LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Image Description using Visual Dependency Representations

Describing the main event of an image involves identifying the objects depicted and predicting the relationships between them. Previous approaches have represented images as unstructured bags of regions, which makes it difficult to accurately predict meaningful relationships between regions. In this paper, we introduce visual dependency representations to capture the relationships between the objects in an image, and hypothesize that this representation can improve image description. We test this hypothesis using a new data set of region-annotated images, associated with visual dependency representations and gold-standard descriptions. We describe two template-based description generation models that operate over visual dependency representations. In an image description task, we find that these models outperform approaches that rely on object proximity or corpus information to generate descriptions on both automatic measures and on human judgements.
Title page for the paper : Discourses of gender identities and gender roles in Pakistan : women and non-domestic work in political representations Author name and affiliation

This paper aims to explore some of the manifold and changing links that official Pakistani state discourses forged between women and work from the 1940s to the late 2000s. The focus of the analysis is on discursive spaces that have been created for women engaged in non-domestic work. Starting from an interpretation of the existing academic literature, this paper argues that Pakistani women’s non-domestic work has been conceptualised in three major ways: as a contribution to national development, as a danger to the nation, and as non-existent. The paper concludes that although some conceptualisations of work have been more powerful than others and, at specific historical junctures, have become part of concrete state policies, alternative conceptualisations have always existed alongside them. Disclosing the state’s implication in the discursive construction of working women’s identities might contribute to the destabilisation of hegemonic concepts of gendered divisions of labour in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.05.007 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-78605 Accepted Version Originally published at: Grünenfelder, Julia (2013). Discourses of gender identities and gender roles in Pakistan: Women and non-domestic work in political representations. Women’s Studies International Forum, 40:68-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.05.007
The logic of proofs, semantically

Abstract A new semantics is presented for the logic of proofs ( LP ), (Technical Report MSI 95-29, Cornell University (1995), Bull. Symbolic Logic 7 (2001) 1) based on the intuition that it is a logic of explicit knowledge. This semantics is used to give new proofs of several basic results concerning LP . In particular, the realization of S4 into LP is established in a way that carefully examines and explicates the role of the + operator. Finally connections are made with the conventional approach, via soundness and completeness results.
Jean Piaget, the Child's Conception of Physical Causality (Victoria Hazlitt)

Abstract Jean Piaget. The Child's Conception of Physical Causality. (Trans. by M. Gabain.) London: Kegan Paul; New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1930. Pp. viii+309.
Fetal nasal bone assessment in first trimester down syndrome screening.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the contribution of nasal bone assessment in the first trimester Down syndrome screening.


METHODS
The fetuses which underwent first trimester screening with nuchal translucency (NT) measurement were evaluated for the absence or presence of nasal bone according to the instructions described by the Fetal Medicine Foundation, London.


RESULTS
Among the 1,807 fetuses included in the study, 9 had trisomy 21. The detection rate of Down syndrome with NT measurement was 77.8% (7/9) with a false-positive rate of 4.5%. Incorporation of biochemical tests (PAPP-A, and free beta-hCG measurement) into the screening increased the detection rate to 88.9% (8/9) and decreased the false-positive rate to 3.6%. The prevalence of absent nasal bone was 7/1,798 (0.39%) in chromosomally normal fetuses, and 3/9 (33.3%) in Down syndrome fetuses. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values of absence of nasal bone for trisomy 21 are 33.3% (CI: 0.12-0.64), 99.6% (CI: 0.99-0.99), 30% (95% CI: 0.11-0.53) and 99.7% (95% CI: 0.99-0.99), respectively. The positive likelihood ratio of absent nasal bone was 85.6 (95% CI: 26.2-279.5), and the negative likelihood was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.42-1.06). When nasal bone assessment was incorporated into the NT risk assessment or combined test, the detection rate of trisomy 21 was not changed, however, the false-positive rate decreased to 3.4 and 3%, respectively.


CONCLUSION
The absence of fetal nasal bone has a high positive likelihood ratio for Down syndrome in the first trimester screening, and the presence of nasal bone may potentially lower the need for invasive testing.
Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus infection and development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a US population.

BACKGROUND & AIMS
Antiviral therapy could reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We evaluated the relationship between therapy for chronic HBV infection and HCC incidence using data from a longitudinal study of patients at 4 US healthcare centers.


METHODS
We analyzed electronic health records of 2671 adult participants in the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study who were diagnosed with chronic HBV infection from 1992 through 2011 (49% Asian). Data analyzed were collected for a median of 5.2 years. Propensity-score adjustment was used to reduce bias, and Cox regression was used to estimate the relationship between antiviral treatment and HCC. The primary outcome was time to event of HCC incidence.


RESULTS
Of study subjects, 3% developed HCC during follow-up period: 20 cases among the 820 patients with a history of antiviral HBV therapy and 47 cases among the 1851 untreated patients. In propensity-adjusted Cox regression, patients who received antiviral therapy had a lower risk of HCC than those who did not receive antiviral therapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.56; P < .001), after adjusting for abnormal level of alanine aminotransferase. In a subgroup analysis, antiviral treatment was associated with a lower risk of HCC after adjusting for serum markers of cirrhosis (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.39; P < .001). In a separate subgroup analysis of patients with available data on HBV DNA viral load, treated patients with viral loads >20,000 IU/mL had a significantly lower risk of HCC than untreated patients with viral loads >20,000 IU/mL.


CONCLUSIONS
In a large geographically, clinically, and racially diverse US cohort, antiviral therapy for chronic HBV infection was associated with a reduced risk for HCC.
Muscular coordination of knee motion during the terminal-swing phase of normal gait.

Children with cerebral palsy often walk with diminished knee extension during the terminal-swing phase, resulting in a troublesome "crouched" posture at initial contact and a shortened stride. Treatment of this gait abnormality is challenging because the factors that extend the knee during normal walking are not well understood, and because the potential of individual muscles to limit terminal-swing knee extension is unknown. This study analyzed a series of three-dimensional, muscle-driven dynamic simulations to quantify the angular accelerations of the knee induced by muscles and other factors during swing. Simulations were generated that reproduced the measured gait dynamics and muscle excitation patterns of six typically developing children walking at self-selected speeds. The knee was accelerated toward extension in the simulations by velocity-related forces (i.e., Coriolis and centrifugal forces) and by a number of muscles, notably the vasti in mid-swing (passive), the hip extensors in terminal swing, and the stance-limb hip abductors, which accelerated the pelvis upward. Knee extension was slowed in terminal swing by the stance-limb hip flexors, which accelerated the pelvis backward. The hamstrings decelerated the forward motion of the swing-limb shank, but did not contribute substantially to angular motions of the knee. Based on these data, we hypothesize that the diminished knee extension in terminal swing exhibited by children with cerebral palsy may, in part, be caused by weak hip extensors or by impaired hip muscles on the stance limb that result in abnormal accelerations of the pelvis.
Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding.

BACKGROUND & AIMS
Relative adrenal insufficiency (AI) occurs in patients with cirrhosis with sepsis, but not with variceal bleeding. We evaluated adrenal function in cirrhotic patients with and without bleeding.


METHODS
Twenty cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding were evaluated using the short synacthen test (SST) and 10 using the low-dose synacthen test (LDSST) followed by SST. The control group included 60 stable cirrhotic patients, assessed by LDSST (n = 50) or SST (n = 10), and 14 healthy volunteers. AI was diagnosed using SST, based on peak cortisol levels ≤ 18 μg/dL in nonstressed patients or Δmax <9 μg/dL or a total cortisol level <10 μg/dL in stressed patients with variceal bleeding-the current criteria for critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. Using LDSST, diagnosis was based on peak concentrations of cortisol ≤ 18 μg/dL in nonstressed patients and <25 μg/dL (or Δmax <9 μg/dL) in patients with variceal bleeding. We evaluated patients with levels of serum albumin >2.5 g/dL, to indirectly assess cortisol binding.


RESULTS
All healthy volunteers had normal results from LDSSTs and SSTs. Patients with variceal bleeding had higher median baseline concentrations of cortisol (15.4 μg/dL) than stable cirrhotic patients (8.7 μg/dL, P = .001) or healthy volunteers (10.1 μg/dL, P = .01). Patients with variceal bleeding had higher median peak concentrations of cortisol than stable cirrhotic patients (SST results of 32.7 vs 21 μg/dL, P = .001; LDSST results of 9.3 vs 8.1 μg/dL; nonsignificant), with no differences in Δmax in either test. These differences were greater with variceal bleeding than in stable cirrhotic patients with AI. Subanalysis of patients with albumin levels >2.5 g/dL did not change these differences.


CONCLUSIONS
Cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding have AI. Despite higher baseline concentrations of serum cortisol and subnormal Δmax values, they did not have adequate responses to stress, and therefore had critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency.
Modelling Dermal Drug Distribution After Topical Application in Human

To model and interpret drug distribution in the dermis and underlying tissues after topical application which is relevant to the treatment of local conditions. We created a new physiological pharmacokinetic model to describe the effect of blood flow, blood protein binding and dermal binding on the rate and depth of penetration of topical drugs into the underlying skin. We used this model to interpret literature in vivo human biopsy data on dermal drug concentration at various depths in the dermis after topical application of six substances. This interpretation was facilitated by our in vitro human dermal penetration studies in which dermal diffusion coefficient and binding were estimated. The model shows that dermal diffusion alone cannot explain the in vivo data, and blood and/or lymphatic transport to deep tissues must be present for almost all of the drugs tested. Topical drug delivery systems for deeper tissue delivery should recognise that blood/lymphatic transport may dominate over dermal diffusion for certain compounds.
Analogical Equations in Sequences: Definition and Resolution

We present a definition of analogy on sequences which is based on two principles: the definition of an analogy between the letters of an alphabet and the use of the edit distance between sequences. Our definition generalizes the algorithm given by Lepage and is compatible with another definition of analogy in sequences given by Yvon.
3D-R2N2: A Unified Approach for Single and Multi-view 3D Object Reconstruction

Inspired by the recent success of methods that employ shape priors to achieve robust 3D reconstructions, we propose a novel recurrent neural network architecture that we call the 3D Recurrent Reconstruction Neural Network (3D-R2N2). The network learns a mapping from images of objects to their underlying 3D shapes from a large collection of synthetic data [1]. Our network takes in one or more images of an object instance from arbitrary viewpoints and outputs a reconstruction of the object in the form of a 3D occupancy grid. Unlike most of the previous works, our network does not require any image annotations or object class labels for training or testing. Our extensive experimental analysis shows that our reconstruction framework i) outperforms the state-of-theart methods for single view reconstruction, and ii) enables the 3D reconstruction of objects in situations when traditional SFM/SLAM methods fail (because of lack of texture and/or wide baseline).
Experience of Transfistula (TFARP) Repair for Congenital Recto-Vestibular Fistula

Background: The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of aprimary transfistula anorectoplasty (TFARP) in congenital recto-vestibular fistula without a covering colostomy in the north of Iraq. Patients and Methods: Female patients having imperforate anus with congenital rectovestibular fistula presenting to pediatric surgical centres in the north of Iraq (Mosul & Erbil) between 1995 to 2011 were reviewed in a nonrandomized manner, after excluding those with pouch colon, rectovaginal fistula and patients with colostomy. All cases underwent one stage primary (TFARP) anorectoplasty at age between 1-30 months, after on table rectal irrigation with normal saline & povidoneIodine. They were kept nil by mouth until 24 hours postoperatively. Postoperative regular anal dilatation were commenced after 2 weeks of operation when needed. The results were evaluated for need of bowel preparation, duration of surgery,, cosmetic appearance, commencement of feed and hospital stay,postoperative results. Patients were also followed up for assessment of continence and anal dilatation.
Low cost sensing for autonomous car driving in highways

This paper presents a viability study on autonomous car driving in highways using low cost sensors for envi-
Kindness is Contagious: Exploring Engagement in a Gamified Persuasive Intervention for Wellbeing

Students are continually exposed to a variety of stressors during their academic career, and this can have significant negative effects on their mental health and subjective wellbeing. In this paper we explore how gamified persuasive interventions can promote engagement in performing random acts of kindness to improve wellbeing and help students manage stressors more effectively. In a pilot study we investigated how participation levels in a gamified persuasive intervention that promotes random acts of kindness at University, are influenced by (1) different persuasive message types, and (2) different game challenge categories. Furthermore, we analysed the impact on behavioural intention by comparing pre-intention and post-intention to perform random acts of kindness. Participants were assigned 5 different quests each morning, for two days, and asked to complete as many as possible by the end of each day. Participants were divided into 2 groups and received different types of persuasive notifications during the day: Group A received messages that set out group goals and used the social comparison strategy, while Group B received messages that set out individual goals and used the self-monitoring strategy. The findings from the pilot study will inform the design of a larger study to investigate persuasive game-based interventions for subjective wellbeing. ACM Classification
Wavelet-Based Printed Circuit Board Inspection System

inspection system proposed in this paper is designed specifically to detect various types of defects occurred during circuit printing process in manufactory. Two-dimensional HAAR wavelet transform is incorporated in the PCB inspection algorithm of the inspection system. During the inspection, two type of images are required; reference and tested PCB images. The wavelet transform is applied to the reference and tested PCB images. According to previously proposed wavelet-based PCB inspection algorithm, a reference comparison between the reference and tested PCB images has been done in wavelet domain by employing image difference operation. However, in practice, this operation also bring along the unwanted noise due to misalignment and uneven binarization. Thus, in this paper, for the real-time implementation, the image difference operation between the reference and tested PCB images is replaced with image subtraction. The output of the image subtraction operation can be differentiated as positive, negative, and zero images. By doing so, a noise elimination procedure is applied to positive and negative images, resulting noise free positive and negative images. Lastly, the noise free images are subjected to XOR logic operation to generate the output of the inspection system. During the manufacturing process, since etching usually contributes most destructive defects found on PCBs, it is important to perform the proposed automated visual PCB inspection after the circuit printing and before the etching process.
Ethnic differences in potentially preventable hospitalizations among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders: implications for reducing health care disparities.

OBJECTIVES
A serious challenge to eliminating US health disparities stems from the inability to reliably measure outcomes, particularly for numerically small populations. Our study aimed to produce reliable estimates of health care quality among Native Hawaiian (NH), Other Pacific Islander (PI), and Asian American (AA) subgroups.


DESIGN
Prevention Quality Indicators (PQIs) from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality were used to calculate 3 PQI composites and 8 individual chronic condition indicators. Data sources were the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases and the Hawaii Health Survey.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Risk-adjusted PQI rates for adults were computed for 2005 through 2007. Relative rates for 2007 were calculated for each racial/ethnic group and compared to Whites. Statistical significance was based on P < .05 from a two-sided t test.


RESULTS
The combined AANHPI group had higher overall and chronic PQI composite rates than Whites in 2007. When disaggregated into discrete racial/ethnic subgroups, Chinese and Japanese had lower rates than Whites for all 3 composites, whereas NH and Other PI subgroups typically had the worst health outcomes. Trends in PQI rates from 2005 through 2007 showed persistent gaps between groups, especially across chronic PQIs.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite recent efforts to reduce racial/ethnic health care disparities, significant gaps remain in potentially preventable hospitalization rates. Practical tools that measure inequities across diverse, numerically small populations may suggest ways to optimally funnel limited resources toward improving racial/ethnic differences in health outcomes.
Beliefs , perceptions and expectations among acne patients

Objective To evaluate the information, its source, beliefs an d perceptions of acne patients regarding acne and their expectations about treatment. Patients and methods All acne patients visiting Dermatology outpatient c lini at WAPDA Teaching Hospital Complex, Lahore and at private practice fo r management were asked to fill a voluntary questionnaire containing information about patients ’ beliefs and perception about acne. Grading was done by a dermatologist. Result 449 patients completed the pro forma. Males were 37 % and females 63%. 54.1% of patients waited for one year to have treatment. More than 60 % thought acne as a curable disease and more than 50% expected it to clear in 2-4 weeks. Most of them decided themselves to visit the doctor or were influenced by their parents. Most of them gath ered information regarding acne from close relatives and friends. Infection and poor hygiene ( less washing of face with soap) was thought to be the most important cause. Facial masks and lotions were most commonly tried non-prescription acne products. 45% thought that acne had a severe i mpact on their self-image. Topical treatment was the most desired one. More than 40% of patients had grade IV acne and there was no significant difference between males and females re garding grade wise presentation. Conclusion Community-based health education program is require d to increase the awareness about acne and to resolve the misconceptions.
Reflective afocal broadband adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscope

A broadband adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscope (BAOSO) consisting of four afocal telescopes, formed by pairs of off-axis spherical mirrors in a non-planar arrangement, is presented. The non-planar folding of the telescopes is used to simultaneously reduce pupil and image plane astigmatism. The former improves the adaptive optics performance by reducing the root-mean-square (RMS) of the wavefront and the beam wandering due to optical scanning. The latter provides diffraction limited performance over a 3 diopter (D) vergence range. This vergence range allows for the use of any broadband light source(s) in the 450-850 nm wavelength range to simultaneously image any combination of retinal layers. Imaging modalities that could benefit from such a large vergence range are optical coherence tomography (OCT), multi- and hyper-spectral imaging, single- and multi-photon fluorescence. The benefits of the non-planar telescopes in the BAOSO are illustrated by resolving the human foveal photoreceptor mosaic in reflectance using two different superluminescent diodes with 680 and 796 nm peak wavelengths, reaching the eye with a vergence of 0.76 D relative to each other.