LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Randomized controlled trial of day care versus hospital care of severe pneumonia in Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVE
A randomized controlled trial compared day care versus hospital care management of pneumonia.


METHODS
Children 2 to 59 months of age with severe pneumonia received either day care, with antibiotic treatment, feeding, and supportive care from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm, or hospital care, with similar 24-hour treatment.


RESULTS
In 2006-2008, 360 children were assigned randomly to receive either day care or hospital care; 189 (53%) had hypoxemia, with a mean±SD oxygen saturation of 93±4%, which increased to 99±1% after oxygen therapy. The mean±SD durations of day care and hospital care were 7.1±2.3 and 6.5±2.8 days, respectively. Successful management was possible for 156 (87.7% [95% confidence interval [CI]: 80.9%-90.9%]) of 180 children in the day care group and 173 (96.1% [95% CI: 92.2%-98.1%]) of 180 children in the hospital care group (P=.001). Twenty-three children in the day care group (12.8% [95% CI: 8.7%-18.4%] and 4 children in the hospital care group (2.2% [95% CI: 0.9%-5.6%] required referral to hospitals (P<.001). During the follow-up period, 22 children in the day care group (14.1% [95% CI: 9.5%-20.4%]) and 11 children in the hospital care group (6.4% [95% CI: 3.6%-11%]) required readmission to hospitals (P=.01). The estimated costs per child treated successfully at the clinic and the hospital were US$114 and US$178, respectively.


CONCLUSION
Severe childhood pneumonia without severe malnutrition can be successfully managed at day care clinics, except for children with hypoxemia who require prolonged oxygen therapy.
To Learn About Nature Look to Nature Itself [Reflections and Reviews of Past Predictions]

On a dinner cruise through Matsushima, in early summer 1999, I filled my plate at the buffet and sat down at an empty table. I soon was joined by six colleagues. Looking around the table, I realized that I was surrounded by six of the most important leaders in the field of hearing research. Then I realized that the majority of them were electrical engineers by training and commented on that fact. It turned out that five were trained as electrical engineers. The sixth, trained as a physiologist, spent his career to date collaborating with an electrical engineer at MIT’s Research Laboratory of Electronics. And he is an excellent engineer in his own right. By their biomedical colleagues, all six are considered to be biologists of the first rank. But each of them, at core, remains an engineer. What each of them does is reverse engineeringVreverse engineering of systems, devices, communication strategies, and signal processing strategies designed by nature rather than by other engineers. I . REVERSE ENGINEERING
Booms , Busts , and Fraud

We examine firm managers’ incentives to commit fraud in a model where firms seek funding from investors and investors can monitor firms at a cost in order to get more precise information about firm prospects. We show that fraud incentives are highest when business conditions are good, but not too good: in exceptionally good times, even weaker firms can get funded without committing fraud, and in bad times investors are more vigilant and it is harder to commit fraud successfully. As investors’ monitoring costs decrease, the region in which fraud occurs shifts towards better business conditions. It follows that if business conditions are sufficiently strong, a decrease in monitoring costs actually increases the prevalence of fraud. If investors can only observe current business conditions with noise, then the incidence of fraud will be highest when investors begin with positive expectations that are disappointed ex post. Finally, increased disclosure requirements can exacerbate fraud. Our results shed light on the incidence of fraud across the business cycle and across different sectors. JEL codes: E320, G300, G380.
A Resource-Based View of the Firm

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The Design and Architecture of Microservices

Microservices are sweeping through cloud design architectures, at once embodying new trends and making use of previous paradigms. This column explores the basis for these trends in both modern and historical standards, and sets out a direction for the future of microservices development.
The mouse Set conjecture for Sets of Reals

We show that the Mouse Set Conjecture for sets of reals is true in the minimal model of ADR + “Θ is regular”. As a consequence, we get that below ADR + “Θ is regular”, models of AD + +¬ADR are hybrid mice over R. Such a representation of models of AD+ is important in core model induction applications. One of the central open problems in descriptive inner model theory is the conjecture known as the Mouse Set Conjecture (MSC). It conjectures that under AD ∗2000 Mathematics Subject Classifications: 03E15, 03E45, 03E60. †
Quality of life in patients with K-RAS wild-type colorectal cancer: the CO.20 phase 3 randomized trial.

BACKGROUND
The CO.20 trial randomized patients with K-RAS wild-type, chemotherapy-refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer to receive cetuximab (CET) plus brivanib alaninate (BRIV) or CET plus placebo (CET/placebo).


METHODS
Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 24 weeks until disease progression. Predefined coprimary QoL endpoints were time to deterioration (first worsening from baseline of ≥ 10 points) on the Physical Function (PF) and Global (GHS) scales.


RESULTS
Of 750 randomized patients, 721 (358 of whom received CET/BRIV) were assessable for QoL. QoL compliance and baseline PF and GHS scores did not differ by treatment arm. The median time to deterioration was 1.6 months versus 1.1 months for GHS (P =.02) and 5.6 months versus 1.7 months for PF (P <.0001) favoring CET/placebo. Secondary analysis favored CET/placebo for QOL response on the PF, Cognitive Function, Fatigue, Nausea, Appetite, and Diarrhea scales. A greater percentage of patients on the CET/BRIV arm had PF worsening at 6 weeks (31% vs 17%). Clinical adverse events of ≥ grade 3 were more common with CET/BRIV than with CET/placebo, including fatigue (25% vs 11%), hypertension, rash, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, and anorexia.


CONCLUSIONS
Compared with CET/placebo, the combination of CET/BRIV worsened time to QoL deterioration for patients with K-RAS wild-type, chemotherapy-refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer on the PF and GHS scales of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30. This result may be due to higher rates of fatigue and gastrointestinal adverse events.
Genetic Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD Index) in Adults

CONTEXT
In contrast to the large number of studies in children, there is little information on the contribution of genetic factors to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults.


OBJECTIVE
To estimate the heritability of ADHD in adults as assessed by the ADHD index scored from the CAARS (Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales).


DESIGN
Phenotype data from over 12,000 adults (twins, siblings and parents) registered with the Netherlands Twin Register were analyzed using genetic structural equation modeling.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Heritability estimates for ADHD from the twin-family study.


RESULTS
Heritability of ADHD in adults is estimated around 30% in men and women. There is some evidence for assortative mating. All familial transmission is explained by genetic inheritance, there is no support for the hypothesis that cultural transmission from parents to offspring is important.


CONCLUSION
Heritability for ADHD features in adults is present, but is substantially lower than it is in children.
Newtonian viscosity model could overestimate wall shear stress in intracranial aneurysm domes and underestimate rupture risk.

OBJECTIVE
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of intracranial aneurysm hemodynamics usually adopt the simplification of the Newtonian blood rheology model. A study was undertaken to examine whether such a model affects the predicted hemodynamics in realistic intracranial aneurysm geometries.


METHODS
Pulsatile CFD simulations were carried out using the Newtonian viscosity model and two non-Newtonian models (Casson and Herschel-Bulkley) in three typical internal carotid artery saccular aneurysms (A, sidewall, oblong-shaped with a daughter sac; B, sidewall, quasi-spherical; C, near-spherical bifurcation). For each aneurysm model the surface distributions of shear rate, blood viscosity and wall shear stress (WSS) predicted by the three rheology models were compared.


RESULTS
All three rheology models produced similar intra-aneurysmal flow patterns: aneurysm A had a slowly recirculating secondary vortex near the dome whereas aneurysms B and C contained only a large single vortex. All models predicted similar shear rate, blood viscosity and WSS in parent vessels of all aneurysms and in the sacs of B and C. However, large discrepancies in shear rate, viscosity and WSS among predictions by the various rheology models were found in the dome area of A where the flow was relatively stagnant. Here the Newtonian model predicted higher shear rate and WSS values and lower blood viscosity than the two non-Newtonian models.


CONCLUSIONS
The Newtonian fluid assumption can underestimate viscosity and overestimate shear rate and WSS in regions of stasis or slowly recirculating secondary vortices, typically found at the dome in elongated or complex-shaped saccular aneurysms as well as in aneurysms following endovascular treatment. Because low shear rates and low WSS in such flow conditions indicate a high propensity for thrombus formation and rupture, CFD based on the Newtonian assumption may underestimate the propensity of these events.
Generalization of active filters for EMI reduction and harmonics compensation

This paper provides generalized analysis of active filters used as electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters and active-power filters. Insertion loss and impedance increase of various types of active-filter topologies are described with applicable requirements and limitations as well as the rationale for selecting active-filter topology according to different applications.
Container and Microservice Driven Design for Cloud Infrastructure DevOps

Emerging container technologies, such as Docker, offer unprecedented agility in developing and running applications in cloud environment especially when combined with a microservice-style architecture. However, it is often difficult to use containers to manage the cloud infrastructure, without sacrificing many benefits container offers. This paper identifies the key challenges that impede realizing the full promise of containerizing infrastructure services. Using OpenStack as a case study, we explore solutions to these challenges. Specifically, we redesign OpenStack deployment architecture to enable dynamic service registration and discovery, explore different ways to manage service state in containers, and enable containers to access the host kernel and devices. We quantify the efficiency of the container-based microservice-style DevOps compared to the VM-based approach, and study the scalability of the stateless and stateful containerized components. We also discuss limitations in our current design, and highlight open research problems that, if solved, can lead to wider adoption of containers in cloud infrastructure management.
Ocular dermoids: 116 consecutive cases.

PURPOSE
The aim was to describe the demographic and clinical data of 116 consecutive cases of ocular dermoids.


METHODS
This was a retrospective case series and a review of clinical records of all the patients diagnosed with ocular dermoids. Both demographic and clinical data were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v. 18. Descriptive statistics are reported.


RESULTS
The study included 116 consecutive patients with diagnosis consistent with ocular dermoids: corneal 18% (21), dermolipomas 38% (44), and orbital 44% (51). Sixty-five percent (71) were female, and 46% (54) were detected at birth. Secondary manifestations: amblyopia was present in 14% (3), and strabismus was detected in 6.8% (8). The Goldenhar syndrome was the most frequent syndromic entity in 7.5% (12) of the patients. Surgical resection was required on 49% (25) of orbital dermoids, 24% (5) of corneal dermoids, and 13% (6) of dermolipomas.


CONCLUSIONS
Orbital dermoids were the most frequent variety, followed by conjunctival and corneal. In contrast to other reports, corneal dermoids were significantly more prevalent in women. Goldenhar syndrome was the most frequent syndromatic entity.
Lipid Composition of the Human Eye: Are Red Blood Cells a Good Mirror of Retinal and Optic Nerve Fatty Acids?

BACKGROUND
The assessment of blood lipids is very frequent in clinical research as it is assumed to reflect the lipid composition of peripheral tissues. Even well accepted such relationships have never been clearly established. This is particularly true in ophthalmology where the use of blood lipids has become very common following recent data linking lipid intake to ocular health and disease. In the present study, we wanted to determine in humans whether a lipidomic approach based on red blood cells could reveal associations between circulating and tissue lipid profiles. To check if the analytical sensitivity may be of importance in such analyses, we have used a double approach for lipidomics.


METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Red blood cells, retinas and optic nerves were collected from 9 human donors. The lipidomic analyses on tissues consisted in gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization source-mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-MS). Gas chromatography did not reveal any relevant association between circulating and ocular fatty acids except for arachidonic acid whose circulating amounts were positively associated with its levels in the retina and in the optic nerve. In contrast, several significant associations emerged from LC-ESI-MS analyses. Particularly, lipid entities in red blood cells were positively or negatively associated with representative pools of retinal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), retinal very-long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) or optic nerve plasmalogens.


CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE
LC-ESI-MS is more appropriate than gas chromatography for lipidomics on red blood cells, and further extrapolation to ocular lipids. The several individual lipid species we have identified are good candidates to represent circulating biomarkers of ocular lipids. However, further investigation is needed before considering them as indexes of disease risk and before using them in clinical studies on optic nerve neuropathies or retinal diseases displaying photoreceptors degeneration.
A novel image steganography scheme with high embedding capacity and tunable visual image quality based on a genetic algorithm

Steganography is knowledge and art of hiding secret data into information which is largely used in information security systems. Various methods have been proposed in the literature which most of them are not capable of both preventing visual degradation and providing a large embedding capacity. In this paper, we propose a tunable visual image quality and data lossless method in spatial domain based on a genetic algorithm (GA). The main idea of the proposed technique is modeling the steganography problem as a search and optimization problem. Experimental results, in comparison with other currently popular steganography techniques, demonstrate that the proposed algorithm not only achieves high embedding capacity but also enhances the PSNR of the stego image. Steganography is the science and art of hiding secret data in a host media (e.g. text, image, audio, video, etc.) (Cheddad et al., 2010). The purpose of a steganography algorithm is hiding a large amount of secret data into a meaningful host media such that the embedded secret data are concealed to prevent the attack of unauthorized persons. In steganography, there are three major goals including increasing hiding capacity, robustness to certain attacks and increasing security level (Cheddad et al., 2010). Image stega-nography (Morkel et al., 2005), where secret data is embedded within an image has been widely studied during the last decade due to the cost decreasing of image storage and communication and also the weaknesses of the human visual system (HVS). It should be mentioned that the cover or host image is referred as the original image without the embedded secret message, while the image that is obtained by embedding secret message into cover image without destroying the cover image is termed as stego image. The term payload is utilized to describe the size of the secret message that can be embedded in a specific image. There are different steganography approaches including spatial domain (direct manipulation of image intensities) Each approach has different specifications. For instance, the spatial domain algorithms usually offer large hiding capacity for secret data and good visual quality for stego-images, but may not pass statistical steganalysis On the other hand, the compression domain techniques perform better in statistical steganalysis, however may create less embedding capacity for secret data and lower visual quality for stego-images (Chang et al., 2006; Yang, 2011). The frequency domain methods are usually utilized in watermarking applications due to their good robustness against image distortion …
A fault detection, isolation and reconstruction strategy for a satellite’s attitude control subsystem with redundant reaction wheels

In time-critical systems such as spacecraft systems, fault detection and isolation requirements are of paramount importance and necessity. This paper uses a second order nonlinear sliding mode observer to detect actuator faults in the attitude control subsystem of a satellite with four reaction wheels in a tetrahedron configuration. Through a postprocessing of residual signals it is shown how to isolate and reconstruct the faults in all four reaction wheels. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy can successfully detect, isolate and reconstruct reaction wheel faults.
Evidence for the epidermal growth factor receptor as a target for lung cancer prevention.

PURPOSE
There is a need to identify lung cancer prevention mechanisms. All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) was reported previously to inhibit N-nitrosamine-4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3 pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) carcinogenic transformation of BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells (J. Langenfeld et al., Oncogene, 13: 1983-1990, 1996). This study was undertaken to identify pathways targeted during this chemoprevention.


EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Because epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is frequent in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and bronchial preneoplasia, BEAS-2B cells, carcinogen-transformed BEAS-2B(NNK) cells, and retinoid chemoprevented BEAS-2B(NNK RA) cells were each examined for EGFR expression. Whether RA treatment regulated directly EGFR expression or reporter plasmid activity was studied. RA effects on epidermal growth factor (EGF) induction of EGFR-phosphotyrosine levels, cyclin D1 expression and mitogenesis were examined in BEAS-2B cells.


RESULTS
Findings reveal that NNK-mediated transformation of BEAS-2B cells increased EGFR expression. RA treatment repressed EGFR expression and reporter plasmid activity in these cells. This treatment reduced EGF-dependent mitogenesis as well as EGFR-associated phosphotyrosine levels and cyclin D1 expression. These findings extend prior work by highlighting EGFR as a chemoprevention target in the lung. Notably, RA treatment prevented transformation as well as outgrowth of EGFR overexpressing bronchial epithelial cells, despite NNK exposure. After acute NNK exposure, p53-induced species that appear after DNA damage or oxidative stress were evident before an observed increase in EGFR expression.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate how effective chemoprevention prevents carcinogenic transformation of bronchial epithelial cells when repair of genomic damage does not select against EGFR overexpressing cells. This implicates EGFR as a chemoprevention target in the carcinogen-exposed bronchial epithelium.
Bluetooth Hacking: A Case Study

This paper describes a student project examining mechanisms with which to attack Bluetooth-enabled devices. The paper briefly describes the protocol architecture of Bluetooth and the Java interface that programmers can use to connect to Bluetooth communication services. Several types of attacks are described, along with a detailed example of two attack tools, Bloover II and BT Info.
Indicators of chronic homelessness among veterans.

OBJECTIVE
This study sought to develop a set of indicators of chronic homelessness as a basis for better understanding and treatment of the homeless veteran population.


METHODS
Chi square analysis and the t test or Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare characteristics of veterans who reported long-term homelessness (more than 12 months total since age 18) with those of veterans who reported short-term homelessness (12 months or less). Subjects were 343 homeless male veterans receiving treatment for physical, mental, or substance abuse disorders at the West Los Angeles site of the Domiciliary Care for Homeless Veterans Program. Variables included history of homelessness, employment history, physical and mental health, substance abuse history, social and financial support, criminal history, age, ethnic group, education, military service, and program discharge status.


RESULTS
Veterans experiencing long-term homelessness were more likely to be white, to have had a longer period of recent homelessness and a greater number of homeless episodes, to have a poor employment history, to have symptoms of mental and substance abuse disorders, and to have weaker social support.


CONCLUSIONS
Results show that variables besides duration of lifetime homelessness are important indicators of chronic homelessness.