LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Functional Distributional Semantics

Functional Distributional Semantics: Learning Linguistically Informed Representations from a Precisely Annotated Corpus The aim of distributional semantics is to design computational techniques that can automatically learn the meanings of words from a body of text. The twin challenges are: how do we represent meaning, and how do we learn these representations? The current state of the art is to represent meanings as vectors – but vectors do not correspond to any traditional notion of meaning. In particular, there is no way to talk about truth, a crucial concept in logic and formal semantics. In this thesis, I develop a framework for distributional semantics which answers this challenge. The meaning of a word is not represented as a vector, but as a function, mapping entities (objects in the world) to probabilities of truth (the probability that the word is true of the entity). Such a function can be interpreted both in the machine learning sense of a classifier, and in the formal semantic sense of a truth-conditional function. This simultaneously allows both the use of machine learning techniques to exploit large datasets, and also the use of formal semantic techniques to manipulate the learnt representations. I define a probabilistic graphical model, which incorporates a probabilistic generalisation of model theory (allowing a strong connection with formal semantics), and which generates semantic dependency graphs (allowing it to be trained on a corpus). This graphical model provides a natural way to model logical inference, semantic composition, and context-dependent meanings, where Bayesian inference plays a crucial role. I demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by training a model on WikiWoods, a parsed version of the English Wikipedia, and evaluating it on three tasks. The results indicate that the model can learn information not captured by vector space models. Guy Edward Toh Emerson
Hepatoprotective activity of Glycosmis pentaphylla against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice.

CONTEXT
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC (Rutaceae) is a shrub, traditionally used to treat anemia, rheumatism, as an anthelmintic, febrifuge and vermifuge, for jaundice, and liver complaints.


OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of G. pentaphylla against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Effect of methanol extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) and petroleum ether extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) were studied on paracetamol-induced (250 mg/kg intraperitoneally) hepatic damage in mice for estimating the serum marker enzymes as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and total protein. Then the sections of liver were observed for histopathological changes in liver architecture including necrosis, steatosis, and fatty change of hepatic cells.


RESULTS
Mice were protected from the hepatotoxic action of paracetamol as evidenced by significant reduction in the elevated serum level of ALT (P<0.001), AST (P<0.001), ALP (P<0.001), total bilirubin (P<0.01) and an increased level of total protein (P<0.01) with a significant reduction in liver weight (P<0.01) when compared with paracetamol treated group and silymarin (50 mg/kg) was used as a positive control.


DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver sections from different experimental groups and corroborated the hepatoprotective efficacy of methanol and petroleum ether plant extract. The methanol extract (400 mg/kg) of G. pentaphylla is able to alter the toxic condition of the hepatocytes so as to protect the membrane integrity against paracetamol-induced leakage of marker enzymes.
Burst Round Robin as a Proportional-Share Scheduling Algorithm

In this paper we introduce Burst Round Robin, a proportional-share scheduling algorithm as an attempt to combine the low scheduling overhead of round robin algorithms and favor shortest jobs. As being documented that weight readjustment enables existing proportional share schedulers to significantly reduce, but not eliminate, the unfairness in their allocations. We present a novel weight adjustment for processes that are blocked for I/O and lose some CPU time to assure proportional fairness. Experiments on the implemented simulator showed that quickly knocking away shortest processes achieves better turnaround time, waiting time, and response time. The advantage we gain is that processes that are close to their completion will get more chances to complete and leave the ready queue. This will reduce the number of processes in the ready queue by knocking out short jobs relatively faster in a hope to increase the throughput and reduce the average waiting time. Index Terms Proportional-share CPU scheduling, Quality of Services and Performance Management.
Effects of clinical nutrition education and educator discipline on glycemic control outcomes in the Indian health service.

OBJECTIVE
We used the Indian Health Service (IHS) Diabetes Care and Outcomes Audit to assess the effectiveness of clinical nutrition education in reducing HbA(1c) levels and to test the relative effectiveness of clinical nutrition education when it was delivered by a registered dietitian (RD) compared with an educator from another discipline (non-RD).


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined clinical care data collected by the IHS Diabetes Care and Outcomes Audit of 7490 medical records during 2001. Glycemic control was assessed by using the difference between the two most recent HbA(1c) levels during 2001. Age, BMI, duration of diabetes, type of treatment, proteinuria, and facility were included as covariates. Clinical nutrition education was defined as documentation in the record of any diet instruction and educator discipline classified as RD or non-RD. ANCOVA methods were used to assess the effects of diet education and educator discipline on differences between the two HbA(1c) measurements and to adjust for differences in the distribution of covariates among the education groups.


RESULTS
After adjustment for age, sex, type of treatment, duration of diabetes, BMI, initial HbA(1c) level, and clinical facility, clinical nutrition education and educator discipline were each associated with changes in HbA(1c) levels (P < 0.001). Those receiving clinical nutrition education from an RD or from an RD as well as a non-RD had the largest improvements in HbA(1c) levels (-0.26 and -0.32, respectively) compared with those receiving either only non-RD or no clinical nutrition education (-0.19 and -0.10, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
Clinical nutrition education in the IHS is associated with favorable trends in glycemic control. To be effective, clinical nutrition education should be delivered by an RD or a team that includes an RD.
The CIMESTRA study: intra-articular glucocorticosteroids and synthetic DMARDs in a treat-to-target strategy in early rheumatoid arhtritis.

OBJECTIVES
Treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) include aiming at disease control with early use of methotrexate (MTX) in monotherapy or in combination with glucocorticoids or other disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs). The CIMESTRA study applied an aggressive treatment with DMARD and intra-articular injections of glucocorticoids (i.a. GC) to control disease activity. This paper reviews the results of the five years' study.


METHODS
160 patients with early RA (<6 months duration) were randomized to receive MTX 7.5-20 mg/week+cyclosporine (CYA) 2.5-4 mg/kg (combination) or MTX+placebo-CYA (monotherapy). At each visit (week 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, thereafter monthly up to 24 months) patients had steroid injections in all swollen joints. During year 2, CYA/placebo was withdrawn, and hydroxychlorochine added. Clinical responses were assessed by ACR20, 50 and 70, ACR and DAS remission. Radiographic progression by x-rays of hands and feet.


RESULTS
At year 1 (year 5) treatment responses in mono/combination groups were: ACR20: 68% (85%) / 85% (94%), ACR50: 53% (74%) / 68% (88%), ACR70: 44% (63%) / 59% (72%). After year 1, no significant differences between groups were found. Remission rates were: ACR-remission: 28% (52%) / 35% (60%), DAS28-remission: 34% (76%) / 43% (80%). Radiographic progression in both groups was <1TSS unit/year. After 1 and 2 years, 62% and 56% of the injected joints had not relapsed (both groups). Cumulated i.a.GC dose <1mg prednisolone/day. 19% received biologics by 5 years, 16% no treatment (sustained ACR-remission). Baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) bone oedema best predicted radiographic progression after 2 years. Treatments were well tolerated.


CONCLUSIONS
MTX and i.a.GC in a treat-to-target strategy over 5 years halted radiographic progression and induced remission in the majority of patients. I.a. GC had in long-lasting effect and cumulated dosages were low.
How marketers can use celebrities to sell more effectively

The first part of this paper summarises the key points about the use of celebrities in advertising, sets this particular creative technique in context and demonstrates how significant its return on investment can be. In the second part the paper goes on to report a more detailed analysis of the ‘celebrity’ case histories among the winners in the IPA Effectiveness Awards, and how practitioners have applied celebrity use to brands to make exceptional impacts on profitability. DEFINITIONS ’Advertising’ Throughout this paper the word ‘advertising’ has the sense that the general public gives it, that is ‘anything that has a name on it is advertising’. This consumer definition results from extensive qualitative research (Ford-Hutchinson and Rothwell, 2002) conducted in 2002 by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), the UK advertising self-regulatory body. Its simplicity and directness reminds one that, while the industry sees itself promoting brands in a whole host of different ways, it is all ‘advertising’ from the customer’s point of view. Within the ‘marcoms’ industry, practitioners tend to segment these activities into particular niches and refer to the agencies that specialise in them as being in the creative, media, direct marketing, self-promotion, public relations, sponsorship, digital, new media and outdoor sectors, to name just a few. It would be very long-winded to list all these specialisms every time, and so the word ‘advertising’ will be used instead. Occasionally, and for variety, the words ‘marcoms’, ‘marketing communications’ or ‘commercial communications’ are employed instead of ‘advertising’. These terms are used interchangeably to signify all the means by which brands are promoted by Hamish Pringle Director General, IPA, 44 Belgrave Square, London, SW1X 8QS Tel: 020 7201 8201; 07977 269778 (m) e-mail: hamish@ ipa.co.uk
Intra- and post-operative accuracy assessments of two different patient-specific instrumentation systems for total knee replacement

The aim of this study is to assess and compare the accuracy of two different patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) systems for total knee replacement, both intra-operatively for bone preparation and post-operatively for final component alignment. Twenty-five patients were treated according to a computer tomography (CT)-based PSI system (group A) and 25 to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/X-ray-based system (group B). Alignments on the three anatomical planes and resection thickness at the cutting blocks and at the resulting bone cuts were recorded intra-operatively by a standard surgical navigation system. Alignments of the prosthetic components and mechanical axis were also measured post-operatively on radiographs. These measurements at both the femur and tibia were compared with those of the corresponding pre-operative planning, considering discrepancies larger than 3° as outliers. In both groups, the mean absolute differences between pre-operatively planned alignments and corresponding intra- and post-operative measurements ranged from a minimum of 1.2° to a maximum of 2.9° in all three anatomical planes. In both groups and in both femur and tibia, the plane with the smallest percentage of outliers was the coronal, maximum 17 %. The comparison between two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.02) in the femoral sagittal plane, where group B showed smaller alignment discrepancies at the cutting blocks. Both PSI systems showed good alignments in the coronal plane in all stages. For a few measurements, a better performance was observed in the MRI/X-ray-based system than in the CT-based system. I.
Megacities and atmospheric pollution.

INTRODUCTION The following is a discussion of the 2004 A&WMA Critical Review1,2,3 of megacities and their effects on air quality and pollution-control policies. In the Review, Drs. Mario J. Molina and Luisa T. Molina examined nine large metropolitan areas to identify similarities and differences that affect pollution and its adverse effects. They found that cities in developing nations have higher pollution levels than cities in wealthier nations, despite the greater use of public transportation by their residents. These cities do not have the infrastructure needed to deliver clean fuels to homes for cooking and heating, resulting in greater use of solid coal and biofuels. They also contain older vehicles with higher exhaust emissions and unpaved or poorly maintained roadways that suspend dust. Roadways and public transportation systems are congested and misuse of fuels is common. Cities in developing countries are concerned about loss of employment and economic benefits associated with polluting industries. The Review recommends the use of integrated assessment tools to evaluate emission reduction measures in the world’s megacities. These include accurate emission estimates, source and receptor models to identify pollution sources, and monitoring networks tailored to compliance, source assessment, forecasting, and tracking of reasonable progress. The Review concludes that pollution control efforts are often hindered by insufficient local expertise and resources, and by a lack of commitment to air quality management and control. Trained experts, working with local stakeholders, politicians, and the population at large, must take the initiative to institute changes. With appropriate planning, megacities can efficiently address their air pollution problems through integrated control strategies that are effectively implemented and embraced by the public. The discussions presented here agree and disagree with points made in the Review and add information relevant to the topic. Each discussion is self-contained, and joint authorship of this article does not imply that a discussant subscribes to the opinions expressed by others. This discussion was compiled from written submissions and presentation transcripts with revisions for conciseness and to minimize redundancy. Substantial deviations from the intent of a discussant are unintentional and can be addressed in a follow-up letter to the Journal. Invited discussants are: • Dr. Jitendra (Jitu) Shah, Lead Environmental Specialist for the World Bank in Washington, DC, CRITICAL REVIEW DISCUSSION ISSN 1047-3289 J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 54:1226–1235
The school-level factors associated with internet addiction among adolescents: A Cross-Sectional study in Bangladesh

Objectives: The adolescents have increased the use of the Internet not ably over the last few years. Here we investigate the prevalence of Internet addiction among adolescents and identify the school-level factors on Internet addiction. Materials and Methods: This was a school-based cross-sectional study with 279 students aged 14 17years in the education year of 2016. The students Internet addiction was determined through the Ormans test, which consists of nine questions. Results: The prevalence of severe internet addiction among the surveyed adolescents was 2.51%, and moderate internet addiction was 64.87%. The study revealed from the multivariatelogisticmodel that the male students are 31% (OR = 0.69, confidence interval: 0.36 1.34) less likely to be moderate/severely internet addicted compared to female students. Similarly, considering the number of siblings, lonely child in a house is 3.12 times (OR = 3.12, CI: 1.14 9.29) more likely to have moderate/severe internet addiction compared to who has 3ormore siblings. The students with English medium studies (OR = 0.58) and the students who play out door games (OR = 0.56) are also negatively associated with severe internet addiction. Conclusion: The results indicate that the adolescents of grade nine students, Bangla medium studies and the students who don’t play outside games are more prone to be the Internet addicted. Besides, female students are more in risk to be Internet addicted than male students. The findings will help us for strategies to be put in the school to reduce the Internet addiction among adolescents. *Corresponding author: Ahmed Hossain, Department of Public Health, North South University, Canada, E-mail: ahmed.hossain@utoronto.ca Received Date: September 13, 2017 Accepted Date: November 30, 2017 Published Date: December 06, 2017
Endovascular coil embolization of 435 small asymptomatic unruptured intracranial aneurysms: procedural morbidity and patient outcome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Whether treatment of small asymptomatic aneurysms is appropriate or not remains controversial. We performed a retrospective study on the procedural morbidity and mortality of coil embolization of small asymptomatic unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) to obtain a more generalized estimate of procedural risk.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 435 small (maximum diameter < or = 7 mm) asymptomatic UIAs in 370 patients were treated by coil embolization. Aneurysm sizes were determined by using 3D angiograms. We assessed procedure-related morbidity and mortality, immediate postprocedural angiographic results, short-term imaging follow-up results, and clinical outcomes.


RESULTS
Initial aneurysm occlusion was complete in 334 aneurysms, near complete in 78, and incomplete in 22. One internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm that ruptured during the procedure was treated with parent artery occlusion. Two hundred wide-neck aneurysms were coiled with the aid of various neck-remodeling techniques. The 44 procedure-related complications were the following: 24 thromboembolisms, 11 coil protrusions or prolapses into the parent vessel, 4 intraprocedural ruptures, 3 device-related complications, and 2 femoral-access complications. We had a total of 44 (10.1%) procedure-related complications with only 1 leading to persistent neurologic deficit. Procedure-related permanent morbidity and mortality were 0.27% (1/370) and 0%, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
In this series of small unruptured asymptomatic aneurysms, endovascular treatment was achieved with good short-term angiographic outcome and low permanent neurologic impairment. The goal of this study was not to provide a conclusion about treatment guidelines for small UIA but rather to help guide future recommendations by presenting a more generalized estimate of endovascular treatment risk than is currently available.
RTIC-C: A Big Data System for Massive Traffic Information Mining

Traffic information system may produce massive and complex traffic data with the process of collecting real-time original GPS (Global Positioning System) data, matching positions to a map and generating traffic flow information, which brings great markets for even-worse traffic condition in China. Howerver, several issues would occur when we reuse these massive traffic data for history data mining applying on-hand database management tools or traditional data processing apporaches, such as massive storage, high performance processing, open interface. "Big Data" system usually includes data sets with sizes beyond the ability of commonly-used software tools to capture, manage, and process the data within a tolerable elapsed time. With this difficulty and the advantage of "Big Data", we schemed RTIC-C system to handle sensemaking over large quantities of traffic data based on cloud computing technique. RTIC-C designs a distributed data management service to support large scale of data storage, a parallel distributed computing framework for diverse kinds of mining applications based on Map-Reduce mechanism, a restful Web services interface to support third-party mining applications. Experiments on a massive traffic data sets showed that RTIC-C achieves considerable performance comparing with traditional traffic data mining applications.
Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, skeletal muscle and polycystic ovary syndrome: effects of pioglitazone and metformin treatment.

OBJECTIVE
Chronic low-grade inflammation is a common feature of insulin resistant states, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Less is known about inflammation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Thus we evaluated the impact of PCOS on circulating cytokine levels and the effects of anti-diabetic therapies on insulin action, cytokine and chemokine levels and inflammatory signaling in skeletal muscle.


METHODS
Twenty subjects with PCOS and 12 healthy normal cycling (NC) subjects of similar body mass index were studied. PCOS subjects received oral placebo or pioglitazone, 45 mg/d, for 6 months. All PCOS subjects then had metformin, 2 g/day, added to their treatment. Circulating levels of cytokines, chemokines, and adiponectin, skeletal muscle markers of inflammation and phosphorylation of signaling proteins, insulin action evaluated by the hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp procedure and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance were measured.


RESULTS
Circulating levels of a number of cytokines and chemokines were generally similar between PCOS and NC subjects. Levels in PCOS subjects were not altered by pioglitazone or metformin treatment, even though whole body insulin action and adiponectin levels increased with pioglitazone. In spite of the lack of change in levels of cytokines and chemokines, several markers of inflammation in skeletal muscle were improved with Pio treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
PCOS may represent a state of elevated sensitivity of inflammatory cells in skeletal muscle to cytokines and chemokines, a property that could be reversed by pioglitazone treatment together with improved insulin action.
Fire safety engineering – Opportunities and challenges for timber buildings

The combustibility of timber is one of the main reasons that many building regulations strictly limit the use of timber as a building material. Fire safety is an important contribution to feeling safe, and an important criterion for the choice of building materials. The main precondition for an increased use of timber in buildings is adequate fire safety. This paper reviews the opportunities and challenges to reach this goal by implementing Fire Safety Engineering and Performance Based Design principles.