LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Medical education for rural areas: opportunities and challenges for information and communications technologies.

Resources in medical education are not evenly distributed and access to education can be more problematic in rural areas. Similar to telemedicine's positive influence on health care access, advances in information and communications technologies (ICTs) increase opportunities for medical education. This paper provides a descriptive overview of the use of ICTs in medical education and suggests a conceptual model for reviewing ICT use in medical education, describes specific ICTs and educational interventions, and discusses opportunities and challenges of ICT use, especially in rural areas. The literature review included technology and medical education, 1996-2005. Using an educational model as a framework, the uses of ICTs in medical education are, very generally, to link learners, instructors, specific course materials and/or information resources in various ways. ICTs range from the simple (telephone, audio-conferencing) to the sophisticated (virtual environments, learning repositories) and can increase access to medical education and enhance learning and collaboration for learners at all levels and for institutions. While ICTs are being used and offer further potential for medical education enhancement, challenges exist, especially for rural areas. These are technological (e.g., overcoming barriers like cost, maintenance, access to telecommunications infrastructure), educational (using ICTs to best meet learners' educational priorities, integrating ICTs into educational programs) and social (sensitivity to remote needs, resources, cultures). Finally, there is need for more rigorous research to more clearly identify advantages and disadvantages of specific uses of ICTs in medical education.
Privacy-Preserving Multi-keyword Ranked Search over Encrypted Cloud Data

The advent of cloud computing, data owners are motivated to outsource their complex data management systems from local sites to commercial public cloud for great flexibility and economic savings. But for protecting data privacy, sensitive data has to be encrypted before outsourcing, which obsoletes traditional data utilization based on plaintext keyword search. Thus, enabling an encrypted cloud data search service is of paramount importance. Considering the large number of data users and documents in cloud, it is crucial for the search service to allow multi-keyword query and provide result similarity ranking to meet the effective data retrieval need. Related works on searchable encryption focus on single keyword search or Boolean keyword search, and rarely differentiate the search results. In this paper, for the first time, we define and solve the challenging problem of privacy-preserving multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data (MRSE), and establish a set of strict privacy requirements for such a secure cloud data utilization system to become a reality. Among various multi-keyword semantics, we choose the efficient principle of " coordinate matching " , i.e., as many matches as possible, to capture the similarity between search query and data documents, and further use " inner product similarity " to quantitatively formalize such principle for similarity measurement. We first propose a basic MRSE scheme using secure inner product computation, and then significantly improve it to meet different privacy requirements in two levels of threat models. Thorough analysis investigating privacy and efficiency guarantees of proposed schemes is given, and experiments on the real-world dataset further show proposed schemes indeed introduce low overhead on computation and communication. INTRODUCTION Due to the rapid expansion of data, the data owners tend to store their data into the cloud to release the burden of data storage and maintenance [1]. However, as the cloud customers and the cloud server are not in the same trusted domain, our outsourced data may be under the exposure to the risk. Thus, before sent to the cloud, the sensitive data needs to be encrypted to protect for data privacy and combat unsolicited accesses. Unfortunately, the traditional plaintext search methods cannot be directly applied to the encrypted cloud data any more. The traditional information retrieval (IR) has already provided multi-keyword ranked search for the data user. In the same way, the cloud server needs provide the data user with the similar function, while protecting data and search privacy. It …
Simulating gait assistance of a hip exoskeleton: Feasibility studies for ankle muscle weaknesses

This paper presents a simulation framework for pathological gait assistance with a hip exoskeleton. Previously we had developed an event-driven controller for gait assistance [1]. We now simulate (or optimize) the gait assistance in ankle pathologies (e.g., weak dorsiflexion or plantarflexion). It is done by 1) utilizing the neuromuscular walking model, 2) parameterizing assistive torques for swing and stance legs, and 3) performing dynamic optimizations that takes into account the human-robot interactive dynamics. We evaluate the energy expenditures and walking parameters for the different gait types. Results show that each gait type should have a different assistance strategy comparing with the assistance of normal gait. Although we need further studies about the pathologies, our simulation model is feasible to design the gait assistance for the ankle muscle weaknesses.
Erectile dysfunction after transurethral resection of the prostate: incidence and risk factors

It is known that a proportion of patients who undergo transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) will develop erectile dysfunction (ED). This study examined the incidence of ED after TURP using objective and subjective parameters and risk factors for the development of ED. All benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients who were indicated for TURP had to meet the criteria of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) 5 scores of more than 16, and with normal nocturnal penile tumescense (NPT) which had at least one episode of nocturnal erections with both base and tip rigidity exceeding 55% for at least 10 min. The patient’s nocturnal erection were measured using Rigiscan, over two consecutive nights, approximately 3–4 days preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. A total of 63 patients were eligible for the study; the mean age was 63.3 years (range 49–85 years). Nine (14%) patients were found to have postoperative ED. Patients who developed ED postoperatively had a lower IIEF-5 score and NPT parameters preoperatively (for all parameters, P<0.0001). For risk factors, diabetes mellitus were found to be a significant independent risk factor. The incidence of ED post-TURP using objective parameters was 14%. Without taking note of the risk factors, TURP is a safe procedure with regard to sexual function.
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have intrinsic insulin resistance on euglycaemic-hyperinsulaemic clamp.

STUDY QUESTION
What is the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) and the contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic IR in women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) according to the Rotterdam criteria?


SUMMARY ANSWER
We report novel clamp data in Rotterdam diagnosed PCOS women, using World Health Organization criteria for IR showing that women with PCOS have a high prevalence of IR, strengthening the evidence for an aetiological role of IR in both National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Rotterdam diagnosed PCOS in lean and overweight women.


WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
PCOS is a complex endocrine condition with a significant increased risk of gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes.


STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
Using a cross-sectional study design, 20 overweight and 20 lean PCOS (Rotterdam criteria), 14 overweight and 19 lean body mass index (BMI)-matched control non-PCOS women underwent clinical measures of IR after a 3-month withdrawal of insulin sensitizers and the oral contraceptive pill.


MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
In an academic clinic setting, glucose infusion rate (GIR) on euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp was investigated as a marker of insulin sensitivity.


MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
PCOS women were more IR than BMI-matched controls (main effect for BMI and PCOS; P < 0.001). IR was present in 75% of lean PCOS, 62% of overweight controls and 95% of overweight PCOS. Lean controls (mean ± SD; GIR 339 ± 76 mg min⁻¹ m⁻²) were less IR than lean PCOS (270 ± 66 mg min⁻¹ m⁻²), overweight controls (264 ± 66 mg min⁻¹ m⁻²) and overweight PCOS (175 ± 96 mg min⁻¹ m⁻²). The negative relationship between BMI and IR reflected by GIR was more marked in PCOS (y = 445.1 - 7.7x, R² = 0.42 (P < 0.0001) than controls (y = 435.5 - 4.6x, R² = 0.04 (P < 0.01)).


LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
The study did not use glucose tracer techniques to completely characterize the IR, as well as the lack of matching for body composition and age.


WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
IR is exacerbated by increased BMI, supporting intrinsic IR in PCOS. BMI impact on IR is greater in PCOS, than in controls, irrespective of visceral fat, prioritizing lifestyle intervention and the need for effective therapeutic interventions to address intrinsic IR and prevent diabetes in this high-risk population.


STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This investigator-initiated trial was supported by grants from the National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Grant number 606553 (H.J.T., N.K.S. and S.K.H.) as well as Monash University and The Jean Hailes Foundation. H.J.T. is an NHMRC Research Fellow. N.K.S. is supported through the Australian Government's Collaborative Research Networks (CRN) programme. A.E.J. is a Jean Hailes and NHMRC scholarship holder. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest associated with this manuscript.
Detection Strategy for Cryptographic GNSS Anti-Spoofing

A strategy is presented for detecting spoofing attacks against cryptographically-secured Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. The strategy is applicable both to military Global Positioning System (GPS) signals and to proposed security-enhanced civil GNSS signals, whose trustworthiness is increasingly an issue of national security. The detection strategy takes the form of a hypothesis test that accounts for the statistical profile of a replay-type spoofing attack. A performance and robustness evaluation demonstrates that the detection test is both powerful and tolerant of some uncertainty in the threat model. The test is validated by experiments conducted on a spoofing testbed.
A phase II study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of Risperidone ISM multiple intramuscular injections once every 4 weeks in patients with schizophrenia.

This study characterized the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of Risperidone ISM, a new long-acting intramuscular formulation, for monthly administration without oral supplementation. Patients with schizophrenia received multiple intramuscular injections of 75 mg in the gluteal or deltoid muscle at 28-day intervals. Of the 70 randomized patients, 67 received at least one dose of study medication. The mean Cmax of the active moiety was achieved 24-48 h (tmax) after each administration, regardless of injection site. They ranged over four consecutive doses from 39.6 to 53.2 and 54.1 to 61 ng/ml, when given in gluteal or deltoid muscle, respectively. Active moiety achieved therapeutic levels by 2 h after dose, and the levels were maintained throughout the 4-week dosing period. No significant changes across the study were observed on either Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale or Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale. Overall, 63 (94%) patients experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE). One serious TEAE (dystonia) was related to study treatment. The most frequently reported TEAEs were hyperprolactinaemia (57.7%) and injection site pain (32.8%). Risperidone ISM achieved therapeutic levels from the first hours after drug administration and provided a sustained release throughout the 4-week dosing period over multiple intramuscular injections and was found to be safe and well tolerated.
Task-Shifting in HIV Care: A Case Study of Nurse-Centered Community-Based Care in Rural Haiti

INTRODUCTION
At least 36 countries are suffering from severe shortages of healthcare workers and this crisis of human resources in developing countries is a major obstacle to scale-up of HIV care. We performed a case study to evaluate a health service delivery model where a task-shifting approach to HIV care had been undertaken with tasks shifted from doctors to nurses and community health workers in rural Haiti.


METHODS
Data were collected using mixed quantitative and qualitative methods at three clinics in rural Haiti. Distribution of tasks for HIV services delivery; types of tasks performed by different cadres of healthcare workers; HIV program outcomes; access to HIV care and acceptability of the model to staff were measured.


RESULTS
A shift of tasks occurred from doctors to nurses and to community health workers compared to a traditional doctor-based model of care. Nurses performed most HIV-related tasks except initiation of TB therapy for smear-negative suspects with HIV. Community health workers were involved in over half of HIV-related tasks. HIV services were rapidly scaled-up in the areas served; loss to follow-up of patients living with HIV was less than 5% at 24 months and staff were satisfied with the model of care.


CONCLUSION
Task-shifting using a community-based, nurse-centered model of HIV care in rural Haiti is an effective model for scale-up of HIV services with good clinical and program outcomes. Community health workers can provide essential health services that are otherwise unavailable particularly in rural, poor areas.
RESEARCH IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE X-RAY DIFFRACTION TECHNOLOGY

Abstract : High accuracy (0.005 degree 2-theta) and high precision (0.002 degree 2-theta) for x-ray diffraction measurements at angles from less than zero to 155-160 degrees 2-theta at sample temperatures to 2600-2800C in oxidizing, neutral, reducing, or evacuated atmospheric environments are characteristics of a high-temperature x-ray diffractometer system specifically designed for research studies. Within the noble-metal thermocouple temperature range, very rapid thermal equilibrium -- 500C intervals in less than 3 seconds -- can be attained. The crystallometry of zirconium dioxide, ZrO2, has been surveyed in the range from room temperature to 1750C in normal air atmosphere at ambient pressure. Topics studied in some detail have been (a) the hysteresis of the monoclinic-tetragonal zirconia transformation, (b) the axial thermal expansion of tetragonal zirconia to 1750C, (c) the determination of axial expansion data for platinum and beryllium oxide for use as sample temperature indicators, and (d) new mathematical solutions of the classical d-value equations for lattice constants calculations. It has been shown that significant physical properties and constants can be measured for ZrO2 if the oxygen stoichiometry is established and maintained at an (unknown) equilibrium, or pseudo-equilibrium, value. (Author)
Phonology and neuropsychology of the English past tense

The double dissociation between the regular and irregular past tense in English has been explained in terms of dual and single mechanism accounts. In previous research we have argued that problems with the regular past tense in patients with left inferior frontal damage arise from morpho-phonological parsing difficulties [Trends in Cognitive Science 2 (1998) 428]. This claim has recently been challenged by a single mechanism connectionist account which argues that a general phonological processing deficit causes the poor performance on the regular past tense, with morphological factors playing no explicit role [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (1999) 7592]. We used a speeded judgement task with four patients who have documented difficulties with the regular past tense to contrast the claims made by these different approaches. We compared patients' ability to detect the difference between the past tense and stem of regular (hugged/hug) and irregular (taught/teach) past tense verbs, as well as matched "pseudo" pairs (trade/tray and port/peach). These real word conditions were accompanied by matched sets of non-words (e.g. nugged/nug). Patients' latencies to the regular past tense real word-pairs were consistently slower than in any other condition. To test for a general phonological processing deficit, we conducted several tests of phonological processing ability. The results show that the patients had a range of difficulties in phonological processing, from very mild to severe. This did not correlate with their performance on the speeded judgement task. We interpret this pattern of results as support for a specialised morpho-phonological processing mechanism which can be dissociated from other phonological processes and which is used directly in the processing of the regular past tense in a dual-mechanism system.
Chapter One. Hierarchy And Covenant In The Formation Of Nations

For many people, nation and nationalism are nineteenth century phenomena that have no place in a global era. This chapter starts with some preliminary observations about the phenomena of nationalism, nation and national identity. The ideal of a covenant between a deity and his people is most readily associated with the Judeo-Christian tradition. There is more than one version of the covenantal principle. In cases where it is combined with some form of hierarchical solidarity, the covenant is oft en effectuated through some agent of the community, usually the church. If the different traditions of public culture helped to shape the various kinds of national identities, processes of identification with specific historic territories powerfully under-girded the formation and persistence of national public cultures. The chapter focuses on the process of creating and disseminating different kinds of public cultures and their accompanying territorialisation. Keywords: Judeo-Christian tradition; nation; national identity; nationalism; territorialisation
Cooperative downlink transmission mode selection under limited-capacity backhaul

Coordinated multi-point transmission (CoMP) has been widely recognized as a promising technique for improving spectral efficiency in future cellular systems. However, it may require high-capacity backhaul links, which can increase expense. In this paper, we study the cooperative transmission method with limited-capacity backhaul. Downlink CoMP transmission requires the exchange of information between base stations, depending on the type of CoMP schemes. Either channel state information (CSI) information of all users (for coordinated beamforming), or both data and CSI (for joint processing) need to be shared among all cooperative base stations. The latter method exhibits better performance, but requires high capacity backhaul links. For this reason, we propose in this paper a transmission mode selection method under capacity constrained backhaul. We start by analyzing the performance of two kinds of CoMP transmission modes: joint processing and coordinated beamforming with various types of user scheduling. Then we propose a closed-form decision rule, which depends on the strongest average channel gains of the users co-scheduled in the same time-frequency resource. Simulation results show that the proposed transmission mode selection outperforms the single-mode CoMP transmission.
Evidence of donor effect on cultured pearl quality from a duplicated grafting experiment on Pinctada margaritifera using wild donors

Producing high quality cultured black pearls from Pinctada margaritifera is one of the major challenges for the “pearl oyster” industry in French Polynesia. In order to assess donor effect on cultured pearl quality, wild Pinctada margaritifera originating from the Tuamotu Archipelago were used in a duplicated grafting experiment. After 12 months of culture, nucleus retention was assessed and seven pearl quality traits recorded on the 454 cultured pearls harvested from the experiment. The traits scored were nacre thickness and pearl weight, surface defects, lustre, grade, and the colour components: 1) darkness of cultured pearl colour, and 2) visual perception of colour class (bodycolor and/or overtone). Our results demonstrate for the first time that individual wild donors of implanted mantle grafts significantly affect these seven quality traits in P. margaritifera cultured pearls. This finding was repeated in two series of grafts made by different professional grafters. The wild donors could be ranked from “best” (e.g., the donor whose grafts produced the cultured pearl with the maximum lustre) to the “worst”. Moreover, we showed strong correlations between: 1) cultured pearl nacre thickness and grade, with grade A showing the greatest nacre thickness on average compared with grade D and rejects; and 2) nacre thickness/cultured pearl weight and colour components (darkness and visual “colour categories”), with the palest cultured pearls (i.e. white cultured pearls) being the smallest (lowest nacre thickness and weight). Thus, one way of enhancing P. margaritifera foundation stocks for a selective breeding program could be to select the “best” donors, using appropriate molecular tools. Generation of selected donor lines from these stocks through hatchery production would be one way to increase the quality of cultured pearl farming of P. margaritifera in French Polynesia.
Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Research

The objective of the tutorial is to give an overview on how eye tracking is currently used and how it can be used as a method in human computer interaction research and especially in usability research. An eye tracking system records how the eyes move while a subject is completing a task for example on a web site. By analyzing these eye movements we are able to gain an objective insight into the behavior of that person.
Interventions to improve the health of the homeless: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND
Homelessness is a widespread problem in the United States. The primary goal of this systematic review is to provide guidance in the development and organization of programs to improve the health of homeless people.


METHODS
MEDLINE, CINAHL, HealthStar, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, and Social Services Abstracts databases were searched from their inception through July 2004 using the following terms: homeless, homeless persons, and homelessness. References of key articles were also searched. 4564 abstracts were screened, and 258 articles underwent full review. Seventy-three studies conducted from 1988 to 2004 met inclusion criteria (use of an intervention, use of a comparison group, and the reporting of health-related outcomes). Two authors independently abstracted data from studies and assigned quality ratings using explicit criteria.


RESULTS
Forty-five studies were rated good or fair quality. For homeless people with mental illness, case management linked to other services was effective in improving psychiatric symptoms, and assertive case management was effective in decreasing psychiatric hospitalizations and increasing outpatient contacts. For homeless people with substance abuse problems, case management resulted in greater decreases in substance use than did usual care. For homeless people with latent tuberculosis, monetary incentives improved adherence rates. Although a number of studies comparing an intervention to usual care were positive, studies comparing two interventions frequently found no significant difference in outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
Coordinated treatment programs for homeless adults with mental illness or substance abuse usually result in better health outcomes than usual care. Health care for homeless people should be provided through such programs whenever possible. Research is lacking on interventions for youths, families, and conditions other than mental illness or substance abuse.