LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Bayesian identification of fixations, saccades, and smooth pursuits

Smooth pursuit eye movements provide meaningful insights and information on subject’s behavior and health and may, in particular situations, disturb the performance of typical fixation/saccade classification algorithms. Thus, an automatic and efficient algorithm to identify these eye movements is paramount for eye-tracking research involving dynamic stimuli. In this paper, we propose the Bayesian Decision Theory Identification (I-BDT) algorithm, a novel algorithm for ternary classification of eye movements that is able to reliably separate fixations, saccades, and smooth pursuits in an online fashion, even for low-resolution eye trackers. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on four datasets with distinct mixtures of eye movements, including fixations, saccades, as well as straight and circular smooth pursuits; data was collected with a sample rate of 30 Hz from six subjects, totaling 24 evaluation datasets. The algorithm exhibits high and consistent performance across all datasets and movements relative to a manual annotation by a domain expert (recall: μ = 91.42%, σ = 9.52%; precision: μ = 95.60%, σ = 5.29%; specificity μ = 95.41%, σ = 7.02%) and displays a significant improvement when compared to I-VDT, an state-of-the-art algorithm (recall: μ = 87.67%, σ = 14.73%; precision: μ = 89.57%, σ = 8.05%; specificity μ = 92.10%, σ = 11.21%). For the algorithm implementation and annotated datasets, please contact the first author. CR Categories: I.5.1 [Computing Methodologies]: Pattern Recognition – Models; I.6.4 [Computing Methodologies]: Simulation and Modeling – Model Validation and Analysis; J.7 [Computer Applications]: Computers in Other Systems – Real Time;
Validation of the Hester Davis Scale for fall risk assessment in a neurosciences population.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Fall risk assessment is a necessary component of fall prevention programs. Accurate instruments to predict the risk of falling are paramount in identifying the correct patients in need of fall prevention measures. The purpose of this study was to prospectively validate the Hester Davis Scale (HDS) for fall risk assessment in an acute care setting in the South Central United States.


METHODS
The HDS was prospectively validated in 1,904 patients on a neurosciences unit.


RESULTS
Using an initial cut score of 7 produced a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 24.9%. Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis evidenced a cut score of 10 that would produce a more desirable sensitivity and specificity of 90.9% and 47.1%, respectively.


CONCLUSION
The results of the psychometric evaluation and validation of the HDS support its use in clinical practice.
Establishing confidence in the output of qualitative research synthesis: the ConQual approach

BACKGROUND
The importance of findings derived from syntheses of qualitative research has been increasingly acknowledged. Findings that arise from qualitative syntheses inform questions of practice and policy in their own right and are commonly used to complement findings from quantitative research syntheses. The GRADE approach has been widely adopted by international organisations to rate the quality and confidence of the findings of quantitative systematic reviews. To date, there has been no widely accepted corresponding approach to assist health care professionals and policy makers in establishing confidence in the synthesised findings of qualitative systematic reviews.


METHODS
A methodological group was formed develop a process to assess the confidence in synthesised qualitative research findings and develop a Summary of Findings tables for meta-aggregative qualitative systematic reviews.


RESULTS
Dependability and credibility are two elements considered by the methodological group to influence the confidence of qualitative synthesised findings. A set of critical appraisal questions are proposed to establish dependability, whilst credibility can be ranked according to the goodness of fit between the author's interpretation and the original data. By following the processes outlined in this article, an overall ranking can be assigned to rate the confidence of synthesised qualitative findings, a system we have labelled ConQual.


CONCLUSIONS
The development and use of the ConQual approach will assist users of qualitative systematic reviews to establish confidence in the evidence produced in these types of reviews and can serve as a practical tool to assist in decision making.
Clinical and Practical Implications of Storage Media used for Tooth Avulsion

Replantation is being widely accepted as an effective treatment option for an avulsed tooth. However, the long-term fate of replanted teeth is unpredictable; it is dependent on various factors, such as the time interval between avulsion and replantation, extra-alveolar storage period (dry storage or storage media), the vitality status of pulp or periodontal tissues and the type and period of splinting. The appropriate use of storage media is an important clinical factor affecting the postoperative prognosis of avulsed teeth following replantation. Hank's balanced salt solution and pasteurized milk are considered to be the most appropriate and clinically recommended storage media for avulsed teeth. The present review discusses the various available storage media for avulsed teeth and their potential maintenance of the vitality of periodontal ligament cells. A brief overview of the effect of clinical factors, such as the storage time, pH, and the osmolar-ity of storage media on their efficacy is included.


HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Khinda VIS, Kaur G, Brar GS, Kallar S, Khurana H. Clinical and Practical Implications of Storage Media used for Tooth Avulsion. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017; 10(2): 158-165.
The descriptive epidemiology of congenital and acquired cryptorchidism in a UK infant cohort.

INTRODUCTION
Recent studies in other European countries suggest that the prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism continues to increase. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and natural history of congenital cryptorchidism in a UK centre.


METHODS
Between October 2001 and July 2008, 784 male infants were born in the prospective Cambridge Baby Growth Study. 742 infants were examined by trained research nurses at birth; testicular position was assessed using standard techniques. Follow-up assessments were completed at ages 3, 12, 18 and 24 months in 615, 462, 393 and 326 infants, respectively.


RESULTS
The prevalence of cryptorchidism at birth was 5.9% (95% CI 4.4% to 7.9%). Congenital cryptorchidism was associated with earlier gestational age (p<0.001), lower birth weight (p<0.001), birth length (p<0.001) and shorter penile length at birth (p<0.0001) compared with other infants, but normal size after age 3 months. The prevalence of cryptorchidism declined to 2.4% at 3 months, but unexpectedly rose again to 6.7% at 12 months as a result of new cases. The cumulative incidence of "acquired cryptorchidism" by age 24 months was 7.0% and these cases had shorter penile length during infancy than other infants (p = 0.003).


CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism was higher than earlier estimates in UK populations. Furthermore, this study for the first time describes acquired cryptorchidism or "ascending testis" as a common entity in male infants, which is possibly associated with reduced early postnatal androgen activity.
Robust Neural Abstractive Summarization Systems and Evaluation against Adversarial Information

Sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) neural models have been actively investigated 1 for abstractive summarization. Nevertheless, existing neural abstractive systems 2 frequently generate factually incorrect summaries and are vulnerable to adversarial 3 information, suggesting a crucial lack of semantic understanding. In this paper, we 4 propose a novel semantic-aware neural abstractive summarization model that learns 5 to generate high quality summaries through semantic interpretation over salient 6 content. A novel evaluation scheme with adversarial samples is introduced to 7 measure how well a model identifies off-topic information, where our model yields 8 significantly better performance than the popular pointer-generator summarizer. 9 Human evaluation also confirms that our system summaries are uniformly more 10 informative and faithful as well as less redundant than the seq2seq model. 11
Dual two-level inverter scheme for an open-end winding induction motor drive with a single DC power supply and improved DC bus utilisation

A dual two-level inverter fed open-end winding induction motor drive with a single DCpower supply is proposed. The proposed scheme produces voltage space vector locations identical to those of a conventional three-level inverter. In the conventional neutral-clamped three-level inverter, the series-connected DC link capacitors carry the load current, resulting in a fluctuating neutral point. Also, a three-level inverter requires bulky DC link capacitors. In the proposed scheme, the DC link capacitors carry currents of higher frequency and hence the neutral point fluctuations are reduced. A PWM switching strategy to suppress the zero sequence currents for all the voltage space phasor combinations is also proposed. This strategy is an improvisation of the one that uses a switched neutral to eliminate the triplen harmonic currents and results in an improved DC bus utilisation.
Stratigraphic and tectonic study of Larderello-Travale basement rocks and its geothermal implications

Abstract One objective of geothermal research in intensely exploited vapour-dominated fields is the individuation of deeper productive horizons. For this purpose a stratigraphic and tectonic study has begun on the so-called “basement” in Larderello-Travale area. Paleozoic and Triassic formations have been distinguished. The tectonic setting shows the presence of folding structures and wedges separated by overthrust surfaces where the rocks may be fractured and productive. Comparisons between the Triassic-Paleozoic series of this area and those in the rest of Tuscany and the Southern Alps suggest two hypotheses on the possible presence of potential carbonate reservoirs at depths below the present deepest wells ( ca. 2700 m). In the first hypothesis the whole Paleozoic and Triassic clastic series is allochthonous and underlain by the Apuan Alps “Autochthon”, comprising Mesozoic carbonate rocks. In the second hypothesis, considering autochthonous the deepest part of the clastic series, these may be underlain by Silurian-Lower Carboniferous carbonate formations. Both these hypotheses should be confirmed by geophysical research before passing to deeper exploration.
The therapeutic alliance in the early part of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE
This study examined the strength of the therapeutic alliance in the early stages of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the eating disorders, and whether the strength of that alliance is associated with early eating characteristics, comorbid Axis 1 and 2 features.


METHOD
Forty-four eating-disordered patients completed measures of eating and Axis 1 and 2 characteristics at the start of therapy, and measures of the therapeutic alliance and eating characteristics at the sixth session of CBT.


RESULTS
The therapeutic alliance was strong, including in the domain of attachment. It was unrelated to initial eating pathology and early changes in eating cognitions and behaviors. However, there were links between initial emotional and interpersonal features and therapeutic alliance by the sixth session.


DISCUSSION
The findings counter suggestions that CBT for eating disorders is characterized by a poor therapeutic relationship. The therapeutic alliance is likely to be enhanced by addressing high levels of emotional distress and difficulties in interpersonal function where appropriate. This research needs to be extended to other therapies, other domains of function and different time points in therapy, to build a fuller picture of the role of the therapeutic relationship in working with the eating disorders.
Association of mitochondrial complex I subunit gene NDUFV2 at 18p11 with bipolar disorder in Japanese and the National Institute of Mental Health pedigrees.

BACKGROUND
Linkage with 18p11 is one of the replicated findings in molecular genetics of bipolar disorder. Because mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested in bipolar disorder, NDUFV2 at 18p11, encoding a subunit of the complex I, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)ubiquinone oxidoreductase, is a candidate gene for this disorder. We previously reported that a polymorphism in the upstream region of NDUFV2, -602G> A, was associated with bipolar disorder in Japanese subjects; however, functional significance of -602G> A was not known.


METHODS
We screened the further upstream region of NDUFV2. We performed a case-control study in Japanese patients with bipolar disorder and control subjects and a transmission disequilibrium test in 104 parent and proband trios of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Genetics Initiative pedigrees. We also performed the promoter assay to examine functional consequence of the -602G> A polymorphism.


RESULTS
The -602G> A polymorphism was found to alter the promoter activity. We found that the other haplotype block surrounding -3542G> A was associated with bipolar disorder. The association of the haplotypes consisting of -602G> A and -3542G> A polymorphisms with bipolar disorder was seen both in Japanese case-control samples and NIMH trios.


CONCLUSION
Together these findings indicate that the polymorphisms in the promoter region of NDUFV2 are a genetic risk factor for bipolar disorder by affecting promoter activity.
Causal Interaction in Factorial Experiments: Application to Conjoint Analysis

Social scientists use conjoint analysis, which is based on randomized experiments with a factorial design, to analyze multidimensional preferences in a population. In such experiments, several factors, each with multiple levels, are randomized to form a large number of possible treatment conditions. To explore causal interaction in factorial experiments, we propose a new definition of causal interaction effect, called the average marginal interaction effect (AMIE). Unlike the conventional interaction effect, the relative magnitude of the AMIE does not depend on the choice of baseline conditions, making its interpretation intuitive even for high-order interaction. We show that the AMIE can be nonparametrically estimated using the ANOVA regression with weighted zero-sum constraints. Because the AMIEs are invariant to the choice of baseline conditions, we can directly regularize them by collapsing levels and selecting factors within a penalized ANOVA framework. The regularized estimation reduces false discovery rate and further facilitates interpretation. Finally, we apply the proposed methodology to the conjoint analysis of ethnic voting behavior in Africa and find clear patterns of causal interaction between politicians’ ethnicity and their prior records. The proposed methodology is implemented in an open source software package.
A year-long caregiver training program to improve neurocognition in preschool Ugandan HIV-exposed children.

OBJECTIVE
Mediational intervention for sensitizing caregivers (MISC) is a structured program enabling caregivers to enhance their child's cognitive and emotional development through daily interactions. The principal aim was to evaluate if a year-long MISC caregiver training program produced greater improvement in child cognitive and emotional development compared with a control program.


METHODS
One hundred and nineteen uninfected HIV-exposed preschool children and their caregivers were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment arms: biweekly MISC training alternating between home and clinic for 1 year or a health and nutrition curriculum. All children were evaluated at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year with the Mullen Early Learning Scales, Color-Object Association Test for memory, and Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist for psychiatric symptoms. Caregivers were evaluated on the same schedule with the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 for depression and anxiety.


RESULTS
The treatment arms were compared using repeated-measures analysis of covariance with child age, gender, weight, socioeconomic status, caregiving quality, caregiver anxiety, and caregiver education as covariates. The MISC children had significantly greater gains compared to controls on the Mullen Receptive and Expressive Language development, and on the Mullen composite score of cognitive ability. Color-Object Association Test total memory for MISC children was marginally better than controls. No Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist differences between the groups were noted. Caldwell Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment scores and observed mediational interaction scores from videotapes measuring caregiving quality also improved significantly more for the MISC group.


CONCLUSIONS
The MISC enhanced cognitive performance, especially in language development. These benefits were possibly mediated by improved caregiving and positive emotional benefit to the caregiver.
Prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most common childhood neurobehavioural disorder, can produce a series of negative effects on children, adolescents, and even adults as well as place a serious economic burden on families and society. However, the prevalence of ADHD is not well understood in China. The goal of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of ADHD among children and adolescents in China using a systematic review and meta-analysis.


METHODS
A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, CNKI, Wanfang, Weipu and CBM databases, and relevant articles published from inception to March 1, 2016, that provided the prevalence of ADHD among children and adolescents in China were reviewed. The risk of bias in individual studies was assessed using the Risk of Bias Tool for prevalence studies. Pooled-prevalence estimates were calculated with a random-effects model. Sources of heterogeneity were explored using subgroup analyses.


RESULTS
Sixty-seven studies with a total of 275,502 individuals were included in this study. The overall pooled-prevalence of ADHD among children and adolescents in China was 6.26% (95% CI: 5.36-7.22%) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 99.0%, P < 0.001). The subgroup analyses showed that, the variables "geographic location" and "source of information" partially explained of the heterogeneity in this study (P < 0.05). The prevalence of ADHD-I was the highest of the subtypes, followed by ADHD-HI and ADHD-C.


CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of ADHD among children and adolescents in China is generally consistent with the worldwide prevalence and shows that ADHD affects quite a large number of people under 18 years old. However, a nationwide study is needed to provide more accurate estimations.
Spinal cord injuries without radiographic abnormality at two pediatric trauma centers in Ontario.

BACKGROUND
Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) represents a traumatic myelopathy, either transient or permanent, that is not associated with visible vertebral fractures or ligamentous abnormalities on plain radiographs or CT. MRI has become essential in the diagnosis and evaluation of trauma patients and in predicting the long-term neurological outcome.


METHODS
The medical charts of 578 children with vertebral trauma at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and the Hospital for Sick Children were retrospectively reviewed.


RESULTS
Forty-five patients were identified as having traumatic myelopathy. Three of these patients had SCIWORA. Two sustained thoracic spinal cord injuries as a result of motor vehicle accidents and permanent neurological deficits. The third was involved in a sports-related injury and sustained a cervical spine injury that improved in 48 h.


CONCLUSIONS
SCIWORA is uncommon. The serious neurological sequelae that can result from a missed diagnosis merit more attention in identifying a spinal lesion in children with traumatic myelopathy. MRI has played a valuable role in this respect and may be even more predictive of outcome than the presenting neurological findings. The SCIWORA acronym can be modified to SCIWONA (spinal cord injury without neuroimaging abnormality) in order to highlight the importance of MRI in the prognosis.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: agreement between clinical impression and the SNAP-IV screening tool.

INTRODUCTION
The CONCOR study aimed to determine the predictive value of the SNAP-IV screening tool for ADHD relative to the pediatricians' clinical global impression of the presence of ADHD in children attending their practice.


METHODS
In this multicentre, cross-sectional, case-control study participated pediatricians from all over Spain and each pediatrician enrolled at least six children over the age of 6 years who had no previous diagnosis of ADHD, three whom they considered to have symptoms characteristic of ADHD (DSM-IV criteria) and three children who did not. Screening with the SNAP-IV tool was completed by parents in the waiting room prior to a consultation (for any reason) and results were compared with the pediatrician's clinical global impression.


RESULTS
Results for 7263 Spanish children (>6 years of age) showed 'good' concordance between the SNAP-IV screening tool and the pediatricians' clinical impression of ADHD (kappa concordance index 0.6471; 95% confidence intervals: 0.6296-0.6646), with acceptable sensitivity and specificity (82.3% and 82.4%, respectively). Based on an estimated ADHD prevalence of 3-10%, the negative predictive values of SNAP-IV were 97.7%-99.3% and positive predictive values were 12.6-34.2%.


CONCLUSIONS
SNAP-IV is a useful screening tool that identifies children who are unlikely to have ADHD, and brings those in whom there is a high possibility of ADHD to the attention of the pediatrician for clinical evaluation.
Architecture of the Hyperledger Blockchain Fabric ∗

Overview. A blockchain is best understood in the model of state-machine replication [8], where a service maintains some state and clients invoke operations that transform the state and generate outputs. A blockchain emulates a “trusted” computing service through a distributed protocol, run by nodes connected over the Internet. The service represents or creates an asset, in which all nodes have some stake. The nodes share the common goal of running the service but do not necessarily trust each other for more. In a “permissionless” blockchain such as the one underlying the Bitcoin cryptocurrency, anyone can operate a node and participate through spending CPU cycles and demonstrating a “proof-of-work.” On the other hand, blockchains in the “permissioned” model control who participates in validation and in the protocol; these nodes typically have established identities and form a consortium. A report of Swanson compares the two models [9].