LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Behind closed doors: medication storage and disposal in the home.

BACKGROUND
More than half of all medications are inappropriately prescribed, dispensed, or sold and only 50% of patients take their medications correctly. Oftentimes, unwanted or expired medications are saved for later use, stored indefinitely, or disposed via the sink, toilet, or garbage.


OBJECTIVE
To determine how residents in Cook County, Illinois, use, store, and dispose of their medications to assess the possible impact of these medications on health care and the environment.


METHODS
Researchers at the University of Illinois conducted a survey of Cook County residents over a 13-week period. Residents were surveyed regarding their use, storage, and disposal of prescription and nonprescription medications.


RESULTS
From 3954 telephone numbers generated through random-digit dialing, 445 telephone interviews were completed. Eighty-one and a half percent of respondents had prescription medications and 92.4% had nonprescription medications in their homes. On average, respondents possessed 4.4 distinct prescription and 5.5 distinct nonprescription medications. Despite possessing a number of medications, approximately 30% of respondents stated that they took no medication on a regular basis; 59% of respondents reported disposing medications in the household gar bage and 31% flushed them down the toilet or sink. Over 80% of respondents stated that they had never received information about proper medication disposal. Thirty-seven percent reported having leftover unexpired medications from a previous illness. Of these, 63% stopped taking their medications because they believed that they no longer needed them or because they felt better. Thirty-two percent of respondents expected to have leftover prescription medications within the next 6 months.


CONCLUSIONS
Almost all respondents had excess and leftover medications in their homes. This may be a result of both overprescribing and poor medication adherence. In addition to the potential human health risk of nonadherence, disposal of excess medication raises concerns about their environmental impact and safety.
Vertical integration and innovative performance: The effects of external knowledge sourcing modes

We set out in this study to analyze the impact of vertical integration on the innovative performance of a firm and to explore the interaction between vertical integration and different modes of external knowledge sourcing. Our empirical results reveal an initial increase in the effect of vertical integration on innovative performance up to a certain level of integration, although this is subsequently followed by a decline; that is, the relationship is characterized by an inverted U-shape. The results further reveal that external knowledge sourcing is positively related to the innovative performance of a firm, albeit with a negative interaction with the level of vertical integration. In other words, firms with higher levels of vertical integration may be faced with barriers to the acquisition of external knowledge. Our findings suggest that firms should be cautious in their pursuit of a strategy of vertical integration, given the nonmonotonic impact on innovative performance, whilst an increase in the level of vertical integration is also likely to diminish the effectiveness of the external knowledge sourcing. & 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Are Momentum Profits Robust to Trading Costs

We test whether momentum strategies remain profitable after considering market frictions induced by trading. Intraday data are used to estimate alternative measures of proportional and non-proportional (price impact) trading costs. The price impact models imply that abnormal returns to portfolio strategies decline with portfolio size. We calculate break-even fund sizes that lead to zero abnormal returns. In addition to equaland value-weighted momentum strategies, we derive a liquidity-weighted strategy designed to reduce the cost of trades. Equal-weighted strategies perform the best before trading costs and the worst after trading costs. Liquidity-weighted and hybrid liquidity/value-weighted strategies have the largest break-even fund sizes: $5 billion or more (relative to December 1999 market capitalization) may be invested in these momentum strategies before the apparent profit opportunities vanish. THERE IS A GROWING LITERATURE on the predictability of stock returns based on the information contained in past returns. At very short horizons, such as a week or a month, returns are shown to have negative serial correlation (reversal), while at 3 to 12 month horizons, they exhibit positive serial correlation (momentum). During longer horizons, such as 3 to 5 years, stock returns again exhibit reversals.1 The momentum of individual stocks is extensively examined by Jegadeesh and Titman (1993, 2001). They show that one can obtain superior returns by holding a zero-cost portfolio that consists of long positions in stocks that have outperformed in the past (winners), and short positions in stocks that have underperformed during the same period (losers). To date, no measures of risk have been found that completely explain momentum returns. A number of authors have found that the long-term reversals are not robust to risk adjustment (Fama and French (1996), Lee and Swaminathan (2000), and Grinblatt and Moskowitz (2003)). However, the intermediate return continuation has been a more resilient anomaly. Fama and ∗Korajczyk is from Northwestern University and Sadka is from the University of Washington. We would like to thank Gregory Connor, Kent Daniel, Eric Falkenstein, Alois Geyer, Richard Green (the editor), Ravi Jagannathan, Timothy Johnson, Spencer Martin, Robert McDonald, Karl Schmedders, seminar participants at the American Finance Association 2003 Annual Meetings, London School of Economics, University of New Orleans, University of Pennsylvania, University of Vienna, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments. We also thank Mary Korajczyk for editorial assistance. 1 For evidence on short horizon reversal, see Poterba and Summers (1988), and Jegadeesh (1990); for momentum and long run reversal, see De Bondt and Thaler (1985), Jegadeesh and Titman (1993, 2001), and Grinblatt and Moskowitz (2003).
Managing technological change in the digital age: the role of architectural frames

Inspired by Herbert Simon’s notion of nearly decomposable systems, researchers have examined modularity as a powerful approach to manage technological change in product innovation. We articulate this approach as the hierarchy-of-parts architecture and explain how it emphasizes decomposition of a design into loosely coupled parts and subsequent aggregation of these into an industrial product. To realize the scale benefits of modularity, firms successively freeze design specifications before production and therefore only allow limited windows of functionality design and redesign. This makes it difficult to take advantage of the increased speed by which digitized products can be developed and modified. To address this problem, we draw on Christopher Alexander’s notion of design patterns to introduce a complementary approach to manage technological change that is resilient to digital technology. We articulate this approach as the network-of-patterns architecture and explain how it emphasizes generalization of ideas into patterns and subsequent specialization of patterns for different design purposes. In response to the increased digitization of industrial products, we demonstrate the value of complementing hierarchy-of-parts thinking with network-of-patterns thinking through a case study of infotainment architecture at an automaker. As a result, we contribute to the literature on managing products in the digital age: we highlight the properties of digital technology that increase the speed by which digitized products can be redesigned; we offer the notion of architectural frames and propose hierarchy-of-parts and network-ofpatterns as frames to support innovation of digitized products; and, we outline an agenda for future research that reconsiders the work of Simon and Alexander as well as their followers to address key challenges in innovating digitized products. Journal of Information Technology (2014) 29, 27–43. doi:10.1057/jit.2013.30; published online 28 January 2014
Bridging the uncanny: an impossible traverse?

This paper proposes that increasing technological sophistication in the creation of realism for human-like virtual characters is matched by increasing technological discernment on the part of the viewer. One of the goals for achieving a realism that is believable for virtual characters is to overcome the Uncanny Valley where perceived eeriness or familiarity are rated against perceived human-likeness. Empirical evidence shows the uncanny can be applied to virtual characters, yet implies a more complex picture than the shape of a deep valley with a sharp gradient as depicted in Mori's original plot of the Uncanny Valley. Our results imply that: (1) perceived familiarity is dependent upon a wider range of variables other than appearance and behaviour; and (2) for realistic, human-like characters, the Uncanny Valley is better replaced with the notion of an Uncanny Wall because the Uncanny Valley, as a concept, is not fully supported by the empirical evidence but, more importantly as a standard for creating human-like realism, is an impossible traverse.
Malignant mesothelioma from neighborhood exposure to anthophyllite asbestos.

BACKGROUND
Anthophyllite asbestos has been reported to cause asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma, and pleural plaques in occupationally exposed workers. Anthophyllite has also been associated with pleural plaques in Finland and Japan among those who live near mines and mills and have neighborhood or environmental exposure.


METHODS
We evaluated a 38-year-old patient with pleural mesothelioma who lived, attended school, and delivered newspapers near a manufacturing facility that used exclusively anthophyllite asbestos fiber from ages 8-17 years. He had no work exposure to asbestos.


RESULTS
The pleural mesothelioma was an epithelial type with tubulopapillary structures and was treated with an extrapleural pneumonectomy followed by radiation therapy. The malignant cells were positive by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin but negative for carcinoembryonic antigen, S100, B72.3, and leu M1 antigen. Anthophyllite fibers were > 5 microm in length in lung tissue compared to 3 microm from a general population study.


CONCLUSIONS
Anthophyllite asbestos has been associated with neighborhood environmental exposure and pleural plaques; we now report a neighborhood exposure and pleural mesothelioma.
Measuring and simulating EMI on very small components at high frequencies

A new test method has been implemented for testing the EMC performance of small components like small connectors and IC's, mainly used in mobile applications. The test method is based on the EMC-stripline method. Both emission and immunity can be tested up to 6GHz, based on good RF matching conditions and with high field strengths.
Stigma and violence in dealing with madness: narratives from psychosocial care centers in Bahia and Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE
To analyze stigmatization processes and types of violence experienced by individuals with mental disorders.


METHODS
A qualitative study was carried out, based on individual interviews with users and focus groups with family members and professionals at five psychosocial care centers in the municipalities of Itaberaba, Lauro de Freitas, Salvador, Vitória da Conquista, and Aracaju, Northeastern Brazil, in 2006-2007. The analysis categories were constructed based on the stigma concept proposed by Goffman, and four types of violence were systematized: interpersonal, institutional, symbolic and structural.


RESULTS
Users and family members recounted examples of disqualification, reprimands, embarrassment, humiliation, negligence and physical aggression that had the aims of domination, exploitation and oppression. Professionals reported that people who suffer from mental disorders remain the target of prejudice that is culturally ingrained and naturalized. The main consequence is continuation of their isolation from social life as a form of 'treatment' or as an excluding attitude manifested by discriminatory reactions in the form of rejection, indifference and verbal or physical aggressiveness.


CONCLUSIONS
The various ways of expressing stigma denote a sociocultural situation of violence against individuals with mental disorders. It is proposed that state monitoring bodies capable of planning and evaluating countermeasures against stigmatization should be set up.
Ontology-supported FAQ processing and ranking techniques

This paper describes an FAQ system on the Personal Computer (PC) domain, which employs ontology as the key technique to pre-process FAQs and process user query. It is also equipped with an enhanced ranking technique to present retrieved, query-relevant results. Basically, the system bases on the wrapper technique to help clean, retrieve, and transform FAQ information collected from a heterogeneous environment and stores it in an ontological database. During retrieval of FAQs, the system trims irrelevant query keywords, employs either full keywords match or partial keywords match to retrieve FAQs, and removes conflicting FAQs before turning the final results to the user. Ontology plays the key role in all the above activities. To produce a more effective presentation of the search results, the system employs an enhanced ranking technique, which includes Appearance Probability, Satisfaction Value, Compatibility Value, and Statistic Similarity Value as four measures properly weighted to rank the FAQs. Our experiments show the system does improve precision rate and produces better ranking results. The proposed FAQ system manifests the following interesting features. First, the ontology-supported FAQ extraction from webpages can clean FAQ information by removing redundant data, restore missing data, and resolve inconsistent data. Second, the FAQs are stored in an ontology-directed internal format, which supports semantics-constrained retrieval of FAQs. Third, the ontology-supported natural language processing of user query helps pinpoint user’s intent. Finally, the partial keywords match-based ranking method helps present user-most-wanted, conflict-free FAQ solutions for the user.
Intelligent injection liquid particle inspection machine based on two-dimensional Tsallis Entropy with modified pulse-coupled neural networks

The Automatic Liquid Particle Inspection Machine (AIM) using 2-D Tsallis Entropy with modified pulsecoupled neural networks (PCNN) is used in order to detect visible foreign particles within injection fluids. According to the motion of the particles in liquid, appropriate mechanisms are utilized which guarantees that the inspection machine will follow detection procedures: ‘‘Rotation, Abruptly Braking, Video Tracking’’ to extract tiny objects from complicated sequential images. In order to reduce the influence derived from air bubbles, improved spin/stop techniques are applied. The external capture mode of CCD cameras is used to avoid the possibility of omitting certain particles by trivial displacement. 2-D Tsallis Entropy with modified PCNN is applied in order to segment the difference images, and then to judge the existence of foreign particles according to the continuity and smoothness of their traces. Preliminary experimental results (125 ml 0.9% sodium chloride solution and 10% glucose as the samples) indicate that the inspection machine, which is superior to proficient inspectors, can detect the visible foreign particles effectively and that this detection speed and accuracy, as well as the correct detection rate can also facilitate the medicinal construction. & 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A comparative study of the growth dynamics and tribological properties of nanocrystalline diamond films deposited on the (110) single crystal diamond and Si(100) substrates

Abstract Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films were grown on the High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) (110) single crystal (SC) diamond substrates by Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD) in methane/hydrogen/nitrogen plasma. The thickness of the films was varied between 2.2 and 22.5 μm. The cauliflower-like surface morphology was observed by means of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The scaling behavior of NCD films growth was investigated. The relatively high value of the roughness exponent α s  = 1.5–1.6 was found indicating anomalous scaling. Therefore, shadowing and diffusional instabilities can affect the film growth. The tribological properties of the NCD films deposited on the SC(110) diamond were compared with the NCD films prepared on the Si(100) substrates. Both types of specimens were tested under similar Hertzian contact pressure. The lower wear volume losses were observed on the NCD/SC(110) specimens. Therefore, the influence of substrate and substrate/film interface properties on the tribological behavior of the NCD films grown on Si(100) can be expected to cause NCD films deflection.
Risk of colorectal cancer seven years after flexible sigmoidoscopy screening: randomised controlled trial

OBJECTIVE
To determine the risk of colorectal cancer after screening with flexible sigmoidoscopy.


DESIGN
Randomised controlled trial.


SETTING
Population based screening in two areas in Norway-city of Oslo and Telemark county (urban and mixed urban and rural populations).


PARTICIPANTS
55 736 men and women aged 55-64 years.


INTERVENTION
Once only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening with or without a single round of faecal occult blood testing (n=13 823) compared with no screening (n=41 913).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Planned end points were cumulative incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer after 5, 10, and 15 years. This first report from the study presents cumulative incidence after 7 years of follow-up and hazard ratio for mortality after 6 years.


RESULTS
No difference was found in the 7 year cumulative incidence of colorectal cancer between the screening and control groups (134.5 v 131.9 cases per 100 000 person years). In intention to screen analysis, a trend towards reduced colorectal cancer mortality was found (hazard ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.47 to 1.13, P=0.16). For attenders compared with controls, a statistically significant reduction in mortality was apparent for both total colorectal cancer (hazard ratio 0.41, 0.21 to 0.82, P=0.011) and rectosigmoidal cancer (0.24, 0.08 to 0.76, P=0.016).


CONCLUSIONS
A reduction in incidence of colorectal cancer with flexible sigmoidoscopy screening could not be shown after 7 years' follow-up. Mortality from colorectal cancer was not significantly reduced in the screening group but seemed to be lower for attenders, with a reduction of 59% for any location of colorectal cancer and 76% for rectosigmoidal cancer in per protocol analysis, an analysis prone to selection bias.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinical trials NCT00119912.
A systematic literature review of software requirements prioritization research

Context: During requirements engineering, prioritization is performed to grade or rank requirements in their order of importance and subsequent implementation releases. It is a major step taken in making crucial decisions so as to increase the economic value of a system. Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze existing prioritization techniques in the context of the formulated research questions. Method: Search terms with relevant keywords were used to identify primary studies that relate requirements prioritization classified under journal articles, conference papers, workshops, symposiums, book chapters and IEEE bulletins. Results: 73 Primary studies were selected from the search processes. Out of these studies; 13 were journal articles, 35 were conference papers and 8 were workshop papers. Furthermore, contributions from symposiums as well as IEEE bulletins were 2 each while the total number of book chapters amounted to 13. Conclusion: Prioritization has been significantly discussed in the requirements engineering domain. However , it was generally discovered that, existing prioritization techniques suffer from a number of limitations which includes: lack of scalability, methods of dealing with rank updates during requirements evolution, coordination among stakeholders and requirements dependency issues. Also, the applicability of existing techniques in complex and real setting has not been reported yet.
The Strength of Selection against Neanderthal Introgression

Hybridization between humans and Neanderthals has resulted in a low level of Neanderthal ancestry scattered across the genomes of many modern-day humans. After hybridization, on average, selection appears to have removed Neanderthal alleles from the human population. Quantifying the strength and causes of this selection against Neanderthal ancestry is key to understanding our relationship to Neanderthals and, more broadly, how populations remain distinct after secondary contact. Here, we develop a novel method for estimating the genome-wide average strength of selection and the density of selected sites using estimates of Neanderthal allele frequency along the genomes of modern-day humans. We confirm that East Asians had somewhat higher initial levels of Neanderthal ancestry than Europeans even after accounting for selection. We find that the bulk of purifying selection against Neanderthal ancestry is best understood as acting on many weakly deleterious alleles. We propose that the majority of these alleles were effectively neutral-and segregating at high frequency-in Neanderthals, but became selected against after entering human populations of much larger effective size. While individually of small effect, these alleles potentially imposed a heavy genetic load on the early-generation human-Neanderthal hybrids. This work suggests that differences in effective population size may play a far more important role in shaping levels of introgression than previously thought.
Linear Algebra: Theory and Applications

The content of this book is similar to [1] and [2], including systems of linear equations, vector spaces, vector subspaces, determinants, matrix operations, eigen systems, inner-product vector spaces, as well as some additional topics. However, this book has advantages compared to [1] and [2] in the usage of sophisticated mathematical software such as MATLAB r ©, MapleTM and Mathematica r © to illustrate the calculations along with their codes. In [1] and [2] there are some exercises that are designed to be solved using technology such as MATLAB, Maple or Mathematica or other linear algebra software. With this approach, the authors try to encourage students to learn more about at least one of the mathematical software packages used in this book.
Direct torque control with feedback linearization for induction motor drives

This paper describes a Direct Torque Controlled (DTC) Induction Machine (IM) drive that employs feedback linearization and sliding-mode control. A feedback linearization approach is investigated, which yields a decoupled linear IM model with two state variables: torque and stator flux magnitude. This intuitive linear model is used to implement a DTC type controller that preserves all DTC advantages and eliminates its main drawback, the flux and torque ripple. Robust, fast, and ripple-free control is achieved by using Variable Structure Control (VSC) with proportional control in the vicinity of the sliding surface. The VSC component assures robustness as in DTC, while the proportional component eliminates the torque and flux ripple. The torque time response is similar to DTC and the proposed solution is flexible and highly tunable due to the proportional controller. The controller design and its robust stability analysis are presented. The sliding controller is compared with a linear DTC scheme, and experimental results for a sensorless IM drive validate the proposed solution.