LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Discriminative reranking for context-sensitive spell-checker

Nowadays, a large amount of documents is generated daily. These documents may contain some spelling errors which should be detected and corrected by using a proofreading tool. Therefore, the existence of automatic writing assistance tools such as spell-checkers/correctors could help to improve their quality. Spelling errors could be categorized into five categories. One of them is real-word errors, which are misspelled words that have been wrongly converted into another word in the language. Detection of such errors requires discourse analysis rather than just checking the word in a dictionary. We propose a discourse-aware discriminative model to improve the results of context-sensitive spell-checkers by reranking their resulted n-best list. We augment the proposed reranker into two existing context-sensitive spell-checker systems; one of them is based on statistical machine translation and the other one is based on language model. We choose the keywords of the whole document as contextual features of the model and improve the results of both systems by employing the features in a log-linear reranker system. We evaluated the system on two different languages: English and Persian. The results of the experiments in English language on the Wall street journal test set show improvements of 4.5% and 5.2% in detection and correction recall, respectively, in comparison to the baseline method. The mentioned improvement on recall metric was achieved with comparable precision. We also achieve state-of-the-art performance on the Persian language. .................................................................................................................................................................................
A note on the shortest lattice vector problem

We show that the problem of deciding whether a given rational lattice L has a vector of length less than some given value r is NP-hard under randomized reductions, even under the promise that L has exactly zero or one vector of length less than r.
Effects of morphine on pain-elicited and pain-suppressed behavior in CB1 knockout and wildtype mice

Pharmacological manipulations of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) suggest a role for CB1 in morphine-induced antinociception, but studies utilizing CB1 knockout (KO) mice do not support this conclusion. Since studies using CB1 KO mice to study morphine’s antinociceptive effects have only examined thermal nociception, this study examines these interactions in models that employ a chemical stimulus. To determine whether the findings obtained with thermal pain models extend to other models, the effects of morphine on acetic acid-induced writhing were examined in CB1 KO and wildtype (WT) mice. Behaviors that decrease in response to acid injection, feeding and wheel running, were also examined, and investigations were carried out in the thermal hotplate assay. The CB1 antagonist SR141716A was also examined in these assays. Morphine completely blocked acid-induced writhing (1.0–10.0 mg/kg) and increased response latencies in the hotplate (10.0–32.0 mg/kg) in both genotypes. Morphine (3.2 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the suppression of wheel running but did not completely prevent this effect in either genotype. Morphine did not alter pain-suppressed feeding. In each of these assays, morphine’s effects were not altered in CB1 KO mice compared with WT mice; however, SR141716A attenuated morphine’s effects in C57BL/6 mice. The effects of morphine do not differ in CB1 KO and WT mice in preclinical pain models using thermal and chemical stimuli. Since SR141716A did attenuate the effects of morphine, it is possible that CB1 KO mice undergo developmental changes that mask the role of CB1 receptors in morphine’s antinociceptive effects.
Mortality risk factors during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in the Australian army.

BACKGROUND
Understanding the risk of mortality during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic could inform preparations for a future pandemic.


METHODS
Prospectively collected demographic, hospitalization, and death data from all individuals who served in the Australian Imperial Force from 1914 through 1919 in Europe and the Middle East were abstracted from archived records. Analyses were conducted to determine mortality risk factors.


RESULTS
Hospitalization with a respiratory illness during the spring-summer of 1918 protected soldiers from death (odds ratio, 0.37 [95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.53]; P < .001) but not from hospitalization during the fall-winter of 1918-1919. During the fall-winter of 1918-1919, there was a strong inverse relationship between risk of dying of pneumonia-influenza and time in military service. The pneumonia-influenza death rate among men who enlisted in 1918 (6.33 deaths per 100 person-years) was 9 times higher than that among the 1917 enlistment cohort (0.72 deaths per 100 person-years) and >14 times higher than that among the 1916 cohort (0.43 deaths per 100 person-years), 1915 cohort (0.29 deaths per 100 person-years), and 1914 cohort (0.28 deaths per 100 person-years).


CONCLUSION
There was a strong inverse relationship between length of service in the Australian Imperial Force and mortality risk from pneumonia-influenza during the fall-winter of 1918-1919. The protective effect of increased service likely reflected increased acquired immunity to influenza viruses and endemic bacterial strains that caused secondary pneumonia and most of the deaths during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic.
Robust solutions of Linear Programming problems contaminated with uncertain data

Optimal solutions of Linear Programming problems may become severely infeasible if the nominal data is slightly perturbed. We demonstrate this phenomenon by studying 90 LPs from the well-known NETLIB collection. We then apply the Robust Optimization methodology (Ben-Tal and Nemirovski [1–3]; El Ghaoui et al. [5,6]) to produce “robust” solutions of the above LPs which are in a sense immuned against uncertainty. Surprisingly, for the NETLIB problems these robust solutions nearly lose nothing in optimality.
Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of antifungal compounds from ginger.

A bioassay-guided isolation of antifungal compounds from an African land race of ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, led to the identification of [6], [8] and [10]-gingerols and [6]-gingerdiol as the main antifungal principles. The compounds were active against 13 human pathogens at concentrations of <1 mg/mL. The gingerol content of the African land race was at least 3 x higher than that of typical commercial cultivars of ginger. Therefore, ginger extracts standardized on the basis of the identified compounds, could be considered as antifungal agents for practical therapy.
The bilirubin-increasing drug atazanavir improves endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE
In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), oxidative stress gives rise to endothelial dysfunction. Bilirubin, a powerful endogenous antioxidant, significantly attenuates endothelial dysfunction in preclinical experiments. The Gilbert syndrome is accompanied by a mild and lifelong hyperbilirubinemia and associated with only one third of the usual cardiovascular mortality risk. The hyperbilirubinemia caused by atazanavir treatment closely resembles the Gilbert syndrome. We thus hypothesized that treatment with atazanavir would ameliorate oxidative stress and vascular inflammation and improve endothelial function in T2DM.


METHODS AND RESULTS
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, we induced a moderate hyperbilirubinemia by a 3-day atazanavir treatment in 16 subjects experiencing T2DM. On the fourth day, endothelial function was assessed by venous occlusion plethysmography. Endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation were assessed by intraarterial infusion of acetylcholine and nitroglycerin, respectively. Atazanavir treatment induced an increase in average bilirubin levels from 7 μmol/L (0.4 mg/dL) to 64 μmol/L (3.8 mg/dL). A significant improvement in plasma antioxidant capacity (P<0.001) and endothelium-dependent vasodilation (P=0.036) and a decrease in plasma von Willebrand factor (P=0.052) were observed.


CONCLUSIONS
Experimental hyperbilirubinemia is associated with a significant improvement of endothelial function in T2DM.
Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin for treatment of neonatal seizures: an open-label randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the efficacy of phenobarbitone and phenytoin for treatment of neonatal seizures in term and near-term neonates.


DESIGN
Open labeled randomized controlled trial.


SETTING
Neonatal intensive care unit of a level II unit from India, from November 2008 to September 2009.


PARTICIPANTS
All term and late pre-term neonates admitted with clinically apparent seizures and not having any transient metabolic disorders (hypoglycemia or hypocalcemia) were randomly assigned.


INTERVENTION
Phenobarbitone (n=54) or phenytoin (n=55) intravenously 20 mg/kg/dose over 20-30 min. Neonates whose seizures were not controlled by the assigned drug were then crossed over to be treated with other drug in same dose.


PRIMARY OUTCOME VARIABLE
Clinical control of seizures (seizure free period of 24 hours after giving anticonvulsant).


RESULTS
Baseline characteristics including mean birthweight, gestation age and sex were comparable in both groups. Seizures were controlled in 8 of the 55 (14.5%) neonates who received phenytoin, as compared to 39 of 54 (72.2%) neonates who received phenobarbitone (P <0.001). In babies not responding to assigned drugs, after cross-over to the other drug, seizure control was achieved in 44/55 (80%) of the neonates assigned to receive phenytoin first as compared to 49/54 (91%) of those assigned to receive phenobarbitone first (P=0.014). After maximum dose of phenobarbitone seizures were controlled in 49/55(89%) in phenytoin group and 52/54 (96%) in phenobarbitone group (P<0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Phenobarbitone is more efficacious than phenytoin in control of clinical seizures in term or near-term neonates, irrespective of etiology. To evaluate serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during the induction phase of chemotherapy.
LibGuides: Longview - Environmental Issues Research Guide: Home

A research guide for topics related to the environment, ecology, sustainability, global warming and endangered species.
Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Asthmatic Children

Extract: Two live “attenuated” respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines were administered intranasally and by aerosol in placebo-controlled trials among asthmatic children hospitalized at National Jewish Hospital and Research Center (NJH). The first vaccine, a 26° -adapted RSV vaccine, was given to 28 children, and a placebo control was given to 25. Twenty-one of 28 vaccinees (75%) had “takes,” as judged by virus shedding and/or rises in serum antibody and/or rises in nasal secretion neutralizing activity. No excess in wheezing was attributable to the vaccine administration, although there was a high background level of acute respiratory symptoms in both vaccinees and control subjects. In an outbreak of natural RSV infection which occurred some months after the vaccine was given, there was some evidence that those who received the vaccine less than 4 months before exposure to wild virus were protected against reinfection. Protection was not evident when this interval was greater than 4 months.The second vaccine, a temperature-sensitive mutant strain (ts-1), was administered to 22 children, and placebo to 21. Thirteen children (59%) had “takes.” In vaccinees under 6 years of age, 7 of 7 had “takes.” Again, no excess wheezing was seen in vaccinees as compared with control subjects, although there was some evidence that upper respiratory symptoms were more frequent in younger vaccinees. Four of 10 vaccinees shed virus with temperature-sensitive characteristics somewhat different from those of the vaccine strain. Vaccine virus was demonstrated to spread to uninoculated or placebo control children. Natural RSV challenge did not occur during the period of study.Speculation: One of two live “attenuated” RSV vaccines may have produced a brief period of protection against natural infection. This finding offers hope that such live vaccines might prevent disease in selected children over a critical time period, such as infants for the 1st year of life, or allergic or asthmatic children during periods of epidemic prevalence.Asthmatic children did not appear to develop symptoms of wheezing after attenuated RSV infection. This finding suggests that the mechanism of wheezing in asthmatic children with RSV infection may be dependent on, among other factors, the virulence of the virus strain (perhaps its capacity to replicate in and, possibly, invade the lower respiratory tract), rather than on an allergic response to antigens introduced into, and limited to, the upper airway.In view of the spread of the ts-1 vaccine and its apparent loss of temperature sensitivity in some vaccinees, the vaccine may have had the potential for reversion to virulence and hence initiation of epidemic disease. These characteristics are undesirable in live respiratory virus vaccines and should, if possible, be avoided in the development of future such vaccines.
Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancy (STOPPIT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND
Women with twin pregnancy are at high risk for spontaneous preterm delivery. Progesterone seems to be effective in reducing preterm birth in selected high-risk singleton pregnancies, albeit with no significant reduction in perinatal mortality and little evidence of neonatal benefit. We investigated the use of progesterone for prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancy.


METHODS
In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 500 women with twin pregnancy were recruited from nine UK National Health Service clinics specialising in the management of twin pregnancy. Women were randomised, by permuted blocks of randomly mixed sizes, either to daily vaginal progesterone gel 90 mg (n=250) or to placebo gel (n=250) for 10 weeks from 24 weeks' gestation. All study personnel and participants were masked to treatment assignment for the duration of the study. The primary outcome was delivery or intrauterine death before 34 weeks' gestation. Analysis was by intention to treat. Additionally we undertook a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data to establish the efficacy of progesterone in prevention of early (<34 weeks' gestation) preterm birth or intrauterine death in women with twin pregnancy. This study is registered, number ISRCTN35782581.


FINDINGS
Three participants in each group were lost to follow-up, leaving 247 analysed per group. The combined proportion of intrauterine death or delivery before 34 weeks of pregnancy was 24.7% (61/247) in the progesterone group and 19.4% (48/247) in the placebo group (odds ratio [OR] 1.36, 95% CI 0.89-2.09; p=0.16). The rate of adverse events did not differ between the two groups. The meta-analysis confirmed that progesterone does not prevent early preterm birth in women with twin pregnancy (pooled OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.89-1.51).


INTERPRETATION
Progesterone, administered vaginally, does not prevent preterm birth in women with twin pregnancy.


FUNDING
Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorate.
Cambits: a reconfigurable camera system

Multiple computational cameras can be assembled from a common set of imaging components.
Human papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution among women attending routine gynecological examinations in Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND
Cervical cancer (CC) is caused by persistent infection with high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) types. In Saudi Arabia which has a population of 6.5 million women over the age of 15 years, approximately 152 new cases of CC are diagnosed and 55 women die from the disease annually. Nevertheless current epidemiological data for HPV in this population are limited. This study evaluated the prevalence and type distribution of HPV and documented the awareness of HPV infection and health-related behavior among Saudi and non-Saudi women attending routine examination.


METHODS
This was an observational, epidemiological cross-sectional study conducted between April 2010 and December 2011 at three hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Cervical samples from women aged ≥15 years, who were attending routine gynecological examinations were collected and tested for HPV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction and typed using the SPF10 DEIA/LiPA25 system. Two questionnaires on health-related behavior and awareness of HPV infection were completed.


RESULTS
A total of 417 women, mean age (standard deviation) 41.9 (±10.4) years, were included in the final analysis, of whom 77% (321/417) were Saudi nationals. HPV-DNA was detected in 9.8% women (41/417, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.1-13.1). The prevalence of any HR-HPV by age was: 25-34 years: 3.0%; 35-44 years: 4.5%; 45-54 years: 3.2%; >55 years: 10.9%. The most prevalent HR-HPV-types were: HPV-68/73 (5 cases); HPV-18 (4 cases); HPV-16 (3 cases). The most prevalent low risk (LR) types were HPV-6 (4 cases); HPV-42, HPV-53 and HPV-54 (2 cases each). The prevalence of HPV was higher among non-Saudi nationals vs. Saudi nationals (16.7% vs. 7.8%, P = 0.0234). No statistically significant risk factors were identified: 32.2% (101/314) women were aware of HPV and 89.9% (285/317) showed an interest in HPV vaccination.


CONCLUSION
The overall prevalence of HPV was 9.8% in Saudi Arabia, but was higher in women over 55 years, as well as in non-Saudi nationals. These data provide a reference for public health authorities and may also help in determining future policies for the prevention of CC.


CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
NCT01213459.
Sevelamer versus calcium carbonate in incident hemodialysis patients: results of an open-label 24-month randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND
Whether the use of sevelamer rather than a calcium-containing phosphate binder improves cardiovascular (CV) survival in patients receiving dialysis remains to be elucidated.


STUDY DESIGN
Open-label randomized controlled trial with parallel groups.


SETTINGS & PARTICIPANTS
466 incident hemodialysis patients recruited from 18 centers in Italy.


INTERVENTION
Study participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 fashion to receive either sevelamer or a calcium-containing phosphate binder (although not required by the protocol, all patients in this group received calcium carbonate) for 24 months.


OUTCOMES
All individuals were followed up until completion of 36 months of follow-up or censoring. CV death due to cardiac arrhythmias was regarded as the primary end point.


MEASUREMENTS
Blind event adjudication.


RESULTS
At baseline, patients allocated to sevelamer had higher serum phosphorus (mean, 5.6 ± 1.7 [SD] vs 4.8 ± 1.4 mg/dL) and C-reactive protein levels (mean, 8.8 ± 13.4 vs 5.9 ± 6.8 mg/dL) and lower coronary artery calcification scores (median, 19 [IQR, 0-30] vs 30 [IQR, 7-180]). At study completion, serum phosphate levels were lower in the sevelamer arm (median dosages, 4,800 and 2,000 mg/d for sevelamer and calcium carbonate, respectively). After a mean follow-up of 28 ± 10 months, 128 deaths were recorded (29 and 88 due to cardiac arrhythmias and all-cause CV death). Sevelamer-treated patients experienced lower CV mortality due to cardiac arrhythmias compared with patients treated with calcium carbonate (HR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01-0.25; P < 0.001). Similar results were noted for all-cause CV mortality and all-cause mortality, but not for non-CV mortality. Adjustments for potential confounders did not affect results.


LIMITATIONS
Open-label design, higher baseline coronary artery calcification burden in calcium carbonate-treated patients, different mineral metabolism control in sevelamer-treated patients, overall lower than expected mortality.


CONCLUSIONS
These results show that sevelamer compared to a calcium-containing phosphate binder improves survival in a cohort of incident hemodialysis patients. However, the better outcomes in the sevelamer group may be due to better phosphate control rather than reduction in calcium load.
An interference-aware 5.8GHz wake-up radio for ETCS

Wake-up radios have been a popular transceiver architecture in recent years for battery-powered applications such as wireless body area networks (WBANs) [1], wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [2,3], and even electronic toll collection systems (ETCS) [4]. The most important consideration in implementing a wake-up receiver (WuRX) is low power dissipation while maximizing sensitivity. Because of this requirement of very low power, WuRX are usually designed by a simple RF envelope detector (RFED) consisting of Schottky diodes [1,3] or MOSFETs in the weak inversion region [2] without active filtering or amplification of the input signal. Therefore, the performance of the RFED itself is critical for attaining good sensitivity of the WuRX. Moreover, the poor filtering of the input signal renders the WuRX vulnerable to interferers from nearby terminals with high transmit power such as mobile phones and WiFi devices, and this can result in false wake-ups [1]. Although the RFED has very low power, a false wake-up will increase the power consumption of the wake-up radio as it will enable the power-hungry main transceiver.
Human Error and Commercial Aviation Accidents: An Analysis Using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to extend previous examinations of aviation accidents to include specific aircrew, environmental, supervisory, and organizational factors associated with two types of commercial aviation (air carrier and commuter/ on-demand) accidents using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS).


BACKGROUND
HFACS is a theoretically based tool for investigating and analyzing human error associated with accidents and incidents. Previous research has shown that HFACS can be reliably used to identify human factors trends associated with military and general aviation accidents.


METHOD
Using data obtained from both the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Aviation Administration, 6 pilot-raters classified aircrew, supervisory, organizational, and environmental causal factors associated with 1020 commercial aviation accidents that occurred over a 13-year period.


RESULTS
The majority of accident causal factors were attributed to aircrew and the environment, with decidedly fewer associated with supervisory and organizational causes. Comparisons were made between HFACS causal categories and traditional situational variables such as visual conditions, injury severity, and regional differences.


CONCLUSION
These data will provide support for the continuation, modification, and/or development of interventions aimed at commercial aviation safety.


APPLICATION
HFACS provides a tool for assessing human factors associated with accidents and incidents.