LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of symptom checkers for self diagnosis and triage: audit study

OBJECTIVE
To determine the diagnostic and triage accuracy of online symptom checkers (tools that use computer algorithms to help patients with self diagnosis or self triage).


DESIGN
Audit study.


SETTING
Publicly available, free symptom checkers.


PARTICIPANTS
23 symptom checkers that were in English and provided advice across a range of conditions. 45 standardized patient vignettes were compiled and equally divided into three categories of triage urgency: emergent care required (for example, pulmonary embolism), non-emergent care reasonable (for example, otitis media), and self care reasonable (for example, viral upper respiratory tract infection).


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
For symptom checkers that provided a diagnosis, our main outcomes were whether the symptom checker listed the correct diagnosis first or within the first 20 potential diagnoses (n=770 standardized patient evaluations). For symptom checkers that provided a triage recommendation, our main outcomes were whether the symptom checker correctly recommended emergent care, non-emergent care, or self care (n=532 standardized patient evaluations).


RESULTS
The 23 symptom checkers provided the correct diagnosis first in 34% (95% confidence interval 31% to 37%) of standardized patient evaluations, listed the correct diagnosis within the top 20 diagnoses given in 58% (55% to 62%) of standardized patient evaluations, and provided the appropriate triage advice in 57% (52% to 61%) of standardized patient evaluations. Triage performance varied by urgency of condition, with appropriate triage advice provided in 80% (95% confidence interval 75% to 86%) of emergent cases, 55% (47% to 63%) of non-emergent cases, and 33% (26% to 40%) of self care cases (P<0.001). Performance on appropriate triage advice across the 23 individual symptom checkers ranged from 33% (95% confidence interval 19% to 48%) to 78% (64% to 91%) of standardized patient evaluations.


CONCLUSIONS
Symptom checkers had deficits in both triage and diagnosis. Triage advice from symptom checkers is generally risk averse, encouraging users to seek care for conditions where self care is reasonable.
Identification and quantitation of two new naphthoylindole drugs-of-abuse, (1-(5-hydroxypentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (AM-2202) and (1-(4-pentenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone, with other synthetic cannabinoids in unregulated “herbal” products circulated in the Tokyo 

During our continual surveillance of unregulated drugs in May–June 2011, we found two new compounds as adulterants in herbal products obtained at shops in the Tokyo area. These compounds were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, accurate mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The first compound identified was a naphthoylindole (1-(5-hydroxypentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (AM-2202, 1), which is a side-chain hydroxyl analogue of JWH-018. The second compound was (1-(4-pentenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (2), which is side-chain double bond analogue of JWH-018. This is the first report to identify 1 and 2 in a commercial “herbal” product to our knowledge. For quantitation of the above compounds 1 and 2, and chemical analysis for previously reported compounds (AM-2201, 3; JWH-203, 4; JWH-019, 7; JWH-210, 8; mitragynine, 9), each product was extracted with methanol under ultrasonication to prepare solutions for analysis by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. For the sake of identifying JWH-203 (4) and its positional isomers [JWH-203-3-chloroisomer (5) and 4-chloroisomer (6)] correctly, simultaneous liquid chromatography analysis on fluorocarbon-bonded silica gel column was performed. And a case report of commercially available products containing synthetic cannabinoids 7 and 8, and a natural occurring alkaloid 9, was also shown. Each of 6 commercially circulated products contained compounds 1–4 and 7–9; the amounts of the compounds ranged from 4.1 to 222 mg per pack.
External Learning Strategies and Technological Search Output: Spinout Strategy and Corporate Invention Quality

The strategic management of knowledge spillovers to employee ventures may provide firms with knowledge spill-ins or the potential to learn from the ventures that they have spun out. However, the me...
Games and Learning Management Systems : A Discussion about Motivational Design and Emotional Engagement

The increasing development of educational games as Learning Objects is an important resource for educators to motivate and engage students in several online courses using Learning Management Systems. Students learn more, and enjoy themselves more when they are actively involved, rather than just passive listeners. This article has the aim to discuss about how games may motivate learners, enhancing the teaching-learning process as well as assist instructor designers to develop educational games in order to engage students, based on theories of motivational design and emotional engagement. Keywords— learning objects; games; Learning Management Systems, motivational design, emotional engagement.
Fund Finder: A case study of database-to-ontology mapping

The mapping between databases and ontologies is a basic problem when trying to "upgrade" deep web content to the semantic web. Our approach suggests the declarative definition of mappings as a way to achieve domain independency and reusability. A specific language (expressive enough to cover some real world mapping situations like lightly structured databases or not 1st normal form ones) is defined for this purpose. Along with this mapping description language, the ODEMapster processor is in charge of carrying out the effective instance data migration. We illustrate this by testing both the mappings definition and processor on a case study.
MOVING FIVE-BRANES AND COSMOLOGY

We discuss low-energy heterotic M-theory with five-branes in four and five dimensions and its application to moving brane cosmology.
Simulator Sickness in a Virtual Environments Driving Simulator

Some users of virtual environments experience adverse effects known as simulator sickness. Common symptoms are generally grouped into nausea, oculomotor discomfort, and disorientation. This research examined whether the severity and type of simulator sickness differs due to the type of driving environment or the gender of the driver. Three environments with variations in driver workload were developed: Highway, Rural, and City. Tests were conducted using Northeastern University’s Virtual Driving Simulator. The Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and postural stability tests, were used to gather data before and after participants drove the virtual environments based driving simulator. In comparison with past research, a different SSQ profile was found in that most of the symptoms reported were in the oculomotor discomfort category. This included eye strain, headaches, difficulty focusing, and blurred vision. Subjects who drove the Highway or Rural Road environments had more symptoms than those who drove the City environment. This indicates that vehicle velocity may be a factor in driving simulator sickness since subjects drove 60 mph in the Highway and Rural Road environments, but only 25 mph in the City environment. In both the before and after tests, females had less postural stability than males. Females also had a greater increase in oculomotor discomfort symptoms than males. Additional research is needed to determine why females experience more simulator sickness than males.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND EQUITY PRICES

Shareholder rights vary across firms. Using the incidence of 24 governance rules, we construct a “Governance Index” to proxy for the level of shareholder rights at about 1500 large firms during the 1990s. An investment strategy that bought firms in the lowest decile of the index (strongest rights) and sold firms in the highest decile of the index (weakest rights) would have earned abnormal returns of 8.5 percent per year during the sample period. We find that firms with stronger shareholder rights had higher firm value, higher profits, higher sales growth, lower capital expenditures, and made fewer corporate acquisitions.
IMD of Closed-Loop Filterless Class D Amplifiers

Audio amplifiers, including the contemporary class D amplifiers (CDAs), are typically qualified by their several nonlinearities, including total harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion (IMD). In the case of filterless CDAs, IMD remains largely unexplored, and the mechanism thereof is largely unknown. This paper presents an analytical modeling of IMD for the prevalent first- and second-order filterless CDAs and shows that the dominant mechanisms of the former is phase error while of the latter is duty-cycle error. By means of multidimensional Fourier series analysis, analytical expressions for the IMD components and thereafter, the IMD expression for these CDAs, are derived. The derived expressions depict that the IMDs of these CDAs are significant, and the IMD of the first-order filterless CDA, in spite of its lower noise-suppression attribute, is somewhat unexpectedly superior to the second-order filterless CDA. Furthermore, the derived expressions delineate the parameters that affect IMD and are insightful to designers to optimize/vary pertinent parameters to reduce IMD. The derived IMD expressions are verified against HSPICE simulations and on the basis of measurements on a prototype CDA IC and other CDAs realized discretely.
Combined chemoradiotherapy with gemcitabine in patients with locally advanced inoperable transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and/or in patients ineligible for surgery: a phase I trial.

BACKGROUND
We conducted a phase I trial of gemcitabine (gem) with concurrent radiotherapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BC) ineligible for surgery or cisplatin or refusing organ loss.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients with urothelial cancer, cT2-T4, cN0-1, M0, ineligible for surgery due to local tumor extension, PS, age or co-morbidities or who refused surgery were included. After maximal transurethral resection, the treatment schedule included: twice-weekly i.v. infusion of gem [dose levels (DL) 1-6: 20, 27, 30, 33, 50 and 40 mg/m(2), respectively] for 30 min and concurrent radiotherapy (RT) to the bladder with 55.5 Gy. The primary end point was to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and the dose recommended (RD) for further studies of this gem schedule. The secondary end point was late toxicity. The MTD was defined by dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) in 2 or more of 6 patients, discontinuation of RT and/or gem for >1 week in 2 or more of 6 patients due to grade (G) 3/4 acute and/or late toxicity in more than 2 of 18 patients.


RESULTS
Thirty-five of 44 patients were assessable for toxicity and thus the primary end point. DLTs occurred in two of five patients at dose level 5: one G3 alanine aminotransferase elevation and one G3 fatigue. The MTD, therefore, was 50 mg/m(2) gem twice weekly. At DL 6 with 40 mg/m(2), the RD was established: only one of six patients developed G3 fatigue and diarrhea. Late toxicity was rare and of low grade (only G1-2). The 2-year locoregional failure rate was 32% (9/28); 10 of 28 patients (38%) were alive with an intact bladder and no evidence of recurrent disease, 9 patients developed distant metastases and 6 died of their disease.


CONCLUSIONS
Gemcitabine in combination with RT is well tolerated in BC patients ineligible for surgery and/or cisplatin. The RD of gemcitabine for subsequent trials is 40 mg/m(2) twice weekly with concurrent radiation.
Receiver design for optical fiber systems

This paper is a tutorial review of the theory and practice of receiver design for optical fiber communication systems. Topics discussed include fundamental limitations on performance; design and performance limitations of laboratory receivers; and practical design trade-offs and their effects on the performance of real system receivers.
On-state drain current modeling of large-grain poly-Si TFTs based on carrier transport through latitudinal and longitudinal grain boundaries

An analytical on-state drain current model of large-grain polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors (polysilicon TFTs) is presented, based on the carrier transport through latitudinal and longitudinal grain boundaries. The model considers an array of square grains in the channel, with the current flowing along the longitudinal grain boundaries or through the grains and across the latitudinal grain boundaries. Application of the proposed model to excimer lased annealed polysilicon TFTs reveals that, at low gate voltages in the moderate inversion region, the longitudinal grain boundaries influence the effective carrier mobility and the drain current. As the gate voltage increases, the latitudinal grain boundaries have larger impact to the current flow due to reduction of the potential barrier at the grain boundaries. The effect of the laser energy density on the quality of the grains and grain boundaries is investigated.
Selective impairment of cognitive empathy for moral judgment in adults with high functioning autism.

Faced with a moral dilemma, conflict arises between a cognitive controlled response aimed at maximizing welfare, i.e. the utilitarian judgment, and an emotional aversion to harm, i.e. the deontological judgment. In the present study, we investigated moral judgment in adult individuals with high functioning autism/Asperger syndrome (HFA/AS), a clinical population characterized by impairments in prosocial emotions and social cognition. In Experiment 1, we compared the response patterns of HFA/AS participants and neurotypical controls to moral dilemmas with low and high emotional saliency. We found that HFA/AS participants more frequently delivered the utilitarian judgment. Their perception of appropriateness of moral transgression was similar to that of controls, but HFA/AS participants reported decreased levels of emotional reaction to the dilemma. In Experiment 2, we explored the way in which demographic, clinical and social cognition variables including emotional and cognitive aspects of empathy and theory of mind influenced moral judgment. We found that utilitarian HFA/AS participants showed a decreased ability to infer other people's thoughts and to understand their intentions, as measured both by performance on neuropsychological tests and through dispositional measures. We conclude that greater prevalence of utilitarianism in HFA/AS is associated with difficulties in specific aspects of social cognition.
Employment Protection And Product Market Competition

A firm facing employment protection will defend its market position more fiercely than a rival firm operating without such restrictions. However, "ex ante" such firms may be more reluctant to expand. For the benchmark case of contest competition, the defensive effect dominates. A firm facing employment protection has a stronger average market position. Copyright The editors of the "Scandinavian Journal of Economics" 2006 . (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Real time visual traffic lights recognition based on Spot Light Detection and adaptive traffic lights templates

This paper introduces a new real-time traffic light recognition system for on-vehicle camera applications. This approach has been tested with good results in urban scenes. Thanks to the use of our generic “Adaptive Templates” it would be possible to recognize different kinds of traffic lights from various countries.
A phase I study of oral LY293111 given daily in combination with irinotecan in patients with solid tumours

Background: LY293111 is an oral agent known to be a leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor antagonist and a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor resulting in selective inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway. Lipoxygenases metabolize arachidonic acid and have been involved in cancer cell proliferation and survival. In addition, LY293111 has been found to be a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist. Antineoplastic activity of LY293111 has been identified in preclinical models both alone and in combination with chemotherapy agents including irinotecan. The NCIC Clinical Trials Group studied LY293111 in combination with irinotecan to determine the recommended dose of the combination and to describe its tolerability and pharmacokinetic interaction. In addition the anti-tumour activity of LY293111 in combination with irinotecan was documented. Patients and methods: Twenty-eight patients with advanced solid tumours were treated on seven dose levels with the combination of irinotecan and LY293111. Irinotecan was administered intravenously every 21-days as a single dose. LY293111 was administered twice daily continuously by mouth. Results: Dose limiting toxicity (DLT) of grade 3 diarrhea was seen in two patients with doses of irinotecan 300 mg/m2 IV every 21-days in combination with LY293111 300 mg BID. Subsequently the dose of irinotecan was decreased to 250 mg/m2 IV every 21-days with escalating doses of LY293111. A DLT of grade 3 abdominal pain was seen at dose 600 mg BID of LY293111 with irinotecan 250 mg/m2. The pharmacokinetics (PK) indicated that the administration of LY293111 did not have an effect on the PK of irinotecan or its metabolite SN-38. No responses were seen; seven patients had stable disease of a median duration of 4.4 months (range 2.8–13 months). Conclusion: The recommended phase II dose of LY293111 is 600 mg orally BID in combination with irinotecan 250 mg/m2 IV every 21-days. Gastrointestinal adverse effects were common but could be well managed.
Ethical marketing: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh

This chapter discusses ethical marketing issues in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is based on extant literature and personal experiences and insights of the author about marketing practices in the region. It identifies critical ethical principles relevant to the region from the perspective of Hinduism and Islam, two dominant religions. Some critical issues on ethical marketing are identified. A framework is offered for guiding future research in the domain, and implications for practitioners are discussed.
The risk and prevention of internet finance

Internet Finance promote the innovation and development of financial field, at the same time, it also has its own risks, such as system security risk, capital security risk, higher liquidity risk, market selection risk, monetary policy risk. So the internet financial supervision is very necessary, regulators should pay attention to the risk characteristics of the Internet financial regulation, establish and perfect the Internet financial laws and regulations system, effort to achieve targeted risk prevention.
Why Public Schools Lose Teachers

Many school districts experience difficulties attracting and retaining teachers, and schools in urban areas serving economically disadvantaged and minority students appear particularly vulnerable to these problems. This paper investigates factors that affect the probabilities that teachers will switch schools or exit the public schools entirely. Researchers used matched student/teacher panel data on Texas public elementary schools to gain a better understanding of the effects of salary and other school factors on teacher transitions. These data permitted a detailed description of student demographic and school characteristics and preand post-move comparisons for teachers who switched schools within Texas or left the Texas public schools. Teachers were divided by experience, school community type, ethnicity and other factors so researchers could examine differences in the responsiveness to salary and student characteristics on the basis of teacher experience, race, and ethnicity. Results indicate that teacher mobility is much more strongly related to characteristics of students, particularly race and achievement, than to salary, although salary exerts a modest impact once compensating differentials are taken into account. Non-black, non Hispanic teachers systematically prefer non-black, non-Hispanic students, while the opposite is true for black and Hispanic teachers. (Contains 56 references.) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Why Public Schools Lose Teachers by Eric A. Hanushek, John F. Kain, and Steven G. Rivkin*
Multilingual Multi-modal Embeddings for Natural Language Processing

We propose a novel discriminative model that learns embeddings from multilingual and multi-modal data, meaning that our model can take advantage of images and descriptions in multiple languages to improve embedding quality. To that end, we introduce a modification of a pairwise contrastive estimation optimisation function as our training objective. We evaluate our embeddings on an image–sentence ranking (ISR), a semantic textual similarity (STS), and a neural machine translation (NMT) task. We find that the additional multilingual signals lead to improvements on both the ISR and STS tasks, and the discriminative cost can also be used in re-ranking n-best lists produced by NMT models, yielding strong improvements.
Screening of rhizobacteria containing plant growth promoting (PGPR) traits in rhizosphere soils and their role in enhancing growth of pigeon pea

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth with a wide variety of mechanisms. The use of PGPR is steadily increasing in agriculture and offers an attractive way to replace chemical fertilizers, pesticides and supplements. Here, we have isolated, enumerated and characterized the PGPR from the rhizosphere soil of pigeon pea for the enhancement of growth of pigeon pea. Rhizosphere soils were collected from different areas of Samalkot, Pithapuram, Peddapuram and Kakinada. Sixty five (65) isolates were identified and characterized for their morphological, cultural, staining and biochemical characteristics, of which 35 was selected for the screening of PGPR isolates. Sixteen isolates were successfully characterized for the PGPR traits like indole acetic acid (IAA) production, phosphorus solubilization, and production of enzymes like urease, chitinase, amylase, cellulase, protease and β-1,3 glucanase and were assayed. The antagonistic nature of these strains towards fungi and bacteria were estimated by siderophore estimation, 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase characterization, dual plate culture method and HCN production technique, and the best one was selected. These were further investigated to show the PGPR traits in pigeon pea seedling emergence, increase of shoot length, root length, dry matter production of shoot, nodule number and nodule mass. Furthermore, PGPR isolates remarkably increased seed germination of pigeon pea. Among the sixteen isolates, seven were found to be high IAA producing. Six were found to be efficient phosphate solubilizers, five isolates were found to be good antagonistic towards pathogen soil fungi and eight isolates were found to be better in enzyme productions, and thus, may enhance the mineralization efficiency of soils. Three isolates were shown to be promising in IAA production, phosphate solubilization, antagonism towards fungi, and mineralizing capacity. Thus, this study suggests the use of these isolates as inoculant biofertilizers which might be beneficial for pigeon pea cultivation as they enhanced the growth and other growth parameters.