LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Volumetric modeling with implicit functions: a cloud is born

This sketch describes a new, flexible, natural, intuitive, volumetric modeling and animation technique that combines implicit functions with turbulence-based procedural techniques. A cloud is modeled to demonstrate its advantages.
Self-reported psychotic disorders among Individuals with substance use disorders: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Comorbidity of substance use disorders (SUDs) and psychotic disorders (PDs) presents many challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Most reports to-date focus on the prevalence of SUDs among clinical populations of patients with PDs, and there is a lack of data pertaining to rates of PDs among individuals with substance use and SUDs.


METHODS
We analyzed data on 43,093 respondents age 18 and above from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative US survey (Wave 1, 2001-2002). Cross-tabulations were used to derive prevalence estimates of PDs among individuals with 12-month substance use or SUDs across 10 categories of substances. Odds ratios (ORs) were derived from bivariate logistic regression analyses to examine the relationships between lifetime PDs and 12-month substance use or SUDs for the specific categories of substances.


RESULTS
Among individuals with 12-month substance use, prevalence of PDs was found to be elevated in 8 of 10 categories of substances, particularly among amphetamine (OR = 8.8) and cocaine (OR = 10.3) users compared to nonusers. Among individuals with SUDs, prevalence of PDs was elevated in 9 of 10 categories of substances compared to individuals without SUDs.


CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE
Our findings on the increased rates of PDs among substance users and individuals with SUDs across a wide range of substances emphasize the importance of screening for PDs while treating patients with substance use and SUDs. This may allow for early intervention and adequate referral to appropriate settings.
Nonsymbolic Text Representation

We introduce the first generic text representation model that is completely nonsymbolic, i.e., it does not require the availability of a segmentation or tokenization method that attempts to identify words or other symbolic units in text. This applies to training the representations as well as to using them in an application. We demonstrate better performance than prior work on entity typing and text denoising.
Economic Growth and Income Inequality

We investigate whether income inequality affects subsequent growth in a cross-country sample for 1965-90, using the models of Barro (1997), Bleaney and Nishiyama (2002) and Sachs and Warner (1997), with negative results. We then investigate the evolution of income inequality over the same period and its correlation with growth. The dominating feature is inequality convergence across countries. This convergence has been significantly faster amongst developed countries. Growth does not appear to influence the evolution of inequality over time. Outline
The Effect of Large Classes on English Teaching and Learning in Saudi Secondary Schools.

The effect of class size on teaching and learning English as a foreign language (EFL) has been through a contentious debate among researchers for a long time. Before the 1950's the concern about the effect of class size and the learning outcomes of students in such classes waned for some time. Yet, researchers have reconsidered the case once again and up to now it is a field of investigation. Therefore, through reviewing the existing literature on this area and examples culled from the teachers' experience, the aim of the present study are twofold: (1) to ascertain the impact of large classes on the teaching and learning outcomes, and (2) to suggest appropriate strategies Saudi secondary teachers can utilize in their large classes to facilitate English teaching and learning. To reach the aim of this study, six Saudi English teachers from two public schools were interviewed to express their perceptions about teaching in large classes. Research results present that all participants find it daunting to teach large classes. Teachers also comment that despite their efforts to elevate the level of language learning in such context, the outcome of their students is considered to be unsatisfactory. They believe that this can be contributed to the fact that there are big numbers of students in one class and wish for the number to be reduced. The study findings shed the light on some useful and effective methods to be applied in large classes which may facilitate the language teaching and learning.
Global trends and challenges in water science, research and management

Leaps and bounds have been made in areas related to river basin management on a global scale, inline with various technological advances of the 21st century. This chapter reviews 6 emerging trends related to water science, research and management.
The real-time ObjectAgent software architecture for distributed satellite systems

There is an increasing desire in many organizations, including NASA and the Department of Defense, to use constellations or fleets of autonomous spacecraft working together to accomplish complex mission objectives. Some of the many advantages of using distributed satellite systems include greater performance, lower cost, and improved fault tolerance, reconfigurability and upgradability. Coordinating the activities of all the satellites in a constellation is not a trivial task, however, and the use of software agents for this task is a promising technology.
Short-Term Storage of the Ischemically Damaged Human Pancreas by the Two-Layer Method Prior to Islet Isolation.

A two-layer cold storage method (TLM) allows sufficient oxygen delivery to pancreata during preservation and resuscitates the viability of ischemically damaged pancreata in the canine pancreas transplant model. In this study, we applied a short-term preservation of the TLM to human pancreata after prolonged cold ischemia prior to islet isolation, and investigated the mechanisms of resuscitation of the ischemically damaged human pancreas by the TLM. Human pancreata were procured from cadaveric donors and preserved by the TLM for 3.2 ± 0.5 h after 11.1 ± 0.9 h of cold storage in UW (TLM group), or by cold UW alone for 11.0 ± 0.3 h (UW group). Islet isolations of all pancreata were performed using the Edmonton protocol. Islet recovery and in vitro functional viability of isolated islets were significantly increased in the TLM group compared with the UW group. According to the criteria of the Edmonton protocol, 10/14 cases (71%) in the TLM group were transplanted to patients with type I diabetes mellitus compared with only 5/21 cases (24%) in the UW group. In the metabolic assessment of human pancreata, levels of energetic parameters (ATP, total adenylates, and energy charge) were significantly increased, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased after the TLM preservation. There was no observable change in the incidence or degree of mitochondrial injury after the TLM preservation. Additional short-term storage by the TLM resuscitates the ischemically damaged human pancreas by regenerating the energetic status and prevents further damage by oxidative stress, ultimately leading to improvements of islet recovery and in vitro function. Use of the TLM following prolonged storage in UW provides an excellent adjunctive protocol for treating human pancreata for the rigors of the islet isolation process.
Managers’ Corporate Entrepreneurial Actions and Job Satisfaction

Through the development and extension of theories and scholars’ subsequent empirical analyses of significant, theoretically grounded research questions, the knowledge about corporate entrepreneurship (CE) and its successful use continues to advance. Moreover, the literature suggests important relationships between the corporate environment, managers’ entrepreneurial behavior and successful implementation of corporate entrepreneurship actions. In an attempt to test some of those relationships, we describe an empirical study of 523 managers that examines the relationships among the antecedents to managers’ entrepreneurial behavior, a decision to implement entrepreneurial actions, and resulting job satisfaction and reinforcement practices. Through the development and extension of theories and scholars’ subsequent empirical analyses of significant, theoretically grounded research questions, knowledge about corporate entrepreneurship and its successful use continues to expand. However, despite the espoused and observed positive effects of CE, issues remain if we are to fully understand this construct’s promise (Hornsby, Kuratko and Zahra, 2002; Zahra, 1991; Zahra, Nielsen and Bogner, 1999). Moreover, outcome factors that influence an organization’s willingness to continue implementing a CE strategy as well as managers’ willingness to continue engaging in entrepreneurial behavior have not been integrated to enhance our understanding of CE practices. Also, a fundamental ambiguity exists in the literature concerning what it means, in a theoretical sense, to have CE as a firm’s strategy (Meyer and Heppard, 2000). As such, while there is a broadly held belief in the need for and inherent value of entrepreneurial action on the part of established organizations (Hitt, Ireland, Camp and Sexton, 2001; Morris and Kuratko, 2002), much remains to be revealed about how CE strategy is enacted in organizational settings. In our present study, we review the existing literature and present an empirical study of ∗Corresponding author. Donald F. Kuratko, Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, Bloomington,
Understanding Cybercrime from Its Stakeholders' Perspectives: Part 1--Attackers

Although cybercrime is rampant, there is no authoritative definition of the term and all that it implies. A comprehensive model and taxonomy of cybercrime, including all of its stakeholders, would contribute to better cybersecurity. Part one of this two-part series explores attackers and their motives in detail.
How different are complications that affect the older adult inpatient?

OBJECTIVE
The incidence and cost of complications occurring in older and younger inpatients were compared.


DESIGN
Secondary analysis of hospital-recorded diagnosis and costs for multiday-stay inpatients in 68 public hospitals in two Australian states.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
A complication is defined as a hospital-acquired diagnosis that required additional treatment. The Australian Classification of Hospital-Acquired Diagnoses system is used to identify these complications.


RESULTS
Inpatients aged >70 years have a 10.9% complication rate, which is not substantially different from the 10.89% complication rate found in patients aged <70 years. Examination of the probability by single years, however, showed that the peak incidence associated with the neonatal period and childbirth is balanced by rates of up to 20% in patients >80 years. Examining the adult patient population (40-70 years), we found that while some common complications are not age specific (electrolyte disorders and cardiac arrhythmias), others (urinary tract and lower respiratory tract infections) are more common in the older adult inpatient.


CONCLUSION
For inpatients aged >70 years, the risks of complications increase. The incidence of hospital-acquired diagnoses in older adults differs significantly from incidence rates found in younger cohorts. Urinary tract infection and alteration to mental state are more common in older adult inpatients. Surprisingly, these complexities do not result in additional costs when compared with costs for the same complications in younger adults. Greater awareness of these differing patterns will allow patient safety efforts for older patients to focus on complications with the highest incidence and cost.
Probing dense and hot matter with low-mass di-leptons and photons

Abstract.Results on low-mass di-leptons, covering the very broad energy range from the BEVALAC up to the SPS, are reviewed. The emphasis is on the open questions raised by the intriguing results obtained so far and the prospects for addressing them in the near future with the second generation of experiments, in particular HADES, NA60 and PHENIX.
Introduction to genetic programming tutorial: from the basics to human-competitive results

The tutorial will start with a description of the problem addressed by genetic programming, a description of the basic genetic programming algorithm, and examples of applications. The tutorial will also describe advanced topics, such as use of a developmental process within genetic programming; implementations of automatically defined functions (subroutines), memory, iterations, recursions; parallel processing; the connection between Moore's Law and the results produced by genetic programming; and a brief survey of over 80 examples of human-competitive results using genetic programming.
Associations between polypharmacy and treatment intensity for hypertension and diabetes: a cross-sectional study of nursing home patients in British Columbia, Canada

OBJECTIVES
Describe nursing home polypharmacy prevalence in the context of prescribing for diabetes and hypertension and determine possible associations between lower surrogate markers for treated hypertension and diabetes (overtreatment) and polypharmacy.


DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.


SETTING
6 nursing homes in British Columbia, Canada.


PARTICIPANTS
214 patients residing in one of the selected facilities during data collection period.


PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES
Polypharmacy was defined as ≥9 regular medications. Overtreatment of diabetes was defined as being prescribed at least one hypoglycaemic medication and a glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≤7.5%. Overtreatment of hypertension required being prescribed at least one hypertension medication and having a systolic blood pressure ≤128 mm Hg. Polypharmacy prescribing, independent of overtreatment, was calculated by subtracting condition-specific medications from total medications prescribed.


RESULTS
Data gathering was completed for 214 patients, 104 (48%) of whom were prescribed ≥9 medications. All patients were very frail. Patients with polypharmacy were more likely to have a diagnosis of hypertension (p=0.04) or congestive heart failure (p=0.003) and less likely to have a diagnosis of dementia (p=0.03). Patients with overtreated hypertension were more likely to also experience polypharmacy (Relative Risk (RR))1.77 (1.07 to 2.96), p=0.027). Patients with overtreated diabetes were prescribed more non-diabetic medications than those with a higher HbA1c (11.0±3.7vs 7.2±3.1, p=0.01).


CONCLUSION
Overtreated diabetes and hypertension appear to be prevalent in nursing home patients, and the presence of polypharmacy is associated with more aggressive treatment of these risk factors. The present study was limited by its small sample size and cross-sectional design. Further study of interventions designed to reduce overtreatment of hypertension and diabetes is needed to fully understand the potential links between polypharmacy and potential of harms of condition-specific overtreatment.
Does online harassment constitute bullying? An exploration of online harassment by known peers and online-only contacts.

PURPOSE
To shed light on the nature of online harassment and the extent to which it may be bullying by examining differences in the characteristics of harassed youth, online harassment incidents, and distressing online harassment based on the identity of online harassers (known peer vs. online-only contact).


METHODS
A telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of 1500 youth Internet users, ages 10 to 17, conducted between March and June 2005.


RESULTS
Nine percent (n = 129) of youth were harassed online in the past year, 43% (n = 56) by known peers and 57% (n = 73) by people they met online and did not know in person (online-only contacts). Most online harassment incidents did not appear to meet the standard definition of bullying used in school-based research and requiring aggression, repetition, and power imbalance. Only 25% of incidents by known peers and 21% by online-only contacts involved both repeated incidents and either distress to targets or adult intervention.


CONCLUSIONS
In many cases, the concept of "bullying" or "cyber-bullying" may be inappropriate for online interpersonal offenses. We suggest using "online harassment," with disclaimers that it does not constitute bullying unless it is part of or related to offline bullying. This would include incidents perpetrated by peers that occur entirely online, but arise from school-related events or relationships and have school-related consequences for targets. The Internet provides opportunities for the extension of conventional school bullying to new venues. Those who study conventional school bullying should include online forms of the behavior in research, prevention, and intervention paradigms.
High-Resolution Underwater Robotic Vision-Based Mapping and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction for Archaeology

Documenting underwater archaeological sites is an extremely challenging problem. Sites covering large areas are particularly daunting for traditional techniques. In this paper, we present a novel approach to this problem using both an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and a diver-controlled stereo imaging platform to document the submerged Bronze Age city at Pavlopetri, Greece. The result is a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction covering 26,600 m2 at a resolution of 2 mm/pixel, the largest-scale underwater optical 3D map, at such a resolution, in the world to date. We discuss the advances necessary to achieve this result, including i) an approach to color correct large numbers of images at varying altitudes and over varying bottom types; ii) a large-scale bundle adjustment framework that is capable of handling upward of 400,000 stereo images; and iii) a novel approach to the registration and rapid documentation of an underwater excavations area that can quickly produce maps of site change. We present visual and quantitative comparisons to the authors’ previous underwater mapping approaches. C © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
18F-FDG PET/CT lung 'focalities' without coregistered CT findings: an interpretative clinical dilemma.

AIM
The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of focal fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) activity in the lungs using 18F-FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) without matching CT findings.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 10,500 consecutive 18F-FDG PET/CT records over 4 years were reviewed for focal incongruence between PET and CT, potentially indicating an artifact 18F-FDG (2.2 MBq/kg) was injected through a butterfly needle, followed by a 10 ml saline flush. Non-contrast-enhanced low-dose CT (140 kV and 40-80 mA) was coregistrated with PET.


RESULTS
Sixteen patients (12 men and four women; mean age 63 years, range 44-83) had focal pulmonary areas of high 18F-FDG activity [mean maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max) 15.8; range 3.5-81.0], typically peripheral, with a mean maximum diameter of 1.3 cm (range 0.5-2.2 cm) on PET. 18F-FDG focality was singular in 14 patients, whereas two patients had two foci each. None had corresponding CT abnormalities. Identification of these 'focalities' during the acquisition phase led to late respiratory gated thoracic PET acquisitions in eight patients at 2 h with no significant changes in the location or size of the 'focalities'. Five PET/CTs repeated at 48 h did not confirm the 'focalities'. Five had negative follow-up contrast-enhanced CT. 18F-FDG-positive 'focalities' at PET/CT without anatomical correlation findings were considered as 'artefactual accumulation' of the tracer.


CONCLUSION
In the absence of morphological abnormality, focal pulmonary 18F-FDG activity is very rare (1.5 cases/1000 PET scans) but potentially very 'dangerous'. Artefact identification during acquisition can lead to late respiratory gated images for more confident interpretation, avoiding erroneous reports or further imaging procedures.
Two Cases of Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome that were Treated with Pentastarch

Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is a condition that's caused by the shift of fluid and protein from the intravascular space to the interstitial space as a result of repetitive episodes of capillary hyperpermeability. The pathogenesis of SCLS is still unclear, but there's recently been a report showing this syndrome in association with monoclonal gammopathy. This syndrome can be a fatal disease because cardiovascular collapse can occur in the initial capillary leak phase. Although theophylline, diuretics, terbutaline, steroids, calcium antagonist, Ginkgo biloba extracts and plasmapheresis have been suggested as medication, none of them have been proven to be effective. Considering that this disease is self-limiting, conservative treatment in the acute phase is believed to be very important. Because hypoalbuminemia is very a common manifestation of SCLS, Pentastarch, which has a higher molecular weight than albumin, could be efficient to prevent cardiovascular collapse. We used 10% Pentastarch during the acute SCLS attacks of 2 patients and the patients both showed a dramatic response. Pentastarch may be helpful to treat SCLS in its initial capillary leak phase by the elevating blood pressure, and this might contribute to somewhat decreasing the acute mortality of SCLS.
Effective Reinforcement Learning for Mobile Robots

Programming mobile robots can be a long, time-consuming process. Specifying the low-level mapping from sensors to actuators is prone to programmer misconceptions, and debugging such a mapping can be tedious. The idea of having a robot learn how to accomplish a task, rather than being told explicitly is an appealing one. It seems easier and much more intuitive for the programmer to specify what the robot should be doing, and to let it learn the fine details of how to do it. In this paper, we introduce a framework for reinforcement learning on mobile robots and describe our experiments using it to learn simple tasks. Keywords— Mobile robots, machine learning, reinforcement learning, learning from demonstration.