[DOC] [TLE] Navigation and Related Instruments in 16th-Century England - Fort ... [PAR] By the dawn of the sixteenth century, the ancient art of navigation had begun to 
develop rapidly ... It could be difficult to use an astrolabe when on a ship's deck. 
... Polaris was the preferred star for measuring latitude because it is less than one 
... As a result, mariners relied on the magnetic compass, an instrument developed
... [DOC] [TLE] Tools of Navigation [PAR] May 15, 2015 ... Commercial navigation on the Mediterranean took place almost totally ... Sailors 
only became interested in it as a navigational tool when their voyages took ... 
above the horizon, even when the instrument did not look like a Cross-Staff. .... 
The Polynesian star compass was the key to finding direction at sea. [DOC] [TLE] FC81: Early voyages of Exploration (c.1400-1550) - The Flow of ... [PAR] Skip navigation ... In 1400 A.D. Europeans probably knew less of the globe than 
they had ... However, such a miscalculation gave explorers like Columbus and 
Magellan the ... While captains such as Columbus, da Gama, and Magellan had 
to rely on .... Also, since the North Star, the sailors' main navigational guide, 
would... [DOC] [TLE] Navigation of the American Explorers - 15th to 17th Centuries ... [PAR] Navigation Tools for Dead Reckoning and Piloting ... Columbus noticed that, as 
one sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, the ... A heavy piece of lead at the end of a 
long marked line had a cavity in its bottom, which, when coated with ... Celestial 
navigational instruments were designed to help find a vessel's latitudeLatitude [DOC] [TLE] Maritime history - Wikipedia [PAR] Maritime history is the study of human activity at sea. It covers a broad thematic 
element of .... The first use of a magnetized needle for seafaring navigation in 
Europe was ... When combined with detailed maps of the period, sailors were 
able to sail ... Columbus' voyages across the Atlantic Ocean began a European 
effort at... [DOC] [TLE] Navigation Techniques and Practice in the Renaissance [PAR] the problem of determining one's position at sea; while the sun and stars could 
be used to .... of Navigation, 3637; E. G. R. Taylor, The Sailor in the Middle. 
Ages, Journal ... Mediterranean had two instruments to help them keep their 
course or ... pilots did not rely entirely on dead reckoning navigational techniques
. Instead... [DOC] [TLE] For Students (PDF) - Amazon S3 [PAR] governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, ... 
European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on ... 
did you have about sailing during this era? ..... Arab mariners had long sailed 
open seas by the stars and ... to America, Columbus asked the Spanish 
government for. [DOC] [TLE] navigation | technology | Britannica.com [PAR] When many ships are in a small area, an evasive action taken to avoid a collision 
... For many centuries practical navigators oriented themselves by relying just as 
... The Mediterranean sailor could confidently distinguish the cold north wind from 
.... For example, in northern Europe in the 16th century the magnetic north pole... [DOC] [TLE] Portugal's major advantages - The World Economy [PAR] Portugal emerged from Arab rule between 1147 when Lisbon was captured ... 
There was a clear strategic benefit in being located on the South Atlantic coast of 
Europe ... trade, and augmented Portuguese knowledge of navigation in the 
Atlantic. ... In the Mediterranean, navigators from the thirteenth century had relied 
on the... [DOC] [TLE] Kick-starting the Renaissance? - "1421 " exposed [PAR] Columbus had to convince the European scientists of his day about the size of 
the .... The so-called Chinese knowledge in the latter is mainly a summary of 
some ... Indeed, little that Gavin outlines deals with marine navigation while 
Zheng He's ... Zheng He's fleets relied on the height of the stars to determine the 
distance of... [DOC] [TLE] Conquistador - Wikipedia [PAR] Conquistadors /kkstdrz is a term used to refer to the soldiers and 
explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense. 
During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed

Question: While N. European sailors navigated by stars, Mediterraneans like Columbus relied mainly on this instrument
Answer: the compass