LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Superconductivity at 39 K in magnesium diboride

In the light of the tremendous progress that has been made in raising the transition temperature of the copper oxide superconductors (for a review, see ref. 1), it is natural to wonder how high the transition temperature, Tc, can be pushed in other classes of materials. At present, the highest reported values of Tc for non-copper-oxide bulk superconductivity are 33 K in electron-doped CsxRbyC60 (ref. 2), and 30 K in Ba1-xKxBiO3 (ref. 3). (Hole-doped C60 was recently found to be superconducting with a Tc as high as 52 K, although the nature of the experiment meant that the supercurrents were confined to the surface of the C60 crystal, rather than probing the bulk.) Here we report the discovery of bulk superconductivity in magnesium diboride, MgB2. Magnetization and resistivity measurements establish a transition temperature of 39 K, which we believe to be the highest yet determined for a non-copper-oxide bulk superconductor.
Lifetime psychiatric and substance use disorders among impaired physicians in a physicians health program: comparison to a general treatment population: psychopathology of impaired physicians.

OBJECTIVES
The prevalence of substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders among physicians is not well-established. We determined differences in lifetime substance use, and abuse/dependence as well as other psychiatric disorders, comparing physicians undergoing monitoring with a general population that had sought treatment for substance use.


METHODS
Participants were 99 physicians referred to a Physician's Health Program (PHP) because of suspected impairment, who were administered the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version IV (CDIS-IV) to assess the presence of psychiatric disorders. Referred physicians were compared with an age, gender, and education status-matched comparison group from National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Wave 1, in a 1:1 ratio.


RESULTS
Although referred physicians did not differ from their counterparts on lifetime use of alcohol, opiates, or sedatives, they did have significantly higher conditional odds of meeting criteria for alcohol, opiate, and sedative The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV abuse/dependence disorders. Physicians referred to the PHP had significantly lower odds of obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, and specific phobia compared with their counterparts.


CONCLUSIONS
Physicians referred to a PHP have significantly higher odds of abuse/dependence disorders for cannabinoids and cocaine/crack compared with a matched general population sample that had ever sought treatment for substance use, even though physicians were less likely to report use of those substances. Although the rate of alcohol use was similar between the 2 populations, physicians had higher odds of abuse/dependence for opiates, sedatives, and alcohol. More research is needed to understand patterns of use, abuse/dependence, and psychiatric morbidity among physicians.
High voltage power transformer insulation design

The large power transformer life span depends heavily on insulation — its condition, materials, composition, geometry, etc. The high voltage transformer insulation requires a very focused analysis in the design stage. The large power transformer is subjected to different overvoltages during factory testing and in operation, therefore all resulting electric stresses have to be modeled in the electric field program and compared to the industry accepted withstand curves. The overvoltages include transient voltages from impulse testing, both lightning and switching, as well as power frequency voltages generated during the induced and applied voltage tests. The distributions of electric stresses under these different electric excitation conditions are different. The transient voltage programs with MLCR components (mutual- and self-inductance, capacitance, resistance) are used to establish exact voltage distribution inside the transformer. The electric field analysis for complex units is performed for all energized components, including turn-to-turn, section-to-section, winding-to-winding, winding to core, phase-to-phase, between leads, from winding and leads to constructional parts, bushing to tank, etc. The electric stresses are checked under two main conditions: (i) strike in oil, (ii) creeping discharge along solid insulation. The paper will discuss the analysis for selected transformers and explain the design process needed to maintain the dielectric stresses under critical values.
The urban sustainable development goal : Indicators , complexity and the politics of measuring cities

Article history: Received 8 July 2016 Received in revised form 15 November 2016 Accepted 29 December 2016 Available online 25 January 2017 As part of the post-2015 United Nations sustainable development agenda, the world has its first urban sustainable development goal (USDG) “to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”. This paper provides an overview of the USDG and explores some of the difficulties around using this goal as a tool for improving cities. We argue that challenges emerge around selecting the indicators in the first place and also around the practical use of these indicators once selected. Three main practical problems of indicator use include 1) the poor availability of standardized, open and comparable data 2) the lack of strong data collection institutions at the city scale to support monitoring for the USDG and 3) “localization” the uptake and context specific application of the goal by diverse actors in widely different cities. Adding to the complexity, the USDG conversation is taking place at the same time as the proliferation of a bewildering array of indicator systems at different scales. Prompted by technological change, debates on the “data revolution” and “smart city” also have direct bearing on the USDG. We argue that despite these many complexities and challenges, the USDG framework has the potential to encourage and guide needed reforms in our cities but only if anchored in local institutions and initiatives informed by open, inclusive and contextually sensitive data collection and monitoring. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recurrent intracranial aneurysms after successful neck clipping.

BACKGROUND
To report the authors' experience with recurrent aneurysms after primarily completely clipped cerebral aneurysms and discuss mechanisms of recurrence and recommended management.


METHODS
Data were available for 1016 consecutive patients who underwent clipping of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms in a 15-year period from 1993-2007.


RESULTS
Nine patients were treated for recurrent aneurysms after successful complete clipping of the initial aneurysms; six patients had initial surgery before 1992, and three patients underwent surgery during the study period. Mean elapsed time between the first clipping and the recurrence of aneurysm was 13.3 years ± 7.8. Repeat craniotomy was performed in seven patients, and six patients underwent reclipping of aneurysms with or without removal of the old clips. One patient was treated by construction of an extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass plus coating of the aneurysm. Endovascular occlusion of the parent artery was performed in one patient. One patient died without any intervention. Recurrent aneurysms could be classified into three types according to the relationship of the new aneurysm neck to the old clip.


CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of recurrent aneurysms after complete clipping was approximately 0.02% per year; aneurysms recurred after 13.3 years on average with 25 years the longest duration from initial clipping to recurrence. Classification of recurrent aneurysms into three types might be helpful in selecting appropriate surgical management.
Joint Morphological and Syntactic Disambiguation

In morphologically rich languages, should morphological and syntactic disambiguation be treated sequentially or as a single problem? We describe several efficient, probabilisticallyinterpretable ways to apply joint inference to morphological and syntactic disambiguation using lattice parsing. Joint inference is shown to compare favorably to pipeline parsing methods across a variety of component models. State-of-the-art performance on Hebrew Treebank parsing is demonstrated using the new method. The benefits of joint inference are modest with the current component models, but appear to increase as components themselves improve.
In vitro activities of ABT-773 and other antimicrobials against human mycoplasmas.

The in vitro susceptibilities of 103 Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates, 14 Mycoplasma hominis isolates, 12 Mycoplasma fermentans isolates, and 24 Ureaplasma species to ABT-773, an investigational ketolide, and seven other agents were determined. For M. pneumoniae, the ABT-773 MIC at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC(90); <or=0.001 microg/ml) was comparable to those of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin and at least 128-fold lower than those of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and doxycycline. For M. fermentans, the ABT-773 MIC(90) (<or=0.008 microg/ml) was 2- to 128-fold lower than those of all other agents tested. For M. hominis, the ABT-773 MIC(90) (0.031 microg/ml) was equivalent to that of moxifloxacin, 2-fold lower than those of gatifloxacin and clindamycin, and 16-fold lower than that of levofloxacin. ABT-773 was equally active against doxycycline-susceptible and doxycycline-resistant organisms. The ABT-773 MICs (0.016 microg/ml) for Ureaplasma species were the lowest of those of any drug tested. The MIC(90) was 4- to 64-fold lower than those of clarithromycin, azithromycin, and erythromycin and >or=16-fold lower than those of all three fluoroquinolones. Minimal bactericidal concentrations determined for a subgroup of organisms were <or=0.063 micro g/ml for M. pneumoniae and 0.25 microg/ml for M. fermentans, but they were several dilutions higher for M. hominis and Ureaplasma spp. ABT-773 has great potential for further study for the treatment of infections due to mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas.
New phases of amorphous carbon and silicon films obtained by low energy cluster beam deposition

Abstract Since the last two decades, the physics of free clusters and assembled materials obtained from cluster deposition have opened a large field of potential applications [1]. Molecular dynamics simulations of the thin film growth by low energy cluster beam deposition (LECBD) show that impact energy (i.e. the initial free cluster energy) is the main characteristic parameter [2]. In the LECBD technique, the impact energy is low enough to have a “soft landing” process. Thus, the film grows by ballistic deposition of the free clusters if no rearrangement into clusters or coalescence between abutting supported clusters occurs. In the case of metallic clusters, small particles down to 2 nm diameter coalesce and the memory effect is destroyed [3] whereas covalent clusters present several features allowing the memory effect. Firstly, the covalent bond is highly oriented. Two abutting supported clusters can merge only if their own dangling bonds are in close direction. Secondly, the bond energy is high enough to avoid a large reconstruction because the break between two bonds cost appreciable energy. Thirdly, the equilibrium shape of the clusters present a large proportion of five-fold rings (see for example C 60 having an I h symmetry). Since the five-fold axis is not compatible with the translation symmetry, the film growth presents a large void component as in pure ballistic deposition. To study the specific properties of these new materials, we have deposited carbon and silicon clusters produced in a laser vaporization source. The properties of the films are studied using several techniques (Raman spectroscopy, XPS, EXAFS, etc.).
Green Pricing in the Asia Pacific: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?

This article discusses the potential benefits of an enhanced use of externality pricing schemes in the Asia Pacific. Prices on emissions and congestion could ameliorate the negative effects of underpriced resource use, be pro-poor and improve fiscal capacities. The main implementation challenges are political and institutional. Lessons are drawn from recent experiences in environmental taxation and the removal of fossil fuel subsidies.
Fetal Ventriculomegaly: Investigating Additional Brain Abnormalities by using MR Imaging

Background and Purpose: Fetal ventriculomegaly (VM), is known to have a prevalence of association with other brain abnormalities. By using in utero MR imaging (iuMR), we aimed to determine the prevalence of brain abnormalities other than VM and investigate the hypothesis that the prevalence of having additional brain abnormalities (ABA) increases with the degree of VM. Materials and Methods: We reviewed iuMR images of 75 fetuses. The enlarged ventricles were graded as mild (≤ 12mm), moderate (> 12 to ≤15mm), and severe (> 15mm). Prevalence of having ABA were calculated and compared among groups with different grades of VM. Results: ABA was shown in 67% of fetuses. The most frequent ABA was agenesis of the corpus callosum. The prevalence of having ABA increased with the degree of fetal VM in all groups. Severe VM was associated with a higher prevalence of ABA when compared with mild VM in the prevalence of having ABA being present when compared with mild VM. Conclusions: The prevalence of having ABA increases with the degree of fetal VM. Caution should be exercised that this trend of ABA does not apply to those fetuses with isolated VM by sonography due to the different subjects
Extension of Modal Pushover Analysis to Compute Member Forces

This paper extends the modal pushover analysis (MPA) procedure for es­ timating seismic deformation demands for buildings to compute member forces. Seismic demands are computed for six buildings, each analyzed for 20 ground motions. A comparison of seismic demands computed by the MPA and nonlinear response history analysis (RHA) demonstrates that the MPA procedure provides good estimates of the member forces. The bias (or error) in forces is generally less than that noted in earlier investigations of story drifts and is comparable to the error in the standard response spectrum analy­ sis (RSA) for elastic buildings. The four FEMA-356 force distributions, on the other hand, provide estimates of member forces that may be one-half to one-fourth of the value from nonlinear RHA.
Volumetric modulated arc therapy: planning and evaluation for prostate cancer cases.

PURPOSE
To develop an optimization method using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and evaluate VMAT plans relative to the standard intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) approach in prostate cancer.


METHODS AND MATERIALS
A single gantry rotation was modeled using 177 equispaced beams. Multileaf collimator apertures and dose rates were optimized with respect to gantry angle subject to dose-volume-based objectives. Our VMAT implementation used conjugate gradient descent to optimize dose rate, and stochastic sampling to find optimal multileaf collimator leaf positions. A treatment planning study of 11 prostate cancer patients with a prescription dose of 86.4 Gy was performed to compare VMAT with a standard five-field IMRT approach. Plan evaluation statistics included the percentage of planning target volume (PTV) receiving 95% of prescribed dose (V95), dose to 95% of PTV (D95), mean PTV dose, tumor control probability, and dosimetric endpoints of normal organs, whereas monitor unit (MU) and delivery time were used to assess delivery efficiency.


RESULTS
Patient-averaged PTV V95, D95, mean dose, and tumor control probability in VMAT plans were 96%, 82.6 Gy, 88.5 Gy, and 0.920, respectively, vs. 97%, 84.0 Gy, 88.9 Gy, and 0.929 in IMRT plans. All critical structure dose requirements were met. The VMAT plans presented better rectal wall sparing, with a reduction of 1.5% in normal tissue complication probability. An advantage of VMAT plans was that the average number of MUs (290 MU) was less than for IMRT plans (642 MU).


CONCLUSION
The VMAT technique can reduce beam on time by up to 55% while maintaining dosimetric quality comparable to that of the standard IMRT approach.
Continuum of Vasodilator Stress From Rest to Contrast Medium to Adenosine Hyperemia for Fractional Flow Reserve Assessment.

OBJECTIVES
This study compared the diagnostic performance with adenosine-derived fractional flow reserve (FFR) ≤0.8 of contrast-based FFR (cFFR), resting distal pressure (Pd)/aortic pressure (Pa), and the instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR).


BACKGROUND
FFR objectively identifies lesions that benefit from medical therapy versus revascularization. However, FFR requires maximal vasodilation, usually achieved with adenosine. Radiographic contrast injection causes submaximal coronary hyperemia. Therefore, intracoronary contrast could provide an easy and inexpensive tool for predicting FFR.


METHODS
We recruited patients undergoing routine FFR assessment and made paired, repeated measurements of all physiology metrics (Pd/Pa, iFR, cFFR, and FFR). Contrast medium and dose were per local practice, as was the dose of intracoronary adenosine. Operators were encouraged to perform both intracoronary and intravenous adenosine assessments and a final drift check to assess wire calibration. A central core lab analyzed blinded pressure tracings in a standardized fashion.


RESULTS
A total of 763 subjects were enrolled from 12 international centers. Contrast volume was 8 ± 2 ml per measurement, and 8 different contrast media were used. Repeated measurements of each metric showed a bias <0.005, but a lower SD (less variability) for cFFR than resting indexes. Although Pd/Pa and iFR demonstrated equivalent performance against FFR ≤0.8 (78.5% vs. 79.9% accuracy; p = 0.78; area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve: 0.875 vs. 0.881; p = 0.35), cFFR improved both metrics (85.8% accuracy and 0.930 area; p < 0.001 for each) with an optimal binary threshold of 0.83. A hybrid decision-making strategy using cFFR required adenosine less often than when based on either Pd/Pa or iFR.


CONCLUSIONS
cFFR provides diagnostic performance superior to that of Pd/Pa or iFR for predicting FFR. For clinical scenarios or health care systems in which adenosine is contraindicated or prohibitively expensive, cFFR offers a universal technique to simplify invasive coronary physiological assessments. Yet FFR remains the reference standard for diagnostic certainty as even cFFR reached only ∼85% agreement.
Intellectual Property Strategy in the Global Cosmetics Industry

In this paper we analyze aspects of the intellectual property strategies of firms in the global cosmetics and toilet preparations industry. Using detailed data on all 4,205 EPO patent grants in the relevant IPC class between 1980 and 2001, we find that about 15 percent of all patents are challenged in EPO opposition proceedings, a rate about twice as high as in the overall population of EPO patents. Moreover, opposition in this sector is more frequent than in chemicals-based high technology industries such as biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. About one third of the opposition cases involve multiple opponents. We search for rationales that could explain this surprisingly strong “IP litigation” activity. In a first step, we use simple probability models to analyze the likelihood of opposition as a function of characteristics of the attacked patent. We then introduce owner firm variables and find that major differences across firms in the likelihood of having their patents opposed prevail even after accounting for other influences. Aggressive opposition in the past appears to be associated with a reduction of attacks on own patents. In future work we will look at the determinants of outcomes and duration of these oppositions, in an attempt to understand the firms’ strategies more fully. Acknowledgements This version of the paper was prepared for presentation at the Productivity Program meetingsof the NBER Summer Institute. An earlier version of the paper was presented in February 2002 at the University of Maastricht Workshop on Strategic Management, Innovation and Econometrics, held at Chateau St. Gerlach, Valkenburg. We would like to thank the participants and in particular Franz Palm and John Hagedoorn for their helpful comments.
Generalized Boosted Models : A guide to the gbm package

Boosting takes on various forms with different programs using different loss functions, different base models, and different optimization schemes. The gbm package takes the approach described in [3] and [4]. Some of the terminology differs, mostly due to an effort to cast boosting terms into more standard statistical terminology (e.g. deviance). In addition, the gbm package implements boosting for models commonly used in statistics but not commonly associated with boosting. The Cox proportional hazard model, for example, is an incredibly useful model and the boosting framework applies quite readily with only slight modification [7]. Also some algorithms implemented in the gbm package differ from the standard implementation. The AdaBoost algorithm [2] has a particular loss function and a particular optimization algorithm associated with it. The gbm implementation of AdaBoost adopts AdaBoost’s exponential loss function (its bound on misclassification rate) but uses Friedman’s gradient descent algorithm rather than the original one proposed. So the main purposes of this document is to spell out in detail what the gbm package implements.
Deep CNN ensembles and suggestive annotations for infant brain MRI segmentation

Precise 3D segmentation of infant brain tissues is an essential step towards comprehensive volumetric studies and quantitative analysis of early brain developement. However, computing such segmentations is very challenging, especially for 6-month infant brain, due to the poor image quality, among other difficulties inherent to infant brain MRI, e.g., the isointense contrast between white and gray matter and the severe partial volume effect due to small brain sizes. This study investigates the problem with an ensemble of semi-dense fully convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which employs T1-weighted and T2-weighted MR images as input. We demonstrate that the ensemble agreement is highly correlated with the segmentation errors. Therefore, our method provides measures that can guide local user corrections. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first ensemble of 3D CNNs for suggesting annotations within images. Furthermore, inspired by the very recent success of dense networks [1], we propose a novel architecture, SemiDenseNet, which connects all convolutional layers directly to the end of the network. Our architecture allows the efficient propagation of gradients during training, while limiting the number of parameters, requiring one order of magnitude less parameters than popular medical image segmentation networks such as 3D U-Net [2]. Another contribution of our work is the study of the impact that early or late fusions of multiple image modalities might have on the performances of deep architectures. We report evaluations of our method on the public data of the MICCAI iSEG-2017 Challenge on 6-month infant brain MRI segmentation, and show very competitive results among 21 teams, ranking first or second in most metrics.
Montmorillonite catalyzed peptide bond formation: The effect of exchangeable cations

Abstract The effect of exchangeable cations, namely, alkali and alkaline metal, ammonium and aluminum ions, on montmorillonite (M) catalyzed peptide formation was investigated. Amino acid (AA) dimerization and peptide chain elongation proceed with relatively low yields on macroscopically swelling montmorillonites (Li-, Na-M) due to redistribution and insufficient concentration of reactant molecules on the clay surface. Cyclic anhydride (CA) formation, proceeding by monomolecular mechanism, is primarily affected by the accessibility of catalytic sites for dimer activation. Weaker sorbed exchangeable cations do not block catalytic sites, and thus favor CA formation.