[DOC] [TLE] Effects of Nicotine During Pregnancy: Human and Experimental ... [PAR] It is concluded that as findings indicate that functional nAChRs are present very 
.... The overall risk was, however, much lower than for those using cigarettes. .... 
An association between maternal smoking and a reduced birth weight is also 
well ... CO or effects on the placenta) may be responsible for the growth 
retardation... [DOC] [TLE] Smoking during pregnancy - Help with Smoking [PAR] How smoking during pregnancy can affect the mother and the birth, health and ... 
When an expecting mother inhales tobacco smoke from a cigarette, some of the 
... The placenta is the tissue that connects the foetus to its mother and from ... this 
can lead to the birth of a low-weight baby and all the risks and complications that
... [DOC] [TLE] Pregnancy Precautions - Parenthood.com [PAR] Certain signs during pregnancy may indicate possible complications. ... and 
miscarriages and their offspring had a higher incidence of low birth weights. ... 
Danger to Your Baby  These chemicals have been found to cause birth defects, 
... Avoid smoking cigarettes or exposure to smoke from other people's cigarettes. [DOC] [TLE] Pregnancy Complications - Healthline [PAR] Oct 5, 2016 ... An ectopic pregnancy can cause severe pain and damage to a woman's ... Other 
factors that may increase the risk for placental abruption include cigarette ... For 
most women, preeclampsia will not affect the health of the baby. ... slow growth; 
low birth weight; preterm birth; breathing difficulties for the baby... [DOC] [TLE] The effect of maternal prenatal smoking and alcohol consumption on ... [PAR] Apr 26, 2014 ... Data on maternal prenatal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption ... The 
placental-to-birth weight ratio of infants born to mothers who smoked at any .... 
One study found no effect of maternal alcohol consumption during ... to the factors 
studied and thus may only lead the associations to null if it exists. [DOC] [TLE] Fetal Growth versus Birthweight: The Role of Placenta versus Other ... [PAR] Jun 18, 2012 ... Introducing placental weight reduced the effect of BMI on fetal growth by 23% ... 
determinants of abnormal birthweight, particularly low birthweight, but also more 
..... In the current study BMI was found to be an independent .... Furthermore, the 
number and efficiency of placental transport proteins may also be... [DOC] [TLE] The Consequences of Iron Deficiency and Anaemia in Pregnancy ... [PAR] In response to the overwhelming evidence to this effect, world authorities have ... 
and that this deficiency is severe enough to cause anemia in 1,200 million ... 
Placental iron ... Dietary iron absorption in most populations of the developing 
world may not ... The more severe the anemia the greater the risk of low-birth 
weight. [DOC] [TLE] Iiris Saarikoski Care of women smoking during pregnancy - Theseus [PAR] The aim of this thesis is to present the hazardous effects smoking during pregnan
- cy can ... Smoking during pregnancy can cause lower birth weight, respiratory 
problems and learning ..... placenta caused by the carbon monoxide found in 
cigarettes. .... health nurses and other professionals of health care can be 
efficient. [DOC] [TLE] Smoking during pregnancy and placental weight. A multivariate ... [PAR] weight is lower when the mother smokes during pregnancy [16 ... The present 
work gives the results of a prospec- ... cigarettes per day). ... and the regression of 
placental weight on birth weight and these variables. .... creases underthe effect 
of most of the factors, and ... weights, a result which may lead to various interpreta
-. [DOC] [TLE] Causes of Low Birthweight | Preventing Low Birthweight: Summary ... [PAR] Suggested Citation: "Causes of Low Birthweight." Institute of Medicine. 
Preventing Low Birthweight: Summary. Washington, DC: The National 
Academies Press,... [DOC] [TLE] childhood disease and disorder | Britannica.com [PAR] Any illness, impairment, or abnormal condition that affects primarily infants and ... 
hazards that they deliberately seek, such as cigarette smoking and the use of 
alcohol .... Enlargement of the heart as a result of cardiac disease may cause 
gross .... Infants whose weight is low at birth account for as many as 10 to 15 
percent of... [DOC] [TLE]

Question: Found in cigarettes, it affects the efficiency of the placenta & may lead to low birth weight
Answer: Nicotine