LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Improvements in transformer protection and control

This paper describes protection elements that detect transformer faults quickly and avoid unnecessary transformer disconnections. The paper introduces a differential element that combines the security and dependability of harmonic restraint with the speed of harmonic blocking to optimize relay performance. An additional negative-sequence differential element improves sensitivity for internal turn-to-turn faults under heavy load conditions. External fault detection supervision adds security to this negative-sequence differential element during external faults with CT saturation. The paper also describes a dynamically configurable overcurrent element that improves protection coordination for different operating conditions but does not require settings group changes. In addition, the paper discusses an underload tap changer control system that uses time-synchronized phasor measurements to minimize loop currents and losses in parallel transformer applications.
The effect of educational attainment and other factors on HIV risk in South African women: results from antenatal surveillance, 2000-2005.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effect of educational attainment and other factors on the risk of HIV in pregnant South African women.


DESIGN
Repeated cross-sectional surveys.


METHODS
Pregnant women attending public antenatal clinics were tested for HIV annually between 2000 and 2005, and provided demographic information. Logistic regression models were applied separately to the data collected in each year, to identify factors associated with HIV infection. Data from all years were combined in a logistic regression model that tested for trends in HIV prevalence.


RESULTS
Amongst women aged 15-24 years, HIV risk in those who had completed secondary education was significantly lower than in those who had only primary education, in all years except 2000. HIV risk increased by 8% per annum (odds ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.12) in young women with no secondary education but did not increase in young women with secondary education. In women aged 25-49 years, HIV risk increased over the 2000-2005 period, at all levels of educational attainment, and did not differ between women with completed secondary education and women with only primary education.


CONCLUSION
Together with other evidence, this study suggests that higher educational attainment did not protect against HIV in the early stages of the South African HIV/AIDS epidemic. In recent years, the risk of HIV infection in young South African women with completed secondary education has reduced significantly relative to that in young women with primary education, suggesting that HIV prevention strategies may have been more effective in more educated women.
Where is an appropriate injection point for an ultrasound-guided transversus thoracic muscle plane block?

We previously reported an ultrasound-guided transversus thoracic abdominis plane (TTP) block, able to target many anterior branches of the intercostal nerve (Th2-6), releasing the pain in the internal mammary area [1–3]. The injection point for this TTP block was located between the transversus thoracic muscle and the internal intercostal muscle, amid the third and fourth left ribs next to the sternum. However, analgesia efficacy in the region of an anterior branch of the sixth intercostal nerve was unstable. We subsequently investigated a more appropriate injection point for an ultrasound-guided TTP block. We selected 10 healthy volunteers for this study. All volunteers received bilateral TTP blocks. Right lateral TTP blocks of all cases involved the injection of 20 mL of 0.375% levobupivacaine into the fascial plane between the transversus thoracic muscle and the internal intercostal muscle at between the third and fourth ribs connecting at the sternum. On the other hand, all left lateral TTP blocks were administered by injection of 20 mL of 0.375% levobupivacaine into the fascial plane between the transversus thoracic muscle and the internal intercostal muscle between the fourth and fifth connecting at the sternum. In 20 minutes after the injections, we investigated the spread of local anesthetic on the TTP by an ultrasound machine (Fig. 1) and the analgesic effect by a sense testing. The sense testing is blindly the cold testing. The spread of local anesthetic is detailed in Table 1. As for the analgesic effect of sense testing, both sides gain sensory extinction in the region of multiple anterior branches of inter-
Laser-Assisted Delivery to Treat Facial Scars.

Treatment of facial scars is a multispecialty endeavor for optimal patient recovery. One new innovation helping in facial scar treatments are lasers. Fractional laser predictably (tunable) disrupts the barrier of the skin creating deep channels that allow the delivery of drug and cellular materials; this is called laser-assisted drug delivery (LAD). Without exception thus far, LAD has been found to enhance the local uptake of any drug or substance applied to the skin. These zones may be used postoperatively to deliver drugs and other substances to create an enhanced scar therapeutic response to drug or substance applied to the skin.
Challenges regarding implementation of electronic chain traceability

Purpose – Increased focus on safe and healthy food has resulted in the need for implementing electronic chain traceability. This poses challenges both regarding technical solutions and business processes. The purpose of this paper is to report from a research project where implementation in a value chain for farmed salmon is used to investigate these challenges. Design/methodology/approach – The first step in the project was to establish a complete value chain for farmed salmon as a basis for further study. The second step was to use theoretical concepts of internal traceability and chain traceability as a basis for analyzing the status of each company regarding readiness to implement electronic chain traceability. The third step was to compare the final level of implementation in each company with the level of implementation readiness at the start of the project. Findings – Implementation of electronic chain traceability may involve changes both in work processes and software systems. This study shows that a set of criteria regarding implementation readiness can be used to assess the challenges and risks involved. Coherence between implementation readiness and the final level of implementation is indicated. Research limitations/implications – This research is limited to companies in a specific food sector. The generalization of the results for use in other sectors needs to be investigated. Practical implications – Because of the increasing demand for improving chain traceability, it can be expected that implementation readiness regarding electronic chain traceability solutions will be an important factor in selecting partners in food value chains. Originality/value – The large number of companies involved in this study is a good basis for evaluating the complexity of implementing electronic chain traceability. This paper describes guidelines and assessment criteria for companies planning to implement such solutions.
Thermodynamics of zinc binding to rhodanese.

Abstract The binding of zinc ion (Zn 2+ ) to rhodanese at two pH values was studied by microcalorimetry and the free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes determined. Binding exhibited rather large endothermic enthalpy changes quite similar to those observed for zinc-model compound interactions. The large positive entropy changes which accompany binding appear to be a feature common to Zn 2+ -apocarbonic anhydrase systems as well. The correlations between Zn 2+ interaction with model compounds resembling protein side chains and the thermodynamic values obtained for Zn 2+ -protein interactions suggest that endothermic enthalpies of binding should commonly be observed under slightly acidic to basic conditions. It is found that commercial rhodanese binds Zn 2+ with moderate to weak affinity by a process that is entropy driven much like that of other Zn 2+ -protein interactions.
Deep challenges for China's war on water pollution.

China's Central government has released an ambitious plan to tackle the nation's water pollution crisis. However, this is inhibited by a lack of data, particularly for groundwater. We compiled and analyzed water quality classification data from publicly available government sources, further revealing the scale and extent of the crisis. We also compiled nitrate data in shallow and deep groundwater from a range of literature sources, covering 52 of China's groundwater systems; the most comprehensive national-scale assessment yet. Nitrate pollution at levels exceeding the US EPA's maximum contaminant level (10 mg/L NO3N) occurs at the 90th percentile in 25 of 36 shallow aquifers and 10 out of 37 deep or karst aquifers. Isotopic compositions of groundwater nitrate (δ15N and δ18ONO3 values ranging from -14.9‰ to 35.5‰ and -8.1‰ to 51.0‰, respectively) indicate many nitrate sources including soil nitrogen, agricultural fertilizers, untreated wastewater and/or manure, and locally show evidence of de-nitrification. From these data, it is clear that contaminated groundwater is ubiquitous in deep aquifers as well as shallow groundwater (and surface water). Deep aquifers contain water recharged tens of thousands of years before present, long before widespread anthropogenic nitrate contamination. This groundwater has therefore likely been contaminated due to rapid bypass flow along wells or other conduits. Addressing the issue of well condition is urgently needed to stop further pollution of China's deep aquifers, which are some of China's most important drinking water sources. China's new 10-point Water Pollution Plan addresses previous shortcomings, however, control and remediation of deep groundwater pollution will take decades of sustained effort.
Storage lesion in banked blood due to hemolysis-dependent disruption of nitric oxide homeostasis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Whereas blood storage is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and multiorgan failure, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the 'storage lesion' in blood remain uncertain. A major abnormality in aged blood is the reduced red cell life-span after infusion, which is associated with microparticle and free hemoglobin release, and age-related loss of enzymatic functionality. However, the degree of intravascular hemolysis and microparticle formation in humans post-transfusion due to both storage and physiological shear has not been well studied.


RECENT FINDINGS
Our laboratories have discovered that even low levels of intravascular hemolysis severely disrupt nitric oxide bioavailability at the endothelium, via accelerated nitric oxide dioxygenation reactions with free plasma hemoglobin. This process contributes to endothelial dysfunction, adhesion molecule expression, platelet and hemostatic activation, and reactive oxygen species generation. Recent studies also suggest that red cells possess nitric oxide-generating functionality via nitrite reduction and red cell endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, potentially providing novel pathways to therapeutically alleviate the 'storage lesion'.


SUMMARY
The understanding of the pathological effects of red cell hemolysis on endothelial function suggests that nitric oxide dysregulation may underlie the red cell storage lesion, driven by increased nitric oxide catabolism and loss of nitric oxide-generating functionality.
A tubular linear machine with dual Halbach array

Purpose – Force output is extremely important for electromagnetic linear machines. The purpose of this study is to explore new permanent magnet (PM) array and winding patterns to increase the magnetic flux density and thus to improve the force output of electromagnetic tubular linear machines. Design/methodology/approach – Based on investigations on various PM patterns, a novel dual Halbach PM array is proposed in this paper to increase the radial component of flux density in three-dimensional machine space, which in turn can increase the force output of tubular linear machine significantly. The force outputs and force ripples for different winding patterns are formulated and analyzed, to select optimized structure parameters. Findings – The proposed dual Halbach array can increase the radial component of flux density and force output of tubular linear machines effectively. It also helps to decrease the axial component of flux density and thus to reduce the deformation and vibration of machines. By using analytical force models, the influence of winding patterns and structure parameters on the machine force output and force ripples can be analyzed. As a result, one set of optimized structure parameters are selected for the design of electromagnetic tubular linear machines. Originality/value – The proposed dual Halbach array and winding patterns are effective ways to improve the linear machine performance. It can also be implemented into rotary machines. The analyzing and design methods could be extended into the development of other electromagnetic machines.
Interactive, culturally sensitive education on colorectal cancer screening.

BACKGROUND
Increasing colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) can have a substantial positive impact on morbidity and mortality.


OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this report is to describe the development and feasibility testing of a computer-based, theory-guided educational program designed to increase CRCS.


RESEARCH DESIGN
This mixed-methods study used focus groups and subsequent randomized controlled trial design.


SUBJECTS
Participants (N = 199) were randomized to an intervention or control group; 75% were African American; mean age was 57.36 (SD = 6.8); 71% were male.


MEASURES
Previously validated measures on knowledge, beliefs, and screening test adherence were used to establish pre- and post-intervention perceptions. Feasibility was measured by response and completion rates, and participants' perceptions of the program.


RESULTS
Before feasibility testing, the program was presented to 2 focus groups. Changes were made to the program based on discussion, leading to a visually appealing, easy to understand and navigate, self-paced program. In the RCT pilot test that followed, of the participants in the intervention group, 80% said the education helped them decide to get CRCS; 49% agreed it helped them overcome barriers; 91% agreed it was useful, 68% thought it raised new concerns about cancer, but only 30% said it made them worry about CRC; 95% agreed their doctor's office should continue giving such education, and 99% said they would inform family about the program.


CONCLUSIONS
The response rate of 83% demonstrated feasibility of conducting colorectal cancer education in the primary care setting; overall the program was well received; participants averaged 23 minutes to complete it. Participants sought no help from attending data collectors and navigated the revised touch screen program with ease. Computer-based education is feasible in primary care clinics.
A 5-Gb/s Automatic Gain Control Amplifier With Temperature Compensation

This paper presents an automatic gain control (AGC) amplifier with temperature compensation for high-speed applications. The proposed AGC consists of a folded Gilbert variable gain amplifier (VGA), a dc offset canceller, inductorless post amplifiers, a linear open-loop peak detector (PD), an integrator, a symmetrical exponential voltage generator, and a compensation block for temperature stability. The novel temperature compensation scheme ensures the AGC stability and accuracy over -20°C-200°C by predicting the integrator biasing voltage based on the crucial blocks duplication technique. The proposed linear open loop PD combined with the linear-in-dB VGA manages the dB-linear error of less than 0.3 dB for the received signal strength indication (RSSI). The AGC chip is fabricated using a 0.13-μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. Consuming a power of 72 mW from a 1.2-V supply voltage, the fabricated circuit exhibits a voltage gain of 40 dB and a 3-dB bandwidth of 7.5 GHz. With a 215 - 1 pseudo-random bit sequence at 5-Gb/s, the measured peak-to-peak jitter is less than 40pspp across the -20°C-200°C temperature range. The low linear-in-dB error and the wide operating temperature range achieving the high-speed data input signal indicate the suitability of the proposed techniques for high-speed AGC amplifiers.
Visualisation of RDF(S)-based Information

As Resource Description Framework (RDF) reaches maturity, there is an increasing need for tools that support it. A common and natural representation for RDF data is a directed labeled graph. Although there are tools to edit and/or browse RDF graph representations, we found their architecture rigid and not easily amenable to producing effective visual representations, especially for l arge RDF graphs. We discuss here how GViz, a general purpose graph visualisation tool, allows the easy constructio n and fine-tuning of various visual exploratory scenarios for RDF data. GViz’s extended ability of customizing the visualisation’s icons showed to be very useful in the context of RDF graph structures visualisation. Among the presented applications, we mention customizable selections, schema instance comparison, instances comparison, and schemas comparison (schema evolution). GViz proved to be able not only to visualize large RDF data models, but also to be very flexible in designing scenario-specific queries to support t he exploration process.
An erythematous plaque on the glans penis of a 60-year-old man.

A 60-year-old man presented with a three-month history of a reddish patch with ulceration on his glans penis. The lesion was minimally pruritic with no history of bleeding on touch. The patient had been diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the prostate two years ago for which he had undergone radical prostatectomy with radiation therapy. Clinical examination revealed an erythematous plaque, measuring about 2 · 1 cm on the right side of the glans penis (Fig. 1). The plaque was well defined with an irregular border and an overlying area of ulceration. The inguinal lymph nodes were not palpable, and the rest of physical examination was normal. The chest x-ray and ultrasound of the abdomen were within normal limits. Routine investigations revealed normal blood counts, renal and liver function tests. Serum prostate-specific antigen levels were also within normal limits. A biopsy specimen of the lesion was obtained for histopathological examination (Figs. 2 and 3).
Turning the Tide? Why Development Will Not Stop Migration

Restrictive immigration policies and the militarization of external border controls by the US and the EU have failed to significantly curb immigration from Latin America and Africa. Rather, they have led to increasing reliance on increasingly risky and costly irregular migration and have paradoxically encouraged permanent settlement. A commonly presented ‘smart solution’ to curb immigration is to address the perceived root causes of migration through increasing aid given to or liberalising trade with origin countries. Recently, policies to stimulate remittances and promoting temporary and circular migration are also promoted as enhancing home country development, so that migration paradoxically becomes a medicine against migration. However, besides the limited scope and credibility of such policies, empirical and theoretical evidence strongly suggests that economic and human development increases people’s capabilities and aspirations and therefore tends to coincide with an increase rather than a decrease in emigration, at least in the short to medium term. Under unfavourable conditions, trade, aid and remittances can be complements rather than substitutes for migration also in the longer term. At the same time, demand for both skilled and unskilled migrant is likely to persist. Trade, aid, return migration and remittances are no short-cut ‘solutions’ to migration, and sustained immigration seems therefore to be likely.
Orthodontic treatment of anterior open bite.

OBJECTIVE
To review the currently available treatment options of anterior open bite.


METHODS
Search all major dental journals and literature on treatment and management of anterior open bite. Medline search (1960-2006). Literature and data on treatment and management of anterior open bite with keywords 'open bite', 'anterior open bite', 'orthodontic treatment', 'long face', 'vertical dentoalveolar problem' and 'vertical skeletal problem'.


RESULTS
Over 50 articles were found and relevant information and data were reviewed by the authors. It was found that the multifactorial nature of anterior open bite makes its management difficult and various treatment modalities are being used. Clinicians must be able to diagnose the problem and choose the best treatment.


CONCLUSION
Successful treatment of anterior open bite greatly relies on both diagnosis and therapeutics. Although there are many different treatment modalities available, stability after treatment is still a critical issue as evidence on long term stability of various treatment options is lacking. Thus, clinicians should pay more attention during retention phase and long-term studies on post-treatment changes and stability should be encouraged.
Sensing and Force-Feedback Exoskeleton (SAFE) Robotic Glove

This paper presents the design, implementation and experimental validation of a novel robotic haptic exoskeleton device to measure the user's hand motion and assist hand motion while remaining portable and lightweight. The device consists of a five-finger mechanism actuated with miniature DC motors through antagonistically routed cables at each finger, which act as both active and passive force actuators. The SAFE Glove is a wireless and self-contained mechatronic system that mounts over the dorsum of a bare hand and provides haptic force feedback to each finger. The glove is adaptable to a wide variety of finger sizes without constraining the range of motion. This makes it possible to accurately and comfortably track the complex motion of the finger and thumb joints associated with common movements of hand functions, including grip and release patterns. The glove can be wirelessly linked to a computer for displaying and recording the hand status through 3D Graphical User Interface (GUI) in real-time. The experimental results demonstrate that the SAFE Glove is capable of reliably modeling hand kinematics, measuring finger motion and assisting hand grasping motion. Simulation and experimental results show the potential of the proposed system in rehabilitation therapy and virtual reality applications.