LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Long-term Economic growth and the History of Technology

as well as from a number of more detailed papers available upon request. 1 The opening line of the standard textbook in the area states that the " most basic proposition of growth theory is that in order to sustain a positive growth rate of output per capita in the long run, there must be continual advances in technological knowledge " (Aghion and Howitt, 1998, p. 11).
Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation

Human evaluations of machine translation are extensive but expensive. Human evaluations can take months to finish and involve human labor that can not be reused. We propose a method of automatic machine translation evaluation that is quick, inexpensive, and language-independent, that correlates highly with human evaluation, and that has little marginal cost per run. We present this method as an automated understudy to skilled human judges which substitutes for them when there is need for quick or frequent evaluations.1
Medical Anthropology: A Review

Medical anthropology looks at cultural conceptions of the body, health and illness. Medical anthropology is the study of ethno-medicine; explanation of illness and disease; what causes illness; the evaluation of health, illness and cure from both an emic and etic point of view; naturalistic and personalistic explanation , evil eye, magic and sorcery; biocultural and political study of health ecology; types of medical systems; development of systems of medical knowledge and health care and patient-practitioner relationships; political economic studies of health ideologies and integrating alternative medical systems in culturally diverse environments. Ethnomedicine also refers to the study of traditional medical practice. Theoretical classic-Medicine, Magic and Religion defined medicine as a cultural system. In Puerto Rico, spiritism offers a traditional alternative to community health services. Two systems of health care co-exist in Ecuador. Health care in India is charaterised by medical pluralism, including self care, consultations with traditional healers and /or primary health care services (PHCs) These medical systems are complementary, alternative and unconventional. In addition to codified traditional systemsAyurvedic, Unani and Siddha there is ethno-medicine, religious healing and folk medicine. Indian medical policy is not based on traditional medicine alone. The state health programmes are well intended but lack anthropological consultation. To date, research into traditional medicine has been covered mainly by anthropology and it is suggested that other scientific disciplines should be incorporated in order to further rescue and revalue this part of the cultural heritage that has contributed substantially to human health and to the development of indigenous medical knowledge and its resources.
Carbon nanotube-based multi electrode arrays for neuronal interfacing: progress and prospects

Carbon nanotube (CNT) coatings have been demonstrated over the past several years as a promising material for neuronal interfacing applications. In particular, in the realm of neuronal implants, CNTs have major advantages owing to their unique mechanical and electrical properties. Here we review recent investigations utilizing CNTs in neuro-interfacing applications. Cell adhesion, neuronal engineering and multi electrode recordings with CNTs are described. We also highlight prospective advances in this field, in particular, progress toward flexible, bio-compatible CNT-based technology.
Cellulose Aerogel from Paper Waste for Crude Oil Spill Cleaning

7 ABSTRACT: Polyprolylene is commonly used for crude oil spill cleaning, but it has low absorption capacity and is 8 nonbiodegradable. In our work, a green, ultralight, and highly porous material was successfully prepared from paper waste 9 cellulose fibers. The material was functionalized with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) to enhance its hydrophobicity and 10 oleophilicity. Water contact angles of 143 and 145° were obtained for the MTMS-coated recycled cellulose aerogel. The aerogel 11 achieved high absorption capacities of 18.4, 18.5, and 20.5 g/g for three different crude oils at 25 °C, respectively. In the 12 investigated temperature range of 10, 25, 40, and 60 °C for the absorption of the tested crude oil on the aerogel, a highest 13 absorption capacity of 24.4 g/g was obtained. It was found that the viscosity of the crude oils is the main factor affecting their 14 absorption onto the aerogel. The strong affinity of the MTMS-coated recycled cellulose aerogel to the oils makes the aerogel a 15 good absorbent for crude oil spill cleaning.
Skin Segmentation Using RGB Color Model and Implementation of Switching Conditions

Skin color segmentation is a technique of discrimination between skin and non-skin pixels of an image. But when we are talking about robust techniques for detection of skin pixels, there are always some difficulties as skin segmentation is still an ongoing hard problem to be sorted out by the researchers. In order to segment human skin regions from non-skin regions, a reliable skin model is needed who is adaptable to different colors and light conditions. In this paper, implementation and extraction of skin pixels in RGB color model is being presented and depicted that there is a requirement of switching color models by observing the effect of noise, light etc. The color spaces that are frequently used in studies are HIS, HSV, TSL and YUV. The presence of light, shadows, noise etc can affect the appearance of the skin color. However an effective skin segmentation algorithm should be capable to detect skin pixels efficiently by overriding these effects. In this research study, a RGB based skin segmentation technique is being presented for extraction of skin pixels. Therefore, for robust skin pixel detection, a dynamic skin color model that can cope with the changes must be employed. We present the automated system for switching of color models automatically in different color space such RGB into HSV or vice-versa to get the better visible image pixels. The experiment result shows that, the algorithm gives hopeful results. Keywords-Skin Segmentation, Image Processing, MATLAB, color models.
Clinical applicability of human in vivo localized phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bone and soft tissue tumors

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of restricted value for the in vivo characterization of tumor types. The applicability of phosphorus-31 (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the diagnosis of bone and soft tissue tumors is unknown. Methods: A total of 191 consecutive patients (85 females and 106 males; mean age 41 years, range 1–80) with a well-defined bone or soft tissue tumor on MRI were analyzed for additional31P spectroscopy. Histology and/or cytology was obtained from all tumors. Because of low sensitivity of the31P nucleus and the contamination of surrounding tissue, only large, superficially located tumors accessible to the surface coil could be accepted for MRS. Results: Twenty-one patients (11%) could be included in the study. From this remaining group only 12 studies (57%) produced spectra with well resolved phosphorus peaks and an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. However, these spectra did not allow differentiation between the benign and malignant nature of the lesions. The other 9 studies showed spectra with poor signal intensities and/or poorly defined peaks, making tumor differentiation impossible. Conclusion: Only 6% of the bone and soft tissue tumors produced well defined spectra, which implies that localized31P MRS cannot be considered as a routine technique in the diagnostic and treatment evaluation of bone and soft tissue tumors.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion must be maintained for 24 h/day to obtain acceptable glycemia in type 2 diabetic patients who are poorly controlled on sulphonylurea treatment.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on the plasma glucose level when given as a continuous infusion for either 16 or 24 h per day to type 2 diabetic patients who were poorly controlled on sulfonylurea treatment.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This single-center, randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 40 hospitalized patients who were randomized to receive infusions of either placebo or GLP-1 4 or 8 ng. kg(-1). min(-1) for either 16 or 24 h per day for 7 days. At predetermined intervals, 24-h profiles of glucose, glucagon, and insulin were measured. Adverse events and clinical chemistry and hematology were recorded.


RESULTS
For all active treatment groups, the change in average glucose (area under the curve [AUC] for day 7 minus AUC for day 0 divided by 24 h) was statistically significantly different from placebo (P < or = 0.001). The GLP-1 8 ng. kg(-1). min(-1) dose given for 24 h was more efficacious than any of the other doses (P < or = 0.05). Nocturnal and fasting plasma glucose levels at day 7 were greater in the 16-h groups compared with the 24-h groups (P < or = 0.05). Insulin AUC did not show any treatment effect for any of the treatment groups when change was assessed from day 0 to day 7. However, for the 16-h groups, the pattern of the insulin profiles changed; the insulin profiles were considerably higher during the initial 3-4 h after restart of the GLP-1 infusion on day 7, although there was a tendency for insulin levels to decrease during the afternoon and evening. Glucagon AUC decreased significantly for all active treatment groups compared with placebo. GLP-1 was generally well tolerated.


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated that GLP-1 should be given continuously to obtain the most optimal glycemic control. Because of the short plasma half-life of native GLP-1, long-acting derivatives should be developed to make GLP-1 treatment clinically relevant.
Statistical diagnosis of the best weibull methods for wind power assessment for agricultural applications

The best Weibull distribution methods for the assessment of wind energy potential at different altitudes in desired locations are statistically diagnosed in this study. Seven different methods, namely graphical method (GM), method of moments (MOM), standard deviation method (STDM), maximum likelihood method (MLM), power density method (PDM), modified maximum likelihood method (MMLM) and equivalent energy method (EEM) were used to estimate the Weibull parameters and six statistical tools, namely relative percentage of error, root mean square error (RMSE), mean percentage of error, mean absolute percentage of error, chi-square error and analysis of variance were used to precisely rank the methods. The statistical fittings of the measured and calculated wind speed data are assessed for justifying the performance of the methods. The capacity factor and total energy generated by a small model wind turbine is calculated by numerical integration using Trapezoidal sums and Simpson’s rules. The results show that MOM and MLM are the most efficient methods for determining the value of k and c to fit Weibull distribution curves.
Meaning, communication, music: towards a revised communication model

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Consistent normalized least mean square filtering with noisy data matrix

When the ordinary least squares method is applied to the parameter estimation problem with noisy data matrix, it is well-known that the estimates turn out to be biased. While this bias term can be somewhat reduced by the use of models of higher order, or by requiring a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), it can never be completely removed. Consistent estimates can be obtained by means of the instrumental variable method (IVM),or the total/data least squares method (TLS/DLS). In the adaptive setting for the such problem, a variety of least-mean-squares (LMS)-type algorithms have been researched rather than their recursive versions of IVM or TLS/DLS that cost considerable computations. Motivated by these observations, we propose a consistent LMS-type algorithm for the data least square estimation problem. This novel approach is based on the geometry of the mean squared error (MSE) function, rendering the step-size normalization and the heuristic filtered estimation of the noise variance, respectively, for fast convergence and robustness to stochastic noise. Monte Carlo simulations of a zero-forcing adaptive finite-impulse-response (FIR) channel equalizer demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithm.
Work-Life Balance, Burnout, and Satisfaction of Early Career Pediatricians.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Data describing factors associated with work-life balance, burnout, and career and life satisfaction for early career pediatricians are limited. We sought to identify personal and work factors related to these outcomes.


METHODS
We analyzed 2013 survey data of pediatricians who graduated residency between 2002 and 2004. Dependent variables included: (1) balance between personal and professional commitments, (2) current burnout in work, (3) career satisfaction, and (4) life satisfaction. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations of personal and work characteristics with each of the 4 dependent variables.


RESULTS
A total of 93% of participants completed the survey (n = 840). A majority reported career (83%) and life (71%) satisfaction. Fewer reported current appropriate work-life balance (43%) or burnout (30%). In multivariable modeling, excellent/very good health, having support from physician colleagues, and adequate resources for patient care were all found to be associated with a lower prevalence of burnout and a higher likelihood of work-life balance and career and life satisfaction. Having children, race, and clinical specialty were not found to be significantly associated with any of the 4 outcome measures. Female gender was associated with a lower likelihood of balance and career satisfaction but did not have an association with burnout or life satisfaction.


CONCLUSIONS
Burnout and struggles with work-life balance are common; dissatisfaction with life and career are a concern for some early career pediatricians. Efforts to minimize these outcomes should focus on encouragement of modifiable factors, including health supervision, peer support, and ensuring sufficient patient care resources.
Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group

The neuro-anatomical substrates of major depressive disorder (MDD) are still not well understood, despite many neuroimaging studies over the past few decades. Here we present the largest ever worldwide study by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Major Depressive Disorder Working Group on cortical structural alterations in MDD. Structural T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 2148 MDD patients and 7957 healthy controls were analysed with harmonized protocols at 20 sites around the world. To detect consistent effects of MDD and its modulators on cortical thickness and surface area estimates derived from MRI, statistical effects from sites were meta-analysed separately for adults and adolescents. Adults with MDD had thinner cortical gray matter than controls in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior and posterior cingulate, insula and temporal lobes (Cohen’s d effect sizes: −0.10 to −0.14). These effects were most pronounced in first episode and adult-onset patients (>21 years). Compared to matched controls, adolescents with MDD had lower total surface area (but no differences in cortical thickness) and regional reductions in frontal regions (medial OFC and superior frontal gyrus) and primary and higher-order visual, somatosensory and motor areas (d: −0.26 to −0.57). The strongest effects were found in recurrent adolescent patients. This highly powered global effort to identify consistent brain abnormalities showed widespread cortical alterations in MDD patients as compared to controls and suggests that MDD may impact brain structure in a highly dynamic way, with different patterns of alterations at different stages of life.
TAS - A Generic Window Inference System

This paper presents work on technology for transformational proof and program development, as used by window inference calculi and transformation systems. The calculi are characterised by a certain class of theorems in the underlying logic. Our transformation system TAS compiles these rules to concrete deduction support, complete with a graphical user interface with command-language-free user interaction by gestures like dragd three such instantiations are presented in the paper.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE MODEL BASED ON BALANCED SCORECARD

Nowadays organizations turn to any standard procedure to gain a competitive advantage. If sustainable, competitive advantage can bring about benefit to the organization. The aim of the present study was to introduce competitive advantage as well as to assess the impacts of the balanced scorecard as a means to measure the performance of organizations. The population under study included employees of organizations affiliated to the Social Security Department in North Khorasan Province, of whom a total number of 120 employees were selected as the participants in the research sample. Two researcher-made questionnaires with a 5-point Likert scale were used to measure the competitive advantage and the balanced scorecard. Besides, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the instruments that was equal to 0.74 and 0.79 for competitive advantage and the balanced scorecard, respectively. The data analysis was performed using the structural equation modeling and the results indicated the significant and positive impact of the implementation of the balanced scorecard on the sustainable competitive advantage. © 2015 AESS Publications. All Rights Reserved.
An improved technique for laparoscopic highly selective vagotomy using harmonic shears

Background: Results from classic highly selective vagotomy (HSV) are technique dependent because an incomplete operation will result in early recurrence of duodenal ulcer. Few reports describe laparoscopic completion of the procedure. All techniques use clips for division of neurovascular branches, making the laparoscopic approach tedious and thus the results, uncertain. Methods: Ten patients with intractable duodenal ulcer and negative Helicobacter pylori status underwent an extended HSV. All procedures were performed laparoscopically using a new surgical tool, the harmonic shears. Results: All procedures were completed laparoscopically and took approximately 1 h. There were no deaths and no postoperative complications. Patients were discharged the next day. Follow-up endoscopy at 2 months showed healing of duodenal ulcer in all cases, and postoperative acid secretion studies demonstrated a decrease in basal acid output (BAO) by 74% (8.2 meq/h to 2.16 meq/h) and maximal acid output (MAO) by pentagastrin stimulation by 79.2% (40 to 8.32). Conclusions: Harmonic shears expedite laparoscopic HSV. The operation can be taught safely, yields good results in early follow-up, and represents an acceptable option in patients with intractable duodenal ulcers who are H. pylori negative.
QA-Driven Relation Extraction

Information Extraction (IE) is concerned with mining factual structures from unstructured text data, including entity and relation extraction. For example, identifying Donald Trump as “person” and Washington D.C. as “location”, and understand the relationship between them (say, Donald Trump spoke at Washington D.C.), from a specific sentence. Typically, IE systems rely on large amount of training data, primarily acquired via human annotation, to achieve the best performance. But since human annotation is costly and non-scalable, the focus has shifted to adoption of a new strategy Distant Supervision [1]. Distant supervision is a technique that can automatically extract labeled training data from existing knowledge bases without human efforts. However the training data generated by distant supervision is context-agnostic and can be very noisy. Moreover, we also observe the difference between the quality of training examples in terms of to what extent it infers the target entity/relation type. In this project, we focus on removing the noise and identifying the quality difference in the training data generated by distant supervision, by leveraging the feedback signals from one of IE’s downstream applications, QA, to improve the performance of one of the state-of-the-art IE framework, CoType [3]. Keywords—Data Mining, Relation Extraction, Question Answering.
Measurement properties of the short version of the Van Lieshout test for arm/hand function of persons with tetraplegia after spinal cord injury

Study design:Two validation studies.Objectives:To assess the measurement properties of the short version of the Van Lieshout test (VLT-SV), a new test for arm/hand function of persons with tetraplegia after spinal cord injury (SCI).Setting:Two specialized rehabilitation centres in The Netherlands.Methods:Study 1 (N=12) – assessment of inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlations (ICC); weighted kappa; Bland–Altman plots). Study 2 (N=55) – assessment of convergent validity by computing Spearman's correlations with the Grasp-Release test (GRT; criterion standard) and with motor level of injury, ASIA impairment scale, international classification for surgery of the hand, and the self-care and transfer scales of the functional independence measure. All statistics were computed separately for the right- and the left-hand scores.Results:Inter-rater reliability was excellent (ICC 0.98 and 0.99). Agreement was independent of the height of the scores and the limits of agreement were ±0.5 points on a 0–5 scale. Convergent validity was very good with a Spearman correlation of 0.87and 0.90 between the VLT-SV and the GRT and correlations between 0.35 and 0.85 with the other indicators of arm/hand function.Conclusion:The VLT-SV seems a reliable and valid test to assess arm/hand function of persons with tetraplegia after SCI.
Risk of Gastric Cancer by Water Source: Evidence from the Golestan Case-Control Study

BACKGROUND
Gastric cancer (GC) is the world's fifth most common cancer, and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. Over 70% of incident cases and deaths occur in developing countries. We explored whether disparities in access to improved drinking water sources were associated with GC risk in the Golestan Gastric Cancer Case Control Study.


METHODS AND FINDINGS
306 cases and 605 controls were matched on age, gender, and place of residence. We conducted unconditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education, head of household education, place of birth and residence, homeownership, home size, wealth score, vegetable consumption, and H. pylori seropositivity. Fully-adjusted ORs were 0.23 (95% CI: 0.05-1.04) for chlorinated well water, 4.58 (95% CI: 2.07-10.16) for unchlorinated well water, 4.26 (95% CI: 1.81-10.04) for surface water, 1.11 (95% CI: 0.61-2.03) for water from cisterns, and 1.79 (95% CI: 1.20-2.69) for all unpiped sources, compared to in-home piped water. Comparing unchlorinated water to chlorinated water, we found over a two-fold increased GC risk (OR 2.37, 95% CI: 1.56-3.61).


CONCLUSIONS
Unpiped and unchlorinated drinking water sources, particularly wells and surface water, were significantly associated with the risk of GC.