin ratio) and more insulin resistant (higher HOMA-IR) metabolic profile relative to the NOO group (P < 0.001). Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were lower post-intervention in NOO individuals compared with OO subjects (P < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, assessing BF% and BMI as part of a metabotype may help to identify individuals at greater cardiometabolic risk than BMI alone.
Nooks: an architecture for reliable device drivers

With the enormous growth in processor performance over the last decade, it is clear that reliability, rather than performance, is now the greatest challenge for computer systems research. This is particularly true in the context of Internet services that require 24x7 operation and home computers with no professional administration. While operating system products have matured and become more reliable, they are still the source of a significant number of failures. Furthermore, recent studies show that device drivers are frequently responsible for operating system failures. For example, a study at Stanford University found that Linux drivers have 3 to 7 times the bug frequency as the rest of the OS [4]. An analysis of product support calls for Windows 2000 showed that device drivers accounted for 27% of crashes, compared to 2% for the kernel itself [16].
Fuzzy h-ideals of hemirings

A characterization of an h-hemiregular hemiring in terms of a fuzzy h-ideal is provided. Some properties of prime fuzzy h-ideals of h-hemiregular hemirings are investigated. It is proved that a fuzzy subset ζ of a hemiring S is a prime fuzzy left (right) h-ideal of S if and only if ζ is two-valued, ζ(0) = 1, and the set of all x in S such that ζ(x) = 1 is a prime (left) right h-ideal of S. Finally, the similar properties for maximal fuzzy left (right) h-ideals of hemirings are considered.
Shallow bias of paleomagnetic inclinations in the Paleozoic and Precambrian

An updated analysis of the global paleomagnetic database shows that the frequency distributions of paleomagnetic inclinations for the Cenozoic and Mesozoic eras (younger than 250 Ma) are compatible with a random geographical sampling of a time-averaged geomagnetic field that closely resembles that of a geocentric axial dipole. In contrast, the frequency distributions of paleomagnetic inclinations for the Paleozoic and Precambrian eras (prior to 250 Ma) are over-represented by shallow inclinations. After discounting obvious secondary causes for the bias, such as from data averaging, sedimentary inclination error, inhomogeneous lithological distributions, and tropical remagnetization, we show that the anomalous inclination distributions for the Paleozoic and Precambrian can be explained by a geomagnetic field source model which includes a relatively modest (3⁄425%) contribution to the axial dipole from a zonal octupole field and an arbitrary zonal quadrupolar contribution. The apparent change by around 250 Ma to a much more axial dipolar field geometry might be due to the stabilization of the geodynamo from growth of the inner core to some critical threshold size, a gross speculation which would imply that either the threshold size was rather large or the inner core nucleated rather late in Earth history. Alternatively, if a geocentric axial dipole model is assumed or can eventually be demonstrated independently, the anomalous inclination distributions for the Paleozoic and Precambrian may reflect a tendency of continental lithosphere to be cycled into the equatorial belt, perhaps because geoid highs associated with long-term continental aggregates influence true polar wander.  1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
OPTIMIZATION OF CUTTING PARAMETERS ON TOOL WEAR AND WORKPIECE SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN TURNING OF AISI D2 STEEL

A R T I C L E I N F O AISI D2 steel, Tool wear, Workpiece surface temperature, Taguchi method, Regression analysis. Received 19 July 2012 Accepted 29 August 2012 Available online 31 December 2012 Now-a-days increasing the productivity and the quality of the machined parts are the main challenges of metal cutting industry during turning processes. Optimization methods in turning processes, considered being a vital role for continual improvement of output quality in product and processes include modeling of input-output and in process parameters relationship and determination of optimal cutting conditions. This paper presents an optimization method of the cutting parameters (cutting speed, depth of cut and feed) in dry turning of AISI D2 steel to achieve minimum tool wear and low workpiece surface temperature. The experimental layout was designed based on the Taguchi’s L9 (34) Orthogonal array technique and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to identify the effect of the cutting parameters on the response variables. The results showed that depth of cut and cutting speed are the most important parameter influencing the tool wear. The minimum tool wear was found at cutting speed of 150 m/min, depth of cut of 0.5 mm and feed of 0.25 mm/rev. Similarly low workpiece surface temperature was obtained at cutting speed of 150 m/min, depth of cut of 0.5 mm and feed of 0.25 mm/rev. Thereafter, optimal ranges of tool wear and workpiece surface temperature values were predicted. Finally, the relationship between factors and the performance measures were developed by using multiple regression analysis. ________________________________ * Corresponding Author