LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Observations related to pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. V. Examination of agspecific sequential infection rates using a mathematical model.

We have previously shown that disease differing widely in severity and prognosis is included in the entity, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Thailand."2 Nearly 40 percent of 523 children hospitalized with DHF had a syndrome characterized by shock following a fever of several days duration. The rest had less severe febrile illnesses with various mild hemorrhagic manifestations. When sera from these children were studied, a significant correlation between shocked patients and a secondary-type antibody response to dengue virus was found.8 This report considers in greater detail the various manifestations of dengue disease and the antibody response in the host. Observations are included that suggest that severity of host response to dengue infection is influenced by an interaction between immune status and the age and sex of the patient. Associations between severity of illness and the rate of virus recovery, the quantity of antibody produced and the type of dengue virus recovered are described. A synthesis of these data and their relevance to the pathogenesis of human dengue infection are presented in the final paper in this series. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patient selection, serologic methods, virus isolation and identification techniques and definition of primary and secondary dengue antibody responses have been described .',',' This report is based upon experience with 604 dengue hemorrhagic fever patients: 400 admitted to Children's 81 fatal hemorrhagic fever cases admitted to other Bangkok hospitals in 1962-1964. All DHF patients who survived their infection had serologic evidence of recent dengue infection according to established criteria' and a discharge diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever. Included for some evaluations are 35 out
Validation of the American version of the CareGiver Oncology Quality of Life (CarGOQoL) questionnaire

BACKGROUND
The CareGiver Oncology Quality of Life (CarGOQoL) questionnaire, a 29-item, multidimensional, self-administered questionnaire, was validated using a large French sample. We reported the linguistic validation process and the metric validity of the English version of CarGOQoL in the United- States.


METHODS
The translation process consisted of 3 consecutive steps: forward-backward translation, acceptability testing, and cognitive interviews. The psychometric testing was applied to caregivers of consecutive patients with representative cancers who were recruited from the Regional Cancer Center in northwestern Pennsylvania. All individuals completed the CarGOQoL at baseline, day- 30, and day- 90. Internal consistency, reliability, external validity, reproducibility, and sensitivity to change were tested.


RESULTS
The translated version was validated on a total of 87 American cancer caregivers. The dimensions of the CarGOQoL generally demonstrated a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.70 for all but four domain scores). External validity testing revealed that the CarGOQoL index score correlated significantly with all SF-36 dimension scores except the physical composite score (Pearson's correlation: 0.28-0.70). Reproducibility was satisfactory at day- 30 (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.46-0.94) and day- 90 (0.43-0.92). Four specific dimensions of CarGOQoL showed responsiveness: the Psychological well-being, the Relationships with health care system, the Social support and the Finances.


CONCLUSIONS
The American version of the CarGOQoL constitutes a useful instrument to measure QoL in caregivers of cancer patients in the United- States.
The digital divide and t-government in the United States: using the technology acceptance model to understand usage

Received: 1 September 2008 Revised: 30 May 2009 2nd Revision: 10 October 2009 3rd Revision: 17 December 2009 4th Revision: 28 September 2010 Accepted: 1 November 2010 Abstract This paper applies the technology acceptance model to explore the digital divide and transformational government (t-government) in the United States. Successful t-government is predicated on citizen adoption and usage of e-government services. The contribution of this research is to enhance our understanding of the factors associated with the usage of e-government services among members of a community on the unfortunate side of the divide. A questionnaire was administered to members, of a techno-disadvantaged public housing community and neighboring households, who partook in training or used the community computer lab. The results indicate that perceived access barriers and perceived ease of use (PEOU) are significantly associated with usage, while perceived usefulness (PU) is not. Among the demographic characteristics, educational level, employment status, and household income all have a significant impact on access barriers and employment is significantly associated with PEOU. Finally, PEOU is significantly related to PU. Overall, the results emphasize that t-government cannot cross the digital divide without accompanying employment programs and programs that enhance citizens’ ease in using such services. European Journal of Information Systems (2011) 20, 308–328. doi:10.1057/ejis.2010.64; published online 28 December 2010
Beyond Turing: Intelligent Agents Centered on the User

Most research on intelligent agents centers on the agent and not on the user. We look at the origins of agent-centric research for slotfilling, gaming and chatbot agents. We then argue that it is important to concentrate more on the user. After reviewing relevant literature, some approaches for creating and assessing user-centric systems are proposed.
Development of a hydrogen fuelled 1 kW ultra micro gas turbine with special respect to designing, testing and mapping of the µ-scale combustor

This paper will provide an insight into the ongoing development of an ultra micro gas turbine rated for an estimated electrical power output of 1 kW. For a safe operation of this gas turbine with hydrogen as a fuel a new combustion chamber has to be developed and tested using the proven micromix burning principle. Detailed investigations on the burning characteristics for different chamber configurations were carried out for an optimization of the burner concept and combustor mapping for the later gas turbine integration.
The in fl uence of social media interactions on consumer – brand relationships : A three-country study of brand perceptions and marketing behaviors

Companies are increasingly allocating more of their marketing spending to social media programs. Yet there is little research about how social media use is associated with consumer–brand relationships. We conducted three studies to explore how individual and national differences influence the relationship between social media use and customer brand relationships. The first study surveyed customers in France, the U.K. and U.S. and compared those who engage with their favorite brands via social media with those who do not. The findings indicated that social media use was positively related with brand relationship quality and the effect was more pronounced with high anthropomorphism perceptions (the extent to which consumers' associate human characteristics with brands). Two subsequent experiments further validated these findings and confirmed that cultural differences, specifically uncertainty avoidance, moderated these results. We obtained robust and convergent results from survey and experimental data using both student and adult consumer samples and testing across three product categories (athletic shoes, notebook computers, and automobiles). The results offer cross-national support for the proposition that engaging customers via social media is associated with higher consumer–brand relationships and word of mouth communications when consumers anthropomorphize the brand and they avoid uncertainty. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in Spain: results from a nationwide primary care registry.

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the incidence of early arthritis (EA) and of RA in adults (>16 yrs) in Spain.


METHODS
Primary care physicians were instructed in the detection of new cases using a checklist. All cases were evaluated at EA units (EAUs) within 15 days of detection. ACR criteria for the classification of RA were assessed every 6 months thereafter.


RESULTS
In an area covering 4,342,378 inhabitants over the age of 16 yrs, 2467 patients were referred to the EAU, of whom 1063 fulfilled EA criteria (43.1%). After 6 months, 362 patients fulfilled RA criteria. The estimated annual incidence of EA was 25/100,000 population (95% CI: 23, 26). The annual incidence of RA was 8.3 cases/100,000 (95% CI: 7.5, 9.2): 11.3/100,000 in women (95% CI: 10.0, 12.8), and 5.2/100,000 in men (95% CI: 4.3, 6.3). The incidence of RA increased with age in both sexes. At the 6 months' assessment, 187 (51.7%) of the patients with RA were RF positive. The presentation of RA was mainly polyarticular (n = 268; 74.0%). There were 701/1063 patients with EA who did not fulfil RA criteria by 6 months after the first rheumatologist visit. If all cases of undifferentiated arthritis (n = 118; 17%) became RA, the incidence would be in the range of 10 cases/100,000 population.


CONCLUSIONS
RA incidence in Spain is in the lower range of published data. The incidence of EA is about three times that of RA.
The need to report effect size estimates revisited . An overview of some recommended measures of effect size MACIEJ TOMCZAK

Recent years have witnessed a growing number of published reports that point out the need for reporting various effect size estimates in the context of null hypothesis testing (H0) as a response to a tendency for reporting tests of statistical significance only, with less attention on other important aspects of statistical analysis. In the face of considerable changes over the past several years, neglect to report effect size estimates may be noted in such fields as medical science, psychology, applied linguistics, or pedagogy. Nor have sport sciences managed to totally escape the grips of this suboptimal practice: here statistical analyses in even some of the current research reports do not go much further than computing p-values. The p-value, however, is not meant to provide information on the actual strength of the relationship between variables, and does not allow the researcher to determine the effect of one variable on another. Effect size measures serve this purpose well. While the number of reports containing statistical estimates of effect sizes calculated after applying parametric tests is steadily increasing, reporting effect sizes with non-parametric tests is still very rare. Hence, the main objectives of this contribution are to promote various effect size measures in sport sciences through, once again, bringing to the readers’ attention the benefits of reporting them, and to present examples of such estimates with a greater focus on those that can be calculated for non-parametric tests.
Prognostic Value of Classifying Parapharyngeal Extension in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

PURPOSE
To subclassify parapharyngeal extension in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and investigate its prognostic value and staging categories based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


METHODS AND MATERIALS
Data from 1504 consecutive NPC patients treated with definitive-intent radiotherapy were analyzed retrospectively. Sites of parapharyngeal extension were defined by MRI. Overall survival (OS), local relapse-free survival (LRFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Hazard consistency and hazard discrimination were determined by multivariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards models.


RESULTS
1104 patients (73.4%) had parapharyngeal extension; 1.7-63.8% had involvement of various anatomic sites. The hazard ratio for death was significantly higher with extensive parapharyngeal extension (lateral pterygoid muscle of masticator space and beyond or parotid space) than with mild extension (medial pterygoid muscle of masticator space, or carotid, prestyloid, and prevertebral or retropharyngeal space). OS, LRFS, and DMFS with extensive parapharyngeal extension were similar to those in T4 disease; OS, LRFS, and DMFS with mild parapharyngeal extension were significantly higher than in those T3 disease (all P ≤ 0.015).


CONCLUSIONS
Parapharyngeal extension in NPC should be subclassified as mild or extensive, which should be regarded as stages T2 and T4 diseases, respectively.
An Improved Level Set Method for Incompressible Two-phase Flows

ÐA level set method for capturing the interface between two ¯uids is combined with a variable density projection method to allow for computation of a two-phase ¯ow where the interface can merge/ break and the ¯ow can have a high Reynolds number. A distance function formulation of the level set method enables us to compute ¯ows with large density ratios (1000/1) and ¯ows that are surface tension driven, with no emotional involvement. Recent work has improved the accuracy of the distance function formulation and the accuracy of the advection scheme. We compute ¯ows involving air bubbles and water drops, among others. We validate our code against experiments and theory. In Ref. [1] an Eulerian scheme was described for computing incompressible two-¯uid ¯ow where the density ratio across the interface is large (e.g. air/water) and both surface tension and vis-cous eects are included. In this paper, we modify our scheme improving both the accuracy and eciency of the algorithm. We use a level set function tòcapture' the air/water interface thus allowing us to eciently compute ¯ows with complex interfacial structure. In Ref. [1], a new iterative process was devised in order to maintain the level set function as the signed distance from the air/water interface. Since we know the distance from the interface at any point in the domain, we can give the interface a thickness of size O(h); this allows us to compute with sti surface tension eects and steep density gradients. We have since imposed a new`constraint' on the iterative process improving the accuracy of this process. We have also upgraded our scheme to using higher order ENO for spatial derivatives, and high order Runge±Kutta for the time dis-cretization (see Ref. [2]). An example of the problems we wish to solve is illustrated in Fig. 1. An air bubble rises up to the water surface and then`bursts', emitting a jet of water that eventually breaks up into satellite drops. It is a very dicult problem involving much interfacial complexity and sti surface tension eects. The density ratio at the interface is ca 1000/1. In Ref. [3], the boundary integral method was used to compute thèbubble-burst' problem and compared with experimental results. The boundary integral method is a very good method for inviscid air/water problems because, as a Lagrangian based scheme, only points on the interface need to be discretized. Unfortunately, if one wants to include the merging and breaking …
A Bayesian joint model of recurrent events and a terminal event.

Recurrent events could be stopped by a terminal event, which commonly occurs in biomedical and clinical studies. In this situation, dependent censoring is encountered because of potential dependence between these two event processes, leading to invalid inference if analyzing recurrent events alone. The joint frailty model is one of the widely used approaches to jointly model these two processes by sharing the same frailty term. One important assumption is that recurrent and terminal event processes are conditionally independent given the subject-level frailty; however, this could be violated when the dependency may also depend on time-varying covariates across recurrences. Furthermore, marginal correlation between two event processes based on traditional frailty modeling has no closed form solution for estimation with vague interpretation. In order to fill these gaps, we propose a novel joint frailty-copula approach to model recurrent events and a terminal event with relaxed assumptions. Metropolis-Hastings within the Gibbs Sampler algorithm is used for parameter estimation. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the efficiency, robustness, and predictive performance of our proposal. The simulation results show that compared with the joint frailty model, the bias and mean squared error of the proposal is smaller when the conditional independence assumption is violated. Finally, we apply our method into a real example extracted from the MarketScan database to study the association between recurrent strokes and mortality.
OnabotulinumtoxinA for chronic migraine: efficacy, safety, and tolerability in patients who received all five treatment cycles in the PREEMPT clinical program

OBJECTIVE
Chronic migraine (CM) is a prevalent and disabling neurological disorder. Phase III REsearch Evaluating Migraine Prophylaxis Therapy (PREEMPT) clinical program assessed efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX(®)) for prophylaxis of headaches in adults with CM. This secondary analysis assessed patients who received all five treatment cycles and completed the study.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
PREEMPT (two phase III studies: 24-week double-blind, placebo-controlled [DBPC], parallel-group phase, followed by 32-week open-label [OL] phase) evaluated the efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in CM (≥15 days/month with headache lasting ≥4 h a day). Patients were randomized (1:1) to onabotulinumtoxinA or placebo every 12 weeks for two cycles, followed by onabotulinumtoxinA for three cycles. Multiple headache symptom measures were evaluated. Results for the completer (five cycles) subgroup of patients are reported.


RESULTS
Of 1384 total PREEMPT patients, 1005 received all five treatment cycles (513 received onabotulinumtoxinA only [onabotulinumtoxinA/onabotulinumtoxinA (O/O)] and 492 received two cycles of placebo then three cycles of onabotulinumtoxinA [placebo/onabotulinumtoxinA (P/O)]). Demographics were similar between treatment groups. At Week 56, after all patients were treated with onabotulinumtoxinA, there continued to be significant between-group differences favoring the O/O vs P/O group for the following headache symptom measures: LS mean change from baseline in frequencies of headache days (-12.0 O/O, -11.1 P/O; P = 0.035), migraine days (-11.6 O/O, -10.7 P/O; P = 0.038), and moderate/severe headache days (-11.0 O/O, -10.1 P/O; P = 0.042). For other measures (cumulative hours of headache on headache days, frequency of headache episodes, and percentage with severe Headache Impact Test (HIT)-6 score, and total HIT-6 and Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire scores), there were also large mean improvements from baseline. The percent of patients with a ≥50% reduction from baseline in frequency of headache days was significantly greater for the onabotulinumtoxinA-only group at Week 56 (69.6% O/O, 62.8% P/O; P = 0.023). The treatment-related adverse event rate was 28.5% for onabotulinumtoxinA vs 12.4% for placebo in the DBPC phase and 34.8% for patients treated with onabotulinumtoxinA for all five cycles throughout the 56-week trials.


CONCLUSIONS
This subgroup analysis demonstrated improvements with onabotulinumtoxinA treatment (five cycles) vs placebo (two cycles)/onabotulinumtoxinA (three cycles) for multiple headache symptom measures and suggests that at Week 56, patients treated earlier with onabotulinumtoxinA had better outcomes. These findings demonstrate the continued need and cumulative benefit over time with continued prophylaxis, an important and clinically pragmatic observation for clinicians and patients.
Inference for multivariate normal mixtures

Multivariate normal mixtures provide a flexible model for high-dimensional data. They are widely used in statistical genetics, statistical finance, and other disciplines. Due to the unboundedness of the likelihood function, classical likelihoodbased methods, which may have nice practical properties, are inconsistent. In this paper, we recommend a penalized likelihood method for estimating the mixing distribution. We show that the maximum penalized likelihood estimator is strongly consistent when the number of components has a known upper bound. We also explore a convenient EM-algorithm for computing the maximum penalized likelihood estimator. Extensive simulations are conducted to explore the effectiveness and the practical limitations of both the new method and the ratified maximum likelihood estimators. Guidelines are provided based on the simulation results.
The ties that lead : A social network approach to leadership

This article investigates, for leadership research, the implications of new directions in social network theory that emphasize networks as both cognitive structures in the minds of organizational members and opportunity structures that facilitate and constrain action. We introduce the four core ideas at the heart of the network research program: the importance of relations, actors' embeddedness, the social utility of connections, and the structural patterning of social life. Then we present a theoretical model of how network cognitions in the minds of leaders affect three types of networks: the direct ties surrounding leaders, the pattern of direct and indirect ties within which leaders are embedded in the whole organization and the interorganizational linkages formed by leaders as representatives of organizations. We suggest that these patterns of ties can contribute to leader effectiveness. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.