LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the effects of problem-based learning and lecturing on the development of students' critical thinking.

BACKGROUND
Educational approaches are thought to have facilitative or hindering effects on students' critical thinking development. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of problem-based learning (PBL) and lecturing approaches on the development of students' critical thinking.


METHODS
All 79 Year 1 undergraduate nursing students at a university in Hong Kong were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 parallel courses delivered by either PBL (n = 40) or lecturing (n = 39) over 1 academic year. The primary outcome measure was students' critical thinking disposition as measured by the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI). Individual interviews were also conducted to elicit the students' perceptions of their learning experience. Data were collected at 4 timepoints spanning 3 years.


RESULTS
The overall CCTDI and subscale scores for the PBL group were not significantly different from those of the lecture group at the first timepoint (pretest). Compared with lecture students, PBL students showed significantly greater improvement in overall CCTDI (P = 0.0048), Truthseeking (P = 0.0008), Analyticity (P = 0.0368) and Critical Thinking Self-confidence (P = 0.0342) subscale scores from the first to the second timepoints; in overall CCTDI (P = 0.0083), Truthseeking (P = 0.0090) and Analyticity (P = 0.0354) subscale scores from the first to the third timepoints; and in Truthseeking (P = 0.0173) and Systematicity (P = 0.0440) subscale scores from the first to the fourth timepoints.


CONCLUSIONS
There were significant differences in the development of students' critical thinking dispositions between those who undertook the PBL and lecture courses, respectively.
DRETOM: developer recommendation based on topic models for bug resolution

Background: In most cases, bug resolution is a collaborative activity among developers in software development where each developer contributes his or her ideas on how to resolve the bug. Although only one developer is recorded as the actual fixer for the bug, the contribution of the developers who participated in the collaboration cannot be neglected.
 Aims: This paper proposes a new approach, called DRETOM (Developer REcommendation based on TOpic Models), to recommending developers for bug resolution in collaborative behavior.
 Method: The proposed approach models developers' interest in and expertise on bug resolving activities based on topic models that are built from their historical bug resolving records. Given a new bug report, DRETOM recommends a ranked list of developers who are potential to participate in and contribute to resolving the new bug according to these developers' interest in and expertise on resolving it.
 Results: Experimental results on Eclipse JDT and Mozilla Firefox projects show that DRETOM can achieve high recall up to 82% and 50% with top 5 and top 7 recommendations respectively.
 Conclusion: Developers' interest in bug resolving activities should be taken into consideration. On condition that the parameter θ of DRETOM is set properly with trials, the proposed approach is practically useful in terms of recall.
Formal Design of Ambient Intelligence Applications

The design of ambient intelligence applications in critical systems requires rigorous software-engineering-oriented approaches. Drawing on practical experience, the authors propose a set of formal tools and a specification process for AmI design activities and artifacts.
Electron Attachment to Molecules in Very High Pressure Gases

In this thesis, electron capture mechanisms and reaction schemes have been developed for electron attachment to 02 , c6H6 , and c2H5Br embedded in high densities of N2 (P N2 s 36 atm), Ar (PArs 56 atm) , c2H4 (PC H s 22 atm) , and C2H6 (PC H s 23 atm). As the density of each 2 4 2 6 medium increases, each is found to affect the attachment rate in a different manner, indicating the profound effect and importance of the environment on the electron attachment process. The results of a study on the capture of slow ( < 1 eV) electrons by o2 in high pressures of N2 , c2H4, and c2H6 media are presented and discussed and a model is presented to account for the experimental observations in each case. Benzene has also been found to capture slow electrons in high pressures of N2 and Ar media and a model is presented to account for the observed results. The finding that c6 H6 captures electrons in the gas phase forces the conclusion that (EA) B > 0 eV in contrast to the accepted view that (EA)B < 0 eV. Bromoethane has been found to capture slow (< 3 eV) electrons in high pressures of N2 and Ar and a reaction mechanism is presented which accounts for the relative magnitudes of the rate constants for autoionization, dissociation, and collisional stabilization. The high pressure data for electron attachment to o2, c6 H6, and c2H5 Br to form the respective negative ions have been extrapolated to liquid densities to yield values of the attachment rate in the liquid state. These values generally are in reasonable agreement with those obtained by other investigators using liquid solutions. ill
Exercise rehabilitation following hospital discharge in survivors of critical illness: an integrative review

Although clinical trials have shown benefit from early rehabilitation within the ICU, rehabilitation of patients following critical illness is increasingly acknowledged as an area of clinical importance. However, despite recommendations from published guidelines for rehabilitation to continue following hospital discharge, there is limited evidence to underpin practice during this intermediate stage of recovery. Those patients with ICU-acquired weakness on discharge from the ICU are most likely to benefit from ongoing rehabilitation. Despite this, screening based on strength alone may fail to account for the associated level of physical functioning, which may not correlate with muscle strength, nor address non-physical complications of critical illness. The aim of this review was to consider which patients are likely to require rehabilitation following critical illness and to perform an integrative review of the available evidence of content and nature of exercise rehabilitation programmes for survivors of critical illness following hospital discharge. Literature databases and clinical trials registries were searched using appropriate terms and groups of terms. Inclusion criteria specified the reporting of rehabilitation programmes for patients following critical illness post-hospital discharge. Ten items, including data from published studies and protocols from trial registries, were included. Because of the variability in study methodology and inadequate level of detail of reported exercise prescription, at present there can be no clear recommendations for clinical practice from this review. As this area of clinical practice remains in its relative infancy, further evidence is required both to identify which patients are most likely to benefit and to determine the optimum content and format of exercise rehabilitation programmes for patients following critical illness post-hospital discharge.
The Algebraic Rational Blow-Down

The normal connected sum construction of Gompf and the rational blowing-down technique of Fintushel - Stern are important tools in constructing symplectic 4-manifolds. In some cases, the 4-manifolds created this way are of Kahler type. In this article we investigate the occurrence of this phenomenon and give relevant examples.
The causal structure of economic models

Abstract Large quantitative models of the economy are increasingly being used to prepare short-term and long-term projections. In most cases inspection of each single equation is not sufficient to understand the functioning of a complete model, a situation which sometimes leads to so-called “counter-intuitive” results of model simulations. The authors briefly describe a method for the analysis of the causal structure of large models and apply this method to an analysis of the United Nations model of the future of the world economy directed by W. Leontief.
Intergroup emotions and intergroup relations

Intergroup emotions theory seeks to understand and improve intergroup relations by focusing on the emotions engendered by belonging to, and by deriving identity from, a social group (processes called self-categorization and identification). Intergroup emotions are shaped by the very different ways in which members of different groups see group-relevant objects and events. These emotions come, with time and repetition, to be part and parcel of group membership itself. Once evoked, specific intergroup emotions direct and regulate specific intergroup behaviors. This approach has implications for theories of emotion as well as of intergroup relations. Because intergroup emotions derive from self-categorization and identification and because they strongly influence intergroup behavior, intergroup emotions theory provides an innovative framework for attempts to reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations. A series of riots leaves more than a thousand Muslims dead in the Hindu-led Indian state of Gujarat. An African nation whose citizens have lived in relative peace since 1963 is torn apart as Luo tribesmen battle Kikuyu. A European nation goes without government for nearly 6 months because its French-speaking and Dutch-speaking political parties cannot agree on constitutional reform. Political pundits of the US presidential elections suggest that the 40-something candidate Barack Obama should try to depict the 70-something John McCain as a ‘geezer’, while McCain should characterize Obama as a ‘kid’. How are we to explain these diverse examples of a seemingly universal phenomenon, hostile intergroup relations? Most explanations of intergroup antipathy focus on the false or biased beliefs (or stereotypes) one group might have about another (Fiske, 1998), on external costs and rewards driving intergroup interactions (Campbell, 1965), and on the human tendency to see our own groups as superior to other groups (Tajfel & Turner, 1986). Despite their contributions, these traditional approaches to intergroup relations often seem both overly static and insufficiently passionate in the face of the typically fluid and often chilling ways in which groups treat
Ribosomal multilocus sequence typing: universal characterization of bacteria from domain to strain

No single genealogical reconstruction or typing method currently encompasses all levels of bacterial diversity, from domain to strain. We propose ribosomal multilocus sequence typing (rMLST), an approach which indexes variation of the 53 genes encoding the bacterial ribosome protein subunits (rps genes), as a means of integrating microbial genealogy and typing. As with multilocus sequence typing (MLST), rMLST employs curated reference sequences to identify gene variants efficiently and rapidly. The rps loci are ideal targets for a universal characterization scheme as they are: (i) present in all bacteria; (ii) distributed around the chromosome; and (iii) encode proteins which are under stabilizing selection for functional conservation. Collectively, the rps loci exhibit variation that resolves bacteria into groups at all taxonomic and most typing levels, providing significantly more resolution than 16S small subunit rRNA gene phylogenies. A web-accessible expandable database, comprising whole-genome data from more than 1900 bacterial isolates, including 28 draft genomes assembled de novo from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) sequence read archive, has been assembled. The rps gene variation catalogued in this database permits rapid and computationally non-intensive identification of the phylogenetic position of any bacterial sequence at the domain, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species and strain levels. The groupings generated with rMLST data are consistent with current nomenclature schemes and independent of the clustering algorithm used. This approach is applicable to the other domains of life, potentially providing a rational and universal approach to the classification of life that is based on one of its fundamental features, the translation mechanism.
Evaluating Machine Learning Techniques for Automatic Image Annotations

The past decade has seen a rapid development in Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR). CBIR is the retrieval of images based on their low level features such as color, texture, shape etc. To improve the retrieval accuracy, the research focus has been shifted from designing sophisticated low-level feature extraction algorithms to reducing the ‘semantic gap’ between the visual features and the richness of human semantics. Image annotation techniques have been proposed to facilitate CBIR. This paper evaluates 7 representative machine learning techniques for automatic image annotations using 5000 images. An image annotation prototype is implemented and the evaluation results are presented and analyzed.
An evidential Markov decision making model

The sure thing principle and the law of total probability are basic laws in classic probability theory. A disjunction fallacy leads to the violation of these two classical laws. In this paper, an Evidential Markov (EM) decision making model based on Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory and Markov modelling is proposed to address this issue and model the real human decision-making process. In an evidential framework, the states are extended by introducing an uncertain state which represents the hesitance of a decision maker. The classical Markov model can not produce the disjunction effect, which assumes that a decision has to be certain at one time. However, the state is allowed to be uncertain in the EM model before the final decision is made. An extra uncertainty degree parameter is defined by a belief entropy, named Deng entropy, to assignment the basic probability assignment of the uncertain state, which is the key to predict the disjunction effect. A classical categorization decision-making experiment is used to illustrate the effectiveness and validity of EM model. The disjunction effect can be well predicted ∗Corresponding author at Wen Jiang: School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, China. Tel: (86-29)88431267. E-mail address: jiangwen@nwpu.edu.cn, jiangwenpaper@hotmail.com Preprint submitted to Elsevier May 19, 2017 and the free parameters are less compared with the existing models.
High Gain Circularly Polarized Wire Antenna for DSRC Applications

In this communication, a low-cost circularly polarized wire antenna exhibiting improved gain performance for Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications is presented. The proposed antenna comprises a Y-shaped quarterwavelength monopole antenna surrounded by two iterations of eight conductive arched walls acting as parasitic elements to enhance the overall antenna gain and to shape the radiation pattern in the H-plane. A hemispherical radome shell is added to protect the antenna structure and its effect on the antenna performance is discussed. The designed antenna demonstrates antenna gain of 8.2 dB with omnidirectional far-field radiation pattern in the H-plane. The gain of the proposed antenna is also compared with the characteristic of the stand-alone Y-shaped monopole to highlight the advantages of the proposed approach. Keywords—Circularly polarized, dedicated short-range communication, omnidirectional pattern, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), Y-shaped wire monopole antenna.
Time Remembered: A Dynamic Model of Interstate Interaction

Over time, states form relationships. These relationships, mosaics of past interactions, provide political leaders with information about how states are likely to behave in the future. Although intuitive, this claim holds important implications for the manner in which we construct and evaluate empirically our expectations about interstate behavior. Empirical analyses of interstate relations implicitly assume that the units of analysis are independent. Theories of interstate interaction are often cast in the absence of historical context. In the following article we construct a dynamic model of interstate interaction that we believe will assist scholars in empirical and theoretical studies by incorporating a substantively interpretable historical component into their models of interstate relations. Our conceptual model includes both conflictual and cooperative components, and exhibits the basic properties of growth and decay that characterize dyadic relationships. In an empirical exposition, we derive a continuous measure of interstate conflict from the conflictual component of the model. We rely on Oneal and Russett’s (1997) analysis of dyadic conflict for the period 1950-85 as a benchmark, and examine whether the inclusion of our measure of interstate conflict significantly improves our ability to predict militarized conflict. We find empirical support for this hypothesis, indicating that our continuous measure of interstate conflict significantly augments a well-known statistical model of dyadic militarized conflict. Our findings reinforce the assertion that historical processes in interstate relationships represent substantively important elements in models of interstate behavior rather than econometric nuisances.
Effects of abiotic and biotic elicitors on growth and isoflavonoid accumulation in Pueraria candollei var. candollei and P. candollei var. mirifica cell suspension cultures

This study demonstrates the effects of various concentrations of abiotic and biotic elicitors on the cell growth and isoflavonoid accumulation of P. candollei var. mirifica (PM) and P. candollei var. candollei (PC) cell suspension cultures. The two plant varieties exhibited different growth responses and varied isoflavonoid accumulation after the addition of elicitors. Copper sulfate, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and yeast extract did not significantly affect the growth of either plant variety, whereas oligosaccharide and the biotic elicitors used in this study [i.e., 50 mg l−1 chitosan and all concentrations of laminarin (LAM)] suppressed the growth of PM. The addition of MeJA to the medium principally induced an effect on the isoflavonoid content in both PM and PC, with 2.0 μM MeJA inducing the highest isoflavonoid content, as indicated by the induction index—4.41 in PM and 9.62 in PC cells on the 12th and ninth day of culture, respectively. A maximum total isoflavonoid content of 40.49 mg g−1 dry weight was achieved in PM 21 days after elicitation with 2.0 μM MeJA. LAM elicited the PM cell suspension culture to produce puerarin, which was not found in the unelicited culture. The results of this study provide information that will be useful for enhancing the accumulation of isoflavonoids in P. candollei cell suspension cultures.
Examining variation in depressive symptoms over the life course: a latent class analysis.

BACKGROUND
Older adults have the lowest prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder, although it has been hypothesized that this finding is due in part to differences in expression of psychopathology in later life. The aim of this study was to examine variation in depressive symptomatology in the general population across the lifespan.


METHOD
Data came from three sites of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Project (n=10 529). Depressive symptoms during the past 6 months were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify homogeneous groups of depressive symptomatology based on 16 individual symptoms, and to examine variation in the prevalence and composition of depression classes across age groups.


RESULTS
The DIS symptoms fit a four-class model composed of non-depressed (83.2%), mild depression (11.6%), severe depression (1.9%), and despondent (3.2%) groups. Relative to the non-depressed class, older age was inversely associated with being in the mild or severe depression class. The profile of the latent classes was similar across age groups with the exception of the despondent class, which was not well differentiated among the youngest adults and was not inversely associated with age.


CONCLUSIONS
The symptom profiles of depression are similar across age with the exception of the despondent class, which is more differentiated from severe depression among older adults. The findings demonstrate the benefit of examining individual symptoms rather than broad symptom groups for understanding the natural history of depression over the lifespan.
DocUNet: Document Image Unwarping via a Stacked U-Net

Capturing document images is a common way for digitizing and recording physical documents due to the ubiquitousness of mobile cameras. To make text recognition easier, it is often desirable to digitally flatten a document image when the physical document sheet is folded or curved. In this paper, we develop the first learning-based method to achieve this goal. We propose a stacked U-Net [25] with intermediate supervision to directly predict the forward mapping from a distorted image to its rectified version. Because large-scale real-world data with ground truth deformation is difficult to obtain, we create a synthetic dataset with approximately 100 thousand images by warping non-distorted document images. The network is trained on this dataset with various data augmentations to improve its generalization ability. We further create a comprehensive benchmark1 that covers various real-world conditions. We evaluate the proposed model quantitatively and qualitatively on the proposed benchmark, and compare it with previous non-learning-based methods.
Novel wafer dicing and chip thinning technologies realizing high chip strength

As telecommunication equipment that supports high-level information networks is being made portable, the requirements for telecommunication equipment to be small and lightweight are becoming stricter. Thus, miniaturization of semiconductor devices is necessary, and wafer dicing and chip thinning technologies are important key technologies to achieve it. Wafers are thinned by mechanical in-feed grinding using a grindstone containing diamond particles, and wafers are divided by mechanical blade dicing using a diamond blade. However, mechanical processes using diamond grits leave damage such as chipping, saw mark or residual strain on chip surfaces; thus, chip strength decreases. At chip thickness of 50 to 200 mum, such damage has to be avoided. In this study, the relationship between chip residue damage and chip strength is examined, and novel wafer dicing and thinning technologies that realize an average chip strength have increased from 253 MPa to 1312 MPa are described