LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Author ' s personal copy Airplanes and comparative advantage ☆

a r t i c l e i n f o Airplanes are a fast but expensive means of shipping goods, a fact which has implications for comparative advantage. The paper develops a Ricardian model with a continuum of goods which vary by weight and hence transport cost. Comparative advantage depends on relative air and surface transport costs across countries and goods, as well as stochastic productivity. A key testable implication is that the U.S. should import heavier goods from nearby countries, and lighter goods from faraway counties. This implication is tested using detailed data on U.S. imports from 1990 to 2003. Looking across goods the U.S. imports, nearby exporters have lower market share in goods that the rest of the world ships by air. Looking across exporters for individual goods, distance from the US is associated with much higher import unit values. These effects are large, which establish that the model identifies an important influence on specialization and trade. Countries vary in their distances from each other, and traded goods have differing physical characteristics. As a consequence, the cost of shipping goods varies dramatically by type of good and how far they are shipped. A moment's reflection suggests that these facts are probably important for understanding international trade, yet they have been widely ignored by trade economists. In this paper I focus on one aspect of this set of facts, which is that airplanes are a fast but expensive means of shipping goods. The fact that airplanes are fast and expensive means that they will be used for shipping only when timely delivery is valuable enough to outweigh the premium that must be paid for air shipment. They will also be used disproportionately for goods that are produced far from where they are sold, since the speed advantage of airplanes over surface transport is increasing in distance. In this paper I show how these considerations can be incorporated into the influential Eaton and Kortum (2002) model of comparative advantage. In this general model, differences across goods in transport costs (both air and surface) and the value that consumers place on timely delivery interact with relative distance to affect global trade patterns. The model of the paper delivers two empirical implications that I test using highly disaggregated data on all U.S. imports from 1990 to 2003. The first implication is that nearby trading partners (Canada and Mexico) should have lower …
Additive partitioning of reef fish diversity variation: a promising marine biodiversity management tool

Additive partitioning was applied to variation in reef fish spatial diversity at Isla Isabel National Park, Nayarit state, Mexico, and to identify the environmental and spatial variables that best explains it. Analyses included expected and observed species curves, rare species analysis, additive partitioning of alpha- and beta-diversity, and canonical redundancy analysis. A total of 10,517 individuals were recorded from 75 species and 33 reef fish families, representing 85% of expected richness. Species richness beta-diversity was dependent on the site scale, while the alpha-diversity of the Shannon diversity was most significant at the transect scale. Canonical partitioning showed species richness and Shannon diversity was explained by spatially-structured environmental components. Variation in species composition and abundance was explained by a purely environmental component. Therefore, elements of habitat structure (especially corals), topographic complexity, and refuge availability determine fish species diversity. Our results suggest that greater emphasis is required to conserve sites that promote β-diversity, increasing fish spatial diversity. In Isla Isabel, these sites would be mostly those located at eastern and southern of protected sides, where coral reef patches are well represented. The results of this multi-scale analysis are valuable and useful as an addition and complement to the holistic management strategies implemented at Isla Isabel.
Interview Talk as Professional Practice

Conventional understandings of interviews with teachers or other educational participants have treated interviewing activity as data collection, and interview responses as reports on the realities of professional practice. This paper proposes that interview data can be analysed differently when interviews are studied as instances of ‘language in education’ themselves. The interview can be seen as a site of professional practice, not just reflection on practice, in that such interviews contain courses of questioning and methods of accounting that are reflexively part of the generation of educational knowledge. Working from transcripts of two interviews with a beginning secondary school teacher, we focus on the ways in which language is used interactively to recast professional knowledge and discourse.
Effects of 12 weeks of block periodization on performance and performance indices in well-trained cyclists.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different methods of organizing endurance training in trained cyclists during a 12-week preparation period. One group of cyclists performed block periodization (BP; n = 8), wherein every fourth week constituted five sessions of high-intensity aerobic training (HIT), followed by 3 weeks of one HIT session. Another group performed a more traditional organization (TRAD; n = 7), with 12 weeks of two weekly HIT sessions. The HIT was interspersed with low-intensity training (LIT) so that similar total volumes of both HIT and LIT were performed in the two groups. BP achieved a larger relative improvement in VO2max than TRAD (8.8 ± 5.9% vs 3.7 ± 2.9%, respectively, < 0.05) and a tendency toward larger increase in power output at 2 mmol/L [la(-)] (22 ± 14% vs 10 ± 7%, respectively, P = 0.054). Mean effect size (ES) of the relative improvement in VO2max , power output at 2 mmol/L [la(-)], hemoglobin mass, and mean power output during 40-min all-out trial revealed moderate superior effects of BP compared with TRAD training (ES range was 0.62-1.12). The present study suggests that BP of endurance training has superior effects on several endurance and performance indices compared with TRAD.
The weighting of vowel quality in native and non-native listeners' perception of English lexical stress

Although vowel quality is an important cue to the perception of English lexical stress, few studies have examined the role this cue plays for non-native speakers. Previous research found that Mandarin speakers had problems using vowel reduction as a cue in English lexical stress production. Assuming native-like perception is a prerequisite to native-like production for non-native speech, this study compared the weight Mandarin learners and native speakers of English gave to vowel quality as a cue to English lexical stress in comparison to that given to f0, duration and intensity under natural and flat pitch contour conditions. Listeners judged lexical stress placement in synthesized tokens of the word desert, in which the first syllable dewas varied systematically in vowel quality and each of the other cues depending on the pair of cues in focus. Results showed that both English and Mandarin listeners consistently weighted vowel quality more than other cues. Vowel quality and duration were treated as a combinational cue by both language groups. However, Mandarin and English listeners showed different patterns for the processing of vowel quality and other prosodic cues, and Mandarin listeners’ processing of vowel quality and pitch cues was influenced by the pitch contour conditions. These findings can be explained in terms of language-specific or cue-specific influence, and provide new insight into the relationship between production and perception in second language speech learning. & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A study and toolkit for asynchronous programming in c#

Asynchronous programming is in demand today, because responsiveness is increasingly important on all modern devices. Yet, we know little about how developers use asynchronous programming in practice. Without such knowledge, developers, researchers, language and library designers, and tool providers can make wrong assumptions. 
 We present the first study that analyzes the usage of asynchronous programming in a large experiment. We analyzed 1378 open source Windows Phone (WP) apps, comprising 12M SLOC, produced by 3376 developers. Using this data, we answer 2 research questions about use and misuse of asynchronous constructs. Inspired by these findings, we developed (i) Asyncifier, an automated refactoring tool that converts callback-based asynchronous code to use async/await; (ii) Corrector, a tool that finds and corrects common misuses of async/await. Our empirical evaluation shows that these tools are (i) applicable and (ii) efficient. Developers accepted 314 patches generated by our tools.
Predictors of surgical outcome and pathologic considerations in focal cortical dysplasia.

BACKGROUND
Although surgical resection has been an important alternative treatment for patients with intractable epilepsy related to focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), the prognostic relevance of the degree of pathologic severity is controversial and there has been only limited information regarding the prognostic factors involved in the surgical treatment of refractory epilepsy in patients with FCD.


METHODS
We undertook the present study to assess whether the pathologic subtypes of FCD affect surgical outcomes in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. We also studied the prognostic roles of clinical factors and various diagnostic modalities in the surgical treatment.


RESULTS
A total of 166 consecutive patients were included. By univariate analysis, incomplete resection of epileptogenic area (p < 0.001), mild pathologic features (p = 0.01), and the presence of secondary tonic clonic seizures (2GTCS) (p = 0.05) were associated with poor surgical outcomes. There was a strong tendency for patients with severe pathologic features to have MRI abnormalities (p < 0.001). Incomplete resection of epileptogenic area (p < 0.001) and mild pathologic features (p = 0.02) were poor independent outcome predictors on multivariate analysis. The results of MRI, scalp EEG, fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, and ictal SPECT were not associated with surgical outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
Our study shows that there is a strong tendency for patients with severe pathologic features to have MRI abnormalities, and patients with incomplete resection, mild pathologic features, or the presence of secondary tonic clonic seizures have a high chance of a poorer surgical outcome.
Time-varying nature and macroeconomic determinants of exchange rate pass-through

Article history: Received 7 October 2014 Received in revised form 28 January 2015 Accepted 28 January 2015 Available online 7 February 2015 The objectives of this study are two-fold: i) to derive time-varying exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) degree and ii) investigate the macroeconomic determinants of the degree of ERPT. For this purpose, the study adopts a distinct methodology combining Dynamic Conditional Correlation-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (DCC-GARCH) and panel threshold regression analyses. The data from a large sample of countries are used and timevarying ERPT measure is obtained with an application of DCC-GARCH to each country in the sample. Then the macroeconomic determinants of ERPT are examined by making use of both cross country and time variations in a panel regressionmodel. The time varying structure of ERPT clearly shows that the ERPT degree has been low over the last three decades and declining dramatically sincemid-1990s. Further, ERPT responds positively to average inflation and inflation rate volatility while negatively to exchange rate volatility, the degree of openness and output gap. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. JEL classification: C13 E31 F31 F41
Toward Marker-Free 3D Pose Estimation in Lifting: A Deep Multi-View Solution

Lifting is a common manual material handling task performed in the workplaces. It is considered as one of the main risk factors for Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders. To improve work place safety, it is necessary to assess musculoskeletal and biomechanical risk exposures associated with these tasks, which requires very accurate 3D pose. Existing approaches mainly utilize marker-based sensors to collect 3D information. However, these methods are usually expensive to setup, timeconsuming in process, and sensitive to the surrounding environment. In this study, we propose a multi-view based deep perceptron approach to address aforementioned limitations. Our approach consists of two modules: a "view-specific perceptron" network extracts rich information independently from the image of view, which includes both 2D shape and hierarchical texture information; while a "multi-view integration" network synthesizes information from all available views to predict accurate 3D pose. To fully evaluate our approach, we carried out comprehensive experiments to compare different variants of our design. The results prove that our approach achieves comparable performance with former marker-based methods, i.e. an average error of 14:72 ± 2:96 mm on the lifting dataset. The results are also compared with state-of-the-art methods on HumanEva- I dataset [1], which demonstrates the superior performance of our approach.
Life cycle assessment of building materials : Comparative analysis of energy and environmental impacts and evaluation of the eco-ef fi ciency improvement potential

The building industry uses great quantities of raw materials that also involve high energy consumption. Choosing materials with high content in embodied energy entails an initial high level of energy consumption in the building production stage but also determines future energy consumption in order to fulfil heating, ventilation and air conditioning demands. This paper presents the results of an LCA study comparing the most commonly used building materials with some eco-materials using three different impact categories. The aim is to deepen the knowledge of energy and environmental specifications of building materials, analysing their possibilities for improvement and providing guidelines for materials selection in the eco-design of new buildings and rehabilitation of existing buildings. The study proves that the impact of construction products can be significantly reduced by promoting the use of the best techniques available and eco-innovation in production plants, substituting the use of finite natural resources for waste generated in other production processes, preferably available locally. This would stimulate competition between manufacturers to launch more eco-efficient products and encourage the use of the Environmental Product Declarations. This paper has been developed within the framework of the “LoRe-LCA Project” co-financed by the European Commission’s Intelligent Energy for Europe Program and the “PSE CICLOPE Project” co-financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology and the European Regional Development Fund. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Morse landscapes of Riemannian functionals and related problems

The subject of this talk is Morse landscapes of natural functionals on infinitedimensional moduli spaces appearing in Riemannian geometry. First, we explain how recursion theory can be used to demonstrate that for many natural functionals on spaces of Riemannian structures, spaces of submanifolds, etc., their Morse landscapes are always more complicated than what follows from purely topological reasons. These Morse landscapes exhibit non-trivial “deep” local minima, cycles in sublevel sets that become nullhomologous only in sublevel sets corresponding to a much higher value of functional, etc. Our second topic is Morse landscapes of the length functional on loop spaces. Here the main conclusion (obtained jointly with Regina Rotman) is that these Morse landscapes can be much more complicated than what follows from topological considerations only if the length functional has “many” “deep” local minima, and the values of the length at these local minima are not “very large”. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000). Primary 53C23, 58E11, 53C20; Secondary 03D80, 68Q30, 53C40, 58E05.
QUALITY THINKING IN LEGOSTICS LABORATORY INNOVATIONS

Laboratory of LEGOstics is an innovative (low-cost) learning-by-doing environment for students, experts and researchers from the field of logistics. In this creative environment all the actions are provided by participants – with flexible, dialectic (learning-by-doing) ways, focusing on evaluation results and the whole process of performance measurements. In our paper we present our inventions in operation at Szabó-Szoba R&D Laboratory: the GrEta Project for production process simulation, the WaNDa Project for warehouse order picking simulation, and FLExACT Project for integrated automotive-type warehousing and manufacturing simulation.
Hepatitis B virus surface proteins accelerate cholestatic injury and tumor progression in Abcb4-knockout mice

Understanding of the pathophysiology of cholestasis associated carcinogenesis could challenge the development of new personalized therapeutic approaches and thus improve prognosis. Simultaneous damage might aggravate hepatic injury, induce chronic liver disease and even promote carcinogenesis. We aimed to study the effect of Hepatitis B virus surface protein (HBsAg) on cholestatic liver disease and associated carcinogenesis in a mouse model combining both impairments. Hybrids of Abcb4-/- and HBsAg transgenic mice were bred on fibrosis susceptible background BALB/c. Liver injury, serum bile acid concentration, hepatic fibrosis, and carcinogenesis were enhanced by the combination of simultaneous damage in line with activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), proto-oncogene c-Jun, and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Activation of Protein Kinase RNA-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK) and Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (eIF2α) indicated unfolded protein response (UPR) in HBsAg-expressing mice and even in Abcb4-/- without HBsAg-expression.


CONCLUSION
Cholestasis-induced STAT3- and JNK-pathways may predispose HBsAg-associated tumorigenesis. Since STAT3- and JNK-activation are well characterized critical regulators for tumor promotion, the potentiation of their activation in hybrids suggests an additive mechanism enhancing tumor incidence.
Comparing performances of logistic regression, classification and regression tree, and neural networks for predicting coronary artery disease

In this study, performances of classification techniques were compared in order to predict the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD). A retrospective analysis was performed in 1245 subjects (865 presence of CAD and 380 absence of CAD). We compared performances of logistic regression (LR), classification and regression tree (CART), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF), and self-organizing feature maps (SOFM). Predictor variables were age, sex, family history of CAD, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and body mass index (BMI). Performances of classification techniques were compared using ROC curve, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). Areas under the ROC curves are 0.783, 0.753, 0.745, 0.721, and 0.675, respectively for MLP, LR, CART, RBF, and SOFM. MLP was found the best technique to predict presence of CAD in this data set, given its good classificatory performance. MLP, CART, LR, and RBF performed better than SOFM in predicting CAD in according to HCA and MDS. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Malayalam text summarization: Minimum spanning tree based graph reduction approach

In recent days text summarization had tremendous growth in all languages, especially in India regional languages. Yet the performance of such system needs improvement. This paper proposes an extractive Malayalam summarizer which reduces redundancy in summarized content and meaning of sentences are considered for summary generation. A semantic graph is created for entire document and summary generated by reducing graph using minimal spanning tree algorithm.
Improved drought tolerance without undesired side effects in transgenic plants producing trehalose

Most organisms naturally accumulating trehalose upon stress produce the sugar in a two-step process by the action of the enzymes trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP). Transgenic plants overexpressing TPS have shown enhanced drought tolerance in spite of minute accumulation of trehalose, amounts believed to be too small to provide a protective function. However, overproduction of TPS in plants has also been found combined with pleiotropic growth aberrations. This paper describes three successful strategies to circumvent such growth defects without loosing the improved stress tolerance. First, we introduced into tobacco a double construct carrying the genes TPS1 and TPS2 (encoding TPP) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both genes are regulated by an Arabidopsis RuBisCO promoter from gene AtRbcS1A giving constitutive production of both enzymes. The second strategy involved stress-induced expression by fusing the coding region of ScTPS1 downstream of the drought-inducible Arabidopsis AtRAB18 promoter. In transgenic tobacco plants harbouring genetic constructs with either ScTPS1 alone, or with ScTPS1 and ScTPS2 combined, trehalose biosynthesis was turned on only when the plants experienced stress. The third strategy involved the use of AtRbcS1A promoter together with a transit peptide in front of the coding sequence of ScTPS1, which directed the enzyme to the chloroplasts. This paper confirms that the enhanced drought tolerance depends on unknown ameliorated water retention as the initial water status is the same in control and transgenic plants and demonstrates the influence of expression of heterologous trehalose biosynthesis genes on Arabidopsis root development.
Towards the possibility of a self-maintained vacuum-traversable wormhole

Abstract We calculate the renormalised vacuum expectation values of the electromagnetic stress-energy tensor in the static spherically-symmetrical wormhole topology. Let us suppose that the derivatives of the metric tensor over a radial distance are sufficiently small (on the scale of the radius) to ensure the validity of a quasiclassical (WKB) expansion over the derivatives. Then we find that violation of the averaged weak energy condition takes place irrespective of the detailed form of the metric. This is a necessary condition for the electromagnetic vacuum to be able to support the wormhole geometry.
A Domain-Specific Question Answering System Based on Ontology and Question Templates

The rapid growth in the development of Internet-based information systems increases the demand for natural language interfaces that are easy to set up and maintain. Unfortunately, the problem of deep understanding natural language queries is far from being solved. In this paper, an automated question answering system based on domain ontology and question template is proposed, which does not need deep understanding of user's questions. Ontology was employed to model the interesting domain, and properties of concepts are described by a collection of question templates. The system captures a user's intention by matching his questions to predefined templates, and return answers corresponding to template’s query focus. The system has been applied to mobile service consulting area, and experimental results show that the system has high practicability as well as maintainability.