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In 1999, NASA showed that the four hottest years in US history were 1934, 1921, 1931 and 1953, and that the US was much hotter in the 1930s. | 2_1 |
Astrophysicist, Joe Postma - in his momentous paper The Absence of a Measurable Greenhouse Effect - goes on to prove that by treating Earth as a sphere so that night and day exist we can suddenly explain with standard physics how daytime gives us the +30 degrees C worth of added GHE temperature; on average over half of the Earth (reaching a theoretical maximum of up to +121 degrees C under the solar-noon if it was not for the cooling power of the atmosphere). | 2_3 |
In the 1930s, Franklin Roosevelt asked his administration to undertake a vast exploratory study of future technologies. A group of researchers eventually produced a voluminous report with fascinating insights. There was only one little glitch: the document did not foresee television, plastics, jet planes, organ transplants, laser technology, or even ballpoint pens. | 0_0 |
These are not choices by officials actually elected by real people, the only legitimate basis for the state's monopoly of coercive power. We are not considering here authoritarian or less-developed countries where free expression and representative government are absent or inadequate. One could argue in such cases that international norm setting might provide standards or models from which emerging free governments could pick and choose. (Of course, one could also argue that the United States provides a perfectly acceptable model all on its own, which emerging democracies can emulate or not, without any need for America to "multilateralize" its uniqueness.) | 0_0 |
Atmospheric satellite temperature trend (RSS MSU-LT) = 0.2 F/decade | 0_0 |
There seems to be much excitment about the discovery of lots and lots of playtpuses at Maleny, 100 odd kms north of Brisbane, where some locals have been trying to stop the building of a Woolies for many, many months. | 0_0 |
Guest Post by Bob Tisdale, WUWT, Aug 10, 2015 | 0_0 |
Gov't tax panel agrees to end tax break for stock investments: | 0_0 |
Fertilizer runoff does not just pollute local waters; it creates other far-reaching environmental problems. Each summer, the loading of nitrogen fertilizers from the Mississippi via the corn belt hits the Gulf of Mexico, creating a large dead zonea region of oxygen-deprived waters unable to support sea life that extends for more than ten thousand square kilometers. The same phenomenon occurs in the Chesapeake Bay, in some summers affecting most of the waters in the mainstern bay. A recent study by researchers at the University of British Columbia shows that if the United States were to meet its proposed ethanol production goals15-36 billion gallons of corn and cellulosic ethanol by 2022nitrogen flows to the Gulf of Mexico would increase by 10-34 percent. | 0_0 |
Mr Fisher said "heat sources such as surface heating and cooling can have an affect on these blocking events". | 0_0 |
Wednesday CFACT brought COP16 delegates and press to tour a local village without electricity to show the impacts of energy poverty. CFACT is installing electric light in the village school for the first time. | 0_0 |
making America more energy independent has inverted an equation that | 0_0 |
By hyper-regulating carbon dioxide, soot, mercury, "cross-state air pollution" from sources hundreds of miles away, and other air and water emissions, EPA intends to force numerous coal-fired power plants to shut down years before their productive life is over; sharply reduce emissions from cars, factories, refineries and other facilities, regardless of the costs; and block the construction of new coal-fired power plants, because none will be able to slash their carbon dioxide emissions to half of what average coal-fired plants now emit, without employing expensive (and nonexistent) CO2 capture and storage technologies. | 4_1 |
Uprooting State's Crop Bullies Would Benefit S.D. County | 0_0 |
A visit to IceAgeNow.info yielded headlines of news stories last week that included "Record ColdMillions of Americans hit by Propane Shortage"; "Ice and Snow Closed Texas highways This Morning"; "Ice-cover Shuts Down Work on New Hudson River Bridge" and so you understand this is a global phenomenon "KashmirHeaviest January Snowfall in a Decade";"Heavy Snowfall Sweeps Eastern Turkey"; "RomaniaHeavy Snowfall and Blizzard"; and "Bangkok Suffers Coldest Night in Three DecadesDeath Roll Mounts." | 1_3 |
Clearly, erosion is a problem here, yet the authors of the paper fail to give it any credence. Of course the fossil record will show sea level rise! | 1_6 |
The report's authors sagely explain that no one statistical "holy grail" can quantify everything meaningful in a single number. They believe a range of new variables should be included in measuring a nation's progress, and they want to broaden indicators to include social capital, education, governance, and health. To this end, the report discusses how existing statistics could be used. So far so good. | 0_0 |
But Gorethodoxy demands blind obedience by its votaries. Discussing the potential benefits of global warming is strictly verboten. | 0_0 |
5) Vicious personal attacks continue on scientists, businessmen, politicians and others who disagree publicly with the catechism of climate cataclysm. Alarmist pressure groups and Democrat members of Congress are out to destroy the studies, funding, reputations and careers of all who dare challenge climate disaster tautologies. At President Obama's behest, even disaster aid agencies are piling on. | 5_2 |
Smith and D'Aleo are both interviewed as part of a report on this study on the television special, "Global Warming: The Other Side," which will air at 9 PM on January 14 on KUSI-TV, channel 9/51, San Diego, California. The detailed report is available at http://icecap.us/images/uploads/NOAAroleinclimategate.pdf. | 0_0 |
A NAAQS is an allowable pollution concentration standard. It determines how many parts per million(or billion) of a targeted pollutant are permissible in the ambient air. Petitioners in Mass v. EPA asserted that current GHG levels already harm public health and welfare. Similarly, a spate of endangerment petitions filed since Mass v. EPA (to regulate GHG emissions from aircraft, marine vessels, off-road engines, etc.) assert that GHG emissions already harm public health and welfare. These allegations raise an obvious policy questionwhat kinds of measures would be required to lower GHG concentrations below current levels? | 0_0 |
Texas Sends Amazon a $269 Million Sales Tax Bill: | 0_0 |
It will be impossible to meet the consumer demands of a contemporary society without a reliable source of energy like nuclear. Other countries have already acknowledged this. There are 65 reactors under construction around the world (far safer and more advanced than the 30-year-old technology at Fukushima Daiichi), but none in the U.S. | 4_5 |
The scientists noted that the largest recent period of Antarctic warming occurred during the 1990s as the result of a particularly lengthy and strong set of El Nio conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Many other decades, including pre-industrial times such as the 1830s, also showed marked temperature spikes, according to the latest report. | 2_1 |
The evidence from AR5 best estimates of forcing, combined with that in solid observational studies cited in AR5, points to a best (median) estimate for TCR of 1.3C if the AR5 aerosol forcing best estimate is scaled to match the satellite-observation-derived best estimate thereof, or 1.4C if not (giving a somewhat less observationally-based TCR estimate). We can compare this with model TCRs. The distribution of CMIP5 model TCRs is shown in Figure 3 below, with a maximally observationally-based TCR estimate of 1.3C for comparison. | 0_0 |
As the CO 2 content of the air continues to rise, tropical rainforests will likely increase their photosynthetic capacity. This phenomenon may apply a significant "biological brake" on the rising CO 2 content of the atmosphere, as tropical rainforests are among the most productive ecosystems on earth, and a large stimulation of their photosynthetic capacity should result in the removal of tremendous amounts of carbon from the atmosphere. Reviewed 15 October 1998 | 3_3 |
1. .. We suggest that the new observational likely range from (ECS) would be 1.25-3.0 C, with a best estimate p 1.75 o C. | 0_0 |
Carter's ultimate policy recommendation was that climate hazards are overwhelmingly natural problems, and should be dealt with by preparing for them in advance, and adapting to them when they occur. | 2_1 |
The Lord Monckton Foundation?s monthly Global Warming Projection Index number for March 2014 is 0.14 C . That is how much the IPCC?s latest central projection of global warming over the 9 years 2 months January 2005 to February 2014 has overshot the observed temperature trend. | 0_0 |
Senators Demand that the World's Largest Oil Maker Make Public Its History of Funding Climate Change "Skeptics" | 0_0 |
As the CO 2 content of the air rises, it is likely that mango biodiversity will be maintained, as there were no obvious differences in the responses of these two ecotypes to atmospheric CO 2 enrichment. In addition, these cultivars will likely increase their overall size, biomass, and yield as more and more CO 2 enters the air from mankind's activities. Although the instantaneous doubling of the atmospheric CO 2 content in this experiment reduced concentrations of leaf mineral elements, the authors stated that "given the slow rate at which global atmospheric CO 2 concentration is increasing, it is possible that plants will adapt to elevated ambient CO 2 concentrations over time with respect to mineral nutrition," as did sour orange trees after 85 months of exposure to elevated CO 2 (Penuelas et al ., 1997). Reference | 3_3 |
No surprise here. Just more inconvenient results for CO2 broken-record dogmatists. | 0_0 |
Thus, the drop in annual GDP growth that was so insignificant in Krugman??s mind, when it came to measuring the economic costs of aggressive carbon legislation, is just shy of the drop in annualized GDP growth matching up with the environmental benefits of such legislation, in the worst case scenario. But when we realize that Krugman??s estimate of 2% GDP loss by 2050 is much lower than what the IPCC itself says (as I document in the earlier posts linked above), the answer is a no brainer: The benefits of fighting climate change do not exceed the costs, even using the IPCC??s own models. | 4_1 |
"The Bingaman bill is like the misleading sales pitches used car salesmen once used. They get you to buy because the first month's payment is only $49. But the next month you notice that all the other payments are $499." | 0_0 |
There is no getting around it. The models are wrong. The energy balance is so central that none of their other predictions can be relied on. | 5_1 |
Hybrid cars are not living up to their advertised gas mileage, claimed a recent article from wired.com (May 11). | 0_0 |
4) Boris Johnson: Why Did Met Office Get It Wrong Yet Again? The Daily Telegraph, 20 December 2010 | 0_0 |
Is the Earth warming? Data does suggest the Earth is warming as we come out of the Little Ice Age. | 2_1 |
Anyone that giggles at 70s British comedy will know that Graeme Garden, Bill Oddie and Tim Brooke-Taylor ran a skit show called The Goodies in the 1970s. If you dont know the series but have ever chortled at Monty Python, chances are youll enjoy some of the Goodies too. | 0_0 |
A new briefing paper published today by the Global Warming Policy Foundation concludes that the most recent (September 2014) floods in the Kashmir region of India-Pakistan border which killed several dozen of people are a recurring feature of the Indian Monsoon and not linked to climate change. | 1_7 |
Those reefs have actually been able to take advantage of the warmer conditions, said Janice Lough, a senior AIMS research scientist and one of the studys authors. | 3_2 |
Chinese Famine of 1907-Over 24 million perish from starvation | 0_0 |
Since the change point in 2007, September 21 Arctic ice (15% concentration) extent has been expanding at a linear rate of 247,875 km / year. Using the standard climate science metric, that is a gain of 4,201 Manhattans per year. | 1_1 |
As adopted, Agenda 21 was described as a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts on the environment. That includes hundreds of specific goals and strategies that national and local governments are encouraged to adopt. And that translates into restrictive zoning policies that are aimed at deterring suburban growth. Ultimately, they suppress housing supply and drive up home prices, in turn imposing unnecessary costs, especially on middle- and lower-income households. These policies contributed to and aggravate the real estate bubble by putting inflationary pressures on housing prices. | 4_1 |
Then, after studying the ad more closely, I said: Oh my gosh, they even gave me crutches. Come on, people. | 0_0 |
"Even if every American citizen biked to work, carpooled to school, used only solar panels to power their homes, if we each planted a dozen trees, if we somehow eliminated all of our domestic greenhouse gas emissions, guess what? That still wouldn't be enough to offset the carbon pollution coming from the rest of the world. If all the industrial nations went down to zero emissions it wouldn't be enough, not when more than 65 percent of the world's carbon pollution comes from the developing world." | 4_2 |
Tides, in turn, made at least $8.6 million in grants to 44 different organizations, each time specifically mentioning its tar sands campaign. Funds went to Greenpeace, the Natural Resources Defense Council, the Sierra Club, Forest Ethics, the Rainforest Action Network and dozens of others. Fully $2.2 million of that total went to Michael MarxsCorporate Ethics International. | 0_0 |
Yet I was surprised at how different the situation seemed. And although I returned well versed in the reasons to be skeptical of an agreement, I part company with colleagues who believe that the face-to-face talks will settle nothing. | 0_0 |
Some days we are told that CO2 is making the weather cold. Other days we are told that CO2 is making the weather warm. Without some actual evidence that the Earth is heating by a dangerous amount, James Whites statement is pointless. | 5_1 |
By Mari N. Jensen, UA College of Science March 17, 2010 | 0_0 |
EPA's Clean Power Plan (CPP), which imposes carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rate targets and tonnage caps on state electric power sectors, is unlawful in at least half a dozen ways. | 0_0 |
The European Union's top climate official says the EU is pursuing the right renewable energy policieseven if the scientists are wrong about the cause of global warming! Why? | 0_0 |
Amici believe that no scientists have devised an empirically validated theory proving that higher atmospheric CO2 levels will lead to higher GAST. Moreover, if the causal link between higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations and higher GAST is broken by invalidating each of EPAs three lines of evidence, then EPAs assertions that higher CO2 concentrations also cause sea-level increases and more frequent and severe storms, floods, and droughts are also disproved. Such causality assertions require a validated theory that higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations cause increases in GAST. Lacking such a validated theory, EPAs conclusions cannot stand. In science, credible empirical data always trumps proposed theories, even if those theories are claimed to (or actually do) represent the current consensus. | 2_3 |
What are the models missing? Obsessed with radiation from greenhouse forcings and questionable temperature feedbacks, they ignore or poorly parameterize many important climate processes and undervalue the net cooling effect of the following events: | 5_1 |
This video is like the crazy fan mail that singers get, that's supposed to be all lovey-dovey and romantic (to the stalker), but reads like very well-thought out death threats to the entertainer. In the late 80s, our friend Abbey was a teen singer in northeast and central Ohio, doing the mall circuit, belting out covers to old songs as well as her dance hit "Pancake Emporium" it was the 80s, she was trying to be New Wave don't ask. | 0_0 |
About 70 percent of cumulative emissions since the industrial revolution were emitted from developed countries, which are believed to be the reason behind todays global climate change, according to the latest assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. | 0_0 |
last couple of years. I'm not "harrumphing" about sex comedy in the | 0_0 |
No matter what happens to the climate between now and the publication of the IPCCs 5th Assessment Report, we can be sure that the alarmism will be ratcheted up to ever more preposterous heights to keep the research funds flooding in. Everything will be bigger, faster, badder, worse than we thought, quicker than we thought etc, etc. The IPCC, and thousands of climate scientists, are too dependent on the global warming scare to let it go without a fight. And its started already. The IPCCs AR4 predictions for sea level rise were exaggerated enough, but AR5 will be worse: | 5_2 |
on Saturday, August 9th, 2014 at 8:00 pm and is filed under Uncategorized. | 0_0 |
Winter? Teesdale in County Durham blanketed in snow on May 23 in what is likely to be Britains coldest spring since 1962 | 1_3 |
Obviously some scientists just arent clever enough to snap out of it. | 0_0 |
The investigation into the alleged global warming data fraud by Virginias Attorney General may soon have a whole new angle. This comes from a previously overlooked connection between discredited tree-ring proxy researcher, Michael Mann and Yales now deceased climate professor, Barry Saltzman. | 5_2 |
about your paper if you're nice about mine. In this it partly works, though academics often drop private | 0_0 |
It means that the isolated measurements of the subsystems always eliminate the entanglement; and appropriate measurements of correlated properties of the two subsystems always create the entanglement. The "existence of entanglement" isn't really associated with the a priori unknown outcomes of measurements; it is associated with the type of doable meaasurement that we decide to perform. | 0_0 |
A primary motive for writing the book was to refute the then existing regime of pervasive government controls and regulations known as Mercantilism. Adam Smith stated that if government management of the marketplace were to be repealed there would arise in its place what he called a system of natural liberty. | 0_0 |
Said Briffa, one of their chief practitioners: "I know there is pressure to present a nice tidy story as regards "apparent unprecedented warming in a thousand years or more in the proxy data' but in reality the situation is not quite so simple. I believe that the recent warmth was probably matched about 1,000 years ago." | 0_0 |
This year, the recent 12 Month period temperature is -4.3 F cooler than for example 1932 . And if we compare with 1955 it is ??? 3.7 F cooler. | 1_3 |
Comment On Ocean Heat Content World Ocean Heat Content And ThermostericSea Level Change (0-2000), 1955-2010 By Levitus Et Al 2012 | 0_0 |
Canadian authorities reduced the quotas on the harp seal hunt by about 20 percent after overflights showed large numbers of seal pups were lost to thin and melting ice in the lower part of the gulf, off Prince Edward Island. | 0_0 |
First the Obama EPA came for coal mines, coal-fired power plants, miners, workers, investors, and all who depend on reliable, affordable electricity. Then the EPA, Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service, and other agencies came after oil and gas drilling and fracking, and the workers, industries, and families that need petroleum. They're also targeting farming, ranching, airlines, and manufacturing. | 0_0 |
Where are we going? Someone once noted that "the world of politics is always twenty years behind the world of thought." If that means that politicians today are becoming attracted to the ideas we had when we first started, then that's progress of a sort. But it's not enough, and CEI seeks to close that gap. | 0_0 |
Also not against making things up is the previous president of the Royal Society, Lord May of Oxford. Last year, we caught him making things up about Martin Durkin, director of the Great Global Warming Swindle. | 0_0 |
Elizabeth May and the Fact-challenged Fact Sheet | 0_0 |
Why do the websites of progressive civil society organisations pay virtually no attention to climate change? | 0_0 |
The proposals are contained in a draft document pieced together for the climate conference in Durban, South Africa. Representatives at the conference are struggling to come up with a compromise that negotiators from 194 nations can agree on. | 0_0 |
There are really only two reasons to discuss greenhouse gas emissions (primarily carbon dioxide) in the context of dietary guidelines in the U.S., and yet the USDA and HHS did neither in their Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC). | 0_0 |
Hessell notes that many New Zealand climatological stations were established about 1930, there being only a few with unchanged sites and unbroken records before that date. The clear implication is that data is just too scarce in the pre-1930 period. | 0_0 |
The very real positive externality of inadvertent atmospheric CO2 enrichment must be considered in all studies examining the SCC; and its observationally-deduced effects must be given premier weighting over the speculative negative externalities presumed to occur in computer model projections of global warming. Until that time, little if any weight should be placed on current SCC calculations. | 3_3 |
Yes, the winds, they are a-changingand BP decided to get out while the getting is good. | 0_0 |
On policy, Obama focused on things that could be done quickly in Congress, | 0_0 |
Read here . The global warming alarmists claim that an area such as the Amazon should experience greater frequency of severe droughts and floods. Does any evidence support these claims? A researcher examined the climate history of the Amazon and found no trend of severe events that would support the global warming alarmist predictions. | 1_7 |
Meanwhile, Germany, Italy and Japan plan to phase out nuclear power, thereby increasing their use of natural gas and coal for electricity while China and India build 900 new coal-fired power plants to electrify their growing economies. All will pump tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere dwarfing any reductions the USA might achieve by closing more power plants and further shackling our economy. | 4_2 |
The Israelis and the majority Fatah wing of the PLO now share a vital interest in the containment of Hamasthe Iran-backed radical Sunni groupwhich, during the summer of 2007, violently seized control of the Gaza Strip. | 0_0 |
There must, then, be other factors involved in the rise of growth skepticism. The astonishing relative decline in the importance of industry in Americaand indeed across the developed worldis another. Manufacturing fell from about 30 percent of gross domestic product in 1965 to 12 percent in the most recent figures. | 0_0 |
However, because they were designed to process heavier crude oils, refineries are limited in how much domestic sweet crude they can handle. Exports would provide an important outlet for excess crude supplies. That in turn would encourage additional exploration and production, protecting jobs, further revitalizing our economy, and multiplying royalty and tax revenues. | 0_0 |
4. Earth Warming According to Berkely Analysis. http://jennifermarohasy.com/2011/10/earth-warming-according-to-new-berkeley-analysis/ | 0_0 |
It is impossible to present reliable future projections from a collection of climate models which generally cannot simulate observed change. As a consequence, we recommend that unless/until the collection of climate models can be demonstrated to accurately capture observed characteristics of known climate changes, policymakers should avoid basing any decisions upon projections made from them. Further, those policies which have already be established using projections from these climate models should be revisited. Assessments which suffer from the inclusion of unreliable climate model projections include those produced by the IPCC and the U.S. Global Climate Change Research Program (including their most recent National Climate Assessment). Policies which are based upon such assessments include those established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency pertaining to the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Air Act. | 5_1 |
I want every Indian citizen to know: the United States of America will not simply be cheering you on from the sidelines. We will be right there with you, shoulder to shoulder. Because we believe in the promise of India. And we believe that the future is what we make it. President Obama, Nov. 8, 2010 | 0_0 |
About which Hansen correctly noted: The U.S. has warmed during the past century, but the warming hardly exceeds year-to-year variability. Indeed, in the U.S. the warmest decade was the 1930s and the warmest year was 1934. | 2_1 |
In fact, one billion signatures would require many billions of visits. With an ad added on that page, this modest goal itself would mean that the owner of the page would quickly become a multimillionaire. Is it this easy to become a multimillionaire? Is it enough to simply write "We people of the Earth want the comrade in the U.N. to tame the Sun, drink the oceans, and stop the rising seas"? But why would billions of people ever visit the totally useless and idiotic page? | 0_0 |
Temperatures in Antarctica have hit a balmy -109F over the last two days, which can mean only one thing tropical vacation | 1_3 |
The Empire BlueCross BlueShield conversion itself "violated perhaps every civics lesson in how public policy should be made," says University of California at Berkeley health-policy analyst James C. Robinson. In other states, the profits from similar conversion deals were used to endow independent charitable foundations that support scientific inquiry and underwrite health care for the indigent. By contrast, New York expropriated the proceeds of one of the most lucrative health-insurance IPOs in American history and then used the money to subsidize hospitals and underwrite worker raisesboth goals of 1199. Health-care advocates rightly questioned how boosting union workers' salaries improved public health, particularly for the poor. | 0_0 |
Slowing economic growth has human consequences, such as fewer schools, worse health care, and lower environmental quality. That's why human and environmental well being will be highest under the richer-but-warmest scenario and lower for the poorer-but-cooler scenarios, at least through 2100, according to Indur Goklany, author of The Improving State of the World. | 0_0 |
Why would anyone possibly imagine that the CO 2 which will be pumped into reservoirs to access that oil will remain there for very long? Will all those many, many thousands of depleted oil reservoirs where the gas will need to be sequestered in order to offer any real CCS advantage be suitable for permanent storage? Who will be responsible for constantly monitoring them all for leakage? Even if decades passed before leaking out, would pumping all that money down a hole have accomplished anything, even if that CO 2 capture and sequestration mattered one whit? | 4_4 |
Noting that their results "provide a valid mechanism for the conclusion of Berry and Roderick (2002) that evergreen vegetation has increased across Australia over the past 200 years as a result of CO2 enrichment," they conclude that " woody thickening in Australia and probably globally can be explained by the changes in landscape GPP and soil moisture balance arising principally from the increased atmospheric CO2 concentration ." | 3_3 |
As economists, we are inclined to take the vantage point of the benevolent dictator, that omnific individual with his hands upon all of the policy levers available to the state. When placed in such a position, the question of how to respond to global warming is answered by performing a simple comparison: does x, the cost of optimally mitigating carbon emissions, exceed y, the benefit of that carbon mitigation? Where the answer is yes, the global carbon mitigation effort remains rightfully nascent, where the answer is no, it springs up and becomes law with a just and sudden force. | 0_0 |
The paper adds to several others invalidating the vast prior literature on the effects of "acidification" as overblown due to biased, artificial laboratory conditions that don't correctly simulate the buffering effects of a natural environment. | 3_2 |
What this means is, if only 50% of GHG emissions are included in the global carbon pricing scheme, the cost penalty for the participants would be 250%. The 50% participation could be achieved by, for example, 100% of countries participating in the scheme but only 50% of the emissions in total from within the countries are included, or 50% of countries participate and 100% of the emissions within those countries are included in the scheme (i.e. taxed or traded). | 0_0 |
"The U.S. Postal Service more than doubled its losses in fiscal year 2010, despite cutting billions of dollars in expenses and trimming its staff." | 0_0 |
Altogether, technology widened the horizons of world oil, bringing on large amounts of new supplies that supported economic growth and expanded mobility around the world. Billions of barrels of oil that could not have been accessed or produced a decade earlier were now within reach. All that proved to be ???just in time?? technological progress. For the world appeared to be on a fast track in terms of economic growth???and, thus, in its need for more oil. | 4_5 |