LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Theory and applications of free-electron vortex states

Both classical and quantum waves can form vortices: with helical phase fronts and azimuthal current densities. These features determine the intrinsic orbital angular momentum carried by localized vortex states. In the past 25 years, optical vortex beams have become an inherent part of modern optics, with many remarkable achievements and applications. In the past decade, it has been realized and demonstrated that such vortex beams or wavepackets can also appear in free electron waves, in particular, in electron microscopy. Interest in free-electron vortex states quickly spread over different areas of physics: from basic aspects of quantum mechanics, via applications for fine probing of matter (including individual atoms), to high-energy particle collision and radiation processes. Here we provide a comprehensive review of theoretical and experimental studies in this emerging field of research. We describe the main properties of electron vortex states, experimental achievements and possible applications within transmission electron microscopy, as well as the possible role of vortex electrons in relativistic and high-energy processes. We aim to provide a balanced description including a pedagogical introduction, solid theoretical basis, and a wide range of practical details. Special attention is paid to translate theoretical insights into suggestions for future experiments, in electron microscopy and beyond, in any situation where free electrons occur.
Sentence Alignment Methods for Improving Text Simplification Systems

We provide several methods for sentencealignment of texts with different complexity levels. Using the best of them, we sentence-align the Newsela corpora, thus providing large training materials for automatic text simplification (ATS) systems. We show that using this dataset, even the standard phrase-based statistical machine translation models for ATS can outperform the state-of-the-art ATS systems.
The American Cowboy: The Myth and the Reality

A short handbook depicting the cowboy as a part of the whole Western panorama. Looks at the cowboy solemnly and reflectively with relation to his role in frontier history and as he appears in literature.
A BLAS based C library for exact linear algebra on integer matrices

Algorithms for solving linear systems of equations over the integers are designed and implemented. The implementations are based on the highly optimized and portable ATLAS/BLAS library for numerical linear algebra and the GNU Multiple Precision library (GMP) for large integer arithmetic.
Phishing Website Detection based on Supervised Machine Learning with Wrapper Features Selection

The problem of Web phishing attacks has grown considerably in recent years and phishing is considered as one of the most dangerous Web crimes, which may cause tremendous and negative effects on online business. In a Web phishing attack, the phisher creates a forged or phishing website to deceive Web users in order to obtain their sensitive financial and personal information. Several conventional techniques for detecting phishing website have been suggested to cope with this problem. However, detecting phishing websites is a challenging task, as most of these techniques are not able to make an accurate decision dynamically as to whether the new website is phishing or legitimate. This paper presents a methodology for phishing website detection based on machine learning classifiers with a wrapper features selection method. In this paper, some common supervised machine learning techniques are applied with effective and significant features selected using the wrapper features selection approach to accurately detect phishing websites. The experimental results demonstrated that the performance of the machine learning classifiers was improved by using the wrapper-based features selection. Moreover, the machine learning classifiers with the wrapper-based features selection outperformed the machine learning classifiers with other features selection methods. Keywords—Phishing website; machine learning; wrapper features selection
Swallowing transit times and valleculae residue in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND
Breathing and swallowing are physiologically linked to ensure effortless gas exchange during oronasal breathing and to prevent aspiration during swallowing. Studies have indicated consistent aspiration in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mainly related to delayed swallowing reflex and problems with lingual propulsion and pharyngeal peristalsis as a result of bilateral weakness and incoordination of the related muscles. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate swallowing transit times and valleculae residue characteristics of stable COPD patients who have no swallowing complaints.


METHODS
Our study population included 20 stable patients with COPD and no swallowing complaints and 20 healthy controls. Swallowing was assessed through videofluoroscopic examination and involved the analysis of the following parameters: (1) pharyngeal stages of deglutition; (2) the duration of bolus movement through the oral cavity and pharynx (i.e. transit times); (3) valleculae residue ratio; (4) penetration/aspiration.


RESULTS
Participants of the study did not present any signs of penetration-aspiration for any of the tested consistencies. Patients with COPD presented longer pharyngeal transit times during the ingestion of the liquid consistency and during the ingestion of the paste consistency. Regarding the duration of tongue base contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall, COPD patients also presented longer durations for the liquid and paste consistencies. No significant difference was observed for the distribution of individuals among the different valleculae residue severity levels.


CONCLUSIONS
Our study suggests that stable COPD patients may present physiological adaptations as a protective swallowing maneuver to avoid aspiration/penetration of pharyngeal contents. Moreover, valleculae residue cannot be seen as an isolated factor when trying to explain swallowing alterations in this population.
Assessment of linear measurements of bone for implant sites in the presence of metallic artefacts using cone beam computed tomography and multislice computed tomography.

The objective was to evaluate the influence of dental metallic artefacts on implant sites using multislice and cone-beam computed tomography techniques. Ten dried human mandibles were scanned twice by each technique, with and without dental metallic artefacts. Metallic restorations were placed at the top of the alveolar ridge adjacent to the mental foramen region for the second scanning. Linear measurements (thickness and height) for each cross-section were performed by a single examiner using computer software. All mandibles were analysed at both the right and the left mental foramen regions. For the multislice technique, dental metallic artefact produced an increase of 5% in bone thickness and a reduction of 6% in bone height; no significant differences (p>0.05) were detected when comparing measurements performed with and without metallic artefacts. With respect to the cone-beam technique, dental metallic artefact produced an increase of 6% in bone thickness and a reduction of 0.68% in bone height. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed when comparing measurements performed with and without metallic artefacts. The presence of dental metallic artefacts did not alter the linear measurements obtained with both techniques, although its presence made the location of the alveolar bone crest more difficult.
Confirmatory factor analysis to assess the measure of adiposity that best fits the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and relationship to physical activity in adults.

PURPOSE
The objective of the study is to assess the goodness of fit for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adults of four models with different measures of adiposity using confirmatory factor analysis, to develop a cardio metabolic risk index and to analyze its relationship to physical activity.


METHODS
Cross-sectional descriptive multicenter study including 636 patients from the EVIDENT study. Considering as fixed variables, triglycerides/HDL-C ratio, HOMA-IR index and mean arterial pressure, we will compare which single-factor model of metabolic syndrome shows better goodness of fit. The models only differ by the measure of adiposity used: waist circumference, waist circumference/height, body mass index or adiposity index. With the factorial weights obtained, we created a quantitative metabolic index and analyzed its relationship to physical activity, quantified with the accelerometer for 1 week and measured at counts/min.


RESULTS
The single-factor model including waist circumference in women and body mass index in men were those that were better indicators of goodness of fit. The estimated quantitative metabolic index shows a mean value in men of -0.022 ± 1.29 with a range of values between -3.36 and 4.57 and in women of 0.0001 ± 1.53 with a range of values between -3.17 and 5.55. The quantitative index shows an inverse relationship to physical activity.


CONCLUSIONS
Waist circumference in women and body mass index in men are the measures of adiposity that were better indicators goodness of fit. This quantitative index may be useful to quantify the risk of metabolic syndrome in clinical practice.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT. Standard methods for assessing the environmental impact of waste management systems are needed to underpin the development and implementation of sustainable waste management practices. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an emerging tool for ensuring such assessment is comprehensive and covers the full "cradle to grave" impacts associated with providing a product or service. This paper discusses aspects of a recent study commissioned by the U.K. Department of the Environment to assess how LCA methodology could be developed and applied to assist decision makers in waste management. It focuses on a method developed by the research contractors for identifying the environmental burdens that occur during the collection, treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste. The method requires waste management activities to be defined as generic unit operations which are independent of the specific characteristics of the waste processed. These unit operations are used to flowsheet the specific system under study and burdens that are independent of the waste are identified. Waste-dependent burdens are identified separately by considering the interaction of unit operations and the specific characteristics exhibited by the waste under study. For identification purposes a restricted list of 10 characteristics is considered sufficient to highlight those burdens for which inventory data may be required. Comment is made on the potential to develop the identification method to provide quantified data for the burden inventory. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Robust architectural support for transactional memory in the power architecture

On the twentieth anniversary of the original publication [10], following ten years of intense activity in the research literature, hardware support for transactional memory (TM) has finally become a commercial reality, with HTM-enabled chips currently or soon-to-be available from many hardware vendors. In this paper we describe architectural support for TM added to a future version of the Power ISA#8482;. Two imperatives drove the development: the desire to complement our weakly-consistent memory model with a more friendly interface to simplify the development and porting of multithreaded applications, and the need for robustness beyond that of some early implementations. In the process of commercializing the feature, we had to resolve some previously unexplored interactions between TM and existing features of the ISA, for example translation shootdown, interrupt handling, atomic read-modify-write primitives, and our weakly consistent memory model. We describe these interactions, the overall architecture, and discuss the motivation and rationale for our choices of architectural semantics, beyond what is typically found in reference manuals.
Exploring the coherence of young children' s explanatory abilities: Evidence from generating counterfactuals

Researchers who advocate the hypothesis that cognitive development is akin to theory formation have also suggested that young children possess distinct systems for explaining physical, psychological, and biological principles (see, e.g., Wellman & Gelman, 1992). One way this has been investigated is by examining how children explain human action: Children explain intentional and accidental actions by appealing to psychological principles, and explain impossible physical or biological action in terms of the underlying principles of those domains (Schult & Wellman, 1997). The current investigation examined the coherence of children’s explanatory systems by eliciting explanations of possible and impossible physical, psychological, and biological events. Then, in a separate set of stories, children were asked to generate counterfactual alternatives for characters who wanted to perform an event, but did not, either because of a mishap or because the event was impossible. Overall, children were better at generating explanations for why events were impossible than recognizing that no alternative could be generated for impossible events. However, there was some evidence that children’s explanatory abilities predicted whether they could correctly reject cases where no counterfactual alternative could be generated. The results lend support to the hypothesis that children’s causal knowledge is coherently organized in domain-specific knowledge structures.
The state of electric power engineering education

This paper provides a summary of the state of electric power engineering education through descriptions of professional society activities, Internet resources, and results of a worldwide survey conducted in March 2003.
Social commerce: an e-commerce perspective

Social commerce is spreading rapidly around the globe creating new and improved business models for conducting e-commerce. As an integration of social media marketing, Web 2.0 and e-commerce it is being viewed differently by different people and companies. In this paper we look at social commerce through e-commerce lens: namely as the delivery of e-commerce activities in social networks and by social software tools. Specifically, we identify those areas of e-commerce which are impacted by social commerce. The papers also identify the major issues related to adoption and use of the technology. Finally, we suggest some research issues related to social commerce.
The "Parallel Vectors" operator-a vector field visualization primitive

In this paper we propose an elementary operation on a pair of vector fields as a building block for defining and computing global line-type features of vector or scalar fields. While usual feature definitions often are procedural and therefore implicit, our operator allows precise mathematical definitions. It can serve as a basis for comparing feature definitions and for reuse of algorithms and implementations. Applications focus on vortex core methods.
User-Tailored Planning of Mixed Initiative Information-Seeking Dialogues

Intelligent dialogue systems usually concentrate on user support at the level of the domain of discourse, following a plan-based approach. Whereas this is appropriate for collaborative planning tasks, the situation in interactive information retrieval systems is quite different: there is no inherent plan-goal hierarchy, and users are known to often opportunistically change their goals and strategies during and through interaction. We need to allow for mixed-initiative retrieval dialogues, where the system evaluates the user's individual dialogue behavior and performs situation-dependent interpretation of user goals, to determine when to take the initiative and to change the control of the dialogue, e.g., to propose (new) problem-solving strategies to the user. In this article, we present the dialogue planning component of a concept- oriented, logic-based retrieval system (MIRACLE). Users are guided through the global stages of the retrieval interaction but may depart, at any time, from this guidance and change the direction of the dialogue. When users submit ambiguous queries or enter unexpected dialogue control acts, abductive reasoning is used to generate interpretations of these user inputs in light of the dialogue history and other internal knowledge sources. Based on these interpretations, the system initiates a short dialogue offering the user suitable options and strategies for proceeding with the retrieval dialogue. Depending on the user's choice and constraints resulting from the history, the system adapts its strategy accordingly.
Lessons from Hereditary Colorectal Cancer

that demonstrated tight linkage of the disease to markers on chromosome 5q21 (Bodmer et al., 1987; Leppert *The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center † Howard Hughes Medical Institute et al., 1987). Following the path demarcated by germline alterations in FAP patients and somatic alterations in 424 North Bond Street Baltimore, Maryland 21231 sporadic colorectal tumors, it became possible to identify the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and to prove that it caused FAP by demonstrating cosegrega-A large body of evidence supports the idea that accumu-tion of mutant APC alleles in affected kindreds (Groden lated genetic changes underlie the development of neo-et al., 1991; Nishisho et al., 1991). plasia. This multistep process is well illustrated by colo-rectal cancers, which typically develop over decades and appear to require at least seven genetic events for Rate-Limiting Events in Tumorigenesis completion. Even so, inheritance of a single altered gene Patients with germline mutations of APC do not neces-can result in a marked predisposition to colorectal can-sarily develop colorectal cancer; they simply are at much cer in two distinct syndromes, Familial Adenomatous greater risk to do so than the general population. In Polyposis (FAP) and Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colo-order for tumors to form, additional genetic alterations rectal Cancer (HNPCC). Recent evidence suggests that are apparently required. Thus, although FAP patients the genetic defect in FAP affects the rate of tumor initia-each develop numerous colorectal tumors, only about tion by targeting the gatekeeper function of the APC 1 of every 10 6 colorectal epithelial stem cells gives rise gene. In contrast, the defect in HNPCC largely affects to such a tumor. Studies in humans with FAP, as well tumor progression by targeting the genome guardian as in mice with analogous mutations of the murine ho-function of DNA mismatch repair. Studies of these syn-molog of APC, have suggested that the rate-limiting dromes have provided unique insights into both inher-step in tumor initiation is a somatic mutation of the wild-ited and sporadic forms of human tumors. type APC allele inherited from the unaffected parent The small fraction of colorectal epithelial stem cells that Introduction become neoplastic is in reasonable accord with the low At least 50% of the Western population develops a colo-rate of somatic mutation of APC expected in normal rectal tumor by the age of 70, and in about 1 in 10 of colon cells. Thus, the study of FAP provides strong sup-these individuals, progression to malignancy ensues. …
Clinical practice. Diagnosis and treatment of cow’s milk allergy

Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is thought to affect 2–3% of infants. The signs and symptoms are nonspecific and may be difficult to objectify, and as the diagnosis requires cow’s milk elimination followed by challenge, often, children are considered cow’s milk allergic without proven diagnosis. Because of the consequences, a correct diagnosis of CMA is pivotal. Open challenges tend to overestimate the number of children with CMA. The only reliable way to diagnose CMA is by double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge (DBPCFC). At present, the only proven treatment consists of elimination of cow’s milk protein from the child’s diet and the introduction of formulas based on extensively hydrolysed whey protein or casein; amino acid-based formula is rarely indicated. The majority of children will regain tolerance to cow’s milk within the first 5 years of life. Open challenges can be used to reject CMA, but for adequate diagnosis, DBPCFC is mandatory. In most children, CMA can be adequately treated with extensively hydrolysed whey protein or casein formulas.
A phase II study of PS-341 (Bortezomib) in advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer. A trial of the Princess Margaret Hospital and University of Chicago phase II consortia

Background: Based on evidence of activity in epithelial tumors in preclinical and Phase I studies, its novel mechanism of action, and its tolerability we undertook a study of bortezomib [PS-341], a reversible proteasome inhibitor, for patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer. Patients and methods: Patients with advanced or metastatic unresectable urothelial carcinoma were enrolled onto this multicenter, phase II trial. Patients with measurable disease were treated with bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2/day (twice weekly for 2 weeks out of 3) by intravenous infusion on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 every 21 days. A two stage phase II design was used. Results: Twenty-one patients were enrolled and twenty were eligible and received treatment. Eighty-five percent of patients had previous chemotherapy regimens. No objective responses were observed, median time-to-progression was 8.1 weeks (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.4 to 9), and median overall survival is estimated to be 15 weeks (95% CI 3.6 - NA). A total of 15 patients experienced a grade 3-4 adverse event. The most common were alkaline phosphatase (20% patients), lymphopenia (20% patients), myalgia (15% patients), dyspnea (15% patients) and thrombosis/embolism (15% patients). Conclusion: Single-agent bortezomib is an ineffective treatment for progressive-cisplatin-refractory urothelial carcinoma and should not be considered for future clinical trials in this population of patients.
Game Structures in Mutualistic Interactions : What Can the Evidence Tell Us About the Kind of Models We Need ?

Nature is full of examples in which individuals of different species cooperate with each other. Some of these interactions (mutualisms) are crucial to the persistence of the world that we know: most plants need mycorrhizal fungi and/or rhizobial bacteria for successful growth, as well as pollinators for reproduction; coral reefs are the result of a mutualistic symbiosis between polyps and algae; and virtually all animals appear to have endosymbionts that help with digestion of food. Other mutualisms attract human attention because of their oddity: birds and fish that enter the mouths of predators in search of food, birds that lead other animals to a mutually appreciated food source, and anemones that defend the crabs on whose backs they ride. Darwin (1859) was well aware that interspecific mutualism, like intraspecific cooperation, provided a challenge to his theory of evolution. Selection favors individuals that behave selfishly and maximize their own benefit. Cooperative behavior, however, often involves costly investment by one individual for the benefit of its partner. This puzzle of cooperative behavior is best illustrated with the so-called prisoner’s dilemma game. In this game, each of two genetically unrelated players can either cooperate or defect. Both players receive a payoff from the interaction (assumed to be of some relevance to the players’ fitness) that depends on the combination of