LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Vehicles Detection from Very High Resolution Satellite Imagery

This paper evaluates an inductive learning approach classification technique for vehicle detection and enumeration on very high resolution imagery. It tests pre-processing procedures applied to different images with different atmospheric conditions and automatic detection algorithms for detection and enumeration. This work contributes to the longer term objective that is beyond the scope of this paper to use vehicles counts to derive indicators of societal activity; this for a number of applications including situation assessments in conflict areas. The work uses Ikonos and Quickbird images collected over Baghdad in pre-war situation and during the Iraq conflict of 2003. Very high resolution imagery is an excellent information source to detect vehicles. The enumeration can be carried out using photo-interpretation techniques. However, this is impractical and relatively expensive. Automatic detection is possible. Image pre-processing is needed. * Corresponding author.
Guaranteed Tensor PCA with Optimality in Statistics and Computation

Tensors, or high-order arrays, attract much attention in recent research. In this paper, we propose a general framework for tensor principal component analysis (tensor PCA), which focuses on the methodology and theory for extracting the hidden low-rank structure from the high-dimensional tensor data. A unified solution is provided for tensor PCA with considerations in both statistical limits and computational costs. The problem exhibits three different phases according to the signal-noise-ratio (SNR). In particular, with strong SNR, we propose a fast spectral power iteration method that achieves the minimax optimal rate of convergence in estimation; with weak SNR, the information-theoretical lower bound shows that it is impossible to have consistent estimation in general; with moderate SNR, we show that the non-convex maximum likelihood estimation provides optimal solution, but with NPhard computational cost; moreover, under the hardness hypothesis of hypergraphic planted clique detection, there are no polynomial-time algorithms performing consistently in general. Simulation studies show that the proposed spectral power iteration method have good performance under a variety of settings. Anru Zhang is Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, E-mail: anruzhang@stat.wisc.edu; Dong Xia is Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, E-mail: dongxia@stat.wisc.edu.
Impact of a psychiatry clerkship on stigma, attitudes towards psychiatry, and psychiatry as a career choice

BACKGROUND
Mental illnesses are a major public health problem around the world and the prevalence and burden of common mental disorders is growing. Psychiatry is an unpopular career choice for many medical students and this impacts negatively on the supply of psychiatrists to the workforce. The psychiatry clerkship can play an important role in influencing students' attitudes towards psychiatry, either positively or negatively. However, stigma towards mental illness detracts students from considering a career in psychiatry. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of an eight week psychiatry clerkship on i) student knowledge and interest in psychiatry; ii) psychiatry as a career choice; iii) attitudes towards psychiatry; and iv) perceptions of stigma towards mental illness.


METHOD
Year 4 medical students at the University of Western Australia completed two questionnaires, the Balon Attitudes Towards Psychiatry and the Mental Illness Clinicians Attitudes (MICA), at the beginning and end of the psychiatry clerkship. Interest in, knowledge of, and consideration of psychiatry as a career were also assessed. Non-parametric tests were used to compare baseline and follow-up differences on the Balon and MICA. Unpaired t-tests compared mean differences for interest, knowledge and psychiatry as a career.


RESULTS
Attitudes towards psychiatry were positive at the beginning of the clerkship. Overall, there was a significant decrease in negative and stigmatising views towards mental illness post clerkship measured by the MICA, but the follow-up mean score remained close to the neutral value with views in some areas becoming more negative. There was no significant improvement in students' interest in psychiatry post clerkship, however, knowledge of psychiatry improved significantly. Numbers of students 'definitely considering' psychiatry as a career increased significantly from 7 (4.6%) students at baseline to 17 (10.5%) at follow-up.


CONCLUSION
The clerkship made a modest impact on students' attitudes to psychiatry, stigma and consideration of psychiatry as a career. Integration of strategies to overcome stigma towards mental illness and the mental health profession into pre-clinical teaching may provide students with skills to prepare them for the clerkship. This may assist in improving attitudes towards psychiatry and encourage more students towards a psychiatry career.
A Chatbot for Automatic Processing of Learner Concerns in an Online Learning Platform

In this article, we present a chatbot model that can automatically respond to learners’ concerns on an online training platform. The proposed chatbot model is based on an adaptation of the similarity of Dice to understand the concerns of learners. The first phase of this approach allows selecting the preestablished concerns that the teacher has in a knowledge base which are closest to those posed by the learner. The second phase consists of selecting among these k most appropriate concerns based on a measure of similarity built on the concept of domain keywords. The experimentation of the prototype of this chatbot makes it possible to find the adequate answers. In the case, where the question refers to a question from the teacher, the learner is asked if the question identified is the one he was referring to. If he answers in the affirmative, the instructions associated with his request are sent to him. If not, the learner’s concern is sent to the human tutor. The hybridization of this chatbot with the human agent comes to enrich the initial knowledge base of the chatbot. The results obtained with the concept based on the keywords of the domain are encouraging. The learner’s comprehension rate is above 50% when applying the concept of domain keywords while the measure of Dice is below 50%. Keywords—Metadata; ontologies; semantic similarity; natural language; semantic web; chatbot
Comment on "Describing Weyl neutrinos by a set of Maxwell-like equations" by S. Bruce (*)

Results of the work of S. Bruce [{\it Nuovo Cimento} {\bf 110}B (1995) 115] are compared with those of recent papers of D. V. Ahluwalia and myself, devoted to describing neutral particles of spin $j=1/2$ and $j=1$.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT
The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is elevated among women who have served in the military, but no prior study has evaluated treatment for PTSD in this population. Prior research suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy is a particularly effective treatment for PTSD.


OBJECTIVE
To compare prolonged exposure, a type of cognitive behavioral therapy, with present-centered therapy, a supportive intervention, for the treatment of PTSD.


DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
A randomized controlled trial of female veterans (n=277) and active-duty personnel (n=7) with PTSD recruited from 9 VA medical centers, 2 VA readjustment counseling centers, and 1 military hospital from August 2002 through October 2005.


INTERVENTION
Participants were randomly assigned to receive prolonged exposure (n = 141) or present-centered therapy (n = 143), delivered according to standard protocols in 10 weekly 90-minute sessions.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity was the primary outcome. Comorbid symptoms, functioning, and quality of life were secondary outcomes. Blinded assessors collected data before and after treatment and at 3- and 6-month follow-up.


RESULTS
Women who received prolonged exposure experienced greater reduction of PTSD symptoms relative to women who received present-centered therapy (effect size, 0.27; P = .03). The prolonged exposure group was more likely than the present-centered therapy group to no longer meet PTSD diagnostic criteria (41.0% vs 27.8%; odds ratio, 1.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.96; P = .01) and achieve total remission (15.2% vs 6.9%; odds ratio, 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-5.37; P = .01). Effects were consistent over time in longitudinal analyses, although in cross-sectional analyses most differences occurred immediately after treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
Prolonged exposure is an effective treatment for PTSD in female veterans and active-duty military personnel. It is feasible to implement prolonged exposure across a range of clinical settings.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00032617.
The Good, the Bad, and the Irrelevant: Neural Mechanisms of Learning Real and Hypothetical Rewards and Effort.

UNLABELLED
Natural environments are complex, and a single choice can lead to multiple outcomes. Agents should learn which outcomes are due to their choices and therefore relevant for future decisions and which are stochastic in ways common to all choices and therefore irrelevant for future decisions between options. We designed an experiment in which human participants learned the varying reward and effort magnitudes of two options and repeatedly chose between them. The reward associated with a choice was randomly real or hypothetical (i.e., participants only sometimes received the reward magnitude associated with the chosen option). The real/hypothetical nature of the reward on any one trial was, however, irrelevant for learning the longer-term values of the choices, and participants ought to have only focused on the informational content of the outcome and disregarded whether it was a real or hypothetical reward. However, we found that participants showed an irrational choice bias, preferring choices that had previously led, by chance, to a real reward in the last trial. Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal activity was related to the way in which participants' choices were biased by real reward receipt. By contrast, activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, frontal operculum/anterior insula, and especially lateral anterior prefrontal cortex was related to the degree to which participants resisted this bias and chose effectively in a manner guided by aspects of outcomes that had real and more sustained relationships with particular choices, suppressing irrelevant reward information for more optimal learning and decision making.


SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
In complex natural environments, a single choice can lead to multiple outcomes. Human agents should only learn from outcomes that are due to their choices, not from outcomes without such a relationship. We designed an experiment to measure learning about reward and effort magnitudes in an environment in which other features of the outcome were random and had no relationship with choice. We found that, although people could learn about reward magnitudes, they nevertheless were irrationally biased toward repeating certain choices as a function of the presence or absence of random reward features. Activity in different brain regions in the prefrontal cortex either reflected the bias or reflected resistance to the bias.
Optimization of ventilator setting by flow and pressure waveforms analysis during noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of COPD: a multicentric randomized controlled trial

INTRODUCTION
The analysis of flow and pressure waveforms generated by ventilators can be useful in the optimization of patient-ventilator interactions, notably in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. To date, however, a real clinical benefit of this approach has not been proven.


METHODS
The aim of the present randomized, multi-centric, controlled study was to compare optimized ventilation, driven by the analysis of flow and pressure waveforms, to standard ventilation (same physician, same initial ventilator setting, same time spent at the bedside while the ventilator screen was obscured with numerical data always available). The primary aim was the rate of pH normalization at two hours, while secondary aims were changes in PaCO2, respiratory rate and the patient's tolerance to ventilation (all parameters evaluated at baseline, 30, 120, 360 minutes and 24 hours after the beginning of ventilation). Seventy patients (35 for each group) with acute exacerbation of COPD were enrolled.


RESULTS
Optimized ventilation led to a more rapid normalization of pH at two hours (51 vs. 26% of patients), to a significant improvement of the patient's tolerance to ventilation at two hours, and to a higher decrease of PaCO2 at two and six hours. Optimized ventilation induced physicians to use higher levels of external positive end-expiratory pressure, more sensitive inspiratory triggers and a faster speed of pressurization.


CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of the waveforms generated by ventilators has a significant positive effect on physiological and patient-centered outcomes during acute exacerbation of COPD. The acquisition of specific skills in this field should be encouraged.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01291303.
Transfusion efficacy of ABO major-mismatched platelets (PLTs) in children is inferior to that of ABO-identical PLTs.

BACKGROUND
ABO major compatibility is essential in transfusions of red blood cells but is not requisite in PLT transfusions. In adults there is some evidence that transfusion efficacy of ABO blood group-identical platelets (PLTs) is superior to major-mismatched PLTs. However, in children this question has not been investigated for more than 30 years.


STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
In a prospective study, the efficacy (based on the 1-hour percentage of PLT recovery [PPR(1hr)]) of 400 eligible ABO blood group-identical or out-of-group apheresis PLT concentrates (APCs), transfused mainly prophylactically to 50 children with hematologic malignancies, solid tumors, or aplastic anemia was investigated. The primary objective was to compare PPR(1hr) between ABO-identical and major-mismatched transfusions.


RESULTS
After ABO major-mismatched transfusions, PPR(1hr) was significantly lower than after ABO blood group-identical transfusions (median 21% vs. 32%; p = 0.034). Multivariate analysis showed major-mismatched transfusions to be significantly more often unsuccessful than identical transfusions (odds ratio [OR], 3.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52-10.39; p = 0.005). Using flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy, it could be demonstrated that PLTs of subgroup A(1), significantly expressing A antigen on their surface, were rapidly cleared from the circulation of group O or B recipients. In contrast, major-mismatched transfusions of A(2) PLTs, expressing no detectable A antigen, were as successful as identical transfusions (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.16-7.88; p = 0.90).


CONCLUSION
These data clearly indicate that in children ABO major-mismatched PLT transfusions result in inferior transfusion efficacy, with the only exception of group A(2) PLTs. ABO minor-mismatched PLTs showed comparable efficacy to identical transfusions.
Generating Music from Literature

We present a system, TransProse, that automatically generates musical pieces from text. TransProse uses known relations between parameters of music such as tempo and scale, and the emotions they evoke. Further, it uses a novel mechanism to determine note sequence that captures the emotional activity in the text. The work has applications in information visualization, in creating audio-visual e-books, and in developing music apps.
Age of diagnosis, tumor size, and survival after breast cancer: implications for mammographic screening

If mammographic screening is to be recommended to women aged <50, it is necessary that mammographic screening leads to the detection of small cancers and that the survival rate of young women with small cancers is superior to that of women with larger cancers. We reviewed the survival experience of 2,173 patients with invasive breast cancer. There were 392 cancer-specific deaths in the cohort after a mean of 8.9 years of follow-up. We estimated the effects of young age (age <50) of tumor size (in cm) and of mammogram detected (vs. palpable) on breast cancer survival in the cohort. Young age, tumor size >2 cm and tumor palpability were strong and independent predictors of breast cancer mortality in the cohort. The 10-year survival rate for young women with small mammogram-detected breast cancers (<1 cm) was 94%, compared to 86% for women with palpable cancers in the same size group (P < 0.01). Women with a small non-palpable breast cancer that is diagnosed through a mammogram experience very good survival, compared to women with a palpable breast cancer of similar size. Our findings suggest that mammography preferentially detects cancers with good prognosis and calls into question the assumption that detecting breast cancers when they are small by mammography will impact upon mortality from breast cancer.
Solvent extraction applied to the recovery of heavy metals from galvanic sludge

In this study, a hydrometallurgical treatment involving the solvent extraction and recovery of some heavy metals from a sulphuric acid leach solution of galvanic sludge, using di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-phosphinic acid (Cyanex 2 lution, and t ion prior to s ing H b n variables s ipping, are d ch solution i as pure as p ©
Instagram Post Data Analysis

Because of the spread of the Internet, social platforms become big data pools. From there we can learn about the trends, culture and hot topics. This project focuses on analyzing the data from Instagram. It shows the relationship of Instagram filter data with location and number of likes to give users filter suggestion on achieving more likes based on their location. It also analyzes the popular hashtags in different locations to show visual culture differences between different cities. ACM Classification
A plan to reduce emergency room 'boarding' of psychiatric patients.

Overcrowded U.S. emergency rooms have become a place of last resort for psychiatric patients. Psychiatric boarding, defined as psychiatric patients' waiting in hallways or other emergency room areas for inpatient beds, is a serious problem nationwide. Boarding consumes scarce emergency room resources and prolongs the amount of time that all patients must spend waiting for services. It is often the result of an inability to gain timely access to community-based care. As policy makers implement the new health reform law, improving access and continuity of community mental health care through health homes must be a priority. We present a seven-point plan to address psychiatric boarding.
Suspected multiple sclerosis - what to do? Evaluation of a patient information leaflet.

BACKGROUND
Parallel to the establishment of early treatments in multiple sclerosis (MS), new diagnostic criteria have made an earlier diagnosis possible. While there is ongoing discussion about possible benign courses and only partial effective treatments, there have been no attempts today to facilitate shared decision making on diagnostic testing between patients with suspected MS and their physicians.


OBJECTIVE
This study describes the development and validation process of a leaflet to be presented to people with suspected MS to engage them in a diagnostic decision-making process.


METHODS
After a qualitative study showing acceptability among five patients, the leaflet was presented to a retrospective cohort (n = 87 of which 70 replied)) of patients being diagnosed within the last 2 years as well to a prospective cohort of n = 51 patients with symptoms suggestive of MS.


RESULTS
Approximately 70% of patients in the prospective as well as in the retrospective cohort wanted to be informed about a possible MS before testing, whereas 10% did not. The leaflet did not seem to elicit anxieties. The attitude to undergo diagnostic testing was not influenced by the leaflet, which can be explained by the nonexperimental design of the study.


CONCLUSION
Taken together, our findings demonstrate that early information about possible MS is warranted by patients and does not show negative side effects. Further studies on evidence-based patient information in early MS seem necessary.
Indicators of pain in neonates at risk for neurological impairment.

AIM
This paper is a report of a study to compare the importance and usefulness ratings of physiological and behavioural indicators of pain in neonates at risk for neurological impairment by nurse clinicians and pain researchers.


BACKGROUND
Neonates at risk for neurological impairment have not been systematically included in neonatal pain measure development and how clinicians and researchers view pain indicators in these infants is unknown.


METHODS
Data triangulation was undertaken in three Canadian Neonatal Intensive Care Units using data from: (a) 149 neonates at high, moderate and low risk for neurological impairment, (b) 95 nurse clinicians from the three units where infant data were collected and (c) 14 international pain researchers. Thirteen indicators were assessed following heel lance in neonates and 39 indicators generated from nurse clinicians and pain researchers were assessed for importance and accuracy. Data were collected between 2004 and 2005.


RESULTS
Across risk groups, indicators with the highest accuracy for discriminating 'pain' among neonates were: brow bulge (77-83%), eye squeeze (75-84%), nasolabial furrow (79-81%), and total facial expression (78-83%). Correlations between nurse ratings and neonatal accuracy scores ranged from moderate to none (mild risk r = 0.52, P = 0.07; moderate r = 0.43, P = 0.15; high r = -0.12, P = 0.69). Researchers demonstrated a better understanding of the importance of pain indicators (mild risk, r = 0.91, P < 0.001; moderate 0.85, P < 0.001; 0.0002; high r = 0.64, P = 0.019) than nurse clinicians.


CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION
Facial actions were rated as the most important indicators of neonatal pain. However, as neurological impairment risk increased, physiological indicators were rated more important by nurse clinicians and pain researchers, opposite to pain indicators demonstrated by neonates.