LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Ductile End-Diaphragms for Seismic Retrofit of Slab-on-Girder Steel Bridges

Steel bridges are frequently supported by seismically vulnerable substructures, as clearly demonstrated by recent earthquakes. The seismic retrofit of these nonductile substructures can be, in many cases, a rather costly operation. This paper investigates the adequacy of a seismic retrofit strategy that relies instead on ductile end-diaphragms inserted in the steel superstructure: the objective is to protect the substructure by replacing the steel diaphragms over abutments and piers with specially designed ductile diaphragms calibrated to yield before the strength of the substructure is reached. For a type of steel slab-on-girder bridge widely found in North America, this paper presents simplified analytical models as well as a step-by-step design procedure developed for three types of ductile diaphragm systems (such as shear panels, eccentrically braced frames, and triangular-plate added damping and stiffness devices), followed by results from nonlinear inelastic analyses conducted to investigate the seismic behavior of these retrofitted bridges. At this time, only bridges on stiff substructure are considered, although a few examples are presented to illustrate the potential inadequacy of this retrofit approach for bridges on flexible substructures.
Chapter 8 Moral Identity, Moral Functioning, and the Development of Moral Character

We review how the construct of the moral self has arisen within moral development theory and discuss the search for integrative linkages with other domains of psychology, including personality. Next, we describe moral personality and then programs and approaches to developing moral identity in children. Moral schema development and moral information-processing research is outlined, including mapping expert-novice differences. Finally, we conclude with two emerging integrative theories, one on educational intervention for moral skill
Evaluation of real-time physics simulation systems

We present a qualitative evaluation of a number of free publicly available physics engines for simulation systems and game development. A brief overview of the aspects of a physics engine is presented accompanied by a comparison of the capabilities of each physics engine. Aspects that are investigated the accuracy and computational efficiency of the integrator properties, material properties, stacks, links, and collision detection system.
Efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil for treatment of erectile dysfunction in patient subgroups.

OBJECTIVES
To assess whether vardenafil would improve erectile function irrespective of etiology, baseline severity, or patient age. The consistency of the response over time was also evaluated.


METHODS
A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled at-home study of vardenafil treatment (5, 10, and 20 mg) was performed. This secondary analysis compared the mean International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) erectile function domain scores of various subgroups at 12 weeks of treatment. These populations included organic, psychogenic, or mixed etiologies; mild, moderate, or severe baseline severity; and four age groups (younger than 45, 45 to 55, 56 to 65, and older than 65 years). In addition, all IIEF domains were compared at sequential 4-week periods, before and during treatment.


RESULTS
In the 580 men of the intent-to-treat population, the mean erectile function domain scores were statistically greater than placebo, irrespective of etiology, baseline severity, or age. This was seen at all dosages. Compared with placebo, vardenafil statistically improved the IIEF domain scores of erectile function, orgasmic function, intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction after 4 weeks of treatment, and these improvements were maintained for 12 weeks. The rates of the most common adverse events (headache, flushing, and dyspepsia) were either constant or declined over time; they were generally mild to moderate and transient in nature.


CONCLUSIONS
Vardenafil improved erectile function regardless of the general etiology, baseline severity of erectile dysfunction, or patient age. Improvements in erectile function and other key IIEF domains were consistently seen throughout the study.
Olmesartan medoxomil plus amlodipine increases efficacy in patients with moderate-to-severe hypertension after monotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Hypertension remains a major global health problem, and evidence suggests that the majority of patients will require two or more antihypertensive agents in order to reach specified BP targets. Combining two drugs from different classes has the potential to target different aspects of hypertension, which may result in additional BP decreases compared with either agent used alone. This randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre trial in patients with moderate-to-severe hypertension (systolic BP [SBP]/diastolic BP [DBP] > or =160/100 mmHg) investigated the additional efficacy in BP reduction and BP goal rates (<140/90 mmHg for patients without diabetes mellitus, <130/80 mmHg for patients with diabetes) achieved by adding amlodipine 5 or 10 mg/day to olmesartan medoxomil (hereafter olmesartan) 20 mg/day in patients not adequately controlled on olmesartan monotherapy.


METHODS
After 8 weeks' open-label olmesartan 20 mg monotherapy, 538 patients with SBP/DBP > or =140/90 mmHg were randomized to 8 weeks' double-blind therapy with olmesartan/placebo, olmesartan/amlodipine 20 mg/5 mg or olmesartan/amlodipine 20 mg/10 mg. This trial is registered on the www.clinicaltrials.gov website (NCT00220220).


RESULTS
After 8 weeks (with last observation carried forward), the adjusted mean change in seated DBP (SeDBP) from baseline was -7.6 mmHg for olmesartan/placebo, -10.4 mmHg for olmesartan/amlodipine 20 mg/5 mg (p = 0.0006 vs olmesartan/placebo) and -10.9 mmHg for olmesartan/amlodipine 20 mg/10 mg (p < 0.0001 vs olmesartan/placebo). Mean changes in SeSBP from baseline with olmesartan/amlodipine 20 mg/5 mg and olmesartan/amlodipine 20 mg/10 mg were -16.1 and -16.7 mmHg, respectively (p < 0.0001 for both dose regimens vs olmesartan/placebo). BP goal rates were significantly higher with olmesartan/amlodipine 20 mg/5 mg and olmesartan/amlodipine 20 mg/10 mg (44.5% and 45.8%, respectively; p = 0.0011 and p = 0.0004, respectively) versus olmesartan/placebo (28.5%). Combination therapy was well tolerated, and the incidence of drug-related adverse events was 8.9% for olmesartan/placebo, 7.7% for olmesartan/amlodipine 20 mg/5 mg, and 11.3% for olmesartan/amlodipine 20 mg/10 mg (p = 0.490). Most adverse events were mild in severity and were well known drug-class issues.


CONCLUSIONS
Combining olmesartan and amlodipine resulted in significantly greater BP lowering in patients not achieving adequate BP control with olmesartan monotherapy, thus allowing a significantly greater proportion of patients to achieve BP goal.
Polymerase Epsilon Exonuclease Domain Mutations in Ovarian Endometrioid Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE
Polymerase epsilon (POLE) is a DNA polymerase with a proofreading (exonuclease) domain, responsible for the recognition and excision of mispaired bases, thereby allowing high-fidelity DNA replication to occur. The Cancer Genome Atlas research network recently identified an ultramutated group of endometrial carcinomas, characterized by mutations in POLE, and exceptionally high substitution mutation rates. These POLE mutated endometrial tumors were almost exclusively of the endometrioid histotype. The prevalence and patterns of POLE mutated tumors in endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary, however, have not been studied in detail.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, we investigate the frequency of POLE exonuclease domain mutations in a series of 89 ovarian endometrioid carcinomas.


RESULTS
We found POLE mutations in 4 of 89 (4.5%) cases, occurring in 3 of 23 (13%) International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grade 1, 1 of 43 (2%) FIGO grade 2, and 0 of 23 (0%) FIGO grade 3 tumors. All mutations were somatic missense point mutations, occurring at the commonly reported hotspots, P286R and V411L. All 3 POLE-mutated FIGO grade 1 tumors displayed prototypical histology, and the POLE-mutated FIGO grade 2 tumor displayed morphologic heterogeneity with focally high-grade features. All 4 patients with POLE-mutated tumors followed an uneventful clinical course with no disease recurrence; however, this finding was not statistically significant (P = 0.59).


CONCLUSIONS
The low rate of POLE mutations in ovarian endometrioid carcinoma and their predominance within the low FIGO grade tumors are in contrast to the findings in the endometrium.
Economic evaluation of a falls prevention exercise program among people With Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of a 6-month minimally supervised exercise program for people with PD.


METHODS
An economic analysis was conducted alongside a randomized, controlled trial in which 231 people age 40 years and over with PD were randomized into a usual care control group or an exercise group. Cost-effectiveness was estimated using incremental cost per fall prevented (using falls calendars) as the primary analysis and cost per extra person avoiding mobility deterioration (defined as an improvement or no change in the 12-point Short Physical Performance Battery Score between baseline and 6 month). A cost-utility analysis using the Short Form-6D was also performed. Uncertainty was represented using cost-effectiveness scatter plots and acceptability curves. Planned subgroup analyses for the low-disease-severity group were also undertaken.


RESULTS
All results are reported in Australian dollars ($A). The average cost of the intervention was $A1,010 per participant. Incremental cost-effectiveness of the program relative to usual care was $A574 per fall prevented, $A9,570 per extra person avoiding mobility deterioration, and $A338,800 per quality-adjusted life year gained. The intervention had an 80% probability of being cost-effective, relative to the control, at a threshold of $A2,000 per fall prevented. Subgroup analyses for the low-disease-severity group indicate the program to be dominant, that is, less costly and more effective than usual care for all health outcomes.


CONCLUSION
The exercise intervention appeared cost-effective with regard to fall prevention in the whole sample and cost saving in the low disease severity group, when compared with usual care.
Physiological effects in aromatherapy

Hongratanaworakit, T. Physiological effects in aromatherapy Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2004, 26(1) : 117-125 The effects of aromas on humans are divided into physiological and psychological effects. The physiological effect acts directly on the physical organism, the psychological effect acts via the sense of smell or olfactory system, which in turn may cause a physiological effect. This paper reviews on the physiological effects which are used for the evaluation of the effects of aromas. Physiological parameters, i.e. heart rate blood pressure, electrodermal activity, electroencephalogram, slow potential brain waves (contingent negative variation), and eye blink rate or pupil functions, are used as indices for the measurement of the aroma effects
Ecological and Evolutionary Forces Shaping Microbial Diversity in the Human Intestine

The human gut is populated with as many as 100 trillion cells, whose collective genome, the microbiome, is a reflection of evolutionary selection pressures acting at the level of the host and at the level of the microbial cell. The ecological rules that govern the shape of microbial diversity in the gut apply to mutualists and pathogens alike.
Community health diagnosis in nursing.

A review of the historical evolution of the concept of community health diagnosis in nursing identifies sources of ambiguity that have impeded making the goals and values of community health nursing operational. Refinements of meaning in the conceptualization of the community health diagnosis that focus upon the community as the primary level of analysis are suggested. Implications of this reconceptualization of the practice of community health nursing are considered in guidelines for developing community health diagnoses and in an example of the diagnosis of a Mien refugee community's responses to health problems. The basis of community health action must be an accurate assessment of the state of health of the community as a whole. For this reason, community health diagnosis is the keystone of community health practice (Freeman and Heinrich 1981, 314). That community health diagnosis is an essential precursor to community health nursing intervention is widely acknowledged (ANA 1980; APHA 1980). Is reconsideration of the community health diagnosis an exercise in tautology? I say not. Despite the chapters and texts that have been dedicated to community health nursing, we still have ambiguous definitions, unmeasurable goals, and a tenuous structure as guides for the construction and use of the community health diagnosis. The eclipse of community health diagAddress correspondence to: Marjorie A. Muecke, C.R.N., Ph.D., Department of Community Health Care Systems, School of Nursing SM-24, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. Telephone (206) 545-0856. nosis theory in the literature is so complete that some texts even exclude diagnosis as a stage of the nursing process applied to the community, and some subsume it under the rubric of community assessment (Archer and Fleshman 1979; Freeman and Heinrich 1981; Helvie 1981; Leahy, Cobb, and Jones 1982).
Paleomagnetic evidence in support of a middle Proterozoic (Helikian) collision between North America and Gondwanaland as a cause of the metamorphism and deformation in the Adirondacks: Summary

INTRODUCTION Two of the great puzzels in Adirondack geology are (1) what caused the high pressures indicated by experimental studies of mineral assemblages that characterize Precambrian rocks there, and (2) what caused enormous nappes (large folds with subhorizontal axial surfaces) to develop in these rocks. Studies of pyroxenes from the Mount Marcy area indicate that the Precambrian units of the Highlands were subjected to pressures of 7 to 10 kbar (Whitney-and McLelland, 1973; Jaffee and others, 1978; Boone and others, 1978; Bohlen and Essene, 1978). Furthermore, pressures of 5 to 7 kbar have been proposed for the supracrustal rocks of the lowlands (Bohlen and Essene, 1978). Nappes up to 80 km in amplitude with a coherent “stratigraphy” have been mapped in the southern Adirondacks (McLelland, 1977), and large nappes have been postulated elsewhere in the Adirondacks (de Waard, 1967; Romey and others, 1978, 1979). Dewey and Burke (1973) proposed that the Grenville Province (of which the Adirondacks form a part) resulted from a collision of two continents about 1,000 m.y. ago and that one of these continents thickened as a result of lateral compression. They proposed that the collisional suture lies to the southeast of the present exposures of Grenville basement. Deep erosion of a thickened continent could explain how rocks once subjected to the extreme pressures inferred for the Precambrian rocks of the Adirondacks could be exposed at the Earth9s surface. However, it is difficult to explain the origin of the large nappes with this model. Simple lateral compression will tend to produce folds with steeply inclined rather than subhorizontal axial sufaces, because axial surfaces tend to develop perpendicular to the maximum principal stress.
Penelope's Web: Gender, Modernity, H. D.'s Fiction

Preface Acknowledgements Introduction: the double weave of H. D.'s prose modernism 1. 'H. D. - Who is she?': discourses of self-creation 2. Origins: rescriptions of desire in HER 3. Madrigals: love, war and the the return of the repressed 4. Borderlines: diaspora in the history novels and the Dijon series 5. Rebirths: re/membering the father and mother Coda: bridging the double discourse in H. D.' Oeuvre Chronology: dating H. D.'s writing Notes Works cited Index.
Originate-to-Distribute Model and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis

An originate-to-distribute (OTD) model of lending, where the originator of a loan sells it to various third parties, was a popular method of mortgage lending before the onset of the subprime mortgage crisis. We show that banks with high involvement in the OTD market during the pre-crisis period originated excessively poor quality mortgages. This result is not explained away by differences in observable borrower quality, geographical location of the property or the cost of capital of high and low OTD banks. Instead, our evidence supports the view that the originating banks did not expend resources in screening their borrowers. The effect of OTD lending on poor mortgage quality is stronger for capital-constrained banks. Overall, we provide evidence that lack of screening incentives coupled with leverage induced risk-taking behavior significantly contributed to the current sub-prime mortgage crisis. JEL Codes: G11, G12, G13, G14.
Power, leadership and transformation: the doctor's potential for influence.

CONTEXT
Power and leadership are concepts that are linked. Both are studied too infrequently in medical and health care settings, given the responsibilities and opportunities doctors and other health care personnel have to exert leadership and power appropriately to foster patient-centred and health care organisational goals.


METHODS
This paper reviews Raven's concept of power, clarifies the bases of power that are available to doctors in different roles and provides illustrations of the application of the bases of power in medical practice. The relationship between power and leadership is explored, with an emphasis on how power and leadership are linked through the personal characteristics and competencies of the leader.


RESULTS
  Transformational leadership illustrates the incorporation and elaboration of power strategies into a principles-driven, relationship-oriented and empirically grounded form of leadership. Illustrations of the appropriate and inappropriate use of power and leadership in health care settings are provided.


CONCLUSIONS
The study of power, the study of leadership and their linkage should be incorporated to a greater degree into medical education at all levels. Strategies to achieve this end are suggested.
Physical Activity Characteristics across GOLD Quadrants Depend on the Questionnaire Used

BACKGROUND
The GOLD multidimensional classification of COPD severity combines the exacerbation risk with the symptom experience, for which 3 different questionnaires are permitted. This study investigated differences in physical activity (PA) in the different GOLD quadrants and patient's distribution in relation to the questionnaire used.


METHODS
136 COPD patients (58±21% FEV1 predicted, 34F/102M) completed COPD assessment test (CAT), clinical COPD questionnaire (CCQ) and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) questionnaire. Exacerbation history, spirometry and 6MWD were collected. PA was objectively measured for 2 periods of 1 week, 6 months apart, in 5 European centres; to minimise seasonal and clinical variation the average of these two periods was used for analysis.


RESULTS
GOLD quadrants C+D had reduced PA compared with A+B (3824 [2976] vs. 5508 [4671] steps.d-1, p<0.0001). The choice of questionnaire yielded different patient distributions (agreement mMRC-CAT κ = 0.57; CCQ-mMRC κ = 0.71; CCQ-CAT κ = 0.72) with different clinical characteristics. PA was notably lower in patients with an mMRC score ≥2 (3430 [2537] vs. 5443 [3776] steps.d-1, p <0.001) in both the low and high risk quadrants.


CONCLUSIONS
Using different questionnaires changes the patient distribution and results in different clinical characteristics. Therefore, standardization of the questionnaire used for classification is critical to allow comparison of different studies using this as an entry criterion.


CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01388218.
A Generalized Linear Threshold Model for Multiple Cascades

This paper presents a generalized version of the linear threshold model for simulating multiple cascades on a network while allowing nodes to switch between them. The proposed model is shown to be a rapidly mixing Markov chain and the corresponding steady state distribution is used to estimate highly likely states of the cascades' spread in the network. Results on a variety of real world networks demonstrate the high quality of the estimated solution.
Informal Labour, Factory Labour or the End of Labour? Anthropological Reflections on Labour Value

An introduction to work and society for undergraduate and postgraduate students. This new text brings together international experts on work and employment from a range of disciplines to debate key themes and issues related to work in a globalised economy.
Condensed List Relevance Models

Pseudo-relevance feedback has traditionally been implemented as an expensive re-retrieval of documents from the target corpus. In this work, we demonstrate that, for high precision metrics, re-ranking the original feedback set provides nearly identical performance to re-retrieval with significantly lower latency.
Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy via Turbuhaler versus fixed-dose budesonide/formoterol plus terbutaline in patients with asthma: phase III study results.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol as maintenance and reliever therapy versus budesonide/formoterol maintenance plus terbutaline in adults with persistent asthma not adequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy alone.


METHODS
In this 12-month, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, phase III study (NCT00839800), patients (age ≥ 16 years; receiving maintenance ICS; ≥ 1 severe exacerbation in the 12 months prior to study entry) were randomized to either budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg 1 inhalation twice daily plus budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg as-needed or budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg 1 inhalation twice daily plus terbutaline 0.4 mg as-needed for 12 months.


PRIMARY OUTCOME
time to first severe asthma exacerbation; secondary outcomes included: lung function, asthma symptom variables and tolerability.


RESULTS
Two thousand and ninety-one patients were randomized: 170 (16%) receiving budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy experienced 259 severe exacerbations versus 229 patients (22%) receiving budesonide/formoterol plus terbutaline who experienced 363 severe exacerbations. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy prolonged the time to first severe exacerbation versus budesonide/formoterol plus terbutaline (P = 0.0007) and reduced the instantaneous risk of an exacerbation by 30% (hazard ratio 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.57-0.85, P = 0.0003). Times to first oral steroid use, first hospitalization and first emergency room treatment were all significantly prolonged in the budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever group versus budesonide/formoterol plus terbutaline. Both treatment groups were well tolerated.


CONCLUSIONS
Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy provided more effective asthma control, including a prolonged time to first severe asthma exacerbation, than budesonide/formoterol plus terbutaline and was well tolerated. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy also improved lung function and asthma symptoms.