LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Firm organization , industrial structure , and technological innovation ’

The formal and informal structures of firms and their external linkages have an important bearing on the rate and direction of innovation. This paper explores the properties of different types of firms with respect to the generation of new technology. Various archetypes are recognized and an effort is made to match organization structure to the type of innovation. The framework is relevant to technology and competition policy as it broadens the framework economists use to identify environments that assist innovation.
A Phase I Randomized Clinical Trial of Candidate Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 Vaccine MVA.HIVA Administered to Gambian Infants

BACKGROUND
A vaccine to decrease transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during breast-feeding would complement efforts to eliminate infant HIV-1 infection by antiretroviral therapy. Relative to adults, infants have distinct immune development, potentially high-risk of transmission when exposed to HIV-1 and rapid progression to AIDS when infected. To date, there have been only three published HIV-1 vaccine trials in infants.


TRIAL DESIGN
We conducted a randomized phase I clinical trial PedVacc 001 assessing the feasibility, safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of candidate vaccine MVA.HIVA administered intramuscularly to 20-week-old infants born to HIV-1-negative mothers in The Gambia.


METHODS
Infants were followed to 9 months of age with assessment of safety, immunogenicity and interference with Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) vaccines. The trial is the first stage of developing more complex prime-boost vaccination strategies against breast milk transmission of HIV-1.


RESULTS
From March to October 2010, 48 infants (24 vaccine and 24 no-treatment) were enrolled with 100% retention. The MVA.HIVA vaccine was safe with no difference in adverse events between vaccinees and untreated infants. Two vaccine recipients (9%) and no controls had positive ex vivo interferon-γ ELISPOT assay responses. Antibody levels elicited to the EPI vaccines, which included diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis, hepatitis B virus, Haemophilus influenzae type b and oral poliovirus, reached protective levels for the vast majority and were similar between the two arms.


CONCLUSIONS
A single low-dose of MVA.HIVA administered to 20-week-old infants in The Gambia was found to be safe and without interference with the induction of protective antibody levels by EPI vaccines, but did not alone induce sufficient HIV-1-specific responses. These data support the use of MVA carrying other transgenes as a boosting vector within more complex prime-boost vaccine strategies against transmission of HIV-1 and/or other infections in this age group.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00982579. The Pan African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR2008120000904116.
Analyzing Graph Structure via Linear Measurements

Graphs are an integral data structure for many parts of computation. They are highly effective at modeling many varied and flexible domains, and are excellent for representing the way humans themselves conceive of the world. Nowadays, there is lots of interest in working with large graphs, including social network graphs, “knowledge” graphs, and large bipartite graphs (for example, the Netflix movie matching graph).
Validation and factor structure of the Thai version of the EURO-D scale for depression among older psychiatric patients

OBJECTIVES
To assess the concurrent and the construct validity of the Euro-D in older Thai persons.


METHOD
Eight local psychiatrists used the major depressive episode section of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview to interview 150 consecutive psychiatric clinic attendees. A trained interviewer administered the Euro-D. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to assess the overall discriminability of the Euro-D scale and principal components factor analysis to assess its construct validity.


RESULTS
The area under the ROC curve for the Euro-D with respect to major depressive episode was 0.78 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-0.90] indicating moderately good discriminability. At a cut-point of 5/6 the sensitivity for major depressive episodes is 84.3%, specificity 58.6%, and kappa 0.37 (95% CI 0.22-0.52) indicating fair concordance. However, at the 3/4 cut-point recommended from European studies there is high sensitivity (94%) but poor specificity (34%). The principal components analysis suggested four factors. The first two factors conformed to affective suffering (depression, suicidality and tearfulness) and motivation (interest, concentration and enjoyment). Sleep and appetite constituted a separate factor, whereas pessimism loaded on its own factor.


CONCLUSION
Among Thai psychiatric clinic attendees Euro-D is moderately valid for major depression. A much higher cut-point may be required than that which is usually advocated. The Thai version also shares two common factors as reported from most of previous studies.
Cancer survival in five continents: a worldwide population-based study (CONCORD).

BACKGROUND
Cancer survival varies widely between countries. The CONCORD study provides survival estimates for 1.9 million adults (aged 15-99 years) diagnosed with a first, primary, invasive cancer of the breast (women), colon, rectum, or prostate during 1990-94 and followed up to 1999, by use of individual tumour records from 101 population-based cancer registries in 31 countries on five continents. This is, to our knowledge, the first worldwide analysis of cancer survival, with standard quality-control procedures and identical analytic methods for all datasets.


METHODS
To compensate for wide international differences in general population (background) mortality by age, sex, country, region, calendar period, and (in the USA) ethnic origin, we estimated relative survival, the ratio of survival noted in the patients with cancer, and the survival that would have been expected had they been subject only to the background mortality rates. 2800 life tables were constructed. Survival estimates were also adjusted for differences in the age structure of populations of patients with cancer.


FINDINGS
Global variation in cancer survival was very wide. 5-year relative survival for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer was generally higher in North America, Australia, Japan, and northern, western, and southern Europe, and lower in Algeria, Brazil, and eastern Europe. CONCORD has provided the first opportunity to estimate cancer survival in 11 states in USA covered by the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR), and the study covers 42% of the US population, four-fold more than previously available. Cancer survival in black men and women was systematically and substantially lower than in white men and women in all 16 states and six metropolitan areas included. Relative survival for all ethnicities combined was 2-4% lower in states covered by NPCR than in areas covered by the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. Age-standardised relative survival by use of the appropriate race-specific and state-specific life tables was up to 2% lower for breast cancer and up to 5% lower for prostate cancer than with the census-derived national life tables used by the SEER Program. These differences in population coverage and analytical method have both contributed to the survival deficit noted between Europe and the USA, from which only SEER data have been available until now.


INTERPRETATION
Until now, direct comparisons of cancer survival between high-income and low-income countries have not generally been available. The information provided here might therefore be a useful stimulus for change. The findings should eventually facilitate joint assessment of international trends in incidence, survival, and mortality as indicators of cancer control.
A double-blind, randomized study of minocycline for the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND
Current antipsychotics have only a limited effect on 2 core aspects of schizophrenia: negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. Minocycline is a second-generation tetracycline that has a beneficial effect in various neurologic disorders. Recent findings in animal models and human case reports suggest its potential for the treatment of schizophrenia. These findings may be linked to the effect of minocycline on the glutamatergic system, through inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and blocking of nitric oxide-induced neurotoxicity. Other proposed mechanisms of action include effects of minocycline on the dopaminergic system and its inhibition of microglial activation.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the efficacy of minocycline as an add-on treatment for alleviating negative and cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia.


METHOD
A longitudinal double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design was used, and patients were followed for 6 months from August 2003 to March 2007. Seventy early-phase schizophrenia patients (according to DSM-IV) were recruited and 54 were randomly allocated in a 2:1 ratio to minocycline 200 mg/d. All patients had been initiated on treatment with an atypical antipsychotic < or = 14 days prior to study entry (risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, or clozapine; 200-600 mg/d chlorpromazine-equivalent doses). Clinical, cognitive, and functional assessments were conducted, with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) as the primary outcome measure.


RESULTS
Minocycline was well tolerated, with few adverse events. It showed a beneficial effect on negative symptoms and general outcome (evident in SANS, Clinical Global Impressions scale). A similar pattern was found for cognitive functioning, mainly in executive functions (working memory, cognitive shifting, and cognitive planning).


CONCLUSIONS
Minocycline treatment was associated with improvement in negative symptoms and executive functioning, both related to frontal-lobe activity. Overall, the findings support the beneficial effect of minocycline add-on therapy in early-phase schizophrenia.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00733057.
Thomas Church: defining styles — the early years

Abstract The compact and close-knit design community of the San Francisco Bay Area allowed Thomas D. Church to establish long-lasting relationships with several architects; his social skills and design talent made him the landscape architect of choice for residential projects throughout the 1930S and 1940s. Although designers like Garrett Eckbo, Dan Kiley and James Rose had advertised their theories for a new landscape in Pencil Points and Architectural Record from the rnid-1930S onward, consensus had established Church as the natural father of modern Californian garden design. In 1945, it was stated that:
Spatial Change and Economic Organisation: The Tyneside Coal Industry (1751-1770)

Abstract Concepts of economic power and organisation are rarely considered by historical geographers in their attempts to explain change in space economies. In this paper an attempt is made to use these concepts to explain and understand the changing geography of the Tyneside coal industry from 1751 to 1770, a time when the industry was dominant nationally. At the beginning of the period the Tyneside industry was itself dominated by a monopolistic group, the Grand Allies, a dominance partly maintained through control over the use of land. Their dominance was broken by a combination of technological and economic developments as exploited by a competing group of capitalists based on the emerging banking system. The monopoly of the Grand Allies was broken but replaced, in a more developed form, by the Limitation of the Vend, and by 1770 the geographical and economic structure of the industry had changed dramatically. Underpinning this changing geography was the interaction of social and political structures, including the interdependence of enterprises with a developing political economy. It is in this interaction that the understanding of change in space economies must be sought.
Attribution and Impacts of Upper-Ocean Biases in CCSM3

The largest and potentially most important ocean near surface biases are examined in the Community Climate System Model coupled simulation of present day conditions. They are attributed to problems in the component models of the ocean, or atmosphere, or both. Troical biases in sea surface salinity (SSS) are associated with precipitation errors, with the most striking being a band of excess rainfall across the South Pacific at about 8S. Cooler than observed equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) is necessary to control a potentially catastrophic positive feedback, involving precipitation along the equator. The strength of the wind driven gyres and inter-basin exchange are in reasonable agreement with observations, despite the generally too strong near surface winds. However, the winds drive far too much transport through Drake Passage (>190 Sv), but with little effect on SST and SSS. Problems with the width, separation and location of western boundary currents and their extensions create large correlated SST and SSS biases in midlatitudes. Ocean model deficiencies are suspected, because similar signals are seen in uncoupled ocean solutions, but there is no evidence of serious remote impacts. The seasonal cycles of SST and winds in the equatorial Pacific are not well represented and numerical experiments suggest that these problems are initiated by the coupling of either, or both wind components. The largest mean SST biases develop along the eastern boundaries of subtropical gyres, and the overall coupled model response is found to be linear. In the South Atlantic, surface currents advect the these biases most of the tropics. Significant precipitation responses are found both in the north-west Indian Ocean, and locally where the net result is the loss of an identifiable Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone, which can be regained by controlling the coastal temperatures and salinities. Biases off South America and Baja California are shown to significantly degrade precipitation across the Pacific, subsurface ocean properties on both sides of the equator and the seasonal cycle of
OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES OF IDENTIFYING THE POOREST FAMILIES Overcoming the Obstacles of Identifying the Poorest Families : Using Participatory Wealth

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Microfinance has proven to be an effective and efficient mechanism in poverty reduction the world over. The 1997 Microcredit Summit 1 declared as its goal to reach " 100 million of the world's poorest 2 families, especially the women of those families, with credit for self-employment and other financial and business services by 2005. " This is a bold objective, since reaching the poorest families through microfinance is still in its infancy, and most microfinance institutions (MFIs) currently reach the poor, not the poorest. This paper is about the first step in this objective: identifying the poorest clients. It is a step mostly avoided or forgotten in the clamor to open up programs that can start dispersing loans, and lose no time in reaching financial self-sufficiency. Our question is how can microfinance benefit the poorest if we don't know who the poorest are? How can we say we are reaching the poorest if we are not measuring this? How can we identify these families on the ground, and encourage their participation in microfinance programs? And how can we measure impact if we don't know where clients start? We argue that unless active poverty-targeting is used then we cannot build microfinance services for the poorest. Experience has shown that if better-off people are included, this may well discourage the poorest from joining! Hence, even if our aim is not to exclusively reach the poorest, unless we use active targeting we may well inadvertently miss the poorest altogether. It is not a question of cost or sustainability (although this has a major impact on how poverty targeting is done). Whether a program is exclusively targeted or not, experience has shown that to reach the poorest we must specifically design a program that caters to their needs. Poverty targeting can assist this process by raising awareness of the different needs of different types of clients and allowing for different products to be effectively targeted. 1 For the purpose of this document, the 1997 Microcredit Summit, and the Summit's nine-year fulfillment campaign, any reference to microcredit should be understood to refer to programs that provide credit for self-employment, and other financial and business services (including savings and technical assistance), to very poor persons. 2 The Microcredit Summit defined the poorest as those people in the bottom fifty per cent of the people living below a country's nationally defined poverty-line (the poor are …
Dog and cat bites.

Animal bites account for 1% of all emergency department visits in the United States and more than $50 million in health care costs per year. Most animal bites are from a dog, usually one known to the victim. Most dog bite victims are children. Bite wounds should be cleaned, copiously irrigated with normal saline using a 20-mL or larger syringe or a 20-gauge catheter attached to the syringe. The wound should be explored for tendon or bone involvement and possible foreign bodies. Wounds may be closed if cosmetically favorable, such as wounds on the face or gaping wounds. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered, especially if there is a high risk of infection, such as with cat bites, with puncture wounds, with wounds to the hand, and in persons who are immunosuppressed. Amoxicillin/clavulanate is the first-line prophylactic antibiotic. The need for rabies prophylaxis should be addressed with any animal bite because even domestic animals are often unvaccinated. Postexposure rabies prophylaxis consists of immune globulin at presentation and vaccination on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. Counseling patients and families about animal safety may help decrease animal bites. In most states, physicians are required by law to report animal bites.
Structures and field emission properties of heat-treated C60 fullerene nanowhiskers

Abstract The structures and field electron emission properties of C 60 fullerene nanowhiskers were investigated. The single crystalline C 60 fullerene nanowhiskers were straight, surrounded by facets, and had a uniform submicrometer diameter along the long axis. Heat treatment of the nanowhiskers drastically transformed the inner structure from C 60 crystal to glassy carbon, while the outer structure kept its original morphology despite heat treatment. Field electron microscopy images of the heat-treated nanowhiskers showed striped patterns, characteristic of an agglomerate of crumpled graphitic layers.
The effect of patient education and home monitoring on medication compliance, hypertension management, healthy lifestyle behaviours and BMI in a primary health care setting.

AIM
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of anti-hypertensive patient-oriented education and in-home monitoring for medication adherence and management of hypertension in a primary care setting, by providing education on healthy lifestyle behaviours and medication adherence.


BACKGROUND
Hypertension is the third most common cause of death worldwide. Prevalence of hypertension in Turkey is approximately 30% in the general population and 45-50% in population over 50.


DESIGN
Randomised controlled study.


METHODS
This study conducted in Turkey used a study group comprised of 120 subjects (40 Group A, 40 Group B, 40 controls), all previously diagnosed with hypertension and who started medication therapy at least one year prior to start of study. The study was conducted between February-November 2006 at public primary health care facilities and homes of the study participants. Participants in Group A and B received a total of six monthly education sessions, four times during clinic visits and two home visits. Medication adherence education for Groups A and B and education about healthy lifestyle behaviours for Group B were administered in a structured and individualised format. The control group was routinely monitored in health care facilities.


RESULTS
Healthy lifestyle behaviours and perception of self-efficacy regarding medication adherence showed improvement after education sessions in Groups A and B. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of subjects in Group A and B showed a significant decrease compared with those of the control group; the blood pressure decrease in Group B was greater than in Group A.


CONCLUSION
Nurses play an important role in uncontrolled hypertension detection and can improve medication adherence and healthy lifestyle behaviours.


RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Patient education medication adherence alone and in combination with healthy lifestyle behaviour teaching is an effective tool for blood pressure reduction in the hypertensive population in primary health care settings.
Stable isotope ecology of the common hippopotamus

1 Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 2 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 3 Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4 Wildlife Conservation Society, Kinshasa, DR Congo 5 c/o ICCN-PNKB, Cyangugu, Rwanda 6 Zoology Department, Technische Universität, Braunschweig, Germany 7 National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya 8 Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
Principal angles between subspaces and their tangents I

Principal angles between subspaces (PABS) (also called canonical angles) serve as a classical tool in mathematics, statistics, and applications, e.g., data mining. Traditionally, PABS are introduced and used via their cosines. The tangents of PABS have attracted relatively less attention, but are important for analysis of convergence of subspace iterations for eigenvalue problems. We explicitly construct matrices, such that their singular values are equal to the tangents of PABS, using several approaches: orthonormal and nonorthonormal bases for subspaces, and orthogonal projectors. Cornell University Library This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any commercial purpose. Permission to copy in whole or in part without payment of fee is granted for nonprofit educational and research purposes provided that all such whole or partial copies include the following: a notice that such copying is by permission of Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.; an acknowledgment of the authors and individual contributions to the work; and all applicable portions of the copyright notice. Copying, reproduction, or republishing for any other purpose shall require a license with payment of fee to Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright c ©Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc., 2012 201 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139