LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Driving and managing architectural decisions with aspects

Software architects face decisions every day which have a broadly-scoped impact on the software architecture. These decisions are the core of the architecting process as they typically have implications in a multitude of architectural elements and views. Without an explicit representation and management of those crucial choices, architects cannot properly communicate and reason about them and their crosscutting effects. The result is a number of architectural breakdowns, such as decreased evolvability, time-consuming trade-off analysis, and unmanageable traceability. Aspects are a natural way to capture widely-scoped architectural decisions and promote software architectures with superior modularity.
Bovine mastitis: prevalence, risk factors and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds at Hawassa milk shed, South Ethiopia

BACKGROUND
Mastitis is a disease of major economic importance in dairy industry worldwide. It is of particular concern in developing countries like Ethiopia, where milk and milk products are scarce. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of mastitis, identify the cow-and herd-level potential risk factors and isolate Staphylococcus aureus, one of etiological agents for contagious mastitis, from cows positive for mastitis. A total of 529 lactating cows selected randomly from 95 herds were screened by California mastitis test (CMT) for sub-clinical mastitis. Also 172 milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of S. aureus.


RESULTS
Based on CMT result and clinical examination, the prevalence of mastitis at herd-level was 74.7% (95% CI: 64.5, 82.8). The corresponding cow-level prevalence was 62.6% (95% CI: 58.3, 66.7), of which 59.2 and 3.4% were sub-clinical and clinical mastitis cases, respectively. S. aureus was isolated from 51.2% of the milk samples cultured and 73.2% of the herds affected with mastitis. In the multivariable logistic regression model, the herd-level factors significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the presence of mastitis were herd size, bedding material, and milking mastitic cows last, while at cow-level, breed, parity, stage of lactation, udder and leg hygiene, and teat end shape were noted to have a significant effect on mastitis occurrence.


CONCLUSION
The very high prevalence of mastitis, more importantly the sub-clinical one, in the herds examined revealed the huge potential economic loss the sector suffers. Perhaps this was attributed to lack of implementation of the routine mastitis prevention and control practices by all of the herd owners. The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers' awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for sub-clinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
Effects of early, abrupt weaning on HIV-free survival of children in Zambia.

BACKGROUND
In low-resource settings, many programs recommend that women who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) stop breast-feeding early. We conducted a randomized trial to evaluate whether abrupt weaning at 4 months as compared with the standard practice has a net benefit for HIV-free survival of children.


METHODS
We enrolled 958 HIV-infected women and their infants in Lusaka, Zambia. All the women planned to breast-feed exclusively to 4 months; 481 were randomly assigned to a counseling program that encouraged abrupt weaning at 4 months, and 477 to a program that encouraged continued breast-feeding for as long as the women chose. The primary outcome was either HIV infection or death of the child by 24 months.


RESULTS
In the intervention group, 69.0% of the mothers stopped breast-feeding at 5 months or earlier; 68.8% of these women reported the completion of weaning in less than 2 days. In the control group, the median duration of breast-feeding was 16 months. In the overall cohort, there was no significant difference between the groups in the rate of HIV-free survival among the children; 68.4% and 64.0% survived to 24 months without HIV infection in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P=0.13). Among infants who were still being breast-fed and were not infected with HIV at 4 months, there was no significant difference between the groups in HIV-free survival at 24 months (83.9% and 80.7% in the intervention and control groups, respectively; P=0.27). Children who were infected with HIV by 4 months had a higher mortality by 24 months if they had been assigned to the intervention group than if they had been assigned to the control group (73.6% vs. 54.8%, P=0.007).


CONCLUSIONS
Early, abrupt cessation of breast-feeding by HIV-infected women in a low-resource setting, such as Lusaka, Zambia, does not improve the rate of HIV-free survival among children born to HIV-infected mothers and is harmful to HIV-infected infants.(ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00310726.)
Realization of quick turn of biped humanoid robot by using slipping motion with both feet

This paper describes a fast turning method for a humanoid robot by using slipping motion with both feet. The humanoid robot, WABIAN-2R, has achieved human-like walking with heel contact and toe off motions by using a human-like foot mechanism with a passive toe joint. The human-like foot enables a robot to turn by using slipping motion between the feet and the ground because it can switch ground contact conditions such as heel contact, sole contact and toe contact. To realize a slipping turn, we develop an attitude control. Verification of the proposed method is conducted through experiments with a biped humanoid robot WABIAN-2R. WABIAN-2R realized a quick turn by using slipping motion with both feet. We also confirmed that the energy consumption of a slipping turn is less than that of a stepping turn.
On the estimation of radar polarization orientation shifts induced by terrain slopes

In recent studies, Schuler et al. [4] applied polarimetric imaging radar-derived orientation angles to measure topography, and Lee et al.[2] used orientation angles for polarimetric SAR data compensation, to ensure accurate estimation of geophysical parameters in rugged terrain areas. To support these applications, it is important to accurately estimate shifts in orientation angles induced by the azimuth slope variations. However, in many cases, inconsistency in the estimation of orientation angle shifts was encountered in several areas, introducing noisy and erroneous results. In this paper, we develop a unified analysis of estimation algorithms based on the circular polarization covariance matrix. The concept of reflection symmetry is used to explain the soundness of the circular polarization method and to show problems associated with other algorithms. L-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of Camp Roberts, CA, are used to substantiate this theory.
Real-Time Follow-Up Tracking Fast Moving Object with an Active Camera

A method for real-time follow-up tracking fast moving object with an active camera is proposed. The Mean Shift algorithm shows an excellent performance on robust and fast object tracking; however, it is prone to fail when tracking a very fast moving object. This paper addresses to solve the problem. At first Mean Shift based on the color feature of the object is introduced. The object maybe can’t be tracked when the motion of the object or the motion of the active camera is very fast. In order to overcome this difficulty, Kalman filter is introduced to predict the location of the initial search window of Mean Shift. In order to reduce the disturbance from the background and to reduce the computational consumption, a region of interest (ROI) is introduced. To follow-up track the moving object smoothly, a closed loop control model based on speed regulation is applied to drive a PTZ camera to center the target. The results of our experiments show that the active camera can follow-up track a fast moving object smoothly. The system is computationally efficient and can run in real-time speed. Keywords-Mean Shift; Kalman filter; region of interest; followup tracking
Automatic speechreading of impaired speech

We investigate the use of visual, mouth-region information in improving automatic speech recognition (ASR) of the speech impaired. Given the video of an utterance by such a subject, we first extract appearance-based visual features from the mouth region-of-interest, and we use a feature fusion method to combine them with the subject’s audio features into bimodal observations. Subsequently, we adapt the parameters of a speaker-independent, audio-visual hidden Markov model, trained on a large database of hearing subjects, to the audio-visual features extracted from the speech impaired videos. We consider a number of speaker adaptation techniques, and we study their performance in the case of a single speech impaired subject uttering continuous read speech, as well as connected digits. For both tasks, maximum-a-posteriori adaptation followed by maximum likelihood linear regression performs the best, achieving a word error rate relative reduction of 61% and 96%, respectively, over unadapted audio-visual ASR, and a 13% and 58% relative reduction over audio-only speaker-adapted ASR. In addition, we compare audio-only and audio-visual speaker-adapted ASR of the single speech impaired subject to ASR of subjects with normal speech, over a wide range of audio channel signal-to-noise ratios. Interestingly, for the small-vocabulary connected digits task, audio-visual ASR performance is almost identical across the two populations.
Overview: Memristive devices, circuits and systems

With conventional CMOS technology approaching fundamental scaling limits, novel nanotechnologies offer great promise for VLSI integration at nanometer scales. The memristor, or "memory resistor," is a novel nanoelectronic device that holds great promise for emerging VLSI applications. Essentially, a memristor is a programmable resistor whose resistance is altered based on specified toggle conditions. Furthermore, memristors are non-volatile such that the state of the device remains until the next toggle condition. This paper will provide an overview of memristors and memristive systems with a particular focus on applications for emerging VLSI circuits and systems. Examples of memristor based memory and logic circuits are to be discussed in detail including device modeling, memristor memory analysis, and memristor based logic. While the examples shown are focused on digital applications, memristors also hold great promise for analog, mixed signal and biomedical systems. These several potential applications will be discussed as part of this overview.
Comparative effectiveness of macrolides and quinolones for patients hospitalized with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).

BACKGROUND
Meta-analyses of randomized trials have found that antibiotics are effective in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), but there is insufficient evidence to guide antibiotic selection. Current guidelines offer conflicting recommendations.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the effectiveness of macrolides and quinolones for AECOPD DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using logistic regression, propensity score-matching, and grouped treatment models.


SETTING
A total of 375 acute care hospitals throughout the United States.


PATIENTS
Age > or =40 years and hospitalized for AECOPD.


INTERVENTION
Macrolide or quinolone antibiotic begun in the first 2 hospital days.


MEASUREMENTS
Treatment failure (defined as the initiation of mechanical ventilation after hospital day 2, inpatient mortality, or readmission for AECOPD within 30 days), length of stay, and hospital costs.


RESULTS
Of the 19,608 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 6139 (31%) were treated initially with a macrolide and 13,469 (69%) with a quinolone. Compared to patients treated initially with a quinolone, those who received macrolides had a lower risk of treatment failure (6.8% vs. 8.1%; P < 0.01), a finding that was attenuated after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio [OR], 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-1.01), and disappeared in a grouped-treatment analysis (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.75-1.35). There were no differences in adjusted length of stay (ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-1.00) or adjusted cost (ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.99-1.02). After propensity score-matching, antibiotic-associated diarrhea was more common with quinolones (1.2% vs. 0.6%; P < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Macrolide and quinolone antibiotics are associated with similar rates of treatment failure in AECOPD; however, macrolides are less frequently associated with diarrhea.
Finding Bernie Madoff : Detecting Fraud by Investment Managers

Using a panel of mandatory SEC disclosure filings we test the predictability of investment fraud. We find that past regulatory and legal violations, conflicts of interest, and monitoring, are significantly associated with future fraud. Avoiding the 5% of firms with the highest fraud risk allows investors to avoid 29.7% of investment frauds, and over half of the total dollar losses from fraud. Even after excluding small frauds and fraud by rogue employees, we are able to predict at least 24.1% of frauds at a false positive rate of 5%. There is no evidence that investors are compensated for fraud risk through superior performance or lower fees. We also find that investors react strongly to the discovery of fraud, resulting in significantly higher rates of firm death and investor outflows. Our results provide investors and regulators with tools for predicting investment fraud. JEL Classifications: G2, G20, G28, K2, K22
Physiological Responses to Brain Stimulation During Limbic Surgery: Further Evidence of Anterior Cingulate Modulation of Autonomic Arousal

BACKGROUND
In view of conflicting neuroimaging results regarding autonomic-specific activity within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), we investigated autonomic responses to direct brain stimulation during stereotactic limbic surgery.


METHODS
Skin conductance activity and accelerative heart rate responses to multi-voltage stimulation of the ACC (n = 7) and paralimbic subcaudate (n = 5) regions were recorded during bilateral anterior cingulotomy and bilateral subcaudate tractotomy (in patients that had previously received an adequate lesion in the ACC), respectively.


RESULTS
Stimulations in both groups were accompanied by increased autonomic arousal. Skin conductance activity was significantly increased during ACC stimulations compared with paralimbic targets at 2 V (2.34 +/- .68 [score in microSiemens +/- SE] vs. .34 +/- .09, p = .013) and 3 V (3.52 +/- .86 vs. 1.12 +/- .37, p = .036), exhibiting a strong "voltage-response" relationship between stimulus magnitude and response amplitude (difference from 1 to 3 V = 1.15 +/- .90 vs. 3.52 +/- .86, p = .041). Heart rate response was less indicative of between-group differences.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study of its kind aiming at seeking novel insights into the mechanisms responsible for central autonomic modulation. It supports a concept that interregional interactions account for the coordination of autonomic arousal.
Yoga for Adult Women with Chronic PTSD: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study.

INTRODUCTION
Yoga-the integrative practice of physical postures and movement, breath exercises, and mindfulness-may serve as a useful adjunctive component of trauma-focused treatment to build skills in tolerating and modulating physiologic and affective states that have become dysregulated by trauma exposure. A previous randomized controlled study was carried out among 60 women with chronic, treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated mental health problems stemming from prolonged or multiple trauma exposures. After 10 sessions of yoga, participants exhibited statistically significant decreases in PTSD symptom severity and greater likelihood of loss of PTSD diagnosis, significant decreases in engagement in negative tension reduction activities (e.g., self-injury), and greater reductions in dissociative and depressive symptoms when compared with the control (a seminar in women's health). The current study is a long-term follow-up assessment of participants who completed this randomized controlled trial.


METHODS
Participants from the randomized controlled trial were invited to participate in long-term follow-up assessments approximately 1.5 years after study completion to assess whether the initial intervention and/or yoga practice after treatment was associated with additional changes. Forty-nine women completed the long-term follow-up interviews. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine whether treatment group status in the original study and frequency of yoga practice after the study predicted greater changes in symptoms and PTSD diagnosis.


RESULTS
Group assignment in the original randomized study was not a significant predictor of longer-term outcomes. However, frequency of continuing yoga practice significantly predicted greater decreases in PTSD symptom severity and depression symptom severity, as well as a greater likelihood of a loss of PTSD diagnosis.


CONCLUSIONS
Yoga appears to be a useful treatment modality; the greatest long-term benefits are derived from more frequent yoga practice.
Early skin-to-skin care in extremely preterm infants: thermal balance and care environment.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate infant thermal balance and the physical environment in extremely preterm infants during skin-to-skin care (SSC).


STUDY DESIGN
Measurements were performed in 26 extremely preterm infants (gestational age 22-26 weeks; postnatal age, 2-9 days) during pretest (in incubator), test (during SSC), and posttest (in incubator) periods. Infants' skin temperature and body temperature, ambient temperature, and relative humidity were measured. Evaporimetry was used to determine transepidermal water loss, and insensible water loss through the skin was calculated.


RESULTS
The infants maintained a normal body temperature during SSC. Transfer to and from SSC was associated with a drop in skin temperature, which increased during SSC. Ambient humidity and temperature were lower during SSC than during incubator care. Insensible water loss through the skin was higher during SSC.


CONCLUSION
SSC can be safely used in extremely preterm infants. SSC can be initiated during the first week of life and is feasible in infants requiring neonatal intensive care, including ventilator treatment. During SSC, the conduction of heat from parent to infant is sufficiently high to compensate for the increase in evaporative and convective heat loss. The increased water loss through the skin during SSC is small and should not affect the infant's fluid balance.
Prevalence of asthma in Saudi adults: findings from a national household survey, 2013

BACKGROUND
There are not enough data on the epidemiology of asthma in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). We analyzed data from a national household survey conducted in KSA in 2013 to estimate prevalence, associated risk factors and control measurements of asthma.


METHODS
The Saudi Health Interview Survey was a cross-sectional national multistage survey of 10,735 individuals aged 15 years or older. The survey included a detailed household questionnaire and a physical exam. We used self-reported clinical diagnosis of asthma to assess prevalence of asthma.


RESULTS
The prevalence of asthma in KSA was 4.05 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 3.54-4.62 %). Asthma was less frequent in individuals with higher education but higher in former smokers and obese individuals. Around 76.7 % of asthma patients (95 % CI: 70.6-82.0 %) experienced an asthmatic attack, and 61.6 % (95 % CI: 54.4-68.4 %) visited a hospital/emergency room because of asthma during the past year. Asthma attack was less frequent in older patients (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78, 95 %CI: 0.59-0.96 for each decade of life). Current use of medication for asthma was highly associated with asthma attacks (OR = 9.14, 95 % CI: 3.29-25.38). Asthma attack was also more frequent in individuals who were exposed to secondhand smoking (OR = 2.17, 95 %CI: 1.05-4.45) and those who were obese (OR = 3.01, 95 %CI: 1.34-6.78).


CONCLUSION
Saudi Arabia has a relatively low prevalence of diagnosed asthma; however, many of the patients with known asthma do not have it under good control. Our study calls for programs to inform patients about the importance and proper means of controlling their condition. Implementing and monitoring of clinical guidelines can also help to improve asthma control among patients as well as identify undiagnosed cases.
Spanish Version of the Patient Dignity Inventory: Translation and Validation in Patients With Advanced Cancer.

CONTEXT
The Patient Dignity Inventory (PDI) is an instrument to measure sources of distress related to dignity at the end of life.


OBJECTIVES
To obtain a Spanish version of the PDI and measure psychometric aspects in patients with advanced cancer.


METHODS
A back-translation method was used to obtain the Spanish version. Inpatients and outpatients with advanced cancer were included. Patients completed the Spanish versions of the PDI (PDI-s), Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being (FACIT-Sp-12) instruments. The psychometric properties evaluated were internal consistency; concurrent validity between PDI-s/ESAS, PDI-s/HADS, and PDI-s/FACIT-Sp-12; discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, and factor analysis. The usefulness of the instrument also was tested.


RESULTS
A Spanish version of the PDI was obtained. One hundred twenty-four patients completed the study. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the PDI-s was 0.89. The PDI-s significantly correlated with the ESAS (rs = 0.669; P < 0.001), HADS (rs = 0.788; P < 0.001), and FACIT-Sp-12 (rs = -0.442; P = 0.008). The instrument distinguished outpatients from inpatients and between patients with differing Karnofsky Performance Status scores (rs = -0.328; P < 0.001). The test-retest method indicated excellent reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.931). Factor analysis showed three factors accounting for 79.4% of the variance. Factors were labeled psychological and existential distress, physical symptoms and dependency, and social support. Patients had no difficulties in understanding or completing the questionnaire (mean time to complete: 7.2 minutes).


CONCLUSION
The Spanish version of the PDI showed adequate psychometric properties when tested with advanced cancer patients. This research provides a three-factor alternative in Spanish to the PDI.