LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
English loanwords in Japanese

As a result of the economic, political and cultural influence of Britain and the US, and the emergence of English as an international language, many world languages have absorbed loanwords from English, especially during the twentieth century. Japanese contains thousands of such borrowings, many of which are well-established and in universal use. A domestic phonetic script is available to both represent and distinguish non-native sounds. This paper outlines the historical and cultural contexts of borrowing from English into Japanese, processes of nativization, and functions served by English loanwords. Orthographical, phonological, morphological, semantic and syntactic modifications to borrowed words aid their assimilation into the native language. However, linguistic and cultural borrowing is to some extent kept separate from native language and culture, resulting in a JapaneseNestern dichotomy in Japanese life and language.
The occurrence of two bill morphs of prions Pachyptila vittata on Gough Island

Prions Pachyptila are abundant seabirds in the Southern Ocean that have been used to infer environmental change, but this relies on an understanding of their morphological diversity. Species limits among prions are largely defined by the size and structure of their bills. The broad-billed prion P. vittata, which breeds at temperate islands in the central South Atlantic Ocean and around New Zealand, is the largest species with adult bill widths averaging 21–22 mm. We report local differences in bill sizes on Gough Island, with typical adults breeding in some areas and narrower-billed birds in other areas (average bill width 18–19 mm, although at one site there was a second mode at bill widths of 16–17 mm). The narrow-billed birds have slightly shorter bills, heads and wings (averaging 1–2 % smaller than typical adult broad-billed prions), but the difference in bill width is much more marked (15 %). The small-billed birds differ from typical broad-billed prions in having blue colouration in the upper mandible and are similar in size to MacGillivray’s prion P. [salvini/vittata] macgillivrayi from Amsterdam and St Paul islands in the temperate Indian Ocean. The occurrence of two prion morphs on Gough Island raises intriguing questions about their ecology and systematics. Small-billed birds breed 3 months later than large-billed birds, suggesting that they are a separate species, not an example of bill polymorphism.
Permanent magnet generator control and electrical system configuration for Wave Dragon MW wave energy take-off system

A permanent magnet generator (PM) control scheme and electrical system configuration for Wave Dragon MW wave energy power take off system is presented in this paper. The characteristics of low pressure hydro turbine are introduced first. To achieve the maximum energy conversion efficiency, a variable speed control scheme of low-head hydro-turbine using IGBT AC/DC converter is described. The electrical system configuration, operation and grid connection issues are also discussed. Voltage source PWM inverters are employed to control the output power to utility grid. Simulation model has been built, and the control of tracking maximum turbine efficiency is simulated.
Broken rotor bar fault detection in inverter-fed squirrel cage induction motors using stator current analysis and fuzzy logic

This paper presents the implementation of broken rotor bar fault detection in an inverter-fed induction motor using motor current signal analysis (MCSA) and prognosis with fuzzy logic. Recently, inverter-fed induction motors have become very popular because of their adjustable speed drive. They have been used in many vital control applications such as rolling mills, variable speed compressors, pumps, and fans. The condition monitoring of these motors can significantly reduce the cost of maintenance in the early detection of faults. In this study, MCSA is applied to an inverter-fed induction motor to detect broken rotor bar faults. The diagnosis of a broken rotor bar fault in the squirrel cage induction motor, driven by an inverter, has been studied for stable, full load condition and has been carried out experimentally by analyzing the power spectrum density of the motor stator current. Motor stator currents are uploaded to a PC with the software of the inverter used and the current harmonics are obtained using LabVIEW for every fault condition. After extracting the characteristic frequencies of the broken rotor bar failure, a fuzzy logic algorithm is implemented for classifying the fault. Although there is much research on rotor bar faults for line-connected induction motors, there are no studies on the inverter-fed induction motor and fault diagnosis with fuzzy logic. The implementation results showed that the method is very efficient and useful for prognosis of the rotor faults.
Peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Japanese pediatric and young adult patients: a survey of the Japan Society of Pediatric Hepatology.

OBJECTIVES
Only a few studies on the treatment with peginterferon-2b and ribavirin are available in children with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). The aim of this study was to evaluate both the efficacy and the safety of the treatment in Japanese children and young adults.


METHODS
Twenty-two of 41 members of the Japan Society of Pediatric Hepatology reported on 37 cases who were treated with peginterferon and ribavirin.


RESULTS
Of the 37 patients, 29 have completed the treatment and all of them cleared the HCV virus. Three patients are still being treated, whereas the remaining five failed to complete the treatment. Cessation of the treatment was because of the nonresponsiveness (n=3), the expense of the treatment (n = 1), or lethargy (n=1). After excluding the three patients, who were continuing the treatment and one who has not completed the 24-week follow-up period, from the 37 patients, 33 were available for sustained virologic response (SVR) analysis. After 4 weeks of follow-up, one of the 33 relapsed. An intention-to-treat analysis showed that 27 of the 33 (81.8%) achieved a SVR. The only factor significantly associated with SVR was their virologic response status at week 4.


CONCLUSION
The results showed that the present patients infected with HCV and treated with peginterferon-2b and ribavirin achieved a remarkably high SVR rate. In addition, most of the patients achieved a SVR once they showed a virologic response at week 4. The combination of peginterferon-alpha with ribavirin may be considered as a standard therapy for children and young adults.
Three-step reconstruction of complex saddle nose deformities.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate a reproducible surgical technique for augmentation rhinoplasty of complex saddle nose deformities, which are characterized by substantial loss of nasal structural support and result in multiple nasal abnormalities.


DESIGN
Case series and surgical outcome study.


SETTING
Tertiary referral center.


PATIENTS
A total of 43 patients (32 female and 11 male; mean +/- SD age, 36 +/- 12 years) with complex saddle nose deformities and extensive loss of nasal volume, shape, and support who underwent reconstructive surgery between 1997 and 1999.


INTERVENTION
A standardized 3-step surgical procedure using autogenous costal cartilage.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Assessment of additional nasal abnormalities, graft recipient site conditions, postoperative complications, postoperative analgesic consumption, and subjective outcome assessed with a standardized telephone interview 2 years following surgery.


RESULTS
Besides nasal abnormalities characteristic of complex saddle nose deformities, several additional nasal abnormalities were frequently encountered. Forty of the 43 patients had undergone previous septorhinoplasty, 26 of whom through multiple procedures. One transplant extrusion was recorded, which required revision surgery. In 8 patients, minor surgical corrections were performed. Nasal airflow was judged satisfactory or good by 30 of the 37 patients who were contacted by telephone and aesthetic appearance was considered good by 17, satisfactory by 10, and unsatisfactory by 10.


CONCLUSIONS
Three-step nasal reconstruction with costal cartilage is indicated in severe saddle nose deformities. It is a comparatively reliable surgical procedure yielding satisfying results even in patients with severe deformities and unfavorable recipient site conditions.
A single dose of platelet-rich plasma improves the organization and strength of a surgically repaired rotator cuff tendon in rats

Rotator cuff tear (RCT) is a common cause of pain and disability among adults. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a fraction of whole blood containing concentrated growth factors and proteins important for tissue healing. This study aimed at investigating the effects of local autologous PRP injection on repaired rotator cuff (RC) tendon repair in rats. Following experimental RCT and suturing, 44 Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups: (1) RC repair only (controls); (2) RC repair + PRP administration-shoulders were treated with intra-articular PRP immediately after the repair. Animals were killed after 3 weeks and tendon, were tested biomechanically in tension (12 rats/group). The remaining tendons (10 rats/group) were stained using hematoxylin and eosin and Picro-sirius Red. Histological analysis evaluated the cellular aspects of the repair tissue. PRP administration following experimental RC tear and suture resulted in a significantly higher maximal load (p < 0.001) and stiffness (p < 0.005) as compared to non-treated animals. Bonar score of PRP-treated tendons was significantly better (p = 0.018) than the control group. Collagen birefringence was significantly higher in PRP shoulders (p = 0.002), indicating improved organization. Vascularity scores were similar in both groups. Application of a single dose autologous PRP in adjunct to surgical repair resultes in improved tendon-to-bone healing, assessed by histological and biomechanical testing in a rat model of acute RCT, when tested at 3 weeks compared to controls. Further studies will be essential to determine the role of PRP in clinical practice.
Intracoronary Imaging, Cholesterol Efflux, and Transcriptomes After Intensive Statin Treatment: The YELLOW II Study.

BACKGROUND
Despite extensive evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of statins on clinical outcomes, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain elusive.


OBJECTIVES
This study assessed changes in plaque morphology using intravascular imaging, with a comprehensive evaluation of cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) transcriptomics in patients receiving high-dose statin therapy.


METHODS
In a prospective study, 85 patients with stable coronary artery disease underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for a culprit lesion, followed by intracoronary multimodality imaging, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) of an obstructive nonculprit lesion. All subjects received 40 mg of rosuvastatin daily for 8 to 12 weeks, when the nonculprit lesion was reimaged and intervention performed. Blood samples were drawn at both times to assess CEC and transcriptomic profile in PBMC.


RESULTS
Baseline OCT minimal fibrous cap thickness (FCT) was 100.9 ± 41.7 μm, which increased to 108.6 ± 39.6 μm at follow-up, and baseline CEC was 0.81 ± 0.14, which increased at follow-up to 0.84 ± 0.14 (p = 0.003). Thin-cap fibroatheroma prevalence decreased from 20.0% to 7.1% (p = 0.003). Changes in FCT were independently associated with CEC increase by multivariate analysis (β: 0.30; p = 0.01). PBMC microarray analysis detected 117 genes that were differentially expressed at follow-up compared to baseline, including genes playing key roles in cholesterol synthesis (SQLE), regulation of fatty acids unsaturation (FADS1), cellular cholesterol uptake (LDLR), efflux (ABCA1 and ABCG1), and inflammation (DHCR24). Weighted coexpression network analysis revealed unique clusters of genes associated with favorable FCT and CEC changes.


CONCLUSIONS
The study demonstrated an independent association between fibrous cap thickening and improved CEC that may contribute to morphological changes suggesting plaque stabilization among patients taking intensive statin therapy. Furthermore, the significant perturbations in PBMC transcriptome may help determine the beneficial effects of statin on plaque stabilization. (Reduction in Coronary Yellow Plaque, Lipids and Vascular Inflammation by Aggressive Lipid Lowering [YELLOW II]; NCT01837823).
Protocol: does sodium nitrite administration reduce ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients presenting with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction? Nitrites in acute myocardial infarction (NIAMI)

Whilst advances in reperfusion therapies have reduced early mortality from acute myocardial infarction, heart failure remains a common complication, and may develop very early or long after the acute event. Reperfusion itself leads to further tissue damage, a process described as ischaemia-reperfusion-injury (IRI), which contributes up to 50% of the final infarct size. In experimental models nitrite administration potently protects against IRI in several organs, including the heart. In the current study we investigate whether intravenous sodium nitrite administration immediately prior to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction will reduce myocardial infarct size. This is a phase II, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded and multicentre trial. The aim of this trial is to determine whether a 5 minute systemic injection of sodium nitrite, administered immediately before opening of the infarct related artery, results in significant reduction of IRI in patients with first acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI). The primary clinical end point is the difference in infarct size between sodium nitrite and placebo groups measured using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) performed at 6–8 days following the AMI and corrected for area at risk (AAR) using the endocardial surface area technique. Secondary end points include (i) plasma creatine kinase and Troponin I measured in blood samples taken pre-injection of the study medication and over the following 72 hours; (ii) infarct size at six months; (iii) Infarct size corrected for AAR measured at 6–8 days using T2 weighted triple inversion recovery (T2-W SPAIR or STIR) CMR imaging; (iv) Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction measured by CMR at 6–8 days and six months following injection of the study medication; and (v) LV end systolic volume index at 6–8 days and six months. This study is funded by a grant from the UK Medical Research Council. This protocol is approved by the Scotland A Research Ethics Committee and has also received clinical trial authorisation from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) (EudraCT number: 2010-023571-26). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01388504 and Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN57596739
The development of intent-based moral judgment

Between the ages of 4 and 8 children increasingly make moral judgments on the basis of an actor's intent, as opposed to the outcome that the actor brings about. Does this reflect a reorganization of concepts in the moral domain, or simply the development of capacities outside the moral domain such as theory of mind and executive function? Motivated by the past evidence that adults rely partially on outcome-based judgment for judgments of deserved punishment, but not for judgments of moral wrongness, we explore the same categories of judgment in young children. We find that intent-based judgments emerge first in children's assessments of naughtiness and that this subsequently constrains their judgments of deserved punishment. We also find that this developmental trajectory differs for judgments of accidental harm (a bad outcome with benign intent) and judgments of attempted harm (a benign outcome with bad intent). Our findings support a two process model derived from studies of adults: a mental-state based process of judging wrongness constrains an outcome-based process of assigning punishment. The emergence of this two-process architecture in childhood suggests that the developmental shift from outcome- to intent-based judgment involves a conceptual reorganization within the moral domain.
An Implementation and Detailed Analysis of the K-SVD Image Denoising Algorithm

K-SVD is a signal representation method which, from a set of signals, can derive a dictionary able to approximate each signal with a sparse combination of the atoms. This paper focuses on the K-SVD-based image denoising algorithm. The implementation is described in detail and its parameters are analyzed and varied to come up with a reliable implementation.
Research of the Localization of Restaurant Service Robot

This paper designs a restaurant service robot which could be applicable to providing basic service, such as ordering, fetching and sending food, settlement and so on, for the customers in the robot restaurant. In this study, both three landmarks positioning and landmark-based localization algorithms are proposed to localize the mobile robot with rough precision in the restaurant. And Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology is used to distinguish the unique table number of different landmarks. When the high localization precision must be granted around the pantry table, the RFID-based localization algorithm is proposed to localize the mobile robot.Various experiments show that the proposed algorithms could estimate the robot pose reasonably well and could accurately evaluate the localization performance. Finally, the proposed service robot could realize real-time self-localization in the restaurant.
The Estimating Optimal Number of Gaussian Mixtures Based on Incremental k-means for Speaker Identification

Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is generally used to estimate the speaker model from speech for speaker identification. In this paper, we propose the method that estimates the optimal number of Gaussian mixtures based on incremental k-means for speaker identification. In the proposed method, the initialization with the optimal number of mixtures is done by adding dynamically the number of mixtures one by one until the mutual relationship between any two mixtures becomes dependent. The effectiveness of the proposed method is proven by two experiments. Keyword: Gaussian mixture model, Incremental k-means algorithm, Mutual relationship, Speaker identification.
Effect of switching to risperidone after unsuccessful treatment with aripiprazole on plasma monoamine metabolites level in the treatment of acute schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE
In the treatment of acute schizophrenia, risperidone and aripiprazole are both placed the first line antipsychotics. These two antipsychotics have different pharmacological effects. We investigated the effects of risperidone on plasma levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4hydroxyphenylglycol after unsuccessful aripiprazole treatment in acute schizophrenia.


METHODS
Ten Japanese patients with acute schizophrenia were enrolled to this study. Plasma levels of monoamine metabolites were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.


RESULTS
Risperidone improved the symptoms and 4 of 10 patients were responders. Risperidone showed a tendency to decrease plasma HVA (pHVA) levels in responders (p = 0.068), but not in non-responders (p = 1.0). At baseline, pHVA levels of responders were significantly higher than that of non-responders (p = 0.033). A trend for negative correlation was found between pHVA at baseline and the changes in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Total (p = 0.061, r = -0.61).


CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that high pHVA level before switching may predict good response to the second line antipsychotics after unsuccessful first antipsychotic treatment. If aripiprazole is not effective in acute schizophrenia, switching to risperidone may be effective and reasonable strategy for improving symptoms.
Ca2+-dependent Structural Changes in the B-cell Receptor CD23 Increase Its Affinity for Human Immunoglobulin E*

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies play a fundamental role in allergic disease and are a target for therapeutic intervention. IgE functions principally through two receptors, FcεRI and CD23 (FcεRII). Minute amounts of allergen trigger mast cell or basophil degranulation by cross-linking IgE-bound FcεRI, leading to an inflammatory response. The interaction between IgE and CD23 on B-cells regulates IgE synthesis. CD23 is unique among Ig receptors in that it belongs to the C-type (calcium-dependent) lectin-like superfamily. Although the interaction of CD23 with IgE is carbohydrate-independent, calcium has been reported to increase the affinity for IgE, but the structural basis for this activity has previously been unknown. We have determined the crystal structures of the human lectin-like head domain of CD23 in its Ca(2+)-free and Ca(2+)-bound forms, as well as the crystal structure of the Ca(2+)-bound head domain of CD23 in complex with a subfragment of IgE-Fc consisting of the dimer of Cε3 and Cε4 domains (Fcε3-4). Together with site-directed mutagenesis, the crystal structures of four Ca(2+) ligand mutants, isothermal titration calorimetry, surface plasmon resonance, and stopped-flow analysis, we demonstrate that Ca(2+) binds at the principal and evolutionarily conserved binding site in CD23. Ca(2+) binding drives Pro-250, at the base of an IgE-binding loop (loop 4), from the trans to the cis configuration with a concomitant conformational change and ordering of residues in the loop. These Ca(2+)-induced structural changes in CD23 lead to additional interactions with IgE, a more entropically favorable interaction, and a 30-fold increase in affinity of a single head domain of CD23 for IgE. Taken together, these results suggest that binding of Ca(2+) brings an extra degree of modulation to CD23 function.
The ALERT scale: an observational study of early prediction of adverse hospital outcome for medical patients

OBJECTIVES
Some medical patients are at greater risk of adverse outcomes than others and may benefit from higher observation hospital units. We constructed and validated a model predicting adverse hospital outcome for patients. Study results may be used to admit patients into planned tiered care units. Adverse outcome comprised death or cardiac arrest during the first 30 days of hospitalisation, or transfer to intensive care within the first 48 h of admission.


SETTING
The study took place at two tertiary teaching hospitals and two community hospitals in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.


PARTICIPANTS
We analysed data from 4883 consecutive admissions at a tertiary teaching hospital to construct the Early Prediction of Adverse Hospital Outcome for Medical Patients (ALERT) model using logistic regression. Robustness of the model was assessed through validation performed across four hospitals over two time periods, including 65,640 consecutive admissions.


OUTCOME
Receiver-operating characteristic curves (ROC) and sensitivity and specificity analyses were used to assess the usefulness of the model.


RESULTS
9.3% of admitted patients experienced adverse outcomes. The final model included gender, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Activities of Daily Living Score, Glasgow Coma Score, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate and white cell count. The model was discriminative (ROC=0.83) in predicting adverse outcome. ALERT accurately predicted 75% of the adverse outcomes (sensitivity) and 75% of the non-adverse outcomes (specificity). Applying the same model to each validation hospital and time period produced similar accuracy and discrimination to that in the development hospital.


CONCLUSIONS
Used during initial assessment of patients admitted to general medical wards, the ALERT scale may complement other assessment measures to better screen patients. Those considered as higher risk by the ALERT scale may then be provided more effective care from action such as planned tiered care units.