LLukas22/scidocs huggingface dataset:
How useful are feminist theories of the welfare state

Abstract Since the 1970s, a substantial literature on women and welfare has been published. Broadly speaking, this research has been heavily influenced by academics from the disciplines of sociology and social policy who are socialist feminists. However, whilst this socialist feminist work has been significant in exposing the gendered aspects of the welfare state, it is far from perfect. Potentially, historians have much to contribute in creating a more balanced picture of the complex process of the formation over time of welfare policies. So far, however, historians in their evaluation of gender and welfare, have seldom advanced beyond the 1930s.This article offers a critique of the socialist feminist analysis of women and welfare in Britain since 1945. It indicates the need, if feminist theories are to prove of worth, for a historical perspective which rigorously re-assesses the character of the Beveridge Report, and which carefully examines the ideas and interest groups which were at work in the genera...
Formal Framework for Adaptive Multi-Agent Systems

Evolution of software challenges multi-agent systems to be adaptive and the adaptation capabilities should be provided at both the agent level and the system level. In this paper, we study the adaptation of multi-agent systems from the system level and describe a formal framework for multi-agent systems with adaptation capabilities. In the framework, agents are indirectly inter-connected via roles and interaction protocols are defined as entities independent of agents and roles. Thus agents, roles, and interaction protocols involved in multi-agent systems need not always adjust their behaviors or specifications to adapt to the changes of system structures and interaction protocols.
Bangla handwritten character recognition using convolutional neural network

Handwritten character recognition complexity varies among different languages due to distinct shapes, strokes and number of characters. Numerous works in handwritten character recognition are available for English with respect to other major languages such as Bangla. Existing methods use distinct feature extraction techniques and various classification tools in their recognition schemes. Recently, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is found efficient for English handwritten character recognition. In this paper, a CNN based Bangla handwritten character recognition is investigated. The proposed method normalizes the written character images and then employ CNN to classify individual characters. It does not employ any feature extraction method like other related works. 20000 handwritten characters with different shapes and variations are used in this study. The proposed method is shown satisfactory recognition accuracy and outperformed some other prominent exiting methods.
Knee Angle Affects Posterior Chain Muscle Activation During an Isometric Test Used in Soccer Players

BACKGROUND
It has been suggested that altering the knee flexion angle during a commonly used supine isometric strength test developed with professional soccer players changes preferential hamstring muscle recruitment. The aim of this study was to examine the electromyography (EMG) knee joint-angle relationship during this test, as these data are currently unknown.


METHODS
Ten recreational male soccer athletes (age: 28 ± 2.4 years) were recruited and performed a supine isometric strength test on their dominant leg with the knee placed at two pre-selected flexion angles (30° and 90°). The surface EMG of the gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and medial gastrocnemius was measured, in addition to the within-session reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV)).


RESULTS
Within-session reliability showed large variation dependent upon the test position and muscle measured (CV% = 8.8⁻36.1) Absolute mean EMG activity and percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) indicated different magnitudes of activation between the two test positions; however, significant mean differences were present for the biceps femoris only with greater activation recorded at the 30° knee angle (% MVIC: 31 ± 9 vs. 22 ± 7; p = 0.002). These differences (30% mean difference) were greater than the observed typical measurement error (CV% = 13.1⁻14.3 for the 90° and 30° test positions, respectively). Furthermore, the percentage MVIC showed a trend of heightened activation of all muscles with the knee positioned at 30°, but there was also more within-subject variation, and this was more pronounced for the gluteus maximus (CV% = 36.1 vs. 19.8) and medial gastrocnemius (CV% 31 vs. 22.6).


CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that biceps femoris and overall posterior chain muscle activation is increased with the knee positioned at 30° of flexion; however, the 90° angle displayed less variation in performance within individual participants, especially in the gluteus maximus and medial gastrocnemius. Thus, practitioners using this test to assess hamstring muscle strength should ensure appropriate familiarisation is afforded, and then may wish to prioritise the 30° knee position.
Raman Tweezers Spectroscopy of Live, Single Red and White Blood Cells

An optical trap has been combined with a Raman spectrometer to make high-resolution measurements of Raman spectra of optically-immobilized, single, live red (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) under physiological conditions. Tightly-focused, near infrared wavelength light (1064 nm) is utilized for trapping of single cells and 785 nm light is used for Raman excitation at low levels of incident power (few mW). Raman spectra of RBC recorded using this high-sensitivity, dual-wavelength apparatus has enabled identification of several additional lines; the hitherto-unreported lines originate purely from hemoglobin molecules. Raman spectra of single granulocytes and lymphocytes are interpreted on the basis of standard protein and nucleic acid vibrational spectroscopy data. The richness of the measured spectrum illustrates that Raman studies of live cells in suspension are more informative than conventional micro-Raman studies where the cells are chemically bound to a glass cover slip.
Key Factors for Selecting an Agile Method : A Systematic Literature Review

Agile methods have become popular in recent years because the success rate of project development using Agile methods is better than structured design methods. Nevertheless, less than 50 percent of projects implemented using Agile methods are considered successful, and selecting the wrong Agile method is one of the reasons for project failure. Selecting the most appropriate Agile method is a challenging task because there are so many to choose from. In addition, potential adopters believe that migrating to an Agile method involves taking a drastic risk. Therefore, to assist project managers and other decision makers, this study aims to identify the key factors that should be considered when selecting an appropriate Agile method. A systematic literature review was performed to elicit these factors in an unbiased manner, and then content analysis was used to analyze the resultant data. It was found that the nature of the project, development team skills, project constraints, customer involvement and organizational culture are the key factors that should guide decision makers in the selection of an appropriate Agile method based on the value these factors have for different organizations and/or different projects. Keywords— Agile method selection; factors of selecting Agile methods; SLR
Video game play, attention, and learning: how to shape the development of attention and influence learning?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The notion that play may facilitate learning has long been touted. Here, we review how video game play may be leveraged for enhancing attentional control, allowing greater cognitive flexibility and learning and in turn new routes to better address developmental disorders.


RECENT FINDINGS
Video games, initially developed for entertainment, appear to enhance the behavior in domains as varied as perception, attention, task switching, or mental rotation. This surprisingly wide transfer may be mediated by enhanced attentional control, allowing increased signal-to-noise ratio and thus more informed decisions.


SUMMARY
The possibility of enhancing attentional control through targeted interventions, be it computerized training or self-regulation techniques, is now well established. Embedding such training in video game play is appealing, given the astounding amount of time spent by children and adults worldwide with this media. It holds the promise of increasing compliance in patients and motivation in school children, and of enhancing the use of positive impact games. Yet for all the promises, existing research indicates that not all games are created equal: a better understanding of the game play elements that foster attention and learning as well as of the strategies developed by the players is needed. Computational models from machine learning or developmental robotics provide a rich theoretical framework to develop this work further and address its impact on developmental disorders.
Rational approach to implementation of prostate cancer antigen 3 into clinical care.

BACKGROUND
Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) encodes a prostate-specific messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that serves as the target for a novel urinary molecular assay for prostate cancer detection. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the ability of PCA3, added to measurements of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), to predict cancer detection by extended template biopsy.


METHODS
Between September 2006 and December 2007, whole urine samples were collected after attentive digital rectal examinations from 187 men before they underwent ultrasound-guided, 12-core prostate biopsy in a urology outpatient clinic. Urine PCA3/PSA mRNA ratio scores were measured within 1 month, and serum PSA was measured within 6 months prior to biopsy. Those measurements were related to cancer-positive biopsies.


RESULTS
Overall, 87 of 187 biopsies (46.5%) were positive for cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of a PCA3 score > or =35 for positive biopsy were 52.9% and 80%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 69.7% and 66.1%, respectively. By using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, PSA alone resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.63 for prostate cancer detection; whereas a combined PSA and PCA3 score resulted in an AUC of 0.71. The likelihood of prostate cancer detection rose with increasing PCA3 score ranges (P > .0001), providing possible PCA3 score parameters for stratification into groups at low risk, moderate risk, high risk, and very high risk for a positive biopsy.


CONCLUSIONS
Adding PCA3 to serum PSA improved prostate cancer prediction. The use of PCA3 in a clinical setting may help to stratify patients according to their risk for biopsy and cancer detection, although a large-scale validation study will be needed to address assay standardization, optimal cutoff values, and appropriate patient populations.
Facial Expression Recognition

Facial expressions are the facial changes in response to a person’s internal emotional states, intentions, or social communications. Facial expression analysis has been an active research topic for behavioral scientists since the work of Darwin in 1872 [21, 26, 29, 83]. Suwa et al. [90] presented an early attempt to automatically analyze facial expressions by tracking the motion of 20 identified spots on an image sequence in 1978. After that, much progress has been made to build computer systems to help us understand and use this natural form of human communication [5, 7, 8, 17, 23, 32, 43, 45, 57, 64, 77, 92, 95, 106–108, 110]. In this chapter, facial expression analysis refers to computer systems that attempt to automatically analyze and recognize facial motions and facial feature changes from visual information. Sometimes the facial expression analysis has been confused with emotion analysis in the computer vision domain. For emotion analysis, higher level knowledge is required. For example, although facial expressions can convey emotion, they can also express intention, cognitive processes, physical effort, or other intraor interpersonal meanings. Interpretation is aided by context, body gesture, voice, individual differences, and cultural factors as well as by facial configuration and timing [11, 79, 80]. Computer facial expression analysis systems need to analyze the facial actions regardless of context, culture, gender, and so on.
Cost-of-Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a worldwide high prevalence chronic progressive disease that poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems. The aim of this study is to provide a detailed economic burden of diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications in Iran in 2009 year.


METHODS
This is a prevalence-based cost-of-illness study focusing on quantifying direct health care costs by bottom-up approach. Data on inpatient hospital services, outpatient clinic visits, physician services, drugs, laboratory test, education and non-medical cost were collected from two national registries. The human capital approach was used to calculate indirect costs separately in male and female and also among different age groups.


RESULTS
The total national cost of diagnosed T2DM in 2009 is estimated at 3.78 billion USA dollars (USD) including 2.04±0.28 billion direct (medical and non-medical) costs and indirect costs of 1.73 million. Average direct and indirect cost per capita was 842.6±102 and 864.8 USD respectively. Complications (48.9%) and drugs (23.8%) were main components of direct cost. The largest components of medical expenditures attributed to diabetes's complications are cardiovascular disease (42.3% of total Complications cost), nephropathy (23%) and ophthalmic complications (14%). Indirect costs include temporarily disability (335.7 million), permanent disability (452.4 million) and reduced productivity due to premature mortality (950.3 million).


CONCLUSIONS
T2DM is a costly disease in the Iran healthcare system and consume more than 8.69% of total health expenditure. In addition to these quantified costs, T2DM imposes high intangible costs on society in terms of reduced quality of life. Identification of effective new strategies for the control of diabetes and its complications is a public health priority.
Massively parallel implementation of character recognition systems

The system consists of eight functional components. The loading of the image into the system and storing the recognition results from the system are I/O components. In between are components responsible for image processing and recognition. The first image processing component is responsible for image correction for scale and rotation, data field isolation, and character data location within each field; the second performs character segmentation; and the third does character normalization. Three recognition components are responsible for feature extraction and character reconstruction, neural network-based character recognition, and low-confidence classification rejection.
The social-psychological outcomes of martial arts practise among youth: a review.

Martial arts involvement among the youth has been described in controversial terms. Studies regarding the effects of martial arts practise on youth show contrasting images. While some refer to enhanced personal and social opportunities for those that participate, others warn against increased levels of aggressiveness and antisocial behavior among its participants. The aim of the present review is to provide, firstly, an overview of the major findings of studies concerning the social-psychological outcomes of martial arts practise. Secondly, the limitations of those studies are discussed. From more than 350 papers, collected during a two-year lasting literature study, 27 papers met all criteria to be included in this study. This review revealed that even though a considerable amount of research on social-psychological outcomes of martial arts practise has been conducted over the years, to date, it has not brought clarity in the existing duality regarding the possible effects of martial arts involvement. It is proposed that a better understanding can be provided if specific influential factors are taken into account in future research (i.e., participants' characteristics, type of guidance, social context and structural qualities of the sport). Key pointsMany common beliefs exist about the positive and negative outcomes of martial arts practise.Studies regarding the effects of martial arts practise on youth show contrasting images.Several influential factors have to be taken into account when examining the social-psychological outcomes of martial arts practise.
[Children and adolescent's drawing for the diagnosis of migraine].

INTRODUCTION
Migraine is frequent in children. Children's drawings of their symptoms can help to identify it.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the accuracy of children's drawings to identify migraine in those who suffer from headache. POPULATION, MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 48 patients aged 5 to 19 years, assisted for headache. In all cases they were asked to draw what happened to them before and during the episode, and then the drawing was analyzed by a pediatric neurologist ("artistic diagnosis"). Afterwards, all were evaluated by another pediatric neurologist ("clinical diagnosis"). Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), negative (NPV) and positive (PPV) predictive values of the "artistic diagnosis" to predict "clinical diagnosis" were calculated. Possible interaction of age, Intellectual Standard Score (ISS), maternal education and previous contact with a neurologist was evaluated by logistic regression.


RESULTS
After controlling by those factors, the "artistic diagnosis" was found to be an independent predictor of the "clinical diagnosis" of migraine (p < 0.01, OR: 23), achieving Se: 69,6%, Sp: 88%, PPV: 84,2% and NPV: 75,9. The performance was still better when only subjects with ISS >/= 70 were considered.


CONCLUSION
Children tend to communicate their symptoms more effectively through drawings than verbally. The "artistic diagnosis" was accurate to predict the "clinical diagnosis" of migraine.
Exploring the use of actigraphy to investigate sleep problems in older people with intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to explore the use of actigraphy to investigate sleep problems in a convenience sample of clients of Dutch intellectual disability (ID) care providers. Based on data obtained in a large multi-centre study on healthy ageing in people with ID, research questions were: 'To what degree are actigraphic measurements successful in this population?' and 'What is the influence of different sensitivity settings of the Actiwatch Sleep Analysis software on the distribution of sleep variables in this group?'


METHODS
Data were collected in a cross-sectional descriptive study design. We included 563 participants, aged 50 years or older, with borderline to profound ID. Sleep-wake data were measured continuously during 14 days and nights using the Actiwatch AW7. A complete measurement of at least 7 days and nights, including at least one weekend day, was considered successful. Objective variables of sleep were analysed using different sensitivity settings of the Actiwatch AW7 Sleep Analysis software.


RESULTS
In 200 participants (35.5%), a successful measurement was obtained. Unsuccessful measurements were caused primarily by problems with wearing the device and incomplete information on bed time and get up time. Of 382 participants who started wearing the Actiwatch, 354 (92.3%) wore it for at least 7 days. Application of different sensitivity settings of the Sleep Analysis software resulted in clear differences of all sleep parameters.


CONCLUSIONS
Further research is needed into the validity of objective sleep parameters, as measured with the Actiwatch, for screening and epidemiological research in older people with ID. It needs to be investigated which sensitivity setting of the Actiwatch gives most valid results in this specific group, whereas reference data on sleep parameters and cut-off values are to be obtained.
Case Report: Lung Disease in World Trade Center Responders Exposed to Dust and Smoke: Carbon Nanotubes Found in the Lungs of World Trade Center Patients and Dust Samples

CONTEXT
After the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) on 11 September 2001, a dense cloud of dust containing high levels of airborne pollutants covered Manhattan and parts of Brooklyn, New York. Between 60,000 and 70,000 responders were exposed. Many reported adverse health effects.


CASE PRESENTATION
In this report we describe clinical, pathologic, and mineralogic findings in seven previously healthy responders who were exposed to WTC dust on either 11 September or 12 September 2001, who developed severe respiratory impairment or unexplained radiologic findings and underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical lung biopsy procedures at Mount Sinai Medical Center. WTC dust samples were also examined. We found that three of the seven responders had severe or moderate restrictive disease clinically. Histopathology showed interstitial lung disease consistent with small airways disease, bronchiolocentric parenchymal disease, and nonnecrotizing granulomatous condition. Tissue mineralogic analyses showed variable amounts of sheets of aluminum and magnesium silicates, chrysotile asbestos, calcium phosphate, and calcium sulfate. Small shards of glass containing mostly silica and magnesium were also found. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) of various sizes and lengths were noted. CNT were also identified in four of seven WTC dust samples.


DISCUSSION
These findings confirm the previously reported association between WTC dust exposure and bronchiolar and interstitial lung disease. Long-term monitoring of responders will be needed to elucidate the full extent of this problem. The finding of CNT in both WTC dust and lung tissues is unexpected and requires further study.