LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Proposal: trauma as the cause of the Peyronie's lesion.

PURPOSE
We define the cause of the occurrence of Peyronie's disease.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Clinical evaluation of a large number of patients with Peyronie's disease, while taking into account the pathological and biochemical findings of the penis in patients who have been treated by surgery, has led to an understanding of the relationship of the anatomical structure of the penis to its rigidity during erection, and how the effect of the stress imposed upon those structures during intercourse is modified by the loss of compliance resulting from aging of the collagen composing those structures. Peyronie's disease occurs most frequently in middle-aged men, less frequently in older men and infrequently in younger men who have more elastic tissues. During erection, when full tumescence has occurred and the elastic tissues of the penis have reached the limit of their compliance, the strands of the septum give vertical rigidity to the penis. Bending the erect penis out of column stresses the attachment of the septal strands to the tunica albuginea.


RESULTS
Plaques of Peyronie's disease are found where the strands of the septum are attached in the dorsal or ventral aspect of the penis. The pathological scar in the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa in Peyronie's disease is characterized by excessive collagen accumulation, fibrin deposition and disordered elastic fibers in the plaque.


CONCLUSIONS
We suggest that Peyronie's disease results from repetitive microvascular injury, with fibrin deposition and trapping in the tissue space that is not adequately cleared during the normal remodeling and repair of the tear in the tunica. Fibroblast activation and proliferation, enhanced vessel permeability and generation of chemotactic factors for leukocytes are stimulated by fibrin deposited in the normal process of wound healing. However, in Peyronie's disease the lesion fails to resolve either due to an inability to clear the original stimulus or due to further deposition of fibrin subsequent to repeated trauma. Collagen is also trapped and pathological fibrosis ensues.
The Valuation of American Barrier Options Using the Decomposition Technique

In this paper, we propose an alternative approach for pricing and hedging American barrier options. Speci cally, we obtain an analytic representation for the value and hedge parameters of barrier options, using the decomposition technique of separating the European option value from the early exercise premium. This allows us to identify some new put-call \symmetry" relations and the homogeneity in price parameters of the optimal exercise boundary. These properties can be utilized to increase the computational e ciency of our method in pricing and hedging American options. Our implementation of the obtained solution indicates that the proposed approach is both e cient and accurate in computing option values and option hedge parameters. Our numerical results also demonstrate that the approach dominates the existing lattice methods in both accuracy and e ciency. In particular, the method is free of the di culty that existing numerical methods have in dealing with spot prices in the proximity of the barrier, the case where the barrier options are most problematic.
Clinical digital photography . Part 1 : Equipment and basic documentation

media files and almost universal use of email, information sharing is almost instantaneous anywhere in the world. Because many of the procedures performed in dentistry represent established protocols that should be read, learned and then practiced, it becomes clear that photography aids us in teaching or explaining to our patients what we think are common, but to them are complex and mysterious procedures. Clinical digital photography. Part 1: Equipment and basic documentation
Alternatives to the Fed

There are three main alternatives to the Federal Reserve that need to be discussed. These are the gold standard, private competitive supply of money, and the Yeager-Greenfield plan for an automatically stabilized unit of account. I will attempt to provide some relevant considerations in this article.
Requirements Elicitation Techniques : Comparative Study

Over the years, software development failures is really a burning issue, might be ascribed to quite a number of attributes, of which, no-compliance of users requirements and using the non suitable technique to elicit user requirements are considered foremost. In order to address this issue and to facilitate system designers, this study had filtered and compared user requirements elicitation technique, based on principles of requirements engineering. This comparative study facilitates developers to build systems based on success stories, making use of a optimistic perspective for achieving a foreseeable future. This paper is aimed at enhancing processes of choosing a suitable technique to elicit user requirements; this is crucial to determine the requirements of the user, as it enables much better software development and does not waste resources unnecessarily. Basically, this study will complement the present approaches, by representing a optimistic and potential factor for every single method in requirements engineering, which results in much better user needs, and identifies novel and distinctive specifications. Keywords— Requirements Engineering, Requirements Elicitation Techniques, Conversational methods, Observational methods, Analytic methods, Synthetic methods.
Identities in Transition: The 1990 High Court Case and Unity Dow's The Heavens May Fall

Summary In both her life and fiction, Unity Dow's consuming engagement resides in exploring issues of female entrapment and related notions of identity (or subjectivity) predicated on the idea of the embodied, sexualised and racialised “other”, an identity that conforms to the phallogocentric format of the patriarchal imaginary. In her personal struggles (as exemplified by the 1990 High Court Case with her Government over citizen laws) as well as in her fiction, in this case The Heavens May Fall, Dow adopts and constructs subject-positions (for herself, her fellow women and children) that are not only creative but also, and more to the point, that present the idea of identity as a matter of becoming, and characterised by nomadic, syncretised and hybridised cultural forms. Drawing on the 1990 court case and the above novel, this article explores the extent to which Dow's life and her fiction embody the kind of subjectivity that allows for multiple modes of belonging and celebrates borderlands of cultures. ...
The muscle mass, omega-3, diet, exercise and lifestyle (MODEL) study – a randomised controlled trial for women who have completed breast cancer treatment

Loss of lean body mass (LBM) is a common occurrence after treatment for breast cancer and is related to deleterious metabolic health outcomes [Clin Oncol, 22(4):281–288, 2010; Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 34(5):950–956, 2009]. The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of long chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCn-3s) and exercise training alone, or in combination, in addressing LBM loss in breast cancer survivors. A total of 153 women who have completed treatment for breast cancer in the last 12 months, with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 20 to 35 kg/m2, will be randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: 3g/d LCn-3s (N-3), a 12-week nutrition and exercise education program plus olive oil (P-LC) or the education program plus LCn-3s (EX+N-3). Participants randomised to the education groups will be blinded to treatment, and will receive either olive oil placebo (OO+N-3) or LCn-3 provision, while the N-3 group will be open label. The education program includes nine 60-75min sessions over 12 weeks that will involve breast cancer specific healthy eating advice, plus a supervised exercise session run as a resistance exercise circuit. They will also be advised to conduct the resistance training and aerobic training 5 to 7 days per week collectively. Outcome measures will be taken at baseline, 12-weeks and 24-weeks. The primary outcome is % change in LBM as measured by the air displacement plethysmograhy. Secondary outcomes include quality of life (FACT-B + 4) and inflammation (C-Reactive protein: CRP). Additional measures taken will be erythrocyte fatty acid analysis, fatigue, physical activity, menopausal symptoms, dietary intake, joint pain and function indices. This research will provide the first insight into the efficacy of LCn-3s alone or in combination with exercise in breast cancer survivors with regards to LBM and quality of life. In addition, this study is designed to improve evidence-based dietetic practice, and how specific dietary prescription may link with appropriate exercise interventions. ACTRN12610001005044; and World Health Organisation Universal trial number: U1111-1116-8520 .
Annotated image datasets of rosette plants

While image-based approaches to plant phenotyping are gaining momentum, benchmark data focusing on typical imaging situations and tasks in plant phenotyping are still lacking, making it difficult to compare existing methodologies. This report describes a benchmark dataset of raw and annotated images of plants. We describe the plant material, environmental conditions, and imaging setup and procedures, as well as the datasets where this image selection stems from. We also describe the annotation process, since all of these images have been manually segmented by experts, such that each leaf has its own label. Color images in the dataset show top-down views on young rosette plants. Two datasets show different genotypes of Arabidopsis while another dataset shows tobacco (Nicoticana tobacum) under different treatments. A version of the dataset, described also in this report, is in the public domain at http://www.plant-phenotyping.org/CVPPP2014-dataset and can be used for the purpose of plant/leaf segmentation from background, with accompanying evaluation scripts. This version was used in the Leaf Segmentation Challenge (LSC) of the Computer Vision Problems in Plant Phenotyping (CVPPP 2014) workshop organized in conjunction with the 13 European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), in Zürich, Switzerland. We hope with the release of this, and future, dataset(s) to invigorate the study of computer vision problems and the development of algorithms in the context of plant phenotyping. We also aim to provide to the computer vision community another interesting dataset on which new algorithmic developments can be evaluated.
The esophageal detector device: accuracy and reliability in difficult airway settings.

INTRODUCTION
The esophageal detector device (EDD) recently has been found to assess endotracheal (ET) tube placement accurately. This study describes the reliability of the EDD in determining the position of the ET tube in clinical airway situations that are difficult.


METHODS
This was a prospective, randomized, single-blinded, controlled laboratory investigation. Two airway managers (an emergency-medicine attending physician and a resident) determined ET-tube placement using the EDD in five swine in respiratory arrest. The ET tube was place in the following clinical airway situations: 1) esophagus; 2) esophagus with 1 liter of air instilled; 3) trachea; 4) trachea with 5 ml/kg water instilled; and 5) right mainstem bronchus. Anatomic location of the tube was verified by thoracotomy of the left side of the chest.


RESULTS
There was 100% correlation between the resident and attending physician's use of the EDD. The EDD was 100% accurate in the determining tube placement in the esophagus, in the esophagus with 1 liter of air instilled, in the trachea, and in the right mainstem bronchus. The airway managers were only 80% accurate in detecting tracheal intubations when fluid was present.


CONCLUSIONS
The EDD is an accurate and reliable device for detecting ET-tube placement in most clinical situations. Tube placement in fluid-filled trachea, lungs, or both, which occurs in pulmonary edema and drowning, may not be detected using this device.
Malaysian Mangrove Forests and their Significance to the Coastal Marine Environment

Mangrove forests are one of the most productive and bio-diverse wetlands environments on earth. Yet, these unique coastal tropical forests environment are among the most threatened habitats in the world. Some key progresses in mangrove conservation, restoration and research in Malaysia were highlighted. Based on an intensive literature review, the ecology and ecologic management, distribution and areas of existing mangroves in the world and Malaysia, the issues associated with mangrove conservation and restoration were discussed. Growing in the intertidal areas and estuary mouths between land and sea, mangroves provide critical habitat for a diverse marine and terrestrial flora and fauna. The important need of living being is opportunity to continue their life in sustainable environment and suitable conditions. Potential stand is the place that obtains the possibility of germination and establishment of a plant species according to their physical, chemical, biological demands. In many cases are seen that because of unsuitable selection of site and species, afforestation and reforestation projects after spending time, cost and labour are forced to failure. The population boom and rapid economic developments have greatly reduced mangrove areas in Malaysia despite the Malaysian government has launched a series of programs to protect mangroves since 1980s and has established mangrove ecosystems as high-priority areas for improving environmental and living resource management. The issues, threats, significant values of mangroves were also highlighted. A more systematic protection strategies using an ecological engineering management-based, active restoration and rehabilitation measurements are still urgently needed in order to preserve these valuable resources in Malaysia.
Epigenomic and transcriptomic signatures of a Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) karyotype in the brain

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex-chromosome aneuploidy in humans. Most affected individuals carry one extra X-chromosome (47,XXY karyotype) and the condition presents with a heterogeneous mix of reproductive, physical and psychiatric phenotypes. Although the mechanism(s) by which the supernumerary X-chromosome determines these features of KS are poorly understood, skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), gene-dosage dysregulation, and the parental origin of the extra X-chromosome have all been implicated, suggesting an important role for epigenetic processes. We assessed genomic, methylomic and transcriptomic variation in matched prefrontal cortex and cerebellum samples identifying an individual with a 47,XXY karyotype who was comorbid for schizophrenia and had a notably reduced cerebellum mass compared with other individuals in the study (n = 49). We examined methylomic and transcriptomic differences in this individual relative to female and male samples with 46,XX or 46,XY karyotypes, respectively, and identified numerous locus-specific differences in DNA methylation and gene expression, with many differences being autosomal and tissue-specific. Furthermore, global DNA methylation, assessed via the interrogation of LINE-1 and Alu repetitive elements, was significantly altered in the 47,XXY patient in a tissue-specific manner with extreme hypomethylation detected in the prefrontal cortex and extreme hypermethylation in the cerebellum. This study provides the first detailed molecular characterization of the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum from an individual with a 47,XXY karyotype, identifying widespread tissue-specific epigenomic and transcriptomic alterations in the brain.
On-Demand Service Platforms

Copyright: © 2018 INFORMS Abstract. An on-demand service platform connects waiting-time-sensitive customers with independent service providers (agents). This paper examines how two defining features of an on-demand service platform—delay sensitivity and agent independence— impact the platform’s optimal per-service price and wage. Delay sensitivity reduces expected utility for customers and agents, which suggests that the platform should respond by decreasing the price (to encourage participation of customers) and increasing the wage (to encourage participation of agents). These intuitive price and wage prescriptions are valid in a benchmark setting without uncertainty in the customers’ valuation or the agents’ opportunity costs. However, uncertainty in either dimension can reverse the prescriptions: Delay sensitivity increases the optimal price when customer valuation uncertainty is moderate. Delay sensitivity decreases the optimal wage when agent opportunity cost uncertainty is high and expected opportunity cost is moderate. Under agent opportunity cost uncertainty, agent independence decreases the price. Under customer valuation uncertainty, agent independence increases the price if and only if valuation uncertainty is sufficiently high.
The effect of primary thyroid surgery on the morbidity of reoperative thyroid surgery.

OBJECTIVES
This study aims to investigate the effect of primary surgery on the morbidity of reoperative thyroid surgery.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Fifty-seven patients (14 male, 43 female; mean age 41 years; range 21 to 70 years), who underwent reoperative thyroid surgery in our clinic between January 2007 and January 2012 were retrospectively analyzed in terms of vocal cord paralysis, temporary or permanent hypoparathyroidism, and other complications. The patients were classified into two groups. The first group consisted of 42 completion thyroidectomy patients that had undergone the primary operation of unilateral total lobectomy + isthmusectomy in our clinic, whereas the second group consisted of 15 patients that had undergone bilateral subtotal or near total thyroidectomy in another center. Complication rates were compared between the groups.


RESULTS
Complication rates were observed as permanent vocal cord paralysis in one patient (1.7%), permanent hypocalcemia in two patients (3.5%) and temporary hypocalcemia in four patients (7%). None of the patients had temporary vocal cord paralysis. The complications in the second group were significantly higher than the first group (p=0.021).


CONCLUSION
The minimal operation should be hemithyroidectomy (total lobectomy and isthmusectomy) to minimize the complications. This approach removes the need for the intervention to the previous surgery field during reoperative thyroid surgery.
Validation of a clinical prediction score to target viral load testing in adults with suspected first-line treatment failure in resource-constrained settings.

BACKGROUND
Although routine viral load (VL) monitoring currently is too costly for poor countries, clinical failure criteria perform poorly. We previously developed an algorithm combining a clinical predictor score (CPS) with targeted VL testing in a Cambodian patient population (derivation population). We now prospectively validate the algorithm in the same clinical setting (validation population), assess its operational performance, and explore its cost-saving potential.


METHODS
We performed a cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, applying the CPS in adults on first-line antiretroviral treatment for at least 1 year. Treatment failure was defined as a VL >1000 copies per milliliter. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of the CPS to detect treatment failure in the current study population (validation population) was compared with the AUROC of the CPS obtained in the patient population where the CPS was derived from in 2008 in the same study setting (derivation population). Costs related to VL testing and second-line regimens with the different testing strategies were compared.


RESULTS
One thousand four hundred ninety individuals {56.6% female, median age 38 years [interquartile range (IQR): 33-44]} were included, with a median baseline CD4 cell count of 94 cells per microliter (IQR: 28-205). Median time on antiretroviral treatment was 3.6 years (IQR: 2.1-5.1), 45 (3.0%) individuals had treatment failure. The AUROC of the CPS in validation was 0.75 (95% confidence interval: 0.67 to 0.83), relative to an AUROC of 0.70 in the derivation population. At the CPS cutoff ≥ 2, VL was indicated for 164 (11%) individuals, preventing inappropriate switching to second line in 143 cases. Twenty-four cases of treatment failure would be missed. When applied in routine care, the AUROC was 0.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.60 to 0.77). Overall 1-year program costs with targeted VL testing were 4-fold reduced.


CONCLUSIONS
The algorithm performed well in validation and has cost-saving potential. Further studies to assess its performance, feasibility, and impact in different settings are warranted.
Design principles and improvement of cost function based energy aware routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks

Cost function based routing has been widely studied in wireless sensor networks for energy efficiency improvement and network lifetime elongation. However, due to the complexity of the problem, existing solutions have various limitations. In this paper, we analyze the inherent factors, design principles and evaluation methods for cost function based routing algorithms. Two energy aware cost based routing algorithms named Exponential and Sine Cost Function based Route (ESCFR) and Double Cost Function based Route (DCFR) have been proposed in this paper. For ESCFR, its cost function can map small changes in nodal remaining energy to large changes in the function value. For DCFR, its cost function takes into consideration the end-to-end energy consumption, nodal remaining energy, resulting in a more balanced and efficient energy usage among nodes. The performance of the cost function design is analyzed. Extensive simulations demonstrate the proposed algorithms have significantly better performance than existing competing algorithms. 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rephrasing Profanity in Chinese Text

This paper proposes a system that can detect and rephrase profanity in Chinese text. Rather than just masking detected profanity, we want to revise the input sentence by using inoffensive words while keeping their original meanings. 29 of such rephrasing rules were invented after observing sentences on real-word social websites. The overall accuracy of the proposed system is 85.56%
Non-orthogonal Multiple Access in Large-Scale Underlay Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is applied to large-scale underlay cognitive radio (CR) networks with randomly deployed users. In order to characterize the performance of the considered network, new closed-form expressions of the outage probability are derived using stochasticgeometry. More importantly, by carrying out the diversity analysis, new insights are obtained under the two scenarios with different power constraints: 1) fixed transmit power of the primary transmitters (PTs), and 2) transmit power of the PTs being proportional to that of the secondary base station. For the first scenario, a diversity order of m is experienced at the m-th ordered NOMA user. For the second scenario, there is an asymptotic error floor for the outage probability. Simulation results are provided to verify the accuracy of the derived results. A pivotal conclusion is reached that by carefully designing target data rates and power allocation coefficients of users, NOMA can outperform conventional orthogonal multiple access in underlay CR networks.