LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Eye movements of vertebrates and their relation to eye form and function

The types of eye movements shown by all vertebrates originated in the earliest fishes. These consisted of compensatory movements, both vestibular and visual, to prevent image motion, and saccades to relocate gaze. All vertebrates fixate food items with their heads to enable ingestion, but from teleosts onwards some species also use eye movements to target particular objects, especially food. Eye movement use is related to the resolution distribution in the retina, with eyes that contain foveas, or areas of high ganglion cell density, being more likely to make targeting eye movements, not seen in animals with more uniform retinas. Birds, in particular, tend mainly to use head movements when shifting gaze. Many birds also make translatory head saccades (head bobbing) when walking. It is common for animals to use both eyes when locating food items ahead, but the use of binocular disparity for distance judgment is rare, and has only been demonstrated in toads, owls, cats and primates. Smooth tracking with eyes alone is probably confined to primates. The extent of synchrony and directional symmetry in the movements of the two eyes varies greatly, from complete independence in the sandlance and chameleon, to perfect coordination in primates.
Recent change of vegetation growth trend in China

Using satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, several previous studies have indicated that vegetation growth significantly increased in most areas of China during the period 1982–99. In this letter, we extended the study period to 2010. We found that at the national scale the growing season (April–October) NDVI significantly increased by 0.0007 yr−1 from 1982 to 2010, but the increasing trend in NDVI over the last decade decreased in comparison to that of the 1982–99 period. The trends in NDVI show significant seasonal and spatial variances. The increasing trend in April and May (AM) NDVI (0.0013 yr−1) is larger than those in June, July and August (JJA) (0.0003 yr−1) and September and October (SO) (0.0008 yr−1). This relatively small increasing trend of JJA NDVI during 1982–2010 compared with that during 1982–99 (0.0012 yr−1) (Piao et al 2003 J. Geophys. Res.—Atmos. 108 4401) implies a change in the JJA vegetation growth trend, which significantly turned from increasing (0.0039 yr−1) to slightly decreasing (−0.0002 yr−1) in 1988. Regarding the spatial pattern of changes in NDVI, the growing season NDVI increased (over 0.0020 yr−1) from 1982 to 2010 in southern China, while its change was close to zero in northern China, as a result of a significant changing trend reversal that occurred in the 1990s and early 2000s. In northern China, the growing season NDVI significantly increased before the 1990s as a result of warming and enhanced precipitation, but decreased after the 1990s due to drought stress strengthened by warming and reduced precipitation. Our results also show that the responses of vegetation growth to climate change vary across different seasons and ecosystems.
Controllable high-fidelity facial performance transfer

Recent technological advances in facial capture have made it possible to acquire high-fidelity 3D facial performance data with stunningly high spatial-temporal resolution. Current methods for facial expression transfer, however, are often limited to large-scale facial deformation. This paper introduces a novel facial expression transfer and editing technique for high-fidelity facial performance data. The key idea of our approach is to decompose high-fidelity facial performances into high-level facial feature lines, large-scale facial deformation and fine-scale motion details and transfer them appropriately to reconstruct the retargeted facial animation in an efficient optimization framework. The system also allows the user to quickly modify and control the retargeted facial sequences in the spatial-temporal domain. We demonstrate the power of our approach by transferring and editing high-fidelity facial animation data from high-resolution source models to a wide range of target models, including both human faces and non-human faces such as "monster" and "dog".
Architecture Description Languages

Modeling plays a central role in design automation of embedded processors. It is necessary to develop a specification language that can model complex processors at a higher level of abstraction and enable automatic analysis and generation of efficient tools and prototypes. The language should be powerful enough to capture high-level description of the processor architectures. On the other hand, the language should be simple enough to allow correlation of the information between the specification and the architecture manual.
[Long-term results of lung cancer surgery in octogenarians].

INTRODUCTION
This retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate late results of lung cancer surgery in octogenerians.


METHODS
All patients 80years old or more who underwent a lung resection for cancer from 2000 to 2010 at Lyon University Hospital were included. No patients were treated with video-assisted surgery. Wedge resections were excluded.


RESULTS
Sixty-three patients (42 men, 21 women) were operated. The median age was 82years. Operative mortality was 4.7%. The rate of perioperative complications was 49%. The late survival was 34% at 5years. Five-year survival by nodal involvement was N0, 36%; N1, 29%; N2 20%, P<0.05. Patients with a squamous cell carcinoma (24) had a better long-term survival than patients with an adenocarcinoma (30), 33% and 25% respectively at 5years, P<0.05. The rate of recurrence was 33.9%.


CONCLUSIONS
Surgical treatment of lung cancer in selected population of octogenerians is associated with satisfactory early and long-term results. Survival is influenced by nodal involvement and by the pathologic type of the cancer.
Endoscopic stapes surgery: our experience in thirty two patients.

Dear Editor, The 1950s marked the advent of operating microscopes and microsurgical instruments in ear surgery. Over time, numerous modifications have been made, but the inherent limitations of the basic optical components have persisted. Globally, stapes surgery is mainly done using the timetested operating microscope. Endoscopic stapes surgery is being tried at many centres across the world. Poe et al., in 2000, reported to have obtained good results with endoscopic assisted laser stapes surgery. In 2011, Jo~ao et al. reported a series of 15 stapes surgery cases performed entirely with endoscopes with significant postoperative improvement. Otosclerosis has a high incidence in India. The large number of patients and limited microscopes available in peripheral facilities result in patients being referred to the tertiary centres for surgeries. Priority is given to infective diseases fearing impending life-threatening complications whereas otosclerosis, with minimal chances of fatality, gets less attention. A procedure like endoscopic stapes surgery where the availability of microscopes is not a prerequisite may be a possible solution to this problem.
Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Thermal–Photovoltaic Panel

A theoretical and experimental analysis of a thermal–photovoltaic panel, whose purpose is to produce both electrical and thermal energies, has been performed. In order to achieve the main objective, the different components that constitute the thermal–photovoltaic panel have been studied and a simulation model of the thermal–photovoltaic panel has been developed. Furthermore, a prototype of the whole system consisting of a commercial panel, the thermal and electrical circuits, and an innovative wireless remote data acquisition system has been setup. The latter, based on an open-source electronic platform, has the necessary accuracy, and remote data capture and flexibility features. The model has been carefully calibrated and the simulated results, based on the solar irradiance, the ambient temperature, and the wind speed have been compared with experimental data. The results are analyzed and discussed in this paper. Such a validated model can be used to establish if and when it is more convenient to use a hybrid structure rather than two separate devices (photovoltaic only and thermal collector only).
Would Accountability Based on Teacher Value Added Be Smart Policy? An Examination of the Statistical Properties and Policy Alternatives

Annual student testing may make it possible to measure the contributions to student achievement made by individual teachers. But would these teacher value-added measures help to improve student achievement? I consider the statistical validity, purposes, and costs of teacher value-added policies. Many of the key assumptions of teacher value added are rejected by empirical evidence. However, the assumption violations may not be severe, and value-added measures still seem to contain useful information. I also compare teacher value-added accountability with three main policy alternatives: teacher credentials, school value-added accountability, and formative uses of test data. I argue that using teacher value-added measures is likely to increase student achievement more efficiently than a teacher credentials-only strategy but may not be the most cost-effective policy overall. Resolving this issue will require a new research and policy agenda that goes beyond analysis of assumptions and statistical properties and focuses on the effects of actual policy alternatives.
Divalproex monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar offspring with mood and behavioral disorders and at least mild affective symptoms.

BACKGROUND
Offspring of parents with bipolar disorder, by virtue of their high-risk status for developing bipolar disorder, merit an investigation of the efficacy of treatment with mood stabilizers. Behavioral and mood difficulties in this population may represent prodromal forms of bipolar disorder. We studied the efficacy of divalproex in treating child and adolescent bipolar offspring with mood or behavioral disorders who did not yet meet criteria for bipolar I or II disorder.


METHOD
We studied 24 children aged 6-18 years (mean = 11.3 years; 17 boys/7 girls) with at least 1 biological parent with bipolar disorder. Participants were diagnosed by the Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia with at least 1 of the following DSM-IV disorders: major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, cyclothymic disorder, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Subjects all had at least moderate affective symptoms (28-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression or Young Mania Rating Scale score > 12). After a 2-week washout period, subjects were treated with divalproex for 12 weeks, titrated to achieve serum levels of 50-120 micro g/mL (mean final dose = 821 mg/day; mean final serum level = 79.0 micro g/mL).


RESULTS
One subject discontinued after 2 weeks due to continuation of symptoms. Of the remaining 23 subjects, 18 (78%) were considered responders by primary outcome criteria ("very much improved" or "much improved" on the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale). Divalproex was well tolerated with no discontinuations due to adverse effects.


CONCLUSION
Bipolar offspring with mood or behavioral disorders and at least mild affective symptoms may respond to divalproex treatment. Our study was limited by the open treatment, lack of a placebo group, and the heterogeneous nature of the sample. Controlled studies are warranted in the use of divalproex in symptomatic bipolar offspring.
Identification of a narrow post-ovulatory window of vulnerability to distressing involuntary memories in healthy women

Psychological disorders characterised by intrusive memories are more prevalent in women than men. The biological, social and cognitive processes underlying this gender-difference have yet to be fully elucidated. Some evidence suggests that (fluctuations in) ovarian hormone levels are responsible for altered sensitivity to emotional stimuli during certain phases in the menstrual-cycle and this may form the basis of a specific vulnerability to psychological disorders in women. The post-ovulatory (luteal) phase has been identified as a period of particular vulnerability to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Using an experimental model of PTSD, we examine whether differences are detectable between discrete phases in the menstrual-cycle in the experience of intrusive memories. Women (18-35 years-old) in one of three tightly-defined periods within the menstrual cycle--mid-follicular (n=15), early-luteal (n=15) and late-luteal (n=11)--provided saliva samples for ovarian-hormone assay and watched a distressing film. Subsequent intrusive memories, assessed using a daily online-diary, occurred significantly more frequently in the early-luteal group compared to mid-follicular and late-luteal groups. Intrusion frequency was negatively correlated with the estradiol-to-progesterone ratio, but not estradiol or progesterone alone, suggesting that the interactive effect of low estradiol and high progesterone at encoding contributes to the observed effect. Our results support the need for further research in a clinical context with naturally-cycling women who experience a traumatic event, since assessment of days-since-last-menses and ovarian hormone levels may help to identify those at greatest risk of developing re-experiencing symptoms akin to those seen in psychological disorder such as depression and PTSD.
Organic livestock farming – a critical review

Based on production guidelines, organic livestock farming has set itself the goal of establishing environmentally friendly production, sustaining animals in good health, realising high animal welfare standards, and producing products of high quality. By striving for these goals, organic livestock farming meets the demands of an increasing number of consumers who are critical of conventional production methods. The paper gives an overview of the present state of the art in the different issues. Possibilities and limitations to perform the self-aimed goals under the basic standards of organic farming are discussed. Concerning environmental protection, the basic standards of organic farming are suited to reduce environmental pollution and nutrient losses on the farm level markedly. With reference to the health situation of dairy cows in both organic and conventional dairy farms, comparative studies show that currently there seem to be no fundamental differences between the production methods. In relation to animal welfare, organic livestock farming, based on minimal standards that go beyond the legislation standards, provide several preconditions for good living conditions of farm animals. Concerning product quality, there is little evidence for a system-related effect on product quality due to the production method. It is concluded that the benefits of the basic standards are primarily related to environmentally friendly production and to the animal welfare issue while the issues of animal health and product quality are more influenced by the specific farm management than by the production method. There is evidence to support the assumption that organic livestock farming creates stronger demands on the qualification of the farm management, including the higher risk of failure. As a consequence, quality assurance programs should be established to ensure that the high demands of the consumers are fulfilled.  2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Marxist critiques of Slobodan Jovanovic’s study on Marx and Marxism praxis and dialectic

Slobodan Jovanovic’s study on Marx (1935) has been interpreted and evaluated 
 in every history of Serbian philosophy written after the Second World War 
 (1968, 1972, 2002, 2009). This paper discusses Marxist responses to this 
 study and the influence its evaluations had on the post-war reception and 
 critique of Jovanovic’s writings. The treatise on Marx, which came as a 
 result of years of studying and keeping close track of the evolution of 
 Marxism, Socialist thought and the labour movement, may also be seen as a 
 Problem oriented history of Marxism. Jovanovic suggests that essential to 
 understanding Marx’s teaching is its philosophical contents because Marx’s 
 findings in other areas were based on his philosophical insights. The paper 
 also tackles the issue of interwar and post-war interpretations of the 
 concept of praxis. Unlike his critics, what Jovanovic understands by Marxism 
 is not dialectical materialism. The paper shows that Marxist critiques of 
 Jovanovic’s study substantially influenced the philosophical reception of 
 that work in the post-war period. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike 
 Srbije, br. 177011]
A simulated annealing approach to police district design

This paper considers the problem of redistricting or redrawing police command boundaries. We model this problem as a constrained graph-partitioning problem involving the partitioning of a police jurisdiction into command districts subject to constraints of contiguity, compactness, convexity and size. Since the districting a4ects urban emergency services, there also exist quality-of-service constraints, which limit the response time (queue time plus travel time) to calls for service. Confronted with the combinatorial challenge of the districting problem, we propose a simulated annealing algorithm to search for a “good” partitioning of the police jurisdiction. At each iteration of the algorithm, we employ a variant of the well-known PCAM model to optimally assign the patrol cars and assess the “goodness” of a particular district design with respect to some prescribed performance measures. This approach di4ers from the well-known Hypercube queuing model, which simply evaluates the performance of a user-speci;ed district design and allocation. A computational case study using data from the Bu4alo, New York, Police Department reveals the merits of this approach.
Influence of nurses on compliance with breast screening recommendations in an organized breast screening program.

BACKGROUND
Evidence from breast screening trials has shown that a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality from screening can be achieved by regular attendance. Few studies have evaluated the influence of nurses on compliance with breast screening recommendations.


METHODS
The cohort included 157,788 women ages 50 to 69 years who were screened at 1 of 9 regional cancer centers or 57 affiliated centers with nurses or 26 affiliated centers without nurses between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2002, within the Ontario Breast Screening Program. These women were followed up prospectively for at least 30 months to compare compliance for annual and biennial screening recommendations among women who attended centers with and without nurses. The associations between type of screening center and the odds of compliance were modeled using mixed-effect logistic regression models. All P values are two-sided.


RESULTS
Women attending a regional cancer center [odds ratios (OR), 1.96; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.07-3.58] or affiliated center with nurses (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.38-2.22) were significantly more likely to return within 18 months of their annual screening recommendation than women attending affiliated centers without nurses. In addition, women attending regional cancer centers (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.34-3.89) or affiliated centers with nurses (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.86-2.83) were significantly more likely to make a timely return within the recommended biennial screening interval of between 18 and 30 months.


CONCLUSIONS
Breast screening programs should consider methods of integrating educational activities as provided by the nurses to improve compliance with screening.
Prognostic Health Management of Aircraft Power Generators

In this paper, prognostic tools are developed to detect the onset of electrical failures in an aircraft power generator, and to predict the generator's remaining useful life (RUL). Focus is on the rotor circuit since failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA) studies indicate that it is a high priority candidate for condition monitoring. A signature feature is developed and tested by seeded fault experiments to verify that the initial stages of rotor faults are observable under diverse generator load conditions. A tracking filter is used to assess the damage state and predict generator RUL. This information helps to avoid unexpected failures while reducing the overall life-cycle cost of the system.
Image-guided thermal ablation of tumors increases the plasma level of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10.

PURPOSE
To identify changes in plasma cytokine levels after image-guided thermal ablation of human tumors and to identify the factors that independently predict changes in plasma cytokine levels.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Whole-blood samples were collected from 36 patients at three time points: before ablation, after ablation (within 48 hours), and at follow-up (1-5 weeks after ablation). Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured using a multiplex immunoassay. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using cytokine level as the dependent variable and sample collection, time, age, sex, primary diagnosis, metastatic status, ablation site, and ablation type as the independent variables.


RESULTS
There was a significant increase in the plasma level of IL-6 after ablation compared with before ablation (9.6-fold ± 31-fold, P<.002). IL-10 also showed a significant increase after ablation (1.9-fold ± 2.8-fold, P<.02). Plasma levels of IL-1α, IL-2, and TNF-α were not significantly changed after ablation. Cryoablation resulted in the largest change in IL-6 level (>54-fold), whereas radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation showed 3.6-fold and 3.4-fold changes, respectively. Ablation of melanomas showed the largest change in IL-6 48 hours after ablation (92×), followed by ablation of kidney (26×), liver (8×), and lung (6×) cancers. Multivariate analysis revealed that ablation type (P<.0003) and primary diagnosis (P<.03) were independent predictors of changes to IL-6 after ablation. Age was the only independent predictor of IL-10 levels after ablation (P< .019).


CONCLUSIONS
Image-guided thermal ablation of tumors increases plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-10, without increasing plasma levels of IL-1α, IL-2, or TNF-α.
The eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic: an interdisciplinary model of care for children and adolescents with sex chromosome aneuploidy

PURPOSE
Individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) are born with an atypical number of X and/or Y chromosomes, and present with a range of medical, developmental, educational, behavioral, and psychological concerns. Rates of SCA diagnoses in infants and children are increasing, and there is a need for specialized interdisciplinary care to address associated risks. The eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic was established to provide comprehensive and experienced care for children and adolescents with SCA, with an interdisciplinary team composed of developmental-behavioral pediatrics, endocrinology, genetic counseling, child psychology, pediatric neuropsychology, speech-language pathology, occupational therapy, nursing, and social work. The clinic model includes an interdisciplinary approach to care, where assessment results by each discipline are integrated to develop unified diagnostic impressions and treatment plans individualized for each patient. Additional objectives of the eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic program include prenatal genetic counseling, research, education, family support, and advocacy.


METHODS
Satisfaction surveys were distributed to 496 patients, and responses were received from 168 unique patients.


RESULTS
Satisfaction with the overall clinic visit was ranked as "very satisfied" in 85%, and as "satisfied" in another 9.8%. Results further demonstrate specific benefits from the clinic experience, the importance of a knowledgeable clinic coordinator, and support the need for similar clinics across the country. Three case examples of the interdisciplinary approach to assessment and treatment are included.