LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a newly developed media-supported 4-step approach for basic life support training

OBJECTIVE
The quality of external chest compressions (ECC) is of primary importance within basic life support (BLS). Recent guidelines delineate the so-called 4"-step approach" for teaching practical skills within resuscitation training guided by a certified instructor. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a "media-supported 4-step approach" for BLS training leads to equal practical performance compared to the standard 4-step approach.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
After baseline testing, 220 laypersons were either trained using the widely accepted method for resuscitation training (4-step approach) or using a newly created "media-supported 4-step approach", both of equal duration. In this approach, steps 1 and 2 were ensured via a standardised self-produced podcast, which included all of the information regarding the BLS algorithm and resuscitation skills. Participants were tested on manikins in the same mock cardiac arrest single-rescuer scenario prior to intervention, after one week and after six months with respect to ECC-performance, and participants were surveyed about the approach.


RESULTS
Participants (age 23 ± 11, 69% female) reached comparable practical ECC performances in both groups, with no statistical difference. Even after six months, there was no difference detected in the quality of the initial assessment algorithm or delay concerning initiation of CPR. Overall, at least 99% of the intervention group (n = 99; mean 1.5 ± 0.8; 6-point Likert scale: 1 = completely agree, 6 = completely disagree) agreed that the video provided an adequate introduction to BLS skills.


CONCLUSIONS
The "media-supported 4-step approach" leads to comparable practical ECC-performance compared to standard teaching, even with respect to retention of skills. Therefore, this approach could be useful in special educational settings where, for example, instructors' resources are sparse or large-group sessions have to be prepared.
Predictors of response to anti-TNF therapy according to ACR and EULAR criteria in patients with established RA: results from the South Swedish Arthritis Treatment Group Register.

OBJECTIVE
To identify factors predicting response to first TNF blocking treatment course in patients with established RA with a special focus on gender differences.


METHODS
Patients with active RA initiating their first treatment course of TNF-blocking therapy were enrolled. The study period was March 1999 through September 2006. The prospective protocol included information on demographics, clinical characteristics of patients and response measures. Fulfilment of ACR 50-70% improvement and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) good response or remission [28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) <2.6] at 3 months were chosen as primary outcome measures. Potential predictors of responses were identified using multivariate binary logistic regression models.


RESULTS
In total, 1565 patients were included in the study. Gender did not influence treatment response. Consistently, concomitant methotrexate (MTX) was significantly associated with EULAR remission, EULAR good response, ACR50 response and ACR70 response with odds ratios (ORs) 1.97, 2.13, 2.10 and 1.75, respectively. Concurrent treatment with other DMARDs was also significantly associated with EULAR remission, EULAR good response and ACR50 response (OR: 1.96, 2.24 and 1.94, respectively). Likewise, low HAQ at baseline consistently predicted good clinical outcome. Disease activity at baseline was directly associated with favourable response when measured by ACR50 and ACR70 (OR: 1.59 and 1.60, respectively), whereas DAS28 score at baseline was inversely associated with EULAR remission (OR: 0.78).


CONCLUSIONS
In this observational study of patients with established RA, gender did not predict response to anti-TNF therapy, whereas treatment with concomitant DMARDs, especially MTX and low disability were associated with good response. Choice of outcome measures may influence the predictive value of baseline features.
Determination of naloxegol in human biological matrices.

AIM
Naloxegol is an oral peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist approved for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation. Sensitive, robust, bioanalytical methods were required to quantitate naloxegol in human biological matrices as part of the clinical development program.


METHODOLOGY/RESULTS
Analytical plasma samples were prepared using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) coupled with concentration. The method's linearity was established at 0.1-50 ng/ml with up to 100-fold dilution. Urine samples were analyzed directly postdilution; dialysate samples were extracted by supported liquid extraction. Sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays were developed and validated, and demonstrated acceptable precision, accuracy and selectivity for naloxegol in the appropriate matrices.


CONCLUSION
Methods for quantifying naloxegol in human biological matrices have been successfully validated.
The Flow of Digital News in a Network of Sources, Authorities, and Hubs

This article presents an analysis of the flow of information in a network of online news sites. Social network theory and research on hyperlinked networks of Web pages are used to develop a model of information flow among Web sites. Kleinberg’s authority-hub model is extended by introducing sources of information in the network. Significant support was found for a Source–Authority–Hub model, which shows the source, directionality, routing, and destination of news information flow through a network of authorities and hubs. This model demonstrates the ability of key Web sites to control the flow of news and information. Applications of the model to over-time data have the potential to predict future changes in the online news industry.
The Indian Ocean Dipole: A Monopole in SST

The claim for a zonal-dipole structure in interannual variations of the tropical IndianOcean (IO) SSTs—the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD)—is reexamined after accounting for El Niño–Southern Oscillation’s (ENSO) influence. The authors seek an a priori accounting of ENSO’s seasonally stratified influence on IO SSTs and evaluate the basis of the related dipole mode index, instead of seeking a posteriori adjustments to this index, as common. Scant observational evidence is found for zonal-dipole SST variations after removal of ENSO’s influence from IOSSTs: The IODpoles are essentially uncorrelated in theENSO-filtered SSTs in both recent (1958–98) and century-long (1900–2007) periods, leading to the breakdown of zonal-dipole structure in surface temperature variability; this finding does not depend on the subtleties in estimation of ENSO’s influence. Deconstruction of the fall 1994 and 1997 SST anomalies led to their reclassification, with a weak IOD in 1994 and none in 1997. Regressions of the eastern IOD pole on upper-ocean heat content, however, do exhibit a zonal-dipole structure but with the western pole in the central-equatorial IO, suggesting that internally generated basin variability can have zonal-dipole structure at the subsurface. The IO SST variability was analyzed using the extended-EOF technique, after removing the influence of Pacific SSTs; the technique targets spatial and temporal recurrence and extracts modes (rather than patterns) of variability. This spatiotemporal analysis also does not support the existence of zonal-dipole variability at the surface. However, the analysis did yield a dipole-like structure in the meridional direction in boreal fall/ winter, when it resembles the subtropical IOD pattern (but not the evolution time scale).
Stability analysis of distributed event-based state estimation

An approach for distributed and event-based state estimation that was proposed in previous work [1] is analyzed and extended to practical networked systems in this paper. Multiple sensor-actuator-agents observe a dynamic process, sporadically exchange their measurements over a broadcast network according to an event-based protocol, and estimate the process state from the received data. The event-based approach was shown in [1] to mimic a centralized Luenberger observer up to guaranteed bounds, under the assumption of identical estimates on all agents. This assumption, however, is unrealistic (it is violated by a single packet drop or slight numerical inaccuracy) and removed herein. By means of a simulation example, it is shown that non-identical estimates can actually destabilize the overall system. To achieve stability, the event-based communication scheme is supplemented by periodic (but infrequent) exchange of the agents' estimates and reset to their joint average. When the local estimates are used for feedback control, the stability guarantee for the estimation problem extends to the event-based control system.
Covering of spheres by spherical caps and worst-case error for equal weight cubature in Sobolev spaces ☆

We prove that the covering radius of an N -point subset XN of the unit sphere S ⊂ R is bounded above by a power of the worst-case error for equal-weight cubature 1 N ∑ x∈XN f(x) ≈ ∫ S f dσd for functions in the Sobolev space W s p(S ), where σd denotes normalized area measure on S . These bounds are close to optimal when s is close to d/p. Our study of the worst-case error along with results of Brandolini et al. motivate the definition of QMC design sequences for Wp(S ), which have previously been introduced only in the Hilbert space setting p = 2. We say that a sequence (XN ) of N -point configurations is a QMC design sequence for Wp(S ) with s > d/p provided the worst-case cubature error for XN has order N −s/d as N → ∞, a property that holds, in particular, for optimal order spherical design sequences. For the case p = 1, we deduce that any QMC design sequence (XN ) for W s 1(S ) with s > d has the optimal covering property; i.e., the covering radius of XN has order N −1/d as N → ∞. A significant portion of our effort is devoted to the formulation of the worst-case error in terms of a Bessel kernel and showing that this kernel satisfies a Bernstein type inequality involving the mesh ratio ofXN . As a consequence we prove that any QMC design sequence for Wp(S ) is also a QMC design sequence for Wp′(S ) for all 1 ≤ p < p ≤ ∞ and, furthermore, if (XN ) is a quasi-uniform QMC design sequence for W s p(S ), then it is also a QMC design sequence for W ′ p (S ) for all s > s > d/p.
Script Independent Word Spotting in Multilingual Documents

This paper describes a method for script independent word spotting in multilingual handwritten and machine printed documents. The system accepts a query in the form of text from the user and returns a ranked list of word images from document image corpus based on similarity with the query word. The system is divided into two main components. The first component known as Indexer, performs indexing of all word images present in the document image corpus. This is achieved by extracting Moment Based features from word images and storing them as index. A template is generated for keyword spotting which stores the mapping of a keyword string to its corresponding word image which is used for generating query feature vector. The second component, Similarity Matcher, returns a ranked list of word images which are most similar to the query based on a cosine similarity metric. A manual Relevance feedback is applied based on Rocchio’s formula, which re-formulates the query vector to return an improved ranked listing of word images. The performance of the system is seen to be superior on printed text than on handwritten text. Experiments are reported on documents of three different languages: English, Hindi and Sanskrit. For handwritten English, an average precision of67% was obtained for30 query words. For machine printed Hindi, an average precision of 71% was obtained for75 query words and for Sanskrit, an average precision of87% with 100 queries was obtained. Figure 1: A Sample English Document Spotted Query word shown in the bounding box.
A 570fsrms integrated-jitter ring-VCO-based 1.21GHz PLL with hybrid loop

Sampling clock jitter significantly degrades the circuit performance and dynamic range of an ADC [1]. This paper presents a 570fsrms integrated-jitter 1.21GHz PLL with a hybrid loop. A ring VCO has a much inferior phase noise characteristic as compared to an LC VCO, but its area efficiency is attractive. To suppress the phase noise of a ring VCO, a wide-loop-bandwidth PLL with sufficiently low in-band noise is indispensable. An all-digital PLL (ADPLL) [2] has insufficiently low in-band phase noise because of the quantization error of the time-to-digital converter (TDC) without employing additional techniques such as power-hungry time amplification [3]. On the other hand, a conventional analog PLL has a superior in-band phase noise but needs a large loop-filter capacitor to maintain a wide tuning range due to a high control sensitivity of the ring VCO. The dual-tuning topology is useful for minimizing the size of the loop filter while maintaining low in-band phase noise [4, 5]. However, it also suffers from strong reference spurs, as it is the case in the conventional analog PLL having a wide loop bandwidth. The proposed PLL employs a hybrid loop consisting of a type-II ADPLL and a type-I analog PLL. The type-II ADPLL enables the wide tuning range without a large loop-filter capacitor. The loop-filter capacitor in the analog PLL is also minimized since it does not need to cover a wide tuning range. The analog PLL eliminates the residual quantization error of the TDC in the ADPLL and achieves a sufficiently low in-band phase noise. Overall, the proposed PLL suppresses the phase noise contribution from the ring digital/voltage-controlled oscillator (DVCO).
Effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on incident atrial fibrillation: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is less prevalent in women versus men, but associated with higher risks of stroke and death in women. The role hormone therapy plays in AF is not well understood.


METHODS AND RESULTS
The Women's Health Initiative randomized postmenopausal women to placebo or conjugated equine estrogens (0.625 mg/d) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg/d) if they had a uterus (N=16 608) or to conjugated equine estrogens only if they had prior hysterectomy (N=10 739). Incident AF was identified by ECG and diagnosis codes from Medicare claims or hospitalization records. Hazard ratios for incident AF were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. After excluding participants with baseline AF, there were 611 incident AF cases over a mean of 5.6 years among 16 128 estrogen plus progestin participants, and 683 cases over a mean of 7.1 years among 10 251 conjugated equine estrogens alone participants. Incident AF was more frequent in the active groups of both trials, reaching statistical significance in the trial of conjugated equine estrogens alone in women with prior hysterectomy (hazard ratio, 1.17; CI, 1.00-1.36; P=0.045) and in the pooled analysis (hazard ratio, 1.12; CI, 1.00-1.24; P=0.05), but not in the estrogen plus progestin trial (hazard ratio, 1.07; CI, 0.91-1.25; P=0.44). These results were only minimally affected by adjustment for incident stroke, coronary heart disease, and heart failure.


CONCLUSIONS
Incident AF was modestly elevated in hysterectomized women randomized to postmenopausal E-alone, and in the pooled group randomized to E-alone or estrogen plus progestin. The trend in women with intact uterus receiving estrogen plus progestin, considered separately, was not statistically significant.


CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION
ClinicalTrials.gov; Identifier: NCT00000611.
Potential and limitations of green manure technology in lowland rice

.-'.bstract e growing popular concern about the sustainability of agricultura l systems and an easing awareness about environmentaUy-friend.ly agricultural production and !leaJthy nutrition tands in striking contrast to a worldwide decline in the use of green ures. It is timely to assess the furure role that soiL-improving Legumes may play in agricultural systems. This paper reviews potential and limitations of green manure e:chnology, using lowland rice cropping systems as the example. A review of more than 250 pubLisbed references indicates that the average amounts of N accumulated by _ n manures can entireLy substihlte for mineral fertilizer at current average application rates. With imilar N use efficiencies green manure is less prone to loss echanism than mineral N fertilizers and may therefore contribute to long-term residual effects on soil productivity. The considerable genetic variability in the available legume germplasm allows the selection of appropriate legumes to most conditions with positive effects on soil physical and chemical parameters. However, the use of green manure legumes for lowland rice production has declined dramatically world-wide over the last 30 years. Socio-economic factors like the cost of land, labor, and mineral N fertilizer are seen to determine the cost-effectiveness and thereby farmers ' adoption of green manure technology. Hydrology and soil texture determine the agronomic competitiveness of a green manure witb fertilizers and witb alternative casb crops. Witb a rapid ly-growing demand for rice and growing land and labor scarcity. green manure use is not seen to become a rel.evant feature of favorable irrigated rice-growi.ng environments in the foreseeable future. On tbe other hand, in envi.ronments where soil properties and hydrology are marginal for food crop production (flood-prone rainfed lowlands with coarse-textured soils), but which farmers may be compelled to cultivate in order to meet their subsistence food requirements, green manures may have a realistic and applicable potential.
Nutrient intakes and cholesterol values of the parents in a prospective randomized child-targeted coronary heart disease risk factor intervention trial—the STRIP project

Objective: To analyze food consumption, nutrient intakes and serum cholesterol concentrations of the parents in a child-targeted CHD intervention trial, during which the age of children increased from 7 months to 5 y.Design and subjects: The children were randomized to an intervention group (n=540) or a control group (n=522) at six months of age. The intervention families were counseled at 3–6 month intervals to reduce their child’s intake of saturated fat and cholesterol. Dietary issues were discussed with the control families only briefly. The parents’ food consumption was analyzed by 24 h dietary recall at the child’s age of 7 and 13 months and at 2, 3, 4, and 5 y. Nutrient intakes were calculated using the Micro-Nutrica program®.Results: The mothers and fathers of the intervention children used less butter, more margarine and more skim milk than those of the control children (P<0.001 for all measurements). After the onset of counseling, the intervention mothers consumed continuously less fat (1.4 E% less at the child’s age of 5 y), less saturated fat (1.5 E% less at the child’s age of 5 y) and more polyunsaturated fat (0.5 E% more at the child’s age of 5 y) than the control mothers (P=0.008, P<0.001 and P<0.001 for trend, respectively). After the child’s age of 13 months the intervention fathers also had a continuously lower fat intake (2.4 E% less at the child’s age of 5 y) and consumed less saturated fat (1.5 E% less at the child’s age of 5 y) than the control fathers (P<0.001 for trend for both measurements). The serum cholesterol concentration of the intervention mothers was consistently lower than that of the control mothers during the intervention (at child’s age of 5 y 4.86 and 5.09 mmol/L, respectively; P for trend=0.03), while the values of the intervention and control fathers showed no differences.Conclusions: Continuous dietary intervention begun in infancy and focused on modification of the child’s diet according to the current principles of preventive cardiology, was accompanied by a moderate decrease in the intake of total and saturated fat in the parents, but serum cholesterol concentration diminished consistently only in the mothers of the intervention children.Sponsorship: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finnish Cultural Fund.
Extract conceptual graphs from plain texts in patent claims

This paper develops techniques to extract conceptual graphs from a patent claim using syntactic information (POS, and dependency tree) and semantic information (background ontology). Due to plenteous technical domain terms and lengthy sentences prevailing in patent claims, it is difficult to apply a NLP Parser directly to parse the plain texts in the patent claim. This paper combines techniques such as finite state machines, Part-Of-Speech tags, conceptual graphs, domain ontology and dependency tree to convert a patent claim into a formally defined conceptual graph. The method of a finite state machine splits a lengthy patent claim sentence into a set of shortened sub-sentences so that the NLP Parser can parse them one by one effectively. The Part-Of-Speech and dependency tree of a patent claim are used to build the conceptual graph based on the pre-established domain ontology. The result shows that 99% sub-sentences split from 1700 patent claims can be efficiently parsed by the NLP Parser. There are two types of nodes in a conceptual graph, the concept and the relation nodes. Each concept or relation can be extracted directly from a patent claim and each relation can link with a fixed number of concepts in a conceptual graph. From 100 patent claims, the average precision and recall of a concept class mapping from the patent claim to domain ontology are 96% and 89%, respectively, and the average precision and recall for Real relation class mapping are 97% and 98%, respectively. For the concept linking of a relation, the average precision is 79%. Based on the extracted conceptual graphs from patents, it would facilitate automated comparison and summarization among patents for judgment of patent infringement. & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Thorough Examination of the CNN/Daily Mail Reading Comprehension Task

Enabling a computer to understand a document so that it can answer comprehension questions is a central, yet unsolved goal of NLP. A key factor impeding its solution by machine learned systems is the limited availability of human-annotated data. Hermann et al. (2015) seek to solve this problem by creating over a million training examples by pairing CNN and Daily Mail news articles with their summarized bullet points, and show that a neural network can then be trained to give good performance on this task. In this paper, we conduct a thorough examination of this new reading comprehension task. Our primary aim is to understand what depth of language understanding is required to do well on this task. We approach this from one side by doing a careful hand-analysis of a small subset of the problems and from the other by showing that simple, carefully designed systems can obtain accuracies of 72.4% and 75.8% on these two datasets, exceeding current state-of-the-art results by over 5% and approaching what we believe is the ceiling for performance on this task.1