LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Classification and Algorithmic Management of Constricted Ears: A 22-Year Experience.

BACKGROUND
The classification and corrective methods for the constricted ears continue to be controversial. To clarify them, the authors have reviewed and analyzed cases operated on at their Center from January of 1992 to January of 2014.


METHODS
A total of 164 ear cases (involving 139 patients), showing features of lidded helix, compression of scapha and fossa triangularis, and/or cup-like protrusions, were included in their study (microtias with constricted ear features were excluded) and reviewed through medical records, photographs, analysis of surgical methods, and postoperative outcomes.


RESULTS
The deformed ears were classified into four graded types by means of the antihelical tubing test and the scapha-helix push test as follows: type I (n = 21), type II (n = 63), type III (n = 38), and type IV (n = 42). Throughout this series, the authors have continued the improvement and performance of consistent operative techniques. Antihelical tubing, concha cartilage grafting, tumbling concha-cartilage flap, antihelical wrapping, and helical expansion were the preferred techniques. A total of 144 ear cases (88 percent) were followed for 1 month to 14 years (average, 13.2 months). The average score of aesthetic outcomes, rated on a four-point Likert scale (i.e., 1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good, and 4 = excellent), was 3.3. Corrective methods and aesthetic outcomes for patients with each graded type of deformity were described.


CONCLUSIONS
Constricted ears were effectively corrected by a graded surgical approach. All corrections were performed in one stage, without removal of deformed auricular cartilage.


CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic, IV.
The double burden of undernutrition and excess body weight in Mexico.

BACKGROUND
In Mexico, stunting and anemia have declined but are still high in some regions and subpopulations, whereas overweight and obesity have increased at alarming rates in all age and socioeconomic groups.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to describe the coexistence of stunting, anemia, and overweight and obesity at the national, household, and individual levels.


DESIGN
We estimated national prevalences of and trends for stunting, anemia, and overweight and obesity in children aged <5 y and in school-aged children (5-11 y old) and anemia and overweight and obesity in women aged 20-49 y by using the National Health and Nutrition Surveys conducted in 1988, 1999, 2006, and 2012. With the use of the most recent data (2012), the double burden of malnutrition at the household level was estimated and defined as the coexistence of stunting in children aged <5 y and overweight or obesity in the mother. At the individual level, double burden was defined as concurrent stunting and overweight and obesity in children aged 5-11 y and concurrent anemia and overweight or obesity in children aged 5-11 y and in women. We also tested if the coexistence of the conditions corresponded to expected values, under the assumption of independent distributions of each condition.


RESULTS
At the household level, the prevalence of concurrent stunting in children aged <5 y and overweight and obesity in mothers was 8.4%; at the individual level, prevalences were 1% for stunting and overweight or obesity and 2.9% for anemia and overweight or obesity in children aged 5-11 y and 7.6% for anemia and overweight or obesity in women. At the household and individual levels in children aged 5-11 y, prevalences of double burden were significantly lower than expected, whereas anemia and the prevalence of overweight or obesity in women were not different from that expected.


CONCLUSIONS
Although some prevalences of double burden were lower than expected, assuming independent distributions of the 2 conditions, the coexistence of stunting, overweight or obesity, and anemia at the national, household, and intraindividual levels in Mexico calls for policies and programs to prevent the 3 conditions.
Scientific Thinking and Reasoning

Scientific thinking refers to the mental processes used when reasoning about the content of science (e.g., force in physics), engaged in typical scientific activities (e.g., designing experiments), or specific types of reasoning that are frequently used in science (e.g., deducing that there is a planet beyond Pluto). Scientific thinking involves many general-purpose cognitive operations that human beings apply in nonscientific domains such as induction, deduction, analogy, problem solving, and causal reasoning. These cognitive processes are covered in many chapters of this handbook (see Sloman & Lagnado, Chap. 5 on induction; Holyoak, Chap. 6 on analogy; Buehner and Cheng, Chap. 7 on causality; Evans, Chap. 8 on deduction; Novick and Bassok, Chap. 1 4 on problem solving; Chi and Ohllson, Chap. 16 on conceptual change). What distinguishes research on scientific thinking from general research on cognition is that research on scientific thinking typically involves investigating thinking that has scientific content. A number of overlapping research traditions have been used to investigate scientific thinking. We cover the history of research on scientific thinking and the different approaches that have been used, highlighting common themes that have emerged over the past fifty years of research.
Interstitial 9q22.3 microdeletion: clinical and molecular characterisation of a newly recognised overgrowth syndrome

In the course of a systematic whole genome screening of patients with unexplained overgrowth syndrome by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridisation (array-CGH), we have identified two children with nearly identical 6.5 Mb-long de novo interstitial deletions at 9q22.32–q22.33. The clinical phenotype includes macrocephaly, overgrowth and trigonocephaly. In addition, both children present with psychomotor delay, hyperactivity and distinctive facial features. Further analysis with a high-resolution custom microarray covering the whole breakpoint intervals with fosmids mapped the deletion breakpoints within 100-kb intervals: although the deletion boundaries are different for the two patients, nearly the same genes are deleted in both cases. We suggest therefore that microdeletion of 9q22.32–q22.33 is a novel cause of overgrowth and mental retardation. Its association with distinctive facial features should help in recognising this novel phenotype.
Formulation , Development & Evaluation of Oral Fast Dissolving Anti-Allergic Film of Levocetrizine Dihydrochloride

Fast dissolving film of levocetrizine dihydrochloride were prepared by solvent casting method by using Maltodextrin & HPMC E15 as the main film forming polymers.To decrease the disintegration time,concentration of maltodextrin & HPMC E15 were optimized be using 2 factorial design. Disintegration time, drug release pattern, mouth dissolving time and content uniformity were also evaluated. Compatibility between drug and recipients were studied by means of DSC analysis. Batch F1 was found to be the optimized batch as its disintegration was completed within the minimum time as compared to all other batches. The formulation (F1) was also showing sufficient drug release after 5 min. All the 6 formulation was showing approximately 90% drug release after 5min.
Promoting mental health in small-medium enterprises: An evaluation of the "Business in Mind" program

BACKGROUND
Workplace mental health promotion (WMHP) aims to prevent and effectively manage the social and economic costs of common mental illnesses such as depression. The mental health of managers and employees within small-medium enterprises (SMEs) is a neglected sector in occupational health research and practice, despite the fact that this sector is the most common work setting in most economies. The availability and propensity of SME staff to attend face-to-face training/therapy or workshop style interventions often seen in corporate or public sector work settings is a widely recognised problem. The 'Business in Mind' program employs a DVD mode of delivery that is convenient for SME managers, particularly those operating in regional and remote areas where internet delivery may not be optimal. The objective of the intervention program is to improve the mental health of SME managers, and examine whether employees of managers' whose mental health improves, report positive change in their psychosocial work environment. The mechanisms via which we aim to improve managers' mental health are through the development of their psychological capital (a higher order construct comprised of hope, self efficacy, resilience and optimism) and their skills and capacities for coping with work stress.


METHODS/DESIGN
The effectiveness of two versions of the program (self administered and telephone facilitated) will be assessed using a randomised trial with an active control condition (psychoeducation only). We aim to recruit a minimum of 249 managers and a sample of their employees. This design allows for 83 managers per group, as power analyses showed that this number would allow for attrition of 20% and still enable detection of an effect size of 0.5. The intervention will be implemented over a three month period and postal surveys will assess managers and employees in each group at baseline, intervention completion, and at 6 month follow up. The intervention groups (managers only) will also be assessed at 12 and 24 month follow-up to examine maintenance of effects. Primary outcomes are managers' levels of psychological capital (hope, resilience, self-efficacy and optimism), coping strategies, anxiety and depression symptoms, self-reported health, job satisfaction and job tension. Secondary outcomes are participating managers subordinates' perceptions of manager support, relational justice, emotional climate and job tension. In order to provide an economic evaluation of the intervention, both employees and manager rates of absenteeism and presenteeism will also be assessed.


DISCUSSION
The intervention being trialled is expected to improve both primary and secondary outcomes. If proven efficacious, the intervention could be disseminated to reach a much larger proportion of the business community.
Adolescent testosterone, muscle mass and glucose metabolism: evidence from the 'Children of 1997' birth cohort in Hong Kong.

AIMS
Diabetes rates are high in Asia despite relatively low rates of obesity, which might be related to lower muscle mass. Muscle mass plays an important role in glucose metabolism. Peak muscle mass is obtained in late adolescence. We tested the hypothesis that pubertal testosterone is negatively associated with glucose metabolism mediated by muscle mass.


METHODS
Participants aged 15 years (278 boys and 223 girls) were recruited from the Hong Kong's 'Children of 1997' birth cohort in 2012. Multivariable linear regression with multiple imputation and inverse probability weighting was used to examine the adjusted associations of pubertal testosterone with skeletal muscle index, body fat percentage, fasting glucose, insulin and homeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance.


RESULTS
Total testosterone was negatively associated with fasting glucose (-0.008, 95% confidence interval -0.015 to -0.002), insulin (-0.43, 95% confidence interval -0.56 to -0.30) and insulin and homeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance (-0.09, 95% confidence interval -0.12 to -0.06) adjusted for sex, birth weight, highest parental education, mother's place of birth and physical activity. These associations were attenuated by additional adjustment for skeletal mass index or body fat percentage.


CONCLUSIONS
Adolescent glucose metabolism may be influenced by testosterone, perhaps partially via skeletal muscle mass.
The Politics of Making

Introduction Mark Swenarton Part 1: Politics of Cities 1. The freedom of the city David Harvey 2. The politics of the West Bank Wall: symbolic violence and spaciocide Brigitte Piquard 3. Politics and housing in 1950s French Algiers Kahina Amal Djiar 4. A space of the state: Beijing 1949-59 Jianfei Zhu 5. Representing the state: symbolism and ideology in Doxiadis's plan of Islamabad Ahmed Zaib K. Mahsud 6. The pleasures of driving: experiencing cities from the automobile Iain Borden 7. Campagna Romana: the formation of the Oltrecitta Lorenzo Romito Part 2: Politics of Makers 8. Architectural theory in the service of the crown: the foundation of the Academie royale d'architecture Anthony Gerbino 9. The flute and the house: doing the architecture of making Leonidas Koutsoumpos 10. Ethical dilemmas and difficult collaborations: an architect's view inside an award-winning but troubling project Jason Alread 11. Unsettling design: working between cultures in remote Western Australia Fiona Harrisson 12. The Beehive: a difficult collaboration Robin Skinner 13. Edited by Alison Smithson: the censored history of the 'Team 10 family' Igea Troiani 14. Towards a new understanding of architecture of addition: the unrealised extensions of Whitney Museum of American Art Albena Yaneva Part 3: Politics of seeing 15. Watching palaces: Ruskin and the representation of Venice Stephen Kite 16. Ambiguous objects: modernism, brutalism and the politics of the picturesque Jonathan Hill 17. Souvenirs of the architectural tourst: Ahmedabad framed Jane McAllister and Ben Stringer 18. Auschwitz State Museum: collective memory and the contested landscape Helena Webster 19. Displacing topographies: making and reading Istanbul guidebooks Aslihan Senel 20. Down and out in London: photography and the politics of representing life in the Elephant, 1948-2005 Ben Campkin 21. The early American maps of Iowa and their politics Marwan Ghandour 22. Making by stealing: the politics of Helen Chadwick's 'creative and manipulative theft' Stephen Walker 23. The art of the plausible: some characteristics of architectural design Tony Fretton
Arm elevation and coordinated breathing strategies in patients with COPD.

BACKGROUND
Hyperinflated patients with COPD breathe against an increased elastic load during physical activity. Arm activities are especially demanding. Some pulmonary rehabilitation programs instruct patients to inhale while raising their arms, whereas others recommend the opposite. This study aimed to determine the effect of coordinating breathing with arm movements on the endurance of a lifting task.


METHODS
Participants with COPD and hyperinflation completed two (high intensity and severe intensity) rhythmic, constant load-lifting tasks to intolerance (tlimit) before and after attending four "teaching" sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) taught to inhale during the lift, (2) taught to exhale during the lift, or (3) sham (unconstrained coordination).


RESULTS
Thirty-six participants (FEV1 % predicted [SD], 34 [13]; FEV1/FVC [SD], 33% [10%]; thoracic gas volume % predicted [SD], 179 [44]) completed the study. There was an effect of group on the change in tlimit (P<.01) regardless of task intensity (P=.47). The change in tlimit in the exhalation group was greater than in both the sham (difference [95% CI]: 2.82 [0.21-5.44] min; P<.05) and inhalation (difference [95% CI]: 3.29 [0.65-5.92] min; P<.05) groups at the high intensity. There was no difference in the change in tlimit between the inhalation and sham groups.


CONCLUSIONS
A specific breathing strategy, exhalation during the lift, improved task performance. Coordinating exhalation with lifting may be of value to hyperinflated patients with COPD who are engaged in arm and shoulder training exercises or daily activities that involve arm elevation.


TRIAL REGISTRY
ClinicalTrials.gov; No: NCT00836108; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Curriculum development in microelectromechanical systems in mechanical engineering

Curriculum development in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in the Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics (MEAM) Department at the University of Michigan is presented. A course curriculum structure that integrates both mechanical and electrical engineering courses is proposed for mechanical engineering students. The proposed curriculum starts from undergraduate study and finishes at the Ph.D. level. Two new graduate-level MEMS courses are proposed: “Introduction to MEMS” for senior undergraduate students and entry-level graduate students and “Advanced MEMS” for graduate students. The first course has been experimentally taught at the University of Michigan for three years and the class assessments are summarized and analyzed in this paper. It is clear from the student responses that they are interested in taking courses in emerging technologies such as MEMS and more courses in the MEMS area should be offered. Future MEMS curriculum development and a new MEMS course for undergraduate-level students in the college of engineering are discussed.
Efficient Background Modeling Based on Sparse Representation and Outlier Iterative Removal

Background modeling is a critical component for various vision-based applications. Most traditional methods tend to be inefficient when solving large-scale problems. In this paper, we introduce sparse representation into the task of large-scale stable-background modeling, and reduce the video size by exploring its discriminative frames. A cyclic iteration process is then proposed to extract the background from the discriminative frame set. The two parts combine to form our sparse outlier iterative removal (SOIR) algorithm. The algorithm operates in tensor space to obey the natural data structure of videos. Experimental results show that a few discriminative frames determine the performance of the background extraction. Furthermore, SOIR can achieve high accuracy and high speed simultaneously when dealing with real video sequences. Thus, SOIR has an advantage in solving large-scale tasks.
Greedy Virtual Coordinates for Geographic Routing

We present a new approach for generating virtual coordinates that produces usable coordinates quickly and improves the routing performance of existing geographic routing algorithms. Starting from a set of initial coordinates derived from a set of elected perimeter nodes, greedy embedding spring coordinates (GSpring) detects possible dead ends and uses a modified spring relaxation algorithm to incrementally adjust virtual coordinates to increase the convexity of voids in the virtual routing topology. This reduces the probability that packets will end up in dead ends during greedy forwarding. The coordinates derived by GSpring achieve routing stretch that is up to 50% lower than that for NoGeo, the best existing algorithm for deriving virtual Euclidean coordinates for geographic routing. For realistic network topologies with obstacles, GSpring coordinates achieves from between 10 to 15% better routing stretch than actual physical coordinates.
The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia.

BACKGROUND
Hypotension is the most common serious side effect of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. There has been a move recently toward the use of phenylephrine as a vasopressor infusion to improve maternal cardiovascular stability and fetal outcome. Although it seems safe in the elective setting, there have been concerns about its propensity for causing an increase in afterload and a baroreceptor-mediated bradycardia in the mother, with a consequent reduction in maternal cardiac output (CO). Using a noninvasive measure of CO, our aim was to investigate whether there were any dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine on maternal cardiovascular stability and, if so, any impact on fetal outcome.


METHODS
In this randomized, double-blind study, 75 women scheduled for elective cesarean delivery were allocated to receive a phenylephrine infusion at 25 μg/min, 50 μg/min, or 100 μg/min. This infusion was titrated to maintain maternal baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP), from induction of spinal anesthesia until delivery. The maternal cardiovascular variables recorded included heart rate (HR) and SBP. A suprasternal Doppler monitor measured CO and stroke volume, as well as measures of venous return (corrected flow time) and contractility, at baseline, and then every 5 minutes for 20 minutes after initiation of spinal anesthesia. Apgar scores and umbilical cord blood gases were recorded.


RESULTS
SBP control was satisfactory in all groups; however, the group receiving phenylephrine 100 μg/min required significantly higher doses to achieve arterial blood pressure control compared with the lower infusion rates. There were no significant differences in the number of times SBP decreased below 80% of baseline, or the numbers of boluses of ephedrine or phenylephrine required to maintain SBP above 80% of baseline. There were significant time and dose-dependent reductions in HR and CO with phenylephrine, such that HR and CO were seen to decrease with time in each group, and also with increasing concentrations of phenylephrine. Stroke volume remained stable throughout. Apgar scores and umbilical cord blood gases were similar among groups.


CONCLUSION
By infusing a higher concentration (100 μg/min), we subject the mother and fetus to a much higher dose of phenylephrine, with significant effects on maternal HR and CO (up to a 20% reduction). Future investigation is required to determine whether this reduction in maternal CO has detrimental effects when providing anesthesia for an emergency cesarean delivery for a compromised fetus.
Shadow matting and compositing

In this paper, we describe a method for extracting shadows from one natural scene and inserting them into another. We develop physically-based shadow matting and compositing equations and use these to pull a shadow matte from a source scene in which the shadow is cast onto an arbitrary planar background. We then acquire the photometric and geometric properties of the target scene by sweeping oriented linear shadows (cast by a straight object) across it. From these shadow scans, we can construct a shadow displacement map without requiring camera or light source calibration. This map can then be used to deform the original shadow matte. We demonstrate our approach for both indoor scenes with controlled lighting and for outdoor scenes using natural lighting. CR Categories: I.3.3 [Computer Graphics]: Picture/Image Generation—Bitmap and framebuffer operations; I.4.8 [Image Processing and Computer Vision]: Scene Analysis—Shading
Long saphenous vein and its anatomical variations

Vascular ultrasonography has an important role in the diagnosis and management of venous disease. The venous system, however, is more complex and variable compared to the arterial system due to its frequent anatomical variations. This often becomes quite challenging for sonographers. This paper discusses the anatomy of the long saphenous vein and its anatomical variations accompanied by sonograms and illustrations.