LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Perpetuating online sexism offline: Anonymity, interactivity, and the effects of sexist hashtags on social media

Sexism and sexual harassment are not uncommon in online environments such as social networking sites, forums, and video games. This experiment investigated whether users’ anonymity and level of interactivity with sexist content on social media influenced sexist attitudes and offline behavior. Participants (N = 172) used a Twitter account that was anonymous or had personally identifying details. They were asked to share (i.e., retweet) or write posts incorporating a sexist hashtag. After exposure, participants completed two purportedly unrelated tasks, a survey and a job hiring simulation in which they evaluated male and female candidates’ resumés. Anonymous participants reported greater hostile sexism after tweeting than nonanonymous participants. Participants who composed sexist tweets reported greater hostile sexism and ranked female job candidates as less competent than those who retweeted, although this did not significantly affect their likelihood to hire. 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Safety and feasibility of recombinant factor VIIa for acute intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Hematoma growth occurs in 38% of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients scanned by computed tomography (CT) within 3 hours of onset. Activated recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa) promotes hemostasis at sites of vascular injury and may minimize hematoma growth after ICH.


METHODS
In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial, 48 subjects with ICH diagnosed within 3 hours of onset were treated with placebo (n=12) or rFVIIa (10, 20, 40, 80, 120, or 160 microg/kg; n=6 per group). The primary endpoint was the frequency of adverse events (AEs). Safety assessments included serial electrocardiography (ECG), troponin I and coagulation testing, lower extremity Doppler ultrasonography, and calculation of edema:ICH volume ratios.


RESULTS
Mean age was 61 years (range, 30 to 93) and 57% were male. At admission, mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 14 (range, 1 to 26), median Glasgow Coma Scale score was 14 (range, 6 to 15), and mean ICH volume was 21 mL (range, 1 to 151). Mean time from onset to treatment was 181 minutes (range, 120 to 265). Twelve serious AEs occurred, including 5 deaths (mortality 11%). Six AEs were considered possibly treatment-related, including rash, vomiting, fever, ECG T-wave inversion, and 2 cases of deep vein thrombosis (placebo and 20-microg/kg groups). No myocardial ischemia, consumption coagulopathy, or dose-related increase in edema:ICH volume occurred.


CONCLUSIONS
This small phase II trial evaluated a wide range of rFVIIa doses in acute ICH and raised no major safety concerns. Larger studies are justified to determine whether rFVIIa can safely and effectively limit ICH growth.
Evaluating the effectiveness of a consumer delivered anti-stigma program: replication with graduate-level helping professionals.

OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated a consumer delivered anti-stigma presentation, In Our Own Voice (IOOV), with Masters of Social Work (MSW) students, replicating a previous study with undergraduates.


METHODS
Thirty MSW students completed pre and post surveys to measure changes in attitude, knowledge and social distance after the presentation.


RESULTS
Paired samples t-tests showed increases in attitude (p < .001), knowledge (p < .05), and social distance (p < .001). Compared with previous research on undergraduate students, MSW students scored higher on all three pre-test measures (all p < .001).


CONCLUSIONS
The results further support the effectiveness of IOOV and indicate that graduate level helping professionals can benefit from anti-stigma programs. Future research should go beyond self-report knowledge and attitude evaluation, test the efficacy of the components of the IOOV program (video, contact with presenters), and test the lasting effects of the program.
Improved driver modeling for human-in-the-loop vehicular control

In order to develop provably safe human-in-the-loop systems, accurate and precise models of human behavior must be developed. Driving is a good example of such a system because the driver has full control of the vehicle, and her likely actions are highly dependent on her mental state and the context of the current situation. This paper presents a testbed for collecting driver data that allows us to collect realistic data, while maintaining safety and control of the environmental surroundings. We extend previous work that focuses on set predictions consisting of trajectories observed from the nonlinear dynamics and behaviors of the human driven car, accounting for the driver mental state, the context or situation that the vehicle is in, and the surrounding environment in both highway and intersection scenarios. This allows us to predict driving behavior over long time horizons with extremely high accuracy. By using this realistic data and flexible algorithm, a precise and accurate driver model can be developed that is tailored to an individual and usable in semi-autonomous frameworks.
Understanding and targeting the Rho kinase pathway in erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common disorder that affects a quarter of US men, and has many causes, including endothelial impairment, low testosterone levels, prior surgical manipulation, and/or psychogenic components. Penile erection is a complex process requiring neurally mediated relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle and engorgement of cavernosal tissues, mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Current medical therapies for ED largely seek to maximize endogenous NO signalling. Certain aetiologies, including diabetes, are difficult to treat with current modalities, emphasizing the need for new molecular targets. Research has demonstrated the importance of RhoA–Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signalling in maintaining a flaccid penile state, and inhibition of RhoA–ROCK signalling potentiates smooth-muscle relaxation in an NO-independent manner. The mechanisms and effects of RhoA–ROCK signalling and inhibition suggest that the RhoA–ROCK pathway could prove to be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of ED.
Profile for estimating risk of heart failure.

CONTEXT
We devised a risk appraisal function to assess the hazard of heart failure in persons who are predisposed by coronary disease, hypertension, or valvular heart disease.


OBJECTIVE
To provide general practitioners and internists with a cost-effective method to select people at high risk who are likely to have impaired left ventricular systolic function and may therefore require further evaluation and aggressive preventive measures.


METHODS
The routinely measured risk factors used in constructing the heart failure profile include age, electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomegaly on chest x-ray film, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, vital capacity, diabetes mellitus, evidence of myocardial infarction, and valvular disease or hypertension. Based on 486 heart failure cases during 38 years of follow-up, 4-year probabilities of failure were computed using the pooled logistic regression model for each sex; a simple point score system was employed. A multivariate profile was also produced without the vital capacity or chest x-ray film because these may not be readily available in some clinical settings.


RESULTS
Using the risk factors that make up the multivariate risk formulation-derived from ordinary office procedures-the probability of developing heart failure can be estimated and compared with the average risk for persons of the same age and sex. Using this risk profile, 60% of events in men and 73% in women occurred in subjects in the top quintile of multivariate risk.


CONCLUSIONS
Using this multivariate risk formulation, it is possible to identify high-risk candidates for heart failure who are likely to have a substantial yield of positive findings when tested for objective evidence of presymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. The risk profile may also identify candidates who are at high risk for heart failure because of multiple, marginal risk factor abnormalities that might otherwise be overlooked.
A randomized head-to-head study of small-bowel imaging comparing MiroCam and EndoCapsule.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS
The MiroCam is a new video capsule device offering a higher frame rate and a longer battery life-expectancy. We aimed to quantify its clinical impact and performed a randomized head-to-head comparison with the EndoCapsule device with respect to the rate of complete small-bowel examinations, diagnostic yield in the small bowel, and capsule transit time.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients referred for video capsule endoscopy because of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic diarrhea, and anemia of unknown origin were randomly assigned to swallow either the MiroCam first, followed by the EndoCapsule 2 hours later, or vice versa. All videos were analyzed by two independent investigators.


RESULTS
A total of 50 patients (median age 61, range 21-84) were included. Complete small-bowel examination was achieved in 48/50 patients using the MiroCam and 45/50 using the EndoCapsule (96% vs. 90%, odds ratio [OR] 2.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-14.45; P=0.38). There was diagnostic yield in the small bowel for 25/50 patients using the MiroCam and 24/50 using the EndoCapsule (50% vs. 48%, OR 1.08, 95%CI 0.49-2.37; P>0.99). However, the findings were concordant in 68% only (kappa = 0.50). The combined diagnostic yield was 58%. Even solitary findings had a relevant clinical impact during a 6-month follow-up.


CONCLUSION
In this direct comparison the MiroCam and EndoCapsule devices were not statistically different with regard to their rates of complete small-bowel examinations or diagnostic yield. Their moderate concordance, mainly caused by missed pathological findings, which affected both devices, needs consideration in clinical practice.
Experimental constraints on the fate of subducted upper continental crust beyond the “depth of no return”

Abstract The subducted continental crust material will be gravitationally trapped in the deep mantle after having been transported to depths of greater than ∼250–300 km (the “depth of no return”). However, little is known about the status of this trapped continental material as well as its contribution to the mantle heterogeneity after achieving thermal equilibrium with the surrounding mantle. Here, we conduct an experimental study over pressure and temperature ranges of 9–16 GPa and 1300–1800 °C to constrain the fate of these trapped upper continental crust (UCC). The experimental results show that partial melting will occur in the subducted UCC along normal mantle geotherm to produce K-rich melt. The residual phases composed of coesite/stishovite + clinopyroxene + kyanite in the upper mantle, and stishovite + clinopyroxene + K-hollandite + garnet + CAS-phase in the mantle transition zone (MTZ), respectively. The residual phases achieve densities greater than the surrounding mantle, which provides a driving force for descent across the 410-km seismic discontinuity into the MTZ. However, this density relationship is reversed at the base of the MTZ, leaving the descended residues to be accumulated above the 660-km seismic discontinuity and may contribute to the “second continent”. The melt is ∼0.6–0.7 g/cm 3 less dense than the surrounding mantle, which provides a buoyancy force for ascent of melt to shallow depths. The ascending melt, which preserves a significant portion of the bulk-rock rare earth elements (REEs), large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), and high-filed strength elements (HFSEs), may react with the surrounding mantle. Re-melting of the metasomatized mantle may contribute to the origin of the “enriched mantle sources” (EM-sources). Therefore, the deep subducted continental crust may create geochemical/geophysical heterogeneity in Earth’s interior through subduction, stagnation, partial melting and melt segregation.
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES Racism, Conservatism, Affirmative Action, and Intellectual Sophistication: A Matter of Principled Conservatism or Group Dominance?

Using data from 3 different samples, the authors found that: (a) the relationships between political conservatism and racism generally increased as a function of educational sophistication; however, the relationship between political conservatism and anti-Black affect did not increase with educational sophistication, (b) The correlation between political conservatism and racism could be entirely accounted for by their mutual relationship with social dominance orientation, (c) Generally, the net effect of political conservatism, racism, and social dominance orientation on opposition to affirmative action increased with increasing education. These findings contradict much of the case for the principled conservatism hypothesis, which maintains that political values that are largely devoid of racism, especially among highly educated people, are the major source of Whites' opposition to affirmative action.
Syntactic Scaffolds for Semantic Structures

We introduce the syntactic scaffold, an approach to incorporating syntactic information into semantic tasks. Syntactic scaffolds avoid expensive syntactic processing at runtime, only making use of a treebank during training, through a multitask objective. We improve over strong baselines on PropBank semantics, frame semantics, and coreference resolution, achieving competitive performance on all three tasks.
Impact of an Educational Program to Reduce Healthcare Resources in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The EDUCAP Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND
Additional healthcare visits and rehospitalizations after discharge are frequent among patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and have a major impact on healthcare costs. We aimed to determine whether the implementation of an individualized educational program for hospitalized patients with CAP would decrease subsequent healthcare visits and readmissions within 30 days of hospital discharge.


METHODS
A multicenter, randomized trial was conducted from January 1, 2011 to October 31, 2014 at three hospitals in Spain. We randomly allocated immunocompetent adults patients hospitalized for CAP to receive either an individualized educational program or conventional information before discharge. The educational program included recommendations regarding fluid intake, adherence to drug therapy and preventive vaccines, knowledge and management of the disease, progressive adaptive physical activity, and counseling for alcohol and smoking cessation. The primary trial endpoint was a composite of the frequency of additional healthcare visits and rehospitalizations within 30 days of hospital discharge. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed.


RESULTS
We assigned 102 patients to receive the individualized educational program and 105 to receive conventional information. The frequency of the composite primary end point was 23.5% following the individualized program and 42.9% following the conventional information (difference, -19.4%; 95% confidence interval, -6.5% to -31.2%; P = 0.003).


CONCLUSIONS
The implementation of an individualized educational program for hospitalized patients with CAP was effective in reducing subsequent healthcare visits and rehospitalizations within 30 days of discharge. Such a strategy may help optimize available healthcare resources and identify post-acute care needs in patients with CAP.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN39531840.
Drug interactions between chemotherapeutic regimens and antiepileptics.

BACKGROUND
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are commonly seen in daily clinical practice, particularly in the treatment of patients with cancer. Seizures are often seen in patients with brain tumors and brain metastases, in whom antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are often indicated. The risk for DDIs between anticancer drugs and AEDs is high.


OBJECTIVE
This review aimed to investigate the types of interactions that are observed between the AEDs and the most commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic regimens. The risk for DDIs is discussed with regard to tumor type.


METHODS
Data on DDIs between anticancer drugs and AEDs were compiled from the British National Formulary, Drug Information Handbook, and Micromedex Healthcare Series version 5.1. Product information of the individual drugs, as well as literature on anticancer drug-AED interactions, was searched using PubMed (years: December 1970 to January 2008; search terms: anticancer, antiepileptic, chemotherapy regimen, drug interactions, and the generic names of the individual anticancer drugs and AEDs [acetazolamide, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, tiagabine, topiramate, valproic acid, vigabatrin, and zonisamide]).


RESULTS
Our search identified clinically important DDIs observed with single-agent and combination regimens used for the treatment of breast cancers, colorectal cancers, lung cancers, lymphomas, and renal cell carcinomas. Carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone were found to have prominent cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme-induction effects, while valproic acid had an inhibitory effect. The isozymes of major relevance to anticancer drug-AED interactions included CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19. Induction or inhibition of these isozymes by AEDs can cause a decrease or increase in anticancer drug concentrations. Similarly, enzyme inhibition or induction by anticancer drugs can lead to toxicity or loss of seizure control.


CONCLUSIONS
In this review of anticancer drug-AED DDIs, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, and valproic acid were found to interact the most frequently with anticancer drugs. Based on the results of this review, clinicians should be vigilant when AEDs are prescribed concurrently with anticancer drugs. DDIs can be avoided or minimized by selecting alternative AEDs that are less likely to interact. However, if potentially interacting drug combinations must be used for treatment, serum drug concentrations should be closely monitored to avoid toxicity in the patient, as well as to ensure adequate chemotherapeutic and antiepileptic coverage.
Comedolytic effect and reduced skin irritation of a new formulation of all-trans retinoic acid-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical treatment of acne

Novel drug delivery systems, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), have been proposed to reduce retinoic acid (RA)-induced skin irritation. However, one question still remains: could it be accomplished without reducing efficacy? To evaluate this question the comedolytic effects and epidermal thickening of RA-loaded SLN were compared to the conventional RA formulations (gel or cream), as well as the potential of these formulations to induce skin irritation. The comedolytic effects and epidermal thickening of these formulations, both containing RA at 0.01 or 0.05%, were investigated in a rhino mouse model, while the studies of RA-induced skin irritation were evaluated through rabbit skin irritation tests and in the rhino mouse model. RA-loaded SLN, as compared to the placebo, produced a comedolytic effect with a significant reduction of the utricle diameter, which proved to be similar to that observed for marketed gels or creams regardless of the RA concentration. RA formulations (SLN or marketed cream) also induced an epidermal proliferation leading to a thickened epidermis in treated animals. In both animals studied (rhino mice and rabbits), the RA-loaded SLN, when compared to conventional formulations, promoted a significant reduction in RA-induced skin irritation (erythema and scaling). Then, RA-loaded SLN represents an interesting alternative to reduce RA-induced skin irritation without reducing efficacy, and constitutes an innovative approach for the topical treatment of acne with RA.
Rawlsian Fairness for Machine Learning

Motivated by concerns that automated decision-making procedures can unintentionally lead to discriminatory behavior, we study a technical definition of fairness modeled after John Rawls’ notion of “fair equality of opportunity”. In the context of a simple model of online decision making, we give an algorithm that satisfies this fairness constraint, while still being able to learn at a rate that is comparable to (but necessarily worse than) that of the best algorithms absent a fairness constraint. We prove a regret bound for fair algorithms in the linear contextual bandit framework that is a significant improvement over our technical companion paper [16], which gives black-box reductions in a more general setting. We analyze our algorithms both theoretically and experimentally. Finally, we introduce the notion of a “discrimination index”, and show that standard algorithms for our problem exhibit structured discriminatory behavior, whereas the “fair” algorithms we develop do not. ∗majos, mkearns, jamiemor, aaroth@cis.upenn.edu. Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Pennsylvania. †sethneel@wharton.upenn.edu. Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. 1 ar X iv :1 61 0. 09 55 9v 1 [ cs .L G ] 2 9 O ct 2 01 6
Creating Subjective and Objective Sentence Classifiers from Unannotated Texts

This paper presents the results of developing subjectivity classifiers using only unannotated texts for training. The performance rivals that of previous supervised learning approaches. In addition, we advance the state of the art in objective sentence classification, by learning extraction patterns associated with objectivity and creating objective classifiers that achieve substantially higher recall than previous work with comparable precision.
A novel tetravalent Leptospira bacterin protects against infection and shedding following challenge in dogs

Recent evidence based on the current epidemiological situation suggests that vaccines against canine leptospirosis in Europe should be directed against infection with Leptospira interrogans (sensu lato) serogroups Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa and Australis. In the eight studies presented here, dogs were vaccinated with Nobivac L4 (MSD Animal Health), a new tetravalent inactivated vaccine containing antigen from four strains representing these four serogroups. The dogs were then challenged, together with unvaccinated control dogs, using heterologous strains from the same four serogroups. In four of the studies, pups without agglutinating antibodies against the four serogroups were vaccinated with Nobivac L4 vaccine. In a further four studies, Nobivac L4 vaccine was given 48 hours after administration of antiserum from vaccinated dogs designed to mimic the serological status of pups with maternally derived antibodies against these serogroups. In all eight studies, vaccine efficacy was assessed in terms of antibody response, clinical signs, fever, thrombocyte count, frequency of positive isolation of challenge organisms from blood, urine and kidney and frequency of interstitial nephritis. The results demonstrate that Nobivac L4 vaccine induces sterile immunity against leptospiraemia and renal infection with strains of serogroups Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Grippotyphosa, and induces sterile immunity against leptospiraemia with a strain of serogroup Australis. Since sterile immunity was achieved in pups pretreated with antiserum as well, it can be concluded that this vaccine is also likely to be efficacious in the face of maternally derived antibodies in pups from the age of six weeks.