LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Perceptual learning

restoring wetlands, not owning a car, and living in a 7 m 2 cottage. Any advice for someone starting a career in ecology and conservation science? Field work is not like watching documentaries. An hour-long program can take years to shoot and shows only the most exciting stuff. You don't see the tedium, the sweat, and hard work required. Most field research is tedious, often requires long days, and an early rise. It can be brutal, especially if you spent the night working on a paper. Field work is safer than traffic, but to a city-dweller, the imagined possibilities can be terrifying. Some eager students fled my Turkish research station after one day because they were terrified about harmless wild boars. By volunteering, you are doing yourself a favor. If you have a positive attitude and good work ethic, volunteering can be a ticket to a paying position. Ecology and conservation are highly competitive, so field experience will increase chances of landing a job or graduate position. For your PhD, research your potential advisors well. Find the right people, rather than focusing on schools. Your PhD advisor will shape your career, so ask around and talk to his/her students and colleagues. A good, supportive mentor at an apparently 'mediocre' school is much better for you than a bad advisor at a top school. Collaboration or competition? Science thrives on both, but we need more collaboration, especially in conservation. The academic model parallels the business world, with ruthless competition between individuals, groups, and ideas. An assistant professor is much like an entrepreneur establishing a start-up. Competition is valuable in motivating good research and pushing the boundaries of science, but competition at all costs is unhealthy and reduces collaboration that is essential for good science and conservation. Academic careers can last 50–60 years. Collaboration and being a good colleague will pay off in the long-term. Increasing competition is encouraging unethical behavior in science which is often ignored or tolerated. A cut-throat, non-collaborative mindset will lead to failure in conservation, where solution is often based on consensus, compromise, and conflict resolution among multiple stakeholders. What are some of the big questions to be answered next in your field? How much longer can the biosphere tolerate human abuse before we have a civilization-threatening collapse of the world's ecosystems and their life-support services? The most important question for humanity, period. A related question is how …
A computational model that recovers the 3D shape of an object from a single 2D retinal representation

Human beings perceive 3D shapes veridically, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The problem of producing veridical shape percepts is computationally difficult because the 3D shapes have to be recovered from 2D retinal images. This paper describes a new model, based on a regularization approach, that does this very well. It uses a new simplicity principle composed of four shape constraints: viz., symmetry, planarity, maximum compactness and minimum surface. Maximum compactness and minimum surface have never been used before. The model was tested with random symmetrical polyhedra. It recovered their 3D shapes from a single randomly-chosen 2D image. Neither learning, nor depth perception, was required. The effectiveness of the maximum compactness and the minimum surface constraints were measured by how well the aspect ratio of the 3D shapes was recovered. These constraints were effective; they recovered the aspect ratio of the 3D shapes very well. Aspect ratios recovered by the model were compared to aspect ratios adjusted by four human observers. They also adjusted aspect ratios very well. In those rare cases, in which the human observers showed large errors in adjusted aspect ratios, their errors were very similar to the errors made by the model.
Assessing bank efficiency and performance with operational research and artificial intelligence techniques: A survey

This paper presents a comprehensive review of 196 studies which employ operational research (O.R.) and artificial intelligence (A.I.) techniques in the assessment of bank performance. Several key issues in the literature are highlighted. The paper also points to a number of directions for future research. We first discuss numerous applications of data envelopment analysis which is the most widely applied O.R. technique in the field. Then we discuss applications of other techniques such as neural networks, support vector machines, and multicriteria decision aid that have also been used in recent years, in bank failure prediction studies and the assessment of bank creditworthiness and underperformance. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Hemp for Headache: An In-Depth Historical and Scientific Review of Cannabis in Migraine Treatment

Cannabis, or ‘‘marijuana,’’ has been employed in various forms throughout the millennia for both symptomatic and prophylactic treatment of migraine. This document examines its history of medicinal use by smoking and other methods in ancient cultures, including the Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek and Roman, as well as in the Islamic world, and its subsequent adoption by Renaissance and Industrial Age Europeans. The most prominent physicians of the age in the century between 1842 and 1942 preferred cannabis to other preparations in migraine treatment, and it remained part of Western pharmacopoeias for this indication throughout the period. The writings of this era are examined in great detail in an effort to emphasize useful medical documentation that has subsequently been forgotten. In modern times, ethnobotanical and anecdotal references continue to support the efficacy of cannabis for headache treatment, while biochemical studies of THC and anandamide have provided scientific justification for its use via anti-inflammatory, serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms, as well as by interaction with NMDA and endogenous opioid systems. These are examined in detail. The author feels that this collective evidence supports the proposition that experimental protocols of cannabis usage in migraine treatment should go forward employing modern controlled clinical trials. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: <getinfo@haworthpressinc.com> Website: <http://www.HaworthPress.com> ! 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.] Ethan Russo, MD, is Clinical Child and Adult Neurologist, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of Washington and Adjunct Associate Professor of Pharmacy, University of Montana, 900 North Orange Street, Missoula, MT 58902 (E-mail: erusso@blackfoot.net). Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, Vol. 1(2) 2001 ! 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 JOURNAL OF CANNABIS THERAPEUTICS 22
Geometric algebra colour image representations and derived total orderings for morphological operators - Part I: Colour quaternions

Please cite this article in press as: J. Angulo, Geom I: Colour quaternions, J. Vis. Commun. (2009), d The definition of morphological operators for colour images requires a total ordering for colour points. A colour can be represented by different algebraic structures, in this paper we focus on real quaternions. The paper presents two main contributions. On the one hand, we have studied different alternatives to introduce the scalar part to obtain full colour quaternions. On the other hand, several total lexicographic orderings for quaternions have been defined, according to the various quaternion decompositions. The properties of these quaternionic orderings have been characterised to enable the identification of the most useful ones to define colour morphological operators. The theoretical results are illustrated with examples of processed images which show the usefulness of the proposed operators for real life complex problems. 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Communication in international business-to-business marketing channels Does culture matter ?

As business-to-business marketing channels become more international in scope, communication in channels occurs among a more diverse set of channel participants from different national cultures. Do such cultural variations influence channel communications and if so, how? This study examines these questions in international business-to-business marketing channels comprised of channel members representing different cultural contexts. The findings show that there is a relationship between culture and channel communication in international channels. This influence stemming from ‘‘cultural distance’’ may have significant implications as business moves into the Ecommerce era of Internet-based B2B international channels of distribution. D 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Generating brand awareness in Online Social Networks

With their exceptional interactive and communicative capabilities, Online Social Networks (OSNs) allow destinations and companies to heighten their brand awareness. Many tourist destinations and hospitality brands are exploring the use of OSNs to form brand awareness and generate positive WOM. The purpose of this research is to propose and empirically test a theory-driven model of brand awareness in OSNs. A survey among 230 OSN users was deployed to test the theoretical model. The data was analyzed using SEM. Study results indicate that building brand awareness in OSNs increases WOM traffic. In order to foster brand awareness in OSN, it is important to create a virtually interactive environment, enabling users to exchange reliable, rich and updated information in a timely manner. Receiving financial and/or psychological rewards and accessing exclusive privileges in OSNs are important factors for users. Both system quality and information quality were found to be important precursors of brand awareness in OSNs. Study results support the importance of social media in online branding strategies. Virtual interactivity, system quality, information content quality, and rewarding activities influence and generate brand awareness, which in return, triggers WOM. 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Perceptual consciousness overflows cognitive access

One of the most important issues concerning the foundations of conscious perception centers on the question of whether perceptual consciousness is rich or sparse. The overflow argument uses a form of 'iconic memory' to argue that perceptual consciousness is richer (i.e., has a higher capacity) than cognitive access: when observing a complex scene we are conscious of more than we can report or think about. Recently, the overflow argument has been challenged both empirically and conceptually. This paper reviews the controversy, arguing that proponents of sparse perception are committed to the postulation of (i) a peculiar kind of generic conscious representation that has no independent rationale and (ii) an unmotivated form of unconscious representation that in some cases conflicts with what we know about unconscious representation.
Automated classification and retrieval of reusable software components

software reuse by using an automated approach to semantically search for and retrieve reusable software components in large software component repositories and on the World Wide Web (WWW). Using automation and smart (semantic) techniques, their approach speeds up the search and retrieval of reusable software components, while retaining good accuracy, and therefore improves the affordability of software reuse. A program understanding of software components and natural language understanding of user queries was employed. Then the software component descriptions were compared by matching the resulting semantic representations of the user queries to the semantic representations of the software components to search for software components that best match the user queries. A proof of concept system was developed to test the authors’ approach. The results of this proof of concept system were compared to human experts, and statistical analysis was performed on the collected experimental data. The results from these experiments demonstrate that this automated semantic-based approach for software reusable component classification and retrieval is successful when compared to the labor-intensive results from the experts, thus showing that this approach can significantly benefit software reuse classification and retrieval. Introduction
Oxidative Stress as a Critical Factor in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pathogenesis.

SIGNIFICANCE
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by liver triacylglycerol build-up, has been growing in the global world in concert with the raised prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipemia. Redox imbalance has been suggested to be highly relevant to NAFLD pathogenesis. Recent Advances: As a major health problem, NAFLD progresses to the more severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) condition and predisposes susceptible individuals to liver and cardiovascular disease. Although NAFLD represents the predominant cause of chronic liver disorders, the mechanisms of its development and progression remain incompletely understood, even if various scientific groups ascribed them to the occurrence of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and apoptosis. Nevertheless, oxidative stress (OxS) more and more appears as the most important pathological event during NAFLD development and the hallmark between simple steatosis and NASH manifestation.


CRITICAL ISSUES
The purpose of this article is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of NAFLD, essentially focusing on OxS as a major pathogenetic mechanism. Various attempts to translate reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging by antioxidants into experimental and clinical studies have yielded mostly encouraging results.


FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Although augmented concentrations of ROS and faulty antioxidant defense have been associated to NAFLD and related complications, mechanisms of action and proofs of principle should be highlighted to support the causative role of OxS and to translate its concept into the clinic. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 519-541.
Using Clustering for Categorization of Support Tickets

Support tickets from customers contain much hidden information. Unsupervised machine learning methods are able to discover this hidden information. In this paper we propose the categorization of support tickets using clustering methods in combination with topic models. Furthermore label generation techniques are used to generate meaningful names for these categories. The results are compared with related
Associations of the pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with pregnancy outcomes in Taiwanese women.

BACKGROUND
Pre-pregnancy weight and gestational weight gain (GWG) are important factors in both maternal and infant outcomes. Little information is available in relation to different levels of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and body weight gain on obstetric outcomes in Taiwan. This study investigated the associations between pregnancy complications with pre-pregnant BMI and GWG, in Taiwanese women.


METHODS
Data were extracted from a delivery room information bank on all women delivering singleton babies in a medical center. Eight hundred and sixty pregnant women were included. The collected variables included basic information, GWG, and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Pregnant women were categorized according to their pre-pregnant BMI and GWG to evaluate the impacts of pre-pregnant BMI and maternal weight gain on the risk of pregnancy complications. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed, and odds ratios were calculated.


RESULTS
Pre-pregnancy BMI>=24 kg/m2 increased the risks of gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, and preterm labor. Preeclampsia and Cesarean delivery were positively associated with high weight gains (>18 kg), whereas a low birth weight and preterm labor were strongly associated with low weight gains (<10 kg). A higher birth weight was found with a GWG of >14 kg in women who were underweight and normal weight before pregnancy.


CONCLUSION
An appropriate maternal BMI (18.5-24 kg/m2) at conception followed by a suitable gestational weight gain (10-14 kg) has substantial impact on the overall health of pregnant women and would lead to better obstetric management for Taiwanese women.
Intelligent Security for Phishing Online using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Systems

Anti-phishing detection solutions employed in industry use blacklist-based approaches to achieve low falsepositive rates, but blacklist approaches utilizes website URLs only. This study analyses and combines phishing emails and phishing web-forms in a single framework, which allows feature extraction and feature model construction. The outcome should classify between phishing, suspicious, legitimate and detect emerging phishing attacks accurately. The intelligent phishing security for online approach is based on machine learning techniques, using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and a combination sources from which features are extracted. An experiment was performed using two-fold cross validation method to measure the system’s accuracy. The intelligent phishing security approach achieved a higher accuracy. The finding indicates that the feature model from combined sources can detect phishing websites with a higher accuracy. This paper contributes to phishing field a combined feature which sources in a single framework. The implication is that phishing attacks evolve rapidly; therefore, regular updates and being ahead of phishing strategy is the way forward. Keywords—Phishing websites; fuzzy models; feature model; intelligent detection; neuro fuzzy; fuzzy inference system
Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
This guideline provides an overview of the evidence on established and emerging risk factors for stroke to provide evidence-based recommendations for the reduction of risk of a first stroke.


METHODS
Writing group members were nominated by the committee chair on the basis of their previous work in relevant topic areas and were approved by the American Heart Association (AHA) Stroke Council Scientific Statement Oversight Committee and the AHA Manuscript Oversight Committee. The writing group used systematic literature reviews (covering the time since the last review was published in 2006 up to April 2009), reference to previously published guidelines, personal files, and expert opinion to summarize existing evidence, indicate gaps in current knowledge, and when appropriate, formulate recommendations using standard AHA criteria (Tables 1 and 2). All members of the writing group had the opportunity to comment on the recommendations and approved the final version of this document. The guideline underwent extensive peer review by the Stroke Council leadership and the AHA scientific statements oversight committees before consideration and approval by the AHA Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee.


RESULTS
Schemes for assessing a person's risk of a first stroke were evaluated. Risk factors or risk markers for a first stroke were classified according to potential for modification (nonmodifiable, modifiable, or potentially modifiable) and strength of evidence (well documented or less well documented). Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, sex, low birth weight, race/ethnicity, and genetic predisposition. Well-documented and modifiable risk factors include hypertension, exposure to cigarette smoke, diabetes, atrial fibrillation and certain other cardiac conditions, dyslipidemia, carotid artery stenosis, sickle cell disease, postmenopausal hormone therapy, poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity and body fat distribution. Less well-documented or potentially modifiable risk factors include the metabolic syndrome, excessive alcohol consumption, drug abuse, use of oral contraceptives, sleep-disordered breathing, migraine, hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated lipoprotein(a), hypercoagulability, inflammation, and infection. Data on the use of aspirin for primary stroke prevention are reviewed.


CONCLUSIONS
Extensive evidence identifies a variety of specific factors that increase the risk of a first stroke and that provide strategies for reducing that risk.
Client-nurse relationships in home-based palliative care: a critical analysis of power relations.

AIM
To elicit an in-depth understanding of the sources of power and how power is exercised within client-nurse relationships in home-based palliative care.


BACKGROUND
As in all social relations, power is present within client-nurse relationships. Although much research has focused on interpersonal relationships in nursing, the concept of power within the client-nurse relationship in palliative care settings has not been extensively investigated.


METHODS
Applying a critical lens, secondary qualitative data analysis was conducted. Seventeen nurse and 16 client transcripts from a primary study were selected for secondary data analysis. These 33 transcripts afforded theme saturation, which allowed for both commonalities and differences to be identified. Data analysis involved analytic coding.


RESULTS
Study findings help make explicit the underlying power present in the context of home-based palliative care and how this power is used and potentially abused. In analysing the sources and exercise of power, the linkage between macro and micro levels of power is made explicit, as nurses functioned within a hierarchy of power. The findings suggest that educational/occupational status continues to be a source of power for nurses within the relationship. However, nurses also experience powerlessness within the home care context. For clients, being able to control one's own life is a source of power, but this power is over-shadowed by the powerlessness experienced in relationships with nurses. The exercise of power by clients and nurses creates experiences of both liberation and domination.


CONCLUSIONS
Nurses who are willing to reflect on and change those disempowering aspects of the client-nurse relationship, including a harmful hierarchy, will ultimately be successful in the health promotion of clients in home-based palliative care. Additionally, it should be recognized that nurses work within a specific health system context and, therefore, their practice is influenced by policies and funding models implemented at various levels of the health care system.


RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
The insights gained through this investigation may assist nurses and other health professionals in reflecting on and improving practices and policies within home-based palliative care and within home care in general.