LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Subjective responses to alcohol in the lab predict neural responses to alcohol cues.

OBJECTIVE
Subjective responses to alcohol represent a biologically based, genetically moderated, and clinically informative marker of alcoholism risk; however, the physiology underlying this phenotype remains unclear. This study tested whether subjective responses during alcohol administration predict neural responses to alcohol cues in the scanner and whether these neural responses differ between OPRM1 genotypes.


METHOD
Twenty alcohol-dependent individuals were recruited (10 G-allele carriers; 6 women; Mage = 29.4) for a within-subjects alcohol administration in the laboratory and a functional magnetic resonance imaging session consisting of an alcohol taste cues task. Laboratory assessments of alcohol high, liking, craving, and positive and negative reinforcement during alcohol administration were entered as predictors of neural response to the presentation of alcohol cues versus water cues in the scanner and further tested for OPRM1 genotype moderation (whole-brain cluster-corrected at Z > 1.96, p < .05).


RESULTS
Alcohol craving during alcohol administration predicted less neural activity, whereas alcohol reinforcement predicted greater neural activity to alcohol cues versus water cues in regions including the precuneus, posterior cingulate gyrus, and lingual gyrus. Alcohol high predicted greater neural activity to alcohol cues in regions including the precuneus and anterior cingulate cortex. OPRM1 genotype was found to moderate these relationships. No results were observed for alcohol liking.


CONCLUSIONS
This study provides initial evidence that subjective responses to alcohol, namely craving, high, and the reinforcing properties of alcohol, predict neural markers of alcohol cue reactivity. These results support the validity of laboratory and neuroimaging measures of subjective responses to alcohol and offer an integration of these methods in a sample of alcohol-dependent individuals.
Integrating Branding Strategy Across Markets: Building International Brand Architecture

Brands play a critical role in establishing a firm's visibility and position in international markets. Building a coherent interna tional brand architecture is a key component of the firm's over all international marketing strategy, because it provides a structure to leverage strong brands into other markets, assimi late acquired brands, and integrate strategy across markets. The authors examine the way firms have developed international brand architecture and the drivers that shape the architecture. The authors discuss implications for the design and manage ment of the firm's international brand architecture. Susan P. Douglas, C. Samuel Craig, and Edwin J. Nijssen With the globalization of markets and the growth of competi tion on a global scale, companies are increasingly expanding the geographic scope of their operations, acquiring compa nies in other countries, and entering into alliances across na tional boundaries. At the same time, with the spread of global and regional media, the development of international retail ing, and the movement of people, goods, and organizations across national borders, markets are becoming more inte grated. As a result, firms need to pay greater attention to co ordinating and integrating marketing strategy across markets. An important element of a firm's overall marketing strategy is its branding policy. Strong brands help the firm establish an identity in the marketplace and develop a solid customer franchise (Aaker 1996; Kapferer 1997; Keller 1998), as well as provide a weapon to counter growing retailer power (Barwise and Robertson 1992). They can also provide the basis for brand extensions, which further strengthen the firm's position and enhance value (Aaker and Keller 1990). In international markets, the firm's branding strategy plays an important role in integrating the firm's activities worldwide. A firm can, for example, develop global brands (using the same brand name for a product or service worldwide) or endorse local country brands with the corporate brand or logo, thus establishing a common image and identity across country markets. Typically, the firm's international branding strategy is formed through an evolutionary process that results from decisions to enter new country markets or expand product offerings within an existing country. Often firms make these decisions piece meal on a country-by-country, product division, or product Submitted August 1999 Revised February 2001 ? Journal of International Marketing Vol. 9, No. 2, 2001, pp. 97-114
Characterization of complicated carotid plaque with magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging in patients with cerebral ischemia.

BACKGROUND
Thromboembolic disease secondary to complicated carotid atherosclerotic plaque is a major cause of cerebral ischemia. Clinical management relies on the detection of significant (>70%) carotid stenosis. A large proportion of patients suffer irreversible cerebral ischemia as a result of lesser degrees of stenosis. Diagnostic techniques that can identify nonstenotic high-risk plaque would therefore be beneficial. High-risk plaque is defined histologically if it contains hemorrhage/thrombus. Magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging (MRDTI) is capable of detecting methemoglobin within intraplaque hemorrhage. We assessed this as a marker of complicated plaque and compared its accuracy with histological examination of surgical endarterectomy specimens.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Sixty-three patients underwent successful MRDTI and endarterectomy with histological examination. Of these, 44 were histologically defined as complicated (type VI plaque). MRDTI demonstrated 3 false-positive and 7 false-negative results, giving a sensitivity and specificity of 84%, negative predictive value of 70%, and positive predictive value of 93%. The interobserver (kappa=0.75) and intraobserver (kappa=0.9) agreement for reading MRDTI scans was good.


CONCLUSIONS
MRDTI of the carotid vessels in patients with cerebral ischemia is an accurate means of identifying histologically confirmed complicated plaque. The high contrast generated by short T1 species within the plaque allows for ease of interpretation, making this technique highly applicable in the research and clinical setting for the investigation of carotid atherosclerotic disease.
Success rate of Sealapex in root canal treatment for primary teeth: 3-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic success of Sealapex pulpectomies in primary teeth.


STUDY DESIGN
Root canals of 62 primary teeth were filled with Sealapex. The tooth was restored with a stainless steel crown, amalgam, compomer, or glass ionomer cement. Clinical and radiographic evaluations of pulpectomized teeth were performed for up to 36 months afterward.


RESULTS
The overall success rate was 92.3%. During the follow-up period, 4 teeth (7.7%) showing periapical lesion and pathologic resorption were extracted and rated as "failure." There were no statistically significant differences between success rate and extent of root canal filling material (P > .05). None of the fillings showed complete resorption in the canals. There were no significant differences among the restorative materials (P > .05).


CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that Sealapex can be used successfully in root canal treatment for primary teeth.
SeaMonster: Providing tool support for security modeling

Today there is a knowledge gap between security experts and software developers, one that is likely to widen as the number of security vulnerabilities and the complexity of software increases. Security models can be used to exchange knowledge between these two camps, however proper tool support is vital to achieve this. This paper presents an open source initiative to such a tool called SeaMonster, which uses well-known and easily understandable security modeling techniques. By providing and linking different viewpoints to vulnerabilities, different aspects can be expressed, such as causes, threats and countermeasures within the same tool. Our goal is to create a common platform for security modeling, increase the understanding of vulnerabilities and reduce the amount of time it takes to model security. As a consequence we hope to see a general improvement in the security of software.
DecentID: Decentralized and Privacy-Preserving Identity Storage System Using Smart Contracts

Many Internet services require the registration of an account before permitting use of their services. Over time, many Internet users end up with a multitude of accounts with separated identities. A solution to this problem is offered by single-sign-on (SSO) providers, where a user can create a single identity and use this identity for multiple services. However it requires the user to trust the SSO provider. When the provider blocks access to the identities the users lose access to their subscribed services. To avoid this problem, we propose DecentID, a completely decentralized identity storage system that does not require a centralized trusted third party. Instead, a public blockchain is used as trust anchor. Identities can be created and used for different services. Each service can only read the identity attributes disclosed for it without being able to read attributes the user wants to keep secret.
Stress Testing of an Artificial Pancreas System With Pizza and Exercise Leads to Improvements in the System's Fuzzy Logic Controller.

BACKGROUND
Under controlled conditions, the Dose Safety artificial pancreas (AP) system controller, which utilizes "fuzzy logic" (FL) methodology to calculate and deliver appropriate insulin dosages based on changes in blood glucose, successfully managed glycemic excursions. The aim of this study was to show whether stressing the system with pizza (high carbohydrate/high fat) meals and exercise would reveal deficits in the performance of the Dose Safety FL controller (FLC) and lead to improvements in the dosing matrix.


METHODS
Ten subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D) were enrolled and participated in 30 studies (17 meal, 13 exercise) using 2 versions of the FLC. After conducting 13 studies with the first version (FLC v2.0), interim results were evaluated and the FLC insulin-dosing matrix was modified to create a new controller version (FLC v2.1) that was validated through regression testing using v2.0 CGM datasets prior to its use in clinical studies. The subsequent 17 studies were performed using FLC v2.1.


RESULTS
Use of FLC v2.1 vs FLC v2.0 in the pizza meal tests showed improvements in mean blood glucose (205 mg/dL vs 232 mg/dL, P = .04). FLC v2.1 versus FLC v2.0 in exercise tests showed improvements in mean blood glucose (146 mg/dL vs 201 mg/dL, P = .004), percentage time spent >180 mg/dL (19.3% vs 46.7%, P = .001), and percentage time spent 70-180 mg/dL (80.0% vs 53.3%, P = .002).


CONCLUSION
Stress testing the AP system revealed deficits in the FLC performance, which led to adjustments to the dosing matrix followed by improved FLC performance when retested.
Parsimonious Downgrading and Decision Trees Applied to the Inference Problem

In this paper we present our new paradigm for dealing with the inference problem which arises from downgrading. Our new paradigm has two main parts: the application of decision tree analysis to the inference problem, and the concept of parsimonious downgrading. We also include a new thermodynamically motivated way of dealing with the deduction of inference rules from partial data.
Online Controlled Experiments and A / B Tests

The internet connectivity of client software (e.g., apps running on phones and PCs), web sites, and online services provide an unprecedented opportunity to evaluate ideas quickly using controlled experiments, also called A/B tests, split tests, randomized experiments, control/treatment tests, and online field experiments. Unlike most data mining techniques for finding correlational patterns, controlled experiments allow establishing a causal relationship with high probability. Experimenters can utilize the Scientific Method to form a hypothesis of the form “If a specific change is introduced, will it improve key metrics?” and evaluate it with real users. The theory of a controlled experiment dates back to Sir Ronald A. Fisher’s experiments at the Rothamsted Agricultural Experimental Station in England in the 1920s, and the topic of offline experiments is well developed in Statistics (Box 2005). Online Controlled Experiments started to be used in the late 1990s with the growth of the Internet. Today, many large sites, including Amazon, Bing, Facebook, Google, LinkedIn, and Yahoo! run thousands to tens of thousands of experiments each year testing user interface (UI) changes, enhancements to algorithms (search, ads, personalization, recommendation, etc.), changes to apps, content management system, etc. Online controlled experiments are now considered an indispensable tool, and their use is growing for startups and smaller websites. Controlled experiments are especially useful in combination with Agile software development (Martin 2008, Rubin 2012), Steve Blank’s Customer Development process (Blank 2005), and MVPs (Minimum Viable Products) popularized by Eric Ries’s Lean Startup (Ries 2011). Motivation and Background Many good resources are available with motivation and explanations about online controlled experiments (Siroker and Koomen 2013, Goward 2012, McFarland 2012, Schrage 2014, Kohavi, Longbotham and Sommerfield, et al. 2009, Kohavi, Deng and Longbotham, et al. 2014, Kohavi, Deng and Frasca, et al. 2013).
Gene therapy : what it is , what it is not and what it will be

Gene therapy is the therapeutic procedure based on the introduction of healthy genes using recombinant DNA techniques. the first successful clinical trial of this technique was published in 1990. Despite the occurrence of adverse effects in certain clinical trials, some of them serious, both laboratories and companies are continuously developing novel materials and establishing both safer and more effective procedures. Although still in experimental stages, recent progress points to growing opportunities for investment by industry, as well as justify the expectation that, in some cases, this technology may reach clinical practice within a few years. KeywoRds: Genes, Genetic diseases, Genetic engineering, Genome manipulation, Advanced therapies, Biotechnology. Rafael Linden is an mD, holds a PhD in sciences and is a full professor at Carlos Chagas institute of Biophysics, UFrJ. @ – rlinden@biof.ufrj.br received on 29 July 2010. Accepted on 17 Aug. 2010. the original contents of the manuscript provided by the author were written and published in Portuguese. the paper was translated into English by tag Comunicação, as per publisher’s request. the author is not responsible for translation or interpretation of content.
The differential impact of inflation on key societal interest groups and public policy implications

Abstract An inflation problem exists when there is a perceived negative imbalance in the input-output position of a particular group. In this article the inflation problem is disaggregated by type of input-output imbalance, by degree of severity of the imbalance, and by vested interest group. The disaggregated model captures the inverse relationship between price changes and the inflation problem for subgroups, and the duality of the impact of price changes on particular subgroups. The empirical specification of the model makes explicit the diverse and often conflicting impacts of inflation on various subgroups. It is argued that macroeconomic policy makers often implement the wrong type of anti-inflation measures at the wrong time. The proposed input-output model provides a rationale and a framework for implementing microeconomic, targeted policies. With targeted policies, we can attempt to remedy particular inflationary problems without adversely affecting prosperous components of the economy.
Critical appraisal of the Carotid Duplex Consensus criteria in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis.

BACKGROUND
Clinicians have relied on published institutional experience for interpreting carotid duplex ultrasound studies (CDUS). This study will validate the ultrasound imaging consensus criteria published in 2003.


METHODS
The CDUS and angiography results of 376 carotid arteries were analyzed. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROCs) curves were used to compare peak systolic velocities (PSVs), end-diastolic velocities (EDVs) of the internal carotid artery (ICA), and ICA/common carotid (CCA) ratios in detecting < 50%, 50% to 69% (ICA PSV of 125-230 cm/s), and 70% to 99% (PSV of ≥ 230 cm/s) stenosis according to the consensus criteria.


RESULTS
The consensus criteria uses a PSV of 125 to 230 cm/s for detecting angiographic stenosis of 50% to 69%, which has a sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 68%, and overall accuracy of 85%. A PSV of ≥ 230 cm/s for ≥ 70% stenosis had a sensitivity of 99%, specificity of 86%, and overall accuracy of 95%. ROC curves showed that the ICA PSV was significantly better (area under the curve [AUC], 0.97) than EDV (AUC, 0.94) or ICA/CCA ratio (AUC, 0.84; P = .036) in detecting ≥ 70% stenosis and ≥ 50% stenosis. Pearson correlations showed a statistical difference between the correlation of PSV with angiography (0.833; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8-0.86), EDV with angiography (0.755; 95% CI, 0.71-0.80), and ICA/CCA systolic ratio with angiography (0.601; 95% CI, 0.53-0.66; P < .0001) in detecting 70% to 99% stenosis. Adding the EDV values or the ratios to the PSV values did not improve accuracy. The consensus criteria for diagnosing 50% to 69% stenosis can be significantly improved by using an ICA PSV of 140 to 230 cm/s, with a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 92%, and overall accuracy of 92%.


CONCLUSIONS
The consensus criteria can be accurately used for diagnosing ≥ 70% stenosis; however, the accuracy can be improved for detecting 50% to 69% stenosis if the ICA PSV is changed to 140 to < 230 cm/s.
Rhinoplasty for the multiply revised nose.

PURPOSE
To evaluate the problems encountered on revising a multiply operated nose and the methods used in correcting such problems.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
The study included 50 cases presenting for revision rhinoplasty after having had 2 or more previous rhinoplasties. An external rhinoplasty approach was used in all cases. Simultaneous septal surgery was done whenever indicated. All cases were followed for a mean period of 32 months (range, 1.5-8 years). Evaluation of the surgical result depended on clinical examination, comparison of pre- and postoperative photographs, and degree of patients' satisfaction with their aesthetic and functional outcome.


RESULTS
Functionally, 68% suffered nasal obstruction that was mainly caused by septal deviations and nasal valve problems. Aesthetically, the most common deformities of the upper two thirds of the nose included pollybeak (64%), dorsal irregularities (54%), dorsal saddle (44%), and open roof deformity (42%), whereas the deformities of lower third included depressed tip (68%), tip contour irregularities (60%), and overrotated tip (42%). Nasal grafting was necessary in all cases; usually more than 1 type of graft was used in each case. Postoperatively, 79% of the patients, with preoperative nasal obstruction, reported improved breathing; 84% were satisfied with their aesthetic result; and only 8 cases (16%) requested further revision to correct minor deformities.


CONCLUSION
Revision of a multiply operated nose is a complex and technically demanding task, yet, in a good percentage of cases, aesthetic as well as functional improvement are still possible.
Four-Dimensional Cryo Electron Microscopy at Quasi Atomic Resolution: "IMAGIC 4D"

The traditional tools of the structural biologist seeking to understand macro-molecules and their complexes are X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Singleparticle cryo electron microscopy (“cryo-EM”) has established itself as a new structural biology technique over the last 15 years. Spectacular insights into the functioning of macromolecular complexes have been achieved especially from combining cryo-EM with the earlier approaches. The resolution levels achieved improved over the last decade from ~10Å to sometimes better than ~4Å, meaning that a de-novo structure determination based on single-particle cryo-EM studies alone is now feasible. More challenging is the new perspective that cryo-EM brings: sorting heterogeneous populations of molecules into individual 3D conformers resulting in sequences of related 3D structures, or short: "4D cryo-EM". Thanks to these developments, single-particle cryo-EM has become the technique of choice to shed light on the functioning of many a complex biological system. The design of the software instrumentation for 4D cryo-EM is crucial. In this paper we elaborate on organisation issues for single-particle cryo-EM software, as exemplified by recent developments in the “IMAGIC 4D” software system.
Hysterectomy, Oophorectomy, Estrogen, and the Risk of Dementia

BACKGROUND
The long-term cognitive effects of hysterectomy and oophorectomy remain controversial.


OBJECTIVE
To explore the association of hysterectomy and oophorectomy with the subsequent risk of cognitive impairment or dementia.


METHODS
We combined the results from two cohort studies graphically and conducted additional analyses.


RESULTS
Combined results from the Mayo Clinic Cohort Study of Oophorectomy and Aging and from a Danish nationwide cohort study suggest that the extent of gynecologic surgery may correlate with a stepwise increase in the risk of cognitive impairment or dementia. Compared with women with no gynecologic surgeries, the risk of cognitive impairment or dementia was increased in women who had hysterectomy alone, further increased in women who had hysterectomy with unilateral oophorectomy, and further increased in women who had hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy. The risk increased with younger age at the time of the surgery.


CONCLUSION
We hypothesize that both hysterectomy and oophorectomy may have harmful brain effects via direct endocrinological mechanisms or other more complex mechanisms. Estrogen deficiency appears to play a key role in these associations, and estrogen therapy may partly offset the negative effects of the surgeries.