Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Introduction What Is Materials Science and Engineering? Fundamental Principles Atomic and Molecular Bonding Crystal Structures Polymorphism Labeling Directions and Planes Determination of Structure and Composition Using X-Rays What Is Next? Problems Crystalline Imperfections and Diffusion Cloudy and Clear Ice Experiments Imperfections-Good or Bad? Solid Solutions Point Defects Line Defects Planar Defects Precipitates as Three-Dimensional Defects Amorphous Solids Temperature Dependence of Defect Concentration Atomic Diffusion Applications of Impurity Diffusion Diffusion in Biological Systems What Is Next? Appendix: Vacancy Concentration versus Temperature Problems Electrical Properties of Metals and Semiconductors World of Electronics Definitions and Units Classical Model of Electronic Conduction in Metals Resistivity Rules for Dilute Metallic Alloys Energy Band Model for Electronic Conduction Intrinsic Semiconductors Extrinsic Semiconductors Selected Semiconductor Devices Electron Tunneling Thin Films and Size Effects Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Electrical Signaling in Neurons: Lessons from Mother Nature Appendix: Ohm's Law and Definitions Problems Mechanical Properties Gossamer Condor and Gossamer Albatross Definitions and Units Basic Facts Plastic Deformation Dislocations Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials Recovery of Plastically Deformed Metals Fracture Mechanical Properties, Surface Chemistry, and Biology Materials Selection: Mechanical Considerations Biomedical Considerations Problems Phase Diagrams Rocket Nozzles Phase Diagram for a Single-Component System: Graphite/Diamond Phase Diagram for a Common Binary System: NaCl + H2O Phase Diagram for a Binary Isomorphous System: Ni + Cu Binary Eutectic Alloys: Microstructure Development Zone Refining Application of Phase Diagrams in Making Steels Shape Memory Alloys Phase Transformation in Biological Systems: Denaturation of Proteins Application of Phase Diagrams in Making Nanocrystalline Materials Phase Diagrams for Dentistry Problems Ceramics and Composites Recipe for Ice Frisbees Crystal Structures Imperfections Mechanical Properties Toughening of Ceramics Electrical, Magnetic, Optical, and Thermal Applications Mechanical Properties of Composites Biomedical Applications Problems Polymers Rubber Band Experiments Polyethylene as a Typical Polymer Beyond Polyethylene: Polymer Structures Common Polymers and Typical Applications Solid Solutions (Copolymers) Crystallinity Mechanical Properties Crystallization, Melting, and Glass Transition Temperatures Rubber Band Mystery Unveiled Fire Retardants for Polymers Selected Electro-Optical Applications Polymer and Life Sciences Problems Corrosion and Oxidation of Metals and Alloys Silverware Cleaning Magic Conventional Example of Corrosion Electrode Potentials Influence of Concentration and Temperature on Electrode Potentials Power by Corrosion: The Cu-Zn Battery The Hydrogen Fuel Cell Rusting of Iron Conditions for Corrosion Rate of Corrosion Corrosion Control Oxidation A Few Examples for Thought Common Batteries Problems Magnetic Properties Flashlight without Batteries Tiny Magnets for Data Storage Magnetism Fundamentals and Definitions Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Materials Magnetic Materials: Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism Magnetic Materials for Power Generation Magnetic Materials for Data Storage Magnetostriction Medical, Surveying, and Materials Applications Magnetic and Force Shields Problems Thin Films Why Thin Films? Deposition of Thin Films Structure and Morphology Selected Properties and Applications Biomedical Applications Appendix: Obtaining the Projected Area of Contact in Nanoindentation Experiments Problems Bibliography Index