LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
TRADITIONAL AFRICAN RANGE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES : IMPLICATIONS FOR RANGELAND DEVELOPMENT

In adapting to a harsh and variable physical environment, the African pastoralist has developed principles and strategies for managing natural resources. Recently the pastoralist has had to face new external pressures, such as crop expansion into high quality rangelands, nationalisation of land by governments, population increase, forceful sedentarisation, and indiscriminate water development. These problems have been compounded by a relentless series of droughts. These external pressures have contributed to pasture shortages, land degradation, and socio-economic disintegration. Although many pastoralists are changing their ways (for example diversifying into crop cultivation, sending relatives off for urban wages, or engaging in commerce and trade) many continue to manage their livestock in the old way. But in many areas their traditional system of management is no longer able to cope with the shortage of pasture and instead is adding to the problem of land degradation. In addition, traditional management knowledge is gradually being lost as more of the younger generation of pastoralists are attracted to urban areas. Yet the traditional system had developed an intimate knowledge of the environment and many successful techniques that could still be of use today. A literature survey was commissioned by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations to collect details on traditional African natural resource management, to investigate the survival of traditional techniques and to evaluate their potential for the development process. The study collected information on: (i) pastoral knowledge of the physical environment (e.g. names of plants and soil types), (ii) daily natural resource management techniques (e.g. which type of tree or pasture to use, when and why), (iii) the social control and organization of daily management (e.g. communal grazing controls), and (iv) the socio-political structure of resource management (e.g. resource tenure issues) . This article covers only daily range, water, and herd management techniques and the social control of daily management.
Contesting climate justice in the city: Examining politics and practice in urban climate change experiments

Debates about climate justice have mainly occurred at the international scale, and have focussed on the rights and responsibilities of nation-states to either be protected from the effects of climate change, or to take action to reduce emissions or support adaptation. In this paper, we argue that it is both productive and necessary to examine how climate justice is being pursued at the urban scale, which brings into focus the need for attention to issues of recognition as well as rights and responsibilities. Building on work from environmental justice, which has conceptualized justice as trivalent, we propose that climate justice can be understood as a pyramid, the faces of which are distributions, procedures, rights, responsibilities and recognition. We then apply this conceptual framework to examine climate change interventions in five cities; Bangalore, Monterrey, Hong Kong, Philadelphia and Berlin. Arguing that the politics and practices of urban climate change interventions are constantly engaging with and refracting the idea of justice, we examine how justice was articulated, practiced and contested across our cases. The perspective of recognition emerges as a particularly useful entry point through which to explore the types of rights, responsibilities, distributions and procedures required to respond justly to climate change. We conclude by reflecting on our framework, arguing that it is useful both as an analytical device to interrogate climate justice and to shape the design of climate change interventions which seek to ensure climate justice. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Automation and robotics in ADME screening.

The use of automated sample processing, analytics and screening technology for profiling absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and physicochemical properties, early in the drug discovery process, is becoming more widespread. The use and application of these technologies is both diverse and innovative. High-throughput screening (HTS) technologies have been utilised enabling the profiling of an increased number of compounds emerging from the drug discovery process. Although the drivers for using these technologies are common, different approaches can be taken.:
A modular approach to soft robots

This paper describes a modular approach to creating soft robotic systems. The basis of these systems is an elastomeric actuation element powered by direct mechanical energy in the form of pressurized fluids. Fluidic elastomer actuators are fast and inexpensive to fabricate and offer safety and adaptability to robotic systems. Arrangements of these units can yield arbitrarily complex motions and achieve various functionalities. Actuation power can be generated on-board by a pneumatic battery, which harnesses the catalyzed chemical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen gas, for mobile implementations. The modular nature of these robots enable distributed sensing and computation elements. Composition techniques of such soft robots are defined. Example systems are demonstrated and analyzed.
Cabazitaxel for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: safety data from the Spanish expanded access program.

BACKGROUND
Based on the TROPIC study results, cabazitaxel was approved for the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) progressing on or after docetaxel.


METHODS
This multi-centre program provided early access to cabazitaxel to patients with mCRPC before its commercialization. Safety data from 153 Spanish patients receiving cabazitaxel 25 mg/m(2) i.v. Q3W, plus oral prednisone/prednisolone 10 mg daily, are reported.


RESULTS
Median age of patients was 70 years (26.8% ≥ 75 years), 94.1 and 26.8% had bone and visceral metastasis, respectively. Most had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ≤ 1 (88.9%) and had received a median of 8.0 cycles of last docetaxel treatment. The median of cabazitaxel cycles and cumulative dose were 6.0 (Interquartile range [IQR]: 4.0; 8.0) and 148.9 (IQR: 98.2; 201.4) mg/m(2), respectively. Adverse events (AEs) possibly related to cabazitaxel occurred in 143 (93.5%) patients. The most frequent grade ≥ 3 AEs were neutropenia (n = 25, 16.3%) and asthenia (n = 17, 11.1%). Febrile neutropenia and grade ≥ 3 diarrhea occurred in 5.2% of the patients each. There were five (3.3%) possibly treatment-related deaths, mainly infection-related. G-CSFs were used in 114 (74.5%) patients, generally as prophylaxis (n = 107; 69.9%). Grade ≥ 3 peripheral neuropathy and nail disorders were uncommon.


CONCLUSIONS
Cabazitaxel administration, in a real-world setting, is tolerated by Spanish patients with mCRPC, and the AEs are manageable.
The influence of friction models on finite element simulations of machining

In the analysis of orthogonal cutting process using finite element (FE) simulations, predictions are greatly influenced by two major factors; a) flow stress characteristics of work material at cutting regimes and b) friction characteristics mainly at the tool-chip interface. The uncertainty of work material flow stress upon FE simulations may be low when there is a constitutive model for work material that is obtained empirically from high-strain rate and temperature deformation tests. However, the difficulty arises when one needs to implement accurate friction models for cutting simulations using a particular FE formulation. In this study, an updated Lagrangian finite element formulation is used to simulate continuous chip formation process in orthogonal cutting of low carbon free-cutting steel. Experimentally measured stress distributions on the tool rake face are utilized in developing several different friction models. The effects of tool-chip interfacial friction models on the FE simulations are investigated. The comparison results depict that the friction modeling at the tool-chip interface has significant influence on the FE simulations of machining. Specifically, variable friction models that are developed from the experimentally measured normal and frictional stresses at the tool rake face resulted in most favorable predictions. Predictions presented in this work also justify that the FE simulation technique used for orthogonal cutting process can be an accurate and viable analysis as long as flow stress behavior of the work material is valid at the machining regimes and the friction characteristics at the tool-chip interface is modeled properly. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Inhibition of the hedgehog pathway in advanced basal-cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND
Mutations in hedgehog pathway genes, primarily genes encoding patched homologue 1 (PTCH1) and smoothened homologue (SMO), occur in basal-cell carcinoma. In a phase 1 clinical trial, we assessed the safety and pharmacokinetics of GDC-0449, a small-molecule inhibitor of SMO, and responses of metastatic or locally advanced basal-cell carcinoma to the drug.


METHODS
We selected 33 patients with metastatic or locally advanced basal-cell carcinoma to receive oral GDC-0449 at one of three doses; 17 patients received 150 mg per day, 15 patients received 270 mg per day, and 1 patient received 540 mg per day. We assessed tumor responses with the use of Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), physical examination, or both. Molecular aspects of the tumors were examined.


RESULTS
The median duration of the study treatment was 9.8 months. Of the 33 patients, 18 had an objective response to GDC-0449, according to assessment on imaging (7 patients), physical examination (10 patients), or both (1 patient). Of the patients who had a response, 2 had a complete response and 16 had a partial response. The other 15 patients had either stable disease (11 patients) or progressive disease (4 patients). Eight grade 3 adverse events that were deemed to be possibly related to the study drug were reported in six patients, including four with fatigue, two with hyponatremia, one with muscle spasm, and one with atrial fibrillation. One grade 4 event, asymptomatic hyponatremia, was judged to be unrelated to GDC-0449. One patient withdrew from the study because of adverse events. We found evidence of hedgehog signaling in tumors that responded to the treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
GDC-0449, an orally active small molecule that targets the hedgehog pathway, appears to have antitumor activity in locally advanced or metastatic basal-cell carcinoma. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00607724.)
Redes de cooperação solidárias e inovações financeiras em territórios de pesca

Brazilian artisanal fisheries are inserted in public policies for rural development, but financial agents have difficulties in guaranteeing the segment’s access to official credit. This article discusses the main financial practices used by artisanal fisheries, using as its main reference the case of the Santa Catarina coast. The analysis of the informal financial networks established in the vacuum left by public policies is based on the precepts of economic sociology and new institutional economics. The empiric reflection uses data collected at meetings and in interviews with fishermen, organizations and public administrators linked to the sector, fish buyers and financial and extension agents. Based on the understanding of the main institutional arrangements and the conduct of the artisanal fisheries and final agents on the Santa Catarina coast, the study indicates the low quality of financial services provided to this social category when compared with family farmers. The main justification for this comparison is the fact that artisanal fisheries are offered the same credit policies as those made available to family farmers. Thus, fishermen turn to informal financing schemes, reproducing a common strategy in other low income segments of the Brazilian population. Finally, the study analyzes a recent incentive to organize artisanal fishermen in rural credit cooperatives of a “solidarity” nature. It argues that innovative forms of governance of these experiences contribute to the democratization of rural credit and the strengthening of territorial development dynamics. Key words: solidarity cooperativism, artisanal fishing, sustainable territorial development, government credit policies.
Ultrasound to improve the safety of hyaluronic acid filler treatments.

BACKGROUND
Hyaluronic acid fillers are known for a reliable safety profile, but complications do occur, even serious vascular adverse events.


OBJECTIVE
To improve the safety of hyaluronic acid filler treatments.


METHODS
Ultrasound is used to image hyaluronic acid fillers.


RESULTS
Before a filler treatment is performed with ultrasound, previous filler treatments can be brought in to sight and vascular mapping can be performed. In case of adverse events, the filler and the surrounding tissues are visible. Dislocation, abscesses, and vascular adverse events can be seen. Under ultrasound guidance, hyaluronidase can be injected directly into the filler deposit.


CONCLUSION
Ultrasound examination can be an important tool to improve the safety of hyaluronic acid filler treatments.
The Influence of Base Rate and Case Information on Health-Risk Perceptions : A Unified Model of Self-Positivity and Self-Negativity Author ( s ) :

The Influence of Base Rate and Case Information on Health-Risk Perceptions: A Unified Model of Self-Positivity and Self-Negativity Author(s): Dengfeng Yan and Jaideep Sengupta Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 39, No. 5 (February 2013), pp. 931-946 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/666596 . Accessed: 01/02/2013 23:40
Tibioperoneal (outflow lesion) angioplasty can be used as primary treatment in 235 patients with critical limb ischemia: five-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND
In a prospective, nonrandomized, consecutive series of tibioperoneal vessel angioplasty (TPVA), critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients' data were analyzed with regard to immediate and follow-up success.


METHODS AND RESULTS
TPVA was successful in 270 of 284 critically ischemic limbs (95%), with 167 limbs (59%) requiring dilatation of 333 ipsilateral inflow obstructions to access and successfully dilate 486 of 529 (92%) tibioperoneal lesions. A clinical success (relief of rest pain or improvement of lower-extremity blood flow) was attained in 270 limbs at risk (95%). Clinical 5-year follow-up of 215 of 221 successful CLI patients (97%) with 266 successfully revascularized limbs revealed that bypass surgery occurred in 8% and significant amputations in 9% of limbs; 91% of the limbs were salvaged. The cohort's probability of survival was 56%: 58% for Fontaine class III and 33% for class IV patients. Class III compared with class IV patients had significantly (P<0.05) fewer surgical bypasses (3% versus 16%) and amputations: above-knee, 1% versus 4%; below-knee, 3% versus 12%; and transmetatarsal, <1% versus 21%.


CONCLUSIONS
TPVA, often in combination with inflow lesions, is an effective primary treatment for critical limb ischemia. The poor cumulative survival reflects the existence of severe comorbidities, which could potentially be affected by aggressive and effective cardiovascular diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Randomised Controlled Trial to determine the appropriate time to initiate peritoneal dialysis after insertion of catheter to minimise complications (Timely PD study)

BACKGROUND
The most appropriate time to initiate dialysis after surgical insertion of Tenckhoff catheters is not clear in the literature. There is the possibility of peritoneal dialysis (PD) complications such as leakage and infection if dialysis is started too soon after insertion. However, much morbidity and expense could be saved by reducing dependency on haemodialysis (HD) by earlier initiation of PD post catheter insertion. Previous studies are observational and mostly compare immediate with delayed use. The primary objective is to determine the safest and shortest time interval between surgical placement of a Tenckhoff catheter and starting PD.


METHODS/DESIGN
This is a randomised controlled trial of patients who will start PD after insertion of Tenckhoff catheter at Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (RBWH) or Rockhampton Base Hospital (RBH) who meet the inclusion criteria. Patients will be stratified by site and diabetic status. The patients will be randomised to one of three treatment groups. Group 1 will start PD one week after Tenckhoff catheter insertion, group 2 at two weeks and group 3 at four weeks. Nurses and physicians will be blinded to the randomised allocation. The primary end point is the complication rate (leaks and infection) after initiation of PD.


DISCUSSION
The study will determine the most appropriate time to initiate PD after placement of a Tenckhoff catheter.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
ACTRN12610000076077.
IoT: The era of LPWAN is starting now

This paper focusses on LPWAN segment of IoT, describing network constraints and comparing existing and upcoming solutions in unlicensed and licensed frequency bands.
Evolution of ontogeny in the hippopotamus skull: using allometry to dissect developmental change

Allometry describes the effect of size change on aspects of an organism’s form and can be used to summarize the developmental history of growing parts of an animal. By comparing how allometric growth differs between species, it is possible to reveal differences in their pathways of development. The ability to compare and categorize developmental change between species is demonstrated here using morphometric methods. This involves the interspecific statistical comparison of a large number of bivariate relationships that summarize ontogenetic trajectories. These linear ontogenetic trajectories can be modified as they evolve in any of three ways: ontogenetic scaling indicative of change in the duration of growth, lateral shifts indicative of changes in prenatal development, and directional change indicative of novel modes of postnatal growth. I apply this analysis to skulls of the common hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius ) and the pygmy hippopotamus ( Hexaprotodon liberiensis ). The number of allometric changes falling into each category was statistically determined and Jolicoeur’s multivariate generalization of simple allometry was used to provide an overview of cranial variation. For these skulls, directional change was not found to be statistically significant, but ontogenetic scaling and lateral shifts were both common. This indicates that conserved patterns of growth covariance (ontogenetic scaling) can be separated from novel or derived patterns (directional change and/or lateral shifts). This study demonstrates that He. liberiensis is not simply an ontogenetically scaled version of its larger relative. The evolutionary implications of allometric growth variation are discussed in the light of these findings and those of other studies. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 80 , 625–638.
Using Examples for Teaching Software Design: An Experiment Using a Repository of UML Class Diagrams

Context: This research is positioned in the field of methods for creating software design and the teaching thereof. Goal: The goal of this research is to study the effects of using a collection of examples for creating a software design. Method: We ran a controlled experiment for evaluating the use of a broad collection of examples for creating software designs by software engineering students. In this study, we focus on software designs as represented through UML class diagrams. The treatment is the use of the collection of examples. These examples are offered via a searchable repository. The outcome variable we study is the quality of the design (as assessed by a group of experts). After this, all students were offered the opportunity to improve their design using the collection of examples. We ran a post-assignment questionnaire to collect qualitative data about the experience of the participants. Results: Considering six quality attributes measured by experts, our results show that: 1) the models of the students who used examples are 18% better than those of who did not use examples. 2) the models of the students who did not use examples for constructing became 19% better after updating their models using examples. We complement our statistical analysis with insights from the post assignment questionnaire. Also, we observed that students are more confident about their design when they use examples. Conclusion: Students deliver better software designs when they use a collection of example software designs.
No arguments for increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in migraine based on peripheral biomarkers.

OBJECTIVES
To assess whether migraine patients display a chronic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) hyperactivity by comparing the nitric oxide (NO) production before and following a loading dose of L-arginine between migraine patients (interictally) and matched healthy control subjects. In addition, we evaluated whether a loading dose of L-arginine triggers an acute migraine headache in migraineurs.


SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Twenty healthy subjects and 20 migraine patients participated in a 2-period, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Each subject received a 30-min infusion, by peripheral vein, of 30 g L-arginine hydrochloride or placebo (i.e. an equal volume of 0.9% saline solution). Meanwhile, biomarkers associated with the L-arginine-NO pathway (i.e. exhaled NO/nasal NO), plasma citrulline and urinary excretion of nitrite/nitrate and cGMP were assessed before and for 6 h following the start of the infusion.


RESULTS
At baseline, exhaled NO and nasal NO were higher in migraineurs compared to healthy subjects (mean±95% confidence interval): 15.9 (8.8, 23.0) parts per billion (ppb) versus 10.8 (7.0, 14.5) ppb for exhaled NO (P=0.04) and 76.3 (61.2, 91.4) versus 61.6 (51.2, 72.0) ppb for nasal NO (P=0.03), respectively. The AUC0-6 in ppb for exhaled NO and nasal NO following L-arginine or saline infusion did not differ between both groups. The increase in L-citrulline, following L-arginine infusion, was smaller in migraine patients (15 (13, 18) µmol/l) compared to healthy volunteers (19 (16, 23) µmol/l; P=0.046). In healthy subjects, both nitrate and cGMP excretion were higher following L-arginine compared to placebo infusion: 132.63 (100.24, 165.02) versus 92.07 (66.33, 117.82) µmol/mmol creatinine for nitrate (P=0.014) and 50.53 (42.19, 58.87) versus 39.64 (33.94, 45.34) nmol/mmol creatinine for cGMP (P=0.0003), respectively. In migraineurs, excretion of these biomarkers was comparable following L-arginine or saline infusion.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study do not support the idea of a generalised increase in NO synthase activity in migraine patients outside of a migraine attack. The smaller increase in plasma L-citrulline, urinary nitrate and cGMP excretion following L-arginine infusion in migraine patients might indicate dysfunction of endothelial NO synthase.