LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Biomineralization: A crystal-clear view.

Simple biominerals are composed of complex structures, which often have precise architectural order over several length scales. This amazing architecture contributes to their superior strength and toughness, allowing them to outperform synthetic materials. Biominerals rely heavily on their biological constituents, such as biomacromolecules, for regulation of mineralization. Pathological mineralization leads to the formation of undesired biominerals such as kidney stones, artherosclerosis and dental calculus. It is therefore of great importance to unravel the mechanisms that cause the formation of both desirable and undesirable biominerals in organisms. One secret of biominerals’ superior material properties is their organic–inorganic hybrid structure whereby precise arrangement of the building blocks is achieved over several length scales. For example, the fracture resistance of nacre is 3,000-fold higher than that of brittle CaCO3 (aragonite), which comprises 95% of nacre’s weight. The adaptation of these building principles in synthetic models is highly attractive and can be further enhanced by synthetic chemistry1,2. To take advantage of these strategies for building better materials, a firm understanding of biomineralization mechanisms and design principles is required. As a consequence of the analytical challenges posed, these details of biomineralization remain unknown. Even in the case of bone and teeth — with studies spanning several decades focused on these issues — formation mechanisms remain ambiguous. This is demonstrated by the controversial debate surrounding whether bone mineralizes by means of ion-based or amorphous precursors. To complicate the provides a natural interface to conventional electronics. As the responses of a domain wall to fields and currents are fundamentally different, it is not clear whether the benefits of structural engineering would carry over to current-driven mechanisms. Nonetheless, Lewis et al. have shown that it is well worth thinking beyond the simple conduit structures that have been the focus of most research until now. ❐ Geoffrey Beach is in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. e-mail: gbeach@mit.edu
End-to-end protocols for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks: An evaluation study

Cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) constitute a viable solution to solve the current problems of inefficiency in the spectrum allocation, and to deploy highly reconfigurable and self-organizingwireless networks. Cognitive radio (CR) devices are envisaged to utilize the spectrum in an opportunistic way by dynamically accessing different licensed portions of the spectrum. To this aim, most of the recent research has mainly focused on devising spectrum sensing and sharing algorithms at the link layer, so that CR devices can operate without interfering with the transmissions of other licensed users, also called primary users (PUs). However, it is also important to consider the impact of such schemes on the higher layers of the protocol stack, in order to provide efficient end-to-end data delivery. At present, routing and transport layer protocols constitute an important yet not deeply investigated area of research over CRAHNs. This paper provides three main contributions on the modeling and performance evaluation of end-to-end protocols (e.g. routing and transport layer protocols) for CRAHNs. First, we describe NS2-CRAHN, an extension of the NS-2 simulator, which is designed to support realistic simulation of CRAHNs. NS2-CRAHN contains an accurate yet flexible modeling of the activities of PUs and of the cognitive cycle implemented by each CR user. Second, we analyze the impact of CRAHNs characteristics over the route formation process, by considering different routing metrics and route discovery algorithms. Finally, we study TCP performance over CRAHNs, by considering the impact of three factors ondifferent TCP variants: (i) spectrumsensing cycle, (ii) interference from PUs and (iii) channel heterogeneity. Simulation results highlight the differences of CRAHNs with traditional ad hoc networks and provide useful directions for the design of novel end-to-end protocols for CRAHNs. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Alcohol intake increases high-grade prostate cancer risk among men taking dutasteride in the REDUCE trial.

BACKGROUND
Although most studies found no association between alcohol intake and prostate cancer (PCa) risk, an analysis of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial found that high alcohol intake significantly increased PCa risk among men randomized to the 5α-reductase inhibitor (5-ARI) finasteride.


OBJECTIVE
Determine whether alcohol affects PCa risk among men taking the 5-ARI dutasteride.


DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS
Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events was a 4-yr, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to compare PCa after dutasteride administration (0.5mg/d) with placebo. Participants had a baseline prostate-specific antigen between 2.5 and 10.0 ng/ml and a recent negative prostate biopsy. Alcohol intake was determined by baseline questionnaire, and participants underwent a prostate biopsy to determine PCa status at 2 yr and 4 yr of follow-up.


OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between alcohol intake and low-grade (Gleason <7) and high-grade (Gleason >7) PCa.


RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS
Of 6374 participants in our analysis, approximately 25% reported no alcohol consumption, 49% were moderate drinkers (one to seven drinks per week), and 26% were heavy drinkers (more than seven drinks per week). Alcohol intake was not associated with low- or high-grade PCa in the placebo arm and was not associated with low-grade PCa among men taking dutasteride. In contrast, men randomized to dutasteride and reporting more than seven drinks per week were 86% more likely to be diagnosed with high-grade PCa (p=0.01). Among alcohol abstainers, dutasteride was associated with significantly reduced risk of high-grade PCa (OR: 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38-0.90), but dutasteride was no longer associated with reduced high-grade PCa among men reporting high alcohol intake (OR: 0.99; 95% CI, 0.67-1.45).


CONCLUSIONS
Alcohol consumption negated a protective association between dutasteride and high-grade PCa.


PATIENT SUMMARY
We confirmed a prior study that alcohol affects PCa prevention in patients taking 5-ARIs. Patients taking 5-ARIs may wish to eliminate alcohol intake if they are concerned about PCa.
Age-related Epstein–Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcer: a case report

Key Clinical Message The oral manifestations of EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcers have a worrisome clinical appearance but relatively benign clinical course, responding well to conservative treatment. Elderly patients who develop an unexplained, persistent ulcer of the oral mucosa should have the lesion examined for EBV.
A Recurrent Neural Network for Musical Structure Processing and Expectation

Research in cognitive neuroscience has identified neural activity correlated with subjects hearing an unexpected event in a musical sequence. However, there is a lack of models attempting to explain how these computations are carried out in the human brain. Using an augmented data set consisting of music from the western tradition (originally 371 Bach chorales), we trained a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and two Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architectures to ask: will a neural network show a larger perplexity when presented with an unexpected event in a musical sequence? Could this higher perplexity highlight similar computations carried out by the human brain? Our results indicate that our methods to train different neural network architectures with a corpus of music were effective. Perplexity values for the LSTM architecture reached low values in the order of 50. Visualization of the TSNE-reduced chord embedding matrix showed separation toward the edges common chords in our vocabulary compared to less common ones. Moreover, perplexity for an unexpected chord in an otherwise well-formed chord sequence was larger compared to an expected chord, but not as large as we originally hypothesized. Finally, out of all the architectures we trained, the clockwork RNN was the one less prone to overfitting the data, and the one that generated the most sensical chord progressions after training. Our results show a promising path moving toward the development of a neural network model of musical structure processing and expectation.1
Redundant muscle coordination of a multi-DOF robot joint by online optimization

The Strand-Muscle Actuator (StMA) proposed by the authors has nonlinear elastic properties, and easily realizes joint angle/stiffness control, even for multi-DOF joints, by antagonistic actuator installation on the joint. The actuator is suitable for complex motions in spite of their simple mechanism, and extendable joint mechanism will be possible with them. To verify the effectiveness they have already been applied to some mechanisms such as legged robots, multi-finger hands, and 3-DOF joints. The authors have manufactured a StMA-based Robot Arm (StMA-RArm), a human-arm-like robot manipulator using StMAs. It is composed of the StMA-based Robotic Shoulder (StMA-RS), an elbow, a wrist, and a 4-flngered hand. The StMA-RS realizes 3-DOF motions with joint stiffness control, and having redundant muscles it is failure tolerant. For smooth and dexterous motions real-time cooperative muscle tension control is necessary. In this article the mechanism and cooperative control scheme of the StMA-RArm are presented. The Vibrant Particle Swarm Optimization is introduced to solve time-variant optimization problems. And it is then successfully applied to the online coordination of redundant muscles.
Fruits Sorting and Grading using Fuzzy Logic

All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET Abstract – Now a days, the classification and grading is performed based on observations and through experience. The system utilizes image-processing techniques to classify and grade fruits. The developed system starts the process by capturing the fruit’s image using a regular digital camera. Then, the image is transmitted to the processing level where feature extraction, classification and grading is done using MATLAB. The fruits are classified based on color and graded based on size. Both classification and grading are realized by Fuzzy Logic approach. The results obtained are very promising.
Discriminant Analysis for Dimensionality Reduction: An Overview of Recent Developments

Many biometric applications such as face recognition involve data with a large number of features [1–3]. Analysis of such data is challenging due to the curse-ofdimensionality [4, 5], which states that an enormous number of samples are required to perform accurate predictions on problems with a high dimensionality. Dimensionality reduction, which extracts a small number of features by removing irrelevant, redundant, and noisy information, can be an effective solution [6]. The commonly used dimensionality reduction methods include supervised approaches such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA) [7, 8], unsupervised ones such as principal component analysis (PCA) [9], and additional spectral and manifold learning methods [10–14]. When the class label information is available, supervised approaches, such as LDA, are usually more effective than unsupervised ones such as PCA for classification. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a classical statistical approach for supervised dimensionality reduction and classification [8, 15–18]. LDA computes an optimal transformation (projection) by minimizing the within-class distance and maximizing the between-class distance simultaneously, thus achieving maximum
A simple risk score effectively predicted type 2 diabetes in Iranian adult population: population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND
Although several strategies to predict the development of diabetes have been developed the question is whether better scores can be developed without sacrificing simplicity.


METHODS
Data on 3242 participants of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study aged ≥20 years, without diabetes at the baseline that completed a ~6-year follow-up were used to develop prediction models by running a series of logistic regression model. A simple score system was then developed based on the most important variables selected with forward stepwise approach.


RESULTS
During follow-up, 231 individuals developed diabetes. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the score system based on the model including systolic blood pressure (SBP), family history of diabetes, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) ≥3.5 and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels ≥5 mmol l(-1) was 0.83 (95% CI 0.80-0.86); the model discriminated subjects with substantial risk for diabetes, appreciably better than 2-h post-challenge plasma glucose (2h-PCPG) alone (0.78; 95% CI 0.75-0.82) (P < 0.001). Scoring ≥25 yielded a positive likelihood ratio of 3.27. FPG levels even in the presence of 2h-PCPG predicted incident diabetes.


CONCLUSION
We presented a simple model based on SBP, family history of diabetes, WHtR, TG/HDL-C and FPG; concluding that this approach is superior to relying exclusively on the 2h-PCPG for identifying individuals at high risk for developing diabetes in a Middle Eastern adult population.
Early marriage, marital relations and intimate partner violence in Ethiopia.

CONTEXT
A considerable proportion of women worldwide are married during childhood. Although many studies have examined early marriage (before age 18), few have compared outcomes or correlates among girls married during different stages of adolescence or have focused on girls married very early (before age 15).


METHODS
Data from a population-based survey conducted in 2009-2010 in seven Ethiopian regions were used to examine early marriage among 1,671 women aged 20-24. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression were used to compare characteristics and contextual factors among girls married before age 15, at ages 15-17 or at ages 18-19 and to identify factors associated with selected marital outcomes.


RESULTS
Seventeen percent of respondents had married before age 15 and 30% had married at ages 15-17. Most of those who married before age 18 had never been to school. Compared with young women who had married at ages 18-19, those married before age 15 were less likely to have known about the marriage beforehand (odds ratio, 0.2) and more likely to have experienced forced first marital sex (3.8). Educational attainment was positively associated with foreknowledge and wantedness of marriage and with high levels of marital discussions about fertility and reproductive health issues.


CONCLUSIONS
Initiatives addressing the earliest child marriages should focus on girls who have left or never attended school. Given the vulnerability of girls married before age 15, programs should pay special attention to delaying very early marriages.
Socioeconomic factors associated with risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancer in Europe.

INTRODUCTION
In the European Union, there are 180,000 new cases of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer cases per year--more than half of whom will die of the disease. Socioeconomic inequalities in UADT cancer incidence are recognised across Europe. We aimed to assess the components of socioeconomic risk both independently and through their influence on the known behavioural risk factors of smoking, alcohol consumption and diet.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
A multicentre case-control study with 2198 cases of UADT cancer and 2141 controls from hospital and population sources was undertaken involving 14 centres from 10 countries. Personal interviews collected information on demographics, lifetime occupation history, smoking, alcohol consumption and diet. Socioeconomic status was measured by education, occupational social class and unemployment. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using unconditional logistic regression.


RESULTS
When controlling for age, sex and centre significantly increased risks for UADT cancer were observed for those with low versus high educational attainment OR=1.98 (95% CI 1.67, 2.36). Similarly, for occupational socioeconomic indicators--comparing the lowest versus highest International Socio-Economic Index (ISEI) quartile for the longest occupation gave OR=1.60 (1.28, 2.00); and for unemployment OR=1.64 (1.24, 2.17). Statistical significance remained for low education when adjusting for smoking, alcohol and diet behaviours OR=1.29 (1.06, 1.57) in the multivariate analysis. Inequalities were observed only among men but not among women and were greater among those in the British Isles and Eastern European countries than in Southern and Central/Northern European countries. Associations were broadly consistent for subsite and source of controls (hospital and community).


CONCLUSION
Socioeconomic inequalities for UADT cancers are only observed among men and are not totally explained by smoking, alcohol drinking and diet.
Developing Parallel Control and Management for Urban Traffic Systems

A streamlined parallel traffic management system (PtMS) is outlined that works alongside a redesigned intelligent transportation system in Qingdao, China. The PtMS's structure provides enhanced control and management support, with increased versatility for use in real-world scenarios.
Dual-Stage Adaptive Friction Compensation for Precise Load Side Position Tracking of Indirect Drive Mechanisms

This paper investigates the friction compensation of an indirect drive mechanism in the absence of precise end-effector position measurement. Unlike direct drive mechanisms, a typical indirect drive mechanism in the mechanical systems is composed of an actuator (motor side) and an inertia load (load side/end-effector), separated by the gear transmission. Friction in the gear transmission makes the dynamics of the indirect drive mechanism complicated and the precise position control of the end-effector challenging. More specifically, when joint compliance exists in the gear transmission, it is not simple to observe and compensate for the friction. In this paper, a mathematical model and its parameter adaptation method are proposed for the estimation and compensation of the friction in indirect drive mechanisms. For the ultimate objective of tracking the predefined load side reference trajectory, we feed back the estimated friction into the control system by refining the motor side reference trajectory, as well as by adding a feedforward signal to the control input of the motor. Both methods (i.e., the torque compensation and the motor side reference modification) are combined to effectively reject the friction effects in indirect drive mechanisms. The success of the two friction compensation methods depends on their effective integration. For this purpose, a hybrid decision making is adopted to engage or disengage the load side compensation algorithm when the task is repetitive. The proposed method is verified by experimental results on a single-joint indirect drive testbed.
A quasi Lindley distribution

A two-parameter Quasi Lindley distribution (QLD), of which the Lindley distribution (LD) is a particular case, has been introduced. Its moments, failure rate function, mean residual life function and stochastic orderings have been discussed. It is found that the expressions for failure rate function, mean residual life function, and stochastic orderings of the QLD shows its flexibility over Lindley distribution and exponential distribution. Although, the QLD has two parameters, the expressions for coefficients of variation, skewness, and kurtosis depend upon only one parameter. The maximum likelihood method and the method of moments have been discussed for estimating its parameters. The distribution has been fitted to some data-sets to test its goodness of fit to which earlier the Lindley distribution has been fitted by others and it is found that to almost all these data-sets the QLD provides closer fits than those by the Lindley distribution.
SWE Simulation and Testing for the IoT

Designing and testing large sensors networks can be performed by means of simulation tools. They facilitate faster tests without risks and also with reduced operational costs. Sensor networks are used in many environments, typically outdoors. In this paper we present the use of a high level sensor simulator and sensor web standards applied to an indoor industrial environment, in order to target worker's safety. The FASyS (Fabrica Absolutamente Segura y Sostenible) CENIT project has as key challenge the continuous monitoring of industrial workers in order to proactively detect risks. For this, we developed a simulator representing multiple types and number of sensors and integrate it with a standard sensor database known as Sensor Observation Service (SOS). Furthermore, we develop a Human Computer Interface (HMI) to monitor all sensors and also a Control Center application to test one of the risks within the factory (collision detection).
About Euclidean rings

In this article all rings are commutative with unit, all modules are unitary. Given a ring A, its multiplicative group of units (i.e. invertible elements) is denoted by A*. The customary definition of a Euclidean ring is that it is a domain A together with a map F : A + N (the nonnegative integers) such that (1) I : p(a) for a, b E r3 (0); (2) given a, b E -‘-I, b m;’ 0, there exist q and Y in ‘4 such that a = bq + Y and dr) < v(b). The main interest of a Euclidean ring .4 is that it is principal: given any nonzero idea1 b in ,4. take a nonzero element b in b with the smallest possible value for p(b); then, for any n E b, (2) h s ows that a = bq $ r with Y = 0, whence b generates b. In this proof, (I) h as not been used, and any well-ordered set TV could replace N as the range of v. This has already been noticed by Th. lLIotzkin [7]. On the other hand the hypothesis that A is a domain does not seem to be essential. We therefore give the following definition:
Development of rapid one-step immunochromatographic assay.

An analytical system for a one-step immunoassay has been constructed using the concept of immunochromatography. The system employed two different antibodies that bound distinct epitopes of an analyte molecule: an antibody labeled with a signal generator (e.g., colloidal gold), which was placed in the dry state at a predetermined site on a glass-fiber membrane, and another antibody immobilized on the surface of a nitrocellulose membrane. Three membranes, one with the tracer, one with immobilized antibody, and a cellulose membrane as the absorbent of medium (in a sequence from the bottom), were attached to a plastic film and cut into strips. Aqueous medium containing analyte absorbed from the bottom end of the immunostrip dissolved the labeled antibody, and the antigen-antibody binding complex formed was transported into the next nitrocellulose membrane by the flow caused by capillary action. The complex subsequently reacted with the immobilized antibody, which generated a signal in proportion to the analyte concentration. The convective mass transfer of the immunoreactant to the binding partner allowed the assay to be performed with no handling of reagents. The reaction, however, was carried out under nonequilibrium conditions, which resulted in decreased sensitivity as compared with assays performed in an equilibrium mode (e.g., ELISA). To minimize such sacrifice, major factors that control system performance were identified and the system was then devised under optimal conditions.