LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Annotating Multi-media/Multi-modal Resources with ELAN

This paper shows the actual state of development of the manual annotation tool ELAN. It presents usage requirements from three different groups of users and how one annotation model and a number of generic design principles guided the choices made during the development process of ELAN. Introduction At the Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics (MPI) software development on annotation tools for the manual annotation of multimedia data has been going on since the early 90’s. Over this decade there have been large changes in enabling technology and insights in the nature of linguistic annotation. Media frameworks for the handling of digital audio and especially digital video files have matured, as has media streaming technology. XML has come to existence and has become highly relevant in a short time. Rendering and input of Unicode characters is now commonplace. Simultaneously, users made experiences with the first generation of video annotation tools and became aware of and got used to these new technologies. From this a new set of requirements arose. Finally, annotation tool builders are better aware of each other’s approaches, annotation models and annotation document formats. Clearly convergence is going on, leading to easier exchange of data between annotation tools. An important role in this process was played by the paper by (Bird & Liberman, 2001) that introduced Annotation Graphs. We are closely watching and trying to participate in standards initiatives, as for example ISO TC37/SC4. The first video annotation tool developed at the MPI was MediaTagger, a QuickTime based application that runs only on pre-OS X Macintoshes. It started as a first attempt to exploit the QuickTime Movie data structure, and especially it’s text tracks, as an informal model for linguistic annotation. Since then several new formal models where made, each one building on the experiences of the previous ones and considering new user requirements. The formal modeling languages that were used are Entity-Relationship diagrams and UML. A detailed presentation and evaluation of these models can be found in (Brugman & Wittenburg, 2001). The next chapters will discuss the requirements of several different groups of users and describe the latest state of ELAN functionality. We will then present our model for annotation in some detail and show how we can cover the needs of very different user groups with one relatively simple model. In the discussions plans for future development will presented. 1 http://www.mpi.nl User requirements ELAN is developed with a number of different user groups in mind. These users are situated both within the MPI and, in an increasing number of cases, outside the MPI. Often they are participating in externally funded projects (DoBeS, ECHO). We will discuss the main requirements per group, although there is of course a substantial overlap between each group’s needs.
Industrial Engineering and Operations Management - Special Issue

This Special Issue of the InternationalJournal of Industrial Engineering and Management (IJIEM)features papers selected from the XVIII International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (ICIEOM) This editorial paper introduces the special issue and summarizes 10 selected contributions that embrace researchers from Brazil, China, Colombia, Germany, and Portugal.
MLSR: a novel routing algorithm for multilayered satellite IP networks

Several IP-based routing algorithms have been developed for low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks in recent years. The performance of the satellite IP networks can be improved drastically if multiple satellite constellations are used in the architecture. In this work, a multilayered satellite IP network is introduced that consists of LEO, medium-Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites. A new multilayered satellite routing algorithm (MLSR) is developed that calculates routing tables efficiently using the collected delay measurements. The performance of the multilayered satellite network and MLSR is evaluated through simulations and analysis.
Strategic target temperature management in myocardial infarction—a feasibility trial

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of a combined cooling strategy started out of hospital as an adjunctive to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the treatment of ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS).


DESIGN
Non-randomised, single-centre feasibility trial.


SETTING
Department of emergency medicine of a tertiary-care facility, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. In cooperation with the Municipal ambulance service of the city of Vienna.


PATIENTS
Consecutive patients with STE-ACS presenting to the emergency medical service within 6 h after symptom onset.


INTERVENTIONS
Cooling was initiated with surface cooling pads in the out-of-hospital setting, followed by the administration of 1000-2000 mL of cold saline at hospital arrival and completed by endovascular cooling in the catheterisation laboratory.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Feasibility of lowering core temperature below 35.0°C prior to immediately performed revascularisation. Safety and tolerability of the cooling procedure.


RESULTS
In enrolled 19 patients (one woman, median age 51 years (IQR 45-59)), symptom onset to first medical contact (FMC) was 45 min (IQR 31-85). A core temperature below 35.0°C at reperfusion of the culprit lesion was achieved in 11 patients (78%) within 100 min (IQR 90-111) after FMC without any cooling-related serious adverse event. Temperature could be lowered from baseline 36.4°C (IQR 36.2-36.5°C) to 34.4°C (IQR 34.1-35.0°C) at the time of reperfusion.


CONCLUSIONS
With limitations an immediate out-of-hospital therapeutic hypothermia strategy was feasible and safe in patients with STE-ACS undergoing primary PCI.


CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01864343; clinical trials unique identifier: NCT01864343.
Learning and Transferring Multi-task Deep Representation for Face Alignment

Facial landmark detection of face alignment has long been impeded by the problems of occlusion and pose variation. Instead of treating the detection task as a single and independent problem, we investigate the possibility of improving detection robustness through multitask learning. Specifically, we wish to optimize facial landmark detection together with heterogeneous but subtly correlated tasks, e.g. head pose estimation and facial attribute inference. This is non-trivial since different tasks have different learning difficulties and convergence rates. To address this problem, we formulate a novel tasks-constrained deep model, with task-wise early stopping to facilitate learning convergence. Extensive evaluations show that the proposed task-constrained learning (i) outperforms existing methods, especially in dealing with faces with severe occlusion and pose variation, and (ii) reduces model complexity drastically compared to the state-of-the-art method based on cascaded deep model [29]. In this technical report, we extend the method presented in our ECCV 2014 [39] paper to handle more landmark points (68 points instead of 5 major facial points) without either redesigning the deep model or involving significant increase in run time cost. This is made possible by transferring the learned 5-point model to the desired facial landmark configuration, through model fine-tuning with dense landmark annotations. Our new model achieves the state-of-the-art result on the 300-W benchmark dataset (mean error of 9.15% on the challenging IBUG subset).
Block-based neural networks

This paper presents a novel block-based neural network (BBNN) model and the optimization of its structure and weights based on a genetic algorithm. The architecture of the BBNN consists of a 2D array of fundamental blocks with four variable input/output nodes and connection weights. Each block can have one of four different internal configurations depending on the structure settings, The BBNN model includes some restrictions such as 2D array and integer weights in order to allow easier implementation with reconfigurable hardware such as field programmable logic arrays (FPGA). The structure and weights of the BBNN are encoded with bit strings which correspond to the configuration bits of FPGA. The configuration bits are optimized globally using a genetic algorithm with 2D encoding and modified genetic operators. Simulations show that the optimized BBNN can solve engineering problems such as pattern classification and mobile robot control.
A kappa-Denotational Semantics for Map Theory in ZFC + SI

Abstract Map theory, or MT for short, has been designed as an “integrated” foundation for mathematics, logic and computer science. By this we mean that most primitives and tools are designed from the beginning to bear the three intended meanings: logical, computational, and set-theoretic. MT was originally introduced in [17]. It is based on λ-calculus instead of logic and sets, and it fulfills Church's original aim of introducing λ-calculus. In particular, it embodies all of ZFC set theory, including classical propositional and classical first order predicate calculus. MT also embodies the unrestricted, untyped lambda calculus including unrestricted abstraction and unrestricted use of the fixed point operator. MT is an equational theory. We present here a semantic proof of the consistency of map theory within ZFC + SI, where SI asserts the existence of an inaccessible cardinal. The proof is in the spirit of denotational semantics and relies on mathematical tools which reflect faithfully, and in a transparent way, the intuitions behind map theory. This gives a consistency proof, but also for the first time gives a clear presentation of the semantics of map theory in a traditional framework. From the metamathematical point of view the strength of MT lies somewhere between ZFC and ZFC + SI. The lower bound is proved in [17] by means of a syntactical translation of ZFC (including classical propositional and predicate calculus) into map theory, and the upper bound by building an (exceedingly complex) model of map theory within ZFC + SI. The present paper confirms the upper bound by providing much simpler models, the “canonical models” of the paper, which are in fact the paradigm of a large class of quite natural models of MT. That all these models interpret a model of ZFC is a consequence of the syntactic translation,f which is a difficult theorem of [17]. We can however give here a direct proof of a stronger result, namely that they interpret some ( V gs ,∈), where σ is an inaccessible cardinal. Finally we return to the “canonical” models and show that they are adequate for the notion of computation which underlies MT.
Generalized Camera Calibration Including Fish-Eye Lenses

A method is described for accurately calibrating cameras including radial lens distortion, by using known points such as those measured from a calibration fixture. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are calibrated in a single least-squares adjustment, but provision is made for including old values of the intrinsic parameters in the adjustment. The distortion terms are relative to the optical axis, which is included in the model so that it does not have to be orthogonal to the image sensor plane. These distortion terms represent corrections to the basic lens model, which is a generalization that includes the perspective projection and the ideal fish-eye lens as special cases. The position of the entrance pupil point as a function of off-axis angle also is included in the model. (The complete camera model including all of these effects often is called CAHVORE.) A way of adding decentering distortion also is described. A priori standard deviations can be used to apply weight to given initial approximations (which can be zero) for the distortion terms, for the difference between the optical axis and the perpendicular to the sensor plane, and for the terms representing movement of the entrance pupil, so that the solution for these is well determined when there is insufficient information in the calibration data. For the other parameters, initial approximations needed for the nonlinear least-squares adjustment are obtained in a simple manner from the calibration data and other known information. (Weight can be given to these also, if desired.) Outliers among the calibration points that disagree excessively with the other data are removed by means of automatic editing based on analysis of the residuals. The use of the camera model also is described, including partial derivatives for propagating both from object space to image space and vice versa. These methods were used to calibrate the cameras on the Mars Exploration Rovers.
Plot monitoring for interactive narrative games

Interactive narrative and video games are two fields divided between the will to follow a scenario and that to offer a maximum of freedom and interaction. We propose a method combining emergent narrative theory and game monitoring to create a new system of dynamic generation of narrative. This method is based on a multi-agent architecture, which supervises and monitors the game execution.allIt uses of narrative structures descriptors as a reference to lead the evolution of an emergent narrative world. A first application has been developed to test the validity of the system in term of effectiveness and computational cost.
Comparing Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, and SVM with AUC and Accuracy

Predictive accuracy has often been used as the main and often only evaluation criterion for the predictive performance of classification or data mining algorithms. In recent years, the area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curve, or simply AUC, has been proposed as an alternative single-number measure for evaluating performance of learning algorithms. In our previous work, we proved that AUC is, in general, a better measure (defined precisely) than accuracy. Many popular data mining algorithms should then be re-evaluated in terms of AUC. For example, it is well accepted that Naive Bayes and decision trees are very similar in accuracy. How do they compare in AUC? Also, how does the recently developed SVM (Support Vector Machine) compare to traditional learning algorithms in accuracy and AUC? We will answer these questions in this paper. Our conclusions will provide important guidelines in data mining applications on real-world datasets.
Regulation of brain aquaporins

Emerging evidence suggests that brain aquaporins (AQP) play important roles for the dynamic regulation of brain water homeostasis and for the regulation of cerebrospinal fluid production. This review deals with the short- and long-term regulation of AQP4 and AQP9, both expressed in astrocytes, and of AQP1, expressed in the choroid plexus. AQP1 and 4 have in other cell types been shown to be regulated by phosphorylation. Phosphorylation affects the gating of AQP4 and the trafficking and insertion into membrane of AQP1. Mercury inhibits the water permeability of AQP1 and AQP9, but not AQP4. The permeability of AQP4 is increased by lead. AQP4 is also regulated by protein-protein interaction. The assembly between AQP4 and syntrophin is required for the proper localization of AQP4 in the astrocyte plasma membrane that faces capillaries. There is evidence from studies on peripheral tissues that steroid hormones regulate the expression of AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9. There is also evidence that the expression of AQP1 can be regulated by ubiquitination, and that osmolality can regulate the expression of AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9. Further insight into the mechanisms by which brain AQPs are regulated will be of utmost clinical importance, since perturbed water flow via brain AQPs has been implicated in many neurological diseases and since, in brain edema, water flow via AQP4 may have a harmful effect.
Boceprevir for chronic HCV genotype 1 infection in patients with prior treatment failure to peginterferon/ribavirin, including prior null response.

BACKGROUND & AIMS
Boceprevir with peginterferon/ribavirin (BOC/PR) leads to significantly higher sustained virological response (SVR) rates in patients with chronic hepatitis C and partial response or relapse after prior treatment with peginterferon/ribavirin. We studied the efficacy of BOC/PR in patients with prior treatment failure, including those with a null response (<2-log10 decline in HCV RNA), to peginterferon/ribavirin.


METHODS
Patients in the control arms of boceprevir Phase 2/3 studies who did not achieve SVR were re-treated with BOC/PR for up to 44 weeks. Patients enrolling >2 weeks after end-of-treatment in the prior study received PR for 4 weeks before adding boceprevir.


RESULTS
Of 168 patients enrolled, four discontinued from the PR lead-in and 164 received BOC/PR. Baseline viral load was >800,000 IU/ml in 77% of patients; 62% had HCV genotype 1a, and 10% were cirrhotic. In the ITT analysis (all 168 patients), SVR was achieved in 20 (38%) of 52 patients with prior null response, 57 (67%) of 85 with prior partial response, and 27 (93%) of 29 with prior relapse. In the mITT analysis (164 BOC/PR-treated patients), SVR rates were 41% (20/49), 67% (57/85), and 96% (27/28), respectively. SVR was achieved by 48% of patients with <1-log10 decline in HCV-RNA after lead-in and 76% of those with ⩾ 1-log10 decline or undetectable HCV-RNA after lead-in. The most common adverse events were anemia (49%), fatigue (48%), and dysgeusia (35%); 8% of patients discontinued due to adverse events.


CONCLUSIONS
Re-treatment with BOC/PR improved SVR rates in all patient subgroups, including those with prior null response.
Downregulation of CREB expression in Alzheimer's brain and in Aβ-treated rat hippocampal neurons

Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuronal dysfunction and neuron loss in Alzheimer's brain. Previous studies have reported downregulation of CREB-mediated transcription by oxidative stress and Aβ. The promoter for CREB itself contains cyclic AMP response elements. Therefore, we examined the expression of CREB in the hippocampal neurons of Tg2576 mice, AD post-mortem brain and in cultured rat hippocampal neurons exposed to Aβ aggregates. Laser Capture Microdissection of hippocampal neurons from Tg2576 mouse brain revealed decreases in the mRNA levels of CREB and its target, BDNF. Immunohistochemical analysis of Tg2576 mouse brain showed decreases in CREB levels in hippocampus and cortex. Markers of oxidative stress were detected in transgenic mouse brain and decreased CREB staining was observed in regions showing abundance of astrocytes. There was also an inverse correlation between SDS-extracted Aβ and CREB protein levels in Alzheimer's post-mortem hippocampal samples. The levels of CREB-regulated BDNF and BIRC3, a caspase inhibitor, decreased and the active cleaved form of caspase-9, a marker for the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, was elevated in these samples. Exposure of rat primary hippocampal neurons to Aβ fibrils decreased CREB promoter activity. Decrease in CREB mRNA levels in Aβ-treated neurons was reversed by the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine. Overexpression of CREB by adenoviral transduction led to significant protection against Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis. Our findings suggest that chronic downregulation of CREB-mediated transcription results in decrease of CREB content in the hippocampal neurons of AD brain which may contribute to exacerbation of disease progression.
Comments on : High-dimensional simultaneous inference with the bootstrap

Weprovide comments on the article “High-dimensional simultaneous inference with the bootstrap” by Ruben Dezeure, Peter Buhlmann and Cun-Hui Zhang.
Skilled or unskilled, but still unaware of it: how perceptions of difficulty drive miscalibration in relative comparisons.

People are inaccurate judges of how their abilities compare to others'. J. Kruger and D. Dunning (1999, 2002) argued that unskilled performers in particular lack metacognitive insight about their relative performance and disproportionately account for better-than-average effects. The unskilled overestimate their actual percentile of performance, whereas skilled performers more accurately predict theirs. However, not all tasks show this bias. In a series of 12 tasks across 3 studies, the authors show that on moderately difficult tasks, best and worst performers differ very little in accuracy, and on more difficult tasks, best performers are less accurate than worst performers in their judgments. This pattern suggests that judges at all skill levels are subject to similar degrees of error. The authors propose that a noise-plus-bias model of judgment is sufficient to explain the relation between skill level and accuracy of judgments of relative standing.
Transport properties of liquid argon in krypton nanochannels: Anisotropy and non-homogeneity introduced by the solid walls

In this work we calculate the transport properties of liquid argon flowing through a nanochannel formed by krypton walls. Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations are performed assuming flow conditions corresponding to the macroscopic equivalent of planar Poiseuille flow. We examine the effect of channel width and system temperature on diffusion coefficient, shear viscosity and thermal conductivity. The results show clearly the existence of a critical width, in the range 7–18r, below which the behavior of transport properties is affected in comparison to bulk properties. In fact for small width values, diffusion coefficient is highly anisotropic, the component normal to the wall being the smaller one. For the same width range, diffusivities along all directions are higher in the central layers than those close to the walls. Similarly, shear viscosity increases for small channel width values while thermal conductivity decreases. All properties approach bulk values as the channel width increases. The layers close to the walls always present distinctly different behavior due to the interaction with the wall atoms. The observed behavior is of particular importance in the design of nanofluidic devices. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of an education program for digital manufacturing system engineers based on ‘Digital Triplet’ concept

Abstract In the Industry 4.0 era, cyber physical manufacturing systems (CPPS) has started to change activities of manufacturing system engineers into CPS based ones. In typical Japanese factories, manufacturing system engineers are always stationed at the shop floor and continuously improve manufacturing systems with workers. For supporting such engineers’ activities, we are developing the concept of ‘Digital Triplet’ as an extension of Digital Twin. Digital Triplet consists of intelligent activity world in addition to the cyber world and the physical world and supports manufacturing system engineers in developing engineering processes with the cyber and physical worlds. Based on this, we are developing an education program. In this paper, we first describe the concept of Digital Triplet. Next, after explaining the overview of the education program, we introduce a course in which trainees (mainly novice engineers) execute ‘Kaizen’ with a prototype CPS system of a learning factory.