LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Bank Heterogeneity and Interest Rate Setting: What Lessons Have We Learned Since Lehman Brothers?

A substantial literature has investigated the role of relationship lending in shielding borrowers from idiosyncratic shocks. Much less is known about how lending relationships and bank-specific characteristics affect the functioning of the credit market in an economywide crisis, when banks may find it difficult to perform the role of shock absorbers. We investigate how bank-specific characteristics (size, liquidity, capitalization, funding structure) and the bank-firm relationship have influenced interest rate setting since the collapse of Lehman Brothers. Unlike the existing literature, which has focused chiefly on the amount of credit granted during the crisis, we look at its cost. The data on a large sample of loans from Italian banks to non-financial firms suggest that close lending relationships kept firms more insulated from the financial crisis. Further, spreads increased by less for the customers of well-capitalized, liquid banks and those engaged mainly in traditional lending business. JEL classification: G21, E44.
An evaluation of the safety and efficacy of cariprazine in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: A phase II, randomized clinical trial

INTRODUCTION
Cariprazine is an orally active and potent D3 and D2 partial agonist with preferential binding to D3 receptors in development for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar mania. This study (NCT00694707) evaluated the efficacy and safety of cariprazine in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.


METHODS
This study was a multinational, double-blind, randomized, placebo- and active-controlled, fixed-dose trial. Patients were randomized to receive placebo, cariprazine 1.5mg/d, cariprazine 3.0mg/d, cariprazine 4.5mg/d, or risperidone 4.0mg/d (for assay sensitivity) for 6 weeks of double-blind treatment and 2 weeks of safety follow-up. Primary and secondary efficacy parameters were change from baseline to Week 6 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total and Global Impressions-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) scores, respectively. Safety parameters included adverse events (AEs), vital signs, laboratory measures, and extrapyramidal symptom (EPS) scales.


RESULTS
Of 732 randomized patients, 64% completed the study. PANSS total score improvement at Week 6 was statistically significant versus placebo for cariprazine 1.5mg/d, 3.0mg/d, and 4.5mg/d (least squares mean difference [LSMD]: -7.6, -8.8, -10.4, respectively; p<0.001; LOCF) and risperidone (-15.1, p<0.001; LOCF); significant improvement on CGI-S was demonstrated for all active treatments (p<0.05). The most frequent cariprazine AEs (≥ 5% and at least twice the rate of the placebo group) were insomnia, extrapyramidal disorder, akathisia, sedation, nausea, dizziness, and constipation. Mean changes in metabolic parameters were small and similar between groups.


CONCLUSION
The results of this study support the efficacy and safety of cariprazine in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.
Adaptive Emotional Expression in Robot-Child Interaction

Expressive behaviour is a vital aspect of human interaction. A model for adaptive emotion expression was developed for the Nao robot. The robot has an internal arousal and valence value, which are influenced by the emotional state of its interaction partner and emotional occurrences such as winning a game. It expresses these emotions through its voice, posture, whole body poses, eye colour and gestures. An experiment with 18 children (mean age 9) and two Nao robots was conducted to study the influence of adaptive emotion expression on the interaction behaviour and opinions of children. In a within-subjects design the children played a quiz with both an affective robot using the model for adaptive emotion expression and a non-affective robot without this model. The affective robot reacted to the emotions of the child using the implementation of the model, the emotions of the child were interpreted by a Wizard of Oz. The dependent variables, namely the behaviour and opinions of the children, were measured through video analysis and questionnaires. The results show that children react more expressively and more positively to a robot which adaptively expresses itself than to a robot which does not. The feedback of the children in the questionnaires further suggests that showing emotion through movement is considered a very positive trait for a robot. From their positive reactions we can conclude that children enjoy interacting with a robot which adaptively expresses itself through emotion and gesture more than with a robot which does not do this.
A market-induced mechanism for stock pinning

We propose a model to describe stock pinning on option expiration dates. We argue that if the open interest on a particular contract is unusually large, delta-hedging in aggregate by floor market-makers can impact the stock price and drive it to the strike price of the option. We derive a stochastic differential equation for the stock price which has a singular drift that accounts for the price-impact of delta-hedging. According to this model, the stock price has a finite probability of pinning at a strike. We calculate analytically and numerically this probability in terms of the volatility of the stock, the time-to-maturity, the open interest for the option under consideration and a ‘price elasticity’ constant that models price impact.
Fatal injuries among children by race and ethnicity--United States, 1999-2002.

PROBLEM/CONDITION
In the United States, unintentional injury, homicide, and suicide are the first, second, and fourth leading causes of death among persons aged 1-19 years, respectively; the highest rates have occurred among minority populations. The effects of age on the difference in rates between white and minority children and the mechanisms of injury that contribute most to that difference have not been previously reported.


REPORTING PERIOD COVERED
Data are presented for fatal injuries among children in the United States by race/ethnicity and mechanism of injury during 1999-2002. Trends in injury mortality by race/ethnicity are provided for 1982-2002.


DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM
Fatal injury data were derived from death certificates reported through CDC's National Vital Statistics System.


RESULTS
During 1999-2002, among infants aged <1 year, American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and blacks had consistently higher total injury death rates than other racial/ethnic populations. Both populations had more than twice the rate of injury death compared with white infants. Black infants had the highest rates of unintentional suffocation and homicide, whereas AI/AN infants had the highest rate of motor-vehicle (MV)-traffic death. Among children aged 1-9 years, AI/ANs and blacks had the highest injury death rates. AI/ANs aged 1-9 years had the highest rates of MV-traffic death and drowning; in contrast, blacks aged 1-9 years had the highest rates of homicide and fire/burn death. Among children aged 10-19 years, AI/ANs and blacks consistently had higher total injury death rates than whites. AI/ANs aged 10-19 years had the highest rates of suicide and MV-traffic death, and blacks aged 10-19 years had the highest rates of homicide. The disparity in injury mortality rates by race/ethnicity during 1982-1985 had not declined by 1999-2002.


INTERPRETATION
Significant disparities in injury rates still exist between white and minority children. Disparities varied by age and mechanism of injury. Hispanics and Asian/Pacific Islanders consistently had lower risk, whereas AI/ANs and blacks consistently had higher risk for fatal injuries than other racial/ethnic populations.


PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS
Educational, regulatory, and environmental modification strategies (e.g., home visitation programs, safety-belt laws, and swimming pool fencing) have been developed for each type of injury for use by health-care providers and government agencies.
Informant reports : A cheap , fast , and easy method for personality assessment

Despite widespread agreement that multi-method assessments are optimal in personality research, the literature is dominated by a single method: self-reports. This pattern seems to be based, at least in part, on widely held preconceptions about the costs of non-self-report methods, such as informant methods. Researchers seem to believe that informant methods are: (a) time-consuming, (b) expensive, (c) ineffective (i.e., informants will not cooperate), and (d) particularly vulnerable to faking or invalid responses. This article evaluates the validity of these preconceptions in light of recent advances in Internet technology, and proposes some strategies for making informant methods more effective. Drawing on data from three separate studies, I demonstrate that, using these strategies, informant reports can be collected with minimal effort and few monetary costs. In addition, informants are generally very willing to cooperate (e.g., response rates of 76–95%) and provide valid data (in terms of strong consensus and self-other agreement). Informant reports represent a mostly untapped resource that researchers can use to improve the validity of personality assessments and to address new questions that cannot be examined with self-reports alone. 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Simultaneous determination of metronidazole and spiramycin I in human plasma, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid by LC-MS/MS.

An analytical validation of a new liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of metronidazole and spiramycin I concentrations in human plasma, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is presented. Ornidazole was used as an internal standard, and sample pre-treatment consisted of a liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a 5 microm Kromasil C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., particle size 5 microm), with a gradient using acetonitrile, water and formic acid at a flow rate of 0.9 ml/min. The methods were validated in terms of intra- and inter-batch precision (<7.1% in plasma, 12% in saliva and 9.2% in GCF, respectively) and accuracy (within +/-8.7% in plasma, within +/-8.7%, except LDQ level within +/-15.4% in saliva and within +/-10.7% in GCF), linearity, specificity, recovery (extraction efficiency), matrix effect, dilution process, stability in human plasma and saliva after three freeze-thaw cycles, stability in human plasma and saliva at ambient temperature and stability of the extracts in the automatic injector of the HPLC system. The methods are applicable for accurate and simultaneous monitoring of the plasma, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid levels of metronidazole and spiramycin I from pharmacokinetic studies.
Validation and verification of computer forensic software tools d Searching Function

The process of using automated software has served law enforcement and the courts very well, and experienced detectives and investigators have been able to use their welldeveloped policing skills, in conjunction with the automated software, so as to provide sound evidence. However, the growth in the computer forensic field has created a demand for new software (or increased functionality to existing software) and a means to verify that this software is truly ‘‘forensic’’ i.e. capable of meeting the requirements of the ‘trier of fact’. In this work, we present a scientific and systemical description of the computer forensic discipline through mapping fundamental functions required in the computer forensic investigation process. Based on the function mapping, we propose a more detailed functionality orientated validation and verification framework of computer forensic tools. We focus this paper on the searching function. We specify the requirements and develop a corresponding reference set to test any tools that possess the searching function. a 2009 Digital Forensic Research Workshop. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
XBRL and open data for global financial ecosystems: A linked data approach

Article history: Received 15 November 2010 Received in revised form 9 February 2012 Accepted 15 February 2012 Information professionals performing business activity related investigative analysis must routinely associate data from a diverse range of Web based general-interest business and financial information sources. XBRL has become an integral part of the financial data landscape. At the same time, Open Data initiatives have contributed relevant financial, economic, and business data to the pool of publicly available information on the Web but the use of XBRL in combination with Open Data remains at an early state of realisation. In this paper we argue that Linked Data technology, created for Web scale information integration, can accommodate XBRL data and make it easier to combine it with open datasets. This can provide the foundations for a global data ecosystem of interlinked and interoperable financial and business information with the potential to leverage XBRL beyond its current regulatory and disclosure role. We outline the uses of Linked Data technologies to facilitate XBRL consumption in conjunction with non-XBRL Open Data, report on current activities and highlight remaining challenges in terms of information consolidation faced by both XBRL and Web technologies. © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
An open-label randomized trial comparing itraconazole oral solution with fluconazole oral solution for primary prophylaxis of fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancy and profound neutropenia.

OBJECTIVES
This trial studied the efficacy and safety of itraconazole and fluconazole in the prevention of invasive fungal infections in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
An 8 week, open-label, randomized, parallel-group, multicentre trial comparing itraconazole oral solution (2.5 mg/kg twice daily; N=248) with fluconazole oral solution or capsules (400 mg daily; N=246) in 494 patients with anticipated profound neutropenia (i.e. neutrophil count expected to be <500 cells/mm3 for at least 10 days) from tertiary care centres.


RESULTS
Invasive fungal infections were reported for 4 out of 248 patients (1.6%) in the itraconazole group and 5 out of 246 patients (2.0%) in the fluconazole group. Invasive Aspergillus infections were proven for 2 out of 248 patients (0.8%) in the itraconazole group and 3 out of 246 patients (1.2%) in the fluconazole group. For both the ITT and profoundly neutropenic populations, no differences were detected between treatment groups in proven or suspected invasive fungal infections or other endpoints. The mortality rates owing to proven invasive fungal infections were 2 out of 248 patients (0.8%) for the itraconazole group and 3 out of 246 patients (1.2%) for the fluconazole group. There was also no difference between treatment groups in the number of patients who recovered from neutropenia or in the duration of neutropenia. More discontinuation of drug intake owing to nausea and more hypokalaemia occurred in the itraconazole group, other adverse events and the total number of adverse events were similar in both groups.


CONCLUSIONS
In this study there were no differences in the efficacy and safety of itraconazole and fluconazole prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies.
Prognostic impact of circulating tumor cell apoptosis and clusters in serial blood samples from patients with metastatic breast cancer in a prospective observational cohort

Presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is a validated prognostic marker in metastatic breast cancer. Additional prognostic information may be obtained by morphologic characterization of CTCs. We explored whether apoptotic CTCs, CTC clusters and leukocytes attached to CTCs are associated with breast cancer subtype and prognosis at base-line (BL) and in follow-up (FU) blood samples in patients with metastatic breast cancer scheduled for first-line systemic treatment. Patients with a first metastatic breast cancer event were enrolled in a prospective observational study prior to therapy initiation and the CellSearch system (Janssen Diagnostics) was used for CTC enumeration and characterization. We enrolled patients (N = 52) with ≥5 CTC/7.5 ml blood at BL (median 45, range 5–668) and followed them with blood sampling for 6 months during therapy. CTCs were evaluated for apoptotic changes, CTC clusters (≥3 nuclei), and leukocytes associated with CTC (WBC-CTC, ≥1 CTC + ≥1 leukocytes) at all time-points by visual examination of the galleries generated by the CellTracks Analyzer. At BL, patients with triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer had blood CTC clusters present more frequently than patients with hormone receptor-positive cancer (P = 0.010). No morphologic characteristics were associated with prognosis at BL, whereas patients with apoptotic CTCs or clusters in FU samples had worse prognosis compared to patients without these characteristics with respect to progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) (log-rank test: P = 0.0012 or lower). Patients with apoptotic or clustered CTCs at any time-point had impaired prognosis in multivariable analyses adjusting for number of CTCs and other prognostic factors (apoptosis: HROS = 25, P < 0.001; cluster: HROS = 7.0, P = 0.006). The presence of WBC-CTCs was significantly associated with an inferior prognosis in terms of OS at 6 months in multivariable analysis. Patients with a continuous presence of apoptotic or clustered CTCs in FU samples after systemic therapy initiation had worse prognosis than patients without these CTC characteristics. In patients with ≥5 CTC/7.5 ml blood at BL, morphologic characterization of persistent CTCs could be an important prognostic marker during treatment, in addition to CTC enumeration alone. Clinical Trials (NCT01322893), registration date 21 March 2011
Structural empowerment and the nursing practice environment in Magnet® organizations.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of shared governance and its relationship with nursing practice environments in Magnet® organizations.


BACKGROUND
Structural empowerment is a core Magnet model component illustrated through shared governance. A paucity of literature exists describing it and its relationship to the nursing practice environment in Magnet organizations.


METHODS
E-mail surveys of Magnet chief nursing officers and leaders of their organization's nursing practice council were conducted using the Index of Professional Nursing Governance (IPNG) and the nursing Work Index-Revised (NWI-R).


RESULTS
In Magnet organizations, the primary governance distribution is shared governance, with most subscales in the IPNG within the shared governance range. Total and subscale scores on the NWI-R ranged from 1.35 to 1.48, with significant, positive correlation between total IPNG score and total NWI-R score (r = 0.416, P < .001), as well as the NWI-R and IPNG subscales.


CONCLUSIONS
This study provides new evidence that demonstrates the positive relationship between shared governance and the nursing practice environment in Magnet organizations.
Prothrombin complex concentrate (Beriplex P/N) for emergency anticoagulation reversal: a prospective multinational clinical trial.

BACKGROUND
Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) can substantially shorten the time needed to reverse antivitamin K oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT). OBJECTIVES. To determine the effectiveness and safety of emergency OAT reversal by a balanced pasteurized nanofiltered PCC (Beriplex P/N) containing coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, and anticoagulant proteins C and S.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients receiving OAT were eligible for this prospective multinational study if their International Normalized Ratio (INR) exceeded 2 and they required either an emergency surgical or urgent invasive diagnostic intervention or INR normalization due to acute bleeding. Stratified 25, 35, or 50 IU kg(-1) PCC doses were infused based on initial INR. Study endpoints included INR normalization (</=1.3) by 30 min after PCC infusion and hemostatic efficacy.


RESULTS
Forty-three patients, 26 requiring interventional procedures and 17 experiencing acute bleeding, received PCC infusions at a median rate of 7.5 mL min(-1) (188 IU min(-1)). At 30 min thereafter, INR declined to </=1.3 in 93% of patients. At all postinfusion time points through 48 h, median INR remained between 1.2 and 1.3. Clinical hemostatic efficacy was classified as very good or satisfactory in 42 patients (98%). Prompt and sustained increases in circulating coagulation factors and anticoagulant proteins were observed. One fatal suspected pulmonary embolism in a patient with metastatic cancer was judged to be possibly PCC-related.


CONCLUSIONS
PCC treatment serves as an effective rapid hemorrhage control resource in the emergency anticoagulant reversal setting. More widespread availability of PCC is warranted to ensure its benefits in appropriate patients.
Windowed Decoding of Protograph-Based LDPC Convolutional Codes Over Erasure Channels

We consider a windowed decoding scheme for LDPC convolutional codes that is based on the belief-propagation (BP) algorithm. We discuss the advantages of this decoding scheme and identify certain characteristics of LDPC convolutional code ensembles that exhibit good performance with the windowed decoder. We will consider the performance of these ensembles and codes over erasure channels with and without memory. We show that the structure of LDPC convolutional code ensembles is suitable to obtain performance close to the theoretical limits over the memoryless erasure channel, both for the BP decoder and windowed decoding. However, the same structure imposes limitations on the performance over erasure channels with memory.
Epidermal Langerhans Cells from Normal Human Skin Bind Monomeric IgE via FceRI

Human epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) bearing IgE are found in disease states associated with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. When studying the mechanism(s) underlying this phenomenon, immunohistology revealed that a majority of epidermal LC from normal skin of healthy individuals can specifically bind monomeric IgE. IgE binding to LC could neither be prevented by preincubation of the tissue with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against either FceRII/CD23 or Fc3,RII/CD32, nor by the addition of lactose. However, binding could be entirely abrogated by preincubation with the anti-FceRIo~ mAb 15-1, which interferes with IgE binding to FceR.Ic~/ transfectants. These observations indicated that IgE binding to epidermal LC is mediated by FceRI rather than by CD23, CD32, or the D-galactose-specific IgE-binding protein. This assumption gained support from our additional findings that: (a) the majority of LC exhibited distinct surface immunolabeling with the anti-FceRIo~ mAbs 15-1 and 19-1, but not with any of eight different anti-FceRII/CD23 mAbs; and (b) transcripts for the c~, ~, and 3/chains of FceRI could be amplified by polymerase chain reaction from RNA preparations of LC-enriched, but not of LC-depleted, epidermal cell suspensions. In view of the preeminent role of FceRI crosslinking on mast cells and basophils in triggering the synthesis and release of mediators of allergic reactions, the demonstration of this receptor on epidermal LC may have important implications for our understanding of allergic reactions after epicutaneous contact with allergens.