LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Brain-specific lipids from marine, lacustrine, or terrestrial food resources: potential impact on early African Homo sapiens.

The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of the mammalian central nervous system is almost wholly composed of two long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA). PUFA are dietarily essential, thus normal infant/neonatal brain, intellectual growth and development cannot be accomplished if they are deficient during pregnancy and lactation. Uniquely in the human species, the fetal brain consumes 70% of the energy delivered to it by mother. DHA and AA are needed to construct placental and fetal tissues for cell membrane growth, structure and function. Contemporary evidence shows that the maternal circulation is depleted of AA and DHA during fetal growth. Sustaining normal adult human brain function also requires LC-PUFA.Homo sapiens is unlikely to have evolved a large, complex, metabolically expensive brain in an environment which did not provide abundant dietary LC-PUFA. Conversion of 18-carbon PUFA from vegetation to AA and DHA is considered quantitatively insufficient due to a combination of high rates of PUFA oxidation for energy, inefficient and rate limited enzymatic conversion and substrate recycling. The littoral marine and lacustrine food chains provide consistently greater amounts of pre-formed LC-PUFA than the terrestrial food chain. Dietary levels of DHA are 2.5-100 fold higher for equivalent weights of marine fish or shellfish vs. lean or fat terrestrial meats. Mammalian brain tissue and bird egg yolks, especially from marine birds, are the richest terrestrial sources of LC-PUFA. However, land animal adipose fats have been linked to vascular disease and mental ill-health, whereas marine lipids have been demonstrated to be protective. At South African Capesites, large shell middens and fish remains are associated with evidence for some of the earliest modern humans. Cape sites dating from 100 to 18 kya cluster within 200 km of the present coast. Evidence of early H. sapiens is also found around the Rift Valley lakes and up the Nile Corridor into the Middle East; in some cases there is an association with the use of littoral resources. Exploitation of river, estuarine, stranded and spawning fish, shellfish and sea bird nestlings and eggs by Homo could have provided essential dietary LC-PUFA for men, women, and children without requiring organized hunting/fishing, or sophisticated social behavior. It is however, predictable from the present evidence that exploitation of this food resource would have provided the advantage in multi-generational brain development which would have made possible the advent of H. sapiens. Restriction to land based foods as postulated by the savannah and other hypotheses would have led to degeneration of the brain and vascular system as happened without exception in all other land based apes and mammals as they evolved larger bodies.
Decision Tree Based Algorithm for Intrusion Detection

Kajal Rai Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Applications, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India Email: kajalrai@pu.ac.in M. Syamala Devi Professor, Department of Computer Science and Applications, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India Email: syamala@pu.ac.in Ajay Guleria System Manager, Computer Center, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India Email: ag@pu.ac.in -----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a defense measure that supervises activities of the computer network and reports the malicious activities to the network administrator. Intruders do many attempts to gain access to the network and try to harm the organization’s data. Thus the security is the most important aspect for any type of organization. Due to these reasons, intrusion detection has been an important research issue. An IDS can be broadly classified as Signature based IDS and Anomaly based IDS. In our proposed work, the decision tree algorithm is developed based on C4.5 decision tree approach. Feature selection and split value are important issues for constructing a decision tree. In this paper, the algorithm is designed to address these two issues. The most relevant features are selected using information gain and the split value is selected in such a way that makes the classifier unbiased towards most frequent values. Experimentation is performed on NSL-KDD (Network Security Laboratory Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining) dataset based on number of features. The time taken by the classifier to construct the model and the accuracy achieved is analyzed. It is concluded that the proposed Decision Tree Split (DTS) algorithm can be used for signature based intrusion detection.
Referendum contingent valuation, anchoring, and willingness to pay for public goods

This study reports on experiments that examine anchoring in single referendum questions in contingent valuation surveys on willingness to pay for public goods, and on objective estimation. Strong anchoring effects are found that lead to systematically higher estimated mean responses from YesrNo referendum responses than from open-ended responses. This response pattern is similar for contingent valuation questions and for objective estimation questions. The paper concludes that psychometric anchoring effects, rather than incentive effects, are the likely cause of results commonly found in contingent valuation studies, and that the currently popular single referendum elicitation format is highly vulnerable to anchoring. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
An Automated Text Categorization Framework based on Hyperparameter Optimization

A great variety of text tasks such as topic or spam identification, user profiling, and sentiment analysis can be posed as a supervised learning problem and tackle using a text classifier. A text classifier consists of several subprocesses, some of them are general enough to be applied to any supervised learning problem, whereas others are specifically designed to tackle a particular task, using complex and computational expensive processes such as lemmatization, syntactic analysis, etc. Contrary to traditional approaches, we propose a minimalistic and wide system able to tackle text classification tasks independent of domain and language, namely μTC. It is composed by some easy to implement text transformations, text representations, and a supervised learning algorithm. These pieces produce a competitive classifier even in the domain of informally written text. We provide a detailed description of μTC along with an extensive experimental comparison with relevant state-of-the-art methods. μTC was compared on 30 different datasets. Regarding accuracy, μTC obtained the best performance in 20 datasets while achieves competitive results in the remaining 10. The compared datasets include several problems like topic and polarity classification, spam detection, user profiling and authorship attribution. Furthermore, it is important to state that our approach allows the usage of the technology even without knowledge of machine learning and natural language processing. ∗CONACyT Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnoloǵıa, Dirección de Cátedras, Insurgentes Sur 1582, Crédito Constructor 03940, Ciudad de México, México. †INFOTEC Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Tecnoloǵıas de la Información y Comunicación, Circuito Tecnopolo Sur No 112, Fracc. Tecnopolo Pocitos II, Aguascalientes 20313, México. ‡Centro de Investigación en Geograf́ıa y Geomática “Ing. Jorge L. Tamayo”, A.C. Circuito Tecnopolo Norte No. 117, Col. Tecnopolo Pocitos II, C.P. 20313,. Aguascalientes, Ags, México. 1 ar X iv :1 70 4. 01 97 5v 2 [ cs .C L ] 1 4 Se p 20 17
Biofilm removal with a dental water jet.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a dental water jet on plaque biofilm removal using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).


METHODOLOGY
Eight teeth with advanced aggressive periodontal disease were extracted. Ten thin slices were cut from four teeth. Two slices were used as the control. Eight were inoculated with saliva and incubated for 4 days. Four slices were treated using a standard jet tip, and four slices were treated using an orthodontic jet tip. The remaining four teeth were treated with the orthodontic jet tip but were not inoculated with saliva to grow new plaque biofilm. All experimental teeth were treated using a dental water jet for 3 seconds on medium pressure.


RESULTS
The standard jet tip removed 99.99% of the salivary (ex vivo) biofilm, and the orthodontic jet tip removed 99.84% of the salivary biofilm. Observation of the remaining four teeth by the naked eye indicated that the orthodontic jet tip removed significant amounts of calcified (in vivo) plaque biofilm. This was confirmed by SEM evaluations.


CONCLUSION
The Waterpik dental water jet (Water Pik, Inc, Fort Collins, CO) can remove both ex vivo and in vivo plaque biofilm significantly.
Anemia is a significant prognostic factor in local relapse-free survival of premenopausal primary breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy.

PURPOSE
To determine the effects of anemia on local relapse-free, relapse-free, and overall survival (LRFS, RFS, and OS, respectively) in premenopausal, primary breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant polychemotherapy, and to determine which conventional prognostic factors affected these outcomes.


EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Four hundred twenty-four premenopausal patients with early-stage primary breast cancer and hormone receptor-expressing tumors were treated with i.v. cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil (CMF) polychemotherapy as part of an adjuvant phase III trial (Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Trial 5). The influence of anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL) on LRFS, RFS, and OS was evaluated in a retrospective analysis.


RESULTS
Of 424 patients, 77 (18.2%) developed anemia on CMF chemotherapy. After a median follow-up time of 5 years, 8.9% of nonanemic patients had local relapse compared with 19.6% of anemic patients (P=0.0006). Although mastectomy was associated with anemia (26% versus 13.7% in breast conserving surgery; P=0.002), multivariate analysis did not show mastectomy per se to be a significant risk factor for LRFS. Age, lymph node status, and hemoglobin had an independent significant influence on LRFS (P<0.005). Anemic patients had a relative risk of 2.96 (95% confidence interval, 1.41-6.23) for developing local relapse in comparison with nonanemic patients.


CONCLUSION
Premenopausal breast cancer patients who developed anemia during the CMF regimen had significantly worse LRFS. In Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Trial 5, anemia may have contributed to an almost doubled incidence of local recurrence in the chemotherapy arm. Molecular targets associated with tumor hypoxia and distinct from erythropoiesis should receive further attention in experimental and clinical settings.
GermaNet - representation, visualization, application

This paper outlines current developments centering around the lexical-semantic database GermaNet and its applicability both within language engineering tasks and on the Semantic Web. From this perspective, representation and standardization are considered to be crucial issues as regards compatibility and interoperability with other languages resources. Representation variants of lexical data, eg. XML-based formats, enable various web applications and data exchange. Furthermore, visualization tools for exploring ontologies can be adopted and enhanced.
Robust Offline Signature Verification Based On Global Features

Biometrics is a verification system that identifies a person based on his physiological and behavioral features. Signature verification is the biometrics identification method which is legally accepted and used in many commercial fields such as e-business, access control and so on. In this paper we propose a Robust Off-line Signature Verification Based on Global Features (ROSVGF) for skilled and random forgeries. In this model prior to extracting the features, we preprocessed the signatures in the database. Preprocessing consists of i) Normalization ii) Noise reduction iii) Thinning and Skelitazition, for feature set extraction which consists of global features such as signature height-to-width ratio (Aspect ratio), Maximum Horizontal Histogram and Maximum Vertical Histogram, Horizontal Center and Vertical center of the signature, End points of the signature, Signature area. It is observed that our proposed model gives the better Type I and Type II errors compared to existing models.
An improved novel driving scheme of synchronous rectifiers for LLC resonant converters

This paper proposes an improved novel synchronous rectifier (SR) driving scheme for resonant converters. It is very suitable for high frequency, high efficiency and high power density dc-dc resonant converters with SRs. An LLC resonant converter with proposed synchronous rectification is designed and analyzed. With proposed driving scheme, SR body diode conduction is almost reduced to none. The reverse recovery problem of SRs is eliminated. Both current and voltage stress are greatly decreased. Conduction loss and switching loss of SRs are considerably reduced. The experimental results show that the proposed LLC resonant converter with SR can achieve low stresses, high efficiency and high power density.
Independent Component Analysis of Electroencephalographic Data

Because of the distance between the skull and brain and their di erent resistivities, electroencephalographic (EEG) data collected from any point on the human scalp includes activity generated within a large brain area. This spatial smearing of EEG data by volume conduction does not involve signi cant time delays, however, suggesting that the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) algorithm of Bell and Sejnowski [1] is suitable for performing blind source separation on EEG data. The ICA algorithm separates the problem of source identi cation from that of source localization. First results of applying the ICA algorithm to EEG and event-related potential (ERP) data collected during a sustained auditory detection task show: (1) ICA training is insensitive to di erent random seeds. (2) ICA may be used to segregate obvious artifactual EEG components (line and muscle noise, eye movements) from other sources. (3) ICA is capable of isolating overlapping EEG phenomena, including alpha and theta bursts and spatially-separable ERP components, to separate ICA channels. (4) Nonstationarities in EEG and behavioral state can be tracked using ICA via changes in the amount of residual correlation between ICAltered output channels.
Fiscal Discipline and the Cost of Public Debt Service: Some Estimates for OECD Countries

We use a panel of 16 OECD countries over several decades to investigate the e!ects of government debts and decits on long-term interest rates. In simple static specications, a one-percentage-point increase in the primary decit relative to GDP increases contemporaneous long-term interest rates by about 10 basis points. In a vector autoregression (VAR), the same shock leads to a cumulative increase of almost 150 basis points after 10 years. The e!ect of debt on interest rates is non-linear: only for countries with above-average levels of debt does an increase in debt a!ect the interest rate. World scal policy is also important: an increase in total OECD-government borrowing increases each country’s interest rates. However, domestic scal policy continues to a!ect domestic interest rates even after controlling for worldwide debts and decits.
Mutual Fund Flows and Investor Returns: An Empirical Examination of Fund Investor Timing Ability

We examine the timing ability of mutual fund investors using cash flow data at the individual fund level. Over 1991–2004, equity fund investor timing decisions reduce fund investor average returns by 1.56% annually. Underperformance due to poor timing is greater in load funds and funds with relatively large risk-adjusted returns. In particular, the magnitude of investor underperformance due to poor timing largely offsets the risk-adjusted alpha gains offered by good-performing funds. Investors in both actively managed funds and index funds exhibit poor investment timing. We demonstrate that our empirical results are consistent with investor return-chasing behavior.
Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention.

BACKGROUND
The relationship between lower sodium intake and total mortality remains controversial.


OBJECTIVES
This study examined the relationship between well-characterized measures of sodium intake estimated from urinary sodium excretion and long-term mortality.


METHODS
Two trials, phase I (1987 to 1990), over 18 months, and phase II (1990 to 1995), over 36 months, were undertaken in TOHP (Trials of Hypertension Prevention), which implemented sodium reduction interventions. The studies included multiple 24-h urine samples collected from pre-hypertensive adults 30 to 54 years of age during the trials. Post-trial deaths were ascertained over a median 24 years, using the National Death Index. The associations between mortality and the randomized interventions as well as with average sodium intake were examined.


RESULTS
Among 744 phase I and 2,382 phase II participants randomized to sodium reduction or control, 251 deaths occurred, representing a nonsignificant 15% lower risk in the active intervention (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66 to 1.09; p = 0.19). Among 2,974 participants not assigned to an active sodium intervention, 272 deaths occurred. There was a direct linear association between average sodium intake and mortality, with an HR of 0.75, 0.95, and 1.00 (references) and 1.07 (p trend = 0.30) for <2,300, 2,300 to <3,600, 3,600 to <4,800, and ≥4,800 mg/24 h, respectively; and with an HR of 1.12 per 1,000 mg/24 h (95% CI: 1.00 to 1.26; p = 0.05). There was no evidence of a J-shaped or nonlinear relationship. The HR per unit increase in sodium/potassium ratio was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.27; p = 0.04).


CONCLUSIONS
We found an increased risk of mortality for high-sodium intake and a direct relationship with total mortality, even at the lowest levels of sodium intake. These results are consistent with a benefit of reduced sodium and sodium/potassium intake on total mortality over a 20-year period.
Collection of small subunit (16S- and 16S-like) ribosomal RNA structures

Inferring higher-order structure for complex RNA molecules, such as the ribosomal RNAs has relied primarily on comparative methods. Underlying these methods is the premise that molecules with different primary structure and similar functional characteristics have similar secondary and tertiary structure [Reviewed in: 1]. For these methods to be effective, the RNA molecules under study need to be sufficiently similar at the primary structure level to obtain good sequence alignments, however these same sequences also need to be proportionately different for positional covariance to occur, the indicator suggesting the existence of a basepair. The higher-order structure models for 16S rRNA have evolved in stages. Initially, with a small number of 16S rRNA sequences in hand, a minimal secondary structure was proposed. Increases in the number and diversity of available 16S rRNA sequences and paralleled with improvements in correlation analysis algorithms has lead to the continual refinement of this structure model. In the earlier stages only secondary structure pairings were identified. In contrast during the latter stages only minor refinements in these pairings occurred while several novel tertary and non-canonical pairing constraints were proposed [reviewed in: 2-3]. And now with over 2,200 16S and 16S-like rRNA available sequences spanning the three phylogenetic domains and the two organelles (Mitochondria and Chloroplast), detailed phylogenetic, structural, and structural evolution information is now being deciphered in great detail, although the resulting analysis from different groups is not always congruent. Over the years several groups have developed 16S rRNA secondary structure models. The current versions for each are fairly analogous with one another[2, 4-7], although this has not always been the case. And while the current differences are small, some are significant for the Escherichia coli and other Bacterial, Archaea, Eucarya, and mitochondrial structure models. These versions should also not be considered final as these models are expected to undergo minor revisions as the number and diversity of 16S and 16S-like sequences increases and is paralleled with continued improvements and alternative correlation analysis interpretations [8, unpublished work]. Over the next few years this collection, and the accompanying 23S rRNA (see Gutell, Gray, Schnare, this issue) will grow in size and detail. The complexity of structure and the evolutionary dimension of these structures presents us with a wonderful opportunity to investigate RNA structural motifs and map with some precision, the evolution of these RNAs and underlying RNA structural characteristics associated with different phylogenetic assemblages. This collection of structures should also be of value to the experimentalist studying rRNA structure and function. And equally valuable to those studying rRNA based phylogeny.
Factors influencing the successful aging of older Korean adults.

BACKGROUND
The study trend has been undergoing a change, increasingly focusing on successful aging factors for obtaining a healthy and happy life in old age and in an aging society. This study examined and identified the factors influencing the degree of successful aging among older Korean adults. This study was a cross-sectional design. The participants comprised of 305 Korean older people aged 60 years or over, who met eligibility criteria.


MEASURES
Measures were a general characteristics form, the self-liking/self-competence scale-revised version (SLCS-R) form, the self-efficacy scale, the interpersonal relationship scale, the self-achievement instrument, and the successful aging scale.


RESULTS
The analyses showed that the prediction model for successful aging among older Korean adults was significant (F = 159.09, p < 0.001). The value of the adjusted R(2) was 0.692, which corresponds to the explanatory power of 69.2%. The factor that was found to have the most influence on successful aging among older Korean adults was self-esteem (β = 0.38), followed by self-achievement (β = 0.25), interpersonal relationships (β = 0.22), and self-efficacy (β = 0.21).


CONCLUSIONS
This cross-sectional study provides preliminary evidence that self-esteem is a major and primary predictor of successful aging among older Korean adults. In the nursing practice, health professionals can use the results of this study in order to help older Korean adults obtain a positive outlook, promote a sense of self-worth, and achieve a higher degree of adaptability towards aging despite the health problems and personal issues associated with older age by providing intervention programs that advocate successful aging.