LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
PERSUASION BIAS , SOCIAL INFLUENCE , AND UNIDIMENSIONAL

We propose a boundedly-rational model of opinion formation in which individuals are subject to persuasion bias; that is, they fail to account for possible repetition in the information they receive. We show that persuasion bias implies the phenomenon of social influence, whereby one’s influence on group opinions depends not only on accuracy, but also on how well-connected one is in the social network that determines communication. Persuasion bias also implies the phenomenon of unidimensional opinions; that is, individuals’ opinions over a multidimensional set of issues converge to a single “left-right” spectrum. We explore the implications of our model in several natural settings, including political science and marketing, and we obtain a number of novel empirical implications. DeMarzo and Zwiebel: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, Vayanos: MIT Sloan School of Management, 50 Memorial Drive E52-437, Cambridge MA 02142. This paper is an extensive revision of our paper, “A Model of Persuasion – With Implication for Financial Markets,” (first draft, May 1997). We are grateful to Nick Barberis, Gary Becker, Jonathan Bendor, Larry Blume, Simon Board, Eddie Dekel, Stefano DellaVigna, Darrell Duffie, David Easley, Glenn Ellison, Simon Gervais, Ed Glaeser, Ken Judd, David Kreps, Edward Lazear, George Loewenstein, Lee Nelson, Anthony Neuberger, Matthew Rabin, José Scheinkman, Antoinette Schoar, Peter Sorenson, Pietro Veronesi, Richard Zeckhauser, three anonymous referees, and seminar participants at the American Finance Association Annual Meetings, Boston University, Cornell, Carnegie-Mellon, ESSEC, the European Summer Symposium in Financial Markets at Gerzensee, HEC, the Hoover Institution, Insead, MIT, the NBER Asset Pricing Conference, the Northwestern Theory Summer Workshop, NYU, the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Economics, Stanford, Texas A&M, UCLA, U.C. Berkeley, Université Libre de Bruxelles, University of Michigan, University of Texas at Austin, University of Tilburg, and the Utah Winter Finance Conference for helpful comments and discussions. All errors are our own.
Sofosbuvir plus simeprevir treatment of recurrent genotype 1 hepatitis C after liver transplant.

BACKGROUND
Patients with recurrent hepatitis C (HCV) infection post-liver transplant can be difficult to treat safely and effectively. A prior (COSMOS) study in patients with non-transplant HCV, using sofosbuvir plus simeprevir, had high efficacy and tolerability in treating patients with HCV genotype 1, even prior non-responders to interferon therapy and those with cirrhosis. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of sofosbuvir and simeprevir in patients with genotype 1 HCV post-liver transplant.


METHODS
In this prospective, observational study, patients received sofosbuvir 400 mg plus simeprevir 150 mg daily for 12 wk without ribavirin. The primary end point was a sustained virologic response 12 wk after the end of therapy.


RESULTS
Forty-two patients completed the treatment. Twenty-six percent started the treatment ≤ 6 months post-liver transplant. Nineteen percent of the included patients had cirrhosis, 14% with decompensation. At week 4 on the treatment, 21% of patients had detectable virus but at the end of the treatment, 100% were undetectable. Twelve weeks after the end of the treatment, 95% of the patients had undetectable hepatitis C. The regimen was generally well tolerated.


CONCLUSION
The oral regimen of sofosbuvir plus simeprevir without ribavirin is efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C post-liver transplant.
A combined power cycle utilizing low-temperature waste heat and LNG cold energy

This paper has proposed a combined power system, in which low-temperature waste heat can be efficiently recovered and cold energy of liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be fully utilized as well. This system consists of an ammonia–water mixture Rankine cycle and an LNG power generation cycle, and it is modelled by considering mass, energy and species balances for every component and thermodynamic analyses are conducted. The results show that the proposed combined cycle has good performance, with net electrical efficiency and exergy efficiency of 33% and 48%, respectively, for a typical operating condition. The power output is equal to 1.25 MWh per kg of ammonia–water mixture. About 0.2 MW of electrical power for operating sea water pumps can be saved. Parametric analyses are performed for the proposed combined cycle to evaluate the effects of key factors on the performance of the proposed combined cycle through simulation calculations. Results show that a maximum net electrical efficiency can be obtained as the inlet pressure of ammonia turbine increases and the peak value increases as the ammonia mass fraction increases. Exergy efficiency goes up with the increased ammonia turbine inlet pressure. With the ammonia mass fraction increases, the net electrical efficiency increases, whereas exergy efficiency decreases. For increasing LNG turbine inlet pressure or heat source temperature, there is also a peak of net electrical efficiency and exergy efficiency. With the increase of LNG gas turbine outlet pressure, exergy efficiency increases while net electrical efficiency drops. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of losartan titrated to losartan/hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine on blood pressure and peripheral capillary microcirculation in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension

Objective: To measure the effects of losartan and amlodipine on peripheral capillary microcirculation in hypertension.Setting: Medical out-patient clinic, Basel, in a university teaching hospital.Methods: After a 4-week placebo run-in period 20 patients aged 50 ± 8 (range 36–65) years with mild-to-moderate hypertension were randomly allocated to receive active treatment with losartan 50 mg titrated to losartan 50 mg/hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) 12.5 mg, or amlodipine 5 mg titrated to 10 mg for a 12 week period. Titration was performed if diastolic blood pressure (BP) was ⩾90 mm Hg after 6 weeks of treatment. BP measurements as well as video capillary microscopy of the finger nailfold at the end of the placebo period and after 12 weeks of active treatment were compared. Capillary blood cell velocity was measured at rest and immediately, 1 min and 2 min after local finger cooling.Results: After 3 months of treatment with amlodipine (n = 10) and losartan titrated to losartan-HCT (n = 10) sitting BP decreased significantly from 160 ± 7/103 ± 4 mm Hg and 147 ± 7/98 ± 6 mm Hg to 131 ± 10/86 ± 7 mm Hg and 134 ± 17/89 ± 9 mm Hg, respectively (P < 0.01). after local finger cooling the area under the curve (auc) of capillary blood cell velocities was 1.13 ± 0.58 mm (median ± s.d.) at baseline and increased to 1.94 ± 1.15 (P < 0.05) in losartan/losartan-hct treated patients. in amlodipine treated patients the increase in auc of capillary blood cell velocity did not reach the level of statistical significance (1.59 ± 1.36 to 2.14 ± 1.05 mm).Conclusion: This small trial shows that the area under the curve of capillary blood cell velocity increases in hypertensive patients treated with both losartan/ losartan-HCT and amlodipine compared with baseline values.
Trust and Credibility in Web-Based Health Information: A Review and Agenda for Future Research

BACKGROUND
Internet sources are becoming increasingly important in seeking health information, such that they may have a significant effect on health care decisions and outcomes. Hence, given the wide range of different sources of Web-based health information (WHI) from different organizations and individuals, it is important to understand how information seekers evaluate and select the sources that they use, and more specifically, how they assess their credibility and trustworthiness.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to review empirical studies on trust and credibility in the use of WHI. The article seeks to present a profile of the research conducted on trust and credibility in WHI seeking, to identify the factors that impact judgments of trustworthiness and credibility, and to explore the role of demographic factors affecting trust formation. On this basis, it aimed to identify the gaps in current knowledge and to propose an agenda for future research.


METHODS
A systematic literature review was conducted. Searches were conducted using a variety of combinations of the terms WHI, trust, credibility, and their variants in four multi-disciplinary and four health-oriented databases. Articles selected were published in English from 2000 onwards; this process generated 3827 unique records. After the application of the exclusion criteria, 73 were analyzed fully.


RESULTS
Interest in this topic has persisted over the last 15 years, with articles being published in medicine, social science, and computer science and originating mostly from the United States and the United Kingdom. Documents in the final dataset fell into 3 categories: (1) those using trust or credibility as a dependent variable, (2) those using trust or credibility as an independent variable, and (3) studies of the demographic factors that influence the role of trust or credibility in WHI seeking. There is a consensus that website design, clear layout, interactive features, and the authority of the owner have a positive effect on trust or credibility, whereas advertising has a negative effect. With regard to content features, authority of the author, ease of use, and content have a positive effect on trust or credibility formation. Demographic factors influencing trust formation are age, gender, and perceived health status.


CONCLUSIONS
There is considerable scope for further research. This includes increased clarity of the interaction between the variables associated with health information seeking, increased consistency on the measurement of trust and credibility, a greater focus on specific WHI sources, and enhanced understanding of the impact of demographic variables on trust and credibility judgments.
Abnormal vascular responses in human chronic cardiac failure are both endothelium dependent and endothelium independent.

OBJECTIVE
To study underlying vascular responses in chronic heart failure in patients without ACE inhibitor treatment, and to compare them with age matched controls.


DESIGN
Forearm blood flow was studied using venous occlusion plethysmography in patients with chronic heart failure (n = 12) and matched controls (n = 13), after infusion of L-NMMA (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), glyceryl trinitrate (an endothelium independent vasodilator), and serotonin (an endothelium dependent vasodilator).


RESULTS
L-NMMA produced significant vasoconstriction in normal subjects (forearm blood flow reduced by 24%), but not in patients (6%; difference between groups p < 0.03). The vasodilator responses to glyceryl trinitrate were impaired in patients (p < 0.02). In normal controls, serotonin produced initial dilatation, followed by vasoconstriction at high doses. In patients, no vasodilator responses were observed, only late vasoconstriction (p < 0.03).


CONCLUSIONS
The vascular responses of patients are confirmed as being abnormal. The lack of response to L-NMMA suggests that nitric oxide does not contribute to basal vascular tone in patients with chronic heart failure. The responses to glyceryl trinitrate and to serotonin suggest that there is both smooth muscle and endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure.
Various Constructions of Continuous Information Systems

In this paper, some classical constructions for continuous information systems in a more general sense are established. Some non-classical constructions for continuous information systems such as weak systems, algebraic kernels and algebraic retracts are also introduced.
The Portuguese version of the body image scale (BIS) - psychometric properties in a sample of breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to analyse the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the body image scale (BIS; Hopwood, P., Fletcher, I., Lee, A., Al Ghazal, S., 2001. A body image scale for use with cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer, 37, 189-197). This is a brief and psychometric robust measure of body image for use with cancer patients, independently of age, cancer type, treatment or stage of the disease and it was developed in collaboration with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Study Group.


METHOD
The sample is comprised of 173 Portuguese postoperative breast cancer patients that completed a battery of measures that included the BIS and other scales of body image and quality of life, in order to explore its construct validity.


RESULTS
The Portuguese version of BIS confirmed the original unidimensional structure and demonstrated adequate internal consistency, both in the global sample (alpha=.93) as in surgical subgroups (mastectomy=.92 and breast-conserving surgery=.93). Evidence for the construct validity was provided through moderate to largely sized correlations between the BIS and other related measures. In further support of its discriminant validity, significant differences in BIS scores were found between women who underwent mastectomy and those who underwent breast-conserving surgery, with the former presenting higher scores. Age and time since diagnosis were not associated with BIS scores.


CONCLUSIONS
The Portuguese BIS proved to be a reliable and valid measure of body image concerns in a sample of breast cancer patients, allowing a brief and comprehensive assessment, both on clinical and research settings.
Inflammatory cytokines in chronic heart failure: interleukin-8 is associated with adverse outcome. Results from CORONA.

AIM
We investigated the ability of prototypical inflammatory cytokines to predict clinical outcomes in a large population of patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HF).


METHODS AND RESULTS
Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), soluble TNF receptors type I and II (sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII), and the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were analysed in 1464 patients with chronic ischaemic systolic HF in the CORONA study, aged ≥ 60 years, in NYHA class II-IV, and related to the primary endpoint (n = 320), as well as any coronary event (n = 255), all-cause mortality (n = 329), cardiovascular (CV) mortality (n = 268), and the composite endpoint hospitalization from worsening heart failure (WHF) or CV mortality (n = 547). TNF-α, sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII, and IL-8, but not MCP-1, were independent predictors of all endpoints except the coronary endpoint in multivariable models including conventional clinical variables. After further adjustment for estimated glomerular filtration rate, the ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio, NT-proBNP, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, only IL-8 remained a significant predictor of all endpoints (except the coronary endpoint), while sTNF- RI remained independently associated with CV mortality. Adding IL-8 to the full model led to a significant improvement in net reclassification for all-cause mortality and CV hospitalization, but only a borderline significant improvement for the primary endpoint, CV mortality, and the composite endpoint WHF hospitalization or CV mortality.


CONCLUSION
Our study supports a relationship between IL-8 and outcomes in patients with chronic HF. However, the clinical usefulness of IL-8 as a biomarker in an unselected HF population is at present unclear.
Integrated Motion Planning, Control, and Estimation for Range-Based Marine Vehicle Positioning and Target Localization

The paper addresses the problems of range-based marine vehicle positioning and target localization. Vehicle positioning aims to estimate the positions of one or more vehicles from a sequence of range measurements to fixed or moving acoustic beacons with known locations. In this context, the vehicles must execute sufficiently exciting maneuvers so as to maximize the range-based information available for multiple vehicle positioning. Using an estimation theoretical setting, the vehicle trajectories are computed by maximizing the determinant of a suitably defined Fisher information matrix (FIM), subject to inter-vehicle collision avoidance and vehicle maneuvering constraints. A numerical solution is proposed for the general case. Analytical solutions are obtained in the case of one vehicle and one beacon, when the latter undergoes trajectories that are straight lines, pieces of arcs, or a combination thereof. The theoretical analysis is complemented with practical experiments that focus on the dual problem of underwater target localization. The objective is to estimate the position of a moving underwater target by using range measurements between the target and a vehicle, called a tracker, undergoing a trajectory that can be measured on-line. The experimental set-up includes a surface and an autonomous underwater vehicle of the Medusa-class playing the roles of tracker and target, respectively. In the methodology adopted for system implementation the tracker runs three key algorithms simultaneously, over a sliding time window: i) tracker motion planning, ii) tracker motion control, and iii) target motion estimation based on range data acquired on-line.
Ferritins: iron/oxygen biominerals in protein nanocages

Ferritin protein nanocages that form iron oxy biominerals in the central nanometer cavity are nature’s answer to managing iron and oxygen; gene deletions are lethal in mammals and render bacteria more vulnerable to host release of antipathogen oxidants. The multifunctional, multisubunit proteins couple iron with oxygen (maxi-ferritins) or hydrogen peroxide (mini-ferritins) at catalytic sites that are related to di-iron sites oxidases, ribonucleotide reductase, methane monooxygenase and fatty acid desaturases, and synthesize mineral precursors. Gated pores, distributed symmetrically around the ferritin cages, control removal of iron by reductants and chelators. Gene regulation of ferritin, long known to depend on iron and, in animals, on a noncoding messenger RNA (mRNA) structure linked in a combinatorial array to functionally related mRNA of iron transport, has recently been shown to be linked to an array of proteins for antioxidant responses such as thioredoxin and quinone reductases. Ferritin DNA responds more to oxygen signals, and ferritin mRNA responds more to iron signals. Ferritin genes (DNA and RNA) and protein function at the intersection of iron and oxygen chemistry in biology.
Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data.

OBJECTIVES
Implementation of the International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10) coding system presents challenges for using administrative data. Recognizing this, we conducted a multistep process to develop ICD-10 coding algorithms to define Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidities in administrative data and assess the performance of the resulting algorithms.


METHODS
ICD-10 coding algorithms were developed by "translation" of the ICD-9-CM codes constituting Deyo's (for Charlson comorbidities) and Elixhauser's coding algorithms and by physicians' assessment of the face-validity of selected ICD-10 codes. The process of carefully developing ICD-10 algorithms also produced modified and enhanced ICD-9-CM coding algorithms for the Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidities. We then used data on in-patients aged 18 years and older in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative hospital discharge data from a Canadian health region to assess the comorbidity frequencies and mortality prediction achieved by the original ICD-9-CM algorithms, the enhanced ICD-9-CM algorithms, and the new ICD-10 coding algorithms.


RESULTS
Among 56,585 patients in the ICD-9-CM data and 58,805 patients in the ICD-10 data, frequencies of the 17 Charlson comorbidities and the 30 Elixhauser comorbidities remained generally similar across algorithms. The new ICD-10 and enhanced ICD-9-CM coding algorithms either matched or outperformed the original Deyo and Elixhauser ICD-9-CM coding algorithms in predicting in-hospital mortality. The C-statistic was 0.842 for Deyo's ICD-9-CM coding algorithm, 0.860 for the ICD-10 coding algorithm, and 0.859 for the enhanced ICD-9-CM coding algorithm, 0.868 for the original Elixhauser ICD-9-CM coding algorithm, 0.870 for the ICD-10 coding algorithm and 0.878 for the enhanced ICD-9-CM coding algorithm.


CONCLUSIONS
These newly developed ICD-10 and ICD-9-CM comorbidity coding algorithms produce similar estimates of comorbidity prevalence in administrative data, and may outperform existing ICD-9-CM coding algorithms.
What do we know about mobile applications for diabetes self-management? A review of reviews

Diabetes is a chronic illness with significant health consequences, especially for those who are unable to adhere to the complex treatment regimen. Self-management tasks such as regular medication and insulin use, frequent blood sugar checks, strict diet management, and consistent exercise can be quite challenging. Mobile technologies, specifically mobile applications (apps), present a unique opportunity to help patients improve adherence to these behaviors. The availability of commercial diabetes self-management apps is increasing rapidly, making it difficult for patients and providers to stay informed about app options. A number of reviews have described commercial app technology and use for patients with diabetes. The aims of this article are to summarize the results and themes of those reviews, to review outcomes of apps described in the research literature, and to identify areas for further consideration in the use of mobile apps for diabetes self-management.
Representing topoi by topological groupoids

It is shown that every topos with enough points is equivalent to the classifying topos of a topological groupoid.
Canine Pyometra: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment

Despite six decades of research, the pathogenesis of pyometra is still not completely understood. Recent investigations question whether the previous concept of considering cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)–pyometra as a complex is correct. The pathogenesis of CEH appears to have a strong hormonal component, whereas the etiology of pyometra might be more influenced by the bacterial component. However, CEH may predispose bitches to develop pyometra. Critically ill pyometra patients should be monitored for clinical criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Closed-suction abdominal drains and a different administration route for prostaglandin F2α are promising enhancements in the treatment of pyometra. Canine pyometra is a disease syndrome that affects adult intact bitches, causing a variety of clinical and pathologic signs of genital and systemic disease. The pathogenesis of canine pyometra is not completely understood, despite decades of studies concerning the etiology of the disease. The concept of cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)–pyometra, introduced by Dow, states that hormonal changes lead to CEH (Figure 1) and render the uterus susceptible to secondary infection, which leads to pyometra (Figure 2). Recently, it has been suggested that the classic CEH–pyometra complex description should be separated into two entities: CEH and pyometra. CEH may predispose for pyometra in some cases, but pyometra can also occur without CEH. Mounting evidence suggests that the development of pyometra is an entity separate from CEH, with a hormonal component in the pathogenesis but mainly triggered by bacterial infection. ETIOLOGY—THE HORMONAL COMPONENT The investigated factors of pathogenesis in CEH and pyometra are summarized in Figure 3. n Canine pyometra is not always secondary to cystic endometrial hyperplasia, and the two disorders might have different