LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Effects of 2 prevention programs on high-risk behaviors among African American youth: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE
To test the efficacy of 2 programs designed to reduce high-risk behaviors among inner-city African American youth.


DESIGN
Cluster randomized trial.


SETTING
Twelve metropolitan Chicago, Ill, schools and the communities they serve, 1994 through 1998.


PARTICIPANTS
Students in grades 5 through 8 and their parents and teachers.


INTERVENTIONS
The social development curriculum (SDC) consisted of 16 to 21 lessons per year focusing on social competence skills necessary to manage situations in which high-risk behaviors occur. The school/community intervention (SCI) consisted of SDC and school-wide climate and parent and community components. The control group received an attention-placebo health enhancement curriculum (HEC) of equal intensity to the SDC focusing on nutrition, physical activity, and general health care.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Student self-reports of violence, provocative behavior, school delinquency, substance use, and sexual behaviors (intercourse and condom use).


RESULTS
For boys, the SDC and SCI significantly reduced the rate of increase in violent behavior (by 35% and 47% compared with HEC, respectively), provoking behavior (41% and 59%), school delinquency (31% and 66%), drug use (32% and 34%), and recent sexual intercourse (44% and 65%), and improved the rate of increase in condom use (95% and 165%). The SCI was significantly more effective than the SDC for a combined behavioral measure (79% improvement vs 51%). There were no significant effects for girls.


CONCLUSIONS
Theoretically derived social-emotional programs that are culturally sensitive, developmentally appropriate, and offered in multiple grades can reduce multiple risk behaviors for inner-city African American boys in grades 5 through 8. The lack of effects for girls deserves further research.
The role of parental psychopathology and family environment for social phobia in the first three decades of life.

BACKGROUND
To examine the role of parental psychopathology and family environment for the risk of social phobia (SP) in offspring from childhood to early adulthood, encompassing the high risk period for SP.


METHODS
A community sample of 1,395 adolescents was prospectively followed-up over 10 years. Offspring and parental psychopathology were assessed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) using the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI), and direct diagnostic interviews in parents were supplemented by family history reports. Parental rearing was assessed by the Questionnaire of Recalled Rearing Behavior administered to offspring. Family functioning was assessed by the McMaster Family Assessment Device administered to parents.


RESULTS
Parental SP was associated with offspring's risk to develop SP (OR=3.3, 95%CI:1.4-8.0). Other parental anxiety disorders (OR=2.9, 95%CI:1.4-6.1), depression (OR=2.6, 95%CI:1.2-5.4), and alcohol use disorders (OR=2.8, 95%CI:1.3-6.1) were also associated with offspring SP. Parental rearing styles of overprotection, rejection, and lack of emotional warmth were associated with offspring SP. Family functioning measures were not associated with offspring SP. Analyses of interaction of parental psychopathology and parental rearing indicated combined effects on the risk for offspring SP.


CONCLUSIONS
Parental psychopathology and rearing were associated with offspring SP, independently as well as in their interaction. Further delineation of these associations is warranted as malleable components of these risk factors may provide potential targets for prevention programs. In addition, parent-to-offspring transmission of other internalizing disorders should be considered to examine the degree of diagnostic specificity.
Exponential companding technique for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems

In this paper, a new nonlinear companding technique, called "exponential companding", is proposed to reduce the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals. Unlike the /spl mu/-law companding scheme, which enlarges only small signals so that increases the average power, the schemes based on exponential companding technique adjust both large and small signals and can keep the average power at the same level. By transforming the original OFDM signals into uniformly distributed signals (with a specific degree), the exponential companding schemes can effectively reduce PAPR for different modulation formats and sub-carrier sizes. Moreover, many PAPR reduction schemes, such as /spl mu/-law companding scheme, cause spectrum side-lobes generation, but the exponential companding schemes cause less spectrum side-lobes. Computer simulations, which consider a baseband OFDM system with Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channels and a Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA), show that the proposed exponential companding schemes can offer better PAPR reduction, Bit Error Rate (BER), and phase error performance than the /spl mu/-law companding scheme.
Identification of biomarkers that predict response to treatment of lupus nephritis with mycophenolate mofetil or pulse cyclophosphamide.

OBJECTIVE
There is a need to identify clinical characteristics and/or biomarkers that can predict treatment outcome in lupus nephritis. To this end, we utilized data from the Aspreva Lupus Management Study to identify possible baseline and early predictors of renal response to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or intravenous (IV) cyclophosphamide (CYC).


METHODS
Patients with class III-V lupus nephritis were randomized to MMF or IV CYC. We assessed predictors of renal response, including baseline demographic, clinical, laboratory, and histologic characteristics, as well as early clinical and laboratory data, obtained within the first 2 months of therapy. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for renal response were calculated for each putative predictor.


RESULTS
Normalization of C3, C4, or both by week 8 was strongly predictive of renal response at week 24 (ORs 2.5, 2.6, and 2.9, respectively; P < 0.05). Reduction in proteinuria by ≥25% by week 8 was predictive of renal response at week 24 (OR 3.2, P < 0.05). Reduction in anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) by week 8 was not predictive of renal response. Only 3 baseline characteristics (C4 level, time since diagnosis of lupus nephritis, and estimated glomerular filtration rate [GFR]) were predictive of renal response; the remaining characteristics (age, age at lupus nephritis onset, time since diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, sex, histopathologic class, anti-dsDNA antibody level, C3 level, level of proteinuria, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins, or hydroxychloroquine) were not.


CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates that baseline C4 level, time since diagnosis of lupus nephritis, baseline estimated GFR, early normalization of complement, and reduction in proteinuria independently predict renal response to therapy at 6 months.
Analysis of GWAS-linked loci in Parkinson disease reaffirms PARK16 as a susceptibility locus.

OBJECTIVE
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) in the Japanese population identified 2 new Parkinson disease (PD) susceptibility loci on 1q32 (PARK16) (OMIM 613164) and BST1. We analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) located at the GWAS-linked loci (PARK16, PARK8, PARK1, and BST1) in a Chinese population and also conducted a meta-analysis in Asians by pooling 2 independent replication studies from Japan.


METHODS
We conducted an analysis of 13 SNPs associated with PD GWAS-linked loci in 2 case-control cohorts comprised of 1,349 ethnic Chinese subjects.


RESULTS
PARK16, PARK8, and PARK1 loci but not BST1 were found to be associated with PD. PARK16 SNPs were associated with a decreased risk while PARK1 and PARK8 SNPs were associated with an increased risk of PD. A pooled analysis of our Chinese cohorts and 2 Japanese replication cohorts involving 1,366 subjects with PD and 16,669 controls revealed robust association with these 3 loci and also BST1. There was a trend toward a stronger protective effect of SNPs at the PARK16 locus in sporadic PD compared to familial cases and in older compared to younger subjects.


CONCLUSIONS
Our study reaffirms the role of GWAS-linked loci in PD in Asian subjects and the strength of association is similar between Chinese and Japanese subjects. Efforts to elucidate the associated gene within PARK16 locus are warranted.
Millimeter-Wave Vehicular Communication to Support Massive Automotive Sensing

As driving becomes more automated, vehicles are being equipped with more sensors generating even higher data rates. Radars are used for object detection, visual cameras as virtual mirrors, and LIDARs for generating high resolution depth associated range maps, all to enhance the safety and efficiency of driving. Connected vehicles can use wireless communication to exchange sensor data, allowing them to enlarge their sensing range and improve automated driving functions. Unfortunately, conventional technologies, such as DSRC and 4G cellular communication, do not support the gigabit-per-second data rates that would be required for raw sensor data exchange between vehicles. This article makes the case that mmWave communication is the only viable approach for high bandwidth connected vehicles. The motivations and challenges associated with using mmWave for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure applications are highlighted. A high-level solution to one key challenge - the overhead of mmWave beam training - is proposed. The critical feature of this solution is to leverage information derived from the sensors or DSRC as side information for the mmWave communication link configuration. Examples and simulation results show that the beam alignment overhead can be reduced by using position information obtained from DSRC.
Anatomical, Clinical and Electrical Observations in Piriformis Syndrome

BACKGROUND
We provided clinical and electrical descriptions of the piriformis syndrome, contributing to better understanding of the pathogenesis and further diagnostic criteria.


METHODS
Between 3550 patients complaining of sciatica, we concluded 26 cases of piriformis syndrome, 15 females, 11 males, mean age 35.37 year-old. We operated 9 patients, 2 to 19 years after the onset of symptoms, 5 had piriformis steroids injection. A dorsolumbar MRI were performed in all cases and a pelvic MRI in 7 patients. The electro-diagnostic test was performed in 13 cases, between them the H reflex of the peroneal nerve was tested 7 times.


RESULTS
After a followup 1 to 11 years, for the 17 non operated patients, 3 patients responded to conservative treatment. 6 of the operated had an excellent result, 2 residual minor pain and one failed. 3 new anatomical observations were described with atypical compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle.


CONCLUSION
While the H reflex test of the tibial nerve did not give common satisfaction in the literature for diagnosis, the H reflex of the peroneal nerve should be given more importance, because it demonstrated in our study more specific sign, with six clinical criteria it contributed to improve the method of diagnosis. The cause of this particular syndrome does not only depend on the relation sciatic nerve-piriformis muscle, but the environmental conditions should be considered with the series of the anatomical anomalies to explain the real cause of this pain.
Reliability of a measurement of neck flexor muscle endurance.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Neck flexor muscle endurance has been negatively correlated with cervical pain and dysfunction. The purposes of this study were to determine rater reliability in subjects both with and without neck pain and to determine whether there was a difference in neck flexor muscle endurance between the 2 groups.


SUBJECTS
Forty-one subjects with and without neck pain were enrolled in this repeated-measures reliability study.


METHODS
Two raters used an isometric neck retraction test to assess neck flexor muscle endurance for all subjects during an initial session, and subjects without neck pain returned for testing 1 week later.


RESULTS
For the group without neck pain, intrarater reliability was good to excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC(3,1)]=.82-.91), and interrater reliability was moderate to good (ICC[2,1]=.67-.78). The associated standard error of measurement (SEM) ranged from 8.0 to 11.0 seconds and from 12.6 to 15.3 seconds, respectively. For the group with neck pain, interrater reliability was moderate (ICC[2,1]=.67, SEM=11.5). Neck flexor muscle endurance test results for the group without neck pain (mean=38.95 seconds, SD=26.4) and the group with neck pain (mean=24.1 seconds, SD=12.8) were significantly different.


DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Reliability coefficients differed between the 2 groups and ranged from moderate to excellent and improved after the first test session. The interrater reliability of data obtained with the neck flexor muscle endurance test in people with neck pain must be improved in order for clinicians to distinguish a clinically meaningful change from measurement error. Neck flexor muscle endurance was both statistically and clinically greater for subjects without neck pain than for those with neck pain.
Hybrid Simplification using Deep Semantics and Machine Translation

We present a hybrid approach to sentence simplification which combines deep semantics and monolingual machine translation to derive simple sentences from complex ones. The approach differs from previous work in two main ways. First, it is semantic based in that it takes as input a deep semantic representation rather than e.g., a sentence or a parse tree. Second, it combines a simplification model for splitting and deletion with a monolingual translation model for phrase substitution and reordering. When compared against current state of the art methods, our model yields significantly simpler output that is both grammatical and meaning preserving.
Offshoring and the Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market

I use firm-level data on offshoring paired with occupation-level data on employment and wages to estimate the impact that offshoring has had on U.S. workers from 2002 to 2008. I find that offshoring by U.S. firms has contributed to relative gains for the most highly skilled works and relative losses for middle skilled workers. An increase in offshoring in an industry is associated with an increase in the wage gap between workers at the 75th percentile and workers with median earnings in that industry, and with a decrease in the gap between workers earning the median wages and those at the 25th percentile. This pattern can be explained by the tasks performed by workers. Offshoring is associated with a decrease in wages for occupations that rely heavily on routine tasks and an increase in wages if the occupation is nonroutine and communication task intensive. The results hold in both OLS and instrumental variable specifications. ∗The statistical analysis of firm-level data on U.S. multinational companies was conducted at the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce under arrangements that maintain legal confidentiality requirements. The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect official positions of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The author is grateful to seminar participants at the World Bank, Census, USITC, Trans-Pacific Labor Seminar, and Georgetown University for helpful suggestions and to William Zeile and Raymond Mattaloni for assistance with the BEA data.
Gromov-Witten invariants of general symplectic manifolds

Invariants related to (pseudo) holomorphic curves on symplectic manifolds with a compatible almost complex structure arose for the first time in the celebrated work of Gromov [Gr]. More refined invariants, now known under the name of GromovWitten (GW) invariants, turned up somewhat later in physics as correlation functions in Witten’s topological sigma models ([Wi1], [Wi2], [Va]), and were put on a solid mathematical basis by Ruan and Tian using a construction reminiscent of Donaldson theory [Ru], [RuTi1], [McSa], [RuTi2]. The mathematical theory is based on transversality and genericity arguments with the purpose of identifying certain moduli spaces of pseudo holomorphic curves as manifolds, supplemented by the Gromov compactness theorem and a dimension estimate on the “bad part” at infinity. One of the great shortcomings of this method is that the dimension count forces strong positivity conditions on the symplectic manifolds to be considered, while from the expected formal properties of the invariants (axiomatized in [KoMa]) nothing hints on such limitations of GW-theory. The restriction is the more annoying as it not only bounds the range of applicability; but it also hinders the whole development of the theory for most natural operations on symplectic manifolds do not stay inside the class of positive manifolds. Deeper support in favour of general validity of GW-theory come from the development of the analogous invariants in algebraic geometry, that has been achieved recently by Li and Tian [LiTi], and (loosely based on their ideas) in a more systematic way in two fine papers of Behrend and Behrend/Fantechi [Be], [BeFa]. Ultimately it would be desirable to have a similarly general theory in the symplectic category, together with a comparison theorem linking to the algebraic theory, which would then combine the computational power and the strength of handling singular situations from algebraic geometry with the full symplectic topological significance and range of applications of the invariants. The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem on the symplectic side with
Why would online gamers share their innovation-conducive knowledge in the online game user community? Integrating individual motivations and social capital perspectives

0747-5632/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.11.022 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 958 3598; fax: E-mail addresses: Hau.Augustine@gmail.com (Y.S t.ac.kr (Y.-G. Kim). 1 Tel.: +82 2 958 3614; fax: 82 2 958 3599. The user community has been an important external source of a firm’s product or service innovation. Users’ innovation-conducive knowledge sharing enables the community to work as a vital source of innovation. But, traditional economic theories of innovation seem to provide few explanations about why such knowledge sharing takes place for free in the user community. Therefore, this study investigates what drives community users to freely share their innovation-conducive knowledge, using the theory of planned behavior. Based on an empirical analysis of the data from 1244 members of a South Korean online game user community, it reveals that intrinsic motivation, shared goals, and social trust are salient factors in promoting users’ innovation-conducive knowledge sharing. Extrinsic motivation and social tie, however, were found to affect such sharing adversely, contingent upon whether a user is an innovator or a non-innovator. The study illustrates how social capital, in addition to individual motivations, forms and influences users’ innovation-conducive knowledge sharing in the online gaming context. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Analysis of position and isometric joysticks for powered wheelchair driving

The control interface is one of the most critical components of the electric-powered wheelchair (EPW). The control interface must accommodate the user's limitations and maximize the user's abilities. This study extended Fitts' Law for target-acquisition to a continuously updated target. The extended Fitts' Law was used to examine EPW driving with a standard position sensing joystick and a prototype isometric joystick (IJ). The extended Fitts' Law provides insight into the difficulty of performing target-acquisition tasks with an EPW. The test results showed significant differences (p<0.05) among the two types of joysticks for selected measures of information processing capacity, movement time, root-mean-square-error, and average velocity while performing turning maneuvers. The mean values indicate that the IJ may provide superior turning performance.
Assessing Feasibility of IT-Enabled Networked Value Constellations: A Case Study in the Electricity Sector

Innovative networked value constellations, such as Cisco or Dell, are often enabled by Information Technology (IT). The same holds for the Distributed Electricity Balancing Service (DBS), which we present in this case study. To explore feasibility of such constellations while designing them, we need at least to develop a financial and technical understanding of the constellation at hand. In this paper, we take a multiple perspective approach, by taking a business value perspective (using evalue ) and an information system perspective (using UML-deployment diagrams) on the case at hand. We present a novel, structured approach to relate both perspectives, thus enabling a financial and technical feasibility assessment of the constellation, using a real-life case study in the field of electricity supply and consumption.
Parent Involvement: The Key to Improved Student Achievement.

There is a sizable body of research literature supporting the involvement of parents in educational settings and activities. Because the existing literature base on parent involvement is large and growing, we have chosen to present only a summary of selected research ndings and relevant literature in order to establish a framework underpinning the legitimacy of our parent involvement investigation. Epstein (1995) for example sets the stage by dening parent involvement as families and communities who take an active role in creating a caring educational environment. She further asserts that parents who are involved with their children's education are those who consistently demonstrate good parenting skills, communicate with the school staff, volunteer their time in the school, help their children learn at home, take an active role in school-related decision making, and who regularly collaborate with the school community. Christensen and Cleary (1990) suggest that parents' active involvement results in greater recognition of teachers' skills, better teacher evaluations from their principals, enhanced parental understanding of the inner workings of the school, and higher school ratings in effectiveness and program success. Additionally, in schools where student achievement was reported, Loucks (1992) found that parent involvement was a signicant factor in both accelerated and sustained student academic performance. While we have little argument with the general premises stated above, we wanted to know if similar improvement might be attained by inner-city elementary students (specically third-grade students) if parents became more directly involved with their children's education. To nd the answers,