LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
The Fragile Fiscal Pulse of Canada's Industrial Heartland: Ontario 2011 Budget

The author argues unless the Ontario provincial government takes aggressive steps to bring its budget to balance, debt service costs could rise sharply, and Ontarians could find themselves contributing a much larger share of their incomes to servicing the provincial debt.
Budget-Optimal Task Allocation for Reliable Crowdsourcing Systems

Crowdsourcing systems, in which numerous tasks are electronically distributed to numerous “information piece-workers”, have emerged as an effective paradigm for human-powered solving of large scale problems in domains such as image classification, data entry, optical character recognition, recommendation, and proofreading. Because these low-paid workers can be unreliable, nearly all such systems must devise schemes to increase confidence in their answers, typically by assigning each task multiple times and combining the answers in an appropriate manner, e.g. majority voting. In this paper, we consider a general model of such crowdsourcing tasks and pose the problem of minimizing the total price (i.e., number of task assignments) that must be paid to achieve a target overall reliability. We give a new algorithm for deciding which tasks to assign to which workers and for inferring correct answers from the workers’ answers. We show that our algorithm, inspired by belief propagation and low-rank matrix approximation, significantly outperforms majority voting and, in fact, is optimal through comparison to an oracle that knows the reliability of every worker. Further, we compare our approach with a more general class of algorithms which can dynamically assign tasks. By adaptively deciding which questions to ask to the next arriving worker, one might hope to reduce uncertainty more efficiently. We show that, perhaps surprisingly, the minimum price necessary to achieve a target reliability scales in the same manner under both adaptive and non-adaptive scenarios. Hence, our non-adaptive approach is order-optimal under both scenarios. This strongly relies on the fact that workers are fleeting and can not be exploited. Therefore, architecturally, our results suggest that building a reliable worker-reputation system is essential to fully harnessing the potential of adaptive designs. ∗Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Department of EECS at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Email: karger@mit.edu †Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Email: swoh@illinois.edu ‡Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems and Department of EECS at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Email: devavrat@mit.edu. This work was supported in parts by NSF EMT project, AFOSR Complex Networks project and Army Research Office under MURI Award 58153-MA-MUR. 1 ar X iv :1 11 0. 35 64 v4 [ cs .L G ] 2 6 M ar 2 01 3
Structural characterization and investigation of iron(III) complexes with nitrogen and phosphorus based ligands in atom transfer radical addition (ATRA)

Abstract The solid state molecular structures of Fe III Cl 3 complexes with 2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane were reported. Most complexes adopted a distorted octahedral geometry, often incorporating coordinated solvent molecules (acetonitrile, methanol or water). Rearrangement involving ligand and/or halide exchange was also observed resulting in the formation of complexes in which the anion commonly contained [Fe III Cl 4 ] − . The isolated iron(III) complexes showed moderate activity in the ATRA of carbon tetrachloride to α-olefins in the presence of free-radical diazo initiator (AIBN) and were largely inactive for styrene and methyl acrylate. Furthermore, the activity was relatively independent on the nature and denticity of complexing ligand, and similar to Fe III Cl 3 in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of tetrabutylammonium chloride. Kinetic results coupled with cyclic voltammetry suggested that [Fe III Cl 4 ] − anions could be responsible for catalytic activity in these systems.
A phase IIa randomised clinical study of GNbAC1, a humanised monoclonal antibody against the envelope protein of multiple sclerosis-associated endogenous retrovirus in multiple sclerosis patients.

BACKGROUND
GNbAC1 is an immunoglobulin (IgG4) humanised monoclonal antibody against multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV)-Env, a protein of endogenous retroviral origin, expressed in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, which is pro-inflammatory and inhibits oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation.


OBJECTIVE
This is a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled dose-escalation study followed by a six-month open-label phase to test GNbAC1 in MS patients. The primary objective was to assess GNbAC1 safety in MS patients, and the other objectives were pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessments.


METHODS
Ten MS patients were randomised into two cohorts to receive a single intravenous infusion of GNbAC1/placebo at doses of 2 or 6 mg/kg. Then all patients received five infusions of GNbAC1 at 2 or 6 mg/kg at four-week intervals in an open-label setting. Safety, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, cytokines and MSRV RNA expression were studied.


RESULTS
All patients completed the study. GNbAC1 was well tolerated in all patients. GNbAC1 pharmacokinetics is dose-linear with mean elimination half-life of 27-37 d. Anti-GNbAC1 antibodies were not detected. Cytokine analysis did not indicate an adverse effect. MSRV-transcripts showed a decline after the start of treatment. Nine patients had stable brain lesions at MRI.


CONCLUSION
The safety, pharmacokinetic profile, and pharmacodynamic responses to GNbAC1 are favourable in MS patients over a six-month treatment period.
Comparison of classification techniques for intrusion detection dataset using WEKA

As the network based applications are growing rapidly, the network security mechanisms require more attention to improve speed and precision. The ever evolving new intrusion types pose a serious threat to network security. Although numerous network security tools have been developed, yet the fast growth of intrusive activities is still a serious issue. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are used to detect intrusive activities on the network. Machine learning and classification algorithms help to design “Intrusion Detection Models” which can classify the network traffic into intrusive or normal traffic. In this paper we present the comparative performance of NSL-KDD based data set compatible classification algorithms. These classifiers have been evaluated in WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) environment using 41 attributes. Around 94,000 instances from complete KDD dataset have been included in the training data set and over 48,000 instances have been included in the testing data set. Garrett's Ranking Technique has been applied to rank different classifiers according to their performance. Rotation Forest classification approach outperformed the rest.
Comparative performance analysis of multi dynamic time quantum Round Robin(MDTQRR) algorithm with arrival time

CPU being considered a primary computer resource, its scheduling is central to operating-system design. A thorough performance evaluation of various scheduling algorithms manifests that Round Robin Algorithm is considered as optimal in time shared environment because the static time is equally shared among the processes. We have proposed an efficient technique in the process scheduling algorithm by using dynamic time quantum in Round Robin. Our approach is based on the calculation of time quantum twice in single round robin cycle. Taking into consideration the arrival time, we implement the algorithm. Experimental analysis shows better performance of this improved algorithm over the Round Robin algorithm and the Shortest Remaining Burst Round Robin algorithm. It minimizes the overall number of context switches, average waiting time and average turn-around time. Consequently the throughput and CPU utilization is better.
State-of-the-art cryogenic machining and processing

This paper is a state-of-the-art review of the use of cryogenic cooling using liquefied gases in machining. The review is classified into two major categories namely, cryogenic processing and cryogenic machining. In cryogenic processing also known as cryo-processing the cutting tool material is subjected to cryogenic temperatures as a part of its heat treatment process. The majority of the reported studies identify that cryo-processing can considerably increase cutting tool life especially for high speed steel tools. It also identified that in cryogenic machining a cryogen is used as a cooling substance during cutting operations. The cryogen can be used to freeze the workpiece material and/or cutting tool. The paper concludes that cryogenic cooling has demonstrated significant improvements in machinability by changing the material properties of the cutting tool and/or workpiece material at the cutting zone, altering the coefficient of friction and reducing the cutting temperature.
Day and Night Closed-Loop Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE
To compare two validated closed-loop (CL) algorithms versus patient self-control with CSII in terms of glycemic control.


RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study was a multicenter, randomized, three-way crossover, open-label trial in 48 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus for at least 6 months, treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Blood glucose was controlled for 23 h by the algorithm of the Universities of Pavia and Padova with a Safety Supervision Module developed at the Universities of Virginia and California at Santa Barbara (international artificial pancreas [iAP]), by the algorithm of University of Cambridge (CAM), or by patients themselves in open loop (OL) during three hospital admissions including meals and exercise. The main analysis was on an intention-to-treat basis. Main outcome measures included time spent in target (glucose levels between 3.9 and 8.0 mmol/L or between 3.9 and 10.0 mmol/L after meals).


RESULTS
Time spent in the target range was similar in CL and OL: 62.6% for OL, 59.2% for iAP, and 58.3% for CAM. While mean glucose level was significantly lower in OL (7.19, 8.15, and 8.26 mmol/L, respectively) (overall P = 0.001), percentage of time spent in hypoglycemia (<3.9 mmol/L) was almost threefold reduced during CL (6.4%, 2.1%, and 2.0%) (overall P = 0.001) with less time ≤2.8 mmol/L (overall P = 0.038). There were no significant differences in outcomes between algorithms.


CONCLUSIONS
Both CAM and iAP algorithms provide safe glycemic control.
Ontological and linguistic metamodelling revisited: A language use approach

Context: Although metamodelling is generally accepted as important for our understanding of software and systems development, arguments about the validity and utility of ontological versus linguistic meta-
Suicide announcement on Facebook.

BACKGROUND
The media and the Internet may be having an influence on suicidal behavior. Online social networks such as Facebook represent a new facet of global information transfer. The impact of these online social networks on suicidal behavior has not yet been evaluated.


AIMS
To discuss potential effects of suicide notes on Facebook on suicide prevention and copycat suicides, and to create awareness among health care professionals.


METHODS
We present a case involving a suicide note on Facebook and discuss potential consequences of this phenomenon based on literature found searching PubMed and Google.


RESULTS
There are numerous reports of suicide notes on Facebook in the popular press, but none in the professional literature. Online social network users attempted to prevent planned suicides in several reported cases. To date there is no documented evidence of a copycat suicide, directly emulating a suicide announced on Facebook.


CONCLUSIONS
Suicide notes on online social networks may allow for suicide prevention via the immediate intervention of other network users. But it is not yet clear to what extent suicide notes on online social networks actually induce copycat suicides. These effects deserve future evaluation and research.
Science performance of Gaia, ESA's space-astrometry mission

Gaia is the next astrometry mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), following up on the success of the Hipparcos mission. With a focal plane containing 106 CCD detectors, Gaia will survey the entire sky and repeatedly observe the brightest 1, 000 million objects, down to 20 magnitude, during its 5-year lifetime. Gaia’s science data comprises absolute astrometry, broad-band photometry, and low-resolution spectro-photometry. Spectroscopic data with a resolving power of 11, 500 will be obtained for the brightest 150 million sources, down to 17 magnitude. The thermo-mechanical stability of the spacecraft, combined with the selection of the L2 Lissajous point of the Sun-Earth/Moon system for operations, allows stellar parallaxes to be measured with standard errors less than 10 micro-arcsecond (μas) for stars brighter than 12 magnitude, 25 μas for stars at 15 magnitude, and 300 μas at magnitude 20. Photometric standard errors are in the milli-magnitude regime. The spectroscopic data allows the measurement of radial velocities with errors of 15 km s−1 at magnitude 17. Gaia’s primary science goal is to unravel the kinematical, dynamical, and chemical structure and evolution of the Milky Way. In addition, Gaia’s data will touch many other areas of science, e.g., stellar physics, solar-system bodies, fundamental physics, and exo-planets. The Gaia spacecraft is currently in the qualification and production phase. With a launch in 2013, the final catalogue is expected in 2021. The science community in Europe, organised in the Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC), is responsible for the processing of the data.
Enzyme immunoassay for anti-treponemal IgG: screening or confirmatory test?

AIMS
To review the performance of the Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) as a combined screen for syphilis to provide a baseline for assessing screening by anti-treponemal IGG EIA.


METHODS
Between 1980 and 1987 all serum samples were screened by both VDRL and TPHA tests. The FTA-ABS test was also used in suspected early primary syphilis, or when one of the other tests was positive. A positive result in a screening test was confirmed by quantitative testing. From 1988 all specimens were screened with an enzyme immunoassay (Captia Syph G) as a single screening test.


RESULTS
Of the 44 primary, 47 secondary, and 38 early latent cases of syphilis, the VDRL and TPHA detected 32 (73%) and 31 (71%) of the primary cases; the combination detected 37 (84%). All 85 cases of cases of secondary and early latent infection were reactive in the TPHA test, whereas the VDRL was reactive in only 68 (80%). EIA had a reported sensitivity of 82% for primary infection.


CONCLUSIONS
EIA can be used as a single screening test for detecting early syphilis because its results are comparable with those of the combined VDRL and TPHA tests. The conventional VDRL test should not be used as a single screening test.
Endogenous endothelin maintains coronary artery tone by endothelin type A receptor stimulation in patients undergoing coronary arteriography.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the contribution of endothelin type A (ET(A)) receptor stimulation by endogenously generated endothelin-1 (ET-1) to the maintenance of coronary vascular tone in humans.


DESIGN
Controlled clinical study.


SETTING
Tertiary cardiovascular referral centre.


PATIENTS
14 subjects were studied, seven with normal coronary arteries and seven with coronary artery disease, mean (SEM) age, 53 (2) years.


INTERVENTIONS
After diagnostic coronary arteriography, BQ-123 (a selective ET(A) receptor antagonist; 100 nmol/min) in 0.9% saline, was infused into the left coronary artery at a rate of 1 ml/min for 60 minutes. Eight control subjects received saline alone.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Blood flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery, measured using a Doppler flow guidewire; coronary arteriography performed at baseline and immediately at the end of the BQ-123 or saline infusion to measure the diameter of proximal and distal left anterior descending coronary artery segments.


RESULTS
The diameter of the proximal segment increased by 6 (2)%, while that of the distal segment increased by 12 (3)% after BQ-123 (both p < 0.05 v baseline). Coronary blood flow increased from 75 (10) to 92 (10) ml/min and coronary vascular resistance decreased from 1.99 (0.36) to 1.44 (0. 22) mm Hg/ml/min after BQ-123 (both p < 0.05 v baseline). The response to BQ-123 of patients with and without coronary artery disease was similar. There was no effect of saline in the controls.


CONCLUSIONS
Endogenously produced ET-1 contributes to the maintenance of basal coronary artery tone in humans by ET(A) receptor stimulation. The role of ET(B) receptors remains to be defined.
Nasal changes after surgical correction of skeletal Class III malocclusion in Koreans.

OBJECTIVE
To quantify the changes in the nose after bimaxillary surgery to correct skeletal Class III malocclusion and to test the hypothesis that there is no change in the nasal width following bimaxillary surgical correction of skeletal Class III when a nasal cinch is properly used.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty-five adult Korean skeletal Class III patients who had received maxillary advancement/impaction and mandibular set-back surgery in conjunction with an alar base cinch suture were evaluated. The anthropometric variables of the nasal region were measured directly on the soft-tissue surface before and 6 months after surgery.


RESULTS
After surgery, the alar width and alar base width had increased significantly (P < .001), while the nasal tip projection decreased (P < .001). The nostril morphology also showed widening (P < .001). There was a trend for females with a narrow alar width presurgically to have a larger amount of nasal widening compared with those with a broader alar width (P < .05).


CONCLUSION
There is a high probability of nasal and nostril widening after bimaxillary surgery for skeletal Class III malocclusion in Koreans despite the careful performance of alar cinch suture. Nevertheless, the authors believe that alar cinch suture was positive in limiting the nasal widening to the minimum and would consider routine application during bimaxillary surgery for skeletal Class III especially for female patients with a narrow nose who are susceptible to these changes.
Cognitive and system factors contributing to diagnostic errors in radiology.

OBJECTIVE
In this article, we describe some of the cognitive and system-based sources of detection and interpretation errors in diagnostic radiology and discuss potential approaches to help reduce misdiagnoses.


CONCLUSION
Every radiologist worries about missing a diagnosis or giving a false-positive reading. The retrospective error rate among radiologic examinations is approximately 30%, with real-time errors in daily radiology practice averaging 3-5%. Nearly 75% of all medical malpractice claims against radiologists are related to diagnostic errors. As medical reimbursement trends downward, radiologists attempt to compensate by undertaking additional responsibilities to increase productivity. The increased workload, rising quality expectations, cognitive biases, and poor system factors all contribute to diagnostic errors in radiology. Diagnostic errors are underrecognized and underappreciated in radiology practice. This is due to the inability to obtain reliable national estimates of the impact, the difficulty in evaluating effectiveness of potential interventions, and the poor response to systemwide solutions. Most of our clinical work is executed through type 1 processes to minimize cost, anxiety, and delay; however, type 1 processes are also vulnerable to errors. Instead of trying to completely eliminate cognitive shortcuts that serve us well most of the time, becoming aware of common biases and using metacognitive strategies to mitigate the effects have the potential to create sustainable improvement in diagnostic errors.
Pathogens and Politics: Further Evidence That Parasite Prevalence Predicts Authoritarianism

According to a "parasite stress" hypothesis, authoritarian governments are more likely to emerge in regions characterized by a high prevalence of disease-causing pathogens. Recent cross-national evidence is consistent with this hypothesis, but there are inferential limitations associated with that evidence. We report two studies that address some of these limitations, and provide further tests of the hypothesis. Study 1 revealed that parasite prevalence strongly predicted cross-national differences on measures assessing individuals' authoritarian personalities, and this effect statistically mediated the relationship between parasite prevalence and authoritarian governance. The mediation result is inconsistent with an alternative explanation for previous findings. To address further limitations associated with cross-national comparisons, Study 2 tested the parasite stress hypothesis on a sample of traditional small-scale societies (the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample). Results revealed that parasite prevalence predicted measures of authoritarian governance, and did so even when statistically controlling for other threats to human welfare. (One additional threat-famine-also uniquely predicted authoritarianism.) Together, these results further substantiate the parasite stress hypothesis of authoritarianism, and suggest that societal differences in authoritarian governance result, in part, from cultural differences in individuals' authoritarian personalities.
IRREDUCIBLE AND WEAKLY REDUCIBLE MINIMAL GENUS HEEGAARD SPLITTINGS

We construct infinitely many manifolds admitting both strongly irreducible and weakly reducible minimal genus Heegaard splittings. Both closed manifolds and manifolds with boundary tori are constructed. The pioneering work of Casson and Gordon [1] shows that a minimal genus Heegaard splitting of an irreducible, non-Haken 3-manifold is necessarily strongly irreducible; by contrast, Haken [2] showed that a minimal genus (indeed, any) Heegaard splitting of a composite 3manifold is necessarily reducible, and hence weakly reducible. The following question of Moriah [8] is therefore quite natural: Question 1 ([8], Question 1.2). Can a 3-manifold M have both weakly reducible and strongly irreducible minimal genus Heegaard splittings? We answer this question affirmatively: Theorem 2. There exist infinitely many closed, orientable 3-manifolds of Heegaard genus 3, each admitting both strongly irreducible and weakly reducible minimal genus Heegaard splittings. Theorem 2 is proved in Section 2. In Remark 7 we offer a strategy to generalize Theorem 2 to construct examples of genus g, for each g ≥ 3; it is easy to see that no such examples can exist if g < 3. In Section 3 we give examples of manifolds with one, two or three torus boundary components, each admitting both strongly irreducible and weakly reducible minimal genus Heegaard splittings. Moreover, Date: December 24, 2008. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. 57M99, 57M25.