LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Non-invasive ventilation in elderly patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
older patients usually receive less invasive and costly hospital care, even if they meet the criteria for Intensive Care Unit admission or have a 'do not intubate'(DNI) order. The aim of this randomised, controlled trial was to assess the effectiveness of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) versus the standard medical therapy (SMT) in reducing the need of intubation, improving survival and reducing respiratory distress in very old patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF).


PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN
eighty-two patients aged >75 years (mean age 81.3 ± 3.5 years) were randomised to receive NIV or SMT.


SETTINGS
three respiratory units.


MEASUREMENTS
the primary outcome was the rate of meeting the endotracheal intubation (ETI) criteria. Secondary outcomes were the mortality rate, the respiratory rate, dyspnoea score, arterial blood gases.


RESULTS
the rate of meeting the ETI criteria was lower in the NIV group compared with the SMT group (7.3 versus 63.4%, respectively; P < 0.001), as was the mortality rate [(odds ratios) OR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19-0.83; P = 0.014]. Twenty-two of 41 SMT patients with DNI orders received NIV as a rescue therapy. The mortality rate in this subgroup was comparable with the NIV group and significantly lower compared with patients receiving ETI (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.18-1.92 versus 4.03, 95% CI: 2.35-6.94, respectively; P = 0.009). Arterial blood gases, respiratory rate and dyspnoea improved significantly faster with NIV than with SMT.


CONCLUSIONS
compared with SMT, NIV decreased the rate of meeting the ETI criteria and the mortality rate of very old patients with AHRF. NIV should be offered as an alternative to patients considered poor candidates for intubation and those with a DNI order.
The JTRS SCA specification-the past, the present, and the future

This paper steps through the evolution of the software communications architecture (SCA) specification to support a family of software defined radio (SDR)s that meet one of the key goals of the joint tactical radio system (JTRS) program-portability of waveforms. This evolution is examined from the conception of this specification to achieve the goals of the JTRS program, to what the SCA is today, where it is headed in the future, what it enables for the communications industry, and finally, the role it plays in the future of communications platforms in the military and the commercial sectors.
Understanding Social TV: a survey

In recent years social networking and social interactions have challenged old conceptions in the television landscape. Web applications that offer video content, networked television sets and set-top boxes, and online TV widgets are – or, will be – radically transforming how people watch and interact around television content. Since the wealth of existing solutions and approaches might be daunting to newcomers, this paper surveys previous and current efforts in the area of social television. The contribution of this paper is a framework that categorizes the most salient features of existing applications. The resulting framework is a valuable contribution for better understanding the present, and a useful tool for evaluating and analyzing future developments in the field. The final goal is to provide a structured categorization that helps research, industry and entrepreneurs in analyzing the current shift on how people socialize around television content.
Comparative Study of Core Needle Biopsy and Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in Palpable Breast Lumps: Scenario in Developing Nations.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of core needle biopsy as a diagnostic tool for palpable breast lumps in developing countries as compared to fine needle aspiration cytology.


MATERIAL AND METHOD
All patients attending the surgery outpatient department with palpable breast lumps were subjected to fine needle aspiration cytology and core needle biopsy by the same operator in a single session. Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed by the standard technique. Core needle biopsy was done freehand using a 14G manual core biopsy needle. Reporting categories of the two techniques were taken from the standard National Health Service Breast Screening Programme criteria and were compared with the final histopathology results.


RESULTS
A total of 107 patients underwent fine needle aspiration cytology and core needle biopsy simultaneously. Histopathology was available for 85 cases. Statistical analysis of fine needle aspiration cytology and core needle biopsy showed no significant difference between the diagnoses offered by core needle biopsy and histopathology while there was a significant difference between fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathology diagnoses.


CONCLUSION
Core needle biopsy detected more breast carcinomas as compared to fine needle aspiration cytology with a sensitivity 95.83% as opposed to 64.58%. Though both the techniques were equally specific (100%), Core needle biopsy was able to correctly categorize borderline / inadequate lesions into definitely benign and malignant categories. We suggest that core needle biopsy should be preferred over fine needle aspiration cytology for the diagnosis of palpable breast lumps with fine needle aspiration cytology being reserved for definitely benign lesions.
Clinical measurement of tooth wear: Tooth wear indices

Attrition, erosion, and abrasion result in alterations to the tooth and manifest as tooth wear. Each classification corresponds to a different process with specific clinical features. Classifications made so far have no accurate prevalence data because the indexes do not necessarily measure a specific etiology, or because the study populations can be diverse in age and characteristics. Tooth wears (attrition, erosion and abrasion) is perceived internationally as a growing problem. However, the interpretation and comparison of clinical and epidemiological studies, it is increasingly difficult because of differences in terminology and the large number of indicators/indices that have been developed for the diagnosis, classification and monitoring of the loss of dental hard tissue. These indices have been designed to identify increasing severity and are usually numerical, none have universal acceptance, complicating the evaluation of the true increase in prevalence reported. This article considers the ideal requirements for an erosion index. A literature review is conducted with the aim of analyzing the evolution of the indices used today and discuss whether they meet the clinical needs and research in dentistry. Key words:Tooth wear, tooth wear indices, attrition, erosion, abrasion, abfraction.
Predicting Facial Attributes in Video Using Temporal Coherence and Motion-Attention

Recent research progress in facial attribute recognition has been dominated by small improvements on the only large-scale publicly available benchmark dataset, CelebA [18]. We propose to extend attribute prediction research to unconstrained videos. Applying attribute models trained on CelebA – a still image dataset – to video data highlights several major problems with current models, including the lack of consideration for both time and motion. Many facial attributes (e.g. gender, hair color) should be consistent throughout a video, however, current models do not produce consistent results. We introduce two methods to increase the consistency and accuracy of attribute responses in videos: a temporal coherence constraint, and a motionattention mechanism. Both methods work on weakly labeled data, requiring attribute labels for only one frame in a sequence, which we call the anchor frame. The temporal coherence constraint moves the network responses of non-anchor frames toward the responses of anchor frames for each sequence, resulting in more stable and accurate attribute predictions. We use the motion between anchor and non-anchor video frames as an attention mechanism, discarding the information from parts of the non-anchor frame where no motion occurred. This motion-attention focuses the network on the moving parts of the non-anchor frames (i.e. the face). Since there is no large-scale video dataset labeled with attributes, it is essential for attribute models to be able to learn from weakly labeled data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods by evaluating them on the challenging YouTube Faces video dataset [31]. The proposed motion-attention and temporal coherence methods outperform attribute models trained on CelebA, as well as those fine-tuned on video data. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to address the problem of facial attribute prediction in video.
What Makes a Style: Experimental Analysis of Fashion Prediction

In this work, we perform an experimental analysis of the differences of both how humans and machines see and distinguish fashion styles. For this purpose, we propose an expert-curated new dataset for fashion style prediction, which consists of 14 different fashion styles each with roughly 1,000 images of worn outfits. The dataset, with a total of 13,126 images, captures the diversity and complexity of modern fashion styles. We perform an extensive analysis of the dataset by benchmarking a wide variety of modern classification networks, and also perform an in-depth user study with both fashion-savvy and fashion-naïve users. Our results indicate that, although classification networks are able to outperform naive users, they are still far from the performance of savvy users, for which it is important to not only consider texture and color, but subtle differences in the combination of garments.
Pathogenic microbial ancient DNA: a problem or an opportunity?

We agree with [Donoghue & Spigelman (2005)][1] that, although pathogen studies hold great potential, any discussion requires a critical assessment of the results to date. However, we did note, as did [Paabo et al . (2004)][2], that the field of ancient pathogen DNA still lacks a series of well-
Persistent Code Caching: Exploiting Code Reuse Across Executions and Applications

Run-time compilation systems are challenged with the task of translating a program's instruction stream while maintaining low overhead. While software managed code caches are utilized to amortize translation costs, they are ineffective for programs with short run times or large amounts of cold code. Such program characteristics are prevalent in real-life computing environments, ranging from Graphical User Interface (GUI) programs to large-scale applications such as database management systems. Persistent code caching addresses these issues. It is described and evaluated in an industry-strength dynamic binary instrumentation system - Pin. The proposed approach improves the intra-execution model of code reuse by storing and reusing translations across executions, thereby achieving inter-execution persistence. Dynamically linked programs leverage inter-application persistence by using persistent translations of library code generated by other programs. New translations discovered across executions are automatically accumulated into the persistent code caches, thereby improving performance over time. Inter-execution persistence improves the performance of GUI applications by nearly 90%, while inter-application persistence achieves a 59% improvement. In more specialized uses, the SPEC2K INT benchmark suite experiences a 26% improvement under dynamic binary instrumentation. Finally, a 400% speedup is achieved in translating the Oracle database in a regression testing environment.
Analysis of proximal and distal muscle activity during handwriting tasks.

OBJECTIVE
In this study we sought to describe upper-extremity proximal and distal muscle activity in typically developing children during a handwriting task and to explore the relationship between muscle activity and speed and quality of writing.


METHOD
We evaluated 35 third- and fourth-grade Israeli children using the Alef-Alef Ktav Yad Hebrew Handwriting Test. Simultaneously, we recorded the participants' upper trapezius and thumb muscle activity by surface electromyography. Using the coefficient of variation (standard deviation divided by mean amplitude) as a measure of variability within each muscle, we analyzed differences in muscle activity variability within and between muscles.


RESULTS
The proximal muscle displayed significantly less variability than the distal muscles. Decreased variability in proximal muscle activity was associated with decreased variability in distal muscle activity, and decreased variability in the distal muscles was significantly associated with faster speed of writing.


CONCLUSION
The lower amount of variability exhibited in the proximal muscle compared with the distal muscles seems to indicate that the proximal muscle functions as a stabilizer during a handwriting task. In addition, decreased variability in both proximal and distal muscle activity appears to be more economical and is related to faster writing speed. Knowledge of the type of proximal and distal muscle activity used during handwriting can help occupational therapists plan treatment for children with handwriting disabilities.
Design for Natural Breast Augmentation: The ICE Principle.

BACKGROUND
The authors' published studies have helped define breast beauty in outlining key parameters that contribute to breast attractiveness. The "ICE" principle puts design into practice. It is a simplified formula for inframammary fold incision planning as part of the process for determining implant selection and placement to reproduce the 45:55 ratio previously described as fundamental to natural breast appearance. The formula is as follows: implant dimensions (I) - capacity of the breast (C) = excess tissue required (E). The aim of this study was to test the accuracy of the ICE principle for producing consistent natural beautiful results in breast augmentation.


METHODS
A prospective analysis of 50 consecutive women undergoing primary breast augmentation by means of an inframammary fold incision with anatomical or round implants was performed. The ICE principle was applied to all cases to determine implant selection, placement, and incision position. Changes in parameters between preoperative and postoperative digital clinical photographs were analyzed.


RESULTS
The mean upper pole-to-lower pole ratio changed from 52:48 preoperatively to 45:55 postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Mean nipple angulation was also statistically significantly elevated from 11 degrees to 19 degrees skyward (p ≤ 0.0005). Accuracy of incision placement in the fold was 99.7 percent on the right and 99.6 percent on the left, with a standard error of only 0.2 percent. There was a reduction in variability for all key parameters.


CONCLUSION
The authors have shown using the simple ICE principle for surgical planning in breast augmentation that attractive natural breasts may be achieved consistently and with precision.


CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic, IV.
Contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization: speed and effectiveness

The Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLARE) method for assigning displayed intensity levels in medical images, is supported by anecdotal evidence and evidence from detection experiments. Despite that, the method requires clinical evaluation and implementation achieving few-second application before it can be clinically adopted. Experiments attempting to produce this evaluation and a machine providing the required performance are
On the CSP Dichotomy Conjecture

We report on the status of the CSP Dichotomy Conjecture and survey recent results and approaches to this problem
Sexual dimorphism in human cranial trait scores: effects of population, age, and body size.

Sex estimation from the skull is commonly performed by physical and forensic anthropologists using a five-trait scoring system developed by Walker. Despite the popularity of this method, validation studies evaluating its accuracy across a variety of samples are lacking. Furthermore, it remains unclear what other intrinsic or extrinsic variables are related to the expression of these traits. In this study, cranial trait scores and postcranial measurements were collected from four diverse population groups (U.S. Whites, U.S. Blacks, medieval Nubians, and Arikara Native Americans) following Walker's protocols (total n = 499). Univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to evaluate the accuracy of these traits in sex estimation, and to test for the effects of population, age, and body size on trait expressions. Results revealed significant effects of population on all trait scores. Sample-specific correct sex classification rates ranged from 74% to 94%, with an overall accuracy of 85% for the pooled sample. Classification performance varied among the traits (best for glabella and mastoid scores and worst for nuchal scores). Furthermore, correlations between traits were weak or nonsignificant, suggesting that different factors may influence individual traits. Some traits displayed correlations with age and/or postcranial size that were significant but weak, and within-population analyses did not reveal any consistent relationships between these traits across all groups. These results indicate that neither age nor body size plays a large role in trait expression, and thus does not need to be incorporated into sex estimation methods.
A research on effectiveness of Facebook advertising on enhancing purchase intention of consumers

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of advertisements in enhancing consumers’ purchasing intention on Facebook in 2013. It is an applied study in terms of its goals, and a descriptive survey one in terms of methodology. The statistical population included all undergraduate students in Cypriot universities. An 11-item researcher-made questionnaire was used to compare and analyze the effectiveness of advertisements. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS17, the parametric statistical method of t-test, and the non-parametric Friedman test. The results of the study showed that Facebook advertising significantly affected brand image and brand equity, both of which factors contributed to a significant change in purchasing intention. 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effect of videotape augmented feedback on drop jump landing strategy: Implications for anterior cruciate ligament and patellofemoral joint injury prevention.

BACKGROUND
Modification of high-risk movement strategies such as dynamic knee valgus is key to the reduction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and patellofemoral joint (PFJ) injuries. Augmented feedback, which includes video and verbal feedback, could offer a quick, simple and effective alternative to training programs for altering high-risk movement patterns. It is not clear whether feedback can reduce dynamic knee valgus measured using frontal plane projection angle (FPPA).


METHODS
Vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), two-dimensional FPPA of the knee, contact time and jump height of 20 recreationally active university students were measured during a drop jump task pre- and post- an augmented feedback intervention. A control group of eight recreationally active university students were also studied at baseline and repeat test.


RESULTS
There was a significant reduction in vGRF (p=0.033), FPPA (p<0.001) and jump height (p<0.001) and an increase in contact time (p<0.001) post feedback in the intervention group. No changes were evident in the control group.


CONCLUSION
Augmented feedback leads to significant decreases in vGRF, FPPA and contact time which may help to reduce ACL and PFJ injury risk. However, these changes may result in decreased performance.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Augmented feedback reduces dynamic knee valgus, as measured via FPPA, and forces experienced during the drop jump task and therefore could be used as a tool for helping decrease ACL and PFJ injury risk prior to, or as part of, the implementation of injury prevention training programs.
Epidemiology and Mechanisms of De Novo and Persistent Hypertension in the Postpartum Period.

BACKGROUND
The pathophysiology of hypertension in the immediate postpartum period is unclear.


METHODS AND RESULTS
We studied 988 consecutive women admitted to a tertiary medical center for cesarean section of a singleton pregnancy. The angiogenic factors soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and placental growth factor, both biomarkers associated with preeclampsia, were measured on antepartum blood samples. We then performed multivariable analyses to determine factors associated with the risk of developing postpartum hypertension. Of the 988 women, 184 women (18.6%) developed postpartum hypertension. Of the 184 women, 77 developed de novo hypertension in the postpartum period, and the remainder had a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy in the antepartum period. A higher body mass index and history of diabetes mellitus were associated with the development of postpartum hypertension. The antepartum ratio of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 to placental growth factor positively correlated with blood pressures in the postpartum period (highest postpartum systolic blood pressure [r=0.29, P<0.001] and diastolic blood pressure [r=0.28, P<0.001]). Moreover, the highest tertile of the antepartum ratio of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 to placental growth factor was independently associated with postpartum hypertension (de novo hypertensive group: odds ratio, 2.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-4.25; P=0.01; in the persistent hypertensive group: odds ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-6.05; P=0.02) in multivariable analysis. Women developing postpartum hypertension had longer hospitalizations than those who remained normotensive (6.5±3.5 versus 5.7±3.4 days; P<0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Hypertension in the postpartum period is relatively common and is associated with prolonged hospitalization. Women with postpartum hypertension have clinical risk factors and an antepartum plasma angiogenic profile similar to those found in women with preeclampsia. These data suggest that women with postpartum hypertension may represent a group of women with subclinical or unresolved preeclampsia.