LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Nations and Norms

It is here taken as given that norms have a history. In the present context this means denying that nationalism has always been a potentiality of discourse. Rather, it is a restricted phenomenon both conceptually and historically. Conceptually, nationalism is distinct from both patriotism or local attachment and xenophobia or distrust of others.1 Historically, nationalism has its genesis at the end of the eighteenth century. This historical restriction is of course a commonplace and is expressed, for example, in the opening sentence of Kedourie's book, "Nationalism is a doctrine invented in Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth century."2 But, to repeat, the aim of this paper is to examine this normative doctrine at a metatheoretical level. The argument of the paper can be stated in a skeletal form as follows. For a nation to be self-governing requires that it be conceptualized as having a self, as having an identity. This identity is established through two complementary components: one, differentiation from others or specificity and, two, continuity or temporality. The normative basis of nationalism is therefore grounded in the attribution of prescriptive value to the specific and the temporal. The content of the paper is an examination of this interpretation, by way of contrast, briefly outlining the hitherto dominant paradigm of political value, namely, universalism, before I Cf. E. Kamenka, "Political Nationalism: The Evolution of an Idea" in Nationalism, ed.
Aesthetics, Art, Evolution

This paper discusses issues in evolutionary art related to Art Theory and Aesthetics with a view to better understanding how they might contribute to both research and practice. Aesthetics is a term often used in evolutionary art, but is regularly used with conflicting or näıve understandings. A selective history of evolutionary art as art is provided, with an examination of some art theories from within the field. A brief review of aesthetics as studied in philosophy and art theory follows. It is proposed that evolutionary art needs to resolve some important conflicts and be clearer about what what it means by terms like “art” and “aesthetics”. Finally some possibilities for how to resolve these conflicts
A benchmark survey of long range (LoRaTM) spread-spectrum-communication at 2.45 GHz for safety applications

The demand of wireless solutions in industrial applications increases since the early nineties. This trend is not only ongoing, it is further pushed by developments in the area of software stacks like the latest Bluetooth Low Energy Stack. It is also pushed by new chip-designs and powerful and highly integrated electronic hardware. The acceptance of wireless technologies as a possible solution for industrial applications, has overcome the entry barrier [1]. The first step to see wireless as standard for many industrial applications is almost accomplished. Nevertheless there is nearly none acceptance of wireless technology for Safety applications. One highly challenging and demanding requirement is still unsolved: The aspect safety and robustness. Those topics have been addressed in many cases but always in a similar manner. WirelessHART as an example addresses this topic with redundant so called multiple propagation paths and frequency hopping to handle with interferences and loss of network participants. So far the pure peer to peer link is rarely investigated and there are less safety solutions available. One product called LoRa™ can be seen as one possible solution to address this lack of safety within wireless links. This paper focuses on the safety performance evaluation of a modem-chip-design. The use of diverse and redundant wireless technologies like LoRa can lead to an increase acceptance of wireless in safety applications. Many measurements in real industrial application have been carried out to be able to benchmark the new chip in terms of the safety aspects. The content of this research results can help to raise the level of confidence in wireless. In this paper, the term “safety” is used for data transmission reliability.
SoftBridge in action: the first Deaf telephony pilot

Following on several partial prototypes, we built an automated Deaf Telephony bridging application with the SoftBridge platform. The SoftBridge performs multi-modal bridging in real-time using Text-to-Speech (TTS) and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) utilities accessed via web services. To perform Action Research with the Deaf community in Cape Town, we invited a Deaf user (DU) to participate in a pilot study. We conducted three tests varying the input/output modalities of the hearing user (HU). The DU had a standard text in/text out Instant Messaging client. The HU client used the following specific modality combinations: Text & TTS in/Text out, TTS in/Text out and TTS in/Text & ASR out. The SoftBridge logged the conversations for subsequent analysis. The trial showed a largely successful conversation. Success factors include a) a text and computer literate DU who is familiar with research practise, b) using the system to explain the research as we conducted it and c) that the multi-modal bridging capabilities overcame the expected shortcomings of TTS and especially ASR. The lessons learned from this trial will be applied to the next trial once the necessary modifications have been implemented.
Sleep and mortality: a population-based 22-year follow-up study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES
Long and short sleep have been associated with increased mortality. We assessed mortality and 3 aspects of sleep behavior in a large cohort with 22-year follow-up.


DESIGN/SETTING
Prospective, population-based cohort study.


PARTICIPANTS
21,268 twins aged > or =18 years responding to questionnaires administered to the Finnish Twin Cohort in 1975 (response rate 89%), and 1981 (84%).


INTERVENTIONS
N/A.


MEASUREMENTS
Subjects were categorized as short (<7 h), average, or long (>8 h) sleepers; sleeping well, fairly well, or fairly poorly/poorly; no, infrequent, or frequent users of hypnotics and/or tranquilizers. Cox proportional hazard models were used to obtain hazard ratios (HR) for mortality during 1982-2003 by sleep variable categories and their combinations. Adjustments were done for 10 sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates known to affect risk of death.


RESULTS
Significantly increased risk of mortality was observed both for short sleep in men (+26%) and in women (+21%), and for long sleep (+24% and +17%), respectively, and also frequent use of hypnotics/tranquilizers (+31% in men and +39% in women). Snoring as a covariate did not change the results. The effect of sleep on mortality varied between age groups, with strongest effects in young men. Between 1975 and 1981, sleep length and sleep quality changed in one-third of subjects. In men there was a significant increase for stable short (1.34) and stable long (1.29) sleep for natural deaths, and for external causes in stable short sleepers (1.62).


CONCLUSIONS
Our results show complicated associations between sleep and mortality, with increased risk in short and long sleep.
THE FABLE OF THE KEYS *

The economic literature on standards has focused recently on the possibility of market failure with respect to the choice of a standard. In its strongest form, the argument is essentially this: an established standard can persist over a challenger, even where all users prefer a world dominated by the challenger, if users are unable to coordinate their choices. For example, each of us might prefer to have Beta-format videocassette recorders as long as prerecorded Beta tapes continue to be produced, but individually we do not buy Beta machines because we don't think enough others will buy Beta machines to sustain the prerecorded tape supply. I don't buy a Beta format machine because I think that you won't you don't buy one because you think that I won't. In the end, we both turn out to be correct, but we are both worse off than we might have been. This, of course, is a catch-22 that we might suppose to be common in the economy. There will be no cars until there are gas stations there will be no gas stations until there are cars. Without some way out of this conundrum, joyriding can never become a favorite activity of teenagers.1
Pretarsal roll augmentation with dermal hyaluronic acid filler injection

Pretarsal roll augmentation with dermal hyaluronic acid filler injection focuses on restoring pretarsal fullness. This study aimed to introduce a method of pretarsal roll augmentation with dermal hyaluronic acid filler injection and establish the level of difficulty, safety, and effectiveness of this method. Eighty female patients were enrolled in this study. Hyaluronic acid filler was used to perform pretarsal roll augmentation. Physician and patient satisfaction at 1 month and 4 months after surgery was investigated. The level of satisfaction was graded from points 1 to 5. The patient satisfaction and physician scores were 4.7 ± 1.1 (mean ± standard deviation) points at 1 month and 4.8 ± 0.9 points at 4 months and 4.6 ± 0.9 points at 1 month and 4.8 ± 1.0 points at 4 months, respectively. No major complications were observed. Our technique provided a natural and younger appearance with pretarsal fullness. This technique was easy to perform for the restoration of pretarsal fullness, and it improved periorbital contouring, rejuvenated the pretarsal roll, and provided excellent esthetic results. Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study.
Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements : A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Critique, and Synthesis

Part 1: What Kind of Theory Do We Need and What Is a Good Theory? Part 2: Protest, Social Movements and Collective Action: Conceptual Clarifications and the Subject of the Book Part 3: Group Size, Selective Incentives, and Collective Action Part 4: Protest and Social Movements as Collective Action Part 5: The Resource Mobilization Perspective Part 6: Political Opportunity Structures, Protest and Social Movements Part 7: Collective Identity and Social Movement Activity Part 8: How Framing Influences Mobilization and Protest Part 9: Identity, Framing and Cognitive Balance: Toward a New Theory of Identity and Framing Part 10: The Dynamics of Contention Approach - Retreat to History? Part 11: The Structural-Cognitive Model: A Synthesis of Collective Action, Resource Mobilization, Political Opportunity, Identity, and Framing Perspectives Part 12: General Discussion, Conclusion, and an Agenda for Future Research
Prognosis of HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE
We examined survival and prognostic factors of patients who developed HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).


DESIGN AND SETTING
Multicohort collaboration of 33 European cohorts.


METHODS
We included all cART-naive patients enrolled in cohorts participating in the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) who were aged 16 years or older, started cART at some point after 1 January 1998 and developed NHL after 1 January 1998. Patients had to have a CD4 cell count after 1 January 1998 and one at diagnosis of the NHL. Survival and prognostic factors were estimated using Weibull models, with random effects accounting for heterogeneity between cohorts.


RESULTS
Of 67 659 patients who were followed up during 304 940 person-years, 1176 patients were diagnosed with NHL. Eight hundred and forty-seven patients (72%) from 22 cohorts met inclusion criteria. Survival at 1 year was 66% [95% confidence interval (CI) 63-70%] for systemic NHL (n = 763) and 54% (95% CI: 43-65%) for primary brain lymphoma (n = 84). Risk factors for death included low nadir CD4 cell counts and a history of injection drug use. Patients developing NHL on cART had an increased risk of death compared with patients who were cART naive at diagnosis.


CONCLUSION
In the era of cART two-thirds of patients diagnosed with HIV-related systemic NHL survive for longer than 1 year after diagnosis. Survival is poorer in patients diagnosed with primary brain lymphoma. More advanced immunodeficiency is the dominant prognostic factor for mortality in patients with HIV-related NHL.
Magnetic induction for MWD telemetry system

Nowadays, many methods have been applied for data transmission of MWD system. Magnetic induction is one of the alternative technique. In this paper, detailed discussion on magnetic induction communication system is provided. The optimal coil configuration is obtained by theoretical analysis and software simulations. Based on this coil arrangement, communication characteristics of path loss and bit error rate are derived.
The wisdom of smaller, smarter crowds

The "wisdom of crowds" refers to the phenomenon that aggregated predictions from a large group of people can rival or even beat the accuracy of experts. In domains with substantial stochastic elements, such as stock picking, crowd strategies (e.g. indexing) are difficult to beat. However, in domains in which some crowd members have demonstrably more skill than others, smart sub-crowds could possibly outperform the whole. The central question this work addresses is whether such smart subsets of a crowd can be identified a priori in a large-scale prediction contest that has substantial skill and luck components. We study this question with data obtained from fantasy soccer, a game in which millions of people choose professional players from the English Premier League to be on their fantasy soccer teams. The better the professional players do in real life games, the more points fantasy teams earn. Fantasy soccer is ideally suited to this investigation because it comprises millions of individual-level, within-subject predictions, past performance indicators, and the ability to test the effectiveness of arbitrary player-selection strategies. We find that smaller, smarter crowds can be identified in advance and that they beat the wisdom of the larger crowd. We also show that many players would do better by simply imitating the strategy of a player who has done well in the past. Finally, we provide a theoretical model that explains the results we see from our empirical analyses.
The relation between cartilage biomarkers (C2C, C1,2C, CS846, and CPII) and the long-term outcome of rheumatoid arthritis patients within the CAMERA trial

INTRODUCTION
The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum biomarker levels of C2C, C1,2C, CS846, and CPII can predict the long-term course of disease activity and radiographic progression early in the disease course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).


METHODS
In patients in the CAMERA trial, levels of biomarkers were evaluated at baseline and after 1 year of treatment. Relations of (changes in) biomarker values with the mean yearly radiographic progression rate and mean disease activity over a 5-year period were evaluated by using regression analysis. The added predictive value of biomarkers over established predictors for long-term outcome was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis.


RESULTS
Of 133 patients, serum samples were available at baseline and after 1 year of treatment. In the regression analysis C1,2C at baseline, the change in C2C, C1,2C, and the sum of the standardized changes in C2C + C1,2C scores were statistically significantly associated with the mean yearly radiographic progression rate; the change in CPII was associated with the mean disease activity over 5 years of treatment. In the multiple linear regression analysis, only the change in C1,2C was of added predictive value (P = 0.004) for radiographic progression. Explained variances of models for radiographic progression and disease activity were low (0.28 and 0.34, respectively), and the biomarkers only marginally improved the explained variance.


CONCLUSIONS
The change in C1,2C in the first year after onset of RA has a small added predictive value for disease severity over a 5-year period, but the predictive value of this biomarker combined with current predictive factors is too small to be of use for individual patients.
Managing IoT devices using blockchain platform

Since the start of Bitcoin in 2008[1], blockchain technology emerged as the next revolutionary technology. Though blockchain started off as a core technology of Bitcoin, its use cases are expanding to many other areas including finances, Internet of Things (IoT), security and such[2]. Currently, many private and public sectors are diving into the technology[3]. Aside from that, as software and hardware improve, we would see the beginning of IoT. And those IoT devices need to communicate and synchronize with each other. But in situations where more than thousands or tens of thousands of IoT devices connected, we expect that using current model of server-client may have some limitations and issues while in synchronization. So, we propose using blockchain to build IoT system. Using blockchain, we can control and configure IoT devices. We manage keys using RSA public key cryptosystems where public keys are stored in Ethereum and private keys are saved on individual devices. Specifically, we choose Ethereum as our blockchain platform because using its smart contract, we can write our own Turing-complete code to run on top of Ethereum. Thus, we can easily manage configuration of IoT devices and build key management system. Even though we can simply use account as a key management system, which most of blockchain platform supports, we decide to use Ethereum because we can manage the system in a more fine-grained way. For the proof of a concept, we use a few IoT devices instead of a full system of IoT system, which consists of thousands of IoT devices. But in our later study, we would like to build a fully scaled IoT system using blockchain.
Summarization beyond sentence extraction: A probabilistic approach to sentence compression

When humans produce summaries of documents, they do not simply extract sentences and concatenate them. Rather, they create new sentences that are grammatical, that cohere with one another, and that capture the most salient pieces of information in the original document. Given that large collections of text/abstract pairs are available online, it is now possible to envision algorithms that are trained to mimic this process. In this paper, we focus on sentence compression, a simpler version of this larger challenge. We aim to achieve two goals simultaneously: our compressions should be grammatical, and they should retain the most important pieces of information. These two goals can conflict. We devise both a noisy-channel and a decision-tree approach to the problem, and we evaluate results against manual compressions and a simple baseline.  2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Silicon Photonics for Exascale Systems

With the extraordinary growth in parallelism at all system scales driven by multicore architectures, computing performance is increasingly determined by how efficiently high-bandwidth data is communicated among the numerous compute resources. High-performance systems are especially challenged by the growing energy costs dominated by data movement. As future computing systems aim to realize the Exascale regime-surpassing 1018 operations per second-achieving energy efficient high-bandwidth communication becomes paramount to scaled performance. Silicon photonics offers the possibility of delivering the needed communication bandwidths to match the growing computing powers of these highly parallel architectures with extremely scalable energy efficiency. However, the insertion of photonic interconnects is not a one-for-one replacement. The lack of practical buffering and the fundamental circuit switched nature of optical data communications require a holistic approach to designing system-wide photonic interconnection networks. New network architectures are required and must include arbitration strategies that incorporate the characteristics of the optical physical layer. This paper reviews the recent progresses in silicon photonic based interconnect devices along with the system level requirements for Exascale. We present a co-design approach for building silicon photonic interconnection networks that leverages the unique optical data movement capabilities and offers a path toward realizing future Exascale systems.
Decentralized Coordination of Distributed Interdependent Services

Current middleware technology for ubiquitous computing connects mobile computers to services in the environment. This is often insufficient because it doesn't address the issue of services depending on other services. The DWARF framework offers a decentralized approach to configuring and coordinating interdependent services. Typical ubiquitous computing scenarios let mobile users access stationary services. This creates star-shaped dynamic connections between a user device—typically a PDA or a wearable computer—and smart devices in the environment. For this kind of configuration, current middleware can discover services and set up communication. However, this approach is insufficient for highly mobile and collaborative applications involving several users with diverse mobile and stationary hardware. Services the environment offers to users might depend on services that another user's hardware offers. This poses a new challenge to the middleware: it must set up connections between interdependent ad hoc services. We have used our research platform—DWARF (Distributed Wearable Augmented Reality Framework 1)—to build distributed mobile multimedia and augmented reality systems consisting of decentralized services. Augmented reality systems must determine the position and orientation of a user's head and other moving objects in real time and use this information to overlay 3D virtual objects onto real scenes. Consider just a small part of a mobile augmented reality scenario.
Impact of antihypertensive treatment on quality of life: comparison between bisoprolol and bendrofluazide

Objectives: To compare quality of life with the selective β1-blocker bisoprolol and the thiazide diuretic bendrofluazide in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Design and setting: Multi centric, randomised, double-blind, two-way crossover study carried out at six general practice centres. Subjects: Eighty-one patients with newly diagnosed or previously treated hypertension, who had a mean diastolic blood pressure (BP) of 95–120 mm Hg after receiving placebo for 4–6 weeks. Interventions: In random order, patients received bisoprolol (5 mg once daily) or bendrofluazide (2.5 mg once daily) for 8 weeks. Main outcome measures: Quality of life and antihypertensive effect. Results: Decrease in systolic/diastolic BP did not differ between bisoprolol (10 ± 2/13 ± 1 mm Hg) and bendrofluazide (9 ± 2/11 ± 1 mm Hg). Between bisoprolol and bendrofluazide neither in the intention-to-treat nor in the efficacy analysis any difference was found in quality of life variables, such as Health Status Index, somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, total psychiatric morbidity, cognitive symptoms and hostility score. Compared to baseline the Health Status Index improved (P < 0.05) during bisoprolol. none of the other investigated quality of life variables changed compared to baseline. no patients dropped out during bisoprolol or bendrofluazide treatment. although, the total number of reported adverse events appeared lower during bendrofluazide than during bisoprolol treatment, it is unclear whether drug related adverse events also differ between the two drugs. Conclusions: At equipotent antihypertensive dosages, the effect of an 8-week treatment on quality of life does not differ between the selective β1-blocker bisoprolol and the thiazide diuretic bendrofluazide.