LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Factors related to health-related quality of life among Chinese psychiatrists: occupational stress and psychological capital

BACKGROUND
Psychiatry has been considered as one of the most stressful medical specialities, and psychiatrists are likely to experience impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL). However, few studies are available in regard to related factors of HRQOL among psychiatrists in China. This study aims to evaluate the condition of HRQOL of psychiatrists and explore its predictive factors, especially the effects of occupational stress and psychological capital.


METHODS
A cross-sectional, multicenter survey was conducted among psychiatrists from different regions of Liaoning province, China, during August 2013-April 2014. Self-administrated questionnaires including the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Chinese version Psychological Capital Questionnaire, effort-reward-imbalance (ERI) scale and participants' basic characteristics were distributed to 500 psychiatrists from 10 psychiatric hospitals of 8 major cities in Liaoning province. Overall, 373 psychiatrists became our final research objects. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis (HMR) was performed to explore the predictors of psychiatrists' HRQOL.


RESULTS
The mean (SD) scores of PCS and MCS among psychiatrists were 79.78 (16.55) and 71.50 (19.24) respectively. The mean (SD) of ERR were 0.777 (0.493), and 89 (23.9%) had ERR scores above 1 (ERR > 1). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that, psychiatrists' basic characteristics that significant correlated with PCS and MCS were educational level, turnover intention, and exercise; age, weekly working hours were associated with MCS; psychiatrists' experienced occupational stress (both ERR and overcommitment), and PsyCap were significant predictors for PCS and MCS.


CONCLUSIONS
Chinese psychiatrists experienced relatively good physical QOL but impaired mental QOL, and they experienced high level of occupational stress. For the sake of psychiatrists' HRQOL, the reduction of occupational stress should be implemented. The enhancement of PsyCap could be a new intervention strategy and should be paid attention to in improving HRQOL of psychiatrists. Proportionate occupational reward (money, esteem, career opportunities) to their high work demands, psychological counseling, and stress management courses should be provided to psychiatrists to improve their QOL. PsyCap, as a personal coping resource open to change, should be managed and developed among psychiatrists.
Developing a Contextually Relevant Concept of Regional Hegemony: The Case of South Africa, Zimbabwe and 'Quiet Diplomacy'

South Africa’s “quiet diplomacy” has been often used to reject the notion of South African leadership or regional hegemony in southern Africa. This article finds that this evaluation is founded on a misguided understanding of regional hegemony, which is based on conventional hegemony theories that are mostly derived from the global role of the United States after World War II. Alternatively, this article uses a concept of hegemony that, for example, takes into account the “regionality” of South Africa’s hegemony, which both allows external actors to impact on regional relations and allows South Africa to pursue its foreign policy goals on the global level of international politics. This concept helps to systemically analyze South Africa's foreign policy in the Zimbabwean crisis and to better integrate this policy into the broader framework of its regional and global ambitions.
Mediators and moderators of long-term effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior: practice, thinking, and action.

IMPORTANCE
Although several longitudinal studies have demonstrated an effect of violent video game play on later aggressive behavior, little is known about the psychological mediators and moderators of the effect.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether cognitive and/or emotional variables mediate the effect of violent video game play on aggression and whether the effect is moderated by age, sex, prior aggressiveness, or parental monitoring.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Three-year longitudinal panel study. A total of 3034 children and adolescents from 6 primary and 6 secondary schools in Singapore (73% male) were surveyed annually. Children were eligible for inclusion if they attended one of the 12 selected schools, 3 of which were boys' schools. At the beginning of the study, participants were in third, fourth, seventh, and eighth grades, with a mean (SD) age of 11.2 (2.1) years (range, 8-17 years). Study participation was 99% in year 1.


MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The final outcome measure was aggressive behavior, with aggressive cognitions (normative beliefs about aggression, hostile attribution bias, aggressive fantasizing) and empathy as potential mediators.


RESULTS
Longitudinal latent growth curve modeling demonstrated that the effects of violent video game play are mediated primarily by aggressive cognitions. This effect is not moderated by sex, prior aggressiveness, or parental monitoring and is only slightly moderated by age, as younger children had a larger increase in initial aggressive cognition related to initial violent game play at the beginning of the study than older children. Model fit was excellent for all models.


CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Given that more than 90% of youths play video games, understanding the psychological mechanisms by which they can influence behaviors is important for parents and pediatricians and for designing interventions to enhance or mitigate the effects.
Cisplatin induces stemness in ovarian cancer

The mainstay of treatment for ovarian cancer is platinum-based cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, therapeutic resistance and recurrence is a common eventuality for nearly all ovarian cancer patients, resulting in poor median survival. Recurrence is postulated to be driven by a population of self-renewing, therapeutically resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). A current limitation in CSC studies is the inability to interrogate their dynamic changes in real time. Here we utilized a GFP reporter driven by the NANOG-promoter to enrich and track ovarian CSCs. Using this approach, we identified a population of cells with CSC properties including enhanced expression of stem cell transcription factors, self-renewal, and tumor initiation. We also observed elevations in CSC properties in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells as compared to cisplatin-naïve ovarian cancer cells. CD49f, a marker for CSCs in other solid tumors, enriched CSCs in cisplatin-resistant and -naïve cells. NANOG-GFP enriched CSCs (GFP+ cells) were more resistant to cisplatin as compared to GFP-negative cells. Moreover, upon cisplatin treatment, the GFP signal intensity and NANOG expression increased in GFP-negative cells, indicating that cisplatin was able to induce the CSC state. Taken together, we describe a reporter-based strategy that allows for determination of the CSC state in real time and can be used to detect the induction of the CSC state upon cisplatin treatment. As cisplatin may provide an inductive stress for the stem cell state, future efforts should focus on combining cytotoxic chemotherapy with a CSC targeted therapy for greater clinical utility.
Multilevel Hypergraph Partitioning: Application in VLSI Domain

In this paper, we present a new hypergraph partitioning algorithmthat is based on the multilevel paradigm. In the multilevel paradigm,a sequence of successively coarser hypergraphs is constructed. Abisection of the smallest hypergraph is computed and it is used toobtain a bisection of the original hypergraph by successively projectingand refining the bisection to the next level finer hypergraph.We evaluate the performance both in terms of the size of the hyper-edgecut on the bisection as well as run time on a number of VLSIcircuits. Our experiments show that our multilevel hypergraph partitioningalgorithm produces high quality partitioning in relativelysmall amount of time. The quality of the partitionings produced byour scheme are on the average 4% to 23% better than those producedby other state-of-the-art schemes. Furthermore, our partitioning algorithmissignificantly faster, often requiring 4 to 15 times less timethan that required by the other schemes. Our multilevel hypergraphpartitioning algorithm scales very well for large hypergraphs. Hypergraphswith over 100,000 vertices can be bisected in a few minuteson today's workstations. Also, on the large hypergraphs, ourscheme outperforms other schemes (in hyperedge cut) quite consistentlywith larger margins (9% to 30%).
Diagnostic accuracy of the Barr and Blethyn radiological scoring systems for childhood constipation assessed using colonic transit time as the gold standard

Constipation is a common childhood symptom and abdominal radiography is advocated in diagnosis and management. To assess the reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy of the Barr and Blethyn systems for quantifying constipation on abdominal radiographs in children. Radiographs were scored by three observers of increasing radiological experience (student, junior doctor, consultant). Abdominal radiographs produced during measurement of colonic transit time (CTT) were classified as constipated or normal based on the value of the transit time, and were scored using both systems by observers blinded to the CTT. Abdominal radiographs obtained in children for reasons other than constipation were classed as normal and similarly scored. Reproducibility was measured using the kappa statistic. Diagnostic accuracy was measured using the area under the curve (AUC) for the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Using either system, scores were higher for constipated children (P<0.01). The consultant produced higher scores than the other observers (P<0.01). Interobserver reproducibility was moderate with the best kappa value only 0.48. The best correlation between score and CTT was 0.51 (junior doctor scores). Diagnostic accuracy of the scores was only moderate, with the largest AUC for a ROC curve of 0.84 for the consultant using the Barr score. Scoring of abdominal radiographs in the assessment of childhood constipation should be abandoned because it is dependent on the experience of the observer, is poorly reproducible, and does not accurately discriminate between constipated children and children without constipation.
Topologically Heterogeneous Beta Cell Adaptation in Response to High-Fat Diet in Mice

AIMS
Beta cells adapt to an increased insulin demand by enhancing insulin secretion via increased beta cell function and/or increased beta cell number. While morphological and functional heterogeneity between individual islets exists, it is unknown whether regional differences in beta cell adaptation occur. Therefore we investigated beta cell adaptation throughout the pancreas in a model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance in mice.


METHODS
C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFD to induce insulin resistance, or control diet for 6 weeks. The pancreas was divided in a duodenal (DR), gastric (GR) and splenic (SR) region and taken for either histology or islet isolation. The capacity of untreated islets from the three regions to adapt in an extrapancreatic location was assessed by transplantation under the kidney capsule of streptozotocin-treated mice.


RESULTS
SR islets showed 70% increased beta cell proliferation after HFD, whereas no significant increase was found in DR and GR islets. Furthermore, isolated SR islets showed twofold enhanced glucose-induced insulin secretion after HFD, as compared with DR and GR islets. In contrast, transplantation of islets isolated from the three regions to an extrapancreatic location in diabetic mice led to a similar decrease in hyperglycemia and no difference in beta cell proliferation.


CONCLUSIONS
HFD-induced insulin resistance leads to topologically heterogeneous beta cell adaptation and is most prominent in the splenic region of the pancreas. This topological heterogeneity in beta cell adaptation appears to result from extrinsic factors present in the islet microenvironment.
Measure and Integral: New Foundations after One Hundred Years

The present article wants to describe the main ideas and developments in the theory of measure and integral in the course and at the end of the first century of its existence.
Breaking the habit: Measuring and predicting departures from routine in individual human mobility

Researchers studying daily life mobility patterns have recently shown that humans are typically highly predictable in their movements. However, no existing work has examined the boundaries of this predictability, where human behaviour transitions temporarily from routine patterns to highly unpredictable states. To address this shortcoming, we tackle two interrelated challenges. First, we develop a novel information-theoretic metric, called instantaneous entropy, to analyse an individual’s mobility patterns and identify temporary departures from routine. Second, to predict such departures in the future, we propose the first Bayesian framework that explicitly models breaks from routine, showing that it outperforms current state-of-the-art predictors. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Physical Sciences

In this essay, I argue that mathematics is a natural science—just like physics, chemistry, or biology— and that this can explain the alleged “unreasonable” effectiveness of mathematics in the physical sciences. The main challenge for this view is to explain how mathematical theories can become increasingly abstract and develop their own internal structure, whilst still maintaining an appropriate empirical tether that can explain their later use in physics. In order to address this, I offer a theory of mathematical theorybuilding based on the idea that human knowledge has the structure of a scale-free network and that abstract mathematical theories arise from a repeated process of replacing strong analogies with new hubsmathematical theories arise from a repeated process of replacing strong analogies with new hubs in this network. This allows mathematics to be seen as the study of regularities, within regularities, within . . . , within regularities of the natural world. Since mathematical theories are derived from the natural world, albeit at a much higher level of abstraction than most other scientific theories, it should come as no surprise that they so often show up in physics. This version of the essay contains an addendum responding to Slyvia Wenmackers’ essay [1] and comments that were made on the FQXi website [2]. 1 The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Physical
Effects of n – 3 fatty acids from fish on premature ventricular complexes and heart rate in humans 1 – 3

Background: A large body of evidence suggests that n 3 fatty acids from fish prevent fatal heart disease. They may be an effective and safe alternative to drug treatment for reducing the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Objective: We investigated the effect of n 3 fatty acids on heart rate and premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), a common form of arrhythmia that may trigger arrhythmias that are more lifethreatening. Design: Patients (n 84) with 1440 PVCs/24 h in a previous Holter recording were randomly assigned to receive 1.5 g/d of either n 3 fatty acids or placebo. Two 24-h Holter recordings were made at baseline, and 2 were made after an intervention of 14 wk. Results: Treatment did not significantly affect the number of PVCs. The number decreased in the fish-oil group by 867/24 h more than it decreased in placebo group (95% CI: 3187, 1453). However, the mean 24-h heart rate was significantly affected, decreasing in the fish-oil group by a mean of 2.1 beats/min more than it decreased in the placebo group (95% CI: 3.9, 0.3). Conclusions: Supplementation with 1.5 g n 3 fatty acids/d from fish does not substantially suppress the number of PVCs in a patient population with frequent PVCs. However, n 3 fatty acids decreased heart rate by 2.1 beats/min, a significant decrease that predicts a lower risk of sudden death. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:416–20.
Corporate Governance and Acquirer Returns

We examine whether a firm’s anti-takeover provisions affect the profitability of its acquisitions. We find that acquirers with more anti-takeover provisions experience significantly lower announcement stock returns relative to acquirers with fewer anti-takeover provisions. Moreover, acquirers with more anti-takeover provisions make diversifying acquisitions with greater frequency. These findings support the hypothesis that managers at firms protected by more antitakeover provisions are less subject to the discipline from the market for corporate control and thus, are more likely to indulge in acquisitions that destroy shareholder value. Our evidence provides a possible explanation for why anti-takeover provision indices developed by Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003) and others are negatively correlated with shareholder value. We also find that acquiring firms operating in more competitive industries experience higher abnormal announcement returns, as do acquirers that separate the positions of CEO and chairman of the board.
Continuous versus pulsatile administration of rotigotine in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats: contralateral rotations and abnormal involuntary movements

Sustained drug delivery providing continuous dopaminergic stimulation is thought to prevent or delay the induction of motor complications (dyskinesia) in Parkinson’s disease, whereas pulsatile administration is supposed to promote them. This study investigated the inducibility of sensitization and abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), comparing continuous and pulsatile administration of rotigotine with pulsatile administration of 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-DOPA) for reference. Rats were unilaterally lesioned with 6 hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). For pulsatile administration, l-DOPA-methylester (10 mg/kg l-DOPA i.p.) or rotigotine (1 mg/kg i.p.) were administered once or twice daily. For continuous administration, a slow release formulation of rotigotine was injected s.c. at a dose of 1 mg/kg every 48 h (experiment I) or every 24 h (experiment II). Pulsatile administration of rotigotine and l-DOPA caused contraversive rotations increasing progressively upon each successive treatment. AIMs started to occur after the second administration of l-DOPA but hardly after pulsatile rotigotine. Continuous rotigotine increased rotations, which reached a plateau after the second administration. No AIMs were observed under continuous administration. The continuous administration of rotigotine did not induce sensitization or AIMs, suggesting that continuous stimulation of dopaminergic receptors by rotigotine has no propensity to induce dyskinesia in this experimental model.
Patterns of nail matrix and bed of longitudinal melanonychia by intraoperative dermatoscopy.

BACKGROUND
The dermatoscopic examination of the nail plate has been recently introduced for the evaluation of pigmented nail lesions. There is, however, no evidence that this technique improves diagnostic accuracy of in situ melanoma.


OBJECTIVE
To establish and validate patterns for intraoperative dermatoscopy of the nail matrix.


METHODS
Intraoperative nail matrix dermatoscopy was performed in 100 consecutive bands of longitudinal melanonychia that were excised and submitted to histopathologic examination.


RESULTS
We identified 4 dermatoscopic patterns: regular gray pattern (hypermelanosis), regular brown pattern (benign melanocytic hyperplasia), regular brown pattern with globules or blotch (melanocytic nevi), and irregular pattern (melanoma).


LIMITATIONS
Nail matrix dermatoscopy is an invasive procedure that can not routinely be performed in all cases of melanonychia.


CONCLUSION
The patterns described present high sensitivity and specificity for intraoperative differential diagnosis of pigmented nail lesions.
Ultrasound in the quantification of female pelvic organ prolapse.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the use of ultrasound in the quantification of prolapse and compare findings with clinical assessments obtained in a blind study.


METHODS
In a prospective comparative clinical study, 145 patients referred for urogynecological assessment were examined clinically by one operator and by translabial ultrasound by another operator.


RESULTS
Clinical staging and International Continence Society coordinates were obtained for all 145 patients, as were ultrasound coordinates for descent of the anterior and posterior vaginal walls. Eighteen percent of the uteri of those women who had not had a hysterectomy in the past could not be seen; none of these women suffered from uterine prolapse clinically. Correlation with the prolapse assessment system recently endorsed by the International Continence Society was good (r = 0.77 for uterine prolapse, r = 0.72 for anterior vaginal wall and r = 0.53 for posterior vaginal wall descent).


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that translabial ultrasound can be used to quantify female pelvic organ prolapse. Correlation with the International Continence Society prolapse assessment system is good. The method may be particularly suitable for objective outcome assessment after surgical intervention.
Serpentine locomotion of a snake-like robot controlled by cyclic inhibitory CPG model

Based on the structure of both biological snakes and snake-like robots and their rhythm locomotion, the theory of the cyclic inhibitory CPG is adopted as a control method to construct a neuron network model of the snake-like robot. The relation between the CPG parameters and the serpentine locomotion of the snake-like robot is defined in this paper. The validity of the serpentine locomotion controlled by the CPG model is verified through a snake-like robot model. The modulating methods of the CPG parameters are brought forward and simulated to realize the required turn motion and the reconfiguration. Moreover, we present that real snake-like robot can successfully exhibit serpentine locomotion by using controller output of the proposed architecture. Finally, the aspects of future researches are discussed.
Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised trial

BACKGROUND
Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia, such as gastro-oesophageal reflux and subsequent aspiration, can be reduced by semirecumbent body position in intensive-care patients. The objective of this study was to assess whether the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia can also be reduced by this measure.


METHODS
This trial was stopped after the planned interim analysis. 86 intubated and mechanically ventilated patients of one medical and one respiratory intensive-care unit at a tertiary-care university hospital were randomly assigned to semirecumbent (n=39) or supine (n=47) body position. The frequency of clinically suspected and microbiologically confirmed nosocomial pneumonia (clinical plus quantitative bacteriological criteria) was assessed in both groups. Body position was analysed together with known risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia.


FINDINGS
The frequency of clinically suspected nosocomial pneumonia was lower in the semirecumbent group than in the supine group (three of 39 [8%] vs 16 of 47 [34%]; 95% CI for difference 10.0-42.0, p=0.003). This was also true for microbiologically confirmed pneumonia (semirecumbent 2/39 [5%] vs supine 11/47 [23%]; 4.2-31.8, p=0.018). Supine body position (odds ratio 6.8 [1.7-26.7], p=0.006) and enteral nutrition (5.7 [1.5-22.8], p=0.013) were independent risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia and the frequency was highest for patients receiving enteral nutrition in the supine body position (14/28, 50%). Mechanical ventilation for 7 days or more (10.9 [3.0-40.4], p=0.001) and a Glasgow coma scale score of less than 9 were additional risk factors.


INTERPRETATION
The semirecumbent body position reduces frequency and risk of nosocomial pneumonia, especially in patients who receive enteral nutrition. The risk of nosocomial pneumonia is increased by long-duration mechanical ventilation and decreased consciousness.