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OPERATION PERFORMED:, Full mouth dental rehabilitation in the operative room under general anesthesia.,PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Severe dental caries.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Severe dental caries.,2. Non-restorable teeth.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Minimal.,DURATION OF SURGERY: , 43 minutes.,BRIEF HISTORY: ,The patient was first seen by me on 04/26/2007. She had a history of open heart surgery at 11 months' of age. She presented with severe anterior caries with most likely dental extractions needed. Due to her young age, I felt that she would be best served in the safety of the hospital operating room. After consultation with the mother, she agreed to have her treated in the safety of the hospital operating room at Children's Hospital.,OPERATIVE PREPARATION: ,This child was brought to Hospital Day Surgery and is accompanied by her mother. There I met with them and discussed the needs of the child, types of restorations to be performed, the risks and benefits of the treatment as well as the options and alternatives of the treatment. After all their questions and concerns were addressed, I gave the informed consent to proceed with the treatment. The patient's history and physical examination was reviewed. Once she was cleared by Anesthesia and the child was taken back to the operating room.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: ,The patient was placed on the surgical table in the usual supine position with all extremities protected. Anesthesia was induced by mask. The patient was then intubated with a nasal endotracheal tube and the tube was stabilized. The head was wrapped and the eyes were taped shut for protection. An angiocatheter was placed in the left hand and an IV was started. The head and neck were draped with sterile towels, and the body was covered with a lead apron and sterile sheath. A moist continuous throat pack was placed beyond the tonsillar pillars. Plastic lip and cheek retractors were then placed. Preoperative clinical photographs were taken. Two posterior bitewing radiographs and two anterior periapical films were taken in the operating room with digital radiography. After the radiographs were taken, the lead shield was removed. Prophylaxis was then performed using prophy cup and fluoridated prophy paste. The teeth were then rinsed well and the patient's oral cavity was suctioned clean. Clinical and radiographic examinations followed and areas of decay were noted. During the restorative phase, these areas of decay were entered into and removed. Entry was made to the level of the dental-enamel junction and beyond as necessary to remove it. Final caries was removed and was confirmed upon reaching hard, firm sounding dentin. Teeth restored with amalgam had a dentin tubular seal placed prior to amalgam placement. Non-restorable primary teeth would be extracted.,Upon conclusion of the restorative phase, the oral cavity was aspirated and found to be free of blood, mucus, and other debris. The original treatment plan was verified with the actual treatment provided. Postoperative clinical photographs were then taken. The continuous gauze throat pack was removed with continuous suction with visualization. Topical fluoride was then placed on the teeth.,At the end of the procedure, the child was undraped, extubated, and awakened in the operating room and taken to the recovery room breathing spontaneously with stable vital signs.,FINDINGS: ,This young patient presented with mild generalized marginal gingivitis secondary to light generalized plaque accumulation and fair oral hygiene. All primary teeth were present. Dental caries were present on the following teeth: Tooth D, E, F, and G caries on all surfaces; teeth J, lingual caries. The remainder of her teeth and soft tissues were within normal limits. The following restorations and procedures were performed: Tooth D, E, F, and G were extracted and four sutures were placed one at each extraction site and tooth J lingual amalgam.,CONCLUSION: ,The mother was informed of the completion of the procedure. She was given a synopsis of the treatment provided as well as written and verbal instructions for postoperative care. They will contact to my office in the event of immediate postoperative complications. After full recovery, she was discharged from the recovery room in the care of her mother.

operation performed full mouth dental rehabilitation operative room general anesthesiapreoperative diagnosis severe dental cariespostoperative diagnoses severe dental caries nonrestorable teethcomplications noneestimated blood loss minimalduration surgery minutesbrief history patient first seen history open heart surgery months age presented severe anterior caries likely dental extractions needed due young age felt would best served safety hospital operating room consultation mother agreed treated safety hospital operating room childrens hospitaloperative preparation child brought hospital day surgery accompanied mother met discussed needs child types restorations performed risks benefits treatment well options alternatives treatment questions concerns addressed gave informed consent proceed treatment patients history physical examination reviewed cleared anesthesia child taken back operating roomoperative procedure patient placed surgical table usual supine position extremities protected anesthesia induced mask patient intubated nasal endotracheal tube tube stabilized head wrapped eyes taped shut protection angiocatheter placed left hand iv started head neck draped sterile towels body covered lead apron sterile sheath moist continuous throat pack placed beyond tonsillar pillars plastic lip cheek retractors placed preoperative clinical photographs taken two posterior bitewing radiographs two anterior periapical films taken operating room digital radiography radiographs taken lead shield removed prophylaxis performed using prophy cup fluoridated prophy paste teeth rinsed well patients oral cavity suctioned clean clinical radiographic examinations followed areas decay noted restorative phase areas decay entered removed entry made level dentalenamel junction beyond necessary remove final caries removed confirmed upon reaching hard firm sounding dentin teeth restored amalgam dentin tubular seal placed prior amalgam placement nonrestorable primary teeth would extractedupon conclusion restorative phase oral cavity aspirated found free blood mucus debris original treatment plan verified actual treatment provided postoperative clinical photographs taken continuous gauze throat pack removed continuous suction visualization topical fluoride placed teethat end procedure child undraped extubated awakened operating room taken recovery room breathing spontaneously stable vital signsfindings young patient presented mild generalized marginal gingivitis secondary light generalized plaque accumulation fair oral hygiene primary teeth present dental caries present following teeth tooth e f g caries surfaces teeth j lingual caries remainder teeth soft tissues within normal limits following restorations procedures performed tooth e f g extracted four sutures placed one extraction site tooth j lingual amalgamconclusion mother informed completion procedure given synopsis treatment provided well written verbal instructions postoperative care contact office event immediate postoperative complications full recovery discharged recovery room care mother

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATION PERFORMED:, Full mouth dental rehabilitation in the operative room under general anesthesia.,PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Severe dental caries.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Severe dental caries.,2. Non-restorable teeth.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Minimal.,DURATION OF SURGERY: , 43 minutes.,BRIEF HISTORY: ,The patient was first seen by me on 04/26/2007. She had a history of open heart surgery at 11 months' of age. She presented with severe anterior caries with most likely dental extractions needed. Due to her young age, I felt that she would be best served in the safety of the hospital operating room. After consultation with the mother, she agreed to have her treated in the safety of the hospital operating room at Children's Hospital.,OPERATIVE PREPARATION: ,This child was brought to Hospital Day Surgery and is accompanied by her mother. There I met with them and discussed the needs of the child, types of restorations to be performed, the risks and benefits of the treatment as well as the options and alternatives of the treatment. After all their questions and concerns were addressed, I gave the informed consent to proceed with the treatment. The patient's history and physical examination was reviewed. Once she was cleared by Anesthesia and the child was taken back to the operating room.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: ,The patient was placed on the surgical table in the usual supine position with all extremities protected. Anesthesia was induced by mask. The patient was then intubated with a nasal endotracheal tube and the tube was stabilized. The head was wrapped and the eyes were taped shut for protection. An angiocatheter was placed in the left hand and an IV was started. The head and neck were draped with sterile towels, and the body was covered with a lead apron and sterile sheath. A moist continuous throat pack was placed beyond the tonsillar pillars. Plastic lip and cheek retractors were then placed. Preoperative clinical photographs were taken. Two posterior bitewing radiographs and two anterior periapical films were taken in the operating room with digital radiography. After the radiographs were taken, the lead shield was removed. Prophylaxis was then performed using prophy cup and fluoridated prophy paste. The teeth were then rinsed well and the patient's oral cavity was suctioned clean. Clinical and radiographic examinations followed and areas of decay were noted. During the restorative phase, these areas of decay were entered into and removed. Entry was made to the level of the dental-enamel junction and beyond as necessary to remove it. Final caries was removed and was confirmed upon reaching hard, firm sounding dentin. Teeth restored with amalgam had a dentin tubular seal placed prior to amalgam placement. Non-restorable primary teeth would be extracted.,Upon conclusion of the restorative phase, the oral cavity was aspirated and found to be free of blood, mucus, and other debris. The original treatment plan was verified with the actual treatment provided. Postoperative clinical photographs were then taken. The continuous gauze throat pack was removed with continuous suction with visualization. Topical fluoride was then placed on the teeth.,At the end of the procedure, the child was undraped, extubated, and awakened in the operating room and taken to the recovery room breathing spontaneously with stable vital signs.,FINDINGS: ,This young patient presented with mild generalized marginal gingivitis secondary to light generalized plaque accumulation and fair oral hygiene. All primary teeth were present. Dental caries were present on the following teeth: Tooth D, E, F, and G caries on all surfaces; teeth J, lingual caries. The remainder of her teeth and soft tissues were within normal limits. The following restorations and procedures were performed: Tooth D, E, F, and G were extracted and four sutures were placed one at each extraction site and tooth J lingual amalgam.,CONCLUSION: ,The mother was informed of the completion of the procedure. She was given a synopsis of the treatment provided as well as written and verbal instructions for postoperative care. They will contact to my office in the event of immediate postoperative complications. After full recovery, she was discharged from the recovery room in the care of her mother. ### Response: Surgery

OPERATION PERFORMED:, Ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition arthroplasty of right wrist.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , With the patient under adequate anesthesia, the right upper extremity was prepped and draped in a sterile manner.,Attention was turned to the base of the thumb where a longitudinal incision was made over the anatomic snuffbox and extended out onto the carpometacarpal joint. Using blunt dissection radial sensory nerve was dissected and retracted out of the operative field. Further blunt dissection exposed the radial artery, which was dissected and retracted off the trapezium. An incision was then made across the scaphotrapezial joint distally onto the trapezium and out onto the carpometacarpal joint. Sharp dissection exposed the trapezium, which was then morselized and removed in toto with care taken to protect the underlying flexor carpi radialis tendon. The radial beak of the trapezoid was then osteotomized off the head of the scaphoid. The proximal metacarpal was then fenestrated with a 4.5-mm drill bit. Four fingers proximal to the flexion crease of the wrist a small incision was made over the FCR tendon and blunt dissection delivered the FCR tendon into this incision. The FCR tendon was divided and this incision was closed with 4-0 nylon sutures. Attention was returned to the trapezial wound where longitudinal traction on the FCR tendon delivered the FCR tendon into the wound.,The FCR tendon was then threaded through the fenestration in the metacarpal. A bone anchor was then placed distal to the metacarpal fenestration. The FCR tendon was then pulled distally and the metacarpal reduced to an anatomic position. The FCR tendon was then sutured to the metacarpal using the previously placed bone anchor. Remaining FCR tendon was then anchovied and placed into the scaphotrapezoidal and trapezial defect. The MP joint was brought into extension and the capsule closed using interrupted 3-0 Tycron sutures.,Attention was turned to the MCP joint where the MP joint was brought in to 15 degrees of flexion and pinned with a single 0.035 Kirschner wire. The pin was cut at the level of the skin.,All incisions were closed with running 3-0 Prolene subcuticular stitch.,Sterile dressings were then applied. The tourniquet was deflated. The patient was awakened from anesthesia and returned to the recovery room in satisfactory condition having tolerated the procedure well.

operation performed ligament reconstruction tendon interposition arthroplasty right wristdescription procedure patient adequate anesthesia right upper extremity prepped draped sterile mannerattention turned base thumb longitudinal incision made anatomic snuffbox extended onto carpometacarpal joint using blunt dissection radial sensory nerve dissected retracted operative field blunt dissection exposed radial artery dissected retracted trapezium incision made across scaphotrapezial joint distally onto trapezium onto carpometacarpal joint sharp dissection exposed trapezium morselized removed toto care taken protect underlying flexor carpi radialis tendon radial beak trapezoid osteotomized head scaphoid proximal metacarpal fenestrated mm drill bit four fingers proximal flexion crease wrist small incision made fcr tendon blunt dissection delivered fcr tendon incision fcr tendon divided incision closed nylon sutures attention returned trapezial wound longitudinal traction fcr tendon delivered fcr tendon woundthe fcr tendon threaded fenestration metacarpal bone anchor placed distal metacarpal fenestration fcr tendon pulled distally metacarpal reduced anatomic position fcr tendon sutured metacarpal using previously placed bone anchor remaining fcr tendon anchovied placed scaphotrapezoidal trapezial defect mp joint brought extension capsule closed using interrupted tycron suturesattention turned mcp joint mp joint brought degrees flexion pinned single kirschner wire pin cut level skinall incisions closed running prolene subcuticular stitchsterile dressings applied tourniquet deflated patient awakened anesthesia returned recovery room satisfactory condition tolerated procedure well

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATION PERFORMED:, Ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition arthroplasty of right wrist.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , With the patient under adequate anesthesia, the right upper extremity was prepped and draped in a sterile manner.,Attention was turned to the base of the thumb where a longitudinal incision was made over the anatomic snuffbox and extended out onto the carpometacarpal joint. Using blunt dissection radial sensory nerve was dissected and retracted out of the operative field. Further blunt dissection exposed the radial artery, which was dissected and retracted off the trapezium. An incision was then made across the scaphotrapezial joint distally onto the trapezium and out onto the carpometacarpal joint. Sharp dissection exposed the trapezium, which was then morselized and removed in toto with care taken to protect the underlying flexor carpi radialis tendon. The radial beak of the trapezoid was then osteotomized off the head of the scaphoid. The proximal metacarpal was then fenestrated with a 4.5-mm drill bit. Four fingers proximal to the flexion crease of the wrist a small incision was made over the FCR tendon and blunt dissection delivered the FCR tendon into this incision. The FCR tendon was divided and this incision was closed with 4-0 nylon sutures. Attention was returned to the trapezial wound where longitudinal traction on the FCR tendon delivered the FCR tendon into the wound.,The FCR tendon was then threaded through the fenestration in the metacarpal. A bone anchor was then placed distal to the metacarpal fenestration. The FCR tendon was then pulled distally and the metacarpal reduced to an anatomic position. The FCR tendon was then sutured to the metacarpal using the previously placed bone anchor. Remaining FCR tendon was then anchovied and placed into the scaphotrapezoidal and trapezial defect. The MP joint was brought into extension and the capsule closed using interrupted 3-0 Tycron sutures.,Attention was turned to the MCP joint where the MP joint was brought in to 15 degrees of flexion and pinned with a single 0.035 Kirschner wire. The pin was cut at the level of the skin.,All incisions were closed with running 3-0 Prolene subcuticular stitch.,Sterile dressings were then applied. The tourniquet was deflated. The patient was awakened from anesthesia and returned to the recovery room in satisfactory condition having tolerated the procedure well. ### Response: Orthopedic, Surgery

OPERATION PERFORMED:, Phacoemulsification of cataract and posterior chamber lens implant, right eye., ,ANESTHESIA:, Retrobulbar nerve block, right eye, ,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: ,The patient was brought to the operating room where local anesthetic was administered to the right eye followed by a dilute drop of Betadine and a Honan balloon. Once anesthesia was achieved, the right eye was prepped with Betadine, rinsed with saline, and draped in a sterile fashion. A lid speculum was placed and 4-0 silk sutures passed under the superior and inferior rectus muscles stabilizing the globe. A fornix-based conjunctival flap was prepared superiorly from 10 to 12 o'clock and episcleral vessels were cauterized using a wet-field. A surgical groove was applied with a 69 Beaver blade 1 mm posterior to the limbus in a frown configuration in the 10 to 12 o'clock position. A lamellar dissection was carried anteriorly to clear cornea using a crescent knife. A stab incision was applied with a Superblade at the 2 o'clock position at the limbus. The chamber was also entered through the lamellar groove using a 3-mm keratome in a beveled fashion. Viscoat was injected into the chamber and an anterior capsulorrhexis performed. Hydrodissection was used to delineate the nucleus and the phacoemulsification tip was inserted into the chamber. A deep linear groove was dissected through the nucleus vertically and the nucleus was rotated 90 degrees with the assistance of a spatula through the side-port incision. A second groove was dissected perpendicular to the first and the nucleus was fractured into quadrants. Each quadrant was emulsified under burst power within the capsular bag. The epinuclear bowl was manipulated with vacuum, flipped into the iris plane, and emulsified under pulse power. I&A was used to aspirate cortex from the capsular bag. A scratcher was used to polish the capsule, and Viscoat was injected inflating the capsular bag and chamber. The wound was enlarged with a shortcut blade to 5.5 mm. The intraocular lens was examined, found to be adequate, irrigated with balanced salt, and inserted into the capsular bag. The lens centralized nicely and Viscoat was removed using the I&A. Balanced salt was injected through the side-port incision. The wound was tested, found to be secure, and a single 10-0 nylon suture was applied to the wound with the knot buried within the sclera. The conjunctiva was pulled over the suture, and Ancef 50 mg and Decadron 4 mg were injected sub-Tenon in the inferonasal and inferotemporal quadrants. Maxitrol ointment was applied topically followed by an eye pad and shield. The patient tolerated the procedure and was taken from the operating room in good condition.

operation performed phacoemulsification cataract posterior chamber lens implant right eye anesthesia retrobulbar nerve block right eye description operation patient brought operating room local anesthetic administered right eye followed dilute drop betadine honan balloon anesthesia achieved right eye prepped betadine rinsed saline draped sterile fashion lid speculum placed silk sutures passed superior inferior rectus muscles stabilizing globe fornixbased conjunctival flap prepared superiorly oclock episcleral vessels cauterized using wetfield surgical groove applied beaver blade mm posterior limbus frown configuration oclock position lamellar dissection carried anteriorly clear cornea using crescent knife stab incision applied superblade oclock position limbus chamber also entered lamellar groove using mm keratome beveled fashion viscoat injected chamber anterior capsulorrhexis performed hydrodissection used delineate nucleus phacoemulsification tip inserted chamber deep linear groove dissected nucleus vertically nucleus rotated degrees assistance spatula sideport incision second groove dissected perpendicular first nucleus fractured quadrants quadrant emulsified burst power within capsular bag epinuclear bowl manipulated vacuum flipped iris plane emulsified pulse power ia used aspirate cortex capsular bag scratcher used polish capsule viscoat injected inflating capsular bag chamber wound enlarged shortcut blade mm intraocular lens examined found adequate irrigated balanced salt inserted capsular bag lens centralized nicely viscoat removed using ia balanced salt injected sideport incision wound tested found secure single nylon suture applied wound knot buried within sclera conjunctiva pulled suture ancef mg decadron mg injected subtenon inferonasal inferotemporal quadrants maxitrol ointment applied topically followed eye pad shield patient tolerated procedure taken operating room good condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATION PERFORMED:, Phacoemulsification of cataract and posterior chamber lens implant, right eye., ,ANESTHESIA:, Retrobulbar nerve block, right eye, ,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: ,The patient was brought to the operating room where local anesthetic was administered to the right eye followed by a dilute drop of Betadine and a Honan balloon. Once anesthesia was achieved, the right eye was prepped with Betadine, rinsed with saline, and draped in a sterile fashion. A lid speculum was placed and 4-0 silk sutures passed under the superior and inferior rectus muscles stabilizing the globe. A fornix-based conjunctival flap was prepared superiorly from 10 to 12 o'clock and episcleral vessels were cauterized using a wet-field. A surgical groove was applied with a 69 Beaver blade 1 mm posterior to the limbus in a frown configuration in the 10 to 12 o'clock position. A lamellar dissection was carried anteriorly to clear cornea using a crescent knife. A stab incision was applied with a Superblade at the 2 o'clock position at the limbus. The chamber was also entered through the lamellar groove using a 3-mm keratome in a beveled fashion. Viscoat was injected into the chamber and an anterior capsulorrhexis performed. Hydrodissection was used to delineate the nucleus and the phacoemulsification tip was inserted into the chamber. A deep linear groove was dissected through the nucleus vertically and the nucleus was rotated 90 degrees with the assistance of a spatula through the side-port incision. A second groove was dissected perpendicular to the first and the nucleus was fractured into quadrants. Each quadrant was emulsified under burst power within the capsular bag. The epinuclear bowl was manipulated with vacuum, flipped into the iris plane, and emulsified under pulse power. I&A was used to aspirate cortex from the capsular bag. A scratcher was used to polish the capsule, and Viscoat was injected inflating the capsular bag and chamber. The wound was enlarged with a shortcut blade to 5.5 mm. The intraocular lens was examined, found to be adequate, irrigated with balanced salt, and inserted into the capsular bag. The lens centralized nicely and Viscoat was removed using the I&A. Balanced salt was injected through the side-port incision. The wound was tested, found to be secure, and a single 10-0 nylon suture was applied to the wound with the knot buried within the sclera. The conjunctiva was pulled over the suture, and Ancef 50 mg and Decadron 4 mg were injected sub-Tenon in the inferonasal and inferotemporal quadrants. Maxitrol ointment was applied topically followed by an eye pad and shield. The patient tolerated the procedure and was taken from the operating room in good condition. ### Response: Ophthalmology, Surgery

OPERATION,1. Insertion of a left subclavian Tesio hemodialysis catheter.,2. Surgeon-interpreted fluoroscopy.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, patient was taken to the operating room and MAC anesthesia was administered. Next, the patient's chest and neck were prepped and draped in the standard surgical fashion. Lidocaine 1% was used to infiltrate the skin in the region of the procedure. Next a #18-gauge finder needle was used to locate the left subclavian vein. After aspiration of venous blood, Seldinger technique was used to thread a J wire through the needle. This process was repeated. The 2 J wires and their distal tips were confirmed to be in adequate position with surgeon-interpreted fluoroscopy. Next, the subcutaneous tunnel was created. The distal tips of the individual Tesio hemodialysis catheters were pulled through to the level of the cuff. A dilator and sheath were passed over the individual J wires. The dilator and wire were removed, and the distal tip of the Tesio hemodialysis catheter was threaded through the sheath, which was simultaneously withdrawn. The process was repeated. Both distal tips were noted to be in good position. The Tesio hemodialysis catheters were flushed and aspirated without difficulty. The catheters were secured at the cuff level with a 2-0 nylon. The skin was closed with 4-0 Monocryl. Sterile dressing was applied. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to the PACU in good condition.

operation insertion left subclavian tesio hemodialysis catheter surgeoninterpreted fluoroscopyoperative procedure detail obtaining informed consent patient including thorough explanation risks benefits aforementioned procedure patient taken operating room mac anesthesia administered next patients chest neck prepped draped standard surgical fashion lidocaine used infiltrate skin region procedure next gauge finder needle used locate left subclavian vein aspiration venous blood seldinger technique used thread j wire needle process repeated j wires distal tips confirmed adequate position surgeoninterpreted fluoroscopy next subcutaneous tunnel created distal tips individual tesio hemodialysis catheters pulled level cuff dilator sheath passed individual j wires dilator wire removed distal tip tesio hemodialysis catheter threaded sheath simultaneously withdrawn process repeated distal tips noted good position tesio hemodialysis catheters flushed aspirated without difficulty catheters secured cuff level nylon skin closed monocryl sterile dressing applied patient tolerated procedure well transferred pacu good condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATION,1. Insertion of a left subclavian Tesio hemodialysis catheter.,2. Surgeon-interpreted fluoroscopy.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, patient was taken to the operating room and MAC anesthesia was administered. Next, the patient's chest and neck were prepped and draped in the standard surgical fashion. Lidocaine 1% was used to infiltrate the skin in the region of the procedure. Next a #18-gauge finder needle was used to locate the left subclavian vein. After aspiration of venous blood, Seldinger technique was used to thread a J wire through the needle. This process was repeated. The 2 J wires and their distal tips were confirmed to be in adequate position with surgeon-interpreted fluoroscopy. Next, the subcutaneous tunnel was created. The distal tips of the individual Tesio hemodialysis catheters were pulled through to the level of the cuff. A dilator and sheath were passed over the individual J wires. The dilator and wire were removed, and the distal tip of the Tesio hemodialysis catheter was threaded through the sheath, which was simultaneously withdrawn. The process was repeated. Both distal tips were noted to be in good position. The Tesio hemodialysis catheters were flushed and aspirated without difficulty. The catheters were secured at the cuff level with a 2-0 nylon. The skin was closed with 4-0 Monocryl. Sterile dressing was applied. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to the PACU in good condition. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

OPERATION,1. Ivor-Lewis esophagogastrectomy.,2. Feeding jejunostomy.,3. Placement of two right-sided #28-French chest tubes.,4. Right thoracotomy.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal anesthesia with a dual-lumen tube.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, the patient was taken to the operating room and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered. Prior to administration of general anesthesia, the patient had an epidural anesthesia placed. In addition, he had a dual-lumen endotracheal tube placed. The patient was placed in the supine position to begin the procedure. His abdomen and chest were prepped and draped in the standard surgical fashion. After applying sterile dressings, a #10-blade scalpel was used to make an upper midline incision from the level of the xiphoid to just below the umbilicus. Dissection was carried down through the linea using Bovie electrocautery. The abdomen was opened. Next, a Balfour retractor was positioned as well as a mechanical retractor. Next, our attention was turned to freeing up the stomach. In an attempt to do so, we identified the right gastroepiploic artery and arcade. We incised the omentum and retracted it off the stomach and gastroepiploic arcade. The omentum was divided using suture ligature with 2-0 silk. We did this along the greater curvature and then moved to the lesser curvature where the short gastric arteries were taken down with ligation using 2-0 silk. Next, we turned our attention to performing a Kocher maneuver. This was done and the stomach was freed up. We took down the falciform ligament as well as the caudate attachment to the diaphragm. We enlarged the diaphragmatic hiatus so as to be able to place approximately 3 fingers into the chest. We also did a portion of the esophageal dissection from the abdomen into the chest area. The esophagus and the esophageal hiatus were identified in the abdomen. We next turned our attention to the left gastric artery. The left gastric artery was identified at the base of the stomach. We first took the left gastric vein by ligating and dividing it using 0 silk ties. The left gastric artery was next taken using suture ligature with silk ties followed by 2-0 stick tie reinforcement. At this point the stomach was freely mobile. We then turned our attention to performing our jejunostomy feeding tube. A 2-0 Vicryl pursestring was placed in the jejunum approximately 20 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz. We then used Bovie electrocautery to open the jejunum at this site. We placed a 16-French red rubber catheter through this site. We tied down in place. We then used 3-0 silk sutures to perform a Witzel. Next, the loop of jejunum was tacked up to the abdominal wall using 2-0 silk ties. After doing so and pulling the feeding jejunostomy out through the skin and securing it appropriately, we turned our attention to closing the abdomen. This was done with #1 Prolene. We put in a 2nd layer of 2-0 Vicryl. The skin was closed with 4-0 Monocryl.,Next, we turned our attention to performing the thoracic portion of the procedure. The patient was placed in the left lateral decubitus position. The right chest was prepped and draped appropriately. We then used a #10 blade scalpel to make an incision in a posterolateral, non-muscle-sparing fashion. Dissection was carried down to the level of the ribs with Bovie electrocautery. Next, the ribs were counted and the 5th interspace was entered. The lung was deflated. We placed standard chest retractors. Next, we incised the peritoneum over the esophagus. We dissected the esophagus to just above the azygos vein. The azygos vein, in fact, was taken with 0 silk ligatures and reinforced with 2-0 stick ties. As mentioned, we dissected the esophagus both proximally and distally down to the level of the hiatus. After doing this, we backed our NG tube out to above the level where we planned to perform our pursestring. We used an automatic pursestring and applied. We then transected the proximal portion of the stomach with Metzenbaum scissors. We secured our pursestring and then placed a 28 anvil in the divided proximal portion of the esophagus. The pursestring was then tied down without difficulty. Next, we tabularized our stomach using a #80 GIA stapler. After doing so, we chose a portion of the stomach more distally and opened it using Bovie electrocautery. We placed our EEA stapler through it and then punched out through the gastric wall. We connected our anvil to the EEA stapler. This was then secured appropriately. We checked to make sure that there was appropriate muscle apposition. We then fired the stapler. We obtained 2 complete rings, 1 of the esophagus and 1 of the stomach, which were sent for pathology. We also sent the gastroesophageal specimen for pathology. Of note was the fact that the frozen section showed no evidence of tumor and in the proximal distal margins. We then turned our attention to closing the gastrostomy opening. This was closed with 2-0 Vicryl in a running fashion. We then buttressed this with serosal 3-0 Vicryl interrupted sutures. We returned the newly constructed gastroesophageal anastomosis into the chest and covered it by covering the pleura over it. Next, we placed two #28-French chest tubes, 1 anteriorly and 1 posteriorly, taking care not to place it near the anastomosis. We then closed the chest with #2 Vicryl in an interrupted figure-of-eight fashion. The lung was brought up. We closed the muscle layers with #0 Vicryl followed by #0 Vicryl; then we closed the subcutaneous layer with 2-0 Vicryl and the skin with 4-0 Monocryl. Sterile dressing was applied. The instrument and sponge count was correct at the end of the case. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was extubated in the operating room and transferred to the ICU in good condition.

operation ivorlewis esophagogastrectomy feeding jejunostomy placement two rightsided french chest tubes right thoracotomyanesthesia general endotracheal anesthesia duallumen tubeoperative procedure detail obtaining informed consent patient including thorough explanation risks benefits aforementioned procedure patient taken operating room general endotracheal anesthesia administered prior administration general anesthesia patient epidural anesthesia placed addition duallumen endotracheal tube placed patient placed supine position begin procedure abdomen chest prepped draped standard surgical fashion applying sterile dressings blade scalpel used make upper midline incision level xiphoid umbilicus dissection carried linea using bovie electrocautery abdomen opened next balfour retractor positioned well mechanical retractor next attention turned freeing stomach attempt identified right gastroepiploic artery arcade incised omentum retracted stomach gastroepiploic arcade omentum divided using suture ligature silk along greater curvature moved lesser curvature short gastric arteries taken ligation using silk next turned attention performing kocher maneuver done stomach freed took falciform ligament well caudate attachment diaphragm enlarged diaphragmatic hiatus able place approximately fingers chest also portion esophageal dissection abdomen chest area esophagus esophageal hiatus identified abdomen next turned attention left gastric artery left gastric artery identified base stomach first took left gastric vein ligating dividing using silk ties left gastric artery next taken using suture ligature silk ties followed stick tie reinforcement point stomach freely mobile turned attention performing jejunostomy feeding tube vicryl pursestring placed jejunum approximately cm distal ligament treitz used bovie electrocautery open jejunum site placed french red rubber catheter site tied place used silk sutures perform witzel next loop jejunum tacked abdominal wall using silk ties pulling feeding jejunostomy skin securing appropriately turned attention closing abdomen done prolene put nd layer vicryl skin closed monocrylnext turned attention performing thoracic portion procedure patient placed left lateral decubitus position right chest prepped draped appropriately used blade scalpel make incision posterolateral nonmusclesparing fashion dissection carried level ribs bovie electrocautery next ribs counted th interspace entered lung deflated placed standard chest retractors next incised peritoneum esophagus dissected esophagus azygos vein azygos vein fact taken silk ligatures reinforced stick ties mentioned dissected esophagus proximally distally level hiatus backed ng tube level planned perform pursestring used automatic pursestring applied transected proximal portion stomach metzenbaum scissors secured pursestring placed anvil divided proximal portion esophagus pursestring tied without difficulty next tabularized stomach using gia stapler chose portion stomach distally opened using bovie electrocautery placed eea stapler punched gastric wall connected anvil eea stapler secured appropriately checked make sure appropriate muscle apposition fired stapler obtained complete rings esophagus stomach sent pathology also sent gastroesophageal specimen pathology note fact frozen section showed evidence tumor proximal distal margins turned attention closing gastrostomy opening closed vicryl running fashion buttressed serosal vicryl interrupted sutures returned newly constructed gastroesophageal anastomosis chest covered covering pleura next placed two french chest tubes anteriorly posteriorly taking care place near anastomosis closed chest vicryl interrupted figureofeight fashion lung brought closed muscle layers vicryl followed vicryl closed subcutaneous layer vicryl skin monocryl sterile dressing applied instrument sponge count correct end case patient tolerated procedure well extubated operating room transferred icu good condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATION,1. Ivor-Lewis esophagogastrectomy.,2. Feeding jejunostomy.,3. Placement of two right-sided #28-French chest tubes.,4. Right thoracotomy.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal anesthesia with a dual-lumen tube.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, the patient was taken to the operating room and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered. Prior to administration of general anesthesia, the patient had an epidural anesthesia placed. In addition, he had a dual-lumen endotracheal tube placed. The patient was placed in the supine position to begin the procedure. His abdomen and chest were prepped and draped in the standard surgical fashion. After applying sterile dressings, a #10-blade scalpel was used to make an upper midline incision from the level of the xiphoid to just below the umbilicus. Dissection was carried down through the linea using Bovie electrocautery. The abdomen was opened. Next, a Balfour retractor was positioned as well as a mechanical retractor. Next, our attention was turned to freeing up the stomach. In an attempt to do so, we identified the right gastroepiploic artery and arcade. We incised the omentum and retracted it off the stomach and gastroepiploic arcade. The omentum was divided using suture ligature with 2-0 silk. We did this along the greater curvature and then moved to the lesser curvature where the short gastric arteries were taken down with ligation using 2-0 silk. Next, we turned our attention to performing a Kocher maneuver. This was done and the stomach was freed up. We took down the falciform ligament as well as the caudate attachment to the diaphragm. We enlarged the diaphragmatic hiatus so as to be able to place approximately 3 fingers into the chest. We also did a portion of the esophageal dissection from the abdomen into the chest area. The esophagus and the esophageal hiatus were identified in the abdomen. We next turned our attention to the left gastric artery. The left gastric artery was identified at the base of the stomach. We first took the left gastric vein by ligating and dividing it using 0 silk ties. The left gastric artery was next taken using suture ligature with silk ties followed by 2-0 stick tie reinforcement. At this point the stomach was freely mobile. We then turned our attention to performing our jejunostomy feeding tube. A 2-0 Vicryl pursestring was placed in the jejunum approximately 20 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz. We then used Bovie electrocautery to open the jejunum at this site. We placed a 16-French red rubber catheter through this site. We tied down in place. We then used 3-0 silk sutures to perform a Witzel. Next, the loop of jejunum was tacked up to the abdominal wall using 2-0 silk ties. After doing so and pulling the feeding jejunostomy out through the skin and securing it appropriately, we turned our attention to closing the abdomen. This was done with #1 Prolene. We put in a 2nd layer of 2-0 Vicryl. The skin was closed with 4-0 Monocryl.,Next, we turned our attention to performing the thoracic portion of the procedure. The patient was placed in the left lateral decubitus position. The right chest was prepped and draped appropriately. We then used a #10 blade scalpel to make an incision in a posterolateral, non-muscle-sparing fashion. Dissection was carried down to the level of the ribs with Bovie electrocautery. Next, the ribs were counted and the 5th interspace was entered. The lung was deflated. We placed standard chest retractors. Next, we incised the peritoneum over the esophagus. We dissected the esophagus to just above the azygos vein. The azygos vein, in fact, was taken with 0 silk ligatures and reinforced with 2-0 stick ties. As mentioned, we dissected the esophagus both proximally and distally down to the level of the hiatus. After doing this, we backed our NG tube out to above the level where we planned to perform our pursestring. We used an automatic pursestring and applied. We then transected the proximal portion of the stomach with Metzenbaum scissors. We secured our pursestring and then placed a 28 anvil in the divided proximal portion of the esophagus. The pursestring was then tied down without difficulty. Next, we tabularized our stomach using a #80 GIA stapler. After doing so, we chose a portion of the stomach more distally and opened it using Bovie electrocautery. We placed our EEA stapler through it and then punched out through the gastric wall. We connected our anvil to the EEA stapler. This was then secured appropriately. We checked to make sure that there was appropriate muscle apposition. We then fired the stapler. We obtained 2 complete rings, 1 of the esophagus and 1 of the stomach, which were sent for pathology. We also sent the gastroesophageal specimen for pathology. Of note was the fact that the frozen section showed no evidence of tumor and in the proximal distal margins. We then turned our attention to closing the gastrostomy opening. This was closed with 2-0 Vicryl in a running fashion. We then buttressed this with serosal 3-0 Vicryl interrupted sutures. We returned the newly constructed gastroesophageal anastomosis into the chest and covered it by covering the pleura over it. Next, we placed two #28-French chest tubes, 1 anteriorly and 1 posteriorly, taking care not to place it near the anastomosis. We then closed the chest with #2 Vicryl in an interrupted figure-of-eight fashion. The lung was brought up. We closed the muscle layers with #0 Vicryl followed by #0 Vicryl; then we closed the subcutaneous layer with 2-0 Vicryl and the skin with 4-0 Monocryl. Sterile dressing was applied. The instrument and sponge count was correct at the end of the case. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was extubated in the operating room and transferred to the ICU in good condition. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Gastroenterology, Surgery

OPERATION,1. Right upper lung lobectomy.,2. Mediastinal lymph node dissection.,ANESTHESIA,1. General endotracheal anesthesia with dual-lumen tube.,2. Thoracic epidural.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, the patient was taken to the operating room, and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered with a dual-lumen tube. Next, the patient was placed in the left lateral decubitus position, and his right chest was prepped and draped in the standard surgical fashion. We used a #10-blade scalpel to make an incision in the skin approximately 1 fingerbreadth below the angle of the scapula. Dissection was carried down in a muscle-sparing fashion using Bovie electrocautery. The 5th rib was counted, and the 6th interspace was entered. The lung was deflated. We identified the major fissure. We then began by freeing up the inferior pulmonary ligament, which was done with Bovie electrocautery. Next, we used Bovie electrocautery to dissect the pleura off the lung. The pulmonary artery branches to the right upper lobe of the lung were identified. Of note was the fact that there was a visible, approximately 4 x 4-cm mass in the right upper lobe of the lung without any other metastatic disease palpable. As mentioned, a combination of Bovie electrocautery and sharp dissection was used to identify the pulmonary artery branches to the right upper lobe of the lung. Next, we began by ligating the pulmonary artery branches of the right upper lobe of the lung. This was done with suture ligature in combination with clips. After taking the pulmonary artery branches of the right upper lobe of the lung, we used a combination of blunt dissection and sharp dissection with Metzenbaum scissors to separate out the pulmonary vein branch of the right upper lobe of the lung. This likewise was ligated with a 0 silk. It was stick-tied with a 2-0 silk. It was then divided. Next we dissected out the bronchial branch to the right upper lobe of the lung. A curved Glover was placed around the bronchus. Next a TA-30 stapler was fired across the bronchus. The bronchus was divided with a #10-blade scalpel. The specimen was handed off. We next performed a mediastinal lymph node dissection. Clips were applied to the base of the feeding vessels to the lymph nodes. We inspected for any signs of bleeding. There was minimal bleeding. We placed a #32-French anterior chest tube, and a #32-French posterior chest tube. The rib space was closed with #2 Vicryl in an interrupted figure-of-eight fashion. A flat Jackson-Pratt drain, #10 in size, was placed in the subcutaneous flap. The muscle layer was closed with a combination of 2-0 Vicryl followed by 2-0 Vicryl, followed by 4-0 Monocryl in a running subcuticular fashion. Sterile dressing was applied. The instrument and sponge count was correct at the end of the case. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to the PACU in good condition.

operation right upper lung lobectomy mediastinal lymph node dissectionanesthesia general endotracheal anesthesia duallumen tube thoracic epiduraloperative procedure detail obtaining informed consent patient including thorough explanation risks benefits aforementioned procedure patient taken operating room general endotracheal anesthesia administered duallumen tube next patient placed left lateral decubitus position right chest prepped draped standard surgical fashion used blade scalpel make incision skin approximately fingerbreadth angle scapula dissection carried musclesparing fashion using bovie electrocautery th rib counted th interspace entered lung deflated identified major fissure began freeing inferior pulmonary ligament done bovie electrocautery next used bovie electrocautery dissect pleura lung pulmonary artery branches right upper lobe lung identified note fact visible approximately x cm mass right upper lobe lung without metastatic disease palpable mentioned combination bovie electrocautery sharp dissection used identify pulmonary artery branches right upper lobe lung next began ligating pulmonary artery branches right upper lobe lung done suture ligature combination clips taking pulmonary artery branches right upper lobe lung used combination blunt dissection sharp dissection metzenbaum scissors separate pulmonary vein branch right upper lobe lung likewise ligated silk sticktied silk divided next dissected bronchial branch right upper lobe lung curved glover placed around bronchus next ta stapler fired across bronchus bronchus divided blade scalpel specimen handed next performed mediastinal lymph node dissection clips applied base feeding vessels lymph nodes inspected signs bleeding minimal bleeding placed french anterior chest tube french posterior chest tube rib space closed vicryl interrupted figureofeight fashion flat jacksonpratt drain size placed subcutaneous flap muscle layer closed combination vicryl followed vicryl followed monocryl running subcuticular fashion sterile dressing applied instrument sponge count correct end case patient tolerated procedure well transferred pacu good condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATION,1. Right upper lung lobectomy.,2. Mediastinal lymph node dissection.,ANESTHESIA,1. General endotracheal anesthesia with dual-lumen tube.,2. Thoracic epidural.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, the patient was taken to the operating room, and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered with a dual-lumen tube. Next, the patient was placed in the left lateral decubitus position, and his right chest was prepped and draped in the standard surgical fashion. We used a #10-blade scalpel to make an incision in the skin approximately 1 fingerbreadth below the angle of the scapula. Dissection was carried down in a muscle-sparing fashion using Bovie electrocautery. The 5th rib was counted, and the 6th interspace was entered. The lung was deflated. We identified the major fissure. We then began by freeing up the inferior pulmonary ligament, which was done with Bovie electrocautery. Next, we used Bovie electrocautery to dissect the pleura off the lung. The pulmonary artery branches to the right upper lobe of the lung were identified. Of note was the fact that there was a visible, approximately 4 x 4-cm mass in the right upper lobe of the lung without any other metastatic disease palpable. As mentioned, a combination of Bovie electrocautery and sharp dissection was used to identify the pulmonary artery branches to the right upper lobe of the lung. Next, we began by ligating the pulmonary artery branches of the right upper lobe of the lung. This was done with suture ligature in combination with clips. After taking the pulmonary artery branches of the right upper lobe of the lung, we used a combination of blunt dissection and sharp dissection with Metzenbaum scissors to separate out the pulmonary vein branch of the right upper lobe of the lung. This likewise was ligated with a 0 silk. It was stick-tied with a 2-0 silk. It was then divided. Next we dissected out the bronchial branch to the right upper lobe of the lung. A curved Glover was placed around the bronchus. Next a TA-30 stapler was fired across the bronchus. The bronchus was divided with a #10-blade scalpel. The specimen was handed off. We next performed a mediastinal lymph node dissection. Clips were applied to the base of the feeding vessels to the lymph nodes. We inspected for any signs of bleeding. There was minimal bleeding. We placed a #32-French anterior chest tube, and a #32-French posterior chest tube. The rib space was closed with #2 Vicryl in an interrupted figure-of-eight fashion. A flat Jackson-Pratt drain, #10 in size, was placed in the subcutaneous flap. The muscle layer was closed with a combination of 2-0 Vicryl followed by 2-0 Vicryl, followed by 4-0 Monocryl in a running subcuticular fashion. Sterile dressing was applied. The instrument and sponge count was correct at the end of the case. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to the PACU in good condition. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

OPERATION: , Insertion of a #8 Shiley tracheostomy tube.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal anesthesia.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient's family, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, the patient was taken to the operating room and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered.,Next, a #10-blade scalpel was used to make an incision approximately 1 fingerbreadth above the sternal notch. Dissection was carried down using Bovie electrocautery to the level of the trachea. The 2nd tracheal ring was identified. Next, a #11-blade scalpel was used to make a trap door in the trachea. The endotracheal tube was backed out. A #8 Shiley tracheostomy tube was inserted, and tidal CO2 was confirmed when it was connected to the circuit. We then secured it in place using 0 silk suture. A sterile dressing was applied. The patient tolerated the procedure well.

operation insertion shiley tracheostomy tubeanesthesia general endotracheal anesthesiaoperative procedure detail obtaining informed consent patients family including thorough explanation risks benefits aforementioned procedure patient taken operating room general endotracheal anesthesia administerednext blade scalpel used make incision approximately fingerbreadth sternal notch dissection carried using bovie electrocautery level trachea nd tracheal ring identified next blade scalpel used make trap door trachea endotracheal tube backed shiley tracheostomy tube inserted tidal co confirmed connected circuit secured place using silk suture sterile dressing applied patient tolerated procedure well

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATION: , Insertion of a #8 Shiley tracheostomy tube.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal anesthesia.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient's family, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, the patient was taken to the operating room and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered.,Next, a #10-blade scalpel was used to make an incision approximately 1 fingerbreadth above the sternal notch. Dissection was carried down using Bovie electrocautery to the level of the trachea. The 2nd tracheal ring was identified. Next, a #11-blade scalpel was used to make a trap door in the trachea. The endotracheal tube was backed out. A #8 Shiley tracheostomy tube was inserted, and tidal CO2 was confirmed when it was connected to the circuit. We then secured it in place using 0 silk suture. A sterile dressing was applied. The patient tolerated the procedure well. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

OPERATION: , Left lower lobectomy.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was brought to the operating room and placed in the supine position. After general endotracheal anesthesia was induced, the appropriate monitoring devices were placed. The patient was placed in the right lateral decubitus position. The left chest and back were prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. A right lateral thoracotomy incision was made. Subcutaneous flaps were raised. The anterior border of the latissimus dorsi was freed up, and the muscle was retracted posteriorly. The posterior border of the pectoralis was freed up and it was retracted anteriorly. The 5th intercostal space was entered.,The inferior pulmonary ligament was then taken down with electrocautery. The major fissure was then taken down and arteries identified. The artery was dissected free and it was divided with an Endo GIA stapler. The vein was then dissected free and divided with an Endo GIA stapler. The bronchus was then cleaned of all nodal tissue. A TA-30 green loaded stapler was then placed across this, fired, and main bronchus divided distal to the stapler.,Then the lobe was removed and sent to pathology where margins were found to be free of tumor. Level 9, level 13, level 11, and level 6 nodes were taken for permanent cell specimen. Hemostasis noted. Posterior 28-French and anterior 24-French chest tubes were placed.,The wounds were closed with #2 Vicryl. A subcutaneous drain was placed. Subcutaneous tissue was closed with running 3-0 Dexon, skin with running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular stitch.

operation left lower lobectomyoperative procedure detail patient brought operating room placed supine position general endotracheal anesthesia induced appropriate monitoring devices placed patient placed right lateral decubitus position left chest back prepped draped sterile fashion right lateral thoracotomy incision made subcutaneous flaps raised anterior border latissimus dorsi freed muscle retracted posteriorly posterior border pectoralis freed retracted anteriorly th intercostal space enteredthe inferior pulmonary ligament taken electrocautery major fissure taken arteries identified artery dissected free divided endo gia stapler vein dissected free divided endo gia stapler bronchus cleaned nodal tissue ta green loaded stapler placed across fired main bronchus divided distal staplerthen lobe removed sent pathology margins found free tumor level level level level nodes taken permanent cell specimen hemostasis noted posterior french anterior french chest tubes placedthe wounds closed vicryl subcutaneous drain placed subcutaneous tissue closed running dexon skin running dexon subcuticular stitch

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATION: , Left lower lobectomy.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was brought to the operating room and placed in the supine position. After general endotracheal anesthesia was induced, the appropriate monitoring devices were placed. The patient was placed in the right lateral decubitus position. The left chest and back were prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. A right lateral thoracotomy incision was made. Subcutaneous flaps were raised. The anterior border of the latissimus dorsi was freed up, and the muscle was retracted posteriorly. The posterior border of the pectoralis was freed up and it was retracted anteriorly. The 5th intercostal space was entered.,The inferior pulmonary ligament was then taken down with electrocautery. The major fissure was then taken down and arteries identified. The artery was dissected free and it was divided with an Endo GIA stapler. The vein was then dissected free and divided with an Endo GIA stapler. The bronchus was then cleaned of all nodal tissue. A TA-30 green loaded stapler was then placed across this, fired, and main bronchus divided distal to the stapler.,Then the lobe was removed and sent to pathology where margins were found to be free of tumor. Level 9, level 13, level 11, and level 6 nodes were taken for permanent cell specimen. Hemostasis noted. Posterior 28-French and anterior 24-French chest tubes were placed.,The wounds were closed with #2 Vicryl. A subcutaneous drain was placed. Subcutaneous tissue was closed with running 3-0 Dexon, skin with running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular stitch. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

OPERATION: , Subxiphoid pericardial window.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal anesthesia.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: ,After obtaining informed consent from the patient's family, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, patient was taken to the operating room and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered. Next, the neck and chest were prepped and draped in the standard surgical fashion. A #10-blade scalpel was used to make an incision in the area of the xiphoid process. Dissection was carried down to the level of the fascia using Bovie electrocautery. The xiphoid process was elevated, and the diaphragmatic attachments to it were dissected free. Next the pericardium was identified.,The pericardium was opened with Bovie electrocautery. Upon entering the pericardium, serous fluid was expressed. In total, ** cc of fluid was drained. A pericardial biopsy was obtained. The fluid was sent off for cytologic examination as well as for culture. A #24 Blake chest drain was brought out through the skin and placed in the posterior pericardium. The fascia was closed with #1 Vicryl followed by 2-0 Vicryl followed by 4-0 PDS in a running subcuticular fashion. Sterile dressing was applied.

operation subxiphoid pericardial windowanesthesia general endotracheal anesthesiaoperative procedure detail obtaining informed consent patients family including thorough explanation risks benefits aforementioned procedure patient taken operating room general endotracheal anesthesia administered next neck chest prepped draped standard surgical fashion blade scalpel used make incision area xiphoid process dissection carried level fascia using bovie electrocautery xiphoid process elevated diaphragmatic attachments dissected free next pericardium identifiedthe pericardium opened bovie electrocautery upon entering pericardium serous fluid expressed total cc fluid drained pericardial biopsy obtained fluid sent cytologic examination well culture blake chest drain brought skin placed posterior pericardium fascia closed vicryl followed vicryl followed pds running subcuticular fashion sterile dressing applied

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATION: , Subxiphoid pericardial window.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal anesthesia.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: ,After obtaining informed consent from the patient's family, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, patient was taken to the operating room and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered. Next, the neck and chest were prepped and draped in the standard surgical fashion. A #10-blade scalpel was used to make an incision in the area of the xiphoid process. Dissection was carried down to the level of the fascia using Bovie electrocautery. The xiphoid process was elevated, and the diaphragmatic attachments to it were dissected free. Next the pericardium was identified.,The pericardium was opened with Bovie electrocautery. Upon entering the pericardium, serous fluid was expressed. In total, ** cc of fluid was drained. A pericardial biopsy was obtained. The fluid was sent off for cytologic examination as well as for culture. A #24 Blake chest drain was brought out through the skin and placed in the posterior pericardium. The fascia was closed with #1 Vicryl followed by 2-0 Vicryl followed by 4-0 PDS in a running subcuticular fashion. Sterile dressing was applied. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

OPERATION:,

operation

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATION:, ### Response: Pain Management, words_count

OPERATION:, Lumbar epidural steroid injection, intralaminar approach, seated position.,ANESTHESIA:,

operation lumbar epidural steroid injection intralaminar approach seated positionanesthesia

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATION:, Lumbar epidural steroid injection, intralaminar approach, seated position.,ANESTHESIA:, ### Response: Pain Management

OPERATIONS,1. Mitral valve repair using a quadrangular resection of the P2 segment of the posterior leaflet.,2. Mitral valve posterior annuloplasty using a Cosgrove Galloway Medtronic fuser band.,3. Posterior leaflet abscess resection.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal anesthesia,TIMES: ,Aortic cross-clamp time was ** minutes. Cardiopulmonary bypass time total was ** minutes.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, the patient was taken to the operating room and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered. Next, the patient's chest and legs were prepped and draped in standard surgical fashion. A #10-blade scalpel was used to make a midline median sternotomy incision. Dissection was carried down to the level of the sternum using Bovie electrocautery. The sternum was opened with a sternal saw, and full-dose heparinization was given. Next, the chest retractor was positioned. The pericardium was opened with Bovie electrocautery and pericardial stay sutures were positioned. We then prepared to place the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass. A 2-0 Ethibond double pursestring was placed in the ascending aorta. Through this was passed our aortic cannula and connected to the arterial side of the cardiopulmonary bypass machine. Next, double cannulation with venous cannulas was instituted. A 3-0 Prolene pursestring was placed in the right atrial appendage. Through this was passed our SEC cannula. This was connected to the venous portion of the cardiopulmonary bypass machine in a Y-shaped circuit. Next, a 3-0 Prolene pursestring was placed in the lower border of the right atrium. Through this was passed our inferior vena cava cannula. This was likewise connected to the Y connection of our venous cannula portion. We then used a 4-0 U-stitch in the right atrium for our retrograde cardioplegia catheter, which was inserted. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted. Metzenbaum scissors were used to dissect out the SVC and IVC, which were subsequently encircled with umbilical tape. Sondergaard's groove was taken down. Next, an antegrade cardioplegia needle and associated sump were placed in the ascending aorta. This was connected appropriately as was the retrograde cardioplegia catheter. Next, the aorta was cross-clamped, and antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia was infused so as to arrest the heart in diastole. Next a #15-blade scalpel was used to open the left atrium. The left atrium was decompressed with pump sucker. Next, our self-retaining retractor was positioned so as to bring the mitral valve up into view. Of note was the fact that the mitral valve P2 segment of the posterior leaflet had an abscess associated with it. The borders of the P2 segment abscess were defined by using a right angle to define the chordae which were encircled with a 4-0 silk. After doing so, the P2 segment of the posterior leaflet was excised with a #11-blade scalpel. Given the laxity of the posterior leaflet, it was decided to reconstruct it with a 2-0 Ethibond pledgeted suture. This was done so as to reconstruct the posterior annular portion. Prior to doing so, care was taken to remove any debris and abscess-type material. The pledgeted stitch was lowered into place and tied. Next, the more anterior portion of the P2 segment was reconstructed by running a 4-0 Prolene stitch so as to reconstruct it. This was done without difficulty. The apposition of the anterior and posterior leaflet was confirmed by infusing solution into the left ventricle. There was noted to be a small amount of central regurgitation. It was felt that this would be corrected with our annuloplasty portion of the procedure. Next, 2-0 non-pledgeted Ethibond sutures were placed in the posterior portion of the annulus from trigone to trigone in interrupted fashion. Care was taken to go from trigone to trigone. Prior to placing these sutures, the annulus was sized and noted to be a *** size for the Cosgrove-Galloway suture band ring from Medtronic. After, as mentioned, we placed our interrupted sutures in the annulus, and they were passed through the CG suture band. The suture band was lowered into position and tied in place. We then tested our repair and noted that there was very mild regurgitation. We subsequently removed our self-retaining retractor. We closed our left atriotomy using 4-0 Prolene in a running fashion. This was done without difficulty. We de-aired the heart. We then gave another round of antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia in warm fashion. The aortic cross-clamp was removed, and the heart gradually resumed electromechanical activity. We then removed our retrograde cardioplegia catheter from the coronary sinus and buttressed this site with a 5-0 Prolene. We placed 2 ventricular and 2 atrial pacing leads which were brought out through the skin. The patient was gradually weaned off cardiopulmonary bypass and our venous cannulas were removed. We then gave full-dose protamine; and after noting that there was no evidence of a protamine reaction, we removed our aortic cannula. This site was buttressed with a 4-0 Prolene on an SH needle. The patient tolerated the procedure well. We placed a mediastinal #32-French chest tube as well as a right chest Blake drain. The mediastinum was inspected for any signs of bleeding. There were none. We closed the sternum with #7 sternal wires in interrupted figure-of-eight fashion. The fascia was closed with a #1 Vicryl followed by a 2-0 Vicryl, followed by 3-0 Vicryl in a running subcuticular fashion. The instrument and sponge count was correct at the end of the case. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to the intensive care unit in good condition.

operations mitral valve repair using quadrangular resection p segment posterior leaflet mitral valve posterior annuloplasty using cosgrove galloway medtronic fuser band posterior leaflet abscess resectionanesthesia general endotracheal anesthesiatimes aortic crossclamp time minutes cardiopulmonary bypass time total minutesprocedure detail obtaining informed consent patient including thorough explanation risks benefits aforementioned procedure patient taken operating room general endotracheal anesthesia administered next patients chest legs prepped draped standard surgical fashion blade scalpel used make midline median sternotomy incision dissection carried level sternum using bovie electrocautery sternum opened sternal saw fulldose heparinization given next chest retractor positioned pericardium opened bovie electrocautery pericardial stay sutures positioned prepared place patient cardiopulmonary bypass ethibond double pursestring placed ascending aorta passed aortic cannula connected arterial side cardiopulmonary bypass machine next double cannulation venous cannulas instituted prolene pursestring placed right atrial appendage passed sec cannula connected venous portion cardiopulmonary bypass machine yshaped circuit next prolene pursestring placed lower border right atrium passed inferior vena cava cannula likewise connected connection venous cannula portion used ustitch right atrium retrograde cardioplegia catheter inserted cardiopulmonary bypass instituted metzenbaum scissors used dissect svc ivc subsequently encircled umbilical tape sondergaards groove taken next antegrade cardioplegia needle associated sump placed ascending aorta connected appropriately retrograde cardioplegia catheter next aorta crossclamped antegrade retrograde cardioplegia infused arrest heart diastole next blade scalpel used open left atrium left atrium decompressed pump sucker next selfretaining retractor positioned bring mitral valve view note fact mitral valve p segment posterior leaflet abscess associated borders p segment abscess defined using right angle define chordae encircled silk p segment posterior leaflet excised blade scalpel given laxity posterior leaflet decided reconstruct ethibond pledgeted suture done reconstruct posterior annular portion prior care taken remove debris abscesstype material pledgeted stitch lowered place tied next anterior portion p segment reconstructed running prolene stitch reconstruct done without difficulty apposition anterior posterior leaflet confirmed infusing solution left ventricle noted small amount central regurgitation felt would corrected annuloplasty portion procedure next nonpledgeted ethibond sutures placed posterior portion annulus trigone trigone interrupted fashion care taken go trigone trigone prior placing sutures annulus sized noted size cosgrovegalloway suture band ring medtronic mentioned placed interrupted sutures annulus passed cg suture band suture band lowered position tied place tested repair noted mild regurgitation subsequently removed selfretaining retractor closed left atriotomy using prolene running fashion done without difficulty deaired heart gave another round antegrade retrograde cardioplegia warm fashion aortic crossclamp removed heart gradually resumed electromechanical activity removed retrograde cardioplegia catheter coronary sinus buttressed site prolene placed ventricular atrial pacing leads brought skin patient gradually weaned cardiopulmonary bypass venous cannulas removed gave fulldose protamine noting evidence protamine reaction removed aortic cannula site buttressed prolene sh needle patient tolerated procedure well placed mediastinal french chest tube well right chest blake drain mediastinum inspected signs bleeding none closed sternum sternal wires interrupted figureofeight fashion fascia closed vicryl followed vicryl followed vicryl running subcuticular fashion instrument sponge count correct end case patient tolerated procedure well transferred intensive care unit good condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATIONS,1. Mitral valve repair using a quadrangular resection of the P2 segment of the posterior leaflet.,2. Mitral valve posterior annuloplasty using a Cosgrove Galloway Medtronic fuser band.,3. Posterior leaflet abscess resection.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal anesthesia,TIMES: ,Aortic cross-clamp time was ** minutes. Cardiopulmonary bypass time total was ** minutes.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, the patient was taken to the operating room and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered. Next, the patient's chest and legs were prepped and draped in standard surgical fashion. A #10-blade scalpel was used to make a midline median sternotomy incision. Dissection was carried down to the level of the sternum using Bovie electrocautery. The sternum was opened with a sternal saw, and full-dose heparinization was given. Next, the chest retractor was positioned. The pericardium was opened with Bovie electrocautery and pericardial stay sutures were positioned. We then prepared to place the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass. A 2-0 Ethibond double pursestring was placed in the ascending aorta. Through this was passed our aortic cannula and connected to the arterial side of the cardiopulmonary bypass machine. Next, double cannulation with venous cannulas was instituted. A 3-0 Prolene pursestring was placed in the right atrial appendage. Through this was passed our SEC cannula. This was connected to the venous portion of the cardiopulmonary bypass machine in a Y-shaped circuit. Next, a 3-0 Prolene pursestring was placed in the lower border of the right atrium. Through this was passed our inferior vena cava cannula. This was likewise connected to the Y connection of our venous cannula portion. We then used a 4-0 U-stitch in the right atrium for our retrograde cardioplegia catheter, which was inserted. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted. Metzenbaum scissors were used to dissect out the SVC and IVC, which were subsequently encircled with umbilical tape. Sondergaard's groove was taken down. Next, an antegrade cardioplegia needle and associated sump were placed in the ascending aorta. This was connected appropriately as was the retrograde cardioplegia catheter. Next, the aorta was cross-clamped, and antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia was infused so as to arrest the heart in diastole. Next a #15-blade scalpel was used to open the left atrium. The left atrium was decompressed with pump sucker. Next, our self-retaining retractor was positioned so as to bring the mitral valve up into view. Of note was the fact that the mitral valve P2 segment of the posterior leaflet had an abscess associated with it. The borders of the P2 segment abscess were defined by using a right angle to define the chordae which were encircled with a 4-0 silk. After doing so, the P2 segment of the posterior leaflet was excised with a #11-blade scalpel. Given the laxity of the posterior leaflet, it was decided to reconstruct it with a 2-0 Ethibond pledgeted suture. This was done so as to reconstruct the posterior annular portion. Prior to doing so, care was taken to remove any debris and abscess-type material. The pledgeted stitch was lowered into place and tied. Next, the more anterior portion of the P2 segment was reconstructed by running a 4-0 Prolene stitch so as to reconstruct it. This was done without difficulty. The apposition of the anterior and posterior leaflet was confirmed by infusing solution into the left ventricle. There was noted to be a small amount of central regurgitation. It was felt that this would be corrected with our annuloplasty portion of the procedure. Next, 2-0 non-pledgeted Ethibond sutures were placed in the posterior portion of the annulus from trigone to trigone in interrupted fashion. Care was taken to go from trigone to trigone. Prior to placing these sutures, the annulus was sized and noted to be a *** size for the Cosgrove-Galloway suture band ring from Medtronic. After, as mentioned, we placed our interrupted sutures in the annulus, and they were passed through the CG suture band. The suture band was lowered into position and tied in place. We then tested our repair and noted that there was very mild regurgitation. We subsequently removed our self-retaining retractor. We closed our left atriotomy using 4-0 Prolene in a running fashion. This was done without difficulty. We de-aired the heart. We then gave another round of antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia in warm fashion. The aortic cross-clamp was removed, and the heart gradually resumed electromechanical activity. We then removed our retrograde cardioplegia catheter from the coronary sinus and buttressed this site with a 5-0 Prolene. We placed 2 ventricular and 2 atrial pacing leads which were brought out through the skin. The patient was gradually weaned off cardiopulmonary bypass and our venous cannulas were removed. We then gave full-dose protamine; and after noting that there was no evidence of a protamine reaction, we removed our aortic cannula. This site was buttressed with a 4-0 Prolene on an SH needle. The patient tolerated the procedure well. We placed a mediastinal #32-French chest tube as well as a right chest Blake drain. The mediastinum was inspected for any signs of bleeding. There were none. We closed the sternum with #7 sternal wires in interrupted figure-of-eight fashion. The fascia was closed with a #1 Vicryl followed by a 2-0 Vicryl, followed by 3-0 Vicryl in a running subcuticular fashion. The instrument and sponge count was correct at the end of the case. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to the intensive care unit in good condition. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

OPERATIONS/PROCEDURES,1. Insertion of right internal jugular Tessio catheter.,2. Placement of left wrist primary submental arteriovenous fistula.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was brought to the operating room and placed in the supine position. Adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was induced. Appropriate monitoring lines were placed. The right neck, chest and left arm were prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. A small incision was made at the top of the anterior jugular triangle in the right neck. Through this small incision, the right internal jugular vein was punctured and a guidewire was placed. It was punctured a 2nd time, and a 2nd guidewire was placed. The Tessio catheters were assembled. They were measured for length. Counter-incisions were made on the right chest. They were then tunneled through these lateral chest wall incisions to the neck incision, burying the Dacron cuffs. They were flushed with saline. A suture was placed through the guidewire, and the guidewire and dilator were removed. The arterial catheter was then placed through this, and the tear-away introducer was removed. The catheter aspirated and bled easily. It was flushed with saline and capped. This was repeated with the venous line. It also aspirated easily and was flushed with saline and capped. The neck incision was closed with a 4-0 Tycron, and the catheters were sutured at the exit sites with 4-0 nylon. Dressings were applied. An incision was then made at the left wrist. The basilic vein was dissected free, as was the radial artery. Heparin was given, 50 mg. The radial artery was clamped proximally and distally with a bulldog. It was opened with a #11 blade and Potts scissors, and stay sutures of 5-0 Prolene were placed. The vein was clipped distally, divided and spatulated for anastomosis. It was sutured to the radial artery with a running 7-0 Prolene suture. The clamps were removed. Good flow was noted through the artery. Protamine was given, and the wound was closed with interrupted 3-0 Dexon subcutaneous and a running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular on the skin. The patient tolerated the procedure well.

operationsprocedures insertion right internal jugular tessio catheter placement left wrist primary submental arteriovenous fistulaprocedure detail patient brought operating room placed supine position adequate general endotracheal anesthesia induced appropriate monitoring lines placed right neck chest left arm prepped draped sterile fashion small incision made top anterior jugular triangle right neck small incision right internal jugular vein punctured guidewire placed punctured nd time nd guidewire placed tessio catheters assembled measured length counterincisions made right chest tunneled lateral chest wall incisions neck incision burying dacron cuffs flushed saline suture placed guidewire guidewire dilator removed arterial catheter placed tearaway introducer removed catheter aspirated bled easily flushed saline capped repeated venous line also aspirated easily flushed saline capped neck incision closed tycron catheters sutured exit sites nylon dressings applied incision made left wrist basilic vein dissected free radial artery heparin given mg radial artery clamped proximally distally bulldog opened blade potts scissors stay sutures prolene placed vein clipped distally divided spatulated anastomosis sutured radial artery running prolene suture clamps removed good flow noted artery protamine given wound closed interrupted dexon subcutaneous running dexon subcuticular skin patient tolerated procedure well

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATIONS/PROCEDURES,1. Insertion of right internal jugular Tessio catheter.,2. Placement of left wrist primary submental arteriovenous fistula.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was brought to the operating room and placed in the supine position. Adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was induced. Appropriate monitoring lines were placed. The right neck, chest and left arm were prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. A small incision was made at the top of the anterior jugular triangle in the right neck. Through this small incision, the right internal jugular vein was punctured and a guidewire was placed. It was punctured a 2nd time, and a 2nd guidewire was placed. The Tessio catheters were assembled. They were measured for length. Counter-incisions were made on the right chest. They were then tunneled through these lateral chest wall incisions to the neck incision, burying the Dacron cuffs. They were flushed with saline. A suture was placed through the guidewire, and the guidewire and dilator were removed. The arterial catheter was then placed through this, and the tear-away introducer was removed. The catheter aspirated and bled easily. It was flushed with saline and capped. This was repeated with the venous line. It also aspirated easily and was flushed with saline and capped. The neck incision was closed with a 4-0 Tycron, and the catheters were sutured at the exit sites with 4-0 nylon. Dressings were applied. An incision was then made at the left wrist. The basilic vein was dissected free, as was the radial artery. Heparin was given, 50 mg. The radial artery was clamped proximally and distally with a bulldog. It was opened with a #11 blade and Potts scissors, and stay sutures of 5-0 Prolene were placed. The vein was clipped distally, divided and spatulated for anastomosis. It was sutured to the radial artery with a running 7-0 Prolene suture. The clamps were removed. Good flow was noted through the artery. Protamine was given, and the wound was closed with interrupted 3-0 Dexon subcutaneous and a running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular on the skin. The patient tolerated the procedure well. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

OPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Chronic sinusitis with deviated nasal septum and nasal obstruction and hypertrophied turbinates.,OPERATIONS PERFORMED: , Septoplasty with partial inferior middle turbinectomy with KTP laser, sinus endoscopy with maxillary antrostomies, removal of tissue, with septoplasty and partial ethmoidectomy bilaterally.,OPERATION: , The patient was taken to the operating room. After adequate anesthesia via endotracheal intubation, the nose was prepped with Afrin nasal spray. After this was done, 1% Xylocaine with 100,000 epinephrine was infiltrated in both sides of the septum and the mucoperichondrium. After this, the sinus endoscope at 25-degrees was then used to examine the nasal cavity in the left nasal cavity and staying lateral to the middle turbinate. A 45-degree forceps then used to open up the maxillary sinus. There was some prominent tissue and just superior to this, the anterior ethmoid was opened. The 45-degree forceps was then used to open the maxillary sinus ostium. This was enlarged with backbiting rongeur. After this was done, the tissue found in the ethmoid and maxillary sinus were removed and sent to pathology and labeled as left maxillary sinus mucosa. After this was done, attention was then turned to the right nasal cavity staying laterally to the middle turbinate. There was noted to have prominence in the anterior ethmoidal area. This was then opened with 45-degree forceps. This mucosa was then removed from the anterior area. The maxillary sinus ostium was then opened with 45-degree forceps. Tissue was removed from this area. This was sent as right maxillary mucosa. After this, the backbiting rongeur was then used to open up the ostium and enlarge the ostium on the right maxillary sinus. Protecting the eyes with wet gauze and using KTP laser at 10 watts, the sinus endoscope was used for observation and the submucosal resection was done of both inferior turbinates as well as anterior portion of the middle turbinates bilaterally. This was to open up to expose the maxillary ostium as well as other sinus ostium to minimize swelling and obstruction. After this was completed, a septoplasty was performed. The incision was made with a #15 blade Bard-Parker knife. The flap was then elevated, overlying the spur that was protruding into the right nasal cavity. This was excised with a #15 blade Bard-Parker knife. The tissue was then laid back in position. After this was laid back in position, the nasal cavity was irrigated with saline solution, suctioned well as well as the oropharynx. , ,Surgicel with antibiotic ointment was placed in each nostril and sutured outside the nose with 3-0 nylon. The patient was then awakened and taken to recovery room in good condition.

operative diagnoses chronic sinusitis deviated nasal septum nasal obstruction hypertrophied turbinatesoperations performed septoplasty partial inferior middle turbinectomy ktp laser sinus endoscopy maxillary antrostomies removal tissue septoplasty partial ethmoidectomy bilaterallyoperation patient taken operating room adequate anesthesia via endotracheal intubation nose prepped afrin nasal spray done xylocaine epinephrine infiltrated sides septum mucoperichondrium sinus endoscope degrees used examine nasal cavity left nasal cavity staying lateral middle turbinate degree forceps used open maxillary sinus prominent tissue superior anterior ethmoid opened degree forceps used open maxillary sinus ostium enlarged backbiting rongeur done tissue found ethmoid maxillary sinus removed sent pathology labeled left maxillary sinus mucosa done attention turned right nasal cavity staying laterally middle turbinate noted prominence anterior ethmoidal area opened degree forceps mucosa removed anterior area maxillary sinus ostium opened degree forceps tissue removed area sent right maxillary mucosa backbiting rongeur used open ostium enlarge ostium right maxillary sinus protecting eyes wet gauze using ktp laser watts sinus endoscope used observation submucosal resection done inferior turbinates well anterior portion middle turbinates bilaterally open expose maxillary ostium well sinus ostium minimize swelling obstruction completed septoplasty performed incision made blade bardparker knife flap elevated overlying spur protruding right nasal cavity excised blade bardparker knife tissue laid back position laid back position nasal cavity irrigated saline solution suctioned well well oropharynx surgicel antibiotic ointment placed nostril sutured outside nose nylon patient awakened taken recovery room good condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Chronic sinusitis with deviated nasal septum and nasal obstruction and hypertrophied turbinates.,OPERATIONS PERFORMED: , Septoplasty with partial inferior middle turbinectomy with KTP laser, sinus endoscopy with maxillary antrostomies, removal of tissue, with septoplasty and partial ethmoidectomy bilaterally.,OPERATION: , The patient was taken to the operating room. After adequate anesthesia via endotracheal intubation, the nose was prepped with Afrin nasal spray. After this was done, 1% Xylocaine with 100,000 epinephrine was infiltrated in both sides of the septum and the mucoperichondrium. After this, the sinus endoscope at 25-degrees was then used to examine the nasal cavity in the left nasal cavity and staying lateral to the middle turbinate. A 45-degree forceps then used to open up the maxillary sinus. There was some prominent tissue and just superior to this, the anterior ethmoid was opened. The 45-degree forceps was then used to open the maxillary sinus ostium. This was enlarged with backbiting rongeur. After this was done, the tissue found in the ethmoid and maxillary sinus were removed and sent to pathology and labeled as left maxillary sinus mucosa. After this was done, attention was then turned to the right nasal cavity staying laterally to the middle turbinate. There was noted to have prominence in the anterior ethmoidal area. This was then opened with 45-degree forceps. This mucosa was then removed from the anterior area. The maxillary sinus ostium was then opened with 45-degree forceps. Tissue was removed from this area. This was sent as right maxillary mucosa. After this, the backbiting rongeur was then used to open up the ostium and enlarge the ostium on the right maxillary sinus. Protecting the eyes with wet gauze and using KTP laser at 10 watts, the sinus endoscope was used for observation and the submucosal resection was done of both inferior turbinates as well as anterior portion of the middle turbinates bilaterally. This was to open up to expose the maxillary ostium as well as other sinus ostium to minimize swelling and obstruction. After this was completed, a septoplasty was performed. The incision was made with a #15 blade Bard-Parker knife. The flap was then elevated, overlying the spur that was protruding into the right nasal cavity. This was excised with a #15 blade Bard-Parker knife. The tissue was then laid back in position. After this was laid back in position, the nasal cavity was irrigated with saline solution, suctioned well as well as the oropharynx. , ,Surgicel with antibiotic ointment was placed in each nostril and sutured outside the nose with 3-0 nylon. The patient was then awakened and taken to recovery room in good condition. ### Response: ENT - Otolaryngology, Surgery

OPERATIVE NOTE: ,The patient was placed in the supine position under general anesthesia, and prepped and draped in the usual manner. The penis was inspected. The meatus was inspected and an incision was made in the dorsal portion of the meatus up towards the tip of the penis connecting this with the ventral urethral groove. This was incised longitudinally and closed transversely with 5-0 chromic catgut sutures. The meatus was calibrated and accepted the calibrating instrument without difficulty, and there was no stenosis. An incision was made transversely below the meatus in a circumferential way around the shaft of the penis, bringing up the skin of the penis from the corpora. The glans was undermined with sharp dissection and hemostasis was obtained with a Bovie. Using a skin hook, the meatus was elevated ventrally and the glans flaps were reapproximated using 5-0 chromic catgut, creating a new ventral portion of the glans using the flaps of skin. There was good viability of the skin. The incision around the base of the penis was performed, separating the foreskin that was going to be removed from the coronal skin. This was removed and hemostasis was obtained with a Bovie. 0.25% Marcaine was infiltrated at the base of the penis for post-op pain relief, and the coronal and penile skin was reanastomosed using 4-0 chromic catgut. At the conclusion of the procedure, Vaseline gauze was wrapped around the penis. There was good hemostasis and the patient was sent to the recovery room in stable condition.

operative note patient placed supine position general anesthesia prepped draped usual manner penis inspected meatus inspected incision made dorsal portion meatus towards tip penis connecting ventral urethral groove incised longitudinally closed transversely chromic catgut sutures meatus calibrated accepted calibrating instrument without difficulty stenosis incision made transversely meatus circumferential way around shaft penis bringing skin penis corpora glans undermined sharp dissection hemostasis obtained bovie using skin hook meatus elevated ventrally glans flaps reapproximated using chromic catgut creating new ventral portion glans using flaps skin good viability skin incision around base penis performed separating foreskin going removed coronal skin removed hemostasis obtained bovie marcaine infiltrated base penis postop pain relief coronal penile skin reanastomosed using chromic catgut conclusion procedure vaseline gauze wrapped around penis good hemostasis patient sent recovery room stable condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATIVE NOTE: ,The patient was placed in the supine position under general anesthesia, and prepped and draped in the usual manner. The penis was inspected. The meatus was inspected and an incision was made in the dorsal portion of the meatus up towards the tip of the penis connecting this with the ventral urethral groove. This was incised longitudinally and closed transversely with 5-0 chromic catgut sutures. The meatus was calibrated and accepted the calibrating instrument without difficulty, and there was no stenosis. An incision was made transversely below the meatus in a circumferential way around the shaft of the penis, bringing up the skin of the penis from the corpora. The glans was undermined with sharp dissection and hemostasis was obtained with a Bovie. Using a skin hook, the meatus was elevated ventrally and the glans flaps were reapproximated using 5-0 chromic catgut, creating a new ventral portion of the glans using the flaps of skin. There was good viability of the skin. The incision around the base of the penis was performed, separating the foreskin that was going to be removed from the coronal skin. This was removed and hemostasis was obtained with a Bovie. 0.25% Marcaine was infiltrated at the base of the penis for post-op pain relief, and the coronal and penile skin was reanastomosed using 4-0 chromic catgut. At the conclusion of the procedure, Vaseline gauze was wrapped around the penis. There was good hemostasis and the patient was sent to the recovery room in stable condition. ### Response: Surgery, Urology

OPERATIVE NOTE: ,The patient was taken to the operating room and was placed in the supine position on the operating room table. A general inhalation anesthetic was administered. The patient was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. The urethral meatus was calibrated with a small mosquito hemostat and was gently dilated. Next a midline ventral type incision was made opening the meatus. This was done after clamping the tissue to control bleeding. The meatus was opened for about 3 mm. Next the meatus was calibrated and easily calibrated from 8 to 12 French with bougie sounds. Next the mucosal edges were everted and reapproximated to the glans skin edges with approximately five interrupted 6-0 Vicryl sutures. The meatus still calibrated between 10 and 12 French. Antibiotic ointment was applied. The procedure was terminated. The patient was awakened and returned to the recovery room in stable condition.

operative note patient taken operating room placed supine position operating room table general inhalation anesthetic administered patient prepped draped usual sterile fashion urethral meatus calibrated small mosquito hemostat gently dilated next midline ventral type incision made opening meatus done clamping tissue control bleeding meatus opened mm next meatus calibrated easily calibrated french bougie sounds next mucosal edges everted reapproximated glans skin edges approximately five interrupted vicryl sutures meatus still calibrated french antibiotic ointment applied procedure terminated patient awakened returned recovery room stable condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATIVE NOTE: ,The patient was taken to the operating room and was placed in the supine position on the operating room table. A general inhalation anesthetic was administered. The patient was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. The urethral meatus was calibrated with a small mosquito hemostat and was gently dilated. Next a midline ventral type incision was made opening the meatus. This was done after clamping the tissue to control bleeding. The meatus was opened for about 3 mm. Next the meatus was calibrated and easily calibrated from 8 to 12 French with bougie sounds. Next the mucosal edges were everted and reapproximated to the glans skin edges with approximately five interrupted 6-0 Vicryl sutures. The meatus still calibrated between 10 and 12 French. Antibiotic ointment was applied. The procedure was terminated. The patient was awakened and returned to the recovery room in stable condition. ### Response: Surgery, Urology

OPERATIVE NOTE:, The patient was taken to the operating room and placed in the supine position on the operating room table. The patient was prepped and draped in usual sterile fashion. An incision was made in the groin crease overlying the internal ring. This incision was about 1.5 cm in length. The incision was carried down through the Scarpa's layer to the level of the external oblique. This was opened along the direction of its fibers and carried down along the external spermatic fascia. The cremasteric fascia was then incised and the internal spermatic fascia was grasped and pulled free. A hernia sac was identified and the testicle was located. Next the internal spermatic fascia was incised and the hernia sac was dissected free inside the internal ring. This was performed by incising the transversalis fascia circumferentially. The hernia sac was ligated with a 3-0 silk suture high and divided and was noted to retract into the abdominal cavity. Care was taken not to injure the testicular vessels. Next the abnormal attachments of the testicle were dissected free distally with care not to injure any long loop vas and these were divided beneath the testicle for a fair distance. The lateral attachments tethering the cord vessels were freed from the sidewalls in the retroperitoneum high. This gave excellent length and very adequate length to bring the testicle down into the anterior superior hemiscrotum. The testicle was viable. This was wrapped in a moist sponge.,Next a hemostat was passed down through the inguinal canal down into the scrotum. A small 1 cm incision was made in the anterior superior scrotal wall. Dissection was carried down through the dartos layer. A subdartos pouch was formed with blunt dissection. The hemostat was then pushed against the tissues and this tissue was divided. The hemostat was then passed through the incision. A Crile hemostat was passed back up into the inguinal canal. The distal attachments of the sac were grasped and pulled down without twisting these structures through the incision. The neck was then closed with a 4-0 Vicryl suture that was not too tight, but tight enough to prevent retraction of the testicle. The testicle was then tucked down in its proper orientation into the subdartos pouch and the subcuticular tissue was closed with a running 4-0 chromic and the skin was closed with a running 6-0 subcuticular chromic suture. Benzoin and a Steri-Strip were placed. Next the transversus abdominis arch was reapproximated to the iliopubic tract over the top of the cord vessels to tighten up the ring slightly. This was done with 2 to 3 interrupted 3-0 silk sutures. The external oblique was then closed with interrupted 3-0 silk suture. The Scarpa's layer was closed with a running 4-0 chromic and the skin was then closed with a running 4-0 Vicryl intracuticular stitch. Benzoin and Steri-Strip were applied. The testicle was in good position in the dependent portion of the hemiscrotum and the patient had a caudal block, was awakened, and was returned to the recovery room in stable condition.

operative note patient taken operating room placed supine position operating room table patient prepped draped usual sterile fashion incision made groin crease overlying internal ring incision cm length incision carried scarpas layer level external oblique opened along direction fibers carried along external spermatic fascia cremasteric fascia incised internal spermatic fascia grasped pulled free hernia sac identified testicle located next internal spermatic fascia incised hernia sac dissected free inside internal ring performed incising transversalis fascia circumferentially hernia sac ligated silk suture high divided noted retract abdominal cavity care taken injure testicular vessels next abnormal attachments testicle dissected free distally care injure long loop vas divided beneath testicle fair distance lateral attachments tethering cord vessels freed sidewalls retroperitoneum high gave excellent length adequate length bring testicle anterior superior hemiscrotum testicle viable wrapped moist spongenext hemostat passed inguinal canal scrotum small cm incision made anterior superior scrotal wall dissection carried dartos layer subdartos pouch formed blunt dissection hemostat pushed tissues tissue divided hemostat passed incision crile hemostat passed back inguinal canal distal attachments sac grasped pulled without twisting structures incision neck closed vicryl suture tight tight enough prevent retraction testicle testicle tucked proper orientation subdartos pouch subcuticular tissue closed running chromic skin closed running subcuticular chromic suture benzoin steristrip placed next transversus abdominis arch reapproximated iliopubic tract top cord vessels tighten ring slightly done interrupted silk sutures external oblique closed interrupted silk suture scarpas layer closed running chromic skin closed running vicryl intracuticular stitch benzoin steristrip applied testicle good position dependent portion hemiscrotum patient caudal block awakened returned recovery room stable condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATIVE NOTE:, The patient was taken to the operating room and placed in the supine position on the operating room table. The patient was prepped and draped in usual sterile fashion. An incision was made in the groin crease overlying the internal ring. This incision was about 1.5 cm in length. The incision was carried down through the Scarpa's layer to the level of the external oblique. This was opened along the direction of its fibers and carried down along the external spermatic fascia. The cremasteric fascia was then incised and the internal spermatic fascia was grasped and pulled free. A hernia sac was identified and the testicle was located. Next the internal spermatic fascia was incised and the hernia sac was dissected free inside the internal ring. This was performed by incising the transversalis fascia circumferentially. The hernia sac was ligated with a 3-0 silk suture high and divided and was noted to retract into the abdominal cavity. Care was taken not to injure the testicular vessels. Next the abnormal attachments of the testicle were dissected free distally with care not to injure any long loop vas and these were divided beneath the testicle for a fair distance. The lateral attachments tethering the cord vessels were freed from the sidewalls in the retroperitoneum high. This gave excellent length and very adequate length to bring the testicle down into the anterior superior hemiscrotum. The testicle was viable. This was wrapped in a moist sponge.,Next a hemostat was passed down through the inguinal canal down into the scrotum. A small 1 cm incision was made in the anterior superior scrotal wall. Dissection was carried down through the dartos layer. A subdartos pouch was formed with blunt dissection. The hemostat was then pushed against the tissues and this tissue was divided. The hemostat was then passed through the incision. A Crile hemostat was passed back up into the inguinal canal. The distal attachments of the sac were grasped and pulled down without twisting these structures through the incision. The neck was then closed with a 4-0 Vicryl suture that was not too tight, but tight enough to prevent retraction of the testicle. The testicle was then tucked down in its proper orientation into the subdartos pouch and the subcuticular tissue was closed with a running 4-0 chromic and the skin was closed with a running 6-0 subcuticular chromic suture. Benzoin and a Steri-Strip were placed. Next the transversus abdominis arch was reapproximated to the iliopubic tract over the top of the cord vessels to tighten up the ring slightly. This was done with 2 to 3 interrupted 3-0 silk sutures. The external oblique was then closed with interrupted 3-0 silk suture. The Scarpa's layer was closed with a running 4-0 chromic and the skin was then closed with a running 4-0 Vicryl intracuticular stitch. Benzoin and Steri-Strip were applied. The testicle was in good position in the dependent portion of the hemiscrotum and the patient had a caudal block, was awakened, and was returned to the recovery room in stable condition. ### Response: Surgery, Urology

OPERATIVE PROCEDURE,1. Thromboendarterectomy of right common, external, and internal carotid artery utilizing internal shunt and Dacron patch angioplasty closure.,2. Coronary artery bypass grafting x3 utilizing left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending, and reverse autogenous saphenous vein graft to the obtuse marginal, posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery. Total cardiopulmonary bypass,cold blood potassium cardioplegia, antegrade and retrograde, for myocardial protection, placement of temporary pacing wires.,DESCRIPTION:, The patient was brought to the operating room, placed in supine position. Adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was induced. Appropriate monitoring lines were placed. The chest, abdomen and legs were prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. The greater saphenous vein was harvested from the right upper leg through interrupted skin incisions and was prepared by ligating all branches with 4-0 silk and flushing with vein solution. The leg was closed with running 3-0 Dexon subcu, and running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular on the skin, and later wrapped. A median sternotomy incision was made and the left internal mammary artery was dissected free from its takeoff at the subclavian to its bifurcation at the diaphragm and surrounded with papaverine-soaked gauze. The sternum was closed. A right carotid incision was made along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and carried down to and through the platysma. The deep fascia was divided. The facial vein was divided between clamps and tied with 2-0 silk. The common carotid artery, takeoff of the external and internal carotid arteries were dissected free, with care taken to identify and preserve the hypoglossal and vagus nerves. The common carotid artery was double-looped with umbilical tape, takeoff of the external was looped with a heavy silk, distal internal was double-looped with a heavy silk. Shunts were prepared. A patch was prepared. Heparin 50 mg was given IV. Clamp was placed on the beginning of the takeoff of the external and the proximal common carotid artery. Distal internal was held with a forceps. Internal carotid artery was opened with 11-blade. Potts scissors were then used to extend the aortotomy through the lesion into good internal carotid artery beyond. The shunt was placed and proximal and distal snares were tightened. Endarterectomy was carried out under direct vision in the common carotid artery and the internal reaching a fine, feathery distal edge using eversion on the external. All loose debris was removed and Dacron patch was then sutured in place with running 6-0 Prolene suture, removing the shunt just prior to completing the suture line. Suture line was completed and the neck was packed.,The pericardium was opened. A pericardial cradle was created. The patient was heparinized for cardiopulmonary bypass, cannulated with a single aortic and single venous cannula. A retrograde cardioplegia cannula was placed with a pursestring of 4-0 Prolene into the coronary sinus, and secured to a Rumel tourniquet. An antegrade cardioplegia needle sump was placed in the ascending aorta and cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted. The ascending aorta was cross-clamped and cold blood potassium cardioplegia was given antegrade, a total of 5 cc per kg. This was followed sumping of the ascending aorta and retrograde cardioplegia, a total of 5 cc per kg to the coronary sinus. The obtuse marginal 1 coronary was identified and opened, and an end-to-side anastomosis was then performed with running 7-0 Prolene suture. The vein was cut to length. Antegrade and retrograde cold blood potassium cardioplegia was given. The obtuse marginal 2 was not felt to be suitable for bypass, therefore, the posterior descending of the right coronary was identified and opened, and an end-to-side anastomosis was then performed with running 7-0 Prolene suture to reverse autogenous saphenous vein. The vein was cut to length. The mammary was clipped distally, divided and spatulated for anastomosis. Antegrade and retrograde cold blood potassium cardioplegia was given. The anterior descending was identified and opened. the mammary was then sutured to this with running 8-0 Prolene suture. Warm blood potassium cardioplegia was given, and the cross-clamp was removed. A partial-occlusion clamp was placed. Two aortotomies were made. The veins were cut to fit these and sutured in place with running 5-0 Prolene suture. The partial- occlusion clamp was removed. All anastomoses were inspected and noted to be patent and dry. Atrial and ventricular pacing wires were placed. Ventilation was commenced. The patient was fully warmed. The patient was weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass and de-cannulated in a routine fashion. Protamine was given. Good hemostasis was noted. A single mediastinal chest tube and bilateral pleural Blake drains were placed. The sternum was closed with figure-of-eight stainless steel wire, the linea alba with figure-of-eight #1 Vicryl, the sternal fascia with running #1 Vicryl, the subcu with running 2-0 Dexon and the skin with a running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular stitch.

operative procedure thromboendarterectomy right common external internal carotid artery utilizing internal shunt dacron patch angioplasty closure coronary artery bypass grafting x utilizing left internal mammary artery left anterior descending reverse autogenous saphenous vein graft obtuse marginal posterior descending branch right coronary artery total cardiopulmonary bypasscold blood potassium cardioplegia antegrade retrograde myocardial protection placement temporary pacing wiresdescription patient brought operating room placed supine position adequate general endotracheal anesthesia induced appropriate monitoring lines placed chest abdomen legs prepped draped sterile fashion greater saphenous vein harvested right upper leg interrupted skin incisions prepared ligating branches silk flushing vein solution leg closed running dexon subcu running dexon subcuticular skin later wrapped median sternotomy incision made left internal mammary artery dissected free takeoff subclavian bifurcation diaphragm surrounded papaverinesoaked gauze sternum closed right carotid incision made along anterior border sternocleidomastoid muscle carried platysma deep fascia divided facial vein divided clamps tied silk common carotid artery takeoff external internal carotid arteries dissected free care taken identify preserve hypoglossal vagus nerves common carotid artery doublelooped umbilical tape takeoff external looped heavy silk distal internal doublelooped heavy silk shunts prepared patch prepared heparin mg given iv clamp placed beginning takeoff external proximal common carotid artery distal internal held forceps internal carotid artery opened blade potts scissors used extend aortotomy lesion good internal carotid artery beyond shunt placed proximal distal snares tightened endarterectomy carried direct vision common carotid artery internal reaching fine feathery distal edge using eversion external loose debris removed dacron patch sutured place running prolene suture removing shunt prior completing suture line suture line completed neck packedthe pericardium opened pericardial cradle created patient heparinized cardiopulmonary bypass cannulated single aortic single venous cannula retrograde cardioplegia cannula placed pursestring prolene coronary sinus secured rumel tourniquet antegrade cardioplegia needle sump placed ascending aorta cardiopulmonary bypass instituted ascending aorta crossclamped cold blood potassium cardioplegia given antegrade total cc per kg followed sumping ascending aorta retrograde cardioplegia total cc per kg coronary sinus obtuse marginal coronary identified opened endtoside anastomosis performed running prolene suture vein cut length antegrade retrograde cold blood potassium cardioplegia given obtuse marginal felt suitable bypass therefore posterior descending right coronary identified opened endtoside anastomosis performed running prolene suture reverse autogenous saphenous vein vein cut length mammary clipped distally divided spatulated anastomosis antegrade retrograde cold blood potassium cardioplegia given anterior descending identified opened mammary sutured running prolene suture warm blood potassium cardioplegia given crossclamp removed partialocclusion clamp placed two aortotomies made veins cut fit sutured place running prolene suture partial occlusion clamp removed anastomoses inspected noted patent dry atrial ventricular pacing wires placed ventilation commenced patient fully warmed patient weaned cardiopulmonary bypass decannulated routine fashion protamine given good hemostasis noted single mediastinal chest tube bilateral pleural blake drains placed sternum closed figureofeight stainless steel wire linea alba figureofeight vicryl sternal fascia running vicryl subcu running dexon skin running dexon subcuticular stitch

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATIVE PROCEDURE,1. Thromboendarterectomy of right common, external, and internal carotid artery utilizing internal shunt and Dacron patch angioplasty closure.,2. Coronary artery bypass grafting x3 utilizing left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending, and reverse autogenous saphenous vein graft to the obtuse marginal, posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery. Total cardiopulmonary bypass,cold blood potassium cardioplegia, antegrade and retrograde, for myocardial protection, placement of temporary pacing wires.,DESCRIPTION:, The patient was brought to the operating room, placed in supine position. Adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was induced. Appropriate monitoring lines were placed. The chest, abdomen and legs were prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. The greater saphenous vein was harvested from the right upper leg through interrupted skin incisions and was prepared by ligating all branches with 4-0 silk and flushing with vein solution. The leg was closed with running 3-0 Dexon subcu, and running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular on the skin, and later wrapped. A median sternotomy incision was made and the left internal mammary artery was dissected free from its takeoff at the subclavian to its bifurcation at the diaphragm and surrounded with papaverine-soaked gauze. The sternum was closed. A right carotid incision was made along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and carried down to and through the platysma. The deep fascia was divided. The facial vein was divided between clamps and tied with 2-0 silk. The common carotid artery, takeoff of the external and internal carotid arteries were dissected free, with care taken to identify and preserve the hypoglossal and vagus nerves. The common carotid artery was double-looped with umbilical tape, takeoff of the external was looped with a heavy silk, distal internal was double-looped with a heavy silk. Shunts were prepared. A patch was prepared. Heparin 50 mg was given IV. Clamp was placed on the beginning of the takeoff of the external and the proximal common carotid artery. Distal internal was held with a forceps. Internal carotid artery was opened with 11-blade. Potts scissors were then used to extend the aortotomy through the lesion into good internal carotid artery beyond. The shunt was placed and proximal and distal snares were tightened. Endarterectomy was carried out under direct vision in the common carotid artery and the internal reaching a fine, feathery distal edge using eversion on the external. All loose debris was removed and Dacron patch was then sutured in place with running 6-0 Prolene suture, removing the shunt just prior to completing the suture line. Suture line was completed and the neck was packed.,The pericardium was opened. A pericardial cradle was created. The patient was heparinized for cardiopulmonary bypass, cannulated with a single aortic and single venous cannula. A retrograde cardioplegia cannula was placed with a pursestring of 4-0 Prolene into the coronary sinus, and secured to a Rumel tourniquet. An antegrade cardioplegia needle sump was placed in the ascending aorta and cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted. The ascending aorta was cross-clamped and cold blood potassium cardioplegia was given antegrade, a total of 5 cc per kg. This was followed sumping of the ascending aorta and retrograde cardioplegia, a total of 5 cc per kg to the coronary sinus. The obtuse marginal 1 coronary was identified and opened, and an end-to-side anastomosis was then performed with running 7-0 Prolene suture. The vein was cut to length. Antegrade and retrograde cold blood potassium cardioplegia was given. The obtuse marginal 2 was not felt to be suitable for bypass, therefore, the posterior descending of the right coronary was identified and opened, and an end-to-side anastomosis was then performed with running 7-0 Prolene suture to reverse autogenous saphenous vein. The vein was cut to length. The mammary was clipped distally, divided and spatulated for anastomosis. Antegrade and retrograde cold blood potassium cardioplegia was given. The anterior descending was identified and opened. the mammary was then sutured to this with running 8-0 Prolene suture. Warm blood potassium cardioplegia was given, and the cross-clamp was removed. A partial-occlusion clamp was placed. Two aortotomies were made. The veins were cut to fit these and sutured in place with running 5-0 Prolene suture. The partial- occlusion clamp was removed. All anastomoses were inspected and noted to be patent and dry. Atrial and ventricular pacing wires were placed. Ventilation was commenced. The patient was fully warmed. The patient was weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass and de-cannulated in a routine fashion. Protamine was given. Good hemostasis was noted. A single mediastinal chest tube and bilateral pleural Blake drains were placed. The sternum was closed with figure-of-eight stainless steel wire, the linea alba with figure-of-eight #1 Vicryl, the sternal fascia with running #1 Vicryl, the subcu with running 2-0 Dexon and the skin with a running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular stitch. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

OPERATIVE PROCEDURE:, Bronchoscopy brushings, washings and biopsies.,HISTORY: , This is a 41-year-old woman admitted to Medical Center with a bilateral pulmonary infiltrate, immunocompromise.,INDICATIONS FOR THE PROCEDURE:, Bilateral infiltrates, immunocompromised host, and pneumonia.,Prior to procedure, the patient was intubated with 8-French ET tube orally by Anesthesia due to her profound hypoxemia and respiratory distress.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , Under MAC and fluoroscopy, fiberoptic bronchoscope was passed through the ET tube.,ET tube was visualized approximately 2 cm above the carina. Fiberoptic bronchoscope subsequently was passed through the right lower lobe area and transbronchial biopsies under fluoroscopy were done from the right lower lobe x3 as well as the brushings were obtained and the washings. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Postprocedure, the patient is to be placed on a ventilator as well as postprocedure chest x-ray pending. Specimens are sent for immunocompromise panel including PCP stains.,POSTPROCEDURE DIAGNOSIS:, Pneumonia, infiltrates.

operative procedure bronchoscopy brushings washings biopsieshistory yearold woman admitted medical center bilateral pulmonary infiltrate immunocompromiseindications procedure bilateral infiltrates immunocompromised host pneumoniaprior procedure patient intubated french et tube orally anesthesia due profound hypoxemia respiratory distressdescription procedure mac fluoroscopy fiberoptic bronchoscope passed et tubeet tube visualized approximately cm carina fiberoptic bronchoscope subsequently passed right lower lobe area transbronchial biopsies fluoroscopy done right lower lobe x well brushings obtained washings patient tolerated procedure well postprocedure patient placed ventilator well postprocedure chest xray pending specimens sent immunocompromise panel including pcp stainspostprocedure diagnosis pneumonia infiltrates

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATIVE PROCEDURE:, Bronchoscopy brushings, washings and biopsies.,HISTORY: , This is a 41-year-old woman admitted to Medical Center with a bilateral pulmonary infiltrate, immunocompromise.,INDICATIONS FOR THE PROCEDURE:, Bilateral infiltrates, immunocompromised host, and pneumonia.,Prior to procedure, the patient was intubated with 8-French ET tube orally by Anesthesia due to her profound hypoxemia and respiratory distress.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , Under MAC and fluoroscopy, fiberoptic bronchoscope was passed through the ET tube.,ET tube was visualized approximately 2 cm above the carina. Fiberoptic bronchoscope subsequently was passed through the right lower lobe area and transbronchial biopsies under fluoroscopy were done from the right lower lobe x3 as well as the brushings were obtained and the washings. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Postprocedure, the patient is to be placed on a ventilator as well as postprocedure chest x-ray pending. Specimens are sent for immunocompromise panel including PCP stains.,POSTPROCEDURE DIAGNOSIS:, Pneumonia, infiltrates. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

OPERATIVE PROCEDURE:,1. Redo coronary bypass grafting x3, right and left internal mammary, left anterior descending, reverse autogenous saphenous vein graft to the obtuse marginal and posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery. Total cardiopulmonary bypass, cold-blood potassium cardioplegia, antegrade for myocardial protection.,2. Placement of a right femoral intraaortic balloon pump.,DESCRIPTION: , The patient was brought to the operating room and placed in the supine position. After adequate endotracheal anesthesia was induced, appropriate monitoring lines were placed. Chest, abdomen an legs were prepped and draped in sterile fashion. The femoral artery on the right was punctured and a guidewire was placed. The track was dilated and intraaortic balloon pump was placed in the appropriate position, sewn in place and ballooning started.,The left greater saphenous vein was harvested from the groin to the knee and prepared by ligating all branches with 4-0 silk and flushed with vein solution. The leg was closed with running 3-0 Dexon subcu and running 4-0 Dexon on the skin.,The old mediastinal incision was opened. The wires were cut and removed. The sternum was divided in the midline. Retrosternal attachments were taken down. The left internal mammary was dissected free from its takeoff at the left subclavian bifurcation at the diaphragm and surrounded with papaverine-soaked gauze. The heart was dissected free of its adhesions. The patient was fully heparinized and cannulated with a single aorta and single venous cannula. Retrograde cardioplegia cannula was attempted to be placed, but could not be fitted into the coronary sinus safely, therefore, it was banded and oversewn with 5-0 Prolene. An antegrade cardioplegia needle sump was placed and secured to the ascending aorta. Cardiopulmonary bypass ensued. The ascending aorta was cross clamped. Cold-blood potassium cardioplegia was given antegrade, a total of 10 cc/kg. It was followed by sumping the ascending aorta. The obtuse marginal was identified and opened and an end-to-side anastomosis was performed with a running 7-0 Prolene suture. The vein was cut to length. Antegrade cardioplegia was given, a total of 200 cc. The posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery was identified, opened and end-to-side anastomosis then performed with a running 7-0 Prolene suture. The vein was cut to length. Antegrade cardioplegia was given. The mammary was clipped distally, divided and spatulated for anastomosis. The anterior descending was identified, opened and end-to-side anastomosis then performed with running 8-0 Prolene suture and warm blood potassium cardioplegia was given. The cross clamp was removed. A partial-occlusion clamp was placed. Aortotomies were made. The vein was cut to fit these and sutured in place with running 5-0 Prolene suture. The partial-occlusion clamp was removed. All anastomoses were inspected and noted to be patent and dry. Atrial and ventricular pacing wires were placed. The patient was fully warmed and ventilation was commenced. The patient was weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass, ventricular balloon pumping and inotropic support and weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. The patient was decannulated in routine fashion. Protamine was given. Good hemostasis was noted. A single mediastinal chest tube and bilateral pleural Blake drains were placed. The sternum was closed with figure-of-eight stainless steel wire. The linea alba was closed with figure-of-eight of #1 Vicryl, the sternal fascia closed with running #1 Vicryl, the subcu closed with running 2-0 Dexon, skin with running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular stitch. The patient tolerated the procedure well.

operative procedure redo coronary bypass grafting x right left internal mammary left anterior descending reverse autogenous saphenous vein graft obtuse marginal posterior descending branch right coronary artery total cardiopulmonary bypass coldblood potassium cardioplegia antegrade myocardial protection placement right femoral intraaortic balloon pumpdescription patient brought operating room placed supine position adequate endotracheal anesthesia induced appropriate monitoring lines placed chest abdomen legs prepped draped sterile fashion femoral artery right punctured guidewire placed track dilated intraaortic balloon pump placed appropriate position sewn place ballooning startedthe left greater saphenous vein harvested groin knee prepared ligating branches silk flushed vein solution leg closed running dexon subcu running dexon skinthe old mediastinal incision opened wires cut removed sternum divided midline retrosternal attachments taken left internal mammary dissected free takeoff left subclavian bifurcation diaphragm surrounded papaverinesoaked gauze heart dissected free adhesions patient fully heparinized cannulated single aorta single venous cannula retrograde cardioplegia cannula attempted placed could fitted coronary sinus safely therefore banded oversewn prolene antegrade cardioplegia needle sump placed secured ascending aorta cardiopulmonary bypass ensued ascending aorta cross clamped coldblood potassium cardioplegia given antegrade total cckg followed sumping ascending aorta obtuse marginal identified opened endtoside anastomosis performed running prolene suture vein cut length antegrade cardioplegia given total cc posterior descending branch right coronary artery identified opened endtoside anastomosis performed running prolene suture vein cut length antegrade cardioplegia given mammary clipped distally divided spatulated anastomosis anterior descending identified opened endtoside anastomosis performed running prolene suture warm blood potassium cardioplegia given cross clamp removed partialocclusion clamp placed aortotomies made vein cut fit sutured place running prolene suture partialocclusion clamp removed anastomoses inspected noted patent dry atrial ventricular pacing wires placed patient fully warmed ventilation commenced patient weaned cardiopulmonary bypass ventricular balloon pumping inotropic support weaned cardiopulmonary bypass patient decannulated routine fashion protamine given good hemostasis noted single mediastinal chest tube bilateral pleural blake drains placed sternum closed figureofeight stainless steel wire linea alba closed figureofeight vicryl sternal fascia closed running vicryl subcu closed running dexon skin running dexon subcuticular stitch patient tolerated procedure well

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATIVE PROCEDURE:,1. Redo coronary bypass grafting x3, right and left internal mammary, left anterior descending, reverse autogenous saphenous vein graft to the obtuse marginal and posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery. Total cardiopulmonary bypass, cold-blood potassium cardioplegia, antegrade for myocardial protection.,2. Placement of a right femoral intraaortic balloon pump.,DESCRIPTION: , The patient was brought to the operating room and placed in the supine position. After adequate endotracheal anesthesia was induced, appropriate monitoring lines were placed. Chest, abdomen an legs were prepped and draped in sterile fashion. The femoral artery on the right was punctured and a guidewire was placed. The track was dilated and intraaortic balloon pump was placed in the appropriate position, sewn in place and ballooning started.,The left greater saphenous vein was harvested from the groin to the knee and prepared by ligating all branches with 4-0 silk and flushed with vein solution. The leg was closed with running 3-0 Dexon subcu and running 4-0 Dexon on the skin.,The old mediastinal incision was opened. The wires were cut and removed. The sternum was divided in the midline. Retrosternal attachments were taken down. The left internal mammary was dissected free from its takeoff at the left subclavian bifurcation at the diaphragm and surrounded with papaverine-soaked gauze. The heart was dissected free of its adhesions. The patient was fully heparinized and cannulated with a single aorta and single venous cannula. Retrograde cardioplegia cannula was attempted to be placed, but could not be fitted into the coronary sinus safely, therefore, it was banded and oversewn with 5-0 Prolene. An antegrade cardioplegia needle sump was placed and secured to the ascending aorta. Cardiopulmonary bypass ensued. The ascending aorta was cross clamped. Cold-blood potassium cardioplegia was given antegrade, a total of 10 cc/kg. It was followed by sumping the ascending aorta. The obtuse marginal was identified and opened and an end-to-side anastomosis was performed with a running 7-0 Prolene suture. The vein was cut to length. Antegrade cardioplegia was given, a total of 200 cc. The posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery was identified, opened and end-to-side anastomosis then performed with a running 7-0 Prolene suture. The vein was cut to length. Antegrade cardioplegia was given. The mammary was clipped distally, divided and spatulated for anastomosis. The anterior descending was identified, opened and end-to-side anastomosis then performed with running 8-0 Prolene suture and warm blood potassium cardioplegia was given. The cross clamp was removed. A partial-occlusion clamp was placed. Aortotomies were made. The vein was cut to fit these and sutured in place with running 5-0 Prolene suture. The partial-occlusion clamp was removed. All anastomoses were inspected and noted to be patent and dry. Atrial and ventricular pacing wires were placed. The patient was fully warmed and ventilation was commenced. The patient was weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass, ventricular balloon pumping and inotropic support and weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. The patient was decannulated in routine fashion. Protamine was given. Good hemostasis was noted. A single mediastinal chest tube and bilateral pleural Blake drains were placed. The sternum was closed with figure-of-eight stainless steel wire. The linea alba was closed with figure-of-eight of #1 Vicryl, the sternal fascia closed with running #1 Vicryl, the subcu closed with running 2-0 Dexon, skin with running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular stitch. The patient tolerated the procedure well. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

OPERATIVE PROCEDURES: , Colonoscopy and biopsies, epinephrine sclerotherapy, hot biopsy cautery, and snare polypectomy.,PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Colon cancer screening.,2. Family history of colon polyps.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Multiple colon polyps (5).,2. Diverticulosis, sigmoid colon.,3. Internal hemorrhoids.,ENDOSCOPE USED: , EC3870LK.,BIOPSIES: ,Biopsies taken from all polyps. Hot biopsy got applied to one. Epinephrine sclerotherapy and snare polypectomy applied to four polyps.,ANESTHESIA: , Fentanyl 75 mcg, Versed 6 mg, and glucagon 1.5 units IV push in divided doses. Also given epinephrine 1:20,000 total of 3 mL.,The patient tolerated the procedure well.,PROCEDURE: ,The patient was placed in left lateral decubitus after appropriate sedation. Digital rectal examination was done, which was normal. Endoscope was introduced and passed through a rather spastic tortuous sigmoid colon with multiple diverticula seen all the way through transverse colon where about 1 cm x 1 cm sessile polyp was seen. It was biopsied and then in piecemeal fashion removed using snare polypectomy after base was infiltrated with epinephrine. Pedunculated polyp next to it was hard to see and there was a lot of peristalsis. The scope then was advanced through rest of the transverse colon to ascending colon and cecum. Terminal ileum was briefly reviewed, appeared normal and so did cecum after copious amount of fecal material was irrigated out. Ascending colon was unremarkable. At hepatic flexure may be proximal transverse colon, there was a sessile polyp about 1.2 cm x 1 cm that was removed in the same manner with a biopsy taken, base infiltrated with epinephrine and at least two passes of snare polypectomy and subsequent hot biopsy cautery removed to hold polypoid tissue, which could be seen. In transverse colon on withdrawal and relaxation with epinephrine, an additional 1 mm to 2 mm sessile polyp was removed by hot biopsy. Then in the transverse colon, additional larger polyp about 1.3 cm x 1.2 cm was removed in piecemeal fashion again with epinephrine, sclerotherapy, and snare polypectomy. Subsequently pedunculated polyp in distal transverse colon near splenic flexure was removed with snare polypectomy. The rest of the splenic flexure and descending colon were unremarkable. Diverticulosis was again seen with almost constant spasm despite of glucagon. Sigmoid colon did somewhat hinder the inspection of that area. Rectum, retroflexion posterior anal canal showed internal hemorrhoids moderate to large. Excess of air insufflated was removed. The endoscope was withdrawn.,PLAN: , Await biopsy report. Pending biopsy report, recommendation will be made when the next colonoscopy should be done at least three years perhaps sooner besides and due to multitude of the patient's polyps.

operative procedures colonoscopy biopsies epinephrine sclerotherapy hot biopsy cautery snare polypectomypreoperative diagnoses colon cancer screening family history colon polypspostoperative diagnoses multiple colon polyps diverticulosis sigmoid colon internal hemorrhoidsendoscope used eclkbiopsies biopsies taken polyps hot biopsy got applied one epinephrine sclerotherapy snare polypectomy applied four polypsanesthesia fentanyl mcg versed mg glucagon units iv push divided doses also given epinephrine total mlthe patient tolerated procedure wellprocedure patient placed left lateral decubitus appropriate sedation digital rectal examination done normal endoscope introduced passed rather spastic tortuous sigmoid colon multiple diverticula seen way transverse colon cm x cm sessile polyp seen biopsied piecemeal fashion removed using snare polypectomy base infiltrated epinephrine pedunculated polyp next hard see lot peristalsis scope advanced rest transverse colon ascending colon cecum terminal ileum briefly reviewed appeared normal cecum copious amount fecal material irrigated ascending colon unremarkable hepatic flexure may proximal transverse colon sessile polyp cm x cm removed manner biopsy taken base infiltrated epinephrine least two passes snare polypectomy subsequent hot biopsy cautery removed hold polypoid tissue could seen transverse colon withdrawal relaxation epinephrine additional mm mm sessile polyp removed hot biopsy transverse colon additional larger polyp cm x cm removed piecemeal fashion epinephrine sclerotherapy snare polypectomy subsequently pedunculated polyp distal transverse colon near splenic flexure removed snare polypectomy rest splenic flexure descending colon unremarkable diverticulosis seen almost constant spasm despite glucagon sigmoid colon somewhat hinder inspection area rectum retroflexion posterior anal canal showed internal hemorrhoids moderate large excess air insufflated removed endoscope withdrawnplan await biopsy report pending biopsy report recommendation made next colonoscopy done least three years perhaps sooner besides due multitude patients polyps

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OPERATIVE PROCEDURES: , Colonoscopy and biopsies, epinephrine sclerotherapy, hot biopsy cautery, and snare polypectomy.,PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Colon cancer screening.,2. Family history of colon polyps.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Multiple colon polyps (5).,2. Diverticulosis, sigmoid colon.,3. Internal hemorrhoids.,ENDOSCOPE USED: , EC3870LK.,BIOPSIES: ,Biopsies taken from all polyps. Hot biopsy got applied to one. Epinephrine sclerotherapy and snare polypectomy applied to four polyps.,ANESTHESIA: , Fentanyl 75 mcg, Versed 6 mg, and glucagon 1.5 units IV push in divided doses. Also given epinephrine 1:20,000 total of 3 mL.,The patient tolerated the procedure well.,PROCEDURE: ,The patient was placed in left lateral decubitus after appropriate sedation. Digital rectal examination was done, which was normal. Endoscope was introduced and passed through a rather spastic tortuous sigmoid colon with multiple diverticula seen all the way through transverse colon where about 1 cm x 1 cm sessile polyp was seen. It was biopsied and then in piecemeal fashion removed using snare polypectomy after base was infiltrated with epinephrine. Pedunculated polyp next to it was hard to see and there was a lot of peristalsis. The scope then was advanced through rest of the transverse colon to ascending colon and cecum. Terminal ileum was briefly reviewed, appeared normal and so did cecum after copious amount of fecal material was irrigated out. Ascending colon was unremarkable. At hepatic flexure may be proximal transverse colon, there was a sessile polyp about 1.2 cm x 1 cm that was removed in the same manner with a biopsy taken, base infiltrated with epinephrine and at least two passes of snare polypectomy and subsequent hot biopsy cautery removed to hold polypoid tissue, which could be seen. In transverse colon on withdrawal and relaxation with epinephrine, an additional 1 mm to 2 mm sessile polyp was removed by hot biopsy. Then in the transverse colon, additional larger polyp about 1.3 cm x 1.2 cm was removed in piecemeal fashion again with epinephrine, sclerotherapy, and snare polypectomy. Subsequently pedunculated polyp in distal transverse colon near splenic flexure was removed with snare polypectomy. The rest of the splenic flexure and descending colon were unremarkable. Diverticulosis was again seen with almost constant spasm despite of glucagon. Sigmoid colon did somewhat hinder the inspection of that area. Rectum, retroflexion posterior anal canal showed internal hemorrhoids moderate to large. Excess of air insufflated was removed. The endoscope was withdrawn.,PLAN: , Await biopsy report. Pending biopsy report, recommendation will be made when the next colonoscopy should be done at least three years perhaps sooner besides and due to multitude of the patient's polyps. ### Response: Gastroenterology, Surgery

OTITIS MEDIA, is an infection of the middle ear space where the small bones and nerves of the ear connect to the eardrum on one side and the eustachian tube on the other. The ear infection itself is not contagious but the respiratory infection preceding it is transmittable. Otitis media is most often seen in infants and young children. There are several causes including a viral or bacterial infection that spreads to the middle ear by way of the eustachian tubes, nasal allergy drainage blocking the sinuses or eustachian tubes, enlarged adenoids also blocking sinuses or eustachian tubes and eardrum rupture. Many factors can increase the risk of an ear infection like recent upper respiratory tract illness, crowded living conditions, family history of ear infections, day care, smoking in household, altitude changes, cold weather and genetic factors.,SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:,* Irritability.,* Ear pain, fullness, hearing loss.,* Infants may pull on ear.,* Fever.,* Vomiting.,* Discharge from ear.,* Diarrhea.,TREATMENT:,* Diagnosis is by physical exam and otoscopic exam. Sometimes fluid from the ear is cultured.,* Pain relievers, like acetaminophen (Tylenol). Infant pain relievers are available.,* Decongestant to relieve symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection.,* Antibiotics when indicated for bacterial infection such as Amoxicillin or Zithromycin. Finish ALL antibiotics as prescribed. Do not stop the medication even if symptoms subside.,* Avoid swimming until infection goes away.,* Surgery is sometimes necessary to put in tubes through the eardrum to equalize pressure and drain fluids.,* Surgery to remove adenoids if they are enlarged.,* Reduce activity until symptoms subside.,Call doctor's office if symptoms do not improve within 2 days of treatment, and for convulsion, fever, ear swelling, dizziness, twitching facial muscles and severe headache.

otitis media infection middle ear space small bones nerves ear connect eardrum one side eustachian tube ear infection contagious respiratory infection preceding transmittable otitis media often seen infants young children several causes including viral bacterial infection spreads middle ear way eustachian tubes nasal allergy drainage blocking sinuses eustachian tubes enlarged adenoids also blocking sinuses eustachian tubes eardrum rupture many factors increase risk ear infection like recent upper respiratory tract illness crowded living conditions family history ear infections day care smoking household altitude changes cold weather genetic factorssigns symptoms irritability ear pain fullness hearing loss infants may pull ear fever vomiting discharge ear diarrheatreatment diagnosis physical exam otoscopic exam sometimes fluid ear cultured pain relievers like acetaminophen tylenol infant pain relievers available decongestant relieve symptoms upper respiratory tract infection antibiotics indicated bacterial infection amoxicillin zithromycin finish antibiotics prescribed stop medication even symptoms subside avoid swimming infection goes away surgery sometimes necessary put tubes eardrum equalize pressure drain fluids surgery remove adenoids enlarged reduce activity symptoms subsidecall doctors office symptoms improve within days treatment convulsion fever ear swelling dizziness twitching facial muscles severe headache

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: OTITIS MEDIA, is an infection of the middle ear space where the small bones and nerves of the ear connect to the eardrum on one side and the eustachian tube on the other. The ear infection itself is not contagious but the respiratory infection preceding it is transmittable. Otitis media is most often seen in infants and young children. There are several causes including a viral or bacterial infection that spreads to the middle ear by way of the eustachian tubes, nasal allergy drainage blocking the sinuses or eustachian tubes, enlarged adenoids also blocking sinuses or eustachian tubes and eardrum rupture. Many factors can increase the risk of an ear infection like recent upper respiratory tract illness, crowded living conditions, family history of ear infections, day care, smoking in household, altitude changes, cold weather and genetic factors.,SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:,* Irritability.,* Ear pain, fullness, hearing loss.,* Infants may pull on ear.,* Fever.,* Vomiting.,* Discharge from ear.,* Diarrhea.,TREATMENT:,* Diagnosis is by physical exam and otoscopic exam. Sometimes fluid from the ear is cultured.,* Pain relievers, like acetaminophen (Tylenol). Infant pain relievers are available.,* Decongestant to relieve symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection.,* Antibiotics when indicated for bacterial infection such as Amoxicillin or Zithromycin. Finish ALL antibiotics as prescribed. Do not stop the medication even if symptoms subside.,* Avoid swimming until infection goes away.,* Surgery is sometimes necessary to put in tubes through the eardrum to equalize pressure and drain fluids.,* Surgery to remove adenoids if they are enlarged.,* Reduce activity until symptoms subside.,Call doctor's office if symptoms do not improve within 2 days of treatment, and for convulsion, fever, ear swelling, dizziness, twitching facial muscles and severe headache. ### Response: ENT - Otolaryngology

On review of systems, the patient admits to hypertension and occasional heartburn. She undergoes mammograms every six months, which have been negative for malignancy. She denies fevers, chills, weight loss, fatigue, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, upper extremity trauma, night sweats, DVT, pulmonary embolism, anorexia, bone pain, headaches, seizures, angina, peripheral edema, claudication, orthopnea, PND, coronary artery disease, rheumatoid arthritis, rashes, upper extremity edema, cat scratches, cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, dyspnea at two flights of stairs, hoarseness, GI bleeding, change in bowel habits, dysphagia, ulcers, hematuria, or history of TB exposure. She has had negative PPD.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:, Hypertension.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY:, Right breast biopsy - benign.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , She was born and raised in Baltimore. She has not performed farming or kept birds or cats.,Tobacco: None.,Ethanol: ,Drug Use: ,Occupation: She is a registered nurse at Spring Grove Hospital.,Exposure: Negative to asbestos.,FAMILY HISTORY:, Mother with breast cancer.,ALLERGIES: , Percocet and morphine causing temporary hypotension.,MEDICATIONS: , Caduet 10 mg p.o. q.d., Coreg CR 40 mg p.o. q.d., and Micardis HCT 80 mg/12.5 mg p.o. q.d.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: ,BP: 133/72

review systems patient admits hypertension occasional heartburn undergoes mammograms every six months negative malignancy denies fevers chills weight loss fatigue diabetes mellitus thyroid disease upper extremity trauma night sweats dvt pulmonary embolism anorexia bone pain headaches seizures angina peripheral edema claudication orthopnea pnd coronary artery disease rheumatoid arthritis rashes upper extremity edema cat scratches cough hemoptysis shortness breath dyspnea two flights stairs hoarseness gi bleeding change bowel habits dysphagia ulcers hematuria history tb exposure negative ppdpast medical history hypertensionpast surgical history right breast biopsy benignsocial history born raised baltimore performed farming kept birds catstobacco noneethanol drug use occupation registered nurse spring grove hospitalexposure negative asbestosfamily history mother breast cancerallergies percocet morphine causing temporary hypotensionmedications caduet mg po qd coreg cr mg po qd micardis hct mg mg po qdphysical examination bp

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: On review of systems, the patient admits to hypertension and occasional heartburn. She undergoes mammograms every six months, which have been negative for malignancy. She denies fevers, chills, weight loss, fatigue, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, upper extremity trauma, night sweats, DVT, pulmonary embolism, anorexia, bone pain, headaches, seizures, angina, peripheral edema, claudication, orthopnea, PND, coronary artery disease, rheumatoid arthritis, rashes, upper extremity edema, cat scratches, cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, dyspnea at two flights of stairs, hoarseness, GI bleeding, change in bowel habits, dysphagia, ulcers, hematuria, or history of TB exposure. She has had negative PPD.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:, Hypertension.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY:, Right breast biopsy - benign.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , She was born and raised in Baltimore. She has not performed farming or kept birds or cats.,Tobacco: None.,Ethanol: ,Drug Use: ,Occupation: She is a registered nurse at Spring Grove Hospital.,Exposure: Negative to asbestos.,FAMILY HISTORY:, Mother with breast cancer.,ALLERGIES: , Percocet and morphine causing temporary hypotension.,MEDICATIONS: , Caduet 10 mg p.o. q.d., Coreg CR 40 mg p.o. q.d., and Micardis HCT 80 mg/12.5 mg p.o. q.d.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: ,BP: 133/72 ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Consult - History and Phy.

PAST MEDICAL CONDITION:, None.,ALLERGIES:, None.,CURRENT MEDICATION:, Zyrtec and hydrocodone 7.5 mg one every 4 to 6 hours p.r.n. for pain.,CHIEF COMPLAINT: , Back injury with RLE radicular symptoms.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:, The patient is a 52-year-old male who is here for independent medical evaluation. The patient states that he works for ABC ABC as a temporary worker. He worked for ABCD too. The patient's main job was loading and unloading furniture and appliances for the home. The patient was approximately there for about two and a half weeks. Date of injury occurred back in October. The patient stating that he had history of previous back problems ongoing; however, he states that on this particular day back in October, he was unloading an 18-wheeler at ABC and he was bending down picking up boxes to unload and load. Unfortunately at this particular event, the patient had sharp pain in his lower back. Soon afterwards, he had radiating symptoms down his right buttock all the way down to the lateral part of his leg crossing his knee. This became progressively worse. He also states that some of his radiating pain went down to his left leg as well. He noticed increase in buttock spasm and also noticed spasm in his buttocks. He initially saw Dr. Z and was provided with some muscle relaxer and was given some pain patches or Lidoderm patch, I believe. The patient states that after this treatment, his symptoms still persisted. At this point, the patient later on was referred to Dr. XYZ through the workmen's comp and he was initially evaluated back in April. After the evaluation, the patient was sent for MRI, was provided with pain medications such as short-acting opioids. He was put on restricted duty. The MRI essentially came back negative, but the patient continued to have radiating symptoms down to his lower extremity and subsequently the patient was essentially released by Dr. XYZ in June with maximum medical improvement.,Unfortunately, the patient continued to have persistence of back pain and radiating symptoms down to his leg and went back to see Dr. XYZ again, and at this point, the patient was provided with further medication management and sent for Pain Clinic referral. The patient also was recommended for nerve block at this point and the patient received epidural steroid injection by Dr. ABC without any significant relief. The patient also was sent for EMG and nerve conduction study, which was performed by Dr. ABCD and the MRI, EMG, and nerve conduction study came back essentially negative for radiculopathy, which was performed by Dr. ABCD. The patient states that he continues to have pain with extended sitting, he has radiating symptoms down to his lower extremity on the right side of his leg, increase in pain with stooping. He has difficulty sleeping at nighttime because of increase in pain. Ultimately, the patient was returned back to work in June, and deemed with maximum medical improvement back in June. The patient unfortunately still has significant degree of back pain with activities such as stooping and radicular symptoms down his right leg, worse than the left side. The patient also went to see Dr. X who is a chiropractic specialist and received eight or nine visits of chiropractic care without long-term relief in his overall radicular symptoms.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:, The patient was examined with the gown on. Lumbar flexion was moderately decreased. Extension was normal. Side bending to the right was decreased. Side bending to the left was within normal limits. Rotation and extension to the right side was causing increasing pain. Extension and side bending to the left was within normal limits without significant pain on the left side. While seated, straight leg was negative on the LLE at 90° and also negative on the RLE at 90°. There was no true root tension sign or radicular symptoms upon straight leg raising in the seated position. In supine position, straight leg was negative in the LLE and also negative on the RLE. Sensory exam shows there was a decrease in sensation to the S1 dermatomal distribution on the right side to light touch and at all other dermatomal distribution was within normal limits. Deep tendon reflex at the patella was 2+/4 bilaterally, but there was a decrease in reflex in the Achilles tendon 1+/4 on the right side and essentially 2+/4 on the left side. Medial hamstring reflex was 2+/4 on both hamstrings as well. On prone position, there was tightness in the paraspinals and erector spinae muscle as well as tightness on the right side of the quadratus lumborum area, right side was worse than the left side. Increase in pain at deep palpatory examination in midline of the L5 and S1 level.,MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW:, I had the opportunity to review Dr. XYZ's medical records. Also reviewed Dr. ABC procedural note, which was the epidural steroid injection block that was performed in December. Also, reviewed Dr. X's medical record notes and an EMG and nerve study that was performed by Dr. ABCD, which was essentially normal. The MRI of the lumbar spine that was performed back in April, which showed no evidence of herniated disc.,DIAGNOSIS: , Residual from low back injury with right lumbar radicular symptomatology.,EVALUATION/RECOMMENDATION:, The patient has an impairment based on AMA Guides Fifth Edition and it is permanent. The patient appears to have re-aggravation of the low back injury back in October related to his work at ABC when he was working unloading and loading an 18-wheel truck. Essentially, there was a clear aggravation of his symptoms with ongoing radicular symptom down to his lower extremity mainly on the right side more so than the left. The patient also has increase in back pain with lumbar flexion and rotational movement to the right side. With these ongoing symptoms, the patient has also decrease in activities of daily living such as mobility as well as decrease in sleep pattern and general decrease in overall function. Therefore, the patient is assigned 8% impairment of the whole person. We are able to assign this utilizing the Fifth Edition on spine section on the AMA guide. Using page 384, table 15-3, the patient does fall under DRE Lumbar Category II under criteria for rating impairment due to lumbar spine injury. In this particular section, it states that the patient's clinical history and examination findings are compatible with specific injury; and finding may include significant muscle guarding or spasm observed at the time of examination, a symmetric loss of range of motion, or non-verifiable radicular complaints define his complaints of radicular pain without objective findings; no alteration of the structural integrity and no significant radiculopathy. The patient also has decrease in activities of daily living; therefore, the patient is assigned at the higher impairment rating of 8% WPI. In the future, the patient should avoid prolonged walking, standing, stooping, squatting, hip bending, climbing, excessive flexion, extension, and rotation of his back. His one time weight limit should be determined by work trial, although the patient should continue to be closely monitored and managed for his pain control by the specific specialist for management of his overall pain. The patient although has a clear low back pain with certain movements such as stooping and extended sitting and does have a clear radicular symptomatology, the patient also should be monitored closely for specific dependency to short-acting opioids in the near future by specialist who could monitor and closely follow his overall pain management. The patient also should be treated with appropriate modalities and appropriate rehabilitation in the near future.,

past medical condition noneallergies nonecurrent medication zyrtec hydrocodone mg one every hours prn painchief complaint back injury rle radicular symptomshistory present illness patient yearold male independent medical evaluation patient states works abc abc temporary worker worked abcd patients main job loading unloading furniture appliances home patient approximately two half weeks date injury occurred back october patient stating history previous back problems ongoing however states particular day back october unloading wheeler abc bending picking boxes unload load unfortunately particular event patient sharp pain lower back soon afterwards radiating symptoms right buttock way lateral part leg crossing knee became progressively worse also states radiating pain went left leg well noticed increase buttock spasm also noticed spasm buttocks initially saw dr z provided muscle relaxer given pain patches lidoderm patch believe patient states treatment symptoms still persisted point patient later referred dr xyz workmens comp initially evaluated back april evaluation patient sent mri provided pain medications shortacting opioids put restricted duty mri essentially came back negative patient continued radiating symptoms lower extremity subsequently patient essentially released dr xyz june maximum medical improvementunfortunately patient continued persistence back pain radiating symptoms leg went back see dr xyz point patient provided medication management sent pain clinic referral patient also recommended nerve block point patient received epidural steroid injection dr abc without significant relief patient also sent emg nerve conduction study performed dr abcd mri emg nerve conduction study came back essentially negative radiculopathy performed dr abcd patient states continues pain extended sitting radiating symptoms lower extremity right side leg increase pain stooping difficulty sleeping nighttime increase pain ultimately patient returned back work june deemed maximum medical improvement back june patient unfortunately still significant degree back pain activities stooping radicular symptoms right leg worse left side patient also went see dr x chiropractic specialist received eight nine visits chiropractic care without longterm relief overall radicular symptomsphysical examination patient examined gown lumbar flexion moderately decreased extension normal side bending right decreased side bending left within normal limits rotation extension right side causing increasing pain extension side bending left within normal limits without significant pain left side seated straight leg negative lle also negative rle true root tension sign radicular symptoms upon straight leg raising seated position supine position straight leg negative lle also negative rle sensory exam shows decrease sensation dermatomal distribution right side light touch dermatomal distribution within normal limits deep tendon reflex patella bilaterally decrease reflex achilles tendon right side essentially left side medial hamstring reflex hamstrings well prone position tightness paraspinals erector spinae muscle well tightness right side quadratus lumborum area right side worse left side increase pain deep palpatory examination midline l levelmedical record review opportunity review dr xyzs medical records also reviewed dr abc procedural note epidural steroid injection block performed december also reviewed dr xs medical record notes emg nerve study performed dr abcd essentially normal mri lumbar spine performed back april showed evidence herniated discdiagnosis residual low back injury right lumbar radicular symptomatologyevaluationrecommendation patient impairment based ama guides fifth edition permanent patient appears reaggravation low back injury back october related work abc working unloading loading wheel truck essentially clear aggravation symptoms ongoing radicular symptom lower extremity mainly right side left patient also increase back pain lumbar flexion rotational movement right side ongoing symptoms patient also decrease activities daily living mobility well decrease sleep pattern general decrease overall function therefore patient assigned impairment whole person able assign utilizing fifth edition spine section ama guide using page table patient fall dre lumbar category ii criteria rating impairment due lumbar spine injury particular section states patients clinical history examination findings compatible specific injury finding may include significant muscle guarding spasm observed time examination symmetric loss range motion nonverifiable radicular complaints define complaints radicular pain without objective findings alteration structural integrity significant radiculopathy patient also decrease activities daily living therefore patient assigned higher impairment rating wpi future patient avoid prolonged walking standing stooping squatting hip bending climbing excessive flexion extension rotation back one time weight limit determined work trial although patient continue closely monitored managed pain control specific specialist management overall pain patient although clear low back pain certain movements stooping extended sitting clear radicular symptomatology patient also monitored closely specific dependency shortacting opioids near future specialist could monitor closely follow overall pain management patient also treated appropriate modalities appropriate rehabilitation near future

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL CONDITION:, None.,ALLERGIES:, None.,CURRENT MEDICATION:, Zyrtec and hydrocodone 7.5 mg one every 4 to 6 hours p.r.n. for pain.,CHIEF COMPLAINT: , Back injury with RLE radicular symptoms.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:, The patient is a 52-year-old male who is here for independent medical evaluation. The patient states that he works for ABC ABC as a temporary worker. He worked for ABCD too. The patient's main job was loading and unloading furniture and appliances for the home. The patient was approximately there for about two and a half weeks. Date of injury occurred back in October. The patient stating that he had history of previous back problems ongoing; however, he states that on this particular day back in October, he was unloading an 18-wheeler at ABC and he was bending down picking up boxes to unload and load. Unfortunately at this particular event, the patient had sharp pain in his lower back. Soon afterwards, he had radiating symptoms down his right buttock all the way down to the lateral part of his leg crossing his knee. This became progressively worse. He also states that some of his radiating pain went down to his left leg as well. He noticed increase in buttock spasm and also noticed spasm in his buttocks. He initially saw Dr. Z and was provided with some muscle relaxer and was given some pain patches or Lidoderm patch, I believe. The patient states that after this treatment, his symptoms still persisted. At this point, the patient later on was referred to Dr. XYZ through the workmen's comp and he was initially evaluated back in April. After the evaluation, the patient was sent for MRI, was provided with pain medications such as short-acting opioids. He was put on restricted duty. The MRI essentially came back negative, but the patient continued to have radiating symptoms down to his lower extremity and subsequently the patient was essentially released by Dr. XYZ in June with maximum medical improvement.,Unfortunately, the patient continued to have persistence of back pain and radiating symptoms down to his leg and went back to see Dr. XYZ again, and at this point, the patient was provided with further medication management and sent for Pain Clinic referral. The patient also was recommended for nerve block at this point and the patient received epidural steroid injection by Dr. ABC without any significant relief. The patient also was sent for EMG and nerve conduction study, which was performed by Dr. ABCD and the MRI, EMG, and nerve conduction study came back essentially negative for radiculopathy, which was performed by Dr. ABCD. The patient states that he continues to have pain with extended sitting, he has radiating symptoms down to his lower extremity on the right side of his leg, increase in pain with stooping. He has difficulty sleeping at nighttime because of increase in pain. Ultimately, the patient was returned back to work in June, and deemed with maximum medical improvement back in June. The patient unfortunately still has significant degree of back pain with activities such as stooping and radicular symptoms down his right leg, worse than the left side. The patient also went to see Dr. X who is a chiropractic specialist and received eight or nine visits of chiropractic care without long-term relief in his overall radicular symptoms.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:, The patient was examined with the gown on. Lumbar flexion was moderately decreased. Extension was normal. Side bending to the right was decreased. Side bending to the left was within normal limits. Rotation and extension to the right side was causing increasing pain. Extension and side bending to the left was within normal limits without significant pain on the left side. While seated, straight leg was negative on the LLE at 90° and also negative on the RLE at 90°. There was no true root tension sign or radicular symptoms upon straight leg raising in the seated position. In supine position, straight leg was negative in the LLE and also negative on the RLE. Sensory exam shows there was a decrease in sensation to the S1 dermatomal distribution on the right side to light touch and at all other dermatomal distribution was within normal limits. Deep tendon reflex at the patella was 2+/4 bilaterally, but there was a decrease in reflex in the Achilles tendon 1+/4 on the right side and essentially 2+/4 on the left side. Medial hamstring reflex was 2+/4 on both hamstrings as well. On prone position, there was tightness in the paraspinals and erector spinae muscle as well as tightness on the right side of the quadratus lumborum area, right side was worse than the left side. Increase in pain at deep palpatory examination in midline of the L5 and S1 level.,MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW:, I had the opportunity to review Dr. XYZ's medical records. Also reviewed Dr. ABC procedural note, which was the epidural steroid injection block that was performed in December. Also, reviewed Dr. X's medical record notes and an EMG and nerve study that was performed by Dr. ABCD, which was essentially normal. The MRI of the lumbar spine that was performed back in April, which showed no evidence of herniated disc.,DIAGNOSIS: , Residual from low back injury with right lumbar radicular symptomatology.,EVALUATION/RECOMMENDATION:, The patient has an impairment based on AMA Guides Fifth Edition and it is permanent. The patient appears to have re-aggravation of the low back injury back in October related to his work at ABC when he was working unloading and loading an 18-wheel truck. Essentially, there was a clear aggravation of his symptoms with ongoing radicular symptom down to his lower extremity mainly on the right side more so than the left. The patient also has increase in back pain with lumbar flexion and rotational movement to the right side. With these ongoing symptoms, the patient has also decrease in activities of daily living such as mobility as well as decrease in sleep pattern and general decrease in overall function. Therefore, the patient is assigned 8% impairment of the whole person. We are able to assign this utilizing the Fifth Edition on spine section on the AMA guide. Using page 384, table 15-3, the patient does fall under DRE Lumbar Category II under criteria for rating impairment due to lumbar spine injury. In this particular section, it states that the patient's clinical history and examination findings are compatible with specific injury; and finding may include significant muscle guarding or spasm observed at the time of examination, a symmetric loss of range of motion, or non-verifiable radicular complaints define his complaints of radicular pain without objective findings; no alteration of the structural integrity and no significant radiculopathy. The patient also has decrease in activities of daily living; therefore, the patient is assigned at the higher impairment rating of 8% WPI. In the future, the patient should avoid prolonged walking, standing, stooping, squatting, hip bending, climbing, excessive flexion, extension, and rotation of his back. His one time weight limit should be determined by work trial, although the patient should continue to be closely monitored and managed for his pain control by the specific specialist for management of his overall pain. The patient although has a clear low back pain with certain movements such as stooping and extended sitting and does have a clear radicular symptomatology, the patient also should be monitored closely for specific dependency to short-acting opioids in the near future by specialist who could monitor and closely follow his overall pain management. The patient also should be treated with appropriate modalities and appropriate rehabilitation in the near future., ### Response: Orthopedic

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: ,She had a negative stress test four to five years ago. She gets short of breath in walking about 30 steps. She has had non-insulin dependent diabetes for about eight years now. She has a left knee arthritis and history of hemorrhoids.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Pertinent for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, tonsillectomy, left knee surgery, and right breast lumpectomy.,PSYCHOLOGICAL HISTORY: , Negative except that she was rehabilitated for alcohol addiction in 1990.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , The patient is married. She is an office manager for a gravel company. Her spouse is also overweight. She drinks on a weekly basis and she smokes,about two packs of cigarettes over a week's period of time. She is doing this for about 35 years.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Diabetes and hypertension.,MEDICATIONS:, Include Colestid 1 g daily, Actos 30 mg daily, Amaryl 2 mg daily, Soma, and meloxicam for her back pain.,ALLERGIES:, She has no allergies; however, she does get tachycardic with caffeine, Sudafed, or phenylpropanolamine.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , Otherwise, negative.,PHYSICAL EXAM: , This is a pleasant female in no acute distress. Alert and oriented x 3. HEENT: Normocephalic, atraumatic. Extraocular muscles intact, nonicteric sclerae. Chest is clear. Abdomen is obese, soft, nontender and nondistended. Extremities show no edema, clubbing or cyanosis.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN: , This is a 51-year-old female with a BMI of 43 who is interested in the Lap-Band as opposed to gastric bypass. ABC will be asking for a letter of medical necessity from XYZ. She will also need an EKG and clearance for surgery. She will also see my nutritionist and social worker and once this is completed, we will submit her to her insurance company for approval.

past medical history negative stress test four five years ago gets short breath walking steps noninsulin dependent diabetes eight years left knee arthritis history hemorrhoidspast surgical history pertinent laparoscopic cholecystectomy tonsillectomy left knee surgery right breast lumpectomypsychological history negative except rehabilitated alcohol addiction social history patient married office manager gravel company spouse also overweight drinks weekly basis smokesabout two packs cigarettes weeks period time yearsfamily history diabetes hypertensionmedications include colestid g daily actos mg daily amaryl mg daily soma meloxicam back painallergies allergies however get tachycardic caffeine sudafed phenylpropanolaminereview systems otherwise negativephysical exam pleasant female acute distress alert oriented x heent normocephalic atraumatic extraocular muscles intact nonicteric sclerae chest clear abdomen obese soft nontender nondistended extremities show edema clubbing cyanosisassessmentplan yearold female bmi interested lapband opposed gastric bypass abc asking letter medical necessity xyz also need ekg clearance surgery also see nutritionist social worker completed submit insurance company approval

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: ,She had a negative stress test four to five years ago. She gets short of breath in walking about 30 steps. She has had non-insulin dependent diabetes for about eight years now. She has a left knee arthritis and history of hemorrhoids.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Pertinent for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, tonsillectomy, left knee surgery, and right breast lumpectomy.,PSYCHOLOGICAL HISTORY: , Negative except that she was rehabilitated for alcohol addiction in 1990.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , The patient is married. She is an office manager for a gravel company. Her spouse is also overweight. She drinks on a weekly basis and she smokes,about two packs of cigarettes over a week's period of time. She is doing this for about 35 years.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Diabetes and hypertension.,MEDICATIONS:, Include Colestid 1 g daily, Actos 30 mg daily, Amaryl 2 mg daily, Soma, and meloxicam for her back pain.,ALLERGIES:, She has no allergies; however, she does get tachycardic with caffeine, Sudafed, or phenylpropanolamine.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , Otherwise, negative.,PHYSICAL EXAM: , This is a pleasant female in no acute distress. Alert and oriented x 3. HEENT: Normocephalic, atraumatic. Extraocular muscles intact, nonicteric sclerae. Chest is clear. Abdomen is obese, soft, nontender and nondistended. Extremities show no edema, clubbing or cyanosis.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN: , This is a 51-year-old female with a BMI of 43 who is interested in the Lap-Band as opposed to gastric bypass. ABC will be asking for a letter of medical necessity from XYZ. She will also need an EKG and clearance for surgery. She will also see my nutritionist and social worker and once this is completed, we will submit her to her insurance company for approval. ### Response: Consult - History and Phy.

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: ,The patient denies any significant past medical history.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , The patient denies any significant surgical history.,MEDICATIONS: , The patient takes no medications.,ALLERGIES: , No known drug allergies.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , She denies use of cigarettes, alcohol or drugs.,FAMILY HISTORY: , No family history of birth defects, mental retardation or any psychiatric history.,DETAILS: , I performed a transabdominal ultrasound today using a 4 MHz transducer. There is a twin gestation in the vertex transverse lie with an anterior placenta and a normal amount of amniotic fluid surrounding both of the twins. The fetal biometry of twin A is as follows. The biparietal diameter is 4.9 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 5 days, head circumference 17.6 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 1 day, the abdominal circumference is 15.0 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 2 days, and femur length is 3.1 cm consistent with 19 weeks and 5 days, and the humeral length is 3.0 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 0 day. The average gestational age by ultrasound is 20 weeks and 1 day and the estimated fetal weight is 353 g. The following structures are seen as normal on the fetal anatomical survey, the shape of the fetal head, the choroid plexuses, the cerebellum, nuchal fold thickness, the fetal spine and fetal face, the four-chamber view of the fetal heart, the outflow tracts of the fetal heart, the stomach, the kidneys, and cord insertion site, the bladder, the extremities, the genitalia, the cord, which appeared to have three vessels and the placenta.,Limited in views of baby A with a nasolabial region.,The following is the fetal biometry for twin B. The biparietal diameter is 4.7 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 2 days, head circumference 17.5 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 0 day, the abdominal circumference is 15.5 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 5 days, the femur length is 3.3 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 3 days, and the humeral length is 3.1 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 2 days, the average gestational age by ultrasound is 22 weeks and 2 days, and the estimated fetal weight is 384 g. The following structures were seen as normal on the fetal anatomical survey. The shape of the fetal head, the choroid plexuses, the cerebellum, nuchal fold thickness, the fetal spine and fetal face, the four-chamber view of the fetal heart, the outflow tracts of the fetal heart, the stomach, the kidneys, and cord insertion site, the bladder, the extremities, the genitalia, the cord, which appeared to have three vessels, and the placenta. Limited on today's ultrasound the views of nasolabial region.,In summary, this is a twin gestation, which may well be monochorionic at 20 weeks and 1 day. There is like gender and a single placenta. One cannot determine with certainty whether or not this is a monochorionic or dichorionic gestation from the ultrasound today.,I sat with the patient and her husband and discussed alternative findings and the complications. We focused our discussion today on the association of twin pregnancy with preterm delivery. We discussed the fact that the average single intrauterine pregnancy delivers at 40 weeks' gestation while the average twin delivery occurs at 35 weeks' gestation. We discussed the fact that 15% of twins deliver prior to 32 weeks' gestation. These are the twins which we have the most concern regarding the long-term prospects of prematurity. We discussed several etiologies of preterm delivery including preterm labor, incompetent cervix, premature rupture of the fetal membranes as well as early delivery from preeclampsia and growth restriction. We discussed the use of serial transvaginal ultrasound to assess for early cervical change and the use of serial transabdominal ultrasound to assess for normal interval growth. We discussed the need for frequent office visits to screen for preeclampsia. We also discussed treatment options such as cervical cerclage, bedrest, tocolytic medications, and antenatal steroids. I would recommend that the patient return in two weeks for further cervical assessment and assessment of fetal growth and well-being.,In closing, I do want to thank you very much for involving me in the care of your delightful patient. I did review all of the above findings and recommendations with the patient today at the time of her visit. Please do not hesitate to contact me if I could be of any further help to you.,Total visit time 40 minutes.

past medical history patient denies significant past medical historypast surgical history patient denies significant surgical historymedications patient takes medicationsallergies known drug allergiessocial history denies use cigarettes alcohol drugsfamily history family history birth defects mental retardation psychiatric historydetails performed transabdominal ultrasound today using mhz transducer twin gestation vertex transverse lie anterior placenta normal amount amniotic fluid surrounding twins fetal biometry twin follows biparietal diameter cm consistent weeks days head circumference cm consistent weeks day abdominal circumference cm consistent weeks days femur length cm consistent weeks days humeral length cm consistent weeks day average gestational age ultrasound weeks day estimated fetal weight g following structures seen normal fetal anatomical survey shape fetal head choroid plexuses cerebellum nuchal fold thickness fetal spine fetal face fourchamber view fetal heart outflow tracts fetal heart stomach kidneys cord insertion site bladder extremities genitalia cord appeared three vessels placentalimited views baby nasolabial regionthe following fetal biometry twin b biparietal diameter cm consistent weeks days head circumference cm consistent weeks day abdominal circumference cm consistent weeks days femur length cm consistent weeks days humeral length cm consistent weeks days average gestational age ultrasound weeks days estimated fetal weight g following structures seen normal fetal anatomical survey shape fetal head choroid plexuses cerebellum nuchal fold thickness fetal spine fetal face fourchamber view fetal heart outflow tracts fetal heart stomach kidneys cord insertion site bladder extremities genitalia cord appeared three vessels placenta limited todays ultrasound views nasolabial regionin summary twin gestation may well monochorionic weeks day like gender single placenta one cannot determine certainty whether monochorionic dichorionic gestation ultrasound todayi sat patient husband discussed alternative findings complications focused discussion today association twin pregnancy preterm delivery discussed fact average single intrauterine pregnancy delivers weeks gestation average twin delivery occurs weeks gestation discussed fact twins deliver prior weeks gestation twins concern regarding longterm prospects prematurity discussed several etiologies preterm delivery including preterm labor incompetent cervix premature rupture fetal membranes well early delivery preeclampsia growth restriction discussed use serial transvaginal ultrasound assess early cervical change use serial transabdominal ultrasound assess normal interval growth discussed need frequent office visits screen preeclampsia also discussed treatment options cervical cerclage bedrest tocolytic medications antenatal steroids would recommend patient return two weeks cervical assessment assessment fetal growth wellbeingin closing want thank much involving care delightful patient review findings recommendations patient today time visit please hesitate contact could help youtotal visit time minutes

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: ,The patient denies any significant past medical history.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , The patient denies any significant surgical history.,MEDICATIONS: , The patient takes no medications.,ALLERGIES: , No known drug allergies.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , She denies use of cigarettes, alcohol or drugs.,FAMILY HISTORY: , No family history of birth defects, mental retardation or any psychiatric history.,DETAILS: , I performed a transabdominal ultrasound today using a 4 MHz transducer. There is a twin gestation in the vertex transverse lie with an anterior placenta and a normal amount of amniotic fluid surrounding both of the twins. The fetal biometry of twin A is as follows. The biparietal diameter is 4.9 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 5 days, head circumference 17.6 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 1 day, the abdominal circumference is 15.0 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 2 days, and femur length is 3.1 cm consistent with 19 weeks and 5 days, and the humeral length is 3.0 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 0 day. The average gestational age by ultrasound is 20 weeks and 1 day and the estimated fetal weight is 353 g. The following structures are seen as normal on the fetal anatomical survey, the shape of the fetal head, the choroid plexuses, the cerebellum, nuchal fold thickness, the fetal spine and fetal face, the four-chamber view of the fetal heart, the outflow tracts of the fetal heart, the stomach, the kidneys, and cord insertion site, the bladder, the extremities, the genitalia, the cord, which appeared to have three vessels and the placenta.,Limited in views of baby A with a nasolabial region.,The following is the fetal biometry for twin B. The biparietal diameter is 4.7 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 2 days, head circumference 17.5 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 0 day, the abdominal circumference is 15.5 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 5 days, the femur length is 3.3 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 3 days, and the humeral length is 3.1 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 2 days, the average gestational age by ultrasound is 22 weeks and 2 days, and the estimated fetal weight is 384 g. The following structures were seen as normal on the fetal anatomical survey. The shape of the fetal head, the choroid plexuses, the cerebellum, nuchal fold thickness, the fetal spine and fetal face, the four-chamber view of the fetal heart, the outflow tracts of the fetal heart, the stomach, the kidneys, and cord insertion site, the bladder, the extremities, the genitalia, the cord, which appeared to have three vessels, and the placenta. Limited on today's ultrasound the views of nasolabial region.,In summary, this is a twin gestation, which may well be monochorionic at 20 weeks and 1 day. There is like gender and a single placenta. One cannot determine with certainty whether or not this is a monochorionic or dichorionic gestation from the ultrasound today.,I sat with the patient and her husband and discussed alternative findings and the complications. We focused our discussion today on the association of twin pregnancy with preterm delivery. We discussed the fact that the average single intrauterine pregnancy delivers at 40 weeks' gestation while the average twin delivery occurs at 35 weeks' gestation. We discussed the fact that 15% of twins deliver prior to 32 weeks' gestation. These are the twins which we have the most concern regarding the long-term prospects of prematurity. We discussed several etiologies of preterm delivery including preterm labor, incompetent cervix, premature rupture of the fetal membranes as well as early delivery from preeclampsia and growth restriction. We discussed the use of serial transvaginal ultrasound to assess for early cervical change and the use of serial transabdominal ultrasound to assess for normal interval growth. We discussed the need for frequent office visits to screen for preeclampsia. We also discussed treatment options such as cervical cerclage, bedrest, tocolytic medications, and antenatal steroids. I would recommend that the patient return in two weeks for further cervical assessment and assessment of fetal growth and well-being.,In closing, I do want to thank you very much for involving me in the care of your delightful patient. I did review all of the above findings and recommendations with the patient today at the time of her visit. Please do not hesitate to contact me if I could be of any further help to you.,Total visit time 40 minutes. ### Response: Obstetrics / Gynecology, Radiology

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: Include:,1. Type II diabetes mellitus.,2. Hypertension.,3. Hyperlipidemia.,4. Gastroesophageal reflux disease.,5. Renal insufficiency.,6. Degenerative joint disease, status post bilateral hip and bilateral knee replacements.,7. Enterocutaneous fistula.,8. Respiratory failure.,9. History of atrial fibrillation.,10. Obstructive sleep apnea.,11. History of uterine cancer, status post total hysterectomy.,12. History of ventral hernia repair for incarcerated hernia.,SOCIAL HISTORY: The patient has been admitted to multiple hospitals over the last several months.,FAMILY HISTORY: Positive for diabetes mellitus type 2 in both mother and her sister.,MEDICATIONS: Currently include,,1. Albuterol inhaler q.4 h.,2. Paradox swish and spit mouthwash twice a day.,3. Digoxin 0.125 mg daily.,4. Theophylline 50 mg q.6 h.,5. Prozac 20 mg daily.,6. Lasix 40 mg daily.,7. Humulin regular high dose sliding scale insulin subcu. q.6 h.,8. Atrovent q.4 h.,9. Lantus 12 units subcu. q.12 h.,10. Lisinopril 10 mg daily.,11. Magnesium oxide 400 mg three times a day.,12. Metoprolol 25 mg twice daily.,13. Nitroglycerin topical q.6 h.,14. Zegerid 40 mg daily.,15. Simvastatin 10 mg daily.,ALLERGIES: Percocet, Percodan, oxycodone, and Duragesic.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: The patient currently denies any pain, denies any headache or blurred vision. Denies chest pain or shortness of breath. She denies any nausea or vomiting. Otherwise, systems are negative.,PHYSICAL EXAM:,General: The patient is awake, alert, and oriented. She is in no apparent respiratory distress.,Vital Signs: Temperature 97.6, blood pressure is 139/53, pulse 100, respirations 24. The patient has a tracheostomy in place. She will also have an esophageal gastric tube in place.,Cardiac: Regular rate and rhythm without audible murmurs, rubs or gallops. Lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally with slightly diminished breath sounds on the bases. No adventitious sounds are noted.,Abdomen: Obese. There is an open wound on the ventral abdomen overlying the midline abdominal incision from previous surgery. The area is covered with bandage with serosanguineous fluid. Abdomen is nontender to palpation. Bowel sounds are heard in all 4 quadrants.,Extremities: Bilateral lower extremities are edematous and very cool to touch.,LABORATORY DATA: Pending. Capillary blood sugars thus far have been 132 and 135.,ASSESSMENT: This is an 80-year-old female with an unfortunate past medical history with recent complications of sepsis and respiratory failure who is now receiving tube feeds.,PLAN: For her diabetes mellitus, we will continue the patient on her current regimen of Lantus 12 units subcu. q.12 h. and Regular Insulin at a high dose sliding scale every 6 hours. The patient had been previously controlled on this. We will continue to check her sugars every 6 hours and adjust insulin as necessary.

past medical history include type ii diabetes mellitus hypertension hyperlipidemia gastroesophageal reflux disease renal insufficiency degenerative joint disease status post bilateral hip bilateral knee replacements enterocutaneous fistula respiratory failure history atrial fibrillation obstructive sleep apnea history uterine cancer status post total hysterectomy history ventral hernia repair incarcerated herniasocial history patient admitted multiple hospitals last several monthsfamily history positive diabetes mellitus type mother sistermedications currently include albuterol inhaler q h paradox swish spit mouthwash twice day digoxin mg daily theophylline mg q h prozac mg daily lasix mg daily humulin regular high dose sliding scale insulin subcu q h atrovent q h lantus units subcu q h lisinopril mg daily magnesium oxide mg three times day metoprolol mg twice daily nitroglycerin topical q h zegerid mg daily simvastatin mg dailyallergies percocet percodan oxycodone duragesicreview systems patient currently denies pain denies headache blurred vision denies chest pain shortness breath denies nausea vomiting otherwise systems negativephysical examgeneral patient awake alert oriented apparent respiratory distressvital signs temperature blood pressure pulse respirations patient tracheostomy place also esophageal gastric tube placecardiac regular rate rhythm without audible murmurs rubs gallops lungs clear auscultation bilaterally slightly diminished breath sounds bases adventitious sounds notedabdomen obese open wound ventral abdomen overlying midline abdominal incision previous surgery area covered bandage serosanguineous fluid abdomen nontender palpation bowel sounds heard quadrantsextremities bilateral lower extremities edematous cool touchlaboratory data pending capillary blood sugars thus far assessment yearold female unfortunate past medical history recent complications sepsis respiratory failure receiving tube feedsplan diabetes mellitus continue patient current regimen lantus units subcu q h regular insulin high dose sliding scale every hours patient previously controlled continue check sugars every hours adjust insulin necessary

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: Include:,1. Type II diabetes mellitus.,2. Hypertension.,3. Hyperlipidemia.,4. Gastroesophageal reflux disease.,5. Renal insufficiency.,6. Degenerative joint disease, status post bilateral hip and bilateral knee replacements.,7. Enterocutaneous fistula.,8. Respiratory failure.,9. History of atrial fibrillation.,10. Obstructive sleep apnea.,11. History of uterine cancer, status post total hysterectomy.,12. History of ventral hernia repair for incarcerated hernia.,SOCIAL HISTORY: The patient has been admitted to multiple hospitals over the last several months.,FAMILY HISTORY: Positive for diabetes mellitus type 2 in both mother and her sister.,MEDICATIONS: Currently include,,1. Albuterol inhaler q.4 h.,2. Paradox swish and spit mouthwash twice a day.,3. Digoxin 0.125 mg daily.,4. Theophylline 50 mg q.6 h.,5. Prozac 20 mg daily.,6. Lasix 40 mg daily.,7. Humulin regular high dose sliding scale insulin subcu. q.6 h.,8. Atrovent q.4 h.,9. Lantus 12 units subcu. q.12 h.,10. Lisinopril 10 mg daily.,11. Magnesium oxide 400 mg three times a day.,12. Metoprolol 25 mg twice daily.,13. Nitroglycerin topical q.6 h.,14. Zegerid 40 mg daily.,15. Simvastatin 10 mg daily.,ALLERGIES: Percocet, Percodan, oxycodone, and Duragesic.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: The patient currently denies any pain, denies any headache or blurred vision. Denies chest pain or shortness of breath. She denies any nausea or vomiting. Otherwise, systems are negative.,PHYSICAL EXAM:,General: The patient is awake, alert, and oriented. She is in no apparent respiratory distress.,Vital Signs: Temperature 97.6, blood pressure is 139/53, pulse 100, respirations 24. The patient has a tracheostomy in place. She will also have an esophageal gastric tube in place.,Cardiac: Regular rate and rhythm without audible murmurs, rubs or gallops. Lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally with slightly diminished breath sounds on the bases. No adventitious sounds are noted.,Abdomen: Obese. There is an open wound on the ventral abdomen overlying the midline abdominal incision from previous surgery. The area is covered with bandage with serosanguineous fluid. Abdomen is nontender to palpation. Bowel sounds are heard in all 4 quadrants.,Extremities: Bilateral lower extremities are edematous and very cool to touch.,LABORATORY DATA: Pending. Capillary blood sugars thus far have been 132 and 135.,ASSESSMENT: This is an 80-year-old female with an unfortunate past medical history with recent complications of sepsis and respiratory failure who is now receiving tube feeds.,PLAN: For her diabetes mellitus, we will continue the patient on her current regimen of Lantus 12 units subcu. q.12 h. and Regular Insulin at a high dose sliding scale every 6 hours. The patient had been previously controlled on this. We will continue to check her sugars every 6 hours and adjust insulin as necessary. ### Response: Consult - History and Phy., General Medicine

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , Her medical conditions driving her toward surgery include hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, varicose veins, prior history of stroke. She denies any history of cancer. She does have a history of hepatitis which I will need to further investigate. She complains of multiple joint pains, and heavy snoring.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Includes hysterectomy in 1995 for fibroids and varicose vein removal. She had one ovary removed at the time of the hysterectomy as well.,SOCIAL HISTORY:, She is a single mother of one adopted child.,FAMILY HISTORY: ,There is a strong family history of heart disease and hypertension, as well as diabetes on both sides of her family. Her mother is alive. Her father is deceased from alcohol. She has five siblings.,MEDICATIONS: , As you know she takes the following medications for her diabetes, insulin 70 units/6 units times four years, aspirin 81 mg a day, Actos 15 mg, Crestor 10 mg and CellCept 500 mg two times a day.,ALLERGIES: , She has no known drug allergies.,PHYSICAL EXAM: , She is a 54-year-old obese female. She does not appear to have any significant residual deficits from her stroke. There may be slight left arm weakness.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN:, We will have her undergo routine nutritional and psychosocial assessment. I suspect that we can significantly improve the situation with her insulin and oral hypoglycemia, as well as hypertension, with significant weight loss. She is otherwise at increased risk for future complications given her history, and weight loss will be a good option. We will see her back in the office once she completes her preliminary workup and submit her for approval to the insurance company.

past medical history medical conditions driving toward surgery include hypercholesterolemia hypertension varicose veins prior history stroke denies history cancer history hepatitis need investigate complains multiple joint pains heavy snoringpast surgical history includes hysterectomy fibroids varicose vein removal one ovary removed time hysterectomy wellsocial history single mother one adopted childfamily history strong family history heart disease hypertension well diabetes sides family mother alive father deceased alcohol five siblingsmedications know takes following medications diabetes insulin units units times four years aspirin mg day actos mg crestor mg cellcept mg two times dayallergies known drug allergiesphysical exam yearold obese female appear significant residual deficits stroke may slight left arm weaknessassessmentplan undergo routine nutritional psychosocial assessment suspect significantly improve situation insulin oral hypoglycemia well hypertension significant weight loss otherwise increased risk future complications given history weight loss good option see back office completes preliminary workup submit approval insurance company

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , Her medical conditions driving her toward surgery include hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, varicose veins, prior history of stroke. She denies any history of cancer. She does have a history of hepatitis which I will need to further investigate. She complains of multiple joint pains, and heavy snoring.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Includes hysterectomy in 1995 for fibroids and varicose vein removal. She had one ovary removed at the time of the hysterectomy as well.,SOCIAL HISTORY:, She is a single mother of one adopted child.,FAMILY HISTORY: ,There is a strong family history of heart disease and hypertension, as well as diabetes on both sides of her family. Her mother is alive. Her father is deceased from alcohol. She has five siblings.,MEDICATIONS: , As you know she takes the following medications for her diabetes, insulin 70 units/6 units times four years, aspirin 81 mg a day, Actos 15 mg, Crestor 10 mg and CellCept 500 mg two times a day.,ALLERGIES: , She has no known drug allergies.,PHYSICAL EXAM: , She is a 54-year-old obese female. She does not appear to have any significant residual deficits from her stroke. There may be slight left arm weakness.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN:, We will have her undergo routine nutritional and psychosocial assessment. I suspect that we can significantly improve the situation with her insulin and oral hypoglycemia, as well as hypertension, with significant weight loss. She is otherwise at increased risk for future complications given her history, and weight loss will be a good option. We will see her back in the office once she completes her preliminary workup and submit her for approval to the insurance company. ### Response: Consult - History and Phy.

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , She has a history of hypertension and shortness of breath.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Pertinent for cholecystectomy.,PSYCHOLOGICAL HISTORY: , Negative.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , She is single. She drinks alcohol once a week. She does not smoke.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Pertinent for obesity and hypertension.,MEDICATIONS: , Include Topamax 100 mg twice daily, Zoloft 100 mg twice daily, Abilify 5 mg daily, Motrin 800 mg daily, and a multivitamin.,ALLERGIES: , She has no known drug allergies.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , Negative.,PHYSICAL EXAM: ,This is a pleasant female in no acute distress. Alert and oriented x 3. HEENT: Normocephalic, atraumatic. Extraocular muscles intact, nonicteric sclerae. Chest is clear to auscultation bilaterally. Cardiovascular is normal sinus rhythm. Abdomen is obese, soft, nontender and nondistended. Extremities show no edema, clubbing or cyanosis.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN: ,This is a 34-year-old female with a BMI of 43 who is interested in surgical weight via the gastric bypass as opposed to Lap-Band. ABC will be asking for a letter of medical necessity from Dr. XYZ. She will also see my nutritionist and social worker and have an upper endoscopy. Once this is completed, we will submit her to her insurance company for approval.

past medical history history hypertension shortness breathpast surgical history pertinent cholecystectomypsychological history negativesocial history single drinks alcohol week smokefamily history pertinent obesity hypertensionmedications include topamax mg twice daily zoloft mg twice daily abilify mg daily motrin mg daily multivitaminallergies known drug allergiesreview systems negativephysical exam pleasant female acute distress alert oriented x heent normocephalic atraumatic extraocular muscles intact nonicteric sclerae chest clear auscultation bilaterally cardiovascular normal sinus rhythm abdomen obese soft nontender nondistended extremities show edema clubbing cyanosisassessmentplan yearold female bmi interested surgical weight via gastric bypass opposed lapband abc asking letter medical necessity dr xyz also see nutritionist social worker upper endoscopy completed submit insurance company approval

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , She has a history of hypertension and shortness of breath.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Pertinent for cholecystectomy.,PSYCHOLOGICAL HISTORY: , Negative.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , She is single. She drinks alcohol once a week. She does not smoke.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Pertinent for obesity and hypertension.,MEDICATIONS: , Include Topamax 100 mg twice daily, Zoloft 100 mg twice daily, Abilify 5 mg daily, Motrin 800 mg daily, and a multivitamin.,ALLERGIES: , She has no known drug allergies.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , Negative.,PHYSICAL EXAM: ,This is a pleasant female in no acute distress. Alert and oriented x 3. HEENT: Normocephalic, atraumatic. Extraocular muscles intact, nonicteric sclerae. Chest is clear to auscultation bilaterally. Cardiovascular is normal sinus rhythm. Abdomen is obese, soft, nontender and nondistended. Extremities show no edema, clubbing or cyanosis.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN: ,This is a 34-year-old female with a BMI of 43 who is interested in surgical weight via the gastric bypass as opposed to Lap-Band. ABC will be asking for a letter of medical necessity from Dr. XYZ. She will also see my nutritionist and social worker and have an upper endoscopy. Once this is completed, we will submit her to her insurance company for approval. ### Response: Consult - History and Phy.

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , Significant for GERD, history of iron deficiency anemia, and asthma for which she takes an inhaler.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:, Positive for only for left knee arthritis. She has no exposure to tuberculosis or syphilis, she has no mouth or genital ulcers. She has no skin rashes. She has no connective tissue disorders.,PAST OCULAR HISTORY: , Significant for cataract and glaucoma surgery of the right eye.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , On examination, visual acuity measures hand motions on the right and 20/25 in the left. There is an afferent pupillary defect on the right. On examination, there is a right hypertropia. There is dense anterior chamber inflammation on the right eye with a stagnant aqueous. There is either neovascularization on the iris or reactive iris vessels, it is difficult to discern. This seems to be complete iris synechia to the anterior lens capsule. There is a posterior chamber intraocular lens with an inflammatory debris on the anterior surface. The anterior chamber appears narrow. On the left, there is also dense inflammation at 4+ cell. There is 1+ nuclear sclerosis. Dilated fundus examination cannot be performed on the right secondary to intense inflammation. On the left, there is no evidence of active posterior uveitis. There is some inferior vitreous debris.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN:, Chronic bilateral recurrent nongranulomatous diffuse uveitis. Currently, there is very severe right eye inflammation and severe left eye. I discussed at length with the patient that this will likely take an oral steroid to quite her down. Since she has only one seeing eye, I am anxious to obtain a decreased inflammation as soon as possible. She has been on oral steroids in the past. We also discussed, considering the aggressive recurrent nature of this process, it is likely we will have to consider a steroid sparing agent to maintain longer term control of this recurrent process so that we do not use visual acuity in the left. I anticipate we will likely start methotrexate in the near future. In this acute phase, I have recommended oral steroids at a dose of 60 mg a day, hourly topical Pred Forte as well as atropine sulfate. We will watch her closely in clinic. I am sending a copy of this dictation to her primary care doctor, she said she has had a negative HLA-B27, rheumatoid factor, and ANA in the past. At this stage, to be thorough I would ask Dr. X to assist us in repeating her chest x-ray, PPD if not current, and an RPR. Additionally, in anticipation of need for methotrexate, it would be helpful to have a full liver function profile as well as hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

past medical history significant gerd history iron deficiency anemia asthma takes inhalerreview systems positive left knee arthritis exposure tuberculosis syphilis mouth genital ulcers skin rashes connective tissue disorderspast ocular history significant cataract glaucoma surgery right eyephysical examination examination visual acuity measures hand motions right left afferent pupillary defect right examination right hypertropia dense anterior chamber inflammation right eye stagnant aqueous either neovascularization iris reactive iris vessels difficult discern seems complete iris synechia anterior lens capsule posterior chamber intraocular lens inflammatory debris anterior surface anterior chamber appears narrow left also dense inflammation cell nuclear sclerosis dilated fundus examination cannot performed right secondary intense inflammation left evidence active posterior uveitis inferior vitreous debrisassessmentplan chronic bilateral recurrent nongranulomatous diffuse uveitis currently severe right eye inflammation severe left eye discussed length patient likely take oral steroid quite since one seeing eye anxious obtain decreased inflammation soon possible oral steroids past also discussed considering aggressive recurrent nature process likely consider steroid sparing agent maintain longer term control recurrent process use visual acuity left anticipate likely start methotrexate near future acute phase recommended oral steroids dose mg day hourly topical pred forte well atropine sulfate watch closely clinic sending copy dictation primary care doctor said negative hlab rheumatoid factor ana past stage thorough would ask dr x assist us repeating chest xray ppd current rpr additionally anticipation need methotrexate would helpful full liver function profile well hepatitis b hepatitis c

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , Significant for GERD, history of iron deficiency anemia, and asthma for which she takes an inhaler.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:, Positive for only for left knee arthritis. She has no exposure to tuberculosis or syphilis, she has no mouth or genital ulcers. She has no skin rashes. She has no connective tissue disorders.,PAST OCULAR HISTORY: , Significant for cataract and glaucoma surgery of the right eye.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , On examination, visual acuity measures hand motions on the right and 20/25 in the left. There is an afferent pupillary defect on the right. On examination, there is a right hypertropia. There is dense anterior chamber inflammation on the right eye with a stagnant aqueous. There is either neovascularization on the iris or reactive iris vessels, it is difficult to discern. This seems to be complete iris synechia to the anterior lens capsule. There is a posterior chamber intraocular lens with an inflammatory debris on the anterior surface. The anterior chamber appears narrow. On the left, there is also dense inflammation at 4+ cell. There is 1+ nuclear sclerosis. Dilated fundus examination cannot be performed on the right secondary to intense inflammation. On the left, there is no evidence of active posterior uveitis. There is some inferior vitreous debris.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN:, Chronic bilateral recurrent nongranulomatous diffuse uveitis. Currently, there is very severe right eye inflammation and severe left eye. I discussed at length with the patient that this will likely take an oral steroid to quite her down. Since she has only one seeing eye, I am anxious to obtain a decreased inflammation as soon as possible. She has been on oral steroids in the past. We also discussed, considering the aggressive recurrent nature of this process, it is likely we will have to consider a steroid sparing agent to maintain longer term control of this recurrent process so that we do not use visual acuity in the left. I anticipate we will likely start methotrexate in the near future. In this acute phase, I have recommended oral steroids at a dose of 60 mg a day, hourly topical Pred Forte as well as atropine sulfate. We will watch her closely in clinic. I am sending a copy of this dictation to her primary care doctor, she said she has had a negative HLA-B27, rheumatoid factor, and ANA in the past. At this stage, to be thorough I would ask Dr. X to assist us in repeating her chest x-ray, PPD if not current, and an RPR. Additionally, in anticipation of need for methotrexate, it would be helpful to have a full liver function profile as well as hepatitis B and hepatitis C. ### Response: Consult - History and Phy., Ophthalmology

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , Significant for arthritis in her knee, anxiety, depression, high insulin levels, gallstone attacks, and PCOS.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , None.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , Currently employed. She is married. She is in sales. She does not smoke. She drinks wine a few drinks a month.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS: , She is on Carafate and Prilosec. She was on metformin, but she stopped it because of her abdominal pains.,ALLERGIES: , She is allergic to PENICILLIN.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:, Negative for heart, lungs, GI, GU, cardiac, or neurologic. Denies specifically asthma, allergies, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, chronic lung disease, ulcers, headache, seizures, epilepsy, strokes, thyroid disorder, tuberculosis, bleeding, clotting disorder, gallbladder disease, positive liver disease, kidney disease, cancer, heart disease, and heart attack.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , She is afebrile. Vital Signs are stable. HEENT: EOMI. PERRLA. Neck is soft and supple. Lungs clear to auscultation. She is mildly tender in the abdomen in the right upper quadrant. No rebound. Abdomen is otherwise soft. Positive bowel sounds. Extremities are nonedematous. Ultrasound reveals gallstones, no inflammation, common bile duct in 4 mm.,IMPRESSION/PLAN: , I have explained the risks and potential complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in detail including bleeding, infection, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cystic leak, duct leak, possible need for ERCP, and possible need for further surgery among other potential complications. She understands and we will proceed with the surgery in the near future.,

past medical history significant arthritis knee anxiety depression high insulin levels gallstone attacks pcospast surgical history nonesocial history currently employed married sales smoke drinks wine drinks monthcurrent medications carafate prilosec metformin stopped abdominal painsallergies allergic penicillinreview systems negative heart lungs gi gu cardiac neurologic denies specifically asthma allergies high blood pressure high cholesterol diabetes chronic lung disease ulcers headache seizures epilepsy strokes thyroid disorder tuberculosis bleeding clotting disorder gallbladder disease positive liver disease kidney disease cancer heart disease heart attackphysical examination afebrile vital signs stable heent eomi perrla neck soft supple lungs clear auscultation mildly tender abdomen right upper quadrant rebound abdomen otherwise soft positive bowel sounds extremities nonedematous ultrasound reveals gallstones inflammation common bile duct mmimpressionplan explained risks potential complications laparoscopic cholecystectomy detail including bleeding infection deep venous thrombosis pulmonary embolism cystic leak duct leak possible need ercp possible need surgery among potential complications understands proceed surgery near future

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , Significant for arthritis in her knee, anxiety, depression, high insulin levels, gallstone attacks, and PCOS.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , None.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , Currently employed. She is married. She is in sales. She does not smoke. She drinks wine a few drinks a month.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS: , She is on Carafate and Prilosec. She was on metformin, but she stopped it because of her abdominal pains.,ALLERGIES: , She is allergic to PENICILLIN.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:, Negative for heart, lungs, GI, GU, cardiac, or neurologic. Denies specifically asthma, allergies, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, chronic lung disease, ulcers, headache, seizures, epilepsy, strokes, thyroid disorder, tuberculosis, bleeding, clotting disorder, gallbladder disease, positive liver disease, kidney disease, cancer, heart disease, and heart attack.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , She is afebrile. Vital Signs are stable. HEENT: EOMI. PERRLA. Neck is soft and supple. Lungs clear to auscultation. She is mildly tender in the abdomen in the right upper quadrant. No rebound. Abdomen is otherwise soft. Positive bowel sounds. Extremities are nonedematous. Ultrasound reveals gallstones, no inflammation, common bile duct in 4 mm.,IMPRESSION/PLAN: , I have explained the risks and potential complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in detail including bleeding, infection, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cystic leak, duct leak, possible need for ERCP, and possible need for further surgery among other potential complications. She understands and we will proceed with the surgery in the near future., ### Response: Consult - History and Phy., Gastroenterology

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:, Significant for hypertension. The patient takes hydrochlorothiazide for this. She also suffers from high cholesterol and takes Crestor. She also has dry eyes and uses Restasis for this. She denies liver disease, kidney disease, cirrhosis, hepatitis, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, bleeding disorders, prior DVT, HIV and gout. She also denies cardiac disease and prior history of cancer.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Significant for tubal ligation in 1993. She had a hysterectomy done in 2000 and a gallbladder resection done in 2002.,MEDICATIONS: , Crestor 20 mg p.o. daily, hydrochlorothiazide 20 mg p.o. daily, Veramist spray 27.5 mcg daily, Restasis twice a day and ibuprofen two to three times a day.,ALLERGIES TO MEDICATIONS: , Bactrim which causes a rash. The patient denies latex allergy.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , The patient is a life long nonsmoker. She only drinks socially one to two drinks a month. She is employed as a manager at the New York department of taxation. She is married with four children.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Significant for type II diabetes on her mother's side as well as liver and heart failure. She has one sibling that suffers from high cholesterol and high triglycerides.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , Positive for hot flashes. She also complains about snoring and occasional slight asthma. She does complain about peripheral ankle swelling and heartburn. She also gives a history of hemorrhoids and bladder infections in the past. She has weight bearing joint pain as well as low back degenerating discs. She denies obstructive sleep apnea, kidney stones, bloody bowel movements, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, dark tarry stools and melena.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: ,On examination temperature is 97.7, pulse 84, blood pressure 126/80, respiratory rate was 20. Well nourished, well developed in no distress. Eye exam, pupils equal round and reactive to light. Extraocular motions intact. Neuro exam deep tendon reflexes 1+ in the lower extremities. No focal neuro deficits noted. Neck exam nonpalpable thyroid, midline trachea, no cervical lymphadenopathy, no carotid bruit. Lung exam clear breath sounds throughout without rhonchi or wheezes however diminished. Cardiac exam regular rate and rhythm without murmur or bruit. Abdominal exam positive bowel sounds, soft, nontender, obese, nondistended abdomen. No palpable tenderness. No right upper quadrant tenderness. No organomegaly appreciated. No obvious hernias noted. Lower extremity exam +1 edema noted. Positive dorsalis pedis pulses.,ASSESSMENT: , The patient is a 56-year-old female who presents to the bariatric surgery service with a body mass index of 41 with obesity related comorbidities. The patient is interested in gastric bypass surgery. The patient appears to be an excellent candidate and would benefit greatly in the management of her comorbidities.,PLAN: , In preparation for surgery will obtain the usual baseline laboratory values including baseline vitamin levels. Will proceed with our usual work up with an upper GI series as well as consultations with the dietician and the psychologist preoperatively. I have recommended six weeks of Medifast for the patient to obtain a 10% preoperative weight loss.

past medical history significant hypertension patient takes hydrochlorothiazide also suffers high cholesterol takes crestor also dry eyes uses restasis denies liver disease kidney disease cirrhosis hepatitis diabetes mellitus thyroid disease bleeding disorders prior dvt hiv gout also denies cardiac disease prior history cancerpast surgical history significant tubal ligation hysterectomy done gallbladder resection done medications crestor mg po daily hydrochlorothiazide mg po daily veramist spray mcg daily restasis twice day ibuprofen two three times dayallergies medications bactrim causes rash patient denies latex allergysocial history patient life long nonsmoker drinks socially one two drinks month employed manager new york department taxation married four childrenfamily history significant type ii diabetes mothers side well liver heart failure one sibling suffers high cholesterol high triglyceridesreview systems positive hot flashes also complains snoring occasional slight asthma complain peripheral ankle swelling heartburn also gives history hemorrhoids bladder infections past weight bearing joint pain well low back degenerating discs denies obstructive sleep apnea kidney stones bloody bowel movements ulcerative colitis crohns disease dark tarry stools melenaphysical examination examination temperature pulse blood pressure respiratory rate well nourished well developed distress eye exam pupils equal round reactive light extraocular motions intact neuro exam deep tendon reflexes lower extremities focal neuro deficits noted neck exam nonpalpable thyroid midline trachea cervical lymphadenopathy carotid bruit lung exam clear breath sounds throughout without rhonchi wheezes however diminished cardiac exam regular rate rhythm without murmur bruit abdominal exam positive bowel sounds soft nontender obese nondistended abdomen palpable tenderness right upper quadrant tenderness organomegaly appreciated obvious hernias noted lower extremity exam edema noted positive dorsalis pedis pulsesassessment patient yearold female presents bariatric surgery service body mass index obesity related comorbidities patient interested gastric bypass surgery patient appears excellent candidate would benefit greatly management comorbiditiesplan preparation surgery obtain usual baseline laboratory values including baseline vitamin levels proceed usual work upper gi series well consultations dietician psychologist preoperatively recommended six weeks medifast patient obtain preoperative weight loss

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:, Significant for hypertension. The patient takes hydrochlorothiazide for this. She also suffers from high cholesterol and takes Crestor. She also has dry eyes and uses Restasis for this. She denies liver disease, kidney disease, cirrhosis, hepatitis, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, bleeding disorders, prior DVT, HIV and gout. She also denies cardiac disease and prior history of cancer.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Significant for tubal ligation in 1993. She had a hysterectomy done in 2000 and a gallbladder resection done in 2002.,MEDICATIONS: , Crestor 20 mg p.o. daily, hydrochlorothiazide 20 mg p.o. daily, Veramist spray 27.5 mcg daily, Restasis twice a day and ibuprofen two to three times a day.,ALLERGIES TO MEDICATIONS: , Bactrim which causes a rash. The patient denies latex allergy.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , The patient is a life long nonsmoker. She only drinks socially one to two drinks a month. She is employed as a manager at the New York department of taxation. She is married with four children.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Significant for type II diabetes on her mother's side as well as liver and heart failure. She has one sibling that suffers from high cholesterol and high triglycerides.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , Positive for hot flashes. She also complains about snoring and occasional slight asthma. She does complain about peripheral ankle swelling and heartburn. She also gives a history of hemorrhoids and bladder infections in the past. She has weight bearing joint pain as well as low back degenerating discs. She denies obstructive sleep apnea, kidney stones, bloody bowel movements, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, dark tarry stools and melena.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: ,On examination temperature is 97.7, pulse 84, blood pressure 126/80, respiratory rate was 20. Well nourished, well developed in no distress. Eye exam, pupils equal round and reactive to light. Extraocular motions intact. Neuro exam deep tendon reflexes 1+ in the lower extremities. No focal neuro deficits noted. Neck exam nonpalpable thyroid, midline trachea, no cervical lymphadenopathy, no carotid bruit. Lung exam clear breath sounds throughout without rhonchi or wheezes however diminished. Cardiac exam regular rate and rhythm without murmur or bruit. Abdominal exam positive bowel sounds, soft, nontender, obese, nondistended abdomen. No palpable tenderness. No right upper quadrant tenderness. No organomegaly appreciated. No obvious hernias noted. Lower extremity exam +1 edema noted. Positive dorsalis pedis pulses.,ASSESSMENT: , The patient is a 56-year-old female who presents to the bariatric surgery service with a body mass index of 41 with obesity related comorbidities. The patient is interested in gastric bypass surgery. The patient appears to be an excellent candidate and would benefit greatly in the management of her comorbidities.,PLAN: , In preparation for surgery will obtain the usual baseline laboratory values including baseline vitamin levels. Will proceed with our usual work up with an upper GI series as well as consultations with the dietician and the psychologist preoperatively. I have recommended six weeks of Medifast for the patient to obtain a 10% preoperative weight loss. ### Response: Consult - History and Phy.

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:, Unremarkable, except for diabetes and atherosclerotic vascular disease.,ALLERGIES:, PENICILLIN.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS:, Include Glucovance, Seroquel, Flomax, and Nexium.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Appendectomy and exploratory laparotomy.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Noncontributory.,SOCIAL HISTORY: ,The patient is a non-smoker. No alcohol abuse. The patient is married with no children.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:, Significant for an old CVA.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:, The patient is an elderly male alert and cooperative. Blood pressure 96/60 mmHg. Respirations were 20. Pulse 94. Afebrile. O2 was 94% on room air. HEENT: Normocephalic and atraumatic. Pupils are reactive. Oral mucosa is grossly normal. Neck is supple. Lungs: Decreased breath sounds. Disturbed breath sounds with poor exchange. Heart: Regular rhythm. Abdomen: Soft and nontender. No organomegaly or masses. Extremities: No cyanosis, clubbing, or edema.,LABORATORY DATA: , Oropharyngeal evaluation done on 11/02/2006 revealed mild oropharyngeal dysphagia with no evidence of laryngeal penetration or aspiration with food or liquid. Slight reduction in tongue retraction resulting in mild residual remaining in the palatal sinuses, which clear with liquid swallow and double-saliva swallow.,ASSESSMENT:,1. Cough probably multifactorial combination of gastroesophageal reflux and recurrent aspiration.,2. Old CVA with left hemiparesis.,3. Oropharyngeal dysphagia.,4. Diabetes.,PLAN:, At the present time, the patient is recommended to continue on a regular diet, continue speech pathology evaluation as well as perform double-swallow during meals with bolus sensation. He may use Italian lemon ice during meals to help clear sinuses as well. The patient will follow up with you. If you need any further assistance, do not hesitate to call me.

past medical history unremarkable except diabetes atherosclerotic vascular diseaseallergies penicillincurrent medications include glucovance seroquel flomax nexiumpast surgical history appendectomy exploratory laparotomyfamily history noncontributorysocial history patient nonsmoker alcohol abuse patient married childrenreview systems significant old cvaphysical examination patient elderly male alert cooperative blood pressure mmhg respirations pulse afebrile room air heent normocephalic atraumatic pupils reactive oral mucosa grossly normal neck supple lungs decreased breath sounds disturbed breath sounds poor exchange heart regular rhythm abdomen soft nontender organomegaly masses extremities cyanosis clubbing edemalaboratory data oropharyngeal evaluation done revealed mild oropharyngeal dysphagia evidence laryngeal penetration aspiration food liquid slight reduction tongue retraction resulting mild residual remaining palatal sinuses clear liquid swallow doublesaliva swallowassessment cough probably multifactorial combination gastroesophageal reflux recurrent aspiration old cva left hemiparesis oropharyngeal dysphagia diabetesplan present time patient recommended continue regular diet continue speech pathology evaluation well perform doubleswallow meals bolus sensation may use italian lemon ice meals help clear sinuses well patient follow need assistance hesitate call

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:, Unremarkable, except for diabetes and atherosclerotic vascular disease.,ALLERGIES:, PENICILLIN.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS:, Include Glucovance, Seroquel, Flomax, and Nexium.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Appendectomy and exploratory laparotomy.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Noncontributory.,SOCIAL HISTORY: ,The patient is a non-smoker. No alcohol abuse. The patient is married with no children.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:, Significant for an old CVA.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:, The patient is an elderly male alert and cooperative. Blood pressure 96/60 mmHg. Respirations were 20. Pulse 94. Afebrile. O2 was 94% on room air. HEENT: Normocephalic and atraumatic. Pupils are reactive. Oral mucosa is grossly normal. Neck is supple. Lungs: Decreased breath sounds. Disturbed breath sounds with poor exchange. Heart: Regular rhythm. Abdomen: Soft and nontender. No organomegaly or masses. Extremities: No cyanosis, clubbing, or edema.,LABORATORY DATA: , Oropharyngeal evaluation done on 11/02/2006 revealed mild oropharyngeal dysphagia with no evidence of laryngeal penetration or aspiration with food or liquid. Slight reduction in tongue retraction resulting in mild residual remaining in the palatal sinuses, which clear with liquid swallow and double-saliva swallow.,ASSESSMENT:,1. Cough probably multifactorial combination of gastroesophageal reflux and recurrent aspiration.,2. Old CVA with left hemiparesis.,3. Oropharyngeal dysphagia.,4. Diabetes.,PLAN:, At the present time, the patient is recommended to continue on a regular diet, continue speech pathology evaluation as well as perform double-swallow during meals with bolus sensation. He may use Italian lemon ice during meals to help clear sinuses as well. The patient will follow up with you. If you need any further assistance, do not hesitate to call me. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Consult - History and Phy.

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:, He has difficulty climbing stairs, difficulty with airline seats, tying shoes, used to public seating, and lifting objects off the floor. He exercises three times a week at home and does cardio. He has difficulty walking two blocks or five flights of stairs. Difficulty with snoring. He has muscle and joint pains including knee pain, back pain, foot and ankle pain, and swelling. He has gastroesophageal reflux disease.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY:, Includes reconstructive surgery on his right hand 13 years ago. ,SOCIAL HISTORY:, He is currently single. He has about ten drinks a year. He had smoked significantly up until several months ago. He now smokes less than three cigarettes a day.,FAMILY HISTORY:, Heart disease in both grandfathers, grandmother with stroke, and a grandmother with diabetes. Denies obesity and hypertension in other family members.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS:, None.,ALLERGIES:, He is allergic to Penicillin.,MISCELLANEOUS/EATING HISTORY:, He has been going to support groups for seven months with Lynn Holmberg in Greenwich and he is from Eastchester, New York and he feels that we are the appropriate program. He had a poor experience with the Greenwich program. Eating history, he is not an emotional eater. Does not like sweets. He likes big portions and carbohydrates. He likes chicken and not steak. He currently weighs 312 pounds. Ideal body weight would be 170 pounds. He is 142 pounds overweight. If ,he lost 60% of his excess body weight that would be 84 pounds and he should weigh about 228.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: ,Negative for head, neck, heart, lungs, GI, GU, orthopedic, and skin. Specifically denies chest pain, heart attack, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, pacemaker, high cholesterol, pulmonary embolism, high blood pressure, CVA, venous insufficiency, thrombophlebitis, asthma, shortness of breath, COPD, emphysema, sleep apnea, diabetes, leg and foot swelling, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hiatal hernia, peptic ulcer disease, gallstones, infected gallbladder, pancreatitis, fatty liver, hepatitis, hemorrhoids, rectal bleeding, polyps, incontinence of stool, urinary stress incontinence, or cancer. Denies cellulitis, pseudotumor cerebri, meningitis, or encephalitis.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:, He is alert and oriented x 3. Cranial nerves II-XII are intact. Afebrile. Vital Signs are stable.

past medical history difficulty climbing stairs difficulty airline seats tying shoes used public seating lifting objects floor exercises three times week home cardio difficulty walking two blocks five flights stairs difficulty snoring muscle joint pains including knee pain back pain foot ankle pain swelling gastroesophageal reflux diseasepast surgical history includes reconstructive surgery right hand years ago social history currently single ten drinks year smoked significantly several months ago smokes less three cigarettes dayfamily history heart disease grandfathers grandmother stroke grandmother diabetes denies obesity hypertension family memberscurrent medications noneallergies allergic penicillinmiscellaneouseating history going support groups seven months lynn holmberg greenwich eastchester new york feels appropriate program poor experience greenwich program eating history emotional eater like sweets likes big portions carbohydrates likes chicken steak currently weighs pounds ideal body weight would pounds pounds overweight lost excess body weight would pounds weigh review systems negative head neck heart lungs gi gu orthopedic skin specifically denies chest pain heart attack coronary artery disease congestive heart failure arrhythmia atrial fibrillation pacemaker high cholesterol pulmonary embolism high blood pressure cva venous insufficiency thrombophlebitis asthma shortness breath copd emphysema sleep apnea diabetes leg foot swelling osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis hiatal hernia peptic ulcer disease gallstones infected gallbladder pancreatitis fatty liver hepatitis hemorrhoids rectal bleeding polyps incontinence stool urinary stress incontinence cancer denies cellulitis pseudotumor cerebri meningitis encephalitisphysical examination alert oriented x cranial nerves iixii intact afebrile vital signs stable

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:, He has difficulty climbing stairs, difficulty with airline seats, tying shoes, used to public seating, and lifting objects off the floor. He exercises three times a week at home and does cardio. He has difficulty walking two blocks or five flights of stairs. Difficulty with snoring. He has muscle and joint pains including knee pain, back pain, foot and ankle pain, and swelling. He has gastroesophageal reflux disease.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY:, Includes reconstructive surgery on his right hand 13 years ago. ,SOCIAL HISTORY:, He is currently single. He has about ten drinks a year. He had smoked significantly up until several months ago. He now smokes less than three cigarettes a day.,FAMILY HISTORY:, Heart disease in both grandfathers, grandmother with stroke, and a grandmother with diabetes. Denies obesity and hypertension in other family members.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS:, None.,ALLERGIES:, He is allergic to Penicillin.,MISCELLANEOUS/EATING HISTORY:, He has been going to support groups for seven months with Lynn Holmberg in Greenwich and he is from Eastchester, New York and he feels that we are the appropriate program. He had a poor experience with the Greenwich program. Eating history, he is not an emotional eater. Does not like sweets. He likes big portions and carbohydrates. He likes chicken and not steak. He currently weighs 312 pounds. Ideal body weight would be 170 pounds. He is 142 pounds overweight. If ,he lost 60% of his excess body weight that would be 84 pounds and he should weigh about 228.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: ,Negative for head, neck, heart, lungs, GI, GU, orthopedic, and skin. Specifically denies chest pain, heart attack, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, pacemaker, high cholesterol, pulmonary embolism, high blood pressure, CVA, venous insufficiency, thrombophlebitis, asthma, shortness of breath, COPD, emphysema, sleep apnea, diabetes, leg and foot swelling, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hiatal hernia, peptic ulcer disease, gallstones, infected gallbladder, pancreatitis, fatty liver, hepatitis, hemorrhoids, rectal bleeding, polyps, incontinence of stool, urinary stress incontinence, or cancer. Denies cellulitis, pseudotumor cerebri, meningitis, or encephalitis.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:, He is alert and oriented x 3. Cranial nerves II-XII are intact. Afebrile. Vital Signs are stable. ### Response: Consult - History and Phy.

PAST MEDICAL HX: , Significant for asthma, pneumonia, and depression.,PAST SURGICAL HX: , None.,MEDICATIONS:, Prozac 20 mg q.d. She desires to be on the NuvaRing.,ALLERGIES:, Lactose intolerance.,SOCIAL HX: , She denies smoking or alcohol or drug use.,PE:, VITALS: Stable. Weight: 114 lb. Height: 5 feet 2 inches. GENERAL: Well-developed, well-nourished female in no apparent distress. HEENT: Within normal limits. NECK: Supple without thyromegaly. HEART: Regular rate and rhythm. LUNGS: Clear to auscultation. ABDOMEN: Soft and nontender. There is no rebound or guarding. No palpable masses and no peritoneal signs. EXTREMITIES: Within normal limits. SKIN: Warm and dry. GU: External genitalia is without lesion. Vaginal is clean without discharge. Cervix appears normal; however, a colposcopy was performed using acetic acid, which showed a thick acetowhite ring around the cervical os and extending into the canal. BIMANUAL: Reveals significant cervical motion tenderness and fundal tenderness. She had no tenderness in her adnexa. There are no palpable masses.,A:, Although unlikely based on the patient's exam and pain, I have to consider subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. GC and chlamydia was sent and I treated her prophylactically with Rocephin 250 mg and azithromycin 1000 mg. Repeat biopsies were not performed based on her colposcopy as well as her previous Pap and colposcopy by Dr. A. A LEEP is a reasonable approach even in this 16-year-old.,P:, We will schedule LEEP in the near future. Even though she has already been exposed HPV Gardasil would still be beneficial in this patient to help prevent recurrence of low-grade lesions as well as high-grade lesions. Now, we have her given her first shot.

past medical hx significant asthma pneumonia depressionpast surgical hx nonemedications prozac mg qd desires nuvaringallergies lactose intolerancesocial hx denies smoking alcohol drug usepe vitals stable weight lb height feet inches general welldeveloped wellnourished female apparent distress heent within normal limits neck supple without thyromegaly heart regular rate rhythm lungs clear auscultation abdomen soft nontender rebound guarding palpable masses peritoneal signs extremities within normal limits skin warm dry gu external genitalia without lesion vaginal clean without discharge cervix appears normal however colposcopy performed using acetic acid showed thick acetowhite ring around cervical os extending canal bimanual reveals significant cervical motion tenderness fundal tenderness tenderness adnexa palpable massesa although unlikely based patients exam pain consider subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease gc chlamydia sent treated prophylactically rocephin mg azithromycin mg repeat biopsies performed based colposcopy well previous pap colposcopy dr leep reasonable approach even yearoldp schedule leep near future even though already exposed hpv gardasil would still beneficial patient help prevent recurrence lowgrade lesions well highgrade lesions given first shot

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL HX: , Significant for asthma, pneumonia, and depression.,PAST SURGICAL HX: , None.,MEDICATIONS:, Prozac 20 mg q.d. She desires to be on the NuvaRing.,ALLERGIES:, Lactose intolerance.,SOCIAL HX: , She denies smoking or alcohol or drug use.,PE:, VITALS: Stable. Weight: 114 lb. Height: 5 feet 2 inches. GENERAL: Well-developed, well-nourished female in no apparent distress. HEENT: Within normal limits. NECK: Supple without thyromegaly. HEART: Regular rate and rhythm. LUNGS: Clear to auscultation. ABDOMEN: Soft and nontender. There is no rebound or guarding. No palpable masses and no peritoneal signs. EXTREMITIES: Within normal limits. SKIN: Warm and dry. GU: External genitalia is without lesion. Vaginal is clean without discharge. Cervix appears normal; however, a colposcopy was performed using acetic acid, which showed a thick acetowhite ring around the cervical os and extending into the canal. BIMANUAL: Reveals significant cervical motion tenderness and fundal tenderness. She had no tenderness in her adnexa. There are no palpable masses.,A:, Although unlikely based on the patient's exam and pain, I have to consider subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. GC and chlamydia was sent and I treated her prophylactically with Rocephin 250 mg and azithromycin 1000 mg. Repeat biopsies were not performed based on her colposcopy as well as her previous Pap and colposcopy by Dr. A. A LEEP is a reasonable approach even in this 16-year-old.,P:, We will schedule LEEP in the near future. Even though she has already been exposed HPV Gardasil would still be beneficial in this patient to help prevent recurrence of low-grade lesions as well as high-grade lesions. Now, we have her given her first shot. ### Response: Consult - History and Phy., Obstetrics / Gynecology

PAST MEDICAL/SURGICAL HISTORY: , Briefly, his past medical history is significant for hypertension of more than 5 years, asthma, and he has been on Advair and albuterol. He was diagnosed with renal disease in 02/2008 and has since been on hemodialysis since 02/2008. His past surgical history is only significant for left AV fistula on the wrist done in 04/2008. He still has urine output. He has no history of blood transfusion.,PERSONAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY: , He is a nonsmoker. He denies any alcohol. No illicit drugs. He used to work as the custodian at the nursing home, but now on disability since 03/2008. He is married with 2 sons, ages 5 and 17 years old.,FAMILY HISTORY:, No similar illness in the family, except for hypertension in his one sister and his mom, who died at 61 years old of congestive heart failure. His father is 67 years old, currently alive with asthma. He also has one sister who has hypertension. The rest of the 6 siblings are alive and well.,ALLERGIES: , No known drug allergies.,MEDICATIONS: , Singulair 10 mg once daily, Cardizem 365 mg once daily, Coreg 25 mg once daily, hydralazine 100 mg three times a day, Lanoxin 0.125 mg once daily, Crestor 10 mg once daily, lisinopril 10 mg once daily, Phoslo 3 tablets with meals, and Advair 250 mg inhaler b.i.d.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , Significant only for asthma. No history of chest pain normal MI. He has hypertension. He occasionally will develop colds especially with weather changes. GI: Negative. GU: Still making urine about 1-3 times per day. Musculoskeletal: Negative. Skin: He complains of dry skin. Neurologic: Negative. Psychiatry: Negative. Endocrine: Negative. Hematology: Negative.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , A pleasant 41-year-old African-American male who stands 5 feet 6 inches and weighs about 193 pounds. HEENT: Anicteric sclera, pink conjunctiva, no cervical lymphadenopathy. Chest: Equal chest expansion. Clear breath sounds. Heart: Distinct heart sounds, regular rhythm with no murmur. Abdomen: Soft, nontender, flabby, no organomegaly. Extremities: Poor peripheral pulses. No cyanosis and no edema.,ASSESSMENT AND PLAN:, This is a 49-year old African-American male who was diagnosed with end-stage renal disease secondary to hypertension. He is on hemodialysis since 02/2008. Overall, I think that he is a reasonable candidate for a kidney transplantation and should undergo a complete pretransplant workup with pulmonary clearance because of his chronic asthma. Other than that, I think that he is a reasonable candidate for transplant.,I would like to thank you for allowing me to participate in the care of your patient. Please feel free to contact me if there are any questions regarding his case.

past medicalsurgical history briefly past medical history significant hypertension years asthma advair albuterol diagnosed renal disease since hemodialysis since past surgical history significant left av fistula wrist done still urine output history blood transfusionpersonal social history nonsmoker denies alcohol illicit drugs used work custodian nursing home disability since married sons ages years oldfamily history similar illness family except hypertension one sister mom died years old congestive heart failure father years old currently alive asthma also one sister hypertension rest siblings alive wellallergies known drug allergiesmedications singulair mg daily cardizem mg daily coreg mg daily hydralazine mg three times day lanoxin mg daily crestor mg daily lisinopril mg daily phoslo tablets meals advair mg inhaler bidreview systems significant asthma history chest pain normal mi hypertension occasionally develop colds especially weather changes gi negative gu still making urine times per day musculoskeletal negative skin complains dry skin neurologic negative psychiatry negative endocrine negative hematology negativephysical examination pleasant yearold africanamerican male stands feet inches weighs pounds heent anicteric sclera pink conjunctiva cervical lymphadenopathy chest equal chest expansion clear breath sounds heart distinct heart sounds regular rhythm murmur abdomen soft nontender flabby organomegaly extremities poor peripheral pulses cyanosis edemaassessment plan year old africanamerican male diagnosed endstage renal disease secondary hypertension hemodialysis since overall think reasonable candidate kidney transplantation undergo complete pretransplant workup pulmonary clearance chronic asthma think reasonable candidate transplanti would like thank allowing participate care patient please feel free contact questions regarding case

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PAST MEDICAL/SURGICAL HISTORY: , Briefly, his past medical history is significant for hypertension of more than 5 years, asthma, and he has been on Advair and albuterol. He was diagnosed with renal disease in 02/2008 and has since been on hemodialysis since 02/2008. His past surgical history is only significant for left AV fistula on the wrist done in 04/2008. He still has urine output. He has no history of blood transfusion.,PERSONAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY: , He is a nonsmoker. He denies any alcohol. No illicit drugs. He used to work as the custodian at the nursing home, but now on disability since 03/2008. He is married with 2 sons, ages 5 and 17 years old.,FAMILY HISTORY:, No similar illness in the family, except for hypertension in his one sister and his mom, who died at 61 years old of congestive heart failure. His father is 67 years old, currently alive with asthma. He also has one sister who has hypertension. The rest of the 6 siblings are alive and well.,ALLERGIES: , No known drug allergies.,MEDICATIONS: , Singulair 10 mg once daily, Cardizem 365 mg once daily, Coreg 25 mg once daily, hydralazine 100 mg three times a day, Lanoxin 0.125 mg once daily, Crestor 10 mg once daily, lisinopril 10 mg once daily, Phoslo 3 tablets with meals, and Advair 250 mg inhaler b.i.d.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , Significant only for asthma. No history of chest pain normal MI. He has hypertension. He occasionally will develop colds especially with weather changes. GI: Negative. GU: Still making urine about 1-3 times per day. Musculoskeletal: Negative. Skin: He complains of dry skin. Neurologic: Negative. Psychiatry: Negative. Endocrine: Negative. Hematology: Negative.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , A pleasant 41-year-old African-American male who stands 5 feet 6 inches and weighs about 193 pounds. HEENT: Anicteric sclera, pink conjunctiva, no cervical lymphadenopathy. Chest: Equal chest expansion. Clear breath sounds. Heart: Distinct heart sounds, regular rhythm with no murmur. Abdomen: Soft, nontender, flabby, no organomegaly. Extremities: Poor peripheral pulses. No cyanosis and no edema.,ASSESSMENT AND PLAN:, This is a 49-year old African-American male who was diagnosed with end-stage renal disease secondary to hypertension. He is on hemodialysis since 02/2008. Overall, I think that he is a reasonable candidate for a kidney transplantation and should undergo a complete pretransplant workup with pulmonary clearance because of his chronic asthma. Other than that, I think that he is a reasonable candidate for transplant.,I would like to thank you for allowing me to participate in the care of your patient. Please feel free to contact me if there are any questions regarding his case. ### Response: Consult - History and Phy., Nephrology

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,GENERAL APPEARANCE: , Well developed, well nourished, in no acute distress.,VITAL SIGNS:, ***,SKIN: ,Inspection of the skin reveals no rashes, ulcerations or petechiae.,HEENT:, The sclerae were anicteric and conjunctivae were pink and moist. Extraocular movements were intact and pupils were equal, round, and reactive to light with normal accommodation. External inspection of the ears and nose showed no scars, lesions, or masses. Lips, teeth, and gums showed normal mucosa. The oral mucosa, hard and soft palate, tongue and posterior pharynx were normal.,NECK: ,Supple and symmetric. There was no thyroid enlargement, and no tenderness, or masses were felt.,CHEST: , Normal AP diameter and normal contour without any kyphoscoliosis.,LUNGS: , Auscultation of the lungs revealed normal breath sounds without any other adventitious sounds or rubs.,CARDIOVASCULAR: ,There was a regular rate and rhythm without any murmurs, gallops, rubs. The carotid pulses were normal and 2+ bilaterally without bruits. Peripheral pulses were 2+ and symmetric.,ABDOMEN: ,Soft and nontender with normal bowel sounds. The liver span was approximately 5-6 cm in the right midclavicular line by percussion. The liver edge was nontender. The spleen was not palpable. There were no inguinal or umbilical hernias noted. No ascites was noted.,RECTAL: ,Normal perineal exam. Sphincter tone was normal. There was no external hemorrhoids or rectal masses. Stool Hemoccult was negative. The prostate was normal size without any nodules appreciated (men only).,LYMPH NODES: , No lymphadenopathy was appreciated in the neck, axillae or groin.,MUSCULOSKELETAL: , Gait was normal. There was no tenderness or effusions noted. Muscle strength and tone were normal.,EXTREMITIES: , No cyanosis, clubbing or edema.,NEUROLOGIC: ,Alert and oriented x 3. Normal affect. Gait was normal. Normal deep tendon reflexes with no pathological reflexes. Sensation to touch was normal.

physical examinationgeneral appearance well developed well nourished acute distressvital signs skin inspection skin reveals rashes ulcerations petechiaeheent sclerae anicteric conjunctivae pink moist extraocular movements intact pupils equal round reactive light normal accommodation external inspection ears nose showed scars lesions masses lips teeth gums showed normal mucosa oral mucosa hard soft palate tongue posterior pharynx normalneck supple symmetric thyroid enlargement tenderness masses feltchest normal ap diameter normal contour without kyphoscoliosislungs auscultation lungs revealed normal breath sounds without adventitious sounds rubscardiovascular regular rate rhythm without murmurs gallops rubs carotid pulses normal bilaterally without bruits peripheral pulses symmetricabdomen soft nontender normal bowel sounds liver span approximately cm right midclavicular line percussion liver edge nontender spleen palpable inguinal umbilical hernias noted ascites notedrectal normal perineal exam sphincter tone normal external hemorrhoids rectal masses stool hemoccult negative prostate normal size without nodules appreciated men onlylymph nodes lymphadenopathy appreciated neck axillae groinmusculoskeletal gait normal tenderness effusions noted muscle strength tone normalextremities cyanosis clubbing edemaneurologic alert oriented x normal affect gait normal normal deep tendon reflexes pathological reflexes sensation touch normal

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,GENERAL APPEARANCE: , Well developed, well nourished, in no acute distress.,VITAL SIGNS:, ***,SKIN: ,Inspection of the skin reveals no rashes, ulcerations or petechiae.,HEENT:, The sclerae were anicteric and conjunctivae were pink and moist. Extraocular movements were intact and pupils were equal, round, and reactive to light with normal accommodation. External inspection of the ears and nose showed no scars, lesions, or masses. Lips, teeth, and gums showed normal mucosa. The oral mucosa, hard and soft palate, tongue and posterior pharynx were normal.,NECK: ,Supple and symmetric. There was no thyroid enlargement, and no tenderness, or masses were felt.,CHEST: , Normal AP diameter and normal contour without any kyphoscoliosis.,LUNGS: , Auscultation of the lungs revealed normal breath sounds without any other adventitious sounds or rubs.,CARDIOVASCULAR: ,There was a regular rate and rhythm without any murmurs, gallops, rubs. The carotid pulses were normal and 2+ bilaterally without bruits. Peripheral pulses were 2+ and symmetric.,ABDOMEN: ,Soft and nontender with normal bowel sounds. The liver span was approximately 5-6 cm in the right midclavicular line by percussion. The liver edge was nontender. The spleen was not palpable. There were no inguinal or umbilical hernias noted. No ascites was noted.,RECTAL: ,Normal perineal exam. Sphincter tone was normal. There was no external hemorrhoids or rectal masses. Stool Hemoccult was negative. The prostate was normal size without any nodules appreciated (men only).,LYMPH NODES: , No lymphadenopathy was appreciated in the neck, axillae or groin.,MUSCULOSKELETAL: , Gait was normal. There was no tenderness or effusions noted. Muscle strength and tone were normal.,EXTREMITIES: , No cyanosis, clubbing or edema.,NEUROLOGIC: ,Alert and oriented x 3. Normal affect. Gait was normal. Normal deep tendon reflexes with no pathological reflexes. Sensation to touch was normal. ### Response: Consult - History and Phy., General Medicine

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,GENERAL: ,The patient is awake and alert, in no apparent distress, appropriate, pleasant and cooperative. No dysarthria is noted. No discomfort on presentation is noted.,HEAD: , Atraumatic, normocephalic. Pupils are equal, round and reactive to light. Extraocular muscles are intact. Sclerae are white without injection or icterus. Fundi are without papilledema, hemorrhages or exudates with normal vessels.,EARS: ,The ear canals are patent without edema, exudate or drainage. Tympanic membranes are intact with a normal cone of light. No bulging or erythema to indicate infection is present. There is no hemotympanum. Hearing is grossly intact.,NOSE: , Without deformity, bleeding or discharge. No septal hematoma is noted.,ORAL CAVITY: , No swelling or abnormality to the lip or teeth. Oral mucosa is pink and moist. No swelling to the palate or pharynx. Uvula is midline. The pharynx is without exudate or erythema. No edema is seen of the tonsils. The airway is completely patent. The voice is normal. No stridor is heard.,NECK: , No signs of meningismus. No Brudzinski or Kernig sign is present. No adenopathy is noted. No JVD is seen. No bruits are auscultated. Trachea is midline.,CHEST: , Symmetrical with equal breath sounds. Equal excursion. No hyperresonance or dullness to percussion is noted. There is no tenderness on palpation of the chest.,LUNGS: , Clear to auscultation bilaterally. No rales, rhonchi or wheezes are appreciated. Good air movement is auscultated in all 4 lung fields.,HEART: , Regular rate and rhythm. No murmur. No S3, S4 or rub is auscultated. Point of maximal impulse is strong and in normal position. Abdominal aorta is not palpable. The carotid upstroke is normal.,ABDOMEN: , Soft, nontender and nondistended. Normal bowel sounds are auscultated. No organomegaly is appreciated. No masses are palpated. No tympany is noted on percussion. No guarding, rigidity or rebound tenderness is seen on exam. Murphy and McBurney sign is negative. There is no Rovsing, obturator or psoas sign present. No hepatosplenomegaly and no hernias are noted.,RECTAL: , Normal tone. No masses. Soft, brown stool in the vault. Guaiac negative.,GENITOURINARY: , External genitalia without erythema, exudate or discharge. Vaginal vault is without discharge. Cervix is of normal color without lesion. The os is closed. There is no bleeding noted. Uterus is noted to be of normal size and nontender. No cervical motion tenderness is seen. No masses are palpated. The adnexa are without masses or tenderness.,EXTREMITIES: , No clubbing, cyanosis or edema. Pulses are strong and equal in the femoral and dorsalis pedis arteries, bounding and equal. No deformity or signs of trauma. All joints are stable without laxity. There is good range of motion of all joints without tenderness or discomfort. Homan sign is negative. No atrophy or contractures are noted.,SKIN: , No rashes. No jaundice. Pink and warm with good turgor. Good color. No erythema or nodules noted. No petechia, bulla or ecchymosis.,NEUROLOGIC: , Cranial nerves II through XII are grossly intact. Muscle strength is graded 5/5 in the upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Deep tendon reflexes are symmetrical in the upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Babinski is downgoing bilaterally. Sensation is intact to light touch and vibration. Gait is normal. Romberg, finger-to-nose, rapid alternating movements and heel-to-shin are all normal. There is no ataxia seen on gait testing. Tone is normal. No pronator drift is seen.,PSYCHIATRIC: ,The patient is oriented x4. Mood and affect are appropriate. Memory is intact with good short- and long-term memory recall. No dysarthria is noted. Remote memory is intact. Judgment and insight appear normal.

physical examinationgeneral patient awake alert apparent distress appropriate pleasant cooperative dysarthria noted discomfort presentation notedhead atraumatic normocephalic pupils equal round reactive light extraocular muscles intact sclerae white without injection icterus fundi without papilledema hemorrhages exudates normal vesselsears ear canals patent without edema exudate drainage tympanic membranes intact normal cone light bulging erythema indicate infection present hemotympanum hearing grossly intactnose without deformity bleeding discharge septal hematoma notedoral cavity swelling abnormality lip teeth oral mucosa pink moist swelling palate pharynx uvula midline pharynx without exudate erythema edema seen tonsils airway completely patent voice normal stridor heardneck signs meningismus brudzinski kernig sign present adenopathy noted jvd seen bruits auscultated trachea midlinechest symmetrical equal breath sounds equal excursion hyperresonance dullness percussion noted tenderness palpation chestlungs clear auscultation bilaterally rales rhonchi wheezes appreciated good air movement auscultated lung fieldsheart regular rate rhythm murmur rub auscultated point maximal impulse strong normal position abdominal aorta palpable carotid upstroke normalabdomen soft nontender nondistended normal bowel sounds auscultated organomegaly appreciated masses palpated tympany noted percussion guarding rigidity rebound tenderness seen exam murphy mcburney sign negative rovsing obturator psoas sign present hepatosplenomegaly hernias notedrectal normal tone masses soft brown stool vault guaiac negativegenitourinary external genitalia without erythema exudate discharge vaginal vault without discharge cervix normal color without lesion os closed bleeding noted uterus noted normal size nontender cervical motion tenderness seen masses palpated adnexa without masses tendernessextremities clubbing cyanosis edema pulses strong equal femoral dorsalis pedis arteries bounding equal deformity signs trauma joints stable without laxity good range motion joints without tenderness discomfort homan sign negative atrophy contractures notedskin rashes jaundice pink warm good turgor good color erythema nodules noted petechia bulla ecchymosisneurologic cranial nerves ii xii grossly intact muscle strength graded upper lower extremities bilaterally deep tendon reflexes symmetrical upper lower extremities bilaterally babinski downgoing bilaterally sensation intact light touch vibration gait normal romberg fingertonose rapid alternating movements heeltoshin normal ataxia seen gait testing tone normal pronator drift seenpsychiatric patient oriented x mood affect appropriate memory intact good short longterm memory recall dysarthria noted remote memory intact judgment insight appear normal

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,GENERAL: ,The patient is awake and alert, in no apparent distress, appropriate, pleasant and cooperative. No dysarthria is noted. No discomfort on presentation is noted.,HEAD: , Atraumatic, normocephalic. Pupils are equal, round and reactive to light. Extraocular muscles are intact. Sclerae are white without injection or icterus. Fundi are without papilledema, hemorrhages or exudates with normal vessels.,EARS: ,The ear canals are patent without edema, exudate or drainage. Tympanic membranes are intact with a normal cone of light. No bulging or erythema to indicate infection is present. There is no hemotympanum. Hearing is grossly intact.,NOSE: , Without deformity, bleeding or discharge. No septal hematoma is noted.,ORAL CAVITY: , No swelling or abnormality to the lip or teeth. Oral mucosa is pink and moist. No swelling to the palate or pharynx. Uvula is midline. The pharynx is without exudate or erythema. No edema is seen of the tonsils. The airway is completely patent. The voice is normal. No stridor is heard.,NECK: , No signs of meningismus. No Brudzinski or Kernig sign is present. No adenopathy is noted. No JVD is seen. No bruits are auscultated. Trachea is midline.,CHEST: , Symmetrical with equal breath sounds. Equal excursion. No hyperresonance or dullness to percussion is noted. There is no tenderness on palpation of the chest.,LUNGS: , Clear to auscultation bilaterally. No rales, rhonchi or wheezes are appreciated. Good air movement is auscultated in all 4 lung fields.,HEART: , Regular rate and rhythm. No murmur. No S3, S4 or rub is auscultated. Point of maximal impulse is strong and in normal position. Abdominal aorta is not palpable. The carotid upstroke is normal.,ABDOMEN: , Soft, nontender and nondistended. Normal bowel sounds are auscultated. No organomegaly is appreciated. No masses are palpated. No tympany is noted on percussion. No guarding, rigidity or rebound tenderness is seen on exam. Murphy and McBurney sign is negative. There is no Rovsing, obturator or psoas sign present. No hepatosplenomegaly and no hernias are noted.,RECTAL: , Normal tone. No masses. Soft, brown stool in the vault. Guaiac negative.,GENITOURINARY: , External genitalia without erythema, exudate or discharge. Vaginal vault is without discharge. Cervix is of normal color without lesion. The os is closed. There is no bleeding noted. Uterus is noted to be of normal size and nontender. No cervical motion tenderness is seen. No masses are palpated. The adnexa are without masses or tenderness.,EXTREMITIES: , No clubbing, cyanosis or edema. Pulses are strong and equal in the femoral and dorsalis pedis arteries, bounding and equal. No deformity or signs of trauma. All joints are stable without laxity. There is good range of motion of all joints without tenderness or discomfort. Homan sign is negative. No atrophy or contractures are noted.,SKIN: , No rashes. No jaundice. Pink and warm with good turgor. Good color. No erythema or nodules noted. No petechia, bulla or ecchymosis.,NEUROLOGIC: , Cranial nerves II through XII are grossly intact. Muscle strength is graded 5/5 in the upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Deep tendon reflexes are symmetrical in the upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Babinski is downgoing bilaterally. Sensation is intact to light touch and vibration. Gait is normal. Romberg, finger-to-nose, rapid alternating movements and heel-to-shin are all normal. There is no ataxia seen on gait testing. Tone is normal. No pronator drift is seen.,PSYCHIATRIC: ,The patient is oriented x4. Mood and affect are appropriate. Memory is intact with good short- and long-term memory recall. No dysarthria is noted. Remote memory is intact. Judgment and insight appear normal. ### Response: Consult - History and Phy., General Medicine

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,GENERAL: , The patient is awake and alert, in no apparent distress, appropriate, pleasant and cooperative. No dysarthria is noted. No discomfort on presentation is noted. ,HEAD: , Atraumatic, normocephalic. Pupils are equal, round and reactive to light. Extraocular muscles are intact. Sclerae are white without injection or icterus. Fundi are without papilledema, hemorrhages or exudates with normal vessels. ,EARS: , The ear canals are patent without edema, exudate or drainage. Tympanic membranes are intact with a normal cone of light. No bulging or erythema to indicate infection is present. There is no hemotympanum. Hearing is grossly intact. ,NOSE:, Without deformity, bleeding or discharge. No septal hematoma is noted. ,ORAL CAVITY:, No swelling or abnormality to the lip or teeth. Oral mucosa is pink and moist. No swelling to the palate or pharynx. Uvula is midline. The pharynx is without exudate or erythema. No edema is seen of the tonsils. The airway is completely patent. The voice is normal. No stridor is heard. ,NECK: , No signs of meningismus. No Brudzinski or Kernig sign is present. No adenopathy is noted. No JVD is seen. No bruits are auscultated. Trachea is midline. ,CHEST: , Symmetrical with equal breath sounds. Equal excursion. No hyperresonance or dullness to percussion is noted. There is no tenderness on palpation of the chest. ,LUNGS: ,Clear to auscultation bilaterally. No rales, rhonchi or wheezes are appreciated. Good air movement is auscultated in all 4 lung fields. ,HEART:, Regular rate and rhythm. No murmur. No S3, S4 or rub is auscultated. Point of maximal impulse is strong and in normal position. Abdominal aorta is not palpable. The carotid upstroke is normal. ,ABDOMEN: ,Soft, nontender and nondistended. Normal bowel sounds are auscultated. No organomegaly is appreciated. No masses are palpated. No tympany is noted on percussion. No guarding, rigidity or rebound tenderness is seen on exam. Murphy and McBurney sign is negative. There is no Rovsing, obturator or psoas sign present. No hepatosplenomegaly and no hernias are noted. ,RECTAL:, Normal tone. No masses. Soft, brown stool in the vault. Guaiac negative. ,GENITOURINARY:, Penis is normal without lesion or urethral discharge. Scrotum is without edema. The testes are descended bilaterally. No masses are palpated. There is no tenderness. ,EXTREMITIES: , No clubbing, cyanosis or edema. Pulses are strong and equal in the femoral and dorsalis pedis arteries, bounding and equal. No deformity or signs of trauma. All joints are stable without laxity. There is good range of motion of all joints without tenderness or discomfort. Homan sign is negative. No atrophy or contractures are noted. ,SKIN: , No rashes. No jaundice. Pink and warm with good turgor. Good color. No erythema or nodules noted. No petechia, bulla or ecchymosis. ,NEUROLOGIC: , Cranial nerves II through XII are grossly intact. Muscle strength is graded 5/5 in the upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Deep tendon reflexes are symmetrical in the upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Babinski is downgoing bilaterally. Sensation is intact to light touch and vibration. Gait is normal. Romberg, finger-to-nose, rapid alternating movements and heel-to-shin are all normal. There is no ataxia seen on gait testing. Tone is normal. No pronator drift is seen. ,PSYCHIATRIC: ,The patient is oriented x4. Mood and affect are appropriate. Memory is intact with good short- and long-term memory recall. No dysarthria is noted. Remote memory is intact. Judgment and insight appear normal.,

physical examinationgeneral patient awake alert apparent distress appropriate pleasant cooperative dysarthria noted discomfort presentation noted head atraumatic normocephalic pupils equal round reactive light extraocular muscles intact sclerae white without injection icterus fundi without papilledema hemorrhages exudates normal vessels ears ear canals patent without edema exudate drainage tympanic membranes intact normal cone light bulging erythema indicate infection present hemotympanum hearing grossly intact nose without deformity bleeding discharge septal hematoma noted oral cavity swelling abnormality lip teeth oral mucosa pink moist swelling palate pharynx uvula midline pharynx without exudate erythema edema seen tonsils airway completely patent voice normal stridor heard neck signs meningismus brudzinski kernig sign present adenopathy noted jvd seen bruits auscultated trachea midline chest symmetrical equal breath sounds equal excursion hyperresonance dullness percussion noted tenderness palpation chest lungs clear auscultation bilaterally rales rhonchi wheezes appreciated good air movement auscultated lung fields heart regular rate rhythm murmur rub auscultated point maximal impulse strong normal position abdominal aorta palpable carotid upstroke normal abdomen soft nontender nondistended normal bowel sounds auscultated organomegaly appreciated masses palpated tympany noted percussion guarding rigidity rebound tenderness seen exam murphy mcburney sign negative rovsing obturator psoas sign present hepatosplenomegaly hernias noted rectal normal tone masses soft brown stool vault guaiac negative genitourinary penis normal without lesion urethral discharge scrotum without edema testes descended bilaterally masses palpated tenderness extremities clubbing cyanosis edema pulses strong equal femoral dorsalis pedis arteries bounding equal deformity signs trauma joints stable without laxity good range motion joints without tenderness discomfort homan sign negative atrophy contractures noted skin rashes jaundice pink warm good turgor good color erythema nodules noted petechia bulla ecchymosis neurologic cranial nerves ii xii grossly intact muscle strength graded upper lower extremities bilaterally deep tendon reflexes symmetrical upper lower extremities bilaterally babinski downgoing bilaterally sensation intact light touch vibration gait normal romberg fingertonose rapid alternating movements heeltoshin normal ataxia seen gait testing tone normal pronator drift seen psychiatric patient oriented x mood affect appropriate memory intact good short longterm memory recall dysarthria noted remote memory intact judgment insight appear normal

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,GENERAL: , The patient is awake and alert, in no apparent distress, appropriate, pleasant and cooperative. No dysarthria is noted. No discomfort on presentation is noted. ,HEAD: , Atraumatic, normocephalic. Pupils are equal, round and reactive to light. Extraocular muscles are intact. Sclerae are white without injection or icterus. Fundi are without papilledema, hemorrhages or exudates with normal vessels. ,EARS: , The ear canals are patent without edema, exudate or drainage. Tympanic membranes are intact with a normal cone of light. No bulging or erythema to indicate infection is present. There is no hemotympanum. Hearing is grossly intact. ,NOSE:, Without deformity, bleeding or discharge. No septal hematoma is noted. ,ORAL CAVITY:, No swelling or abnormality to the lip or teeth. Oral mucosa is pink and moist. No swelling to the palate or pharynx. Uvula is midline. The pharynx is without exudate or erythema. No edema is seen of the tonsils. The airway is completely patent. The voice is normal. No stridor is heard. ,NECK: , No signs of meningismus. No Brudzinski or Kernig sign is present. No adenopathy is noted. No JVD is seen. No bruits are auscultated. Trachea is midline. ,CHEST: , Symmetrical with equal breath sounds. Equal excursion. No hyperresonance or dullness to percussion is noted. There is no tenderness on palpation of the chest. ,LUNGS: ,Clear to auscultation bilaterally. No rales, rhonchi or wheezes are appreciated. Good air movement is auscultated in all 4 lung fields. ,HEART:, Regular rate and rhythm. No murmur. No S3, S4 or rub is auscultated. Point of maximal impulse is strong and in normal position. Abdominal aorta is not palpable. The carotid upstroke is normal. ,ABDOMEN: ,Soft, nontender and nondistended. Normal bowel sounds are auscultated. No organomegaly is appreciated. No masses are palpated. No tympany is noted on percussion. No guarding, rigidity or rebound tenderness is seen on exam. Murphy and McBurney sign is negative. There is no Rovsing, obturator or psoas sign present. No hepatosplenomegaly and no hernias are noted. ,RECTAL:, Normal tone. No masses. Soft, brown stool in the vault. Guaiac negative. ,GENITOURINARY:, Penis is normal without lesion or urethral discharge. Scrotum is without edema. The testes are descended bilaterally. No masses are palpated. There is no tenderness. ,EXTREMITIES: , No clubbing, cyanosis or edema. Pulses are strong and equal in the femoral and dorsalis pedis arteries, bounding and equal. No deformity or signs of trauma. All joints are stable without laxity. There is good range of motion of all joints without tenderness or discomfort. Homan sign is negative. No atrophy or contractures are noted. ,SKIN: , No rashes. No jaundice. Pink and warm with good turgor. Good color. No erythema or nodules noted. No petechia, bulla or ecchymosis. ,NEUROLOGIC: , Cranial nerves II through XII are grossly intact. Muscle strength is graded 5/5 in the upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Deep tendon reflexes are symmetrical in the upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Babinski is downgoing bilaterally. Sensation is intact to light touch and vibration. Gait is normal. Romberg, finger-to-nose, rapid alternating movements and heel-to-shin are all normal. There is no ataxia seen on gait testing. Tone is normal. No pronator drift is seen. ,PSYCHIATRIC: ,The patient is oriented x4. Mood and affect are appropriate. Memory is intact with good short- and long-term memory recall. No dysarthria is noted. Remote memory is intact. Judgment and insight appear normal., ### Response: Consult - History and Phy., General Medicine

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , The patient is a 63-year-old executive who was seen by his physician for a company physical. He stated that he was in excellent health and led an active life. His physical examination was normal for a man of his age. Chest x-ray and chemical screening blood work were within normal limits. His PSA was elevated.,IMAGING:,Chest x-ray: Normal.,CT scan of abdomen and pelvis: No abnormalities.,LABORATORY:, PSA 14.6.,PROCEDURES: , Ultrasound guided sextant biopsy of prostate: Digital rectal exam performed at the time of the biopsy showed a 1+ enlarged prostate with normal seminal vesicles.,PATHOLOGY: ,Prostate biopsy: Left apex: adenocarcinoma, moderately differentiated, Gleason's score 3 + 4 = 7/10. Maximum linear extent in apex of tumor was 6 mm. Left mid region prostate: moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, Gleason's 3 + 2 = 5/10. Left base, right apex, and right mid-region and right base: negative for carcinoma.,TREATMENT:, The patient opted for low dose rate interstitial prostatic implants of I-125. It was performed as an outpatient on 8/10.

physical examination patient yearold executive seen physician company physical stated excellent health led active life physical examination normal man age chest xray chemical screening blood work within normal limits psa elevatedimagingchest xray normalct scan abdomen pelvis abnormalitieslaboratory psa procedures ultrasound guided sextant biopsy prostate digital rectal exam performed time biopsy showed enlarged prostate normal seminal vesiclespathology prostate biopsy left apex adenocarcinoma moderately differentiated gleasons score maximum linear extent apex tumor mm left mid region prostate moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma gleasons left base right apex right midregion right base negative carcinomatreatment patient opted low dose rate interstitial prostatic implants performed outpatient

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , The patient is a 63-year-old executive who was seen by his physician for a company physical. He stated that he was in excellent health and led an active life. His physical examination was normal for a man of his age. Chest x-ray and chemical screening blood work were within normal limits. His PSA was elevated.,IMAGING:,Chest x-ray: Normal.,CT scan of abdomen and pelvis: No abnormalities.,LABORATORY:, PSA 14.6.,PROCEDURES: , Ultrasound guided sextant biopsy of prostate: Digital rectal exam performed at the time of the biopsy showed a 1+ enlarged prostate with normal seminal vesicles.,PATHOLOGY: ,Prostate biopsy: Left apex: adenocarcinoma, moderately differentiated, Gleason's score 3 + 4 = 7/10. Maximum linear extent in apex of tumor was 6 mm. Left mid region prostate: moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, Gleason's 3 + 2 = 5/10. Left base, right apex, and right mid-region and right base: negative for carcinoma.,TREATMENT:, The patient opted for low dose rate interstitial prostatic implants of I-125. It was performed as an outpatient on 8/10. ### Response: SOAP / Chart / Progress Notes, Urology

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:, Patient is a 46-year-old white male seen for annual physical exam and had an incidental PSA elevation of 4.0. All other systems were normal.,PROCEDURES: ,Sextant biopsy of the prostate.,Radical prostatectomy: Excised prostate including capsule, pelvic lymph nodes, seminal vesicles, and small portion of bladder neck.,PATHOLOGY:,Prostate biopsy: Right lobe, negative. Left lobe, small focus of adenocarcinoma, Gleason's 3 + 3 in approximately 5% of the tissue.,Radical prostatectomy: Negative lymph nodes. Prostate gland showing moderately differentiated infiltrating adenocarcinoma, Gleason 3 + 2 extending to the apex involving both lobes of the prostate, mainly right. Tumor overall involved less than 5% of the tissue. Surgical margin was reported and involved at the apex. The capsule and seminal vesicles were free.,DISCHARGE NOTE:, Patient has made good post-op recovery other than mild urgency incontinence. His post-op PSA is 0.1 mg/ml.

physical examination patient yearold white male seen annual physical exam incidental psa elevation systems normalprocedures sextant biopsy prostateradical prostatectomy excised prostate including capsule pelvic lymph nodes seminal vesicles small portion bladder neckpathologyprostate biopsy right lobe negative left lobe small focus adenocarcinoma gleasons approximately tissueradical prostatectomy negative lymph nodes prostate gland showing moderately differentiated infiltrating adenocarcinoma gleason extending apex involving lobes prostate mainly right tumor overall involved less tissue surgical margin reported involved apex capsule seminal vesicles freedischarge note patient made good postop recovery mild urgency incontinence postop psa mgml

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:, Patient is a 46-year-old white male seen for annual physical exam and had an incidental PSA elevation of 4.0. All other systems were normal.,PROCEDURES: ,Sextant biopsy of the prostate.,Radical prostatectomy: Excised prostate including capsule, pelvic lymph nodes, seminal vesicles, and small portion of bladder neck.,PATHOLOGY:,Prostate biopsy: Right lobe, negative. Left lobe, small focus of adenocarcinoma, Gleason's 3 + 3 in approximately 5% of the tissue.,Radical prostatectomy: Negative lymph nodes. Prostate gland showing moderately differentiated infiltrating adenocarcinoma, Gleason 3 + 2 extending to the apex involving both lobes of the prostate, mainly right. Tumor overall involved less than 5% of the tissue. Surgical margin was reported and involved at the apex. The capsule and seminal vesicles were free.,DISCHARGE NOTE:, Patient has made good post-op recovery other than mild urgency incontinence. His post-op PSA is 0.1 mg/ml. ### Response: SOAP / Chart / Progress Notes, Urology

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:, This 71-year-old man went to his primary care physician for a routine physical. His only complaints were nocturia times two and a gradual "slowing down" feeling. The physical examination on 1/29 was within normal limits except for the digital rectal exam which revealed an asymmetric prostate gland with nodularity, R>L. PSA was elevated. The differential diagnosis for the visit was abnormal prostate, suggestive of CA.,IMAGING: ,CT pelvis: Irregular indentation of bladder. Seminal vesicles enlarged. Streaky densities in periprostatic fat consistent with transcapular spread to periprostatic plexus. Impression: prostatic malignancy with extracapsular extension and probable regional node metastasis.,Bone scan: Negative for distant metastasis.,LABORATORY:, PSA 32.1,PROCEDURES:, Transrectal needle biopsy of prostate. Pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy.,PATHOLOGY: ,Prostate biopsy: Moderate to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in the right lobe and poorly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma in the left lobe of prostate.,Lymphadenectomy and prostatectomy: Frozen section of removed pelvic lymph nodes demonstrated metastatic adenocarcinoma in one lymph node in the right obturator fossa. Therefore, the radical prostatectomy was canceled. ,Final pathology diagnosis: Pelvic lymphadenectomy; left obturator fossa, single negative lymph node. Right obturator fossa; metastatic adenocarcinoma in 1/5 lymph nodes. Largest involved node 1.5 cm.,TREATMENT: , Patient began external beam radiation therapy to the pelvis.

physical examination yearold man went primary care physician routine physical complaints nocturia times two gradual slowing feeling physical examination within normal limits except digital rectal exam revealed asymmetric prostate gland nodularity rl psa elevated differential diagnosis visit abnormal prostate suggestive caimaging ct pelvis irregular indentation bladder seminal vesicles enlarged streaky densities periprostatic fat consistent transcapular spread periprostatic plexus impression prostatic malignancy extracapsular extension probable regional node metastasisbone scan negative distant metastasislaboratory psa procedures transrectal needle biopsy prostate pelvic lymphadenectomy radical prostatectomypathology prostate biopsy moderate poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma right lobe poorly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma left lobe prostatelymphadenectomy prostatectomy frozen section removed pelvic lymph nodes demonstrated metastatic adenocarcinoma one lymph node right obturator fossa therefore radical prostatectomy canceled final pathology diagnosis pelvic lymphadenectomy left obturator fossa single negative lymph node right obturator fossa metastatic adenocarcinoma lymph nodes largest involved node cmtreatment patient began external beam radiation therapy pelvis

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:, This 71-year-old man went to his primary care physician for a routine physical. His only complaints were nocturia times two and a gradual "slowing down" feeling. The physical examination on 1/29 was within normal limits except for the digital rectal exam which revealed an asymmetric prostate gland with nodularity, R>L. PSA was elevated. The differential diagnosis for the visit was abnormal prostate, suggestive of CA.,IMAGING: ,CT pelvis: Irregular indentation of bladder. Seminal vesicles enlarged. Streaky densities in periprostatic fat consistent with transcapular spread to periprostatic plexus. Impression: prostatic malignancy with extracapsular extension and probable regional node metastasis.,Bone scan: Negative for distant metastasis.,LABORATORY:, PSA 32.1,PROCEDURES:, Transrectal needle biopsy of prostate. Pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy.,PATHOLOGY: ,Prostate biopsy: Moderate to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in the right lobe and poorly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma in the left lobe of prostate.,Lymphadenectomy and prostatectomy: Frozen section of removed pelvic lymph nodes demonstrated metastatic adenocarcinoma in one lymph node in the right obturator fossa. Therefore, the radical prostatectomy was canceled. ,Final pathology diagnosis: Pelvic lymphadenectomy; left obturator fossa, single negative lymph node. Right obturator fossa; metastatic adenocarcinoma in 1/5 lymph nodes. Largest involved node 1.5 cm.,TREATMENT: , Patient began external beam radiation therapy to the pelvis. ### Response: SOAP / Chart / Progress Notes, Urology

POST PROCEDURE INSTRUCTIONS:, The patient has been asked to report to us any redness, swelling, inflammation, or fevers. The patient has been asked to restrict the use of the * extremity for the next 24 hours.

post procedure instructions patient asked report us redness swelling inflammation fevers patient asked restrict use extremity next hours

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: POST PROCEDURE INSTRUCTIONS:, The patient has been asked to report to us any redness, swelling, inflammation, or fevers. The patient has been asked to restrict the use of the * extremity for the next 24 hours. ### Response: Pain Management

POSTOPERATIVE DAY #1, TOTAL ABDOMINAL HYSTERECTOMY,SUBJECTIVE: , The patient is alert and oriented x3 and sitting up in bed. The patient has been ambulating without difficulty. The patient is still NPO. The patient denies any new symptomatology from 6/10/2009. The patient has complaints of incisional tenderness. The patient was given a full explanation about her clinical condition and all her questions were answered.,OBJECTIVE:,VITAL SIGNS: Afebrile now. Other vital signs are stable.,GU: Urinating through Foley catheter.,ABDOMEN: Soft, negative rebound.,EXTREMITIES: Without Homans, nontender.,BACK: Without CVA tenderness.,GENITALIA: Vagina, slight spotting. Wound dry and intact.,ASSESSMENT:, Normal postoperative course.,PLAN:,1. Follow clinically.,2. Continue present therapy.,3. Ambulate with nursing assistance only.,

postoperative day total abdominal hysterectomysubjective patient alert oriented x sitting bed patient ambulating without difficulty patient still npo patient denies new symptomatology patient complaints incisional tenderness patient given full explanation clinical condition questions answeredobjectivevital signs afebrile vital signs stablegu urinating foley catheterabdomen soft negative reboundextremities without homans nontenderback without cva tendernessgenitalia vagina slight spotting wound dry intactassessment normal postoperative courseplan follow clinically continue present therapy ambulate nursing assistance

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: POSTOPERATIVE DAY #1, TOTAL ABDOMINAL HYSTERECTOMY,SUBJECTIVE: , The patient is alert and oriented x3 and sitting up in bed. The patient has been ambulating without difficulty. The patient is still NPO. The patient denies any new symptomatology from 6/10/2009. The patient has complaints of incisional tenderness. The patient was given a full explanation about her clinical condition and all her questions were answered.,OBJECTIVE:,VITAL SIGNS: Afebrile now. Other vital signs are stable.,GU: Urinating through Foley catheter.,ABDOMEN: Soft, negative rebound.,EXTREMITIES: Without Homans, nontender.,BACK: Without CVA tenderness.,GENITALIA: Vagina, slight spotting. Wound dry and intact.,ASSESSMENT:, Normal postoperative course.,PLAN:,1. Follow clinically.,2. Continue present therapy.,3. Ambulate with nursing assistance only., ### Response: Obstetrics / Gynecology, SOAP / Chart / Progress Notes

POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Adenotonsillitis with hypertrophy.,OPERATION PERFORMED: Adenotonsillectomy.,ANESTHESIA: General endotracheal.,INDICATIONS: The patient is a very nice patient with adenotonsillitis with hypertrophy and obstructive symptoms. Adenotonsillectomy is indicated.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: The patient was placed on the operating room table in the supine position. After adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was administered, table was turned and shoulder roll was placed on the shoulders and face was draped in clean fashion. A McIvor mouth gag was applied. The tongue was retracted anteriorly and the McIvor was gently suspended from a Mayo stand. A red rubber Robinson catheter was inserted through the left naris and the soft palate was retracted superiorly. The adenoids were removed with suction electrocautery under mere visualization. The left tonsil was grasped with a curved Allis forceps, retracted medially and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery. The tonsil was removed from the superior and inferior pole using Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in the subcapsular fashion. The right tonsil was grasped in the similar fashion and retracted medially and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery. The tonsil was removed from the superior pole and inferior pole using Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in the subcapsular fashion. The inferior, middle and superior pole vessels were further cauterized with suction electrocautery. Copious saline irrigation of the oral cavity was then performed. There was no further identifiable bleeding at the termination of the procedure. The estimated blood loss was less than 10 mL. The patient was extubated in the operating room, brought to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. There were no intraoperative complications.

postoperative diagnosis adenotonsillitis hypertrophyoperation performed adenotonsillectomyanesthesia general endotrachealindications patient nice patient adenotonsillitis hypertrophy obstructive symptoms adenotonsillectomy indicateddescription procedure patient placed operating room table supine position adequate general endotracheal anesthesia administered table turned shoulder roll placed shoulders face draped clean fashion mcivor mouth gag applied tongue retracted anteriorly mcivor gently suspended mayo stand red rubber robinson catheter inserted left naris soft palate retracted superiorly adenoids removed suction electrocautery mere visualization left tonsil grasped curved allis forceps retracted medially anterior tonsillar pillar incised bovie electrocautery tonsil removed superior inferior pole using bovie electrocautery entirety subcapsular fashion right tonsil grasped similar fashion retracted medially anterior tonsillar pillar incised bovie electrocautery tonsil removed superior pole inferior pole using bovie electrocautery entirety subcapsular fashion inferior middle superior pole vessels cauterized suction electrocautery copious saline irrigation oral cavity performed identifiable bleeding termination procedure estimated blood loss less ml patient extubated operating room brought recovery room satisfactory condition intraoperative complications

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Adenotonsillitis with hypertrophy.,OPERATION PERFORMED: Adenotonsillectomy.,ANESTHESIA: General endotracheal.,INDICATIONS: The patient is a very nice patient with adenotonsillitis with hypertrophy and obstructive symptoms. Adenotonsillectomy is indicated.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: The patient was placed on the operating room table in the supine position. After adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was administered, table was turned and shoulder roll was placed on the shoulders and face was draped in clean fashion. A McIvor mouth gag was applied. The tongue was retracted anteriorly and the McIvor was gently suspended from a Mayo stand. A red rubber Robinson catheter was inserted through the left naris and the soft palate was retracted superiorly. The adenoids were removed with suction electrocautery under mere visualization. The left tonsil was grasped with a curved Allis forceps, retracted medially and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery. The tonsil was removed from the superior and inferior pole using Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in the subcapsular fashion. The right tonsil was grasped in the similar fashion and retracted medially and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery. The tonsil was removed from the superior pole and inferior pole using Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in the subcapsular fashion. The inferior, middle and superior pole vessels were further cauterized with suction electrocautery. Copious saline irrigation of the oral cavity was then performed. There was no further identifiable bleeding at the termination of the procedure. The estimated blood loss was less than 10 mL. The patient was extubated in the operating room, brought to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. There were no intraoperative complications. ### Response: ENT - Otolaryngology, Surgery

POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Fever.,PROCEDURES: Bronchoalveolar lavage.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: The patient is a 28-year-old male, status post abdominal trauma, splenic laceration, and splenectomy performed at the outside hospital, who was admitted to the Trauma Intensive Care Unit on the evening of August 4, 2008. Greater than 24 hours postoperative, the patient began to run a fever in excess of 102. Therefore, evaluation of his airway for possible bacterial infection was performed using bronchoalveolar lavage.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: The patient was preoxygenated with 100% FIO2 for approximately 5 to 10 minutes prior to the procedure. The correct patient and procedure was identified by time out by all members of the team. The patient was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion and sterile technique was used to connect the BAL lavage catheter to Lukens trap suction. A catheter was introduced into the endotracheal tube through a T connector and five successive 20 mL aliquots of normal saline were flushed through the catheter, each time suctioning out the sample into the Lukens trap. A total volume of 30 to 40 mL was collected in the trap and sent to the lab for quantitative bacteriology. The patient tolerated the procedure well and had no episodes of desaturation, apnea, or cardiac arrhythmia. A postoperative chest x-ray was obtained.

postoperative diagnosis feverprocedures bronchoalveolar lavageindications procedure patient yearold male status post abdominal trauma splenic laceration splenectomy performed outside hospital admitted trauma intensive care unit evening august greater hours postoperative patient began run fever excess therefore evaluation airway possible bacterial infection performed using bronchoalveolar lavagedescription procedure patient preoxygenated fio approximately minutes prior procedure correct patient procedure identified time members team patient prepped draped sterile fashion sterile technique used connect bal lavage catheter lukens trap suction catheter introduced endotracheal tube connector five successive ml aliquots normal saline flushed catheter time suctioning sample lukens trap total volume ml collected trap sent lab quantitative bacteriology patient tolerated procedure well episodes desaturation apnea cardiac arrhythmia postoperative chest xray obtained

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Fever.,PROCEDURES: Bronchoalveolar lavage.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: The patient is a 28-year-old male, status post abdominal trauma, splenic laceration, and splenectomy performed at the outside hospital, who was admitted to the Trauma Intensive Care Unit on the evening of August 4, 2008. Greater than 24 hours postoperative, the patient began to run a fever in excess of 102. Therefore, evaluation of his airway for possible bacterial infection was performed using bronchoalveolar lavage.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: The patient was preoxygenated with 100% FIO2 for approximately 5 to 10 minutes prior to the procedure. The correct patient and procedure was identified by time out by all members of the team. The patient was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion and sterile technique was used to connect the BAL lavage catheter to Lukens trap suction. A catheter was introduced into the endotracheal tube through a T connector and five successive 20 mL aliquots of normal saline were flushed through the catheter, each time suctioning out the sample into the Lukens trap. A total volume of 30 to 40 mL was collected in the trap and sent to the lab for quantitative bacteriology. The patient tolerated the procedure well and had no episodes of desaturation, apnea, or cardiac arrhythmia. A postoperative chest x-ray was obtained. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Type 4 thoracoabdominal aneurysm.,OPERATION/PROCEDURE: , A 26-mm Dacron graft replacement of type 4 thoracoabdominal aneurysm from T10 to the bifurcation of the aorta, re-implanting the celiac, superior mesenteric artery and right renal as an island and the left renal as a 8-mm interposition Dacron graft, utilizing left heart bypass and cerebrospinal fluid drainage.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , Patient was brought to the operating room and put in supine position, and general endotracheal anesthesia was induced through a double-lumen endotracheal tube. Patient was placed in the thoracoabdominal position with the left chest up and the hips back to a 30-degree angle. The left groin, abdominal and chest were prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. A thoracoabdominal incision was made. The 8th interspace was entered. The costal margin was divided. The retroperitoneal space was entered and bluntly dissected free to the psoas, bringing all the peritoneal contents to the midline, exposing the aorta. The inferior pulmonary ligament was then taken down so the aorta could be dissected free at the T10 level just above the diaphragm. It was dissected free circumferentially. The aortic bifurcation was dissected free, dissecting free both iliac arteries. The left inferior pulmonary vein was then dissected free, and a pursestring of 4-0 Prolene was placed on this. The patient was heparinized. Through a stab wound in the center of this, a right-angle venous cannula was then placed at the left atrium and secured to a Rumel tourniquet. This was hooked to a venous inflow of left heart bypass machine. A pursestring of 4-0 Prolene was placed on the aneurysm and through a stab wound in the center of this, an arterial cannula was placed and hooked to outflow. Bypass was instituted. The aneurysm was cross clamped just above T10 and also, cross clamped just below the diaphragm. The area was divided at this point. A 26-mm graft was then sutured in place with running 3-0 Prolene suture. The graft was brought into the diaphragm. Clamps were then placed on the iliacs, and the pump was shut off. The aorta was opened longitudinally, going posterior between the left and right renal arteries, and it was completely transected at its bifurcation. The SMA, celiac and right renal artery were then dissected free as a complete island, and the left renal was dissected free as a complete Carrell patch. The island was laid in the graft for the visceral liner, and it was sutured in place with running 4-0 Prolene suture with pledgetted 4-0 Prolene sutures around the circumference. The clamp was then moved below the visceral vessels, and the clamp on the chest was removed, re-establishing flow to the visceral vessels. The graft was cut to fit the bifurcation and sutured in place with running 3-0 Prolene suture. All clamps were removed, and flow was re-established. An 8-mm graft was sutured end-to-end to the Carrell patch and to the left renal. A partial-occlusion clamp was placed. An area of graft was removed. The end of the graft was cut to fit this and sutured in place with running Prolene suture. The partial-occlusion clamp was removed. Protamine was given. Good hemostasis was noted. The arterial cannula, of course, had been removed when that part of the aneurysm was removed. The venous cannula was removed and oversewn with a 4-0 Prolene suture. Good hemostasis was noted. A 36 French posterior and a 32 French anterior chest tube were placed. The ribs were closed with figure-of-eight #2 Vicryl. The fascial layer was closed with running #1 Prolene, subcu with running 2-0 Dexon and the skin with running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular stitch. Patient tolerated the procedure well.

postoperative diagnosis type thoracoabdominal aneurysmoperationprocedure mm dacron graft replacement type thoracoabdominal aneurysm bifurcation aorta reimplanting celiac superior mesenteric artery right renal island left renal mm interposition dacron graft utilizing left heart bypass cerebrospinal fluid drainagedescription procedure detail patient brought operating room put supine position general endotracheal anesthesia induced doublelumen endotracheal tube patient placed thoracoabdominal position left chest hips back degree angle left groin abdominal chest prepped draped sterile fashion thoracoabdominal incision made th interspace entered costal margin divided retroperitoneal space entered bluntly dissected free psoas bringing peritoneal contents midline exposing aorta inferior pulmonary ligament taken aorta could dissected free level diaphragm dissected free circumferentially aortic bifurcation dissected free dissecting free iliac arteries left inferior pulmonary vein dissected free pursestring prolene placed patient heparinized stab wound center rightangle venous cannula placed left atrium secured rumel tourniquet hooked venous inflow left heart bypass machine pursestring prolene placed aneurysm stab wound center arterial cannula placed hooked outflow bypass instituted aneurysm cross clamped also cross clamped diaphragm area divided point mm graft sutured place running prolene suture graft brought diaphragm clamps placed iliacs pump shut aorta opened longitudinally going posterior left right renal arteries completely transected bifurcation sma celiac right renal artery dissected free complete island left renal dissected free complete carrell patch island laid graft visceral liner sutured place running prolene suture pledgetted prolene sutures around circumference clamp moved visceral vessels clamp chest removed reestablishing flow visceral vessels graft cut fit bifurcation sutured place running prolene suture clamps removed flow reestablished mm graft sutured endtoend carrell patch left renal partialocclusion clamp placed area graft removed end graft cut fit sutured place running prolene suture partialocclusion clamp removed protamine given good hemostasis noted arterial cannula course removed part aneurysm removed venous cannula removed oversewn prolene suture good hemostasis noted french posterior french anterior chest tube placed ribs closed figureofeight vicryl fascial layer closed running prolene subcu running dexon skin running dexon subcuticular stitch patient tolerated procedure well

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Type 4 thoracoabdominal aneurysm.,OPERATION/PROCEDURE: , A 26-mm Dacron graft replacement of type 4 thoracoabdominal aneurysm from T10 to the bifurcation of the aorta, re-implanting the celiac, superior mesenteric artery and right renal as an island and the left renal as a 8-mm interposition Dacron graft, utilizing left heart bypass and cerebrospinal fluid drainage.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , Patient was brought to the operating room and put in supine position, and general endotracheal anesthesia was induced through a double-lumen endotracheal tube. Patient was placed in the thoracoabdominal position with the left chest up and the hips back to a 30-degree angle. The left groin, abdominal and chest were prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. A thoracoabdominal incision was made. The 8th interspace was entered. The costal margin was divided. The retroperitoneal space was entered and bluntly dissected free to the psoas, bringing all the peritoneal contents to the midline, exposing the aorta. The inferior pulmonary ligament was then taken down so the aorta could be dissected free at the T10 level just above the diaphragm. It was dissected free circumferentially. The aortic bifurcation was dissected free, dissecting free both iliac arteries. The left inferior pulmonary vein was then dissected free, and a pursestring of 4-0 Prolene was placed on this. The patient was heparinized. Through a stab wound in the center of this, a right-angle venous cannula was then placed at the left atrium and secured to a Rumel tourniquet. This was hooked to a venous inflow of left heart bypass machine. A pursestring of 4-0 Prolene was placed on the aneurysm and through a stab wound in the center of this, an arterial cannula was placed and hooked to outflow. Bypass was instituted. The aneurysm was cross clamped just above T10 and also, cross clamped just below the diaphragm. The area was divided at this point. A 26-mm graft was then sutured in place with running 3-0 Prolene suture. The graft was brought into the diaphragm. Clamps were then placed on the iliacs, and the pump was shut off. The aorta was opened longitudinally, going posterior between the left and right renal arteries, and it was completely transected at its bifurcation. The SMA, celiac and right renal artery were then dissected free as a complete island, and the left renal was dissected free as a complete Carrell patch. The island was laid in the graft for the visceral liner, and it was sutured in place with running 4-0 Prolene suture with pledgetted 4-0 Prolene sutures around the circumference. The clamp was then moved below the visceral vessels, and the clamp on the chest was removed, re-establishing flow to the visceral vessels. The graft was cut to fit the bifurcation and sutured in place with running 3-0 Prolene suture. All clamps were removed, and flow was re-established. An 8-mm graft was sutured end-to-end to the Carrell patch and to the left renal. A partial-occlusion clamp was placed. An area of graft was removed. The end of the graft was cut to fit this and sutured in place with running Prolene suture. The partial-occlusion clamp was removed. Protamine was given. Good hemostasis was noted. The arterial cannula, of course, had been removed when that part of the aneurysm was removed. The venous cannula was removed and oversewn with a 4-0 Prolene suture. Good hemostasis was noted. A 36 French posterior and a 32 French anterior chest tube were placed. The ribs were closed with figure-of-eight #2 Vicryl. The fascial layer was closed with running #1 Prolene, subcu with running 2-0 Dexon and the skin with running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular stitch. Patient tolerated the procedure well. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Chronic adenotonsillitis.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal tube.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, Minimum, less than 5 cc.,SPECIMENS:, Right and left tonsils 2+, adenoid pad 1+. There was no adenoid specimen.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,HISTORY: , The patient is a 9-year-old Caucasian male with history of recurrent episodes of adenotonsillitis that has been refractory to outpatient antibiotic therapy. The patient has had approximately four to five episodes of adenotonsillitis per year for the last three to four years.,PROCEDURE: , Informed consent was properly obtained from the patient's parents and the patient was taken to the operating room #3 and was placed in a supine position. He was placed under general endotracheal tube anesthesia by the Department of Anesthesia. The bed was then rolled away from Department of Anesthesia. A shoulder roll was then placed beneath the shoulder blades and a blue towel was then fashioned as a turban wrap. The McIvor mouth gag was carefully positioned into the patient's mouth with attention to avoid the teeth.,The retractor was then opened and the oropharynx was visualized. The adenoid pad was then visualized with a laryngeal mirror. The adenoids appeared to be 1+ and non-obstructing. There was no evidence of submucosal cleft palate palpable. There was no evidence of bifid uvula. A curved Allis clamp was then used to grasp the superior pole of the right tonsil. The tonsil was then retracted inferiorly and medially. Bovie cautery was used to make an incision on the mucosa of the right anterior tonsillar pillar to find the appropriate plane of dissection. The tonsil was then dissected out within this plane using a Bovie. Tonsillar sponge was re-applied to the tonsillar fossa. Suction cautery was then used to adequately obtain hemostasis with the tonsillar fossa. Attention was then directed to the left tonsil. The curved Allis was used to grasp the superior pole of the left tonsil and it was retracted inferiorly and medially. Bovie cautery was used to make an incision in the mucosa of the left anterior tonsillar pillar and define the appropriate plane of dissection. The tonsil was then dissected out within this plane using the Bovie. Next, complete hemostasis was achieved within the tonsillar fossae using suction cautery. After adequate hemostasis was obtained, attention was directed towards the adenoid pad. The adenoid pad was again visualized and appeared 1+ and was non-obstructing. Decision was made to use suction cautery to cauterize the adenoids. Using a laryngeal mirror under direct visualization, the adenoid pad was then cauterized with care to avoid the eustachian tube orifices as well as the soft palate and inferior turbinates. After cauterization was complete, the nasopharynx was again visualized and tonsillar sponge was applied. Adequate hemostasis was achieved. The tonsillar fossae were again visualized and no evidence of bleeding was evident. The throat pack was removed from the oropharynx and the oropharynx was suctioned. There was no evidence of any further bleeding. A flexible suction catheter was then used to suction out the nasopharynx to the oropharynx. The suction catheter was also used to suction up the stomach. Final look revealed no evidence of further bleeding and 10 mg of Decadron was given intraoperatively.,DISPOSITION: ,The patient tolerated the procedure well and the patient was transported to the recovery room in stable condition.

postoperative diagnosis chronic adenotonsillitisprocedure performed tonsillectomy adenoidectomyanesthesia general endotracheal tubeestimated blood loss minimum less ccspecimens right left tonsils adenoid pad adenoid specimencomplications nonehistory patient yearold caucasian male history recurrent episodes adenotonsillitis refractory outpatient antibiotic therapy patient approximately four five episodes adenotonsillitis per year last three four yearsprocedure informed consent properly obtained patients parents patient taken operating room placed supine position placed general endotracheal tube anesthesia department anesthesia bed rolled away department anesthesia shoulder roll placed beneath shoulder blades blue towel fashioned turban wrap mcivor mouth gag carefully positioned patients mouth attention avoid teeththe retractor opened oropharynx visualized adenoid pad visualized laryngeal mirror adenoids appeared nonobstructing evidence submucosal cleft palate palpable evidence bifid uvula curved allis clamp used grasp superior pole right tonsil tonsil retracted inferiorly medially bovie cautery used make incision mucosa right anterior tonsillar pillar find appropriate plane dissection tonsil dissected within plane using bovie tonsillar sponge reapplied tonsillar fossa suction cautery used adequately obtain hemostasis tonsillar fossa attention directed left tonsil curved allis used grasp superior pole left tonsil retracted inferiorly medially bovie cautery used make incision mucosa left anterior tonsillar pillar define appropriate plane dissection tonsil dissected within plane using bovie next complete hemostasis achieved within tonsillar fossae using suction cautery adequate hemostasis obtained attention directed towards adenoid pad adenoid pad visualized appeared nonobstructing decision made use suction cautery cauterize adenoids using laryngeal mirror direct visualization adenoid pad cauterized care avoid eustachian tube orifices well soft palate inferior turbinates cauterization complete nasopharynx visualized tonsillar sponge applied adequate hemostasis achieved tonsillar fossae visualized evidence bleeding evident throat pack removed oropharynx oropharynx suctioned evidence bleeding flexible suction catheter used suction nasopharynx oropharynx suction catheter also used suction stomach final look revealed evidence bleeding mg decadron given intraoperativelydisposition patient tolerated procedure well patient transported recovery room stable condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Chronic adenotonsillitis.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal tube.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, Minimum, less than 5 cc.,SPECIMENS:, Right and left tonsils 2+, adenoid pad 1+. There was no adenoid specimen.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,HISTORY: , The patient is a 9-year-old Caucasian male with history of recurrent episodes of adenotonsillitis that has been refractory to outpatient antibiotic therapy. The patient has had approximately four to five episodes of adenotonsillitis per year for the last three to four years.,PROCEDURE: , Informed consent was properly obtained from the patient's parents and the patient was taken to the operating room #3 and was placed in a supine position. He was placed under general endotracheal tube anesthesia by the Department of Anesthesia. The bed was then rolled away from Department of Anesthesia. A shoulder roll was then placed beneath the shoulder blades and a blue towel was then fashioned as a turban wrap. The McIvor mouth gag was carefully positioned into the patient's mouth with attention to avoid the teeth.,The retractor was then opened and the oropharynx was visualized. The adenoid pad was then visualized with a laryngeal mirror. The adenoids appeared to be 1+ and non-obstructing. There was no evidence of submucosal cleft palate palpable. There was no evidence of bifid uvula. A curved Allis clamp was then used to grasp the superior pole of the right tonsil. The tonsil was then retracted inferiorly and medially. Bovie cautery was used to make an incision on the mucosa of the right anterior tonsillar pillar to find the appropriate plane of dissection. The tonsil was then dissected out within this plane using a Bovie. Tonsillar sponge was re-applied to the tonsillar fossa. Suction cautery was then used to adequately obtain hemostasis with the tonsillar fossa. Attention was then directed to the left tonsil. The curved Allis was used to grasp the superior pole of the left tonsil and it was retracted inferiorly and medially. Bovie cautery was used to make an incision in the mucosa of the left anterior tonsillar pillar and define the appropriate plane of dissection. The tonsil was then dissected out within this plane using the Bovie. Next, complete hemostasis was achieved within the tonsillar fossae using suction cautery. After adequate hemostasis was obtained, attention was directed towards the adenoid pad. The adenoid pad was again visualized and appeared 1+ and was non-obstructing. Decision was made to use suction cautery to cauterize the adenoids. Using a laryngeal mirror under direct visualization, the adenoid pad was then cauterized with care to avoid the eustachian tube orifices as well as the soft palate and inferior turbinates. After cauterization was complete, the nasopharynx was again visualized and tonsillar sponge was applied. Adequate hemostasis was achieved. The tonsillar fossae were again visualized and no evidence of bleeding was evident. The throat pack was removed from the oropharynx and the oropharynx was suctioned. There was no evidence of any further bleeding. A flexible suction catheter was then used to suction out the nasopharynx to the oropharynx. The suction catheter was also used to suction up the stomach. Final look revealed no evidence of further bleeding and 10 mg of Decadron was given intraoperatively.,DISPOSITION: ,The patient tolerated the procedure well and the patient was transported to the recovery room in stable condition. ### Response: ENT - Otolaryngology, Surgery

POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Mild tracheobronchitis with history of granulomatous disease and TB, rule out active TB/miliary TB.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy diagnostic with:,a. Right middle lobe bronchoalveolar lavage.,b. Right upper lobe bronchoalveolar lavage.,c. Right lower lobe transbronchial biopsies.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,Samples include bronchoalveolar lavage of the right upper lobe and right middle lobe and transbronchial biopsies of the right lower lobe.,INDICATION: ,The patient with a history of TB and caseating granulomata on open lung biopsy with evidence of interstitial lung disease and question tuberculosis.,PROCEDURE:, After obtaining an informed consent, the patient was brought to the Bronchoscopy Suite with appropriate isolation related to ______ precautions. The patient had appropriate oxygen, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate monitoring applied and monitored continuously throughout the procedure. 2 liters of oxygen via nasal cannula was applied to the nasopharynx with 100% saturations achieved. Topical anesthesia with 10 cc of 4% Xylocaine was applied to the right nares and oropharynx. Subsequent to this, the patient was premedicated with 50 mg of Demerol and then Versed 1 mg sequentially for a total of 2 mg. With this, adequate consciousness sedation was achieved. 3 cc of 4% viscous Xylocaine was applied to the right nares. The bronchoscope was then advanced through the right nares into the nasopharynx and oropharynx.,The oropharynx and larynx were well visualized and showed mild erythema, mild edema, otherwise negative.,There was normal vocal cord motion without masses or lesions. Additional topical anesthesia with 2% Xylocaine was applied to the larynx and subsequently throughout the tracheobronchial tree for a total of 18 cc. The bronchoscope was then advanced through the larynx into the trachea. The trachea showed mild evidence of erythema and moderate amounts of clear frothy secretions. These were suctioned clear. The bronchoscope was then advanced through the carina, which was sharp. Then advanced into the left main stem and each segment, subsegement in the left upper lingula and lower lobe was visualized. There was mild tracheobronchitis with mild friability throughout. There was modest amounts of white secretion. There were no other findings including evidence of mass, anatomic distortions, or hemorrhage. The bronchoscope was subsequently withdrawn and advanced into the right mainstem. Again, each segment and subsegment was well visualized. The right upper lobe anatomy showed some segmental distortion with dilation and irregularities both at the apical region as well as in the subsegments of the anteroapical and posterior segments. No specific masses or other lesions were identified throughout the tracheobronchial tree on the right. There was mild tracheal bronchitis with friability. Upon coughing, there was punctate hemorrhage. The bronchoscope was then advanced through the bronchus intermedius and the right middle lobe and right lower lobe. These again had no other anatomic lesions identified. The bronchoscope was then wedged in the right middle lobe and bronchoalveolar samples were obtained. The bronchoscope was withdrawn and the area was suctioned clear. The bronchoscope was then advanced into the apical segment of the right upper lobe and the bronchioalveolar lavage again performed. Samples were taken and the bronchoscope was removed suctioned the area clear. The bronchoscope was then re-advanced into the right lower lobe and multiple transbronchial biopsies were taken under fluoroscopic guidance in the posterior and lateral segments of the right lower lobe. Minimal hemorrhage was identified and suctioned clear without difficulty. The bronchoscope was then withdrawn to the mainstem. The area was suctioned clear. Fluoroscopy revealed no evidence of pneumothorax. The bronchoscope was then withdrawn. The patient tolerated the procedure well without evidence of desaturation or complications.

postoperative diagnosis mild tracheobronchitis history granulomatous disease tb rule active tbmiliary tbprocedure performed flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy diagnostic witha right middle lobe bronchoalveolar lavageb right upper lobe bronchoalveolar lavagec right lower lobe transbronchial biopsiescomplications nonesamples include bronchoalveolar lavage right upper lobe right middle lobe transbronchial biopsies right lower lobeindication patient history tb caseating granulomata open lung biopsy evidence interstitial lung disease question tuberculosisprocedure obtaining informed consent patient brought bronchoscopy suite appropriate isolation related ______ precautions patient appropriate oxygen blood pressure heart rate respiratory rate monitoring applied monitored continuously throughout procedure liters oxygen via nasal cannula applied nasopharynx saturations achieved topical anesthesia cc xylocaine applied right nares oropharynx subsequent patient premedicated mg demerol versed mg sequentially total mg adequate consciousness sedation achieved cc viscous xylocaine applied right nares bronchoscope advanced right nares nasopharynx oropharynxthe oropharynx larynx well visualized showed mild erythema mild edema otherwise negativethere normal vocal cord motion without masses lesions additional topical anesthesia xylocaine applied larynx subsequently throughout tracheobronchial tree total cc bronchoscope advanced larynx trachea trachea showed mild evidence erythema moderate amounts clear frothy secretions suctioned clear bronchoscope advanced carina sharp advanced left main stem segment subsegement left upper lingula lower lobe visualized mild tracheobronchitis mild friability throughout modest amounts white secretion findings including evidence mass anatomic distortions hemorrhage bronchoscope subsequently withdrawn advanced right mainstem segment subsegment well visualized right upper lobe anatomy showed segmental distortion dilation irregularities apical region well subsegments anteroapical posterior segments specific masses lesions identified throughout tracheobronchial tree right mild tracheal bronchitis friability upon coughing punctate hemorrhage bronchoscope advanced bronchus intermedius right middle lobe right lower lobe anatomic lesions identified bronchoscope wedged right middle lobe bronchoalveolar samples obtained bronchoscope withdrawn area suctioned clear bronchoscope advanced apical segment right upper lobe bronchioalveolar lavage performed samples taken bronchoscope removed suctioned area clear bronchoscope readvanced right lower lobe multiple transbronchial biopsies taken fluoroscopic guidance posterior lateral segments right lower lobe minimal hemorrhage identified suctioned clear without difficulty bronchoscope withdrawn mainstem area suctioned clear fluoroscopy revealed evidence pneumothorax bronchoscope withdrawn patient tolerated procedure well without evidence desaturation complications

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Mild tracheobronchitis with history of granulomatous disease and TB, rule out active TB/miliary TB.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy diagnostic with:,a. Right middle lobe bronchoalveolar lavage.,b. Right upper lobe bronchoalveolar lavage.,c. Right lower lobe transbronchial biopsies.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,Samples include bronchoalveolar lavage of the right upper lobe and right middle lobe and transbronchial biopsies of the right lower lobe.,INDICATION: ,The patient with a history of TB and caseating granulomata on open lung biopsy with evidence of interstitial lung disease and question tuberculosis.,PROCEDURE:, After obtaining an informed consent, the patient was brought to the Bronchoscopy Suite with appropriate isolation related to ______ precautions. The patient had appropriate oxygen, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate monitoring applied and monitored continuously throughout the procedure. 2 liters of oxygen via nasal cannula was applied to the nasopharynx with 100% saturations achieved. Topical anesthesia with 10 cc of 4% Xylocaine was applied to the right nares and oropharynx. Subsequent to this, the patient was premedicated with 50 mg of Demerol and then Versed 1 mg sequentially for a total of 2 mg. With this, adequate consciousness sedation was achieved. 3 cc of 4% viscous Xylocaine was applied to the right nares. The bronchoscope was then advanced through the right nares into the nasopharynx and oropharynx.,The oropharynx and larynx were well visualized and showed mild erythema, mild edema, otherwise negative.,There was normal vocal cord motion without masses or lesions. Additional topical anesthesia with 2% Xylocaine was applied to the larynx and subsequently throughout the tracheobronchial tree for a total of 18 cc. The bronchoscope was then advanced through the larynx into the trachea. The trachea showed mild evidence of erythema and moderate amounts of clear frothy secretions. These were suctioned clear. The bronchoscope was then advanced through the carina, which was sharp. Then advanced into the left main stem and each segment, subsegement in the left upper lingula and lower lobe was visualized. There was mild tracheobronchitis with mild friability throughout. There was modest amounts of white secretion. There were no other findings including evidence of mass, anatomic distortions, or hemorrhage. The bronchoscope was subsequently withdrawn and advanced into the right mainstem. Again, each segment and subsegment was well visualized. The right upper lobe anatomy showed some segmental distortion with dilation and irregularities both at the apical region as well as in the subsegments of the anteroapical and posterior segments. No specific masses or other lesions were identified throughout the tracheobronchial tree on the right. There was mild tracheal bronchitis with friability. Upon coughing, there was punctate hemorrhage. The bronchoscope was then advanced through the bronchus intermedius and the right middle lobe and right lower lobe. These again had no other anatomic lesions identified. The bronchoscope was then wedged in the right middle lobe and bronchoalveolar samples were obtained. The bronchoscope was withdrawn and the area was suctioned clear. The bronchoscope was then advanced into the apical segment of the right upper lobe and the bronchioalveolar lavage again performed. Samples were taken and the bronchoscope was removed suctioned the area clear. The bronchoscope was then re-advanced into the right lower lobe and multiple transbronchial biopsies were taken under fluoroscopic guidance in the posterior and lateral segments of the right lower lobe. Minimal hemorrhage was identified and suctioned clear without difficulty. The bronchoscope was then withdrawn to the mainstem. The area was suctioned clear. Fluoroscopy revealed no evidence of pneumothorax. The bronchoscope was then withdrawn. The patient tolerated the procedure well without evidence of desaturation or complications. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

PRE AND POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Left cervical radiculopathy at C5, C6,OPERATION: , Left C5-6 hemilaminotomy and foraminotomy with medial facetectomy for microscopic decompression of nerve root.,After informed consent was obtained from the patient, he was taken to the OR. After general anesthesia had been induced, Ted hose stockings and pneumatic compression stockings were placed on the patient and a Foley catheter was also inserted. At this point, the patient's was placed in three point fixation with a Mayfield head holder and then the patient was placed on the operating table in a prone position. The patient's posterior cervical area was then prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. At this time the patient's incision site was infiltrated with 1 percent Lidocaine with epinephrine. A scalpel was used to make an approximate 3 cm skin incision cephalad to the prominent C7 spinous processes, which could be palpated. After dissection down to a spinous process using Bovie cautery, a clamp was placed on this spinous processes and cross table lateral x-ray was taken. This showed the spinous process to be at the C4 level. Therefore, further soft tissue dissection was carried out caudally to this level after the next spinous processes presumed to be C5 was identified. After the muscle was dissected off the lamina laterally on the left side, self retaining retractors were placed and after hemostasis was achieved, a Penfield probe was placed in the interspace presumed to be C5-6 and another cross table lateral x-ray of the C spine was taken. This film confirmed our position at C5-6 and therefore the operating microscope was brought onto the field at this time. At the time the Kerrison rongeur was used to perform a hemilaminotomy by starting with the inferior margin of the superior lamina. The superior margin of the inferior lamina of C6 was also taken with the Kerrison rongeur after the ligaments had been freed by using a Woodson probe. This was then extended laterally to perform a medial facetectomy also using the Kerrison rongeur. However, progress was limited because of thickness of the bone. Therefore at this time the Midas-Rex drill, the AM8 bit was brought onto the field and this was used to thin out the bone around our laminotomy and medial facetectomy area. After the bone had been thinned out, further bone was removed using the Kerrison rongeur. At this point the nerve root was visually inspected and observed to be decompressed. However, there was a layer of fibrous tissue overlying the exiting nerve root which was removed by placing a Woodson resector in a plane between the fibrous sheath and the nerve root and incising it with a 15 blade. Hemostasis was then achieved by using Gelfoam as well as bipolar electrocautery. After hemostasis was achieved, the surgical site was copiously irrigated with Bacitracin. Closure was initiated by closing the muscle layer and the fascial layer with 0 Vicryl stitches. The subcutaneous layer was then reapproximated using 000 Dexon. The skin was reapproximated using a running 000 nylon. Sterile dressings were applied. The patient was then extubated in the OR and transferred to the Recovery room in stable condition.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, minimal.

pre postoperative diagnosis left cervical radiculopathy c coperation left c hemilaminotomy foraminotomy medial facetectomy microscopic decompression nerve rootafter informed consent obtained patient taken general anesthesia induced ted hose stockings pneumatic compression stockings placed patient foley catheter also inserted point patients placed three point fixation mayfield head holder patient placed operating table prone position patients posterior cervical area prepped draped usual sterile fashion time patients incision site infiltrated percent lidocaine epinephrine scalpel used make approximate cm skin incision cephalad prominent c spinous processes could palpated dissection spinous process using bovie cautery clamp placed spinous processes cross table lateral xray taken showed spinous process c level therefore soft tissue dissection carried caudally level next spinous processes presumed c identified muscle dissected lamina laterally left side self retaining retractors placed hemostasis achieved penfield probe placed interspace presumed c another cross table lateral xray c spine taken film confirmed position c therefore operating microscope brought onto field time time kerrison rongeur used perform hemilaminotomy starting inferior margin superior lamina superior margin inferior lamina c also taken kerrison rongeur ligaments freed using woodson probe extended laterally perform medial facetectomy also using kerrison rongeur however progress limited thickness bone therefore time midasrex drill bit brought onto field used thin bone around laminotomy medial facetectomy area bone thinned bone removed using kerrison rongeur point nerve root visually inspected observed decompressed however layer fibrous tissue overlying exiting nerve root removed placing woodson resector plane fibrous sheath nerve root incising blade hemostasis achieved using gelfoam well bipolar electrocautery hemostasis achieved surgical site copiously irrigated bacitracin closure initiated closing muscle layer fascial layer vicryl stitches subcutaneous layer reapproximated using dexon skin reapproximated using running nylon sterile dressings applied patient extubated transferred recovery room stable conditionestimated blood loss minimal

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PRE AND POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Left cervical radiculopathy at C5, C6,OPERATION: , Left C5-6 hemilaminotomy and foraminotomy with medial facetectomy for microscopic decompression of nerve root.,After informed consent was obtained from the patient, he was taken to the OR. After general anesthesia had been induced, Ted hose stockings and pneumatic compression stockings were placed on the patient and a Foley catheter was also inserted. At this point, the patient's was placed in three point fixation with a Mayfield head holder and then the patient was placed on the operating table in a prone position. The patient's posterior cervical area was then prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. At this time the patient's incision site was infiltrated with 1 percent Lidocaine with epinephrine. A scalpel was used to make an approximate 3 cm skin incision cephalad to the prominent C7 spinous processes, which could be palpated. After dissection down to a spinous process using Bovie cautery, a clamp was placed on this spinous processes and cross table lateral x-ray was taken. This showed the spinous process to be at the C4 level. Therefore, further soft tissue dissection was carried out caudally to this level after the next spinous processes presumed to be C5 was identified. After the muscle was dissected off the lamina laterally on the left side, self retaining retractors were placed and after hemostasis was achieved, a Penfield probe was placed in the interspace presumed to be C5-6 and another cross table lateral x-ray of the C spine was taken. This film confirmed our position at C5-6 and therefore the operating microscope was brought onto the field at this time. At the time the Kerrison rongeur was used to perform a hemilaminotomy by starting with the inferior margin of the superior lamina. The superior margin of the inferior lamina of C6 was also taken with the Kerrison rongeur after the ligaments had been freed by using a Woodson probe. This was then extended laterally to perform a medial facetectomy also using the Kerrison rongeur. However, progress was limited because of thickness of the bone. Therefore at this time the Midas-Rex drill, the AM8 bit was brought onto the field and this was used to thin out the bone around our laminotomy and medial facetectomy area. After the bone had been thinned out, further bone was removed using the Kerrison rongeur. At this point the nerve root was visually inspected and observed to be decompressed. However, there was a layer of fibrous tissue overlying the exiting nerve root which was removed by placing a Woodson resector in a plane between the fibrous sheath and the nerve root and incising it with a 15 blade. Hemostasis was then achieved by using Gelfoam as well as bipolar electrocautery. After hemostasis was achieved, the surgical site was copiously irrigated with Bacitracin. Closure was initiated by closing the muscle layer and the fascial layer with 0 Vicryl stitches. The subcutaneous layer was then reapproximated using 000 Dexon. The skin was reapproximated using a running 000 nylon. Sterile dressings were applied. The patient was then extubated in the OR and transferred to the Recovery room in stable condition.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, minimal. ### Response: Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

PRE-ECLAMPSIA, is a very serious condition unique to pregnancy in which blood pressure, the kidneys and the central nervous system are compromised. It usually occurs from the 20th week of pregnancy to 7 days postpartum. The cause is unknown. It is also known as pregnancy-induced hypertension or toxemia of pregnancy.,ECLAMPSIA, is the end-stage of the pre-eclampsia process. The vast majority of women who develop pre-eclampsia are pregnant with their first child and are towards the end of their child-bearing years. There are identifiable risk factors for developing pre-eclampsia: family history of pre-eclampsia, previous pregnancy with pre-eclampsia, multiple gestation, and a hydatiform mole (an intrauterine growth that mimics pregnancy). A chronic high blood pressure and underlying blood vessel disease increases the risk. Pre-eclampsia ranges from mild to severe to eclampsia as the end-stage. Untreated pre-eclampsia can result in a stroke, fluid-build up around the lungs, kidney failure, death of baby and death of mother.,SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:,MILD PRE-ECLAMPSIA:,* Significant blood pressure increase even if you are still within the normal blood pressure limits.,* Swelling in the face, hands and feet which worsens in the a.m.,* Gaining more than a pound a week, especially in the last trimester.,* Routine prenatal checkup reveals protein in the urine.,* Seizures are possible.,SEVERE PRE-ECLAMPSIA:,* More blood pressure increase.,* Further swelling in face, hands and feet.,* Visual disturbances.,* Headache.,* Irritability.,* Abdominal pain.,* Tiredness.,* Decreased urination.,* Seizures possible.,* Nausea and vomiting.,ECLAMPSIA:,* Symptoms worsen.,* Seizures.,* Muscle twitches.,* Coma.,TREATMENT:,* Diagnosis - blood tests, urinalysis, blood pressure monitoring.,* Mild preeclampsia can be treated at home. Severe symptoms require hospitalization and possible early delivery of the baby, often by cesarean section.,* Daily weighing.,* Daily monitoring for protein in urine.,* Medications to lower blood pressure if preeclampsia is severe.,* Magnesium sulfate or other anti-seizure drugs may be necessary to prevent seizures.,* Get lots of rest! Lay on your left side to help circulation.,* Follow any dietary advice given by your doctor.,* Get regular prenatal checkups! Eat a nutritious diet and take your vitamin supplements.,* Never take any medications that are not prescribed or recommended by your physician.,* Call the office if your headaches become severe, you have visual disturbances or if you gain more than 3 pounds in 24 hours.,RESTRICTING CAFFEINE:,You should reduce your intake of caffeine by cutting back on coffee and other caffeinated beverages like soda. In addition, you should avoid chocolate that also contains caffeine.,RESTRICTING SALT:,You are to restrict your salt intake by reducing or eliminating table salt from your meals and avoiding foods that are high in salt concentration. For more information about which foods are high in salt, read the label of any foods you intend to consume and look for sodium content.

preeclampsia serious condition unique pregnancy blood pressure kidneys central nervous system compromised usually occurs th week pregnancy days postpartum cause unknown also known pregnancyinduced hypertension toxemia pregnancyeclampsia endstage preeclampsia process vast majority women develop preeclampsia pregnant first child towards end childbearing years identifiable risk factors developing preeclampsia family history preeclampsia previous pregnancy preeclampsia multiple gestation hydatiform mole intrauterine growth mimics pregnancy chronic high blood pressure underlying blood vessel disease increases risk preeclampsia ranges mild severe eclampsia endstage untreated preeclampsia result stroke fluidbuild around lungs kidney failure death baby death mothersigns symptomsmild preeclampsia significant blood pressure increase even still within normal blood pressure limits swelling face hands feet worsens gaining pound week especially last trimester routine prenatal checkup reveals protein urine seizures possiblesevere preeclampsia blood pressure increase swelling face hands feet visual disturbances headache irritability abdominal pain tiredness decreased urination seizures possible nausea vomitingeclampsia symptoms worsen seizures muscle twitches comatreatment diagnosis blood tests urinalysis blood pressure monitoring mild preeclampsia treated home severe symptoms require hospitalization possible early delivery baby often cesarean section daily weighing daily monitoring protein urine medications lower blood pressure preeclampsia severe magnesium sulfate antiseizure drugs may necessary prevent seizures get lots rest lay left side help circulation follow dietary advice given doctor get regular prenatal checkups eat nutritious diet take vitamin supplements never take medications prescribed recommended physician call office headaches become severe visual disturbances gain pounds hoursrestricting caffeineyou reduce intake caffeine cutting back coffee caffeinated beverages like soda addition avoid chocolate also contains caffeinerestricting saltyou restrict salt intake reducing eliminating table salt meals avoiding foods high salt concentration information foods high salt read label foods intend consume look sodium content

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PRE-ECLAMPSIA, is a very serious condition unique to pregnancy in which blood pressure, the kidneys and the central nervous system are compromised. It usually occurs from the 20th week of pregnancy to 7 days postpartum. The cause is unknown. It is also known as pregnancy-induced hypertension or toxemia of pregnancy.,ECLAMPSIA, is the end-stage of the pre-eclampsia process. The vast majority of women who develop pre-eclampsia are pregnant with their first child and are towards the end of their child-bearing years. There are identifiable risk factors for developing pre-eclampsia: family history of pre-eclampsia, previous pregnancy with pre-eclampsia, multiple gestation, and a hydatiform mole (an intrauterine growth that mimics pregnancy). A chronic high blood pressure and underlying blood vessel disease increases the risk. Pre-eclampsia ranges from mild to severe to eclampsia as the end-stage. Untreated pre-eclampsia can result in a stroke, fluid-build up around the lungs, kidney failure, death of baby and death of mother.,SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:,MILD PRE-ECLAMPSIA:,* Significant blood pressure increase even if you are still within the normal blood pressure limits.,* Swelling in the face, hands and feet which worsens in the a.m.,* Gaining more than a pound a week, especially in the last trimester.,* Routine prenatal checkup reveals protein in the urine.,* Seizures are possible.,SEVERE PRE-ECLAMPSIA:,* More blood pressure increase.,* Further swelling in face, hands and feet.,* Visual disturbances.,* Headache.,* Irritability.,* Abdominal pain.,* Tiredness.,* Decreased urination.,* Seizures possible.,* Nausea and vomiting.,ECLAMPSIA:,* Symptoms worsen.,* Seizures.,* Muscle twitches.,* Coma.,TREATMENT:,* Diagnosis - blood tests, urinalysis, blood pressure monitoring.,* Mild preeclampsia can be treated at home. Severe symptoms require hospitalization and possible early delivery of the baby, often by cesarean section.,* Daily weighing.,* Daily monitoring for protein in urine.,* Medications to lower blood pressure if preeclampsia is severe.,* Magnesium sulfate or other anti-seizure drugs may be necessary to prevent seizures.,* Get lots of rest! Lay on your left side to help circulation.,* Follow any dietary advice given by your doctor.,* Get regular prenatal checkups! Eat a nutritious diet and take your vitamin supplements.,* Never take any medications that are not prescribed or recommended by your physician.,* Call the office if your headaches become severe, you have visual disturbances or if you gain more than 3 pounds in 24 hours.,RESTRICTING CAFFEINE:,You should reduce your intake of caffeine by cutting back on coffee and other caffeinated beverages like soda. In addition, you should avoid chocolate that also contains caffeine.,RESTRICTING SALT:,You are to restrict your salt intake by reducing or eliminating table salt from your meals and avoiding foods that are high in salt concentration. For more information about which foods are high in salt, read the label of any foods you intend to consume and look for sodium content. ### Response: Obstetrics / Gynecology

PRE-OP DIAGNOSES:, Low back pain - 724.2, Herniated disc - 722.10, Lumbosacral Facet, arthropathy - 724.4.,POST-OP DIAGNOSES: , Low back pain - 724.2, Herniated disc - 722.10, Lumbosacral Facet, arthropathy - 724.4.,INTERVAL HISTORY:, Plans, risks and options were reviewed with the patient in detail. The patient understands and agrees to proceed.,ANESTHESIA: , General Anesthesia,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Epidural steroid injection, epidurogram, fluroscopy.,PROCEDURE:, After informed consent, the patient was taken to the procedure room and placed in the prone position. EKG, blood pressure and pulse oximetry were monitored and remained stable throughout the procedure. The area was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. Local anesthetic was infiltrated at the appropriate level. Fluoroscopic guidance was used to place a #20-gauge Tuohy epidural needle gently into the epidural space at L4-L5 using a paramedian approach. No blood or CSF was obtained on aspiration.,RADIOLOGY: , Injection of 3 cc of OMNIPAQUE showed spread of the dye into the epidural space on AP and Lateral imaging. The Needle was injected with Depo-Medrol 80 mg with Bupivacaine 1/16th , 8 cc total vol. Patient tolerated procedure well and was transferred to recovery room. Patient was discharged home with escort. Discharge instructions were given.,POST-OP PLAN:, I will see the patient back in my office in two weeks. Continue p.r.n. medications as needed.

preop diagnoses low back pain herniated disc lumbosacral facet arthropathy postop diagnoses low back pain herniated disc lumbosacral facet arthropathy interval history plans risks options reviewed patient detail patient understands agrees proceedanesthesia general anesthesiaprocedure performed epidural steroid injection epidurogram fluroscopyprocedure informed consent patient taken procedure room placed prone position ekg blood pressure pulse oximetry monitored remained stable throughout procedure area prepped draped usual sterile fashion local anesthetic infiltrated appropriate level fluoroscopic guidance used place gauge tuohy epidural needle gently epidural space using paramedian approach blood csf obtained aspirationradiology injection cc omnipaque showed spread dye epidural space ap lateral imaging needle injected depomedrol mg bupivacaine th cc total vol patient tolerated procedure well transferred recovery room patient discharged home escort discharge instructions givenpostop plan see patient back office two weeks continue prn medications needed

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PRE-OP DIAGNOSES:, Low back pain - 724.2, Herniated disc - 722.10, Lumbosacral Facet, arthropathy - 724.4.,POST-OP DIAGNOSES: , Low back pain - 724.2, Herniated disc - 722.10, Lumbosacral Facet, arthropathy - 724.4.,INTERVAL HISTORY:, Plans, risks and options were reviewed with the patient in detail. The patient understands and agrees to proceed.,ANESTHESIA: , General Anesthesia,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Epidural steroid injection, epidurogram, fluroscopy.,PROCEDURE:, After informed consent, the patient was taken to the procedure room and placed in the prone position. EKG, blood pressure and pulse oximetry were monitored and remained stable throughout the procedure. The area was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. Local anesthetic was infiltrated at the appropriate level. Fluoroscopic guidance was used to place a #20-gauge Tuohy epidural needle gently into the epidural space at L4-L5 using a paramedian approach. No blood or CSF was obtained on aspiration.,RADIOLOGY: , Injection of 3 cc of OMNIPAQUE showed spread of the dye into the epidural space on AP and Lateral imaging. The Needle was injected with Depo-Medrol 80 mg with Bupivacaine 1/16th , 8 cc total vol. Patient tolerated procedure well and was transferred to recovery room. Patient was discharged home with escort. Discharge instructions were given.,POST-OP PLAN:, I will see the patient back in my office in two weeks. Continue p.r.n. medications as needed. ### Response: Pain Management

PRE-OP DIAGNOSIS:, Osteoporosis, pathologic fractures T12- L2 with severe kyphosis.,POST-OP DIAGNOSIS:, Osteoporosis, pathologic fractures T12- L2 with severe kyphosis.,PROCEDURE:,1. KYPHON Balloon Kyphoplasty at T12 and L1evels Insertion of KYPHON HV-R bone cement under low pressure at T12 and L1 levels.,2. Bone biopsy (medically necessary).,ANESTHESIA:, General,COMPLICATIONS:, None,BLOOD LOSS:, Minimal,INDICATIONS:, Mrs. Smith is a 75-year-old female who has had severe back pain that began approximately three months ago and is debilitating. She has been unresponsive to nonoperative treatment modalities including bed rest and analgesics. She presents with and is on medication therapy for COPD, diabetes and hypertension (other co-morbidities may be present upon admission and should be documented in the operative note).,Radiographic imaging including MRI confirms multiple compression fractures of the thoracolumbar spine including T12, L1 and L2. In addition to the fractures, she presents with kyphotic posture. Films on 1/04 demonstrated L1 and L2 osteoporotic fractures. Films on 2/04 demonstrated increased loss of height at L1. Films on 3/04 demonstrated a new compression fracture at T12 and further collapse of L1. The L2 fracture is documented on radiographic studies as being chronic and a year or more old. The T12 fracture has the most significant kyphotic deformity. Based on these findings, we have decided to perform KYPHON Balloon Kyphoplasty on the L1 and T12 fractures.,PROCEDURE:, The patient was brought to the operating room/radiology suite and general anesthesia/local sedation with endotracheal intubation was performed. The patient was positioned prone on the Jackson table. The back was prepped and draped. The image intensifier (C-arm) was brought into position and the T12 pedicles were identified and marked with a skin marker. In view of the collapse of T12, a transpedicular approach to the vertebral body was appropriate. An 11-gauge needle was advanced through the T12 pedicle to the junction of the pedicle and vertebral body on the right side. Positioning was confirmed on the AP and lateral plane. Following satisfactory placement of the needle, the stylet was removed. A guide pin was inserted through the 11g to a point 3mm from the anterior cortex. AP and lateral images were taken to verify position and trajectory. Alongside of the guide pin a 1-cm paramedian incision was made. The needle was then removed leaving the guide pin in place. The osteointroducer was placed over the guide pin and advanced through the pedicle. Once I was at the junction of the pedicle and the vertebral body, a lateral image was taken to insure that the cannula was positioned approximately 1cm past the vertebral body wall. Through the cannula, a drill was advanced into the vertebral body under fluoroscopic guidance toward the anterior cortex, creating a channel. The anterior cortex was probed with the guide pin to ensure no perforations in the anterior cortex. After completing the entry into the vertebral body, a 15 mm inflatable bone tamp was inserted through the cannula and advanced under fluoroscopic guidance into the vertebral body near the anterior cortex. The radiopaque marker bands on the bone tamp were identified using AP and lateral images. The above sequence of instrument placement was then repeated on the left side of the T12 vertebral body. Once both bone tamps were in position, they were inflated to 0.5 cc and 50 psi. Expansion of the bone tamps was done sequentially in increments of 0.25 to 0.5 cc of contrast, with careful attention being paid to the inflation pressures and balloon position. The inflation was monitored with AP and lateral imaging. The final balloon volume was 3.5 cc on the right side and 3 cc on the left. There was no breach of the lateral wall or anterior cortex of the vertebral body. Direct reduction of the fracture was achieved, end plate movement was noted and approximately 5 mm of height restoration was achieved. Under fluoroscopic imaging, and the use of the bone void fillers, internal fixation was achieved through a low-pressure injection of KYPHON HV-R bone cement. The cavity was filled with a total volume of 3.5 cc on the right side and 3 cc on the left side. Once the bone cement had hardened, the cannulas were then removed.,At this time, we proceeded to perform a balloon kyphoplasty at L1 using the same sequence of steps as on T12. An entry needle was placed bilaterally through the pedicle into the vertebral body, a cortical window was created, inflation of the bone tamps directly reduced the fracture, the bone tamps were removed, and internal fixation by bone void filler insertion was achieved. Throughout the procedure, AP and lateral imaging monitored positioning.,Post-procedure, all incisions were closed with sutures. The patient was kept in the prone position for approximately 10 minutes post cement injection. She was then turned supine, monitored briefly and returned to the floor. She was moving both her lower extremities at this time.,Throughout the procedure, there were no intraoperative complications. Estimated blood loss was minimal.

preop diagnosis osteoporosis pathologic fractures l severe kyphosispostop diagnosis osteoporosis pathologic fractures l severe kyphosisprocedure kyphon balloon kyphoplasty levels insertion kyphon hvr bone cement low pressure l levels bone biopsy medically necessaryanesthesia generalcomplications noneblood loss minimalindications mrs smith yearold female severe back pain began approximately three months ago debilitating unresponsive nonoperative treatment modalities including bed rest analgesics presents medication therapy copd diabetes hypertension comorbidities may present upon admission documented operative noteradiographic imaging including mri confirms multiple compression fractures thoracolumbar spine including l l addition fractures presents kyphotic posture films demonstrated l l osteoporotic fractures films demonstrated increased loss height l films demonstrated new compression fracture collapse l l fracture documented radiographic studies chronic year old fracture significant kyphotic deformity based findings decided perform kyphon balloon kyphoplasty l fracturesprocedure patient brought operating roomradiology suite general anesthesialocal sedation endotracheal intubation performed patient positioned prone jackson table back prepped draped image intensifier carm brought position pedicles identified marked skin marker view collapse transpedicular approach vertebral body appropriate gauge needle advanced pedicle junction pedicle vertebral body right side positioning confirmed ap lateral plane following satisfactory placement needle stylet removed guide pin inserted g point mm anterior cortex ap lateral images taken verify position trajectory alongside guide pin cm paramedian incision made needle removed leaving guide pin place osteointroducer placed guide pin advanced pedicle junction pedicle vertebral body lateral image taken insure cannula positioned approximately cm past vertebral body wall cannula drill advanced vertebral body fluoroscopic guidance toward anterior cortex creating channel anterior cortex probed guide pin ensure perforations anterior cortex completing entry vertebral body mm inflatable bone tamp inserted cannula advanced fluoroscopic guidance vertebral body near anterior cortex radiopaque marker bands bone tamp identified using ap lateral images sequence instrument placement repeated left side vertebral body bone tamps position inflated cc psi expansion bone tamps done sequentially increments cc contrast careful attention paid inflation pressures balloon position inflation monitored ap lateral imaging final balloon volume cc right side cc left breach lateral wall anterior cortex vertebral body direct reduction fracture achieved end plate movement noted approximately mm height restoration achieved fluoroscopic imaging use bone void fillers internal fixation achieved lowpressure injection kyphon hvr bone cement cavity filled total volume cc right side cc left side bone cement hardened cannulas removedat time proceeded perform balloon kyphoplasty l using sequence steps entry needle placed bilaterally pedicle vertebral body cortical window created inflation bone tamps directly reduced fracture bone tamps removed internal fixation bone void filler insertion achieved throughout procedure ap lateral imaging monitored positioningpostprocedure incisions closed sutures patient kept prone position approximately minutes post cement injection turned supine monitored briefly returned floor moving lower extremities timethroughout procedure intraoperative complications estimated blood loss minimal

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PRE-OP DIAGNOSIS:, Osteoporosis, pathologic fractures T12- L2 with severe kyphosis.,POST-OP DIAGNOSIS:, Osteoporosis, pathologic fractures T12- L2 with severe kyphosis.,PROCEDURE:,1. KYPHON Balloon Kyphoplasty at T12 and L1evels Insertion of KYPHON HV-R bone cement under low pressure at T12 and L1 levels.,2. Bone biopsy (medically necessary).,ANESTHESIA:, General,COMPLICATIONS:, None,BLOOD LOSS:, Minimal,INDICATIONS:, Mrs. Smith is a 75-year-old female who has had severe back pain that began approximately three months ago and is debilitating. She has been unresponsive to nonoperative treatment modalities including bed rest and analgesics. She presents with and is on medication therapy for COPD, diabetes and hypertension (other co-morbidities may be present upon admission and should be documented in the operative note).,Radiographic imaging including MRI confirms multiple compression fractures of the thoracolumbar spine including T12, L1 and L2. In addition to the fractures, she presents with kyphotic posture. Films on 1/04 demonstrated L1 and L2 osteoporotic fractures. Films on 2/04 demonstrated increased loss of height at L1. Films on 3/04 demonstrated a new compression fracture at T12 and further collapse of L1. The L2 fracture is documented on radiographic studies as being chronic and a year or more old. The T12 fracture has the most significant kyphotic deformity. Based on these findings, we have decided to perform KYPHON Balloon Kyphoplasty on the L1 and T12 fractures.,PROCEDURE:, The patient was brought to the operating room/radiology suite and general anesthesia/local sedation with endotracheal intubation was performed. The patient was positioned prone on the Jackson table. The back was prepped and draped. The image intensifier (C-arm) was brought into position and the T12 pedicles were identified and marked with a skin marker. In view of the collapse of T12, a transpedicular approach to the vertebral body was appropriate. An 11-gauge needle was advanced through the T12 pedicle to the junction of the pedicle and vertebral body on the right side. Positioning was confirmed on the AP and lateral plane. Following satisfactory placement of the needle, the stylet was removed. A guide pin was inserted through the 11g to a point 3mm from the anterior cortex. AP and lateral images were taken to verify position and trajectory. Alongside of the guide pin a 1-cm paramedian incision was made. The needle was then removed leaving the guide pin in place. The osteointroducer was placed over the guide pin and advanced through the pedicle. Once I was at the junction of the pedicle and the vertebral body, a lateral image was taken to insure that the cannula was positioned approximately 1cm past the vertebral body wall. Through the cannula, a drill was advanced into the vertebral body under fluoroscopic guidance toward the anterior cortex, creating a channel. The anterior cortex was probed with the guide pin to ensure no perforations in the anterior cortex. After completing the entry into the vertebral body, a 15 mm inflatable bone tamp was inserted through the cannula and advanced under fluoroscopic guidance into the vertebral body near the anterior cortex. The radiopaque marker bands on the bone tamp were identified using AP and lateral images. The above sequence of instrument placement was then repeated on the left side of the T12 vertebral body. Once both bone tamps were in position, they were inflated to 0.5 cc and 50 psi. Expansion of the bone tamps was done sequentially in increments of 0.25 to 0.5 cc of contrast, with careful attention being paid to the inflation pressures and balloon position. The inflation was monitored with AP and lateral imaging. The final balloon volume was 3.5 cc on the right side and 3 cc on the left. There was no breach of the lateral wall or anterior cortex of the vertebral body. Direct reduction of the fracture was achieved, end plate movement was noted and approximately 5 mm of height restoration was achieved. Under fluoroscopic imaging, and the use of the bone void fillers, internal fixation was achieved through a low-pressure injection of KYPHON HV-R bone cement. The cavity was filled with a total volume of 3.5 cc on the right side and 3 cc on the left side. Once the bone cement had hardened, the cannulas were then removed.,At this time, we proceeded to perform a balloon kyphoplasty at L1 using the same sequence of steps as on T12. An entry needle was placed bilaterally through the pedicle into the vertebral body, a cortical window was created, inflation of the bone tamps directly reduced the fracture, the bone tamps were removed, and internal fixation by bone void filler insertion was achieved. Throughout the procedure, AP and lateral imaging monitored positioning.,Post-procedure, all incisions were closed with sutures. The patient was kept in the prone position for approximately 10 minutes post cement injection. She was then turned supine, monitored briefly and returned to the floor. She was moving both her lower extremities at this time.,Throughout the procedure, there were no intraoperative complications. Estimated blood loss was minimal. ### Response: Orthopedic, Surgery

PRE-OPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Superior Gluteal Neuralgia/Neurapraxia-impingement Syndrome.,POST-OPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Same,PROCEDURE:, Superior Gluteal Nerve Block, Left.,After verbal informed consent, whereby the patient is made aware of the risks of the procedure, the patient was placed in the standing position with the arms flaccid by the side. Alcohol was used to prep the skin 3 times, and a 27-gauge needle was advanced deep to the attachment of the Gluteus Medius Muscle near its attachment on the PSIS. The needle entered the plane between the Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Maximus Muscle, in close proximity to the Superior Gluteal Nerve. Aspiration was negative, and the mixture was easily injected. Aseptic technique was observed at all times, and there were no complications noted.,INJECTATE INCLUDED:,Methyl Prednisolone (DepoMedrol): 20 mg,Ketorolac (Toradol): 6 mg,Sarapin: 1 cc,Bupivacaine (Marcaine): Q.S. 2 cc.,The procedures, above were performed for diagnostic, as well as therapeutic purposes. This treatment plan is medically necessary to decrease pain and suffering, increase activities of daily living and improve sleep.,ZUNG SELF-RATING DEPRESSION SCALE© (SDS) RESULTS:, The patient scored as 'mildly depressed.,NOTE:, The pain was gone post procedure, consistent with the diagnosis, as well as with adequacy of medication placement.

preoperative diagnosis superior gluteal neuralgianeurapraxiaimpingement syndromepostoperative diagnosis sameprocedure superior gluteal nerve block leftafter verbal informed consent whereby patient made aware risks procedure patient placed standing position arms flaccid side alcohol used prep skin times gauge needle advanced deep attachment gluteus medius muscle near attachment psis needle entered plane gluteus medius gluteus maximus muscle close proximity superior gluteal nerve aspiration negative mixture easily injected aseptic technique observed times complications notedinjectate includedmethyl prednisolone depomedrol mgketorolac toradol mgsarapin ccbupivacaine marcaine qs ccthe procedures performed diagnostic well therapeutic purposes treatment plan medically necessary decrease pain suffering increase activities daily living improve sleepzung selfrating depression scale sds results patient scored mildly depressednote pain gone post procedure consistent diagnosis well adequacy medication placement

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PRE-OPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Superior Gluteal Neuralgia/Neurapraxia-impingement Syndrome.,POST-OPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Same,PROCEDURE:, Superior Gluteal Nerve Block, Left.,After verbal informed consent, whereby the patient is made aware of the risks of the procedure, the patient was placed in the standing position with the arms flaccid by the side. Alcohol was used to prep the skin 3 times, and a 27-gauge needle was advanced deep to the attachment of the Gluteus Medius Muscle near its attachment on the PSIS. The needle entered the plane between the Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Maximus Muscle, in close proximity to the Superior Gluteal Nerve. Aspiration was negative, and the mixture was easily injected. Aseptic technique was observed at all times, and there were no complications noted.,INJECTATE INCLUDED:,Methyl Prednisolone (DepoMedrol): 20 mg,Ketorolac (Toradol): 6 mg,Sarapin: 1 cc,Bupivacaine (Marcaine): Q.S. 2 cc.,The procedures, above were performed for diagnostic, as well as therapeutic purposes. This treatment plan is medically necessary to decrease pain and suffering, increase activities of daily living and improve sleep.,ZUNG SELF-RATING DEPRESSION SCALE© (SDS) RESULTS:, The patient scored as 'mildly depressed.,NOTE:, The pain was gone post procedure, consistent with the diagnosis, as well as with adequacy of medication placement. ### Response: Pain Management

PRECATHETERIZATION DIAGNOSIS (ES):, Hypoplastic left heart, status post Norwood procedure and Glenn shunt.,POSTCATHETERIZATION DIAGNOSIS (ES):,1. Hypoplastic left heart.,A. Status post Norwood.,B. Status post Glenn.,2. Left pulmonary artery hypoplasia.,3. Diminished right ventricular systolic function.,4. Trivial neo-aortic stenosis.,5. Trivial coarctation.,6. Flow to right upper lobe more than left upper lobe from collaterals arising from branches of the aortic arch.,PROCEDURE (S):, Right heart and left heart catheterization by way of right femoral artery, right femoral vein, and right internal jugular vein.,I. PROCEDURES:, XXXXXX was brought to the catheterization lab and was anesthetized by anesthesia. He was intubated. His supplemental oxygen was weaned to 24%, on which all of his hemodynamics were obtained. The patient was prepped and draped in the routine sterile fashion, including both groins and the right neck. Xylocaine was administered in the right femoral area. A 6-French sheath was introduced into the right femoral vein percutaneously without complication. A 4-French sheath was introduced into the right femoral artery percutaneously without complication. A 4-French pigtail catheter was introduced and passed to the abdominal aorta.,Dr. Hayes, using the SiteRite device, introduced a 5-French sheath into the right internal jugular vein without complication.,A 5-French wedge catheter was introduced through the sheath in the right internal jugular vein and was passed to the left pulmonary artery and further to the left pulmonary capillary wedge position. This catheter would not pass to the right pulmonary artery. The wedge catheter was removed. A 5-French IMA catheter was then introduced and passed to the right pulmonary artery. After right pulmonary artery pressure was measured, this catheter was removed.,The 5 wedge catheter was advanced through the right femoral sheath and was passed to the following chambers or vessels: Inferior vena cava, right atrium, left atrium, and right ventricle.,The previously introduced 4 pigtail catheter was advanced to the ascending aorta. Simultaneous right ventricular and ascending aortic pressures were measured. A pullback from ascending aorta to descending aorta was then performed. Simultaneous measurements of right ventricular and descending aortic pressures were measured.,The wedge catheter was removed. A 5-French Berman catheter was advanced down the Glenn shunt to the right pulmonary artery, where a pullback from right pulmonary artery to Glenn shunt was performed. An injection was then performed using Omnipaque 16 mL at 8 mL per second with the Berman catheter positioned in the Glenn shunt. The 5-French Berman was removed.,A 6-French Berman was introduced through the right femoral vein sheath and was advanced to the right ventricle. A right ventriculogram was performed using Omnipaque 18 mL at 12 mL per second. The Berman catheter was pulled back to the inferior vena cava, where an inferior vena cavagram was performed using Omnipaque 10 mL at 8 mL per second.,The 4-French pigtail catheter was advanced to the ascending aorta and an ascending aortogram was performed using Omnipaque 16 mL at 12 mL per second.,Following the ascending angiograms, two kidneys and a bladder were noted. The catheters and sheaths were removed, and hemostasis was obtained by direct pressure. The estimated blood loss was less than 30 mL, and none was replaced. Heparin was administered following placement of all of the sheaths. Pulse oximetry saturation, pulse in the right foot, and EKG were monitored continuously.,II. PRESSURES:,A. Left pulmonary artery, mean of 11; left capillary wedge, mean of 9; main pulmonary artery, mean of 12; right pulmonary artery, mean of 10; descending aorta, 75/45, mean of 57; right atrium, A6 to 9, V6 to 8, mean 7; left atrium, mean 8; inferior vena cava, mean 7.,B. Ascending aorta, 65/35, with a simultaneous right ventricular pressure of 70/10; descending aorta, 60/35, with a right ventricular pressure of 72/10.,C. Pullbacks, left pulmonary artery to main pulmonary artery, mean of 11 to mean of 12; main pulmonary artery to Glenn, mean of 12 to mean of 13; right pulmonary artery to Glenn, mean of 12 to mean of 13; ascending aorta 68/35 to descending aorta 62/35.,INTERPRETATION:, Right and left pulmonary artery pressures are appropriate for this situation. There is a gradient of, at most, 2 mmHg on pullback from both the right and left pulmonary arteries to the Glenn shunt. The left atrial mean pressure is normal. Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure is, at most, slightly elevated. There is a trivial gradient between the right ventricle and ascending aorta consistent with trivial neo-aortic valve stenosis. There is a roughly 10-mm gradient between the right ventricle and descending aorta, consistent with additional coarctation of the aorta. On pullback from ascending to descending aorta, there is a 6-mmHg gradient between the two. Systemic blood pressure is normal.,III. OXIMETRY:, Superior vena cava 65, right pulmonary artery 67, left pulmonary artery 65, left atrium 96, right atrium 87, inferior vena cava 69, aorta 86, right ventricle 83.,INTERPRETATION:, Systemic arteriovenous oxygenation difference is normal, consistent with a normal cardiac output. Left atrial saturation is fairly normal, consistent with normal oxygenation in the lungs. The saturation falls passing from the left atrium to the right atrium and further to the right ventricle, consistent with mixing of pulmonary venous return and inferior vena cava return, as would be expected in this patient.,IV. SPECIAL PROCEDURE (S):, None done.,V. CALCULATIONS:,Please see the calculation sheet. Calculations were based upon an assumed oxygen consumption. The _____ saturation used was 67%, with a pulmonary artery saturation of 65%, a left atrial saturation of 96%, and an aortic saturation of 86%. Using the above information, the pulmonary to systemic flow ratio was 0.6. Systemic blood flow was 5.1 liters per minute per meter squared. Pulmonary blood flow was 3.2 liters per minute per meter squared. Systemic resistance was 9.8 Wood's units times meter squared, which is mildly diminished. Pulmonary resistance was 2.5 Wood's units times meter squared, which is in the normal range.,VI. ANGIOGRAPHY:, The injection to the Glenn shunt demonstrates a wide-open Glenn connection. The right pulmonary artery is widely patent, without stenosis. The proximal portion of the left pulmonary artery is significantly narrowed, but does open up near its branch point. The right pulmonary artery measures 6.5, the left pulmonary artery measures 3.0 mm. The aorta at the diaphragm on a later injection was 5.5 mm. There is a small collateral off the innominate vein passing to the left upper lobe. Flow to both upper lobes is diminished versus lower lung fields. There is normal return of the pulmonary veins from the right, with simultaneous filling of the left atrium and right atrium. There is normal return of the left lower pulmonary vein and left upper pulmonary vein. There is some reflux of dye into the inferior vena cava from the right atrium.,The right ventriculogram demonstrates a heavily pedunculated right ventricle with somewhat depressed right ventricular systolic function. The calculated ejection fraction from the LAO projection is only mildly diminished at 59%. There is no significant tricuspid regurgitation. The neo-aortic valve appears to open well with no stenosis. The ascending aorta is dilated. There is mild narrowing of the aorta at the isthmal area. On some projections, there appears to be a partial duplication of the aortic arch, probably secondary to this patient's style of Norwood reconstruction. There is some filling of the right upper and left upper lobes from collateral blood flow, with the left being more opacified than the right.,The inferior vena cavagram demonstrates normal return of the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.,The ascending aortogram demonstrates trivial aortic insufficiency, which is probably catheter-induced. The coronary arteries are poorly seen. Again, a portion of the aorta appears to be partially duplicated. There is faint opacification of the left upper lung from collateral blood flow. The above-mentioned narrowing of the aortic arch is again noted.

precatheterization diagnosis es hypoplastic left heart status post norwood procedure glenn shuntpostcatheterization diagnosis es hypoplastic left hearta status post norwoodb status post glenn left pulmonary artery hypoplasia diminished right ventricular systolic function trivial neoaortic stenosis trivial coarctation flow right upper lobe left upper lobe collaterals arising branches aortic archprocedure right heart left heart catheterization way right femoral artery right femoral vein right internal jugular veini procedures xxxxxx brought catheterization lab anesthetized anesthesia intubated supplemental oxygen weaned hemodynamics obtained patient prepped draped routine sterile fashion including groins right neck xylocaine administered right femoral area french sheath introduced right femoral vein percutaneously without complication french sheath introduced right femoral artery percutaneously without complication french pigtail catheter introduced passed abdominal aortadr hayes using siterite device introduced french sheath right internal jugular vein without complicationa french wedge catheter introduced sheath right internal jugular vein passed left pulmonary artery left pulmonary capillary wedge position catheter would pass right pulmonary artery wedge catheter removed french ima catheter introduced passed right pulmonary artery right pulmonary artery pressure measured catheter removedthe wedge catheter advanced right femoral sheath passed following chambers vessels inferior vena cava right atrium left atrium right ventriclethe previously introduced pigtail catheter advanced ascending aorta simultaneous right ventricular ascending aortic pressures measured pullback ascending aorta descending aorta performed simultaneous measurements right ventricular descending aortic pressures measuredthe wedge catheter removed french berman catheter advanced glenn shunt right pulmonary artery pullback right pulmonary artery glenn shunt performed injection performed using omnipaque ml ml per second berman catheter positioned glenn shunt french berman removeda french berman introduced right femoral vein sheath advanced right ventricle right ventriculogram performed using omnipaque ml ml per second berman catheter pulled back inferior vena cava inferior vena cavagram performed using omnipaque ml ml per secondthe french pigtail catheter advanced ascending aorta ascending aortogram performed using omnipaque ml ml per secondfollowing ascending angiograms two kidneys bladder noted catheters sheaths removed hemostasis obtained direct pressure estimated blood loss less ml none replaced heparin administered following placement sheaths pulse oximetry saturation pulse right foot ekg monitored continuouslyii pressuresa left pulmonary artery mean left capillary wedge mean main pulmonary artery mean right pulmonary artery mean descending aorta mean right atrium v mean left atrium mean inferior vena cava mean b ascending aorta simultaneous right ventricular pressure descending aorta right ventricular pressure c pullbacks left pulmonary artery main pulmonary artery mean mean main pulmonary artery glenn mean mean right pulmonary artery glenn mean mean ascending aorta descending aorta interpretation right left pulmonary artery pressures appropriate situation gradient mmhg pullback right left pulmonary arteries glenn shunt left atrial mean pressure normal right ventricular enddiastolic pressure slightly elevated trivial gradient right ventricle ascending aorta consistent trivial neoaortic valve stenosis roughly mm gradient right ventricle descending aorta consistent additional coarctation aorta pullback ascending descending aorta mmhg gradient two systemic blood pressure normaliii oximetry superior vena cava right pulmonary artery left pulmonary artery left atrium right atrium inferior vena cava aorta right ventricle interpretation systemic arteriovenous oxygenation difference normal consistent normal cardiac output left atrial saturation fairly normal consistent normal oxygenation lungs saturation falls passing left atrium right atrium right ventricle consistent mixing pulmonary venous return inferior vena cava return would expected patientiv special procedure none donev calculationsplease see calculation sheet calculations based upon assumed oxygen consumption _____ saturation used pulmonary artery saturation left atrial saturation aortic saturation using information pulmonary systemic flow ratio systemic blood flow liters per minute per meter squared pulmonary blood flow liters per minute per meter squared systemic resistance woods units times meter squared mildly diminished pulmonary resistance woods units times meter squared normal rangevi angiography injection glenn shunt demonstrates wideopen glenn connection right pulmonary artery widely patent without stenosis proximal portion left pulmonary artery significantly narrowed open near branch point right pulmonary artery measures left pulmonary artery measures mm aorta diaphragm later injection mm small collateral innominate vein passing left upper lobe flow upper lobes diminished versus lower lung fields normal return pulmonary veins right simultaneous filling left atrium right atrium normal return left lower pulmonary vein left upper pulmonary vein reflux dye inferior vena cava right atriumthe right ventriculogram demonstrates heavily pedunculated right ventricle somewhat depressed right ventricular systolic function calculated ejection fraction lao projection mildly diminished significant tricuspid regurgitation neoaortic valve appears open well stenosis ascending aorta dilated mild narrowing aorta isthmal area projections appears partial duplication aortic arch probably secondary patients style norwood reconstruction filling right upper left upper lobes collateral blood flow left opacified rightthe inferior vena cavagram demonstrates normal return inferior vena cava right atriumthe ascending aortogram demonstrates trivial aortic insufficiency probably catheterinduced coronary arteries poorly seen portion aorta appears partially duplicated faint opacification left upper lung collateral blood flow abovementioned narrowing aortic arch noted

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PRECATHETERIZATION DIAGNOSIS (ES):, Hypoplastic left heart, status post Norwood procedure and Glenn shunt.,POSTCATHETERIZATION DIAGNOSIS (ES):,1. Hypoplastic left heart.,A. Status post Norwood.,B. Status post Glenn.,2. Left pulmonary artery hypoplasia.,3. Diminished right ventricular systolic function.,4. Trivial neo-aortic stenosis.,5. Trivial coarctation.,6. Flow to right upper lobe more than left upper lobe from collaterals arising from branches of the aortic arch.,PROCEDURE (S):, Right heart and left heart catheterization by way of right femoral artery, right femoral vein, and right internal jugular vein.,I. PROCEDURES:, XXXXXX was brought to the catheterization lab and was anesthetized by anesthesia. He was intubated. His supplemental oxygen was weaned to 24%, on which all of his hemodynamics were obtained. The patient was prepped and draped in the routine sterile fashion, including both groins and the right neck. Xylocaine was administered in the right femoral area. A 6-French sheath was introduced into the right femoral vein percutaneously without complication. A 4-French sheath was introduced into the right femoral artery percutaneously without complication. A 4-French pigtail catheter was introduced and passed to the abdominal aorta.,Dr. Hayes, using the SiteRite device, introduced a 5-French sheath into the right internal jugular vein without complication.,A 5-French wedge catheter was introduced through the sheath in the right internal jugular vein and was passed to the left pulmonary artery and further to the left pulmonary capillary wedge position. This catheter would not pass to the right pulmonary artery. The wedge catheter was removed. A 5-French IMA catheter was then introduced and passed to the right pulmonary artery. After right pulmonary artery pressure was measured, this catheter was removed.,The 5 wedge catheter was advanced through the right femoral sheath and was passed to the following chambers or vessels: Inferior vena cava, right atrium, left atrium, and right ventricle.,The previously introduced 4 pigtail catheter was advanced to the ascending aorta. Simultaneous right ventricular and ascending aortic pressures were measured. A pullback from ascending aorta to descending aorta was then performed. Simultaneous measurements of right ventricular and descending aortic pressures were measured.,The wedge catheter was removed. A 5-French Berman catheter was advanced down the Glenn shunt to the right pulmonary artery, where a pullback from right pulmonary artery to Glenn shunt was performed. An injection was then performed using Omnipaque 16 mL at 8 mL per second with the Berman catheter positioned in the Glenn shunt. The 5-French Berman was removed.,A 6-French Berman was introduced through the right femoral vein sheath and was advanced to the right ventricle. A right ventriculogram was performed using Omnipaque 18 mL at 12 mL per second. The Berman catheter was pulled back to the inferior vena cava, where an inferior vena cavagram was performed using Omnipaque 10 mL at 8 mL per second.,The 4-French pigtail catheter was advanced to the ascending aorta and an ascending aortogram was performed using Omnipaque 16 mL at 12 mL per second.,Following the ascending angiograms, two kidneys and a bladder were noted. The catheters and sheaths were removed, and hemostasis was obtained by direct pressure. The estimated blood loss was less than 30 mL, and none was replaced. Heparin was administered following placement of all of the sheaths. Pulse oximetry saturation, pulse in the right foot, and EKG were monitored continuously.,II. PRESSURES:,A. Left pulmonary artery, mean of 11; left capillary wedge, mean of 9; main pulmonary artery, mean of 12; right pulmonary artery, mean of 10; descending aorta, 75/45, mean of 57; right atrium, A6 to 9, V6 to 8, mean 7; left atrium, mean 8; inferior vena cava, mean 7.,B. Ascending aorta, 65/35, with a simultaneous right ventricular pressure of 70/10; descending aorta, 60/35, with a right ventricular pressure of 72/10.,C. Pullbacks, left pulmonary artery to main pulmonary artery, mean of 11 to mean of 12; main pulmonary artery to Glenn, mean of 12 to mean of 13; right pulmonary artery to Glenn, mean of 12 to mean of 13; ascending aorta 68/35 to descending aorta 62/35.,INTERPRETATION:, Right and left pulmonary artery pressures are appropriate for this situation. There is a gradient of, at most, 2 mmHg on pullback from both the right and left pulmonary arteries to the Glenn shunt. The left atrial mean pressure is normal. Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure is, at most, slightly elevated. There is a trivial gradient between the right ventricle and ascending aorta consistent with trivial neo-aortic valve stenosis. There is a roughly 10-mm gradient between the right ventricle and descending aorta, consistent with additional coarctation of the aorta. On pullback from ascending to descending aorta, there is a 6-mmHg gradient between the two. Systemic blood pressure is normal.,III. OXIMETRY:, Superior vena cava 65, right pulmonary artery 67, left pulmonary artery 65, left atrium 96, right atrium 87, inferior vena cava 69, aorta 86, right ventricle 83.,INTERPRETATION:, Systemic arteriovenous oxygenation difference is normal, consistent with a normal cardiac output. Left atrial saturation is fairly normal, consistent with normal oxygenation in the lungs. The saturation falls passing from the left atrium to the right atrium and further to the right ventricle, consistent with mixing of pulmonary venous return and inferior vena cava return, as would be expected in this patient.,IV. SPECIAL PROCEDURE (S):, None done.,V. CALCULATIONS:,Please see the calculation sheet. Calculations were based upon an assumed oxygen consumption. The _____ saturation used was 67%, with a pulmonary artery saturation of 65%, a left atrial saturation of 96%, and an aortic saturation of 86%. Using the above information, the pulmonary to systemic flow ratio was 0.6. Systemic blood flow was 5.1 liters per minute per meter squared. Pulmonary blood flow was 3.2 liters per minute per meter squared. Systemic resistance was 9.8 Wood's units times meter squared, which is mildly diminished. Pulmonary resistance was 2.5 Wood's units times meter squared, which is in the normal range.,VI. ANGIOGRAPHY:, The injection to the Glenn shunt demonstrates a wide-open Glenn connection. The right pulmonary artery is widely patent, without stenosis. The proximal portion of the left pulmonary artery is significantly narrowed, but does open up near its branch point. The right pulmonary artery measures 6.5, the left pulmonary artery measures 3.0 mm. The aorta at the diaphragm on a later injection was 5.5 mm. There is a small collateral off the innominate vein passing to the left upper lobe. Flow to both upper lobes is diminished versus lower lung fields. There is normal return of the pulmonary veins from the right, with simultaneous filling of the left atrium and right atrium. There is normal return of the left lower pulmonary vein and left upper pulmonary vein. There is some reflux of dye into the inferior vena cava from the right atrium.,The right ventriculogram demonstrates a heavily pedunculated right ventricle with somewhat depressed right ventricular systolic function. The calculated ejection fraction from the LAO projection is only mildly diminished at 59%. There is no significant tricuspid regurgitation. The neo-aortic valve appears to open well with no stenosis. The ascending aorta is dilated. There is mild narrowing of the aorta at the isthmal area. On some projections, there appears to be a partial duplication of the aortic arch, probably secondary to this patient's style of Norwood reconstruction. There is some filling of the right upper and left upper lobes from collateral blood flow, with the left being more opacified than the right.,The inferior vena cavagram demonstrates normal return of the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.,The ascending aortogram demonstrates trivial aortic insufficiency, which is probably catheter-induced. The coronary arteries are poorly seen. Again, a portion of the aorta appears to be partially duplicated. There is faint opacification of the left upper lung from collateral blood flow. The above-mentioned narrowing of the aortic arch is again noted. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

PRELIMINARY DIAGNOSES:,1. Contusion of the frontal lobe of the brain.,2. Closed head injury and history of fall.,3. Headache, probably secondary to contusion.,FINAL DIAGNOSES:,1. Contusion of the orbital surface of the frontal lobes bilaterally.,2. Closed head injury.,3. History of fall.,COURSE IN THE HOSPITAL: , This is a 29-year-old male, who fell at home. He was seen in the emergency room due to headache. CT of the brain revealed contusion of the frontal lobe near the falx. The patient did not have any focal signs. He was admitted to ABCD. Neurology consultation was obtained. Neuro checks were done. The patient continued to remain stable, although he had some frontal headache. He underwent an MRI to rule out extension of the contusion or the possibility of a bleed and the MRI of the brain without contrast revealed findings consistent with contusion of the orbital surface of the frontal lobes bilaterally near the interhemispheric fissure. The patient remained clinically stable and his headache resolved. He was discharged home on 11/6/2008.,PLAN: , Discharge the patient to home.,ACTIVITY: ,As tolerated.,The patient has been advised to call if the headache is recurrent and Tylenol 650 mg 1 p.o. q.6 h. p.r.n. headache. The patient has been advised to follow up with me as well as the neurologist in about 1 week.

preliminary diagnoses contusion frontal lobe brain closed head injury history fall headache probably secondary contusionfinal diagnoses contusion orbital surface frontal lobes bilaterally closed head injury history fallcourse hospital yearold male fell home seen emergency room due headache ct brain revealed contusion frontal lobe near falx patient focal signs admitted abcd neurology consultation obtained neuro checks done patient continued remain stable although frontal headache underwent mri rule extension contusion possibility bleed mri brain without contrast revealed findings consistent contusion orbital surface frontal lobes bilaterally near interhemispheric fissure patient remained clinically stable headache resolved discharged home plan discharge patient homeactivity toleratedthe patient advised call headache recurrent tylenol mg po q h prn headache patient advised follow well neurologist week

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PRELIMINARY DIAGNOSES:,1. Contusion of the frontal lobe of the brain.,2. Closed head injury and history of fall.,3. Headache, probably secondary to contusion.,FINAL DIAGNOSES:,1. Contusion of the orbital surface of the frontal lobes bilaterally.,2. Closed head injury.,3. History of fall.,COURSE IN THE HOSPITAL: , This is a 29-year-old male, who fell at home. He was seen in the emergency room due to headache. CT of the brain revealed contusion of the frontal lobe near the falx. The patient did not have any focal signs. He was admitted to ABCD. Neurology consultation was obtained. Neuro checks were done. The patient continued to remain stable, although he had some frontal headache. He underwent an MRI to rule out extension of the contusion or the possibility of a bleed and the MRI of the brain without contrast revealed findings consistent with contusion of the orbital surface of the frontal lobes bilaterally near the interhemispheric fissure. The patient remained clinically stable and his headache resolved. He was discharged home on 11/6/2008.,PLAN: , Discharge the patient to home.,ACTIVITY: ,As tolerated.,The patient has been advised to call if the headache is recurrent and Tylenol 650 mg 1 p.o. q.6 h. p.r.n. headache. The patient has been advised to follow up with me as well as the neurologist in about 1 week. ### Response: Discharge Summary, Neurology

PREOP DIAGNOSES:,1. Left pilon fracture.,2. Left great toe proximal phalanx fracture.,POSTOP DIAGNOSES:,1. Left pilon fracture.,2. Left great toe proximal phalanx fracture.,OPERATION PERFORMED:,1. External fixation of left pilon fracture.,2. Closed reduction of left great toe, T1 fracture.,ANESTHESIA: ,General.,BLOOD LOSS: ,Less than 10 mL.,Needle, instrument, and sponge counts were done and correct.,DRAINS AND TUBES: , None.,SPECIMENS:, None.,INDICATION FOR OPERATION: ,The patient is a 58-year-old female who was involved in an auto versus a tree accident on 6/15/2009. The patient suffered a fracture of a distal tibia and fibula as well as her great toe on the left side at that time. The patient was evaluated by the emergency room and did undergo further evaluation due to loss of consciousness. She underwent a provisional reduction and splinting in the emergency room followed by further evaluation for her heart and brain by the Medicine Service following this and she was appropriate for surgical intervention. Due to the comminuted nature of her tibia fracture as well as soft tissue swelling, the patient is in need of a staged surgery with the 1st stage external fixation followed by open treatment and definitive plate and screw fixation. The patient had swollen lower extremities, however, compartments were soft and she had no sign of compartment syndrome. Risks and benefits of procedure were discussed in detail with the patient and her husband. All questions were answered, and consent was obtained. The risks including damage to blood vessels and nerves with painful neuroma or numbness, limb altered function, loss of range of motion, need for further surgery, infection, complex regional pain syndrome and deep vein thrombosis were all discussed as potential risks of the surgery.,FINDINGS:,1. There was a comminuted distal tibia fracture with a fibular shaft fracture. Following traction, there was adequate coronal and sagittal alignment of the fracture fragments and based on the length of the fibula, the fracture fragments were out to length.,2. The base of her proximal phalanx fracture was assessed and reduced with essentially no articular step-off and approximately 1-mm displacement. As the reduction was stable with buddy taping, no pinning was performed.,3. Her compartments were full, but not firm nor did she have any sign of compartment syndrome and no compartment releases were performed.,OPERATIVE REPORT IN DETAIL: ,The patient was identified in the preoperative holding area. The left leg was identified and marked at the surgical site of the patient. She was then taken to the operating room where she was transferred to the operating room in the supine position, placed under general anesthesia by the anesthesiology team. She received Ancef for antibiotic prophylaxis. A time-out was then undertaken verifying the correct patient, extremity, visibility of preoperative markings, availability of equipment, and administration of preoperative antibiotics. When all was verified by the surgeon, anesthesia and circulating personnel left lower extremity was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. At this point, intraoperative fluoroscopy was used to identify the fracture site as well as the appropriate starting point both in the calcaneus for a transcalcaneal cross stent and in the proximal tibia with care taken to leave enough room for later plate fixation without contaminating the future operative site. A single centrally threaded calcaneal cross tunnel was then placed across the calcaneus parallel to the joint surface followed by placement of 2 Schantz pins in the tibia and a frame type external fixator was then applied in traction with attempts to get the fracture fragments out to length, but not overly distract the fracture and restore coronal and sagittal alignment as much as able. When this was adequate, the fixator apparatus was locked in place, and x-ray images were taken verifying correct placement of the hardware and adequate alignment of the fracture. Attention was then turned to the left great toe, where a reduction of the proximal phalanx fracture was performed and buddy taping as this provided good stability and was least invasive. X-rays were taken showing good reduction of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe fracture. At this point, the pins were cut short and capped to protect the sharp ends. The stab wounds for the Schantz pin and cross pin were covered with gauze with Betadine followed by dry gauze, and the patient was then awakened from anesthesia and transferred to the progressive care unit in stable condition. Please note there was no break in sterile technique throughout the case.,PLAN: ,The patient will require definitive surgical treatment in approximately 2 weeks when the soft tissues are amenable to plate and screw fixation with decreased risk of wound complication. She will maintain her buddy taping in regards to her great toe fracture.

preop diagnoses left pilon fracture left great toe proximal phalanx fracturepostop diagnoses left pilon fracture left great toe proximal phalanx fractureoperation performed external fixation left pilon fracture closed reduction left great toe fractureanesthesia generalblood loss less mlneedle instrument sponge counts done correctdrains tubes nonespecimens noneindication operation patient yearold female involved auto versus tree accident patient suffered fracture distal tibia fibula well great toe left side time patient evaluated emergency room undergo evaluation due loss consciousness underwent provisional reduction splinting emergency room followed evaluation heart brain medicine service following appropriate surgical intervention due comminuted nature tibia fracture well soft tissue swelling patient need staged surgery st stage external fixation followed open treatment definitive plate screw fixation patient swollen lower extremities however compartments soft sign compartment syndrome risks benefits procedure discussed detail patient husband questions answered consent obtained risks including damage blood vessels nerves painful neuroma numbness limb altered function loss range motion need surgery infection complex regional pain syndrome deep vein thrombosis discussed potential risks surgeryfindings comminuted distal tibia fracture fibular shaft fracture following traction adequate coronal sagittal alignment fracture fragments based length fibula fracture fragments length base proximal phalanx fracture assessed reduced essentially articular stepoff approximately mm displacement reduction stable buddy taping pinning performed compartments full firm sign compartment syndrome compartment releases performedoperative report detail patient identified preoperative holding area left leg identified marked surgical site patient taken operating room transferred operating room supine position placed general anesthesia anesthesiology team received ancef antibiotic prophylaxis timeout undertaken verifying correct patient extremity visibility preoperative markings availability equipment administration preoperative antibiotics verified surgeon anesthesia circulating personnel left lower extremity prepped draped usual fashion point intraoperative fluoroscopy used identify fracture site well appropriate starting point calcaneus transcalcaneal cross stent proximal tibia care taken leave enough room later plate fixation without contaminating future operative site single centrally threaded calcaneal cross tunnel placed across calcaneus parallel joint surface followed placement schantz pins tibia frame type external fixator applied traction attempts get fracture fragments length overly distract fracture restore coronal sagittal alignment much able adequate fixator apparatus locked place xray images taken verifying correct placement hardware adequate alignment fracture attention turned left great toe reduction proximal phalanx fracture performed buddy taping provided good stability least invasive xrays taken showing good reduction base proximal phalanx great toe fracture point pins cut short capped protect sharp ends stab wounds schantz pin cross pin covered gauze betadine followed dry gauze patient awakened anesthesia transferred progressive care unit stable condition please note break sterile technique throughout caseplan patient require definitive surgical treatment approximately weeks soft tissues amenable plate screw fixation decreased risk wound complication maintain buddy taping regards great toe fracture

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOP DIAGNOSES:,1. Left pilon fracture.,2. Left great toe proximal phalanx fracture.,POSTOP DIAGNOSES:,1. Left pilon fracture.,2. Left great toe proximal phalanx fracture.,OPERATION PERFORMED:,1. External fixation of left pilon fracture.,2. Closed reduction of left great toe, T1 fracture.,ANESTHESIA: ,General.,BLOOD LOSS: ,Less than 10 mL.,Needle, instrument, and sponge counts were done and correct.,DRAINS AND TUBES: , None.,SPECIMENS:, None.,INDICATION FOR OPERATION: ,The patient is a 58-year-old female who was involved in an auto versus a tree accident on 6/15/2009. The patient suffered a fracture of a distal tibia and fibula as well as her great toe on the left side at that time. The patient was evaluated by the emergency room and did undergo further evaluation due to loss of consciousness. She underwent a provisional reduction and splinting in the emergency room followed by further evaluation for her heart and brain by the Medicine Service following this and she was appropriate for surgical intervention. Due to the comminuted nature of her tibia fracture as well as soft tissue swelling, the patient is in need of a staged surgery with the 1st stage external fixation followed by open treatment and definitive plate and screw fixation. The patient had swollen lower extremities, however, compartments were soft and she had no sign of compartment syndrome. Risks and benefits of procedure were discussed in detail with the patient and her husband. All questions were answered, and consent was obtained. The risks including damage to blood vessels and nerves with painful neuroma or numbness, limb altered function, loss of range of motion, need for further surgery, infection, complex regional pain syndrome and deep vein thrombosis were all discussed as potential risks of the surgery.,FINDINGS:,1. There was a comminuted distal tibia fracture with a fibular shaft fracture. Following traction, there was adequate coronal and sagittal alignment of the fracture fragments and based on the length of the fibula, the fracture fragments were out to length.,2. The base of her proximal phalanx fracture was assessed and reduced with essentially no articular step-off and approximately 1-mm displacement. As the reduction was stable with buddy taping, no pinning was performed.,3. Her compartments were full, but not firm nor did she have any sign of compartment syndrome and no compartment releases were performed.,OPERATIVE REPORT IN DETAIL: ,The patient was identified in the preoperative holding area. The left leg was identified and marked at the surgical site of the patient. She was then taken to the operating room where she was transferred to the operating room in the supine position, placed under general anesthesia by the anesthesiology team. She received Ancef for antibiotic prophylaxis. A time-out was then undertaken verifying the correct patient, extremity, visibility of preoperative markings, availability of equipment, and administration of preoperative antibiotics. When all was verified by the surgeon, anesthesia and circulating personnel left lower extremity was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. At this point, intraoperative fluoroscopy was used to identify the fracture site as well as the appropriate starting point both in the calcaneus for a transcalcaneal cross stent and in the proximal tibia with care taken to leave enough room for later plate fixation without contaminating the future operative site. A single centrally threaded calcaneal cross tunnel was then placed across the calcaneus parallel to the joint surface followed by placement of 2 Schantz pins in the tibia and a frame type external fixator was then applied in traction with attempts to get the fracture fragments out to length, but not overly distract the fracture and restore coronal and sagittal alignment as much as able. When this was adequate, the fixator apparatus was locked in place, and x-ray images were taken verifying correct placement of the hardware and adequate alignment of the fracture. Attention was then turned to the left great toe, where a reduction of the proximal phalanx fracture was performed and buddy taping as this provided good stability and was least invasive. X-rays were taken showing good reduction of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe fracture. At this point, the pins were cut short and capped to protect the sharp ends. The stab wounds for the Schantz pin and cross pin were covered with gauze with Betadine followed by dry gauze, and the patient was then awakened from anesthesia and transferred to the progressive care unit in stable condition. Please note there was no break in sterile technique throughout the case.,PLAN: ,The patient will require definitive surgical treatment in approximately 2 weeks when the soft tissues are amenable to plate and screw fixation with decreased risk of wound complication. She will maintain her buddy taping in regards to her great toe fracture. ### Response: Orthopedic, Surgery

PREOP DIAGNOSIS: , Basal Cell CA.,POSTOP DIAGNOSIS:, Basal Cell CA.,LOCATION: ,Medial right inferior helix.,PREOP SIZE:, 1.4 x 1 cm,POSTOP SIZE: , 2.7 x 2 cm,INDICATION: , Poorly defined borders.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,HEMOSTASIS: , Electrodessication.,PLANNED RECONSTRUCTION: , Wedge resection advancement flap.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , Prior to each surgical stage, the surgical site was tested for anesthesia and reanesthetized as needed, after which it was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion.,The clinically-apparent tumor was carefully defined and debulked prior to the first stage, determining the extent of the surgical excision. With each stage, a thin layer of tumor-laden tissue was excised with a narrow margin of normal appearing skin, using the Mohs fresh tissue technique. A map was prepared to correspond to the area of skin from which it was excised. The tissue was prepared for the cryostat and sectioned. Each section was coded, cut and stained for microscopic examination. The entire base and margins of the excised piece of tissue were examined by the surgeon. Areas noted to be positive on the previous stage (if applicable) were removed with the Mohs technique and processed for analysis.,No tumor was identified after the final stage of microscopically controlled surgery. The patient tolerated the procedure well without any complication. After discussion with the patient regarding the various options, the best closure option for each defect was selected for optimal functional and cosmetic results.

preop diagnosis basal cell capostop diagnosis basal cell calocation medial right inferior helixpreop size x cmpostop size x cmindication poorly defined borderscomplications nonehemostasis electrodessicationplanned reconstruction wedge resection advancement flapdescription procedure prior surgical stage surgical site tested anesthesia reanesthetized needed prepped draped sterile fashionthe clinicallyapparent tumor carefully defined debulked prior first stage determining extent surgical excision stage thin layer tumorladen tissue excised narrow margin normal appearing skin using mohs fresh tissue technique map prepared correspond area skin excised tissue prepared cryostat sectioned section coded cut stained microscopic examination entire base margins excised piece tissue examined surgeon areas noted positive previous stage applicable removed mohs technique processed analysisno tumor identified final stage microscopically controlled surgery patient tolerated procedure well without complication discussion patient regarding various options best closure option defect selected optimal functional cosmetic results

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOP DIAGNOSIS: , Basal Cell CA.,POSTOP DIAGNOSIS:, Basal Cell CA.,LOCATION: ,Medial right inferior helix.,PREOP SIZE:, 1.4 x 1 cm,POSTOP SIZE: , 2.7 x 2 cm,INDICATION: , Poorly defined borders.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,HEMOSTASIS: , Electrodessication.,PLANNED RECONSTRUCTION: , Wedge resection advancement flap.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , Prior to each surgical stage, the surgical site was tested for anesthesia and reanesthetized as needed, after which it was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion.,The clinically-apparent tumor was carefully defined and debulked prior to the first stage, determining the extent of the surgical excision. With each stage, a thin layer of tumor-laden tissue was excised with a narrow margin of normal appearing skin, using the Mohs fresh tissue technique. A map was prepared to correspond to the area of skin from which it was excised. The tissue was prepared for the cryostat and sectioned. Each section was coded, cut and stained for microscopic examination. The entire base and margins of the excised piece of tissue were examined by the surgeon. Areas noted to be positive on the previous stage (if applicable) were removed with the Mohs technique and processed for analysis.,No tumor was identified after the final stage of microscopically controlled surgery. The patient tolerated the procedure well without any complication. After discussion with the patient regarding the various options, the best closure option for each defect was selected for optimal functional and cosmetic results. ### Response: Surgery

PREOP DIAGNOSIS: , Basal Cell CA.,POSTOP DIAGNOSIS:, Basal Cell CA.,LOCATION: , Mid parietal scalp.,PREOP SIZE:, 1.5 x 2.9 cm,POSTOP SIZE:, 2.7 x 2.9 cm,INDICATION:, Poorly defined borders.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,HEMOSTASIS:, Electrodessication.,PLANNED RECONSTRUCTION:, Simple Linear Closure.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, Prior to each surgical stage, the surgical site was tested for anesthesia and reanesthetized as needed, after which it was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion.,The clinically-apparent tumor was carefully defined and debulked prior to the first stage, determining the extent of the surgical excision. With each stage, a thin layer of tumor-laden tissue was excised with a narrow margin of normal appearing skin, using the Mohs fresh tissue technique. A map was prepared to correspond to the area of skin from which it was excised. The tissue was prepared for the cryostat and sectioned. Each section was coded, cut and stained for microscopic examination. The entire base and margins of the excised piece of tissue were examined by the surgeon. Areas noted to be positive on the previous stage (if applicable) were removed with the Mohs technique and processed for analysis.,No tumor was identified after the final stage of microscopically controlled surgery. The patient tolerated the procedure well without any complication. After discussion with the patient regarding the various options, the best closure option for each defect was selected for optimal functional and cosmetic results.

preop diagnosis basal cell capostop diagnosis basal cell calocation mid parietal scalppreop size x cmpostop size x cmindication poorly defined borderscomplications nonehemostasis electrodessicationplanned reconstruction simple linear closuredescription procedure prior surgical stage surgical site tested anesthesia reanesthetized needed prepped draped sterile fashionthe clinicallyapparent tumor carefully defined debulked prior first stage determining extent surgical excision stage thin layer tumorladen tissue excised narrow margin normal appearing skin using mohs fresh tissue technique map prepared correspond area skin excised tissue prepared cryostat sectioned section coded cut stained microscopic examination entire base margins excised piece tissue examined surgeon areas noted positive previous stage applicable removed mohs technique processed analysisno tumor identified final stage microscopically controlled surgery patient tolerated procedure well without complication discussion patient regarding various options best closure option defect selected optimal functional cosmetic results

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOP DIAGNOSIS: , Basal Cell CA.,POSTOP DIAGNOSIS:, Basal Cell CA.,LOCATION: , Mid parietal scalp.,PREOP SIZE:, 1.5 x 2.9 cm,POSTOP SIZE:, 2.7 x 2.9 cm,INDICATION:, Poorly defined borders.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,HEMOSTASIS:, Electrodessication.,PLANNED RECONSTRUCTION:, Simple Linear Closure.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, Prior to each surgical stage, the surgical site was tested for anesthesia and reanesthetized as needed, after which it was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion.,The clinically-apparent tumor was carefully defined and debulked prior to the first stage, determining the extent of the surgical excision. With each stage, a thin layer of tumor-laden tissue was excised with a narrow margin of normal appearing skin, using the Mohs fresh tissue technique. A map was prepared to correspond to the area of skin from which it was excised. The tissue was prepared for the cryostat and sectioned. Each section was coded, cut and stained for microscopic examination. The entire base and margins of the excised piece of tissue were examined by the surgeon. Areas noted to be positive on the previous stage (if applicable) were removed with the Mohs technique and processed for analysis.,No tumor was identified after the final stage of microscopically controlled surgery. The patient tolerated the procedure well without any complication. After discussion with the patient regarding the various options, the best closure option for each defect was selected for optimal functional and cosmetic results. ### Response: Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. A 40 weeks 6 days intrauterine pregnancy.,2. History of positive serology for HSV with no evidence of active lesions.,3. Non-reassuring fetal heart tones.,POST OPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. A 40 weeks 6 days intrauterine pregnancy.,2. History of positive serology for HSV with no evidence of active lesions.,3. Non-reassuring fetal heart tones.,PROCEDURES,1. Vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery of a third-degree midline laceration and right vaginal side wall laceration.,2. Repair of the third-degree midline laceration lasting for 25 minutes.,ANESTHESIA: , Local.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 300 mL.,COMPLICATIONS: ,None.,FINDINGS,1. Live male infant with Apgars of 9 and 9.,2. Placenta delivered spontaneously intact with a three-vessel cord.,DISPOSITION: ,The patient and baby remain in the LDR in stable condition.,SUMMARY: , This is a 36-year-old G1 woman who was pregnant since 40 weeks 6 days when she was admitted for induction of labor for post dates with favorable cervix. When she was admitted, her cervix was 2.5 cm dilated with 80% effacement. The baby had a -2 station. She had no regular contractions. Fetal heart tones were 120s and reactive. She was started on Pitocin for labor induction and labored quite rapidly. She had spontaneous rupture of membranes with a clear fluid. She had planned on an epidural; however, she had sudden rapid cervical change and was unable to get the epidural. With the rapid cervical change and descent of fetal head, there were some variable decelerations. The baby was at a +1 station when the patient began pushing. I had her push to get the baby to a +2 station. During pushing, the fetal heart tones were in the 80s and did not recover in between contractions. Because of this, I recommended a vacuum delivery for the baby. The patient agreed.,The baby's head was confirmed to be in the right occiput anterior presentation. The perineum was injected with 1% lidocaine. The bladder was drained. The vacuum was placed and the correct placement in front of the posterior fontanelle was confirmed digitally. With the patient's next contraction, the vacuum was inflated and a gentle downward pressure was used to assist with brining the baby's head to a +3 station. The contraction ended. The vacuum was released and the fetal heart tones remained in the, at this time, 90s to 100s. With the patient's next contraction, the vacuum was reapplied and the baby's head was delivered to a +4 station. A modified Ritgen maneuver was used to stabilize the fetal head. The vacuum was deflated and removed. The baby's head then delivered atraumatically. There was no nuchal cord. The baby's anterior shoulder delivered after a less than 30 second delay. No additional maneuvers were required to deliver the anterior shoulder. The posterior shoulder and remainder of the body delivered easily. The baby's mouth and nose were bulb suctioned. The cord was clamped x2 and cut. The infant was handed to the respiratory therapist.,Pitocin was added to the patient's IV fluids. The placenta delivered spontaneously, was intact and had a three-vessel cord. A vaginal inspection revealed a third-degree midline laceration as well as a right vaginal side wall laceration. The right side wall laceration was repaired with #3-0 Vicryl suture in a running fashion with local anesthesia. The third-degree laceration was also repaired with #3-0 Vicryl sutures. Local anesthesia was used. The capsule was visible, but did not appear to be injured at all. It was reinforced with three separate interrupted sutures and then the remainder of the incision was closed with #3-0 Vicryl in the typical fashion.,The patient tolerated the procedure very well. She remains in the LDR with the baby. The baby is vigorous, crying and moving all extremities. He will go to the new born nursery when ready. The total time for repair of the laceration was 25 minutes.

preoperative diagnoses weeks days intrauterine pregnancy history positive serology hsv evidence active lesions nonreassuring fetal heart tonespost operative diagnoses weeks days intrauterine pregnancy history positive serology hsv evidence active lesions nonreassuring fetal heart tonesprocedures vacuumassisted vaginal delivery thirddegree midline laceration right vaginal side wall laceration repair thirddegree midline laceration lasting minutesanesthesia localestimated blood loss mlcomplications nonefindings live male infant apgars placenta delivered spontaneously intact threevessel corddisposition patient baby remain ldr stable conditionsummary yearold g woman pregnant since weeks days admitted induction labor post dates favorable cervix admitted cervix cm dilated effacement baby station regular contractions fetal heart tones reactive started pitocin labor induction labored quite rapidly spontaneous rupture membranes clear fluid planned epidural however sudden rapid cervical change unable get epidural rapid cervical change descent fetal head variable decelerations baby station patient began pushing push get baby station pushing fetal heart tones recover contractions recommended vacuum delivery baby patient agreedthe babys head confirmed right occiput anterior presentation perineum injected lidocaine bladder drained vacuum placed correct placement front posterior fontanelle confirmed digitally patients next contraction vacuum inflated gentle downward pressure used assist brining babys head station contraction ended vacuum released fetal heart tones remained time patients next contraction vacuum reapplied babys head delivered station modified ritgen maneuver used stabilize fetal head vacuum deflated removed babys head delivered atraumatically nuchal cord babys anterior shoulder delivered less second delay additional maneuvers required deliver anterior shoulder posterior shoulder remainder body delivered easily babys mouth nose bulb suctioned cord clamped x cut infant handed respiratory therapistpitocin added patients iv fluids placenta delivered spontaneously intact threevessel cord vaginal inspection revealed thirddegree midline laceration well right vaginal side wall laceration right side wall laceration repaired vicryl suture running fashion local anesthesia thirddegree laceration also repaired vicryl sutures local anesthesia used capsule visible appear injured reinforced three separate interrupted sutures remainder incision closed vicryl typical fashionthe patient tolerated procedure well remains ldr baby baby vigorous crying moving extremities go new born nursery ready total time repair laceration minutes

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. A 40 weeks 6 days intrauterine pregnancy.,2. History of positive serology for HSV with no evidence of active lesions.,3. Non-reassuring fetal heart tones.,POST OPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. A 40 weeks 6 days intrauterine pregnancy.,2. History of positive serology for HSV with no evidence of active lesions.,3. Non-reassuring fetal heart tones.,PROCEDURES,1. Vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery of a third-degree midline laceration and right vaginal side wall laceration.,2. Repair of the third-degree midline laceration lasting for 25 minutes.,ANESTHESIA: , Local.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 300 mL.,COMPLICATIONS: ,None.,FINDINGS,1. Live male infant with Apgars of 9 and 9.,2. Placenta delivered spontaneously intact with a three-vessel cord.,DISPOSITION: ,The patient and baby remain in the LDR in stable condition.,SUMMARY: , This is a 36-year-old G1 woman who was pregnant since 40 weeks 6 days when she was admitted for induction of labor for post dates with favorable cervix. When she was admitted, her cervix was 2.5 cm dilated with 80% effacement. The baby had a -2 station. She had no regular contractions. Fetal heart tones were 120s and reactive. She was started on Pitocin for labor induction and labored quite rapidly. She had spontaneous rupture of membranes with a clear fluid. She had planned on an epidural; however, she had sudden rapid cervical change and was unable to get the epidural. With the rapid cervical change and descent of fetal head, there were some variable decelerations. The baby was at a +1 station when the patient began pushing. I had her push to get the baby to a +2 station. During pushing, the fetal heart tones were in the 80s and did not recover in between contractions. Because of this, I recommended a vacuum delivery for the baby. The patient agreed.,The baby's head was confirmed to be in the right occiput anterior presentation. The perineum was injected with 1% lidocaine. The bladder was drained. The vacuum was placed and the correct placement in front of the posterior fontanelle was confirmed digitally. With the patient's next contraction, the vacuum was inflated and a gentle downward pressure was used to assist with brining the baby's head to a +3 station. The contraction ended. The vacuum was released and the fetal heart tones remained in the, at this time, 90s to 100s. With the patient's next contraction, the vacuum was reapplied and the baby's head was delivered to a +4 station. A modified Ritgen maneuver was used to stabilize the fetal head. The vacuum was deflated and removed. The baby's head then delivered atraumatically. There was no nuchal cord. The baby's anterior shoulder delivered after a less than 30 second delay. No additional maneuvers were required to deliver the anterior shoulder. The posterior shoulder and remainder of the body delivered easily. The baby's mouth and nose were bulb suctioned. The cord was clamped x2 and cut. The infant was handed to the respiratory therapist.,Pitocin was added to the patient's IV fluids. The placenta delivered spontaneously, was intact and had a three-vessel cord. A vaginal inspection revealed a third-degree midline laceration as well as a right vaginal side wall laceration. The right side wall laceration was repaired with #3-0 Vicryl suture in a running fashion with local anesthesia. The third-degree laceration was also repaired with #3-0 Vicryl sutures. Local anesthesia was used. The capsule was visible, but did not appear to be injured at all. It was reinforced with three separate interrupted sutures and then the remainder of the incision was closed with #3-0 Vicryl in the typical fashion.,The patient tolerated the procedure very well. She remains in the LDR with the baby. The baby is vigorous, crying and moving all extremities. He will go to the new born nursery when ready. The total time for repair of the laceration was 25 minutes. ### Response: Obstetrics / Gynecology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Abnormal uterine bleeding.,2. Uterine fibroids.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Abnormal uterine bleeding.,2. Uterine fibroids.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal anesthesia.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: ,After adequate general endotracheal anesthesia, the patient was placed in dorsal lithotomy position, prepped and draped in the usual manner for a laparoscopic procedure. A speculum was placed into the vagina. A single tooth tenaculum was utilized to grasp the anterior lip of the uterine cervix. The uterus was sounded to 10.5 cm. A #10 RUMI cannula was utilized and attached for uterine manipulation. The single-tooth tenaculum and speculum were removed from the vagina. At this time, the infraumbilical area was injected with 0.25% Marcaine with epinephrine and infraumbilical vertical skin incision was made through which a Veress needle was inserted into the abdominal cavity. Aspiration was negative; therefore the abdomen was insufflated with carbon dioxide. After adequate insufflation, Veress needle was removed and an 11-mm separator trocar was introduced through the infraumbilical incision into the abdominal cavity. Through the trocar sheath, the laparoscope was inserted and adequate visualization of the pelvic structures was noted. At this time, the suprapubic area was injected with 0.25% Marcaine with epinephrine. A 5-mm skin incision was made and a 5-mm trocar was introduced into the abdominal cavity for instrumentation. Evaluation of the pelvis revealed the uterus to be slightly enlarged and irregular. The fallopian tubes have been previously interrupted surgically. The ovaries appeared normal bilaterally. The cul-de-sac was clean without evidence of endometriosis, scarring or adhesions. The ureters were noted to be deep in the pelvis. At this time, the right cornu was grasped and the right fallopian tube, uteroovarian ligament, and round ligaments were doubly coagulated with bipolar electrocautery and transected without difficulty. The remainder of the uterine vessels and anterior and posterior leaves of the broad ligament, as well as the cardinal ligament was coagulated and transected in a serial fashion down to level of the uterine artery. The uterine artery was identified. It was doubly coagulated with bipolar electrocautery and transected. A similar procedure was carried out on the left with the left uterine cornu identified. The left fallopian tube, uteroovarian ligament, and round ligaments were doubly coagulated with bipolar electrocautery and transected. The remainder of the cardinal ligament, uterine vessels, anterior, and posterior sheaths of the broad ligament were coagulated and transected in a serial manner to the level of the uterine artery. The uterine artery was identified. It was doubly coagulated with bipolar electrocautery and transected. The anterior leaf of the broad ligament was then dissected to the midline bilaterally, establishing a bladder flap with a combination of blunt and sharp dissection. At this time, attention was made to the vaginal hysterectomy. The laparoscope was removed and attention was made to the vaginal hysterectomy. The RUMI cannula was removed and the anterior and posterior leafs of the cervix were grasped with Lahey tenaculum. A circumferential injection with 0.25% Marcaine with epinephrine was made at the cervicovaginal portio. A circumferential incision was then made at the cervicovaginal portio. The anterior and posterior colpotomies were accomplished with a combination of blunt and sharp dissection without difficulty. The right uterosacral ligament was clamped, transected, and ligated with #0 Vicryl sutures. The left uterosacral ligament was clamped, transected, and ligated with #0 Vicryl suture. The parametrial tissue was then clamped bilaterally, transected, and ligated with #0 Vicryl suture bilaterally. The uterus was then removed and passed off the operative field. Laparotomy pack was placed into the pelvis. The pedicles were evaluated. There was no bleeding noted; therefore, the laparotomy pack was removed. The uterosacral ligaments were suture fixated into the vaginal cuff angles with #0 Vicryl sutures. The vaginal cuff was then closed in a running fashion with #0 Vicryl suture. Hemostasis was noted throughout. At this time, the laparoscope was reinserted into the abdomen. The abdomen was reinsufflated. Evaluation revealed no further bleeding. Irrigation with sterile water was performed and again no bleeding was noted. The suprapubic trocar sheath was then removed under laparoscopic visualization. The laparoscope was removed. The carbon dioxide was allowed to escape from the abdomen and the infraumbilical trocar sheath was then removed. The skin incisions were closed with #4-0 Vicryl in subcuticular fashion. Neosporin and Band-Aid were applied for dressing and the patient was taken to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. Estimated blood loss was approximately 100 mL. There were no complications. The instrument, sponge, and needle counts were correct.

preoperative diagnoses abnormal uterine bleeding uterine fibroidspostoperative diagnoses abnormal uterine bleeding uterine fibroidsoperation performed laparoscopicassisted vaginal hysterectomyanesthesia general endotracheal anesthesiadescription procedure adequate general endotracheal anesthesia patient placed dorsal lithotomy position prepped draped usual manner laparoscopic procedure speculum placed vagina single tooth tenaculum utilized grasp anterior lip uterine cervix uterus sounded cm rumi cannula utilized attached uterine manipulation singletooth tenaculum speculum removed vagina time infraumbilical area injected marcaine epinephrine infraumbilical vertical skin incision made veress needle inserted abdominal cavity aspiration negative therefore abdomen insufflated carbon dioxide adequate insufflation veress needle removed mm separator trocar introduced infraumbilical incision abdominal cavity trocar sheath laparoscope inserted adequate visualization pelvic structures noted time suprapubic area injected marcaine epinephrine mm skin incision made mm trocar introduced abdominal cavity instrumentation evaluation pelvis revealed uterus slightly enlarged irregular fallopian tubes previously interrupted surgically ovaries appeared normal bilaterally culdesac clean without evidence endometriosis scarring adhesions ureters noted deep pelvis time right cornu grasped right fallopian tube uteroovarian ligament round ligaments doubly coagulated bipolar electrocautery transected without difficulty remainder uterine vessels anterior posterior leaves broad ligament well cardinal ligament coagulated transected serial fashion level uterine artery uterine artery identified doubly coagulated bipolar electrocautery transected similar procedure carried left left uterine cornu identified left fallopian tube uteroovarian ligament round ligaments doubly coagulated bipolar electrocautery transected remainder cardinal ligament uterine vessels anterior posterior sheaths broad ligament coagulated transected serial manner level uterine artery uterine artery identified doubly coagulated bipolar electrocautery transected anterior leaf broad ligament dissected midline bilaterally establishing bladder flap combination blunt sharp dissection time attention made vaginal hysterectomy laparoscope removed attention made vaginal hysterectomy rumi cannula removed anterior posterior leafs cervix grasped lahey tenaculum circumferential injection marcaine epinephrine made cervicovaginal portio circumferential incision made cervicovaginal portio anterior posterior colpotomies accomplished combination blunt sharp dissection without difficulty right uterosacral ligament clamped transected ligated vicryl sutures left uterosacral ligament clamped transected ligated vicryl suture parametrial tissue clamped bilaterally transected ligated vicryl suture bilaterally uterus removed passed operative field laparotomy pack placed pelvis pedicles evaluated bleeding noted therefore laparotomy pack removed uterosacral ligaments suture fixated vaginal cuff angles vicryl sutures vaginal cuff closed running fashion vicryl suture hemostasis noted throughout time laparoscope reinserted abdomen abdomen reinsufflated evaluation revealed bleeding irrigation sterile water performed bleeding noted suprapubic trocar sheath removed laparoscopic visualization laparoscope removed carbon dioxide allowed escape abdomen infraumbilical trocar sheath removed skin incisions closed vicryl subcuticular fashion neosporin bandaid applied dressing patient taken recovery room satisfactory condition estimated blood loss approximately ml complications instrument sponge needle counts correct

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Abnormal uterine bleeding.,2. Uterine fibroids.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Abnormal uterine bleeding.,2. Uterine fibroids.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal anesthesia.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: ,After adequate general endotracheal anesthesia, the patient was placed in dorsal lithotomy position, prepped and draped in the usual manner for a laparoscopic procedure. A speculum was placed into the vagina. A single tooth tenaculum was utilized to grasp the anterior lip of the uterine cervix. The uterus was sounded to 10.5 cm. A #10 RUMI cannula was utilized and attached for uterine manipulation. The single-tooth tenaculum and speculum were removed from the vagina. At this time, the infraumbilical area was injected with 0.25% Marcaine with epinephrine and infraumbilical vertical skin incision was made through which a Veress needle was inserted into the abdominal cavity. Aspiration was negative; therefore the abdomen was insufflated with carbon dioxide. After adequate insufflation, Veress needle was removed and an 11-mm separator trocar was introduced through the infraumbilical incision into the abdominal cavity. Through the trocar sheath, the laparoscope was inserted and adequate visualization of the pelvic structures was noted. At this time, the suprapubic area was injected with 0.25% Marcaine with epinephrine. A 5-mm skin incision was made and a 5-mm trocar was introduced into the abdominal cavity for instrumentation. Evaluation of the pelvis revealed the uterus to be slightly enlarged and irregular. The fallopian tubes have been previously interrupted surgically. The ovaries appeared normal bilaterally. The cul-de-sac was clean without evidence of endometriosis, scarring or adhesions. The ureters were noted to be deep in the pelvis. At this time, the right cornu was grasped and the right fallopian tube, uteroovarian ligament, and round ligaments were doubly coagulated with bipolar electrocautery and transected without difficulty. The remainder of the uterine vessels and anterior and posterior leaves of the broad ligament, as well as the cardinal ligament was coagulated and transected in a serial fashion down to level of the uterine artery. The uterine artery was identified. It was doubly coagulated with bipolar electrocautery and transected. A similar procedure was carried out on the left with the left uterine cornu identified. The left fallopian tube, uteroovarian ligament, and round ligaments were doubly coagulated with bipolar electrocautery and transected. The remainder of the cardinal ligament, uterine vessels, anterior, and posterior sheaths of the broad ligament were coagulated and transected in a serial manner to the level of the uterine artery. The uterine artery was identified. It was doubly coagulated with bipolar electrocautery and transected. The anterior leaf of the broad ligament was then dissected to the midline bilaterally, establishing a bladder flap with a combination of blunt and sharp dissection. At this time, attention was made to the vaginal hysterectomy. The laparoscope was removed and attention was made to the vaginal hysterectomy. The RUMI cannula was removed and the anterior and posterior leafs of the cervix were grasped with Lahey tenaculum. A circumferential injection with 0.25% Marcaine with epinephrine was made at the cervicovaginal portio. A circumferential incision was then made at the cervicovaginal portio. The anterior and posterior colpotomies were accomplished with a combination of blunt and sharp dissection without difficulty. The right uterosacral ligament was clamped, transected, and ligated with #0 Vicryl sutures. The left uterosacral ligament was clamped, transected, and ligated with #0 Vicryl suture. The parametrial tissue was then clamped bilaterally, transected, and ligated with #0 Vicryl suture bilaterally. The uterus was then removed and passed off the operative field. Laparotomy pack was placed into the pelvis. The pedicles were evaluated. There was no bleeding noted; therefore, the laparotomy pack was removed. The uterosacral ligaments were suture fixated into the vaginal cuff angles with #0 Vicryl sutures. The vaginal cuff was then closed in a running fashion with #0 Vicryl suture. Hemostasis was noted throughout. At this time, the laparoscope was reinserted into the abdomen. The abdomen was reinsufflated. Evaluation revealed no further bleeding. Irrigation with sterile water was performed and again no bleeding was noted. The suprapubic trocar sheath was then removed under laparoscopic visualization. The laparoscope was removed. The carbon dioxide was allowed to escape from the abdomen and the infraumbilical trocar sheath was then removed. The skin incisions were closed with #4-0 Vicryl in subcuticular fashion. Neosporin and Band-Aid were applied for dressing and the patient was taken to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. Estimated blood loss was approximately 100 mL. There were no complications. The instrument, sponge, and needle counts were correct. ### Response: Obstetrics / Gynecology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Acquired absence of bilateral breast status post previous bilateral DIEP flap reconstruction.,2. Bilateral breast asymmetry.,3. Right breast macromastia.,4. Right abdominal scar deformity.,5. Left abdominal scar deformity.,6. A 1.3 cm lesion right inferior breast.,7. Lesion measuring 0.5 cm right inferior breast lateral.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Acquired absence of bilateral breast status post previous bilateral DIEP flap reconstruction.,2. Bilateral breast asymmetry.,3. Right breast macromastia.,4. Right abdominal scar deformity.,5. Left abdominal scar deformity.,6. A 1.3 cm lesion right inferior breast.,7. Lesion measuring 0.5 cm right inferior breast lateral.,PROCEDURES,1. Left breast flap revision.,2. Right breast flap revision.,3. Right breast reduction mammoplasty.,4. Right nipple reconstruction.,5. Left abdominal scar deformity.,6. Right abdominal scar deformity.,7. Excision of right breast medial lesion enclosure.,8. Excision of right breast lateral lesion enclosure.,ANESTHESIA:, General.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,DRAINS:, None.,SPECIMENS:, Right breast skin and lesions x2.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,INDICATIONS:, This patient is a 54-year-old white female who presents for a revision of her previous bilateral breast reconstruction. The patient had asymmetry as well as right breast hypertrophy, and therefore, the procedures named above were indicated. The patient was informed about the possible risks and complications of the above procedures and gave an informed consent.,PROCEDURE:, The patient was brought to the operating room, placed supine on the operative table. After adequate endotracheal anesthesia was established and IV prophylactic antibiotics were given, the chest and abdomen were prepped and draped in standard surgical fashion.,Attention was first turned to the left breast where liposuction was performed laterally to allow for better contour and minimize the outer quadrant. The incision was made for this and was then closed with 5-0 Prolene interrupted suture.,Attention was then turned to the right breast where liposuction was also performed to reduce the medial superior and lateral quadrants. Once this was performed, the vertical reduction mammoplasty was outlined. Prior to that, the nipple reconstruction was performed with a keyhole pattern flap. The flap was elevated with 15-blade and hemostasis was then obtained with the Bovie. The flap was then sutured onto itself and secured with 5-0 Prolene interrupted sutures. Then the lateral and medial limbs were undermined to close the defect and this was performed with 3-0 Monocryl interrupted sutures. Subsequently, the reduction mastectomy skin was then excised sharply and passed up the table marked and sent to Pathology. ,Hemostasis was then obtained with the Bovie and then undermining was performed in the medial, superior, and lateral skin to allow for closure of the reduction incisions. Once this was performed, a 3-0 Monocryl interrupted sutures were used to close the inferior limb. Subsequently 2-0 PDS continuous suture was then placed in the periareolar area to close the defect, with a diameter that equaled the new nipple areolar complex. Once this was performed, the remaining incision was then closed with 3-0 Monocryl followed by 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular sutures. Subsequently, the 2 lesions were excised, the larger one which was medial and the lateral one that was smaller that were excised sharply, passed up the table and sent to Pathology. They were closed in 2 layers using 3-0 Monocryl followed by 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular suture.,Attention was then turned to the abdominal scars where liposuction and tumescent solution of diluted epinephrine were used to minimize the amount of excision that was required. Subsequently the extra skin was excised sharply in an elliptical fashion on the right side measuring approximately 10 x 3 cm, this was the superior and inferior skin, was when undermined and closure was performed after hemostasis was obtained with 3-0 Monocryl followed by 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular suture.,Attention was then turned to the contralateral left side where there was a larger defect. There was a larger excision required measuring approximately 15 x 3 cm. The superior and inferior edges of skin were undermined and closed primarily using 3-0 Monocryl followed by 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular sutures. Steri-Strips were placed on all incisions followed by surgical bra.,The patient tolerated the procedure well and was extubated without complications and transferred to the recovery room in stable condition. All instruments, needle counts, and sponges were correct at the end of the case.

preoperative diagnoses acquired absence bilateral breast status post previous bilateral diep flap reconstruction bilateral breast asymmetry right breast macromastia right abdominal scar deformity left abdominal scar deformity cm lesion right inferior breast lesion measuring cm right inferior breast lateralpostoperative diagnoses acquired absence bilateral breast status post previous bilateral diep flap reconstruction bilateral breast asymmetry right breast macromastia right abdominal scar deformity left abdominal scar deformity cm lesion right inferior breast lesion measuring cm right inferior breast lateralprocedures left breast flap revision right breast flap revision right breast reduction mammoplasty right nipple reconstruction left abdominal scar deformity right abdominal scar deformity excision right breast medial lesion enclosure excision right breast lateral lesion enclosureanesthesia generalcomplications nonedrains nonespecimens right breast skin lesions xcomplications noneindications patient yearold white female presents revision previous bilateral breast reconstruction patient asymmetry well right breast hypertrophy therefore procedures named indicated patient informed possible risks complications procedures gave informed consentprocedure patient brought operating room placed supine operative table adequate endotracheal anesthesia established iv prophylactic antibiotics given chest abdomen prepped draped standard surgical fashionattention first turned left breast liposuction performed laterally allow better contour minimize outer quadrant incision made closed prolene interrupted sutureattention turned right breast liposuction also performed reduce medial superior lateral quadrants performed vertical reduction mammoplasty outlined prior nipple reconstruction performed keyhole pattern flap flap elevated blade hemostasis obtained bovie flap sutured onto secured prolene interrupted sutures lateral medial limbs undermined close defect performed monocryl interrupted sutures subsequently reduction mastectomy skin excised sharply passed table marked sent pathology hemostasis obtained bovie undermining performed medial superior lateral skin allow closure reduction incisions performed monocryl interrupted sutures used close inferior limb subsequently pds continuous suture placed periareolar area close defect diameter equaled new nipple areolar complex performed remaining incision closed monocryl followed monocryl subcuticular sutures subsequently lesions excised larger one medial lateral one smaller excised sharply passed table sent pathology closed layers using monocryl followed monocryl subcuticular sutureattention turned abdominal scars liposuction tumescent solution diluted epinephrine used minimize amount excision required subsequently extra skin excised sharply elliptical fashion right side measuring approximately x cm superior inferior skin undermined closure performed hemostasis obtained monocryl followed monocryl subcuticular sutureattention turned contralateral left side larger defect larger excision required measuring approximately x cm superior inferior edges skin undermined closed primarily using monocryl followed monocryl subcuticular sutures steristrips placed incisions followed surgical brathe patient tolerated procedure well extubated without complications transferred recovery room stable condition instruments needle counts sponges correct end case

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Acquired absence of bilateral breast status post previous bilateral DIEP flap reconstruction.,2. Bilateral breast asymmetry.,3. Right breast macromastia.,4. Right abdominal scar deformity.,5. Left abdominal scar deformity.,6. A 1.3 cm lesion right inferior breast.,7. Lesion measuring 0.5 cm right inferior breast lateral.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Acquired absence of bilateral breast status post previous bilateral DIEP flap reconstruction.,2. Bilateral breast asymmetry.,3. Right breast macromastia.,4. Right abdominal scar deformity.,5. Left abdominal scar deformity.,6. A 1.3 cm lesion right inferior breast.,7. Lesion measuring 0.5 cm right inferior breast lateral.,PROCEDURES,1. Left breast flap revision.,2. Right breast flap revision.,3. Right breast reduction mammoplasty.,4. Right nipple reconstruction.,5. Left abdominal scar deformity.,6. Right abdominal scar deformity.,7. Excision of right breast medial lesion enclosure.,8. Excision of right breast lateral lesion enclosure.,ANESTHESIA:, General.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,DRAINS:, None.,SPECIMENS:, Right breast skin and lesions x2.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,INDICATIONS:, This patient is a 54-year-old white female who presents for a revision of her previous bilateral breast reconstruction. The patient had asymmetry as well as right breast hypertrophy, and therefore, the procedures named above were indicated. The patient was informed about the possible risks and complications of the above procedures and gave an informed consent.,PROCEDURE:, The patient was brought to the operating room, placed supine on the operative table. After adequate endotracheal anesthesia was established and IV prophylactic antibiotics were given, the chest and abdomen were prepped and draped in standard surgical fashion.,Attention was first turned to the left breast where liposuction was performed laterally to allow for better contour and minimize the outer quadrant. The incision was made for this and was then closed with 5-0 Prolene interrupted suture.,Attention was then turned to the right breast where liposuction was also performed to reduce the medial superior and lateral quadrants. Once this was performed, the vertical reduction mammoplasty was outlined. Prior to that, the nipple reconstruction was performed with a keyhole pattern flap. The flap was elevated with 15-blade and hemostasis was then obtained with the Bovie. The flap was then sutured onto itself and secured with 5-0 Prolene interrupted sutures. Then the lateral and medial limbs were undermined to close the defect and this was performed with 3-0 Monocryl interrupted sutures. Subsequently, the reduction mastectomy skin was then excised sharply and passed up the table marked and sent to Pathology. ,Hemostasis was then obtained with the Bovie and then undermining was performed in the medial, superior, and lateral skin to allow for closure of the reduction incisions. Once this was performed, a 3-0 Monocryl interrupted sutures were used to close the inferior limb. Subsequently 2-0 PDS continuous suture was then placed in the periareolar area to close the defect, with a diameter that equaled the new nipple areolar complex. Once this was performed, the remaining incision was then closed with 3-0 Monocryl followed by 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular sutures. Subsequently, the 2 lesions were excised, the larger one which was medial and the lateral one that was smaller that were excised sharply, passed up the table and sent to Pathology. They were closed in 2 layers using 3-0 Monocryl followed by 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular suture.,Attention was then turned to the abdominal scars where liposuction and tumescent solution of diluted epinephrine were used to minimize the amount of excision that was required. Subsequently the extra skin was excised sharply in an elliptical fashion on the right side measuring approximately 10 x 3 cm, this was the superior and inferior skin, was when undermined and closure was performed after hemostasis was obtained with 3-0 Monocryl followed by 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular suture.,Attention was then turned to the contralateral left side where there was a larger defect. There was a larger excision required measuring approximately 15 x 3 cm. The superior and inferior edges of skin were undermined and closed primarily using 3-0 Monocryl followed by 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular sutures. Steri-Strips were placed on all incisions followed by surgical bra.,The patient tolerated the procedure well and was extubated without complications and transferred to the recovery room in stable condition. All instruments, needle counts, and sponges were correct at the end of the case. ### Response: Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Acute appendicitis.,2. 29-week pregnancy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Acute appendicitis.,2. 29-week pregnancy.,OPERATION: , Appendectomy.,DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURE: ,After obtaining the informed consent including all risks and benefits of the procedure, the patient was urgently taken to the operating room where a spinal anesthetic was given and the patient's abdomen was prepped and draped in a usual fashion. Preoperative antibiotics were given. A time-out process was followed. Local anesthetics were infiltrated in the area of the proposed incision. A modified McBurney incision was performed. A very abnormal appendix was immediately found. There was a milky fluid around the area and this was cultured both for aerobic and anaerobic cultures. The distal end of the appendix had transformed itself into an abscess. The proximal portion was normal. The appendix was very friable and a no-touch technique was used. It was carefully dissected off the cecum, and then it was ligated and excised after the mesoappendix had been taken care of. Then the stump was buried with a pursestring of 2-0 Vicryl. The operative area was abundantly irrigated with warm saline and then closed in layers. The layer was further irrigated. A subcuticular suture of Monocryl was performed in the skin followed by the application of Dermabond.,Further local anesthetic was infiltrated at the end of the procedure in the operative area and the patient tolerated the procedure well, and with an estimated blood loss that was not consequential, was transferred from recovery to ICU in a satisfactory condition.

preoperative diagnoses acute appendicitis week pregnancypostoperative diagnoses acute appendicitis week pregnancyoperation appendectomydescription procedure obtaining informed consent including risks benefits procedure patient urgently taken operating room spinal anesthetic given patients abdomen prepped draped usual fashion preoperative antibiotics given timeout process followed local anesthetics infiltrated area proposed incision modified mcburney incision performed abnormal appendix immediately found milky fluid around area cultured aerobic anaerobic cultures distal end appendix transformed abscess proximal portion normal appendix friable notouch technique used carefully dissected cecum ligated excised mesoappendix taken care stump buried pursestring vicryl operative area abundantly irrigated warm saline closed layers layer irrigated subcuticular suture monocryl performed skin followed application dermabondfurther local anesthetic infiltrated end procedure operative area patient tolerated procedure well estimated blood loss consequential transferred recovery icu satisfactory condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Acute appendicitis.,2. 29-week pregnancy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Acute appendicitis.,2. 29-week pregnancy.,OPERATION: , Appendectomy.,DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURE: ,After obtaining the informed consent including all risks and benefits of the procedure, the patient was urgently taken to the operating room where a spinal anesthetic was given and the patient's abdomen was prepped and draped in a usual fashion. Preoperative antibiotics were given. A time-out process was followed. Local anesthetics were infiltrated in the area of the proposed incision. A modified McBurney incision was performed. A very abnormal appendix was immediately found. There was a milky fluid around the area and this was cultured both for aerobic and anaerobic cultures. The distal end of the appendix had transformed itself into an abscess. The proximal portion was normal. The appendix was very friable and a no-touch technique was used. It was carefully dissected off the cecum, and then it was ligated and excised after the mesoappendix had been taken care of. Then the stump was buried with a pursestring of 2-0 Vicryl. The operative area was abundantly irrigated with warm saline and then closed in layers. The layer was further irrigated. A subcuticular suture of Monocryl was performed in the skin followed by the application of Dermabond.,Further local anesthetic was infiltrated at the end of the procedure in the operative area and the patient tolerated the procedure well, and with an estimated blood loss that was not consequential, was transferred from recovery to ICU in a satisfactory condition. ### Response: Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Acute coronary artery syndrome with ST segment elevation in anterior wall distribution.,2. Documented coronary artery disease with previous angioplasty and stent in the left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery, last procedure in 2005.,3. Primary malignant ventricular arrhythmia and necessitated ventricular fibrillation. He is intubated and ventilated.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:, Acute coronary artery syndrome with ST segment elevation in anterior wall distribution. Primary ventricular arrhythmia. Occluded left anterior descending artery, successfully re-canalized with angioplasty and implantation of the drug-eluting stent. Previously stented circumflex with mild stenosis and previously documented occlusion of the right coronary artery, well collateralized.,PROCEDURES:, Left heart catheterization, selective bilateral coronary angiography and left ventriculography. Revascularization of the left anterior descending with angioplasty and implantation of a drug-eluting stent. Right heart catheterization and Swan-Ganz catheter placement for monitoring.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: ,The patient arrived from the emergency room intubated and ventilated. He is hemodynamically stable on heparin and Integrilin bolus and infusion was initiated. The right femoral area was prepped and draped in usual sterile fashion. Lidocaine 2 mL was then filled locally. The right femoral artery was cannulated with an 18-guage needle followed by a 6-French vascular sheath. A guiding catheter XB 3.5 was advanced in manipulated to cannulate the left coronary artery and angiography was obtained. A confirmed occlusion of the left anterior descending artery with minimal collaterals and also occlusion of the right coronary artery, which is well collateralized. An angioplasty wire with present wire was advanced into the left anterior descending artery, and could cross the area of occlusion within the stent. An angioplasty balloon measuring 2.0 x 15 was advanced and three inflations were obtained. It successfully re-canalized the artery. There is evidence of residual stenosis within the distal aspect of the previous stents. A drug-eluting stent Xience 2.75 x 15 was advanced and positioned within the area of stenosis with its distal marker adjacent to bifurcation with a diagonal branch and was deployed at 12 and 18 atmospheres. The intermittent result was improved. An additional inflation was obtained more proximally. His blood pressure fluctuated and dropped in the 70s, correlating with additional sedation. There is patency of the left anterior descending artery and good antegrade flow. The guiding catheter was replaced with a 5-French Judkins right catheter manipulated to cannulate the right coronary artery and selective angiography was obtained. The catheter was then advanced into the left ventricle and pressure measurement was obtained including pullback across the aortic valve. The right femoral vein was cannulated with an 18-guage needle followed by an 8-French vascular sheath. A 8-French Swan-Ganz catheter was then advanced under fluoroscopic and hemodynamic control and pressure stenting was obtained from the right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary capillary wedge position. Cardiac catheter was determined by thermal dilution. The procedure was then concluded, well tolerated and without complications. The vascular sheath was in secured in place and the patient return to the coronary care unit for further monitoring. Fluoroscopy time was 8.2 minutes. Total amount of contrast was 113 mL.,HEMODYNAMICS:, The patient remained in sinus rhythm with intermittent ventricular bigeminy post revascularization. His initial blood pressure was 96/70 with a mean of 83 and the left ventricular pressure was 17 mmHg. There was no gradient across the aortic valve. Closing pressure was 97/68 with a mean of 82.,Right heart catheterization with right atrial pressure at 13, right ventricle 31/9, pulmonary artery 33/19 with a mean of 25, and capillary wedge pressure of 19. Cardiac output was 5.87 by thermal dilution.,CORONARIES:, On fluoroscopy, there was evidence of previous coronary stent in the left anterior descending artery and circumflex distribution.,A. Left main coronary: The left main coronary artery is of good caliber and has no evidence of obstructive lesions.,B. Left anterior descending artery: The left anterior descending artery was initially occluded within the previously stented proximal-to-mid segment. There is minimal collateral flow.,C. Circumflex: Circumflex is a nondominant circulation. It supplies a first obtuse marginal branch on good caliber. There is an outline of the stent in the midportion, which has mild 30% stenosis. The rest of the vessel has no significant obstructive lesions. It also supplies significant collaterals supplying the occluded right coronary artery.,D. Right coronary artery: The right coronary artery is a weekly dominant circulation. The vessel is occluded in intermittent portion and has a minimal collateral flow distally.,ANGIOPLASTY: , The left anterior descending artery was the site of re-canalization by angioplasty and implantation of a drug-eluting stent (Xience 15 mm length deployed at 2.9 mm) final result is good with patency of the left anterior descending artery, good antegrade flow and no evidence of dissection. The stent was deployed proximal to the bifurcation with a second diagonal branch, which has remained patent. There is a septal branch overlapped by the stent, which is also patent, although presenting a proximal stenosis. The distal left anterior descending artery trifurcates with two diagonal branches and apical left anterior descending artery. There is good antegrade flow and no evidence of distal embolization.,CONCLUSION: , Acute coronary artery syndrome with ST-segment elevation in anterior wall distribution, complicated with primary ventricular malignant arrhythmia and required defibrillation along intubation and ventilatory support.,Previously documented coronary artery disease with remote angioplasty and stents in the left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery.,Acute coronary artery syndrome with ST-segment elevation in anterior wall distribution related to in-stent thrombosis of the left anterior descending artery, successfully re-canalized with angioplasty and a drug-eluting stent. There is mild-to-moderate disease of the previously stented circumflex and clinic occlusion of the right coronary artery, well collateralized.,Right femoral arterial and venous vascular access.,RECOMMENDATION:, Integrilin infusion is maintained until tomorrow. He received aspirin and Plavix per nasogastric tube. Titrated doses of beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors are initiated. Additional revascularization therapy will be adjusted according to the clinical evaluation.

preoperative diagnoses acute coronary artery syndrome st segment elevation anterior wall distribution documented coronary artery disease previous angioplasty stent left anterior descending artery circumflex artery last procedure primary malignant ventricular arrhythmia necessitated ventricular fibrillation intubated ventilatedpostoperative diagnoses acute coronary artery syndrome st segment elevation anterior wall distribution primary ventricular arrhythmia occluded left anterior descending artery successfully recanalized angioplasty implantation drugeluting stent previously stented circumflex mild stenosis previously documented occlusion right coronary artery well collateralizedprocedures left heart catheterization selective bilateral coronary angiography left ventriculography revascularization left anterior descending angioplasty implantation drugeluting stent right heart catheterization swanganz catheter placement monitoringdescription procedure patient arrived emergency room intubated ventilated hemodynamically stable heparin integrilin bolus infusion initiated right femoral area prepped draped usual sterile fashion lidocaine ml filled locally right femoral artery cannulated guage needle followed french vascular sheath guiding catheter xb advanced manipulated cannulate left coronary artery angiography obtained confirmed occlusion left anterior descending artery minimal collaterals also occlusion right coronary artery well collateralized angioplasty wire present wire advanced left anterior descending artery could cross area occlusion within stent angioplasty balloon measuring x advanced three inflations obtained successfully recanalized artery evidence residual stenosis within distal aspect previous stents drugeluting stent xience x advanced positioned within area stenosis distal marker adjacent bifurcation diagonal branch deployed atmospheres intermittent result improved additional inflation obtained proximally blood pressure fluctuated dropped correlating additional sedation patency left anterior descending artery good antegrade flow guiding catheter replaced french judkins right catheter manipulated cannulate right coronary artery selective angiography obtained catheter advanced left ventricle pressure measurement obtained including pullback across aortic valve right femoral vein cannulated guage needle followed french vascular sheath french swanganz catheter advanced fluoroscopic hemodynamic control pressure stenting obtained right ventricle pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge position cardiac catheter determined thermal dilution procedure concluded well tolerated without complications vascular sheath secured place patient return coronary care unit monitoring fluoroscopy time minutes total amount contrast mlhemodynamics patient remained sinus rhythm intermittent ventricular bigeminy post revascularization initial blood pressure mean left ventricular pressure mmhg gradient across aortic valve closing pressure mean right heart catheterization right atrial pressure right ventricle pulmonary artery mean capillary wedge pressure cardiac output thermal dilutioncoronaries fluoroscopy evidence previous coronary stent left anterior descending artery circumflex distributiona left main coronary left main coronary artery good caliber evidence obstructive lesionsb left anterior descending artery left anterior descending artery initially occluded within previously stented proximaltomid segment minimal collateral flowc circumflex circumflex nondominant circulation supplies first obtuse marginal branch good caliber outline stent midportion mild stenosis rest vessel significant obstructive lesions also supplies significant collaterals supplying occluded right coronary arteryd right coronary artery right coronary artery weekly dominant circulation vessel occluded intermittent portion minimal collateral flow distallyangioplasty left anterior descending artery site recanalization angioplasty implantation drugeluting stent xience mm length deployed mm final result good patency left anterior descending artery good antegrade flow evidence dissection stent deployed proximal bifurcation second diagonal branch remained patent septal branch overlapped stent also patent although presenting proximal stenosis distal left anterior descending artery trifurcates two diagonal branches apical left anterior descending artery good antegrade flow evidence distal embolizationconclusion acute coronary artery syndrome stsegment elevation anterior wall distribution complicated primary ventricular malignant arrhythmia required defibrillation along intubation ventilatory supportpreviously documented coronary artery disease remote angioplasty stents left anterior descending artery circumflex arteryacute coronary artery syndrome stsegment elevation anterior wall distribution related instent thrombosis left anterior descending artery successfully recanalized angioplasty drugeluting stent mildtomoderate disease previously stented circumflex clinic occlusion right coronary artery well collateralizedright femoral arterial venous vascular accessrecommendation integrilin infusion maintained tomorrow received aspirin plavix per nasogastric tube titrated doses betablockers ace inhibitors initiated additional revascularization therapy adjusted according clinical evaluation

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Acute coronary artery syndrome with ST segment elevation in anterior wall distribution.,2. Documented coronary artery disease with previous angioplasty and stent in the left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery, last procedure in 2005.,3. Primary malignant ventricular arrhythmia and necessitated ventricular fibrillation. He is intubated and ventilated.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:, Acute coronary artery syndrome with ST segment elevation in anterior wall distribution. Primary ventricular arrhythmia. Occluded left anterior descending artery, successfully re-canalized with angioplasty and implantation of the drug-eluting stent. Previously stented circumflex with mild stenosis and previously documented occlusion of the right coronary artery, well collateralized.,PROCEDURES:, Left heart catheterization, selective bilateral coronary angiography and left ventriculography. Revascularization of the left anterior descending with angioplasty and implantation of a drug-eluting stent. Right heart catheterization and Swan-Ganz catheter placement for monitoring.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: ,The patient arrived from the emergency room intubated and ventilated. He is hemodynamically stable on heparin and Integrilin bolus and infusion was initiated. The right femoral area was prepped and draped in usual sterile fashion. Lidocaine 2 mL was then filled locally. The right femoral artery was cannulated with an 18-guage needle followed by a 6-French vascular sheath. A guiding catheter XB 3.5 was advanced in manipulated to cannulate the left coronary artery and angiography was obtained. A confirmed occlusion of the left anterior descending artery with minimal collaterals and also occlusion of the right coronary artery, which is well collateralized. An angioplasty wire with present wire was advanced into the left anterior descending artery, and could cross the area of occlusion within the stent. An angioplasty balloon measuring 2.0 x 15 was advanced and three inflations were obtained. It successfully re-canalized the artery. There is evidence of residual stenosis within the distal aspect of the previous stents. A drug-eluting stent Xience 2.75 x 15 was advanced and positioned within the area of stenosis with its distal marker adjacent to bifurcation with a diagonal branch and was deployed at 12 and 18 atmospheres. The intermittent result was improved. An additional inflation was obtained more proximally. His blood pressure fluctuated and dropped in the 70s, correlating with additional sedation. There is patency of the left anterior descending artery and good antegrade flow. The guiding catheter was replaced with a 5-French Judkins right catheter manipulated to cannulate the right coronary artery and selective angiography was obtained. The catheter was then advanced into the left ventricle and pressure measurement was obtained including pullback across the aortic valve. The right femoral vein was cannulated with an 18-guage needle followed by an 8-French vascular sheath. A 8-French Swan-Ganz catheter was then advanced under fluoroscopic and hemodynamic control and pressure stenting was obtained from the right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary capillary wedge position. Cardiac catheter was determined by thermal dilution. The procedure was then concluded, well tolerated and without complications. The vascular sheath was in secured in place and the patient return to the coronary care unit for further monitoring. Fluoroscopy time was 8.2 minutes. Total amount of contrast was 113 mL.,HEMODYNAMICS:, The patient remained in sinus rhythm with intermittent ventricular bigeminy post revascularization. His initial blood pressure was 96/70 with a mean of 83 and the left ventricular pressure was 17 mmHg. There was no gradient across the aortic valve. Closing pressure was 97/68 with a mean of 82.,Right heart catheterization with right atrial pressure at 13, right ventricle 31/9, pulmonary artery 33/19 with a mean of 25, and capillary wedge pressure of 19. Cardiac output was 5.87 by thermal dilution.,CORONARIES:, On fluoroscopy, there was evidence of previous coronary stent in the left anterior descending artery and circumflex distribution.,A. Left main coronary: The left main coronary artery is of good caliber and has no evidence of obstructive lesions.,B. Left anterior descending artery: The left anterior descending artery was initially occluded within the previously stented proximal-to-mid segment. There is minimal collateral flow.,C. Circumflex: Circumflex is a nondominant circulation. It supplies a first obtuse marginal branch on good caliber. There is an outline of the stent in the midportion, which has mild 30% stenosis. The rest of the vessel has no significant obstructive lesions. It also supplies significant collaterals supplying the occluded right coronary artery.,D. Right coronary artery: The right coronary artery is a weekly dominant circulation. The vessel is occluded in intermittent portion and has a minimal collateral flow distally.,ANGIOPLASTY: , The left anterior descending artery was the site of re-canalization by angioplasty and implantation of a drug-eluting stent (Xience 15 mm length deployed at 2.9 mm) final result is good with patency of the left anterior descending artery, good antegrade flow and no evidence of dissection. The stent was deployed proximal to the bifurcation with a second diagonal branch, which has remained patent. There is a septal branch overlapped by the stent, which is also patent, although presenting a proximal stenosis. The distal left anterior descending artery trifurcates with two diagonal branches and apical left anterior descending artery. There is good antegrade flow and no evidence of distal embolization.,CONCLUSION: , Acute coronary artery syndrome with ST-segment elevation in anterior wall distribution, complicated with primary ventricular malignant arrhythmia and required defibrillation along intubation and ventilatory support.,Previously documented coronary artery disease with remote angioplasty and stents in the left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery.,Acute coronary artery syndrome with ST-segment elevation in anterior wall distribution related to in-stent thrombosis of the left anterior descending artery, successfully re-canalized with angioplasty and a drug-eluting stent. There is mild-to-moderate disease of the previously stented circumflex and clinic occlusion of the right coronary artery, well collateralized.,Right femoral arterial and venous vascular access.,RECOMMENDATION:, Integrilin infusion is maintained until tomorrow. He received aspirin and Plavix per nasogastric tube. Titrated doses of beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors are initiated. Additional revascularization therapy will be adjusted according to the clinical evaluation. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Adrenal mass, right sided.,2. Umbilical hernia.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Adrenal mass, right sided.,2. Umbilical hernia.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Laparoscopic hand-assisted left adrenalectomy and umbilical hernia repair.,ANESTHESIA: ,General.,CLINICAL NOTE: , This is a 52-year-old inmate with a 5.5 cm diameter nonfunctioning mass in his right adrenal. Procedure was explained including risks of infection, bleeding, possibility of transfusion, possibility of further treatments being required. Alternative of fully laparoscopic are open surgery or watching the lesion.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: ,In the right flank-up position, table was flexed. He had a Foley catheter in place. Incision was made from just above the umbilicus, about 5.5 cm in diameter. The umbilical hernia was taken down. An 11 mm trocar was placed in the midline, superior to the GelPort and a 5 mm trocar placed in the midaxillary line below the costal margin. A liver retractor was placed to this.,The colon was reflected medially by incising the white line of Toldt. The liver attachments to the adrenal kidney were divided and the liver was reflected superiorly. The vena cava was identified. The main renal vein was identified. Coming superior to the main renal vein, staying right on the vena cava, all small vessels were clipped and then divided. Coming along the superior pole of the kidney, the tumor was dissected free from top of the kidney with clips and Bovie. The harmonic scalpel was utilized superiorly and laterally. Posterior attachments were divided between clips and once the whole adrenal was mobilized, the adrenal vein and one large adrenal artery were noted, doubly clipped, and divided. Specimen was placed in a collection bag, removed intact.,Hemostasis was excellent.,The umbilical hernia had been completely taken down. The edges were freshened up. Vicryl #1 was utilized to close the incision and 2-0 Vicryl was used to close the fascia of the trocar.,Skin closed with clips.,He tolerated the procedure well. All sponge and instrument counts were correct. Estimated blood loss less than 100 mL.,The patient was awakened, extubated, and returned to recovery room in satisfactory condition.

preoperative diagnoses adrenal mass right sided umbilical herniapostoperative diagnoses adrenal mass right sided umbilical herniaoperation performed laparoscopic handassisted left adrenalectomy umbilical hernia repairanesthesia generalclinical note yearold inmate cm diameter nonfunctioning mass right adrenal procedure explained including risks infection bleeding possibility transfusion possibility treatments required alternative fully laparoscopic open surgery watching lesiondescription operation right flankup position table flexed foley catheter place incision made umbilicus cm diameter umbilical hernia taken mm trocar placed midline superior gelport mm trocar placed midaxillary line costal margin liver retractor placed thisthe colon reflected medially incising white line toldt liver attachments adrenal kidney divided liver reflected superiorly vena cava identified main renal vein identified coming superior main renal vein staying right vena cava small vessels clipped divided coming along superior pole kidney tumor dissected free top kidney clips bovie harmonic scalpel utilized superiorly laterally posterior attachments divided clips whole adrenal mobilized adrenal vein one large adrenal artery noted doubly clipped divided specimen placed collection bag removed intacthemostasis excellentthe umbilical hernia completely taken edges freshened vicryl utilized close incision vicryl used close fascia trocarskin closed clipshe tolerated procedure well sponge instrument counts correct estimated blood loss less mlthe patient awakened extubated returned recovery room satisfactory condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Adrenal mass, right sided.,2. Umbilical hernia.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Adrenal mass, right sided.,2. Umbilical hernia.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Laparoscopic hand-assisted left adrenalectomy and umbilical hernia repair.,ANESTHESIA: ,General.,CLINICAL NOTE: , This is a 52-year-old inmate with a 5.5 cm diameter nonfunctioning mass in his right adrenal. Procedure was explained including risks of infection, bleeding, possibility of transfusion, possibility of further treatments being required. Alternative of fully laparoscopic are open surgery or watching the lesion.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: ,In the right flank-up position, table was flexed. He had a Foley catheter in place. Incision was made from just above the umbilicus, about 5.5 cm in diameter. The umbilical hernia was taken down. An 11 mm trocar was placed in the midline, superior to the GelPort and a 5 mm trocar placed in the midaxillary line below the costal margin. A liver retractor was placed to this.,The colon was reflected medially by incising the white line of Toldt. The liver attachments to the adrenal kidney were divided and the liver was reflected superiorly. The vena cava was identified. The main renal vein was identified. Coming superior to the main renal vein, staying right on the vena cava, all small vessels were clipped and then divided. Coming along the superior pole of the kidney, the tumor was dissected free from top of the kidney with clips and Bovie. The harmonic scalpel was utilized superiorly and laterally. Posterior attachments were divided between clips and once the whole adrenal was mobilized, the adrenal vein and one large adrenal artery were noted, doubly clipped, and divided. Specimen was placed in a collection bag, removed intact.,Hemostasis was excellent.,The umbilical hernia had been completely taken down. The edges were freshened up. Vicryl #1 was utilized to close the incision and 2-0 Vicryl was used to close the fascia of the trocar.,Skin closed with clips.,He tolerated the procedure well. All sponge and instrument counts were correct. Estimated blood loss less than 100 mL.,The patient was awakened, extubated, and returned to recovery room in satisfactory condition. ### Response: Gastroenterology, Hematology - Oncology, Surgery, Urology

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Basal cell carcinoma, right cheek.,2. Basal cell carcinoma, left cheek.,3. Bilateral ruptured silicone gel implants.,4. Bilateral Baker grade IV capsular contracture.,5. Breast ptosis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Basal cell carcinoma, right cheek.,2. Basal cell carcinoma, left cheek.,3. Bilateral ruptured silicone gel implants.,4. Bilateral Baker grade IV capsular contracture.,5. Breast ptosis.,PROCEDURE,1. Excision of basal cell carcinoma, right cheek, 2.7 cm x 1.5 cm.,2. Excision of basal cell carcinoma, left cheek, 2.3 x 1.5 cm.,3. Closure complex, open wound utilizing local tissue advancement flap, right cheek.,4. Closure complex, open wound, left cheek utilizing local tissue advancement flap.,5. Bilateral explantation and removal of ruptured silicone gel implants.,6. Bilateral capsulectomies.,7. Replacement with bilateral silicone gel implants, 325 cc.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURES,The patient is a 61-year-old woman who presents with a history of biopsy-proven basal cell carcinoma, right and left cheek. She had no prior history of skin cancer. She is status post bilateral cosmetic breast augmentation many years ago and the records are not available for this procedure. She has noted progressive hardening and distortion of the implant. She desires to have the implants removed, capsulectomy and replacement of implants. She would like to go slightly smaller than her current size as she has ptosis going with a smaller implant combined with capsulectomy will result in worsening of her ptosis. She may require a lift. She is not consenting to lift due to the surgical scars.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY,Significant for deep venous thrombosis and acid reflux.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY,Significant for appendectomy, colonoscopy and BAM.,MEDICATIONS,1. Coumadin. She stopped her Coumadin five days prior to the procedures.,2. Lipitor,3. Effexor.,4. Klonopin.,ALLERGIES,None.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS,Negative for dyspnea on exertion, palpitations, chest pain, and phlebitis.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,VITAL SIGNS: Height 5'8", weight 155 pounds.,FACE: Examination of the face demonstrates basal cell carcinoma, right and left cheek. No lesions are noted in the regional lymph node base and no mass is appreciated.,BREAST: Examination of the breast demonstrates bilateral grade IV capsular contracture. She has asymmetry in distortion of the breast. No masses are appreciated in the breast or the axilla. The implants appear to be subglandular.,CHEST: Clear to auscultation and percussion.,CARDIOVASCULAR: Regular rate and rhythm.,EXTREMITIES: Show full range of motion. No clubbing, cyanosis or edema.,SKIN: Significant environmental actinic skin damage.,I recommended excision of basal cell cancers with frozen section control of the margin, closure will require local tissue flaps. I recommended exchange of the implants with reaugmentation. No final size is guaranteed or implied. We will decrease the size of the implants based on the intraoperative findings as the size is not known. Several options are available. Sizer implants will be placed to best estimate postoperative size. Ptosis will be worse following capsulectomy and going with a smaller implant. She may require a lift in the future. We have obtained preoperative clearance from the patient's cardiologist, Dr. K. The patient has been taken off Coumadin for five days and will be placed back on Coumadin the day after the surgery. The risk of deep venous thrombosis is discussed. Other risk including bleeding, infection, allergic reaction, pain, scarring, hypertrophic scarring and poor cosmetic resolve, worsening of ptosis, exposure, extrusion, the rupture of the implants, numbness of the nipple-areolar complex, hematoma, need for additional surgery, recurrent capsular contracture and recurrence of the skin cancer was all discussed, which she understands and informed consent is obtained.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL,After appropriate informed consent was obtained, the patient was placed in the preoperative holding area with **** input. She was then taken to the major operating room with ABCD Surgery Center, placed in a supine position. Intravenous antibiotics were given. TED hose and SCDs were placed. After the induction of adequate general endotracheal anesthesia, she was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. Sites for excision and skin cancers were carefully marked with 5 mm margin. These were injected with 1% lidocaine with epinephrine.,After allowing adequate time for basal constriction hemostasis, excision was performed, full thickness of the skin. They were tagged at the 12 o'clock position and sent for frozen section. Hemostasis was achieved using electrocautery. Once margins were determined to be free of involvement, local tissue flaps were designed for advancement. Undermining was performed. Hemostasis was achieved using electrocautery. Closure was performed under moderate tension with interrupted 5-0 Vicryl. Skin was closed under loop magnification paying meticulous attention and cosmetic details with 6-0 Prolene. Attention was then turned to the breast, clothes were changed, gloves were changed, incision was planned and the previous inframammary incision beginning on the right incision was made. Dissection was carried down to the capsule. It was extremely calcified. Dissection of the anterior surface of the capsule was performed. The implant was subglandular, the capsule was entered, implant was noted to be grossly intact; however, there was free silicone. Implant was removed and noted to be ruptured. No marking as to the size of the implant was found.,Capsulectomy was performed leaving a small portion in the axilla in the inframammary fold. Pocket was modified to medialize the implant by placing 2-0 Prolene laterally in mattress sutures to restrict the pocket. In identical fashion, capsulectomy was performed on the left. Implant was noted to be grossly ruptured. No marking was found for the size of the implant. The entire content was weighed and found to be 350 grams. Right side was weighed and noted to be 338 grams, although some silicone was lost in the transfer and most likely was identical 350 grams. The implants appeared to be double lumen with the saline portion deflated. Completion of the capsulectomy was performed on the left.

preoperative diagnoses basal cell carcinoma right cheek basal cell carcinoma left cheek bilateral ruptured silicone gel implants bilateral baker grade iv capsular contracture breast ptosispostoperative diagnoses basal cell carcinoma right cheek basal cell carcinoma left cheek bilateral ruptured silicone gel implants bilateral baker grade iv capsular contracture breast ptosisprocedure excision basal cell carcinoma right cheek cm x cm excision basal cell carcinoma left cheek x cm closure complex open wound utilizing local tissue advancement flap right cheek closure complex open wound left cheek utilizing local tissue advancement flap bilateral explantation removal ruptured silicone gel implants bilateral capsulectomies replacement bilateral silicone gel implants ccindications proceduresthe patient yearold woman presents history biopsyproven basal cell carcinoma right left cheek prior history skin cancer status post bilateral cosmetic breast augmentation many years ago records available procedure noted progressive hardening distortion implant desires implants removed capsulectomy replacement implants would like go slightly smaller current size ptosis going smaller implant combined capsulectomy result worsening ptosis may require lift consenting lift due surgical scarspast medical historysignificant deep venous thrombosis acid refluxpast surgical historysignificant appendectomy colonoscopy bammedications coumadin stopped coumadin five days prior procedures lipitor effexor klonopinallergiesnonereview systemsnegative dyspnea exertion palpitations chest pain phlebitisphysical examinationvital signs height weight poundsface examination face demonstrates basal cell carcinoma right left cheek lesions noted regional lymph node base mass appreciatedbreast examination breast demonstrates bilateral grade iv capsular contracture asymmetry distortion breast masses appreciated breast axilla implants appear subglandularchest clear auscultation percussioncardiovascular regular rate rhythmextremities show full range motion clubbing cyanosis edemaskin significant environmental actinic skin damagei recommended excision basal cell cancers frozen section control margin closure require local tissue flaps recommended exchange implants reaugmentation final size guaranteed implied decrease size implants based intraoperative findings size known several options available sizer implants placed best estimate postoperative size ptosis worse following capsulectomy going smaller implant may require lift future obtained preoperative clearance patients cardiologist dr k patient taken coumadin five days placed back coumadin day surgery risk deep venous thrombosis discussed risk including bleeding infection allergic reaction pain scarring hypertrophic scarring poor cosmetic resolve worsening ptosis exposure extrusion rupture implants numbness nippleareolar complex hematoma need additional surgery recurrent capsular contracture recurrence skin cancer discussed understands informed consent obtainedprocedure detailafter appropriate informed consent obtained patient placed preoperative holding area input taken major operating room abcd surgery center placed supine position intravenous antibiotics given ted hose scds placed induction adequate general endotracheal anesthesia prepped draped usual sterile fashion sites excision skin cancers carefully marked mm margin injected lidocaine epinephrineafter allowing adequate time basal constriction hemostasis excision performed full thickness skin tagged oclock position sent frozen section hemostasis achieved using electrocautery margins determined free involvement local tissue flaps designed advancement undermining performed hemostasis achieved using electrocautery closure performed moderate tension interrupted vicryl skin closed loop magnification paying meticulous attention cosmetic details prolene attention turned breast clothes changed gloves changed incision planned previous inframammary incision beginning right incision made dissection carried capsule extremely calcified dissection anterior surface capsule performed implant subglandular capsule entered implant noted grossly intact however free silicone implant removed noted ruptured marking size implant foundcapsulectomy performed leaving small portion axilla inframammary fold pocket modified medialize implant placing prolene laterally mattress sutures restrict pocket identical fashion capsulectomy performed left implant noted grossly ruptured marking found size implant entire content weighed found grams right side weighed noted grams although silicone lost transfer likely identical grams implants appeared double lumen saline portion deflated completion capsulectomy performed left

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Basal cell carcinoma, right cheek.,2. Basal cell carcinoma, left cheek.,3. Bilateral ruptured silicone gel implants.,4. Bilateral Baker grade IV capsular contracture.,5. Breast ptosis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Basal cell carcinoma, right cheek.,2. Basal cell carcinoma, left cheek.,3. Bilateral ruptured silicone gel implants.,4. Bilateral Baker grade IV capsular contracture.,5. Breast ptosis.,PROCEDURE,1. Excision of basal cell carcinoma, right cheek, 2.7 cm x 1.5 cm.,2. Excision of basal cell carcinoma, left cheek, 2.3 x 1.5 cm.,3. Closure complex, open wound utilizing local tissue advancement flap, right cheek.,4. Closure complex, open wound, left cheek utilizing local tissue advancement flap.,5. Bilateral explantation and removal of ruptured silicone gel implants.,6. Bilateral capsulectomies.,7. Replacement with bilateral silicone gel implants, 325 cc.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURES,The patient is a 61-year-old woman who presents with a history of biopsy-proven basal cell carcinoma, right and left cheek. She had no prior history of skin cancer. She is status post bilateral cosmetic breast augmentation many years ago and the records are not available for this procedure. She has noted progressive hardening and distortion of the implant. She desires to have the implants removed, capsulectomy and replacement of implants. She would like to go slightly smaller than her current size as she has ptosis going with a smaller implant combined with capsulectomy will result in worsening of her ptosis. She may require a lift. She is not consenting to lift due to the surgical scars.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY,Significant for deep venous thrombosis and acid reflux.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY,Significant for appendectomy, colonoscopy and BAM.,MEDICATIONS,1. Coumadin. She stopped her Coumadin five days prior to the procedures.,2. Lipitor,3. Effexor.,4. Klonopin.,ALLERGIES,None.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS,Negative for dyspnea on exertion, palpitations, chest pain, and phlebitis.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,VITAL SIGNS: Height 5'8", weight 155 pounds.,FACE: Examination of the face demonstrates basal cell carcinoma, right and left cheek. No lesions are noted in the regional lymph node base and no mass is appreciated.,BREAST: Examination of the breast demonstrates bilateral grade IV capsular contracture. She has asymmetry in distortion of the breast. No masses are appreciated in the breast or the axilla. The implants appear to be subglandular.,CHEST: Clear to auscultation and percussion.,CARDIOVASCULAR: Regular rate and rhythm.,EXTREMITIES: Show full range of motion. No clubbing, cyanosis or edema.,SKIN: Significant environmental actinic skin damage.,I recommended excision of basal cell cancers with frozen section control of the margin, closure will require local tissue flaps. I recommended exchange of the implants with reaugmentation. No final size is guaranteed or implied. We will decrease the size of the implants based on the intraoperative findings as the size is not known. Several options are available. Sizer implants will be placed to best estimate postoperative size. Ptosis will be worse following capsulectomy and going with a smaller implant. She may require a lift in the future. We have obtained preoperative clearance from the patient's cardiologist, Dr. K. The patient has been taken off Coumadin for five days and will be placed back on Coumadin the day after the surgery. The risk of deep venous thrombosis is discussed. Other risk including bleeding, infection, allergic reaction, pain, scarring, hypertrophic scarring and poor cosmetic resolve, worsening of ptosis, exposure, extrusion, the rupture of the implants, numbness of the nipple-areolar complex, hematoma, need for additional surgery, recurrent capsular contracture and recurrence of the skin cancer was all discussed, which she understands and informed consent is obtained.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL,After appropriate informed consent was obtained, the patient was placed in the preoperative holding area with **** input. She was then taken to the major operating room with ABCD Surgery Center, placed in a supine position. Intravenous antibiotics were given. TED hose and SCDs were placed. After the induction of adequate general endotracheal anesthesia, she was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. Sites for excision and skin cancers were carefully marked with 5 mm margin. These were injected with 1% lidocaine with epinephrine.,After allowing adequate time for basal constriction hemostasis, excision was performed, full thickness of the skin. They were tagged at the 12 o'clock position and sent for frozen section. Hemostasis was achieved using electrocautery. Once margins were determined to be free of involvement, local tissue flaps were designed for advancement. Undermining was performed. Hemostasis was achieved using electrocautery. Closure was performed under moderate tension with interrupted 5-0 Vicryl. Skin was closed under loop magnification paying meticulous attention and cosmetic details with 6-0 Prolene. Attention was then turned to the breast, clothes were changed, gloves were changed, incision was planned and the previous inframammary incision beginning on the right incision was made. Dissection was carried down to the capsule. It was extremely calcified. Dissection of the anterior surface of the capsule was performed. The implant was subglandular, the capsule was entered, implant was noted to be grossly intact; however, there was free silicone. Implant was removed and noted to be ruptured. No marking as to the size of the implant was found.,Capsulectomy was performed leaving a small portion in the axilla in the inframammary fold. Pocket was modified to medialize the implant by placing 2-0 Prolene laterally in mattress sutures to restrict the pocket. In identical fashion, capsulectomy was performed on the left. Implant was noted to be grossly ruptured. No marking was found for the size of the implant. The entire content was weighed and found to be 350 grams. Right side was weighed and noted to be 338 grams, although some silicone was lost in the transfer and most likely was identical 350 grams. The implants appeared to be double lumen with the saline portion deflated. Completion of the capsulectomy was performed on the left. ### Response: Hematology - Oncology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Basal cell nevus syndrome.,2. Cystic lesion, left posterior mandible.,3. Corrected dentition.,4. Impacted teeth 1 and 16.,5. Maxillary transverse hyperplasia.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Basal cell nevus syndrome.,2. Cystic lesion, left posterior mandible.,3. Corrected dentition.,4. Impacted teeth 1 and 16.,5. Maxillary transverse hyperplasia.,PROCEDURE,1. Removal of cystic lesion, left posterior mandible.,2. Removal of teeth numbers 4, 13, 20, and 29.,3. Removal of teeth numbers 1 and 16.,4. Modified Le Fort I osteotomy.,INDICATIONS FOR THE PROCEDURE:, The patient has undergone previous surgical treatment and had a diagnosis of basal cell nevus syndrome. Currently our plan is to remove the impacted third molar teeth, to remove a cystic lesion left posterior mandible, to remove 4 second bicuspid teeth as requested by her orthodontist, and to weaken and her maxilla to allow expansion by a modified Le Fort osteotomy.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:, The patient was brought into the operating room, placed on the operating table in supine position. Following treatment under adequate general anesthesia via the orotracheal route, the patient was prepped and draped in a manner consistent with intraoral surgical procedures. The oral cavity was suctioned, was drained of fluid and a throat pack was placed. General anesthesia nursing service was notified and which was removed at the end of the procedure. Lidocaine 1% with epinephrine concentration in 1:100,000 was injected into the labial vestibule of the maxilla bilaterally as well as the lateral areas associated with the extractions sites in lower jaw and the left posterior mandible for a total of 11 mL. A Bovie electrocautery was utilized to make a vestibular incision, beginning in the second molar region of the maxilla superior to the mucogingival junction extending to the area of the cuspid teeth. Subperiosteal dissection revealed lateral aspect of the maxilla immediately posterior to the second molar tooth where the third molar tooth was identified and was bony crypt. Following use of Cerebromaxillary osteotome, elevated, and underwent complete removal of the dental follicle. Secondly, tooth number 4 was removed. Tooth number 13 was removed, and the opposite third molar tooth was removed through an identical incision on the opposite side. Surgeon then utilized a #15 saw to make a horizontal osteotomy through the lateral aspect of the maxilla from the target plates, anteriorly to the area of the buttress region cross the anterior maxilla to a point adjacent to the piriform rim, 5 mm superior to the nasal floor, bilaterally Cerebromaxillary osteotome utilized to separate the maxilla from the target placed posteriorly and a 5 mm Tessier osteotome through a vertical incision anteriorly between roots of teeth numbers 8 and 9. This resulted in the alternate mobilization of the two halves of the maxilla, or to allow expansion. These wounds were all irrigated with copious amounts of normal saline and with antibiotic containing solution, closed with 3-0 chromic suture in running fashion for watertight closure. Attention was directed to the mandible where the left posterior mandible was approached through a lateral vestibular incision overlying the external oblique ridge and brought anteriorly in an old scar. The surgeons utilized cautery osteotome to identify a cystic lesion associated with the left posterior mandible, which was approximately 1 cm in width and 2.5 to 3 cm in vertical dimension immediately adjacent to the neurovascular bundle. This wound was then irrigated with copious amounts of normal saline and concentrated solution of clindamycin. Closed primarily with a 3-0 Vicryl suture in running fashion for a watertight closure. Teeth number 20 and 29 where removed and 3-0 chromic suture placed. This concluded the procedure. All cottonoids and other sponges, throat pack were removed. No complications were encountered. The aforementioned cystic lesion was sent with specimen no drains were placed. The blood loss from this procedure was approximately 100 mL.,The patient was returned over the care of the anesthesia where she was extubated in the operating room, taken from the operating room to the recovery room with stable vital signs and spontaneous respirations.

preoperative diagnoses basal cell nevus syndrome cystic lesion left posterior mandible corrected dentition impacted teeth maxillary transverse hyperplasiapostoperative diagnoses basal cell nevus syndrome cystic lesion left posterior mandible corrected dentition impacted teeth maxillary transverse hyperplasiaprocedure removal cystic lesion left posterior mandible removal teeth numbers removal teeth numbers modified le fort osteotomyindications procedure patient undergone previous surgical treatment diagnosis basal cell nevus syndrome currently plan remove impacted third molar teeth remove cystic lesion left posterior mandible remove second bicuspid teeth requested orthodontist weaken maxilla allow expansion modified le fort osteotomyprocedure detail patient brought operating room placed operating table supine position following treatment adequate general anesthesia via orotracheal route patient prepped draped manner consistent intraoral surgical procedures oral cavity suctioned drained fluid throat pack placed general anesthesia nursing service notified removed end procedure lidocaine epinephrine concentration injected labial vestibule maxilla bilaterally well lateral areas associated extractions sites lower jaw left posterior mandible total ml bovie electrocautery utilized make vestibular incision beginning second molar region maxilla superior mucogingival junction extending area cuspid teeth subperiosteal dissection revealed lateral aspect maxilla immediately posterior second molar tooth third molar tooth identified bony crypt following use cerebromaxillary osteotome elevated underwent complete removal dental follicle secondly tooth number removed tooth number removed opposite third molar tooth removed identical incision opposite side surgeon utilized saw make horizontal osteotomy lateral aspect maxilla target plates anteriorly area buttress region cross anterior maxilla point adjacent piriform rim mm superior nasal floor bilaterally cerebromaxillary osteotome utilized separate maxilla target placed posteriorly mm tessier osteotome vertical incision anteriorly roots teeth numbers resulted alternate mobilization two halves maxilla allow expansion wounds irrigated copious amounts normal saline antibiotic containing solution closed chromic suture running fashion watertight closure attention directed mandible left posterior mandible approached lateral vestibular incision overlying external oblique ridge brought anteriorly old scar surgeons utilized cautery osteotome identify cystic lesion associated left posterior mandible approximately cm width cm vertical dimension immediately adjacent neurovascular bundle wound irrigated copious amounts normal saline concentrated solution clindamycin closed primarily vicryl suture running fashion watertight closure teeth number removed chromic suture placed concluded procedure cottonoids sponges throat pack removed complications encountered aforementioned cystic lesion sent specimen drains placed blood loss procedure approximately mlthe patient returned care anesthesia extubated operating room taken operating room recovery room stable vital signs spontaneous respirations

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Basal cell nevus syndrome.,2. Cystic lesion, left posterior mandible.,3. Corrected dentition.,4. Impacted teeth 1 and 16.,5. Maxillary transverse hyperplasia.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Basal cell nevus syndrome.,2. Cystic lesion, left posterior mandible.,3. Corrected dentition.,4. Impacted teeth 1 and 16.,5. Maxillary transverse hyperplasia.,PROCEDURE,1. Removal of cystic lesion, left posterior mandible.,2. Removal of teeth numbers 4, 13, 20, and 29.,3. Removal of teeth numbers 1 and 16.,4. Modified Le Fort I osteotomy.,INDICATIONS FOR THE PROCEDURE:, The patient has undergone previous surgical treatment and had a diagnosis of basal cell nevus syndrome. Currently our plan is to remove the impacted third molar teeth, to remove a cystic lesion left posterior mandible, to remove 4 second bicuspid teeth as requested by her orthodontist, and to weaken and her maxilla to allow expansion by a modified Le Fort osteotomy.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:, The patient was brought into the operating room, placed on the operating table in supine position. Following treatment under adequate general anesthesia via the orotracheal route, the patient was prepped and draped in a manner consistent with intraoral surgical procedures. The oral cavity was suctioned, was drained of fluid and a throat pack was placed. General anesthesia nursing service was notified and which was removed at the end of the procedure. Lidocaine 1% with epinephrine concentration in 1:100,000 was injected into the labial vestibule of the maxilla bilaterally as well as the lateral areas associated with the extractions sites in lower jaw and the left posterior mandible for a total of 11 mL. A Bovie electrocautery was utilized to make a vestibular incision, beginning in the second molar region of the maxilla superior to the mucogingival junction extending to the area of the cuspid teeth. Subperiosteal dissection revealed lateral aspect of the maxilla immediately posterior to the second molar tooth where the third molar tooth was identified and was bony crypt. Following use of Cerebromaxillary osteotome, elevated, and underwent complete removal of the dental follicle. Secondly, tooth number 4 was removed. Tooth number 13 was removed, and the opposite third molar tooth was removed through an identical incision on the opposite side. Surgeon then utilized a #15 saw to make a horizontal osteotomy through the lateral aspect of the maxilla from the target plates, anteriorly to the area of the buttress region cross the anterior maxilla to a point adjacent to the piriform rim, 5 mm superior to the nasal floor, bilaterally Cerebromaxillary osteotome utilized to separate the maxilla from the target placed posteriorly and a 5 mm Tessier osteotome through a vertical incision anteriorly between roots of teeth numbers 8 and 9. This resulted in the alternate mobilization of the two halves of the maxilla, or to allow expansion. These wounds were all irrigated with copious amounts of normal saline and with antibiotic containing solution, closed with 3-0 chromic suture in running fashion for watertight closure. Attention was directed to the mandible where the left posterior mandible was approached through a lateral vestibular incision overlying the external oblique ridge and brought anteriorly in an old scar. The surgeons utilized cautery osteotome to identify a cystic lesion associated with the left posterior mandible, which was approximately 1 cm in width and 2.5 to 3 cm in vertical dimension immediately adjacent to the neurovascular bundle. This wound was then irrigated with copious amounts of normal saline and concentrated solution of clindamycin. Closed primarily with a 3-0 Vicryl suture in running fashion for a watertight closure. Teeth number 20 and 29 where removed and 3-0 chromic suture placed. This concluded the procedure. All cottonoids and other sponges, throat pack were removed. No complications were encountered. The aforementioned cystic lesion was sent with specimen no drains were placed. The blood loss from this procedure was approximately 100 mL.,The patient was returned over the care of the anesthesia where she was extubated in the operating room, taken from the operating room to the recovery room with stable vital signs and spontaneous respirations. ### Response: Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Bilateral bronchopneumonia.,2. Empyema of the chest, left.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Bilateral bronchopneumonia.,2. Empyema of the chest, left.,PROCEDURES,1. Diagnostic bronchoscopy.,2. Limited left thoracotomy with partial pulmonary decortication and insertion of chest tubes x2.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, After obtaining an informed consent, the patient was taken to the operating room where a time-out process was followed. Initially, the patient was intubated with a #6 French tube because of the presence of previous laryngectomy. Because of this, I proceeded to use a pediatric bronchoscope, which provided limited visualization, but I was able to see the trachea and the carina and both left and right bronchial systems without significant pathology, although there was some mucus secretion that was aspirated.,Then, with the patient properly anesthetized and looking very stable, we decided to insert a larger endotracheal tube that allowed for the insertion of the regular adult bronchoscope. Therefore, we were able to obtain a better visualization and see the trachea and the carina that were normal and also the left and right bronchial systems. Some brownish secretions were obtained, particularly from the right side and were sent for culture and sensitivity, both aerobic and anaerobic fungi and acid fast.,Then, the patient was turned with left side up and prepped for a left thoracotomy. He was properly draped. I had recently re-inspected the CT of the chest and decided to make a limited thoracotomy of about 6 cm or so in the midaxillary line about the sixth intercostal space. Immediately, it was evident that there was a large amount of pus in the left chest. We proceeded to insert the suction catheters and we rapidly obtained about 1400 mL of frank pus. Then, we proceeded to open the intercostal space a bit more with a Richardson retractor and it was immediately obvious that there was an abundant amount of solid exudate throughout the lung. We spent several minutes trying to clean up this area. Initially, I had planned only to drain the empyema because the patient was in a very poor condition, but at this particular moment, he was more stable and well oxygenated, and the situation was such that we were able to perform a partial pulmonary decortication where we broke up a number of loculations that were present and we were able to separate the lung from the diaphragm and also the pulmonary fissure. On the upper part of the chest, we had limited access, but overall we obtained a large amount of solid exudate and we were able to break out loculations. We followed by irrigation with 2000 cc of warm normal saline and then insertion of two #32 chest tubes, which are the largest one available in this institution; one we put over the diaphragm and the other one going up and down towards the apex.,The limited thoracotomy was closed with heavy intercostal sutures of Vicryl, then interrupted sutures of #0 Vicryl to the muscle layers, and I loosely approximately the skin with a few sutures of nylon because I am suspicious that the incision may become infected because he has been exposed to intrapleural pus.,The chest tubes were secured with sutures and then connected to Pleur-evac. Then, the patient was transported.,Estimated blood loss was minimal and the patient tolerated the procedure well. He was extubated in the operating room and he was transferred to the ICU to be admitted. A chest x-ray was ordered stat.

preoperative diagnoses bilateral bronchopneumonia empyema chest leftpostoperative diagnoses bilateral bronchopneumonia empyema chest leftprocedures diagnostic bronchoscopy limited left thoracotomy partial pulmonary decortication insertion chest tubes xdescription procedure obtaining informed consent patient taken operating room timeout process followed initially patient intubated french tube presence previous laryngectomy proceeded use pediatric bronchoscope provided limited visualization able see trachea carina left right bronchial systems without significant pathology although mucus secretion aspiratedthen patient properly anesthetized looking stable decided insert larger endotracheal tube allowed insertion regular adult bronchoscope therefore able obtain better visualization see trachea carina normal also left right bronchial systems brownish secretions obtained particularly right side sent culture sensitivity aerobic anaerobic fungi acid fastthen patient turned left side prepped left thoracotomy properly draped recently reinspected ct chest decided make limited thoracotomy cm midaxillary line sixth intercostal space immediately evident large amount pus left chest proceeded insert suction catheters rapidly obtained ml frank pus proceeded open intercostal space bit richardson retractor immediately obvious abundant amount solid exudate throughout lung spent several minutes trying clean area initially planned drain empyema patient poor condition particular moment stable well oxygenated situation able perform partial pulmonary decortication broke number loculations present able separate lung diaphragm also pulmonary fissure upper part chest limited access overall obtained large amount solid exudate able break loculations followed irrigation cc warm normal saline insertion two chest tubes largest one available institution one put diaphragm one going towards apexthe limited thoracotomy closed heavy intercostal sutures vicryl interrupted sutures vicryl muscle layers loosely approximately skin sutures nylon suspicious incision may become infected exposed intrapleural pusthe chest tubes secured sutures connected pleurevac patient transportedestimated blood loss minimal patient tolerated procedure well extubated operating room transferred icu admitted chest xray ordered stat

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Bilateral bronchopneumonia.,2. Empyema of the chest, left.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Bilateral bronchopneumonia.,2. Empyema of the chest, left.,PROCEDURES,1. Diagnostic bronchoscopy.,2. Limited left thoracotomy with partial pulmonary decortication and insertion of chest tubes x2.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, After obtaining an informed consent, the patient was taken to the operating room where a time-out process was followed. Initially, the patient was intubated with a #6 French tube because of the presence of previous laryngectomy. Because of this, I proceeded to use a pediatric bronchoscope, which provided limited visualization, but I was able to see the trachea and the carina and both left and right bronchial systems without significant pathology, although there was some mucus secretion that was aspirated.,Then, with the patient properly anesthetized and looking very stable, we decided to insert a larger endotracheal tube that allowed for the insertion of the regular adult bronchoscope. Therefore, we were able to obtain a better visualization and see the trachea and the carina that were normal and also the left and right bronchial systems. Some brownish secretions were obtained, particularly from the right side and were sent for culture and sensitivity, both aerobic and anaerobic fungi and acid fast.,Then, the patient was turned with left side up and prepped for a left thoracotomy. He was properly draped. I had recently re-inspected the CT of the chest and decided to make a limited thoracotomy of about 6 cm or so in the midaxillary line about the sixth intercostal space. Immediately, it was evident that there was a large amount of pus in the left chest. We proceeded to insert the suction catheters and we rapidly obtained about 1400 mL of frank pus. Then, we proceeded to open the intercostal space a bit more with a Richardson retractor and it was immediately obvious that there was an abundant amount of solid exudate throughout the lung. We spent several minutes trying to clean up this area. Initially, I had planned only to drain the empyema because the patient was in a very poor condition, but at this particular moment, he was more stable and well oxygenated, and the situation was such that we were able to perform a partial pulmonary decortication where we broke up a number of loculations that were present and we were able to separate the lung from the diaphragm and also the pulmonary fissure. On the upper part of the chest, we had limited access, but overall we obtained a large amount of solid exudate and we were able to break out loculations. We followed by irrigation with 2000 cc of warm normal saline and then insertion of two #32 chest tubes, which are the largest one available in this institution; one we put over the diaphragm and the other one going up and down towards the apex.,The limited thoracotomy was closed with heavy intercostal sutures of Vicryl, then interrupted sutures of #0 Vicryl to the muscle layers, and I loosely approximately the skin with a few sutures of nylon because I am suspicious that the incision may become infected because he has been exposed to intrapleural pus.,The chest tubes were secured with sutures and then connected to Pleur-evac. Then, the patient was transported.,Estimated blood loss was minimal and the patient tolerated the procedure well. He was extubated in the operating room and he was transferred to the ICU to be admitted. A chest x-ray was ordered stat. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Bowel obstruction.,2. Central line fell off.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Bowel obstruction.,2. Central line fell off.,PROCEDURE: , Insertion of a triple-lumen central line through the right subclavian vein by the percutaneous technique.,PROCEDURE DETAIL: , This lady has a bowel obstruction. She was being fed through a central line, which as per the patient was just put yesterday and this slipped out. At the patient's bedside after obtaining an informed consent, the patient's right deltopectoral area was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. Xylocaine 1% was infiltrated and with the patient in Trendelenburg position, she had her right subclavian vein percutaneously cannulated without any difficulty. A Seldinger technique was used and a triple-lumen catheter was inserted. There was a good flow through all three ports, which were irrigated with saline prior to connection to the IV solutions.,The catheter was affixed to the skin with sutures and then a dressing was applied.,The postprocedure chest x-ray revealed that there were no complications to the procedure and that the catheter was in good place.

preoperative diagnoses bowel obstruction central line fell offpostoperative diagnoses bowel obstruction central line fell offprocedure insertion triplelumen central line right subclavian vein percutaneous techniqueprocedure detail lady bowel obstruction fed central line per patient put yesterday slipped patients bedside obtaining informed consent patients right deltopectoral area prepped draped usual fashion xylocaine infiltrated patient trendelenburg position right subclavian vein percutaneously cannulated without difficulty seldinger technique used triplelumen catheter inserted good flow three ports irrigated saline prior connection iv solutionsthe catheter affixed skin sutures dressing appliedthe postprocedure chest xray revealed complications procedure catheter good place

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Bowel obstruction.,2. Central line fell off.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Bowel obstruction.,2. Central line fell off.,PROCEDURE: , Insertion of a triple-lumen central line through the right subclavian vein by the percutaneous technique.,PROCEDURE DETAIL: , This lady has a bowel obstruction. She was being fed through a central line, which as per the patient was just put yesterday and this slipped out. At the patient's bedside after obtaining an informed consent, the patient's right deltopectoral area was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. Xylocaine 1% was infiltrated and with the patient in Trendelenburg position, she had her right subclavian vein percutaneously cannulated without any difficulty. A Seldinger technique was used and a triple-lumen catheter was inserted. There was a good flow through all three ports, which were irrigated with saline prior to connection to the IV solutions.,The catheter was affixed to the skin with sutures and then a dressing was applied.,The postprocedure chest x-ray revealed that there were no complications to the procedure and that the catheter was in good place. ### Response: Gastroenterology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Carious teeth #2, #5, #12, #15, #18, #19, and #31.,2. Left mandibular vestibular abscess.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Carious teeth #2, #5, #12, #15, #18, #19, and #31.,2. Left mandibular vestibular abscess.,PROCEDURE,1. Extraction of teeth #2. #5, #12, #15, #18, #19, #31.,2. Incision and drainage (I&D) of left mandibular vestibular abscess adjacent to teeth #18 and #19.,ANESTHESIA:, General nasotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,DRAIN:, Quarter-inch Penrose drain place in left mandibular vestibule adjacent to teeth #18 and #19, secured with 3-0 silk suture.,CONDITION:, The patient was taken to the PACU in stable condition.,INDICATION:, Patient is a 32-year-old female who was admitted yesterday 03/04/10 with left facial swelling and a number of carious teeth which were also abscessed particularly those on the lower left and this morning, the patient was brought to the operating room for extraction of the carious teeth and incision and drainage of left vestibular abscess.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, Patient was brought to the operating room, placed on the table in a supine position, and after demonstration of an adequate plane of general anesthesia via the nasotracheal route, patient was prepped and draped in the usual fashion for an intraoral procedure. A gauze throat pack was placed and local anesthetic was administered in all four quadrants, a total of 6.8 mL of lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine, and 3.6 mL of Marcaine 0.5% with 1:200,000 epinephrine. The area in the left vestibular area adjacent to the teeth #18 and #19 was aspirated with 5 cc syringe with an 18-guage needle and approximately 1 mL of purulent material was aspirated. This was placed on the culture medium in the aerobic and anaerobic culture tubes and the tubes were then sent to the lab. An incision was then made in the left mandibular vestibule adjacent to teeth #18 and #19. The area was bluntly dissected with a curved hemostat and a small amount of approximately 3 mL of purulent material was drained. Penrose drain was then placed using a curved hemostat. The drain was secured with 3-0 silk suture. The extraction of the teeth was then begun on the left side removing teeth #12, #15, #18 and #19 with forceps extraction, then moving to the right side teeth #2, #5, and #31 were removed with forceps extraction uneventfully. After completion of the procedure, the throat pack was removed, the pharynx was suctioned. The anesthesiologist then placed an orogastric tube and suctioned approximately 10 cc of stomach contents with the nasogastric tube. The nasogastric tube was then removed. Patient was then extubated and taken to the PACU in stable condition.

preoperative diagnoses carious teeth left mandibular vestibular abscesspostoperative diagnoses carious teeth left mandibular vestibular abscessprocedure extraction teeth incision drainage id left mandibular vestibular abscess adjacent teeth anesthesia general nasotrachealcomplications nonedrain quarterinch penrose drain place left mandibular vestibule adjacent teeth secured silk suturecondition patient taken pacu stable conditionindication patient yearold female admitted yesterday left facial swelling number carious teeth also abscessed particularly lower left morning patient brought operating room extraction carious teeth incision drainage left vestibular abscessdescription procedure patient brought operating room placed table supine position demonstration adequate plane general anesthesia via nasotracheal route patient prepped draped usual fashion intraoral procedure gauze throat pack placed local anesthetic administered four quadrants total ml lidocaine epinephrine ml marcaine epinephrine area left vestibular area adjacent teeth aspirated cc syringe guage needle approximately ml purulent material aspirated placed culture medium aerobic anaerobic culture tubes tubes sent lab incision made left mandibular vestibule adjacent teeth area bluntly dissected curved hemostat small amount approximately ml purulent material drained penrose drain placed using curved hemostat drain secured silk suture extraction teeth begun left side removing teeth forceps extraction moving right side teeth removed forceps extraction uneventfully completion procedure throat pack removed pharynx suctioned anesthesiologist placed orogastric tube suctioned approximately cc stomach contents nasogastric tube nasogastric tube removed patient extubated taken pacu stable condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Carious teeth #2, #5, #12, #15, #18, #19, and #31.,2. Left mandibular vestibular abscess.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Carious teeth #2, #5, #12, #15, #18, #19, and #31.,2. Left mandibular vestibular abscess.,PROCEDURE,1. Extraction of teeth #2. #5, #12, #15, #18, #19, #31.,2. Incision and drainage (I&D) of left mandibular vestibular abscess adjacent to teeth #18 and #19.,ANESTHESIA:, General nasotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,DRAIN:, Quarter-inch Penrose drain place in left mandibular vestibule adjacent to teeth #18 and #19, secured with 3-0 silk suture.,CONDITION:, The patient was taken to the PACU in stable condition.,INDICATION:, Patient is a 32-year-old female who was admitted yesterday 03/04/10 with left facial swelling and a number of carious teeth which were also abscessed particularly those on the lower left and this morning, the patient was brought to the operating room for extraction of the carious teeth and incision and drainage of left vestibular abscess.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, Patient was brought to the operating room, placed on the table in a supine position, and after demonstration of an adequate plane of general anesthesia via the nasotracheal route, patient was prepped and draped in the usual fashion for an intraoral procedure. A gauze throat pack was placed and local anesthetic was administered in all four quadrants, a total of 6.8 mL of lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine, and 3.6 mL of Marcaine 0.5% with 1:200,000 epinephrine. The area in the left vestibular area adjacent to the teeth #18 and #19 was aspirated with 5 cc syringe with an 18-guage needle and approximately 1 mL of purulent material was aspirated. This was placed on the culture medium in the aerobic and anaerobic culture tubes and the tubes were then sent to the lab. An incision was then made in the left mandibular vestibule adjacent to teeth #18 and #19. The area was bluntly dissected with a curved hemostat and a small amount of approximately 3 mL of purulent material was drained. Penrose drain was then placed using a curved hemostat. The drain was secured with 3-0 silk suture. The extraction of the teeth was then begun on the left side removing teeth #12, #15, #18 and #19 with forceps extraction, then moving to the right side teeth #2, #5, and #31 were removed with forceps extraction uneventfully. After completion of the procedure, the throat pack was removed, the pharynx was suctioned. The anesthesiologist then placed an orogastric tube and suctioned approximately 10 cc of stomach contents with the nasogastric tube. The nasogastric tube was then removed. Patient was then extubated and taken to the PACU in stable condition. ### Response: Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical radiculopathy, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,2. Symptomatic cervical spondylosis, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,3. Symptomatic cervical stenosis, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,4. Symptomatic cervical disc herniations, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical radiculopathy, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,2. Symptomatic cervical spondylosis, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,3. Symptomatic cervical stenosis, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,4. Symptomatic cervical disc herniations, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE,1. CPT code 63075: Anterior cervical discectomy and osteophytectomy, C5-C6.,2. CPT code 63076: Anterior cervical discectomy and osteophytectomy, C6-C7, additional level.,3. CPT code 22851: Application of prosthetic interbody fusion device, C5-C6.,4. CPT code 22851-59: Application of prosthetic interbody fusion device, C6-C7, additional level.,5. CPT code 22554-51: Anterior cervical interbody arthrodesis, C5-C6.,6. CPT code 22585: Anterior cervical interbody arthrodesis, C6-C7, additional level.,7. CPT code 22845: Anterior cervical instrumentation, C5-C7.,ANESTHESIA:, General endotracheal.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: ,Negligible.,DRAINS: , Small suction drain in the cervical wound.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:, The patient was given intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis and thigh-high TED hoses were placed on the lower extremities while in the preanesthesia holding area. The patient was transported to the operative suite and on to the operative table in the supine position. General endotracheal anesthesia was induced. The head was placed on a well-padded head holder. The eyes and face were protected from pressure. A well-padded roll was placed beneath the neck and shoulders to help preserve the cervical lordosis. The arms were tucked and draped to the sides. All bony prominences were well padded. An x-ray was taken to confirm the correct level of the skin incision. The anterior neck was then prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion.,A straight transverse skin incision over the left side of the anterior neck was made and carried down sharply through the skin and subcutaneous tissues to the level of the platysma muscle, which was divided transversely using the electrocautery. The superficial and deep layers of the deep cervical fascia were divided. The midline structures were reflected to the right side. Care was taken during the dissection to avoid injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the usual anatomical location of that nerve was protected. The carotid sheath was palpated and protected laterally. An x-ray was taken to confirm the level of C5-C6 and C6-C7.,The longus colli muscle was dissected free bilaterally from C5 to C7 using blunt dissection. Hemostasis was obtained using the electrocautery. The blades of the cervical retractor were placed deep to the longus colli muscles bilaterally. At C5-C6, the anterior longitudinal ligament was divided transversely. Straight pituitary rongeurs and a curette were used to remove the contents of the disc space. All cartilages were scraped off the inferior endplate of C5 and from the superior endplate of C6. The disc resection was carried posteriorly to the posterior longitudinal ligament and laterally to the uncovertebral joints. The posterior longitudinal ligament was resected using a 1 mm Kerrison rongeur. Beginning in the midline and extending into both neural foramen, posterior osteophytes were removed using a 1 m and a 2 mm Kerrison rongeurs. The patient was noted to have significant bony spondylosis causing canal and foraminal stenosis as well as a degenerative and protruding disc in agreement with preoperative diagnostic imaging studies. Following completion of the discectomy and osteophytectomy, a blunt nerve hook was passed into the canal superiorly and inferiorly as well as in the both neural foramen to make sure that there were no extruded disc fragments and to make sure the bony decompression was complete. A portion of the uncovertebral joint was resected bilaterally for additional nerve root decompression. Both nerve roots were visualized and noted to be free of encroachment. The same procedure was then carried out at C6-C7 with similar findings. The only difference in the findings was that at C6-C7 on the left side, the patient was found to have an extruded disc fragment in the canal and extending into the left side neural foramen causing significant cord and nerve root encroachment.,In preparation for the arthrodesis, the endplates of C5, C6, and C7 were burred in a parallel fashion down to the level of bleeding bone using a high-speed cutting bur with irrigant solution for cooling. The disc spaces were then measured to the nearest millimeter. Attention was then turned toward preparation of the structural allograft, which consisted of two pieces of pre-machined corticocancellous bone. The grafts were further shaped to fit the disc spaces exactly in a press-fit manner with approximately 1.5 mm of distraction at each disc space. The grafts were shaped to be slightly lordotic to help preserve the cervical lordosis. The grafts were impacted into the disc spaces. There was complete bony apposition between the ends of the bone grafts and the vertebral bodies of C5, C6, and C7. A blunt nerve hook was passed posterior to each bone graft to make sure that the bone grafts were in good position. Anterior osteophytes were removed using a high-speed cutting bur with irrigant solution for cooling. An appropriate length Synthes cervical plate was selected and bent slightly to conform to the patient's cervical lordosis. The plate was held in the midline with provided instrumentation while a temporary fixation screw was applied at C6. Screw holes were then drilled using the provided drill and drill guide taking care to avoid injury to neurovascular structures. The plate was then rigidly fixed to the anterior spine using 14-mm cancellous screws followed by locking setscrews added to the head of each screw to prevent postoperative loosening of the plate and/or screws.,An x-ray was taken, which confirmed satisfactory postioning of the plate, screws, and bone grafts.,Blood loss was minimal. The wound was irrigated with irrigant solution containing antibiotics. The wound was inspected and judged to be dry. The wound was closed over a suction drain placed in the deepest portion of the wound by reapproximating the platysma muscle with #4-0 Vicryl running suture, the subdermal and subcuticular layers with #4-0 Monocryl interrupted sutures, and the skin with Steri-Strips. The sponge and needle count were correct. A sterile dressing was applied to the wound. The neck was placed in a cervical orthosis. The patient tolerated the procedure and was transferred to the recovery room in stable condition.

preoperative diagnoses cervical radiculopathy cc cc symptomatic cervical spondylosis cc cc symptomatic cervical stenosis cc cc symptomatic cervical disc herniations cc ccpostoperative diagnoses cervical radiculopathy cc cc symptomatic cervical spondylosis cc cc symptomatic cervical stenosis cc cc symptomatic cervical disc herniations cc ccoperative procedure cpt code anterior cervical discectomy osteophytectomy cc cpt code anterior cervical discectomy osteophytectomy cc additional level cpt code application prosthetic interbody fusion device cc cpt code application prosthetic interbody fusion device cc additional level cpt code anterior cervical interbody arthrodesis cc cpt code anterior cervical interbody arthrodesis cc additional level cpt code anterior cervical instrumentation ccanesthesia general endotrachealestimated blood loss negligibledrains small suction drain cervical woundcomplications noneprocedure detail patient given intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis thighhigh ted hoses placed lower extremities preanesthesia holding area patient transported operative suite operative table supine position general endotracheal anesthesia induced head placed wellpadded head holder eyes face protected pressure wellpadded roll placed beneath neck shoulders help preserve cervical lordosis arms tucked draped sides bony prominences well padded xray taken confirm correct level skin incision anterior neck prepped draped usual sterile fashiona straight transverse skin incision left side anterior neck made carried sharply skin subcutaneous tissues level platysma muscle divided transversely using electrocautery superficial deep layers deep cervical fascia divided midline structures reflected right side care taken dissection avoid injury recurrent laryngeal nerve usual anatomical location nerve protected carotid sheath palpated protected laterally xray taken confirm level cc ccthe longus colli muscle dissected free bilaterally c c using blunt dissection hemostasis obtained using electrocautery blades cervical retractor placed deep longus colli muscles bilaterally cc anterior longitudinal ligament divided transversely straight pituitary rongeurs curette used remove contents disc space cartilages scraped inferior endplate c superior endplate c disc resection carried posteriorly posterior longitudinal ligament laterally uncovertebral joints posterior longitudinal ligament resected using mm kerrison rongeur beginning midline extending neural foramen posterior osteophytes removed using mm kerrison rongeurs patient noted significant bony spondylosis causing canal foraminal stenosis well degenerative protruding disc agreement preoperative diagnostic imaging studies following completion discectomy osteophytectomy blunt nerve hook passed canal superiorly inferiorly well neural foramen make sure extruded disc fragments make sure bony decompression complete portion uncovertebral joint resected bilaterally additional nerve root decompression nerve roots visualized noted free encroachment procedure carried cc similar findings difference findings cc left side patient found extruded disc fragment canal extending left side neural foramen causing significant cord nerve root encroachmentin preparation arthrodesis endplates c c c burred parallel fashion level bleeding bone using highspeed cutting bur irrigant solution cooling disc spaces measured nearest millimeter attention turned toward preparation structural allograft consisted two pieces premachined corticocancellous bone grafts shaped fit disc spaces exactly pressfit manner approximately mm distraction disc space grafts shaped slightly lordotic help preserve cervical lordosis grafts impacted disc spaces complete bony apposition ends bone grafts vertebral bodies c c c blunt nerve hook passed posterior bone graft make sure bone grafts good position anterior osteophytes removed using highspeed cutting bur irrigant solution cooling appropriate length synthes cervical plate selected bent slightly conform patients cervical lordosis plate held midline provided instrumentation temporary fixation screw applied c screw holes drilled using provided drill drill guide taking care avoid injury neurovascular structures plate rigidly fixed anterior spine using mm cancellous screws followed locking setscrews added head screw prevent postoperative loosening plate andor screwsan xray taken confirmed satisfactory postioning plate screws bone graftsblood loss minimal wound irrigated irrigant solution containing antibiotics wound inspected judged dry wound closed suction drain placed deepest portion wound reapproximating platysma muscle vicryl running suture subdermal subcuticular layers monocryl interrupted sutures skin steristrips sponge needle count correct sterile dressing applied wound neck placed cervical orthosis patient tolerated procedure transferred recovery room stable condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical radiculopathy, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,2. Symptomatic cervical spondylosis, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,3. Symptomatic cervical stenosis, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,4. Symptomatic cervical disc herniations, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical radiculopathy, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,2. Symptomatic cervical spondylosis, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,3. Symptomatic cervical stenosis, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,4. Symptomatic cervical disc herniations, C5-C6 and C6-C7.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE,1. CPT code 63075: Anterior cervical discectomy and osteophytectomy, C5-C6.,2. CPT code 63076: Anterior cervical discectomy and osteophytectomy, C6-C7, additional level.,3. CPT code 22851: Application of prosthetic interbody fusion device, C5-C6.,4. CPT code 22851-59: Application of prosthetic interbody fusion device, C6-C7, additional level.,5. CPT code 22554-51: Anterior cervical interbody arthrodesis, C5-C6.,6. CPT code 22585: Anterior cervical interbody arthrodesis, C6-C7, additional level.,7. CPT code 22845: Anterior cervical instrumentation, C5-C7.,ANESTHESIA:, General endotracheal.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: ,Negligible.,DRAINS: , Small suction drain in the cervical wound.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:, The patient was given intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis and thigh-high TED hoses were placed on the lower extremities while in the preanesthesia holding area. The patient was transported to the operative suite and on to the operative table in the supine position. General endotracheal anesthesia was induced. The head was placed on a well-padded head holder. The eyes and face were protected from pressure. A well-padded roll was placed beneath the neck and shoulders to help preserve the cervical lordosis. The arms were tucked and draped to the sides. All bony prominences were well padded. An x-ray was taken to confirm the correct level of the skin incision. The anterior neck was then prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion.,A straight transverse skin incision over the left side of the anterior neck was made and carried down sharply through the skin and subcutaneous tissues to the level of the platysma muscle, which was divided transversely using the electrocautery. The superficial and deep layers of the deep cervical fascia were divided. The midline structures were reflected to the right side. Care was taken during the dissection to avoid injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the usual anatomical location of that nerve was protected. The carotid sheath was palpated and protected laterally. An x-ray was taken to confirm the level of C5-C6 and C6-C7.,The longus colli muscle was dissected free bilaterally from C5 to C7 using blunt dissection. Hemostasis was obtained using the electrocautery. The blades of the cervical retractor were placed deep to the longus colli muscles bilaterally. At C5-C6, the anterior longitudinal ligament was divided transversely. Straight pituitary rongeurs and a curette were used to remove the contents of the disc space. All cartilages were scraped off the inferior endplate of C5 and from the superior endplate of C6. The disc resection was carried posteriorly to the posterior longitudinal ligament and laterally to the uncovertebral joints. The posterior longitudinal ligament was resected using a 1 mm Kerrison rongeur. Beginning in the midline and extending into both neural foramen, posterior osteophytes were removed using a 1 m and a 2 mm Kerrison rongeurs. The patient was noted to have significant bony spondylosis causing canal and foraminal stenosis as well as a degenerative and protruding disc in agreement with preoperative diagnostic imaging studies. Following completion of the discectomy and osteophytectomy, a blunt nerve hook was passed into the canal superiorly and inferiorly as well as in the both neural foramen to make sure that there were no extruded disc fragments and to make sure the bony decompression was complete. A portion of the uncovertebral joint was resected bilaterally for additional nerve root decompression. Both nerve roots were visualized and noted to be free of encroachment. The same procedure was then carried out at C6-C7 with similar findings. The only difference in the findings was that at C6-C7 on the left side, the patient was found to have an extruded disc fragment in the canal and extending into the left side neural foramen causing significant cord and nerve root encroachment.,In preparation for the arthrodesis, the endplates of C5, C6, and C7 were burred in a parallel fashion down to the level of bleeding bone using a high-speed cutting bur with irrigant solution for cooling. The disc spaces were then measured to the nearest millimeter. Attention was then turned toward preparation of the structural allograft, which consisted of two pieces of pre-machined corticocancellous bone. The grafts were further shaped to fit the disc spaces exactly in a press-fit manner with approximately 1.5 mm of distraction at each disc space. The grafts were shaped to be slightly lordotic to help preserve the cervical lordosis. The grafts were impacted into the disc spaces. There was complete bony apposition between the ends of the bone grafts and the vertebral bodies of C5, C6, and C7. A blunt nerve hook was passed posterior to each bone graft to make sure that the bone grafts were in good position. Anterior osteophytes were removed using a high-speed cutting bur with irrigant solution for cooling. An appropriate length Synthes cervical plate was selected and bent slightly to conform to the patient's cervical lordosis. The plate was held in the midline with provided instrumentation while a temporary fixation screw was applied at C6. Screw holes were then drilled using the provided drill and drill guide taking care to avoid injury to neurovascular structures. The plate was then rigidly fixed to the anterior spine using 14-mm cancellous screws followed by locking setscrews added to the head of each screw to prevent postoperative loosening of the plate and/or screws.,An x-ray was taken, which confirmed satisfactory postioning of the plate, screws, and bone grafts.,Blood loss was minimal. The wound was irrigated with irrigant solution containing antibiotics. The wound was inspected and judged to be dry. The wound was closed over a suction drain placed in the deepest portion of the wound by reapproximating the platysma muscle with #4-0 Vicryl running suture, the subdermal and subcuticular layers with #4-0 Monocryl interrupted sutures, and the skin with Steri-Strips. The sponge and needle count were correct. A sterile dressing was applied to the wound. The neck was placed in a cervical orthosis. The patient tolerated the procedure and was transferred to the recovery room in stable condition. ### Response: Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical spinal stenosis, C3-c4 and C4-C5.,2. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical spinal stenosis, C3-C4 and C4-C5.,2. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURES,1. Radical anterior discectomy, C3-C4 with removal of posterior osteophytes, foraminotomies, and decompression of the spinal canal (CPT 63075).,2. Radical anterior discectomy C4-C5 with removal of posterior osteophytes, foraminotomies, and decompression of the spinal canal (CPT 63076).,3. Anterior cervical fusion, C3-C4 (CPT 22554),4. Anterior cervical fusion, C4-C5 (CPT 22585).,5. Utilization of allograft for purposes of spinal fusion (CPT 20931).,6. Application of anterior cervical locking plate C3-C5 (CPT 22845).,ANESTHESIA:, General endotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: ,250 cc.,OPERATIVE INDICATIONS: ,The patient is a 50-year-old gentleman who presented to the hospital after a fall, presenting with neck and arm pain as well as weakness. His MRI confirmed significant neurologic compression in the cervical spine, combined with a clinical exam consistent with radiculopathy, myelopathy, and weakness. We discussed the diagnosis and the treatment options. Due to the severity of his neurologic symptoms as well as the amount of neurologic compression seen radiographically, I recommended that he proceed with surgical intervention as opposed to standard nonsurgical treatment such as physical therapy, medications, and steroid injections. I explained the surgery itself which will be to remove pressure from the spinal cord via anterior cervical discectomy and fusion at C3-C4 and C4-C5. We reviewed the surgery itself as well as risks including infection and blood vessels or nerves, leakage of spinal fluid, weakness or paralysis, failure of the pain to improve, possible worsening of the pain, failure of the neurologic symptoms to improve, possible worsening of the neurologic symptoms, and possible need for further surgery including re-revision and/or removal. Furthermore I explained that the fusion may not become solid or that the hardware could break. We discussed various techniques available for obtaining fusion and I recommended allograft and plate fixation. I explained the rationale for this as well as the options of using his own bone. Furthermore, I explained that removing motion at the fusion sites will transfer stress to other disc levels possibly accelerating there degeneration and causing additional symptoms and/or necessitating additional surgery in the future.,OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: , After obtaining the appropriate signed and informed consent, the patient was taken to the operating room, where he underwent general endotracheal anesthesia without complications. He was then positioned supine on the operating table, and all bony prominences were padded. Pulse oximetry was maintained on both feet throughout the case. The arms were carefully padded and tucked at his sides. A roll was placed between the shoulder blades. The areas of the both ears were sterilely prepped and cranial tongs were applied in routine fashion. Ten pounds of traction was applied. A needle was taped to the anterior neck and an x-ray was done to determine the appropriate level for the skin incision. The entire neck was then sterilely prepped and draped in the usual fashion.,A transverse skin incision was made and carried down to the platysma muscle. This was then split in line with its fibers. Blunt dissection was carried down medial to the carotid sheath and lateral to the trachea and esophagus until the anterior cervical spine was visualized. A needle was placed into a disc and an x-ray was done to determine its location. The longus colli muscles were then elevated bilaterally with the electrocautery unit. Self-retaining retractors were placed deep to the longus colli muscle in an effort to avoid injury to the sympathetic chains.,Radical anterior discectomies were performed at C3-C4 and C4-C5. This included complete removal of the anterior annulus, nucleus, and posterior annulus. The posterior longitudinal ligament was removed as were the posterior osteophytes. Foraminotomies were then accomplished bilaterally. Once all of this was accomplished, the blunt-tip probe was used to check for any residual compression. The central canal was wide open at each level as were the foramen.,A high-speed bur was used to remove the cartilaginous endplates above and below each interspace. Bleeding cancellous bone was exposed. The disc spaces were measured and appropriate size allografts were placed sterilely onto the field. After further shaping of the grafts with the high-speed bur, they were carefully impacted in to position. There was good juxtaposition against the bleeding decorticated surfaces and good distraction of each interspace. All weight was then removed from the crania tongs.,The appropriate size anterior cervical locking plate was chosen and bent into gentle lordosis. Two screws were then placed into each of the vertebral bodies at C3, C4, and C5. There was excellent purchase. A final x-ray was done confirming good position of the hardware and grafts. The locking screws were then applied, also with excellent purchase.,Following a final copious irrigation, there was good hemostasis and no dural leaks. The carotid pulse was strong. A drain was placed deep to the level of the platysma muscle and left at the level of the hardware. The wounds were then closed in layers using 4-0 Vicryl suture for the platysma muscle, 4-0 Vicryl suture for the subcutaneous tissue, and 4-0 Vicryl suture in a subcuticular skin closure. Steri-Strips were placed followed by application of a sterile dressing. The drain was hooked to bulb suction. A Philadelphia collar was applied.,The cranial tongs were carefully removed. The soft tissue overlying the puncture site was massaged to free it up from the underlying bone. There was good hemostasis.,The patient was then carefully returned to the supine position on his hospital bed where he was reversed and extubated and taken to the recovery room having tolerated the procedure well.

preoperative diagnoses cervical spinal stenosis cc cc cervical spondylotic myelopathypostoperative diagnoses cervical spinal stenosis cc cc cervical spondylotic myelopathyoperative procedures radical anterior discectomy cc removal posterior osteophytes foraminotomies decompression spinal canal cpt radical anterior discectomy cc removal posterior osteophytes foraminotomies decompression spinal canal cpt anterior cervical fusion cc cpt anterior cervical fusion cc cpt utilization allograft purposes spinal fusion cpt application anterior cervical locking plate cc cpt anesthesia general endotrachealcomplications noneestimated blood loss ccoperative indications patient yearold gentleman presented hospital fall presenting neck arm pain well weakness mri confirmed significant neurologic compression cervical spine combined clinical exam consistent radiculopathy myelopathy weakness discussed diagnosis treatment options due severity neurologic symptoms well amount neurologic compression seen radiographically recommended proceed surgical intervention opposed standard nonsurgical treatment physical therapy medications steroid injections explained surgery remove pressure spinal cord via anterior cervical discectomy fusion cc cc reviewed surgery well risks including infection blood vessels nerves leakage spinal fluid weakness paralysis failure pain improve possible worsening pain failure neurologic symptoms improve possible worsening neurologic symptoms possible need surgery including rerevision andor removal furthermore explained fusion may become solid hardware could break discussed various techniques available obtaining fusion recommended allograft plate fixation explained rationale well options using bone furthermore explained removing motion fusion sites transfer stress disc levels possibly accelerating degeneration causing additional symptoms andor necessitating additional surgery futureoperative technique obtaining appropriate signed informed consent patient taken operating room underwent general endotracheal anesthesia without complications positioned supine operating table bony prominences padded pulse oximetry maintained feet throughout case arms carefully padded tucked sides roll placed shoulder blades areas ears sterilely prepped cranial tongs applied routine fashion ten pounds traction applied needle taped anterior neck xray done determine appropriate level skin incision entire neck sterilely prepped draped usual fashiona transverse skin incision made carried platysma muscle split line fibers blunt dissection carried medial carotid sheath lateral trachea esophagus anterior cervical spine visualized needle placed disc xray done determine location longus colli muscles elevated bilaterally electrocautery unit selfretaining retractors placed deep longus colli muscle effort avoid injury sympathetic chainsradical anterior discectomies performed cc cc included complete removal anterior annulus nucleus posterior annulus posterior longitudinal ligament removed posterior osteophytes foraminotomies accomplished bilaterally accomplished blunttip probe used check residual compression central canal wide open level foramena highspeed bur used remove cartilaginous endplates interspace bleeding cancellous bone exposed disc spaces measured appropriate size allografts placed sterilely onto field shaping grafts highspeed bur carefully impacted position good juxtaposition bleeding decorticated surfaces good distraction interspace weight removed crania tongsthe appropriate size anterior cervical locking plate chosen bent gentle lordosis two screws placed vertebral bodies c c c excellent purchase final xray done confirming good position hardware grafts locking screws applied also excellent purchasefollowing final copious irrigation good hemostasis dural leaks carotid pulse strong drain placed deep level platysma muscle left level hardware wounds closed layers using vicryl suture platysma muscle vicryl suture subcutaneous tissue vicryl suture subcuticular skin closure steristrips placed followed application sterile dressing drain hooked bulb suction philadelphia collar appliedthe cranial tongs carefully removed soft tissue overlying puncture site massaged free underlying bone good hemostasisthe patient carefully returned supine position hospital bed reversed extubated taken recovery room tolerated procedure well

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical spinal stenosis, C3-c4 and C4-C5.,2. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical spinal stenosis, C3-C4 and C4-C5.,2. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURES,1. Radical anterior discectomy, C3-C4 with removal of posterior osteophytes, foraminotomies, and decompression of the spinal canal (CPT 63075).,2. Radical anterior discectomy C4-C5 with removal of posterior osteophytes, foraminotomies, and decompression of the spinal canal (CPT 63076).,3. Anterior cervical fusion, C3-C4 (CPT 22554),4. Anterior cervical fusion, C4-C5 (CPT 22585).,5. Utilization of allograft for purposes of spinal fusion (CPT 20931).,6. Application of anterior cervical locking plate C3-C5 (CPT 22845).,ANESTHESIA:, General endotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: ,250 cc.,OPERATIVE INDICATIONS: ,The patient is a 50-year-old gentleman who presented to the hospital after a fall, presenting with neck and arm pain as well as weakness. His MRI confirmed significant neurologic compression in the cervical spine, combined with a clinical exam consistent with radiculopathy, myelopathy, and weakness. We discussed the diagnosis and the treatment options. Due to the severity of his neurologic symptoms as well as the amount of neurologic compression seen radiographically, I recommended that he proceed with surgical intervention as opposed to standard nonsurgical treatment such as physical therapy, medications, and steroid injections. I explained the surgery itself which will be to remove pressure from the spinal cord via anterior cervical discectomy and fusion at C3-C4 and C4-C5. We reviewed the surgery itself as well as risks including infection and blood vessels or nerves, leakage of spinal fluid, weakness or paralysis, failure of the pain to improve, possible worsening of the pain, failure of the neurologic symptoms to improve, possible worsening of the neurologic symptoms, and possible need for further surgery including re-revision and/or removal. Furthermore I explained that the fusion may not become solid or that the hardware could break. We discussed various techniques available for obtaining fusion and I recommended allograft and plate fixation. I explained the rationale for this as well as the options of using his own bone. Furthermore, I explained that removing motion at the fusion sites will transfer stress to other disc levels possibly accelerating there degeneration and causing additional symptoms and/or necessitating additional surgery in the future.,OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: , After obtaining the appropriate signed and informed consent, the patient was taken to the operating room, where he underwent general endotracheal anesthesia without complications. He was then positioned supine on the operating table, and all bony prominences were padded. Pulse oximetry was maintained on both feet throughout the case. The arms were carefully padded and tucked at his sides. A roll was placed between the shoulder blades. The areas of the both ears were sterilely prepped and cranial tongs were applied in routine fashion. Ten pounds of traction was applied. A needle was taped to the anterior neck and an x-ray was done to determine the appropriate level for the skin incision. The entire neck was then sterilely prepped and draped in the usual fashion.,A transverse skin incision was made and carried down to the platysma muscle. This was then split in line with its fibers. Blunt dissection was carried down medial to the carotid sheath and lateral to the trachea and esophagus until the anterior cervical spine was visualized. A needle was placed into a disc and an x-ray was done to determine its location. The longus colli muscles were then elevated bilaterally with the electrocautery unit. Self-retaining retractors were placed deep to the longus colli muscle in an effort to avoid injury to the sympathetic chains.,Radical anterior discectomies were performed at C3-C4 and C4-C5. This included complete removal of the anterior annulus, nucleus, and posterior annulus. The posterior longitudinal ligament was removed as were the posterior osteophytes. Foraminotomies were then accomplished bilaterally. Once all of this was accomplished, the blunt-tip probe was used to check for any residual compression. The central canal was wide open at each level as were the foramen.,A high-speed bur was used to remove the cartilaginous endplates above and below each interspace. Bleeding cancellous bone was exposed. The disc spaces were measured and appropriate size allografts were placed sterilely onto the field. After further shaping of the grafts with the high-speed bur, they were carefully impacted in to position. There was good juxtaposition against the bleeding decorticated surfaces and good distraction of each interspace. All weight was then removed from the crania tongs.,The appropriate size anterior cervical locking plate was chosen and bent into gentle lordosis. Two screws were then placed into each of the vertebral bodies at C3, C4, and C5. There was excellent purchase. A final x-ray was done confirming good position of the hardware and grafts. The locking screws were then applied, also with excellent purchase.,Following a final copious irrigation, there was good hemostasis and no dural leaks. The carotid pulse was strong. A drain was placed deep to the level of the platysma muscle and left at the level of the hardware. The wounds were then closed in layers using 4-0 Vicryl suture for the platysma muscle, 4-0 Vicryl suture for the subcutaneous tissue, and 4-0 Vicryl suture in a subcuticular skin closure. Steri-Strips were placed followed by application of a sterile dressing. The drain was hooked to bulb suction. A Philadelphia collar was applied.,The cranial tongs were carefully removed. The soft tissue overlying the puncture site was massaged to free it up from the underlying bone. There was good hemostasis.,The patient was then carefully returned to the supine position on his hospital bed where he was reversed and extubated and taken to the recovery room having tolerated the procedure well. ### Response: Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical spondylosis with myelopathy.,2. Herniated cervical disk, C4-C5.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical spondylosis with myelopathy.,2. Herniated cervical disk, C4-C5.,OPERATIONS PERFORMED,1. Anterior cervical discectomy and removal of herniated disk and osteophytes and decompression of spinal cord at C5-C6.,2. Bilateral C6 nerve root decompression.,3. Anterior cervical discectomy at C4-C5 with removal of herniated disk and osteophytes and decompression of spinal cord.,4. Bilateral C5 nerve root decompression.,5. Anterior cervical discectomy at C3-C4 with removal of herniated disk and osteophytes, and decompression of spinal cord.,6. Bilateral C4 nerve root decompression.,7. Harvesting of autologous bone from the vertebral bodies.,8. Grafting of allograft bone for creation of arthrodesis.,9. Creation of arthrodesis with allograft bone and autologous bone from the vertebral bodies and bone morphogenetic protein at C5-C6.,10. Creation of additional arthrodesis using allograft bone and autologous bone from the vertebral bodies and bone morphogenetic protein at C4-C5.,11. Creation of additional arthrodesis using allograft bone and autologous bone from the vertebral bodies and bone morphogenetic protein at C3-C4.,12. Placement of anterior spinal instrumentation from C3 to C6 using a Synthes Small Stature Plate, using the operating microscope and microdissection technique.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: , This 62-year-old man has severe cervical spondylosis with myelopathy and cord compression at C5-C6. There was a herniated disk with cord compression and radiculopathy at C4-C5. C3-C4 was the source of neck pain as documented by facet injections.,A detailed discussion ensued with the patient as to the pros and cons of the surgery by two levels versus three levels. Because of the severe component of the neck pain that has been relieved with facet injections, we elected to proceed ahead with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion at C3-C4, C4-C5, and C5-C6.,I explained the nature of this procedure in great detail including all risks and alternatives. He clearly understands and has no further questions and requests that I proceed.,PROCEDURE: ,The patient was placed on the operating room table and was intubated taking great care to keep the neck in a neutral position. The methylprednisolone spinal cord protocol was instituted with bolus and continuous infusion dosages.,The left side of the neck was carefully prepped and draped in the usual sterile manner.,A transverse incision was made in the neck crease. Dissection was carried down through the platysma musculature and the anterior spine was exposed. The medial borders of the longus colli muscle were dissected free from their attachments to the spine. Caspar self-retaining pins were placed into the bodies of C3, C4, C5, and C6 and x-ray localization was obtained. A needle was placed in what was revealed to be the disk space at C4-C5 and an x-ray confirmed proper localization.,Self-retaining retractors were then placed in the wound, taking great care to keep the blades of the retractors underneath the longus colli muscles.,First I removed the large amount of anterior overhanging osteophytes at C5-C6 and distracted the space. The high-speed cutting bur was used to drill back the osteophytes towards the posterior lips of the vertebral bodies.,An incision was then made at C4-C5 and the annulus was incised and a discectomy was performed back to the posterior lips of the vertebral bodies.,The retractors were then adjusted and again discectomy was performed at C3-C4 back to the posterior lips of the vertebral bodies. The operating microscope was then utilized.,Working under magnification, I started at C3-C4 and began to work my way down to the posterior longitudinal ligament. The ligament was incised and the underlying dura was exposed. I worked out laterally towards the takeoff of the C4 nerve root and widely decompressed the nerve root edge of the foramen. There were a large number of veins overlying the nerve root which were oozing and rather than remove these and produce tremendous amount of bleeding, I left them intact. However, I could to palpate the nerve root along the pedicle into the foramen and widely decompressed it on the right. The microscope was angled to the left side where similar decompression was achieved.,The retractors were readjusted and attention was turned to C4-C5. I worked down through bony osteophytes and identified the posterior longitudinal ligament. The ligament was incised; and as I worked to the right of the midline, I encountered herniated disk material which was removed in a number of large pieces. The C5 root was exposed and then widely decompressed until I was flush with the pedicle and into the foramen. The root had a somewhat high takeoff but I worked to expose the axilla and widely decompressed it. Again the microscope was angled to the left side where similar decompression was achieved. Central decompression was achieved here where there was a moderate amount of spinal cord compression. This was removed by undercutting with 1 and 2-mm Cloward punches.,Attention was then turned to the C5-C6 space. Here there were large osteophytes projecting posteriorly against the cord. I slowly and carefully used the high-speed cutting diamond bur to drill these and then used 1 to 2-mm Cloward punches to widely decompress the spinal cord. This necessitated undercutting the bodies of both C5 and C6 extensively, but I was then able to achieve a good decompression of the cord. I exposed the C6 root and widely decompressed it until I was flush with the pedicle and into the foramen on the right. The microscope was angled to the left side where a similar decompression was achieved.,Attention was then turned to creation of the arthrodesis. A high-speed Cornerstone bur was used to decorticate the bodies of C5-C6, C4-C5 and C3-C4 to create a posterior shelf to prevent backwards graft migration. Bone dust during the drilling was harvested for later use.,Attention was turned to creation of the arthrodesis. Using the various Synthes sizers, I selected a 7-mm lordotic graft at C5-C6 and an 8-mm lordotic graft at C4-C5 and a 9-mm lordotic graft at C3-C4. Each graft was filled with autologous bone from the vertebral bodies and bone morphogenetic protein soaked sponge. I decided to use BMP in this case because there were three levels of fusion and because this patient has a very heavy history of smoking and having just recently discontinued for two weeks. The BMP sponge and the ____________ bone were then packed in the center of the allograft.,Under distraction, the graft was placed at C3-C4, C4-C5, and C5-C6 as described. An x-ray was obtained which showed good graft placement with preservation of the cervical lordosis.,Attention was turned to the placement of anterior spinal instrumentation. Various sizes of Synthes plates were selected until I decided that a 54-mm plate was appropriate. The plate had to be somewhat contoured and bent inferiorly and the vertebral bodies had to be drilled so that the plates would sit flush. The holes were drilled and the screws were placed. Eight screws were placed with two screws at C3, two screws at C4, two screws at C5, and two screws at C6. All eight screws had good purchase. The locking screws were tightly applied. An x-ray was obtained which showed good placement of the graft, plate, and screws.,Attention was turned to closure. The wound was copiously irrigated with Bacitracin solution and meticulous hemostasis was obtained. A medium Hemovac drain was placed in the anterior vertebral body space and brought out through a separate stab incision in the skin. The wound was then carefully closed in layers. Sterile dressings were applied, and the operation was terminated.,The patient tolerated the procedure well and left for the recovery room in excellent condition. The sponge and needle counts were reported as correct. There were no intraoperative complications.,Specimens were sent to Pathology consisting of disk material and bone and soft tissue.

preoperative diagnoses cervical spondylosis myelopathy herniated cervical disk ccpostoperative diagnoses cervical spondylosis myelopathy herniated cervical disk ccoperations performed anterior cervical discectomy removal herniated disk osteophytes decompression spinal cord cc bilateral c nerve root decompression anterior cervical discectomy cc removal herniated disk osteophytes decompression spinal cord bilateral c nerve root decompression anterior cervical discectomy cc removal herniated disk osteophytes decompression spinal cord bilateral c nerve root decompression harvesting autologous bone vertebral bodies grafting allograft bone creation arthrodesis creation arthrodesis allograft bone autologous bone vertebral bodies bone morphogenetic protein cc creation additional arthrodesis using allograft bone autologous bone vertebral bodies bone morphogenetic protein cc creation additional arthrodesis using allograft bone autologous bone vertebral bodies bone morphogenetic protein cc placement anterior spinal instrumentation c c using synthes small stature plate using operating microscope microdissection techniqueindications procedure yearold man severe cervical spondylosis myelopathy cord compression cc herniated disk cord compression radiculopathy cc cc source neck pain documented facet injectionsa detailed discussion ensued patient pros cons surgery two levels versus three levels severe component neck pain relieved facet injections elected proceed ahead anterior cervical discectomy fusion cc cc cci explained nature procedure great detail including risks alternatives clearly understands questions requests proceedprocedure patient placed operating room table intubated taking great care keep neck neutral position methylprednisolone spinal cord protocol instituted bolus continuous infusion dosagesthe left side neck carefully prepped draped usual sterile mannera transverse incision made neck crease dissection carried platysma musculature anterior spine exposed medial borders longus colli muscle dissected free attachments spine caspar selfretaining pins placed bodies c c c c xray localization obtained needle placed revealed disk space cc xray confirmed proper localizationselfretaining retractors placed wound taking great care keep blades retractors underneath longus colli musclesfirst removed large amount anterior overhanging osteophytes cc distracted space highspeed cutting bur used drill back osteophytes towards posterior lips vertebral bodiesan incision made cc annulus incised discectomy performed back posterior lips vertebral bodiesthe retractors adjusted discectomy performed cc back posterior lips vertebral bodies operating microscope utilizedworking magnification started cc began work way posterior longitudinal ligament ligament incised underlying dura exposed worked laterally towards takeoff c nerve root widely decompressed nerve root edge foramen large number veins overlying nerve root oozing rather remove produce tremendous amount bleeding left intact however could palpate nerve root along pedicle foramen widely decompressed right microscope angled left side similar decompression achievedthe retractors readjusted attention turned cc worked bony osteophytes identified posterior longitudinal ligament ligament incised worked right midline encountered herniated disk material removed number large pieces c root exposed widely decompressed flush pedicle foramen root somewhat high takeoff worked expose axilla widely decompressed microscope angled left side similar decompression achieved central decompression achieved moderate amount spinal cord compression removed undercutting mm cloward punchesattention turned cc space large osteophytes projecting posteriorly cord slowly carefully used highspeed cutting diamond bur drill used mm cloward punches widely decompress spinal cord necessitated undercutting bodies c c extensively able achieve good decompression cord exposed c root widely decompressed flush pedicle foramen right microscope angled left side similar decompression achievedattention turned creation arthrodesis highspeed cornerstone bur used decorticate bodies cc cc cc create posterior shelf prevent backwards graft migration bone dust drilling harvested later useattention turned creation arthrodesis using various synthes sizers selected mm lordotic graft cc mm lordotic graft cc mm lordotic graft cc graft filled autologous bone vertebral bodies bone morphogenetic protein soaked sponge decided use bmp case three levels fusion patient heavy history smoking recently discontinued two weeks bmp sponge ____________ bone packed center allograftunder distraction graft placed cc cc cc described xray obtained showed good graft placement preservation cervical lordosisattention turned placement anterior spinal instrumentation various sizes synthes plates selected decided mm plate appropriate plate somewhat contoured bent inferiorly vertebral bodies drilled plates would sit flush holes drilled screws placed eight screws placed two screws c two screws c two screws c two screws c eight screws good purchase locking screws tightly applied xray obtained showed good placement graft plate screwsattention turned closure wound copiously irrigated bacitracin solution meticulous hemostasis obtained medium hemovac drain placed anterior vertebral body space brought separate stab incision skin wound carefully closed layers sterile dressings applied operation terminatedthe patient tolerated procedure well left recovery room excellent condition sponge needle counts reported correct intraoperative complicationsspecimens sent pathology consisting disk material bone soft tissue

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical spondylosis with myelopathy.,2. Herniated cervical disk, C4-C5.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Cervical spondylosis with myelopathy.,2. Herniated cervical disk, C4-C5.,OPERATIONS PERFORMED,1. Anterior cervical discectomy and removal of herniated disk and osteophytes and decompression of spinal cord at C5-C6.,2. Bilateral C6 nerve root decompression.,3. Anterior cervical discectomy at C4-C5 with removal of herniated disk and osteophytes and decompression of spinal cord.,4. Bilateral C5 nerve root decompression.,5. Anterior cervical discectomy at C3-C4 with removal of herniated disk and osteophytes, and decompression of spinal cord.,6. Bilateral C4 nerve root decompression.,7. Harvesting of autologous bone from the vertebral bodies.,8. Grafting of allograft bone for creation of arthrodesis.,9. Creation of arthrodesis with allograft bone and autologous bone from the vertebral bodies and bone morphogenetic protein at C5-C6.,10. Creation of additional arthrodesis using allograft bone and autologous bone from the vertebral bodies and bone morphogenetic protein at C4-C5.,11. Creation of additional arthrodesis using allograft bone and autologous bone from the vertebral bodies and bone morphogenetic protein at C3-C4.,12. Placement of anterior spinal instrumentation from C3 to C6 using a Synthes Small Stature Plate, using the operating microscope and microdissection technique.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: , This 62-year-old man has severe cervical spondylosis with myelopathy and cord compression at C5-C6. There was a herniated disk with cord compression and radiculopathy at C4-C5. C3-C4 was the source of neck pain as documented by facet injections.,A detailed discussion ensued with the patient as to the pros and cons of the surgery by two levels versus three levels. Because of the severe component of the neck pain that has been relieved with facet injections, we elected to proceed ahead with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion at C3-C4, C4-C5, and C5-C6.,I explained the nature of this procedure in great detail including all risks and alternatives. He clearly understands and has no further questions and requests that I proceed.,PROCEDURE: ,The patient was placed on the operating room table and was intubated taking great care to keep the neck in a neutral position. The methylprednisolone spinal cord protocol was instituted with bolus and continuous infusion dosages.,The left side of the neck was carefully prepped and draped in the usual sterile manner.,A transverse incision was made in the neck crease. Dissection was carried down through the platysma musculature and the anterior spine was exposed. The medial borders of the longus colli muscle were dissected free from their attachments to the spine. Caspar self-retaining pins were placed into the bodies of C3, C4, C5, and C6 and x-ray localization was obtained. A needle was placed in what was revealed to be the disk space at C4-C5 and an x-ray confirmed proper localization.,Self-retaining retractors were then placed in the wound, taking great care to keep the blades of the retractors underneath the longus colli muscles.,First I removed the large amount of anterior overhanging osteophytes at C5-C6 and distracted the space. The high-speed cutting bur was used to drill back the osteophytes towards the posterior lips of the vertebral bodies.,An incision was then made at C4-C5 and the annulus was incised and a discectomy was performed back to the posterior lips of the vertebral bodies.,The retractors were then adjusted and again discectomy was performed at C3-C4 back to the posterior lips of the vertebral bodies. The operating microscope was then utilized.,Working under magnification, I started at C3-C4 and began to work my way down to the posterior longitudinal ligament. The ligament was incised and the underlying dura was exposed. I worked out laterally towards the takeoff of the C4 nerve root and widely decompressed the nerve root edge of the foramen. There were a large number of veins overlying the nerve root which were oozing and rather than remove these and produce tremendous amount of bleeding, I left them intact. However, I could to palpate the nerve root along the pedicle into the foramen and widely decompressed it on the right. The microscope was angled to the left side where similar decompression was achieved.,The retractors were readjusted and attention was turned to C4-C5. I worked down through bony osteophytes and identified the posterior longitudinal ligament. The ligament was incised; and as I worked to the right of the midline, I encountered herniated disk material which was removed in a number of large pieces. The C5 root was exposed and then widely decompressed until I was flush with the pedicle and into the foramen. The root had a somewhat high takeoff but I worked to expose the axilla and widely decompressed it. Again the microscope was angled to the left side where similar decompression was achieved. Central decompression was achieved here where there was a moderate amount of spinal cord compression. This was removed by undercutting with 1 and 2-mm Cloward punches.,Attention was then turned to the C5-C6 space. Here there were large osteophytes projecting posteriorly against the cord. I slowly and carefully used the high-speed cutting diamond bur to drill these and then used 1 to 2-mm Cloward punches to widely decompress the spinal cord. This necessitated undercutting the bodies of both C5 and C6 extensively, but I was then able to achieve a good decompression of the cord. I exposed the C6 root and widely decompressed it until I was flush with the pedicle and into the foramen on the right. The microscope was angled to the left side where a similar decompression was achieved.,Attention was then turned to creation of the arthrodesis. A high-speed Cornerstone bur was used to decorticate the bodies of C5-C6, C4-C5 and C3-C4 to create a posterior shelf to prevent backwards graft migration. Bone dust during the drilling was harvested for later use.,Attention was turned to creation of the arthrodesis. Using the various Synthes sizers, I selected a 7-mm lordotic graft at C5-C6 and an 8-mm lordotic graft at C4-C5 and a 9-mm lordotic graft at C3-C4. Each graft was filled with autologous bone from the vertebral bodies and bone morphogenetic protein soaked sponge. I decided to use BMP in this case because there were three levels of fusion and because this patient has a very heavy history of smoking and having just recently discontinued for two weeks. The BMP sponge and the ____________ bone were then packed in the center of the allograft.,Under distraction, the graft was placed at C3-C4, C4-C5, and C5-C6 as described. An x-ray was obtained which showed good graft placement with preservation of the cervical lordosis.,Attention was turned to the placement of anterior spinal instrumentation. Various sizes of Synthes plates were selected until I decided that a 54-mm plate was appropriate. The plate had to be somewhat contoured and bent inferiorly and the vertebral bodies had to be drilled so that the plates would sit flush. The holes were drilled and the screws were placed. Eight screws were placed with two screws at C3, two screws at C4, two screws at C5, and two screws at C6. All eight screws had good purchase. The locking screws were tightly applied. An x-ray was obtained which showed good placement of the graft, plate, and screws.,Attention was turned to closure. The wound was copiously irrigated with Bacitracin solution and meticulous hemostasis was obtained. A medium Hemovac drain was placed in the anterior vertebral body space and brought out through a separate stab incision in the skin. The wound was then carefully closed in layers. Sterile dressings were applied, and the operation was terminated.,The patient tolerated the procedure well and left for the recovery room in excellent condition. The sponge and needle counts were reported as correct. There were no intraoperative complications.,Specimens were sent to Pathology consisting of disk material and bone and soft tissue. ### Response: Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Dyspnea on exertion with abnormal stress echocardiography.,2. Frequent PVCs.,3. Metabolic syndrome.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. A 50% distal left main and two-vessel coronary artery disease with normal left ventricular systolic function.,2. Frequent PVCs.,3. Metabolic syndrome.,PROCEDURES,1. Left heart catheterization with left ventriculography.,2. Selective coronary angiography.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , After informed consent was obtained, the patient was brought to the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory in fasting state. Both groins were prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. Xylocaine 1% was used as local anesthetic. Versed and fentanyl were used for conscious sedation. Next, a #6-French sheath was placed in the right femoral artery using modified Seldinger technique. Next, selective angiography of the left coronary artery was performed in multiple views using #6-French JL4 catheter. Next, selective angiography of the right coronary artery was performed in multiple views using #6-French 3DRC catheter. Next, a #6-French angle pigtail catheter was advanced into the left ventricle. The left ventricular pressure was then recorded. Left ventriculography was the performed using 36 mL of contrast injected over 3 seconds. The left heart pull back was then performed. The catheter was then removed.,Angiography of the right femoral artery was performed. Hemostasis was obtained by Angio-Seal closure device. The patient left the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory in stable condition.,HEMODYNAMICS,1. LV pressure was 163/0 with end-diastolic pressure of 17. There was no significant gradient across the aortic valve.,2. Left ventriculography showed old inferior wall hypokinesis. Global left ventricular systolic function is normal. Estimated ejection fraction was 58%. There is no significant mitral regurgitation.,3. Significant coronary artery disease.,4. The left main is approximately 7 or 8 mm proximally. It trifurcates into left anterior descending artery, ramus intermedius artery, and left circumflex artery. The distal portion of the left main has an ulcerated excentric plaque, up to about 50% in severity.,5. The left anterior descending artery is around 4 mm proximally. It extends slightly beyond the apex into the inferior wall. It gives rises to several medium size diagonal branches as well as small to medium size multiple septal perforators. At the ostium of the left anterior descending artery, there was an eccentric plaque up to 70% to 80%, best seen in the shallow LAO with caudal angulation.,There was no other flow-limiting disease noted in the rest of the left anterior descending artery or its major branches.,The ramus intermedius artery is around 3 mm proximally, but shortly after its origin, it bifurcates into two medium size branches. There was no significant disease noted in the ramus intermedius artery however.,The left circumflex artery is around 2.5 mm proximally. It gave off a recurrent atrial branch and a small AV groove branch prior to terminating into a bifurcating medium size obtuse marginal branch. The mid to distal circumflex has a moderate disease, which is relatively diffuse up to about 40% to 50%.,The right coronary artery is around 4 mm in diameter. It gives off conus branch, two medium size acute marginal branches, relatively large posterior descending artery and a posterior lateral branch. In the mid portion of the right coronary artery at the origin of the first acute marginal branch, there is a relatively discrete stenosis of about 80% to 90%. Proximally, there is an area of eccentric plaque, but seem to be non-flow limiting, at best around 20% to 30%. Additionally, there is what appears to be like a shell-like lesion in the proximal segment of the right coronary artery as well. The posterior descending artery has an eccentric plaque of about 40% to 50% in its mid segment.,PLAN: ,Plan to consult cardiovascular surgery for consideration of coronary artery bypass surgery. Continue risk factor modification, aspirin, and beta blocker.

preoperative diagnoses dyspnea exertion abnormal stress echocardiography frequent pvcs metabolic syndromepostoperative diagnoses distal left main twovessel coronary artery disease normal left ventricular systolic function frequent pvcs metabolic syndromeprocedures left heart catheterization left ventriculography selective coronary angiographycomplications nonedescription procedure informed consent obtained patient brought cardiac catheterization laboratory fasting state groins prepped draped usual sterile fashion xylocaine used local anesthetic versed fentanyl used conscious sedation next french sheath placed right femoral artery using modified seldinger technique next selective angiography left coronary artery performed multiple views using french jl catheter next selective angiography right coronary artery performed multiple views using french drc catheter next french angle pigtail catheter advanced left ventricle left ventricular pressure recorded left ventriculography performed using ml contrast injected seconds left heart pull back performed catheter removedangiography right femoral artery performed hemostasis obtained angioseal closure device patient left cardiac catheterization laboratory stable conditionhemodynamics lv pressure enddiastolic pressure significant gradient across aortic valve left ventriculography showed old inferior wall hypokinesis global left ventricular systolic function normal estimated ejection fraction significant mitral regurgitation significant coronary artery disease left main approximately mm proximally trifurcates left anterior descending artery ramus intermedius artery left circumflex artery distal portion left main ulcerated excentric plaque severity left anterior descending artery around mm proximally extends slightly beyond apex inferior wall gives rises several medium size diagonal branches well small medium size multiple septal perforators ostium left anterior descending artery eccentric plaque best seen shallow lao caudal angulationthere flowlimiting disease noted rest left anterior descending artery major branchesthe ramus intermedius artery around mm proximally shortly origin bifurcates two medium size branches significant disease noted ramus intermedius artery howeverthe left circumflex artery around mm proximally gave recurrent atrial branch small av groove branch prior terminating bifurcating medium size obtuse marginal branch mid distal circumflex moderate disease relatively diffuse right coronary artery around mm diameter gives conus branch two medium size acute marginal branches relatively large posterior descending artery posterior lateral branch mid portion right coronary artery origin first acute marginal branch relatively discrete stenosis proximally area eccentric plaque seem nonflow limiting best around additionally appears like shelllike lesion proximal segment right coronary artery well posterior descending artery eccentric plaque mid segmentplan plan consult cardiovascular surgery consideration coronary artery bypass surgery continue risk factor modification aspirin beta blocker

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Dyspnea on exertion with abnormal stress echocardiography.,2. Frequent PVCs.,3. Metabolic syndrome.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. A 50% distal left main and two-vessel coronary artery disease with normal left ventricular systolic function.,2. Frequent PVCs.,3. Metabolic syndrome.,PROCEDURES,1. Left heart catheterization with left ventriculography.,2. Selective coronary angiography.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , After informed consent was obtained, the patient was brought to the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory in fasting state. Both groins were prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. Xylocaine 1% was used as local anesthetic. Versed and fentanyl were used for conscious sedation. Next, a #6-French sheath was placed in the right femoral artery using modified Seldinger technique. Next, selective angiography of the left coronary artery was performed in multiple views using #6-French JL4 catheter. Next, selective angiography of the right coronary artery was performed in multiple views using #6-French 3DRC catheter. Next, a #6-French angle pigtail catheter was advanced into the left ventricle. The left ventricular pressure was then recorded. Left ventriculography was the performed using 36 mL of contrast injected over 3 seconds. The left heart pull back was then performed. The catheter was then removed.,Angiography of the right femoral artery was performed. Hemostasis was obtained by Angio-Seal closure device. The patient left the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory in stable condition.,HEMODYNAMICS,1. LV pressure was 163/0 with end-diastolic pressure of 17. There was no significant gradient across the aortic valve.,2. Left ventriculography showed old inferior wall hypokinesis. Global left ventricular systolic function is normal. Estimated ejection fraction was 58%. There is no significant mitral regurgitation.,3. Significant coronary artery disease.,4. The left main is approximately 7 or 8 mm proximally. It trifurcates into left anterior descending artery, ramus intermedius artery, and left circumflex artery. The distal portion of the left main has an ulcerated excentric plaque, up to about 50% in severity.,5. The left anterior descending artery is around 4 mm proximally. It extends slightly beyond the apex into the inferior wall. It gives rises to several medium size diagonal branches as well as small to medium size multiple septal perforators. At the ostium of the left anterior descending artery, there was an eccentric plaque up to 70% to 80%, best seen in the shallow LAO with caudal angulation.,There was no other flow-limiting disease noted in the rest of the left anterior descending artery or its major branches.,The ramus intermedius artery is around 3 mm proximally, but shortly after its origin, it bifurcates into two medium size branches. There was no significant disease noted in the ramus intermedius artery however.,The left circumflex artery is around 2.5 mm proximally. It gave off a recurrent atrial branch and a small AV groove branch prior to terminating into a bifurcating medium size obtuse marginal branch. The mid to distal circumflex has a moderate disease, which is relatively diffuse up to about 40% to 50%.,The right coronary artery is around 4 mm in diameter. It gives off conus branch, two medium size acute marginal branches, relatively large posterior descending artery and a posterior lateral branch. In the mid portion of the right coronary artery at the origin of the first acute marginal branch, there is a relatively discrete stenosis of about 80% to 90%. Proximally, there is an area of eccentric plaque, but seem to be non-flow limiting, at best around 20% to 30%. Additionally, there is what appears to be like a shell-like lesion in the proximal segment of the right coronary artery as well. The posterior descending artery has an eccentric plaque of about 40% to 50% in its mid segment.,PLAN: ,Plan to consult cardiovascular surgery for consideration of coronary artery bypass surgery. Continue risk factor modification, aspirin, and beta blocker. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. EMG-proven left carpal tunnel syndrome.,2. Tenosynovitis of the left third and fourth fingers at the A1 and A2 pulley level.,3. Dupuytren's nodule in the palm.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. EMG-proven left carpal tunnel syndrome.,2. Tenosynovitis of the left third and fourth fingers at the A1 and A2 pulley level.,3. Dupuytren's nodule in the palm.,PROCEDURE: , Left carpal tunnel release with flexor tenosynovectomy; cortisone injection of trigger fingers, left third and fourth fingers; injection of Dupuytren's nodule, left palm.,ANESTHESIA: , Local plus IV sedation (MAC).,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: ,Zero.,SPECIMENS: ,None.,DRAINS: , None.,PROCEDURE DETAIL: , Patient brought to the operating room. After induction of IV sedation the left hand was anesthetized suitable for carpal tunnel release; 10 cc of a mixture of 1% Xylocaine and 0.5% Marcaine was injected in the distal forearm and proximal palm suitable for carpal tunnel surgery. Routine prep and drape was employed. Arm was exsanguinated by means of elevation of Esmarch elastic tourniquet and tourniquet inflated to 250 mmHg pressure. Hand was positioned palm up in the lead hand-holder. A short curvilinear incision about the base of the thenar eminence was made. Skin was sharply incised. Sharp dissection was carried down to the transverse carpal ligament and this was carefully incised longitudinally along its ulnar margin. Care was taken to divide the entire length of the transverse retinaculum including its distal insertion into deep palmar fascia in the midpalm. Proximally the antebrachial fascia was released for a distance of 2-3 cm proximal to the wrist crease to insure complete decompression of the median nerve. Retinacular flap was retracted radially to expose the contents of the carpal canal. Median nerve was identified, seen to be locally compressed with moderate erythema and mild narrowing. Locally adherent tenosynovium was present and this was carefully dissected free. Additional tenosynovium was dissected from the flexor tendons, individually stripping and peeling each tendon in sequential order so as to debulk the contents of the carpal canal. Epineurotomy and partial epineurectomy were carried out on the nerve in the area of mild constriction to relieve local external scarring of the epineurium. When this was complete retinacular flap was laid loosely in place over the contents of the carpal canal and skin only was closed with interrupted 5-0 nylon horizontal mattress sutures. A syringe with 3 cc of Kenalog-10 and 3 cc of 1% Xylocaine using a 25 gauge short needle was then selected; 1 cc of this mixture was injected into the third finger A1 and A2 pulley tendon sheaths using standard trigger finger injection technique; 1 cc was injected into the fourth finger A1/A2 pulley tendon sheath using standard tendon sheath injection technique; 1 cc was injected into the Dupuytren's nodule in the midpalm to relieve local discomfort. Routine postoperative hand dressing with well-padded, well-molded volar plaster splint and lightly compressive Ace wrap was applied. Tourniquet was deflated. Good vascular color and capillary refill were seen to return to the tips of all digits. Patient discharged to the ambulatory recovery area and from there discharged home. Discharge medication is Darvocet-N 100, 30 tablets, one to two PO q.4h. p.r.n. Patient asked to begin gentle active flexion, extension and passive nerve glide exercises beginning 24-48 hours after surgery. She was asked to keep the dressings clean, dry and intact and follow up in my office.

preoperative diagnoses emgproven left carpal tunnel syndrome tenosynovitis left third fourth fingers pulley level dupuytrens nodule palmpostoperative diagnoses emgproven left carpal tunnel syndrome tenosynovitis left third fourth fingers pulley level dupuytrens nodule palmprocedure left carpal tunnel release flexor tenosynovectomy cortisone injection trigger fingers left third fourth fingers injection dupuytrens nodule left palmanesthesia local plus iv sedation macestimated blood loss zerospecimens nonedrains noneprocedure detail patient brought operating room induction iv sedation left hand anesthetized suitable carpal tunnel release cc mixture xylocaine marcaine injected distal forearm proximal palm suitable carpal tunnel surgery routine prep drape employed arm exsanguinated means elevation esmarch elastic tourniquet tourniquet inflated mmhg pressure hand positioned palm lead handholder short curvilinear incision base thenar eminence made skin sharply incised sharp dissection carried transverse carpal ligament carefully incised longitudinally along ulnar margin care taken divide entire length transverse retinaculum including distal insertion deep palmar fascia midpalm proximally antebrachial fascia released distance cm proximal wrist crease insure complete decompression median nerve retinacular flap retracted radially expose contents carpal canal median nerve identified seen locally compressed moderate erythema mild narrowing locally adherent tenosynovium present carefully dissected free additional tenosynovium dissected flexor tendons individually stripping peeling tendon sequential order debulk contents carpal canal epineurotomy partial epineurectomy carried nerve area mild constriction relieve local external scarring epineurium complete retinacular flap laid loosely place contents carpal canal skin closed interrupted nylon horizontal mattress sutures syringe cc kenalog cc xylocaine using gauge short needle selected cc mixture injected third finger pulley tendon sheaths using standard trigger finger injection technique cc injected fourth finger aa pulley tendon sheath using standard tendon sheath injection technique cc injected dupuytrens nodule midpalm relieve local discomfort routine postoperative hand dressing wellpadded wellmolded volar plaster splint lightly compressive ace wrap applied tourniquet deflated good vascular color capillary refill seen return tips digits patient discharged ambulatory recovery area discharged home discharge medication darvocetn tablets one two po qh prn patient asked begin gentle active flexion extension passive nerve glide exercises beginning hours surgery asked keep dressings clean dry intact follow office

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. EMG-proven left carpal tunnel syndrome.,2. Tenosynovitis of the left third and fourth fingers at the A1 and A2 pulley level.,3. Dupuytren's nodule in the palm.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. EMG-proven left carpal tunnel syndrome.,2. Tenosynovitis of the left third and fourth fingers at the A1 and A2 pulley level.,3. Dupuytren's nodule in the palm.,PROCEDURE: , Left carpal tunnel release with flexor tenosynovectomy; cortisone injection of trigger fingers, left third and fourth fingers; injection of Dupuytren's nodule, left palm.,ANESTHESIA: , Local plus IV sedation (MAC).,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: ,Zero.,SPECIMENS: ,None.,DRAINS: , None.,PROCEDURE DETAIL: , Patient brought to the operating room. After induction of IV sedation the left hand was anesthetized suitable for carpal tunnel release; 10 cc of a mixture of 1% Xylocaine and 0.5% Marcaine was injected in the distal forearm and proximal palm suitable for carpal tunnel surgery. Routine prep and drape was employed. Arm was exsanguinated by means of elevation of Esmarch elastic tourniquet and tourniquet inflated to 250 mmHg pressure. Hand was positioned palm up in the lead hand-holder. A short curvilinear incision about the base of the thenar eminence was made. Skin was sharply incised. Sharp dissection was carried down to the transverse carpal ligament and this was carefully incised longitudinally along its ulnar margin. Care was taken to divide the entire length of the transverse retinaculum including its distal insertion into deep palmar fascia in the midpalm. Proximally the antebrachial fascia was released for a distance of 2-3 cm proximal to the wrist crease to insure complete decompression of the median nerve. Retinacular flap was retracted radially to expose the contents of the carpal canal. Median nerve was identified, seen to be locally compressed with moderate erythema and mild narrowing. Locally adherent tenosynovium was present and this was carefully dissected free. Additional tenosynovium was dissected from the flexor tendons, individually stripping and peeling each tendon in sequential order so as to debulk the contents of the carpal canal. Epineurotomy and partial epineurectomy were carried out on the nerve in the area of mild constriction to relieve local external scarring of the epineurium. When this was complete retinacular flap was laid loosely in place over the contents of the carpal canal and skin only was closed with interrupted 5-0 nylon horizontal mattress sutures. A syringe with 3 cc of Kenalog-10 and 3 cc of 1% Xylocaine using a 25 gauge short needle was then selected; 1 cc of this mixture was injected into the third finger A1 and A2 pulley tendon sheaths using standard trigger finger injection technique; 1 cc was injected into the fourth finger A1/A2 pulley tendon sheath using standard tendon sheath injection technique; 1 cc was injected into the Dupuytren's nodule in the midpalm to relieve local discomfort. Routine postoperative hand dressing with well-padded, well-molded volar plaster splint and lightly compressive Ace wrap was applied. Tourniquet was deflated. Good vascular color and capillary refill were seen to return to the tips of all digits. Patient discharged to the ambulatory recovery area and from there discharged home. Discharge medication is Darvocet-N 100, 30 tablets, one to two PO q.4h. p.r.n. Patient asked to begin gentle active flexion, extension and passive nerve glide exercises beginning 24-48 hours after surgery. She was asked to keep the dressings clean, dry and intact and follow up in my office. ### Response: Orthopedic, Pain Management, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Empyema thoracis.,2. Need for intravenous antibiotics.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Empyema thoracis.,2. Need for intravenous antibiotics.,PROCEDURE:, Central line insertion.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , With the patient in his room, after obtaining the informed consent, his left deltopectoral area was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. Xylocaine 1% was infiltrated and with the patient in the Trendelenburg position, the left subclavian vein was subcutaneously cannulated without any difficulty. The triple-lumen catheter was inserted and all ports were flushed out and were irrigated with normal saline. The catheter was fixed to the skin with sutures. The dressing was applied and then the chest x-ray was obtained which showed no complications of the procedure and good position of the catheter.

preoperative diagnoses empyema thoracis need intravenous antibioticspostoperative diagnoses empyema thoracis need intravenous antibioticsprocedure central line insertiondescription procedure patient room obtaining informed consent left deltopectoral area prepped draped usual fashion xylocaine infiltrated patient trendelenburg position left subclavian vein subcutaneously cannulated without difficulty triplelumen catheter inserted ports flushed irrigated normal saline catheter fixed skin sutures dressing applied chest xray obtained showed complications procedure good position catheter

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Empyema thoracis.,2. Need for intravenous antibiotics.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Empyema thoracis.,2. Need for intravenous antibiotics.,PROCEDURE:, Central line insertion.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , With the patient in his room, after obtaining the informed consent, his left deltopectoral area was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. Xylocaine 1% was infiltrated and with the patient in the Trendelenburg position, the left subclavian vein was subcutaneously cannulated without any difficulty. The triple-lumen catheter was inserted and all ports were flushed out and were irrigated with normal saline. The catheter was fixed to the skin with sutures. The dressing was applied and then the chest x-ray was obtained which showed no complications of the procedure and good position of the catheter. ### Response: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease, hypertension, diabetes, need for chronic arteriovenous access.,2. Ischemic cardiomyopathy, ejection fraction 20%.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease, hypertension, diabetes, need for chronic arteriovenous access.,2. Ischemic cardiomyopathy, ejection fraction 20%.,OPERATION,Left forearm arteriovenous fistula between cephalic vein and radial artery.,INDICATION FOR SURGERY,This is a patient referred by Dr. Michael Campbell. He is a 44-year-old African-American, who has end-stage renal disease and also ischemic cardiomyopathy. This morning, he received coronary angiogram by Dr. A, which was reportedly normal, after which, he was brought to the operating room for an AV fistula. All the advantages, disadvantages, risks, and benefits of the procedure were explained to him for which he had consented.,ANESTHESIA,Monitored anesthesia care.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE,The patient was identified, brought to the operating room, placed supine, and IV sedation given. This was done under monitored anesthesia care. He was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. He received local infiltration of 0.25% Marcaine with epinephrine in the region of the proposed incision.,Incision was about 2.5 cm long between the cephalic vein and the distal part of the forearm and the radial artery. Incision was deepened down through the subcutaneous fascia. The vein was identified, dissected for a good length, and then the artery was identified and dissected. Heparin 5000 units was given. The artery clamped proximally and distally, opened up in the middle. It was found to have Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis of a moderate intensity. The vein was of good caliber and size.,The vein was clipped distally, fashioned to size and shape, and arteriotomy created in the distal radial artery and end-to-side anastomosis was performed using 7-0 Prolene and bled prior to tying it down. Thrill was immediately felt and heard.,The incision was closed in two layers and sterile dressing applied.

preoperative diagnoses endstage renal disease hypertension diabetes need chronic arteriovenous access ischemic cardiomyopathy ejection fraction postoperative diagnoses endstage renal disease hypertension diabetes need chronic arteriovenous access ischemic cardiomyopathy ejection fraction operationleft forearm arteriovenous fistula cephalic vein radial arteryindication surgerythis patient referred dr michael campbell yearold africanamerican endstage renal disease also ischemic cardiomyopathy morning received coronary angiogram dr reportedly normal brought operating room av fistula advantages disadvantages risks benefits procedure explained consentedanesthesiamonitored anesthesia caredescription procedurethe patient identified brought operating room placed supine iv sedation given done monitored anesthesia care prepped draped usual sterile fashion received local infiltration marcaine epinephrine region proposed incisionincision cm long cephalic vein distal part forearm radial artery incision deepened subcutaneous fascia vein identified dissected good length artery identified dissected heparin units given artery clamped proximally distally opened middle found monckebergs arteriosclerosis moderate intensity vein good caliber sizethe vein clipped distally fashioned size shape arteriotomy created distal radial artery endtoside anastomosis performed using prolene bled prior tying thrill immediately felt heardthe incision closed two layers sterile dressing applied

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease, hypertension, diabetes, need for chronic arteriovenous access.,2. Ischemic cardiomyopathy, ejection fraction 20%.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease, hypertension, diabetes, need for chronic arteriovenous access.,2. Ischemic cardiomyopathy, ejection fraction 20%.,OPERATION,Left forearm arteriovenous fistula between cephalic vein and radial artery.,INDICATION FOR SURGERY,This is a patient referred by Dr. Michael Campbell. He is a 44-year-old African-American, who has end-stage renal disease and also ischemic cardiomyopathy. This morning, he received coronary angiogram by Dr. A, which was reportedly normal, after which, he was brought to the operating room for an AV fistula. All the advantages, disadvantages, risks, and benefits of the procedure were explained to him for which he had consented.,ANESTHESIA,Monitored anesthesia care.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE,The patient was identified, brought to the operating room, placed supine, and IV sedation given. This was done under monitored anesthesia care. He was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. He received local infiltration of 0.25% Marcaine with epinephrine in the region of the proposed incision.,Incision was about 2.5 cm long between the cephalic vein and the distal part of the forearm and the radial artery. Incision was deepened down through the subcutaneous fascia. The vein was identified, dissected for a good length, and then the artery was identified and dissected. Heparin 5000 units was given. The artery clamped proximally and distally, opened up in the middle. It was found to have Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis of a moderate intensity. The vein was of good caliber and size.,The vein was clipped distally, fashioned to size and shape, and arteriotomy created in the distal radial artery and end-to-side anastomosis was performed using 7-0 Prolene and bled prior to tying it down. Thrill was immediately felt and heard.,The incision was closed in two layers and sterile dressing applied. ### Response: Nephrology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease.,2. Diabetes.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease.,2. Diabetes.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE,Creation of right brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula.,INDICATIONS FOR THE PROCEDURE,This patient has end-stage renal disease. Although, the patient is right-handed, preoperative vein mapping demonstrated much better vein in the right arm. Hence, a right brachiocephalic fistula is being planned.,OPERATIVE FINDINGS,The right cephalic vein at the elbow is chosen to be suitable. It is slightly sporadic, but of an adequate size. An end-to-side right brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula was created. At completion, there was a great thrill.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL,After informed consent was obtained, the patient was taken to the operating room. The patient was placed in the supine position. The patient received a regional nerve block. The patient also received intravenous sedation. The right arm was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion.,We made a small transverse incision in the right cubital fossa. The cephalic vein was identified and mobilized. The fascia was incised, and the brachial artery was also identified and mobilized. The brachial artery was free off significant disease. A good pulse was noted. The cephalic vein was mobilized proximally and distally. The brachial artery was mobilized proximally and distally. We did not give heparin. The brachial artery was then clamped proximally and distally. The cephalic vein was also clamped proximally and distally. Longitudinal arteriotomy was made in brachial artery, and a longitudinal venotomy was made in the cephalic vein. We then sewn the vein to the artery in a side-to-side fashion using a running 7-0 Prolene suture.,Just prior to completion of the anastomosis, it was flushed, and the anastomosis was then completed. A great thrill was noted. We then ligated the cephalic vein beyond the arteriovenous anastomosis and divided it. This surrounded the anastomosis as an end-to-side functionally. A great thrill remained in the fistula. Hemostasis was secured. We then closed the wound using interrupted PDS sutures for the fascia and a running 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular suture for the skin. Sterile dry dressing was applied.,The patient tolerated the procedure well. There were no operative complications. The sponge, instrument, and needle counts were correct at the end of the case. I was present and participated in all aspects of the procedure. The patient was then transferred to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. A great thrill was felt in the fistula completion. There was also a palpable radial pulse distally.

preoperative diagnoses endstage renal disease diabetespostoperative diagnoses endstage renal disease diabetesoperative procedurecreation right brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistulaindications procedurethis patient endstage renal disease although patient righthanded preoperative vein mapping demonstrated much better vein right arm hence right brachiocephalic fistula plannedoperative findingsthe right cephalic vein elbow chosen suitable slightly sporadic adequate size endtoside right brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula created completion great thrilloperative procedure detailafter informed consent obtained patient taken operating room patient placed supine position patient received regional nerve block patient also received intravenous sedation right arm prepped draped usual sterile fashionwe made small transverse incision right cubital fossa cephalic vein identified mobilized fascia incised brachial artery also identified mobilized brachial artery free significant disease good pulse noted cephalic vein mobilized proximally distally brachial artery mobilized proximally distally give heparin brachial artery clamped proximally distally cephalic vein also clamped proximally distally longitudinal arteriotomy made brachial artery longitudinal venotomy made cephalic vein sewn vein artery sidetoside fashion using running prolene suturejust prior completion anastomosis flushed anastomosis completed great thrill noted ligated cephalic vein beyond arteriovenous anastomosis divided surrounded anastomosis endtoside functionally great thrill remained fistula hemostasis secured closed wound using interrupted pds sutures fascia running monocryl subcuticular suture skin sterile dry dressing appliedthe patient tolerated procedure well operative complications sponge instrument needle counts correct end case present participated aspects procedure patient transferred recovery room satisfactory condition great thrill felt fistula completion also palpable radial pulse distally

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease.,2. Diabetes.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease.,2. Diabetes.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE,Creation of right brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula.,INDICATIONS FOR THE PROCEDURE,This patient has end-stage renal disease. Although, the patient is right-handed, preoperative vein mapping demonstrated much better vein in the right arm. Hence, a right brachiocephalic fistula is being planned.,OPERATIVE FINDINGS,The right cephalic vein at the elbow is chosen to be suitable. It is slightly sporadic, but of an adequate size. An end-to-side right brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula was created. At completion, there was a great thrill.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL,After informed consent was obtained, the patient was taken to the operating room. The patient was placed in the supine position. The patient received a regional nerve block. The patient also received intravenous sedation. The right arm was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion.,We made a small transverse incision in the right cubital fossa. The cephalic vein was identified and mobilized. The fascia was incised, and the brachial artery was also identified and mobilized. The brachial artery was free off significant disease. A good pulse was noted. The cephalic vein was mobilized proximally and distally. The brachial artery was mobilized proximally and distally. We did not give heparin. The brachial artery was then clamped proximally and distally. The cephalic vein was also clamped proximally and distally. Longitudinal arteriotomy was made in brachial artery, and a longitudinal venotomy was made in the cephalic vein. We then sewn the vein to the artery in a side-to-side fashion using a running 7-0 Prolene suture.,Just prior to completion of the anastomosis, it was flushed, and the anastomosis was then completed. A great thrill was noted. We then ligated the cephalic vein beyond the arteriovenous anastomosis and divided it. This surrounded the anastomosis as an end-to-side functionally. A great thrill remained in the fistula. Hemostasis was secured. We then closed the wound using interrupted PDS sutures for the fascia and a running 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular suture for the skin. Sterile dry dressing was applied.,The patient tolerated the procedure well. There were no operative complications. The sponge, instrument, and needle counts were correct at the end of the case. I was present and participated in all aspects of the procedure. The patient was then transferred to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. A great thrill was felt in the fistula completion. There was also a palpable radial pulse distally. ### Response: Nephrology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease.,2. Left subclavian vein occlusion.,3. Status post chronic tracheostomy.,4. Status post coronary artery bypass grafting.,5. Right subclavian vein stenosis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease.,2. Left subclavian vein occlusion.,3. Status post chronic tracheostomy.,4. Status post coronary artery bypass grafting.,5. Right subclavian vein stenosis.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE,Creation of autologous right brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula - first stage.,INDICATIONS FOR THE PROCEDURE,This patient has a known left subclavian vein occlusion. The right subclavian vein has an estimated 50% stenosis. The patient has a catheter traversed in the right innominate vein. The right basilic vein was judged to be suitable for usage on vein mapping.,OPERATIVE FINDINGS,The basilic vein was of an adequate size, but somewhat sclerotic. A first stage autologous right brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula was created. A grade 2 was felt at completion.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL,After informed consent was obtained, the patient was taken to the operating room. The patient was placed in the supine position. The patient received regional nerve block. The patient also received intravenous sedation. The right arm was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. We used ultrasound to locate the basilic vein at the cubital fossa.,A small transverse incision was made slightly above the basilic vein. The basilic vein was identified and immobilized. The basilic vein was of a good size, but somewhat sclerotic. The underlying fascia was incised and the brachial artery was identified and immobilized. The brachial artery was normal. We then divided the basilic vein distally. The distal end was ligated using silk suture. The brachial artery was clamped proximally and distally. A small longitudinal arteriotomy was made in the brachial artery. We did not give heparin. The end of the basilic vein was then sewn end-to-side to the brachial artery using a running 7-0 Prolene suture. ,Just prior to completion of the anastomosis, it was flushed and anastomosis was completed. Flow was then established. A grade 2 was felt in the outflow basilic fistula. Hemostasis was secured. The wound was then closed in layers using interrupted PDS sutures for the fascia and a running 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular suture for the skin. A sterile dry dressing was applied.,The patient tolerated the procedure well. There were no operative complications. The sponge, instrument, and needle counts were correct at the end of the case. I was present and participated in all aspects of the procedure. The patient was transferred to the recovery room in satisfactory condition.

preoperative diagnoses endstage renal disease left subclavian vein occlusion status post chronic tracheostomy status post coronary artery bypass grafting right subclavian vein stenosispostoperative diagnoses endstage renal disease left subclavian vein occlusion status post chronic tracheostomy status post coronary artery bypass grafting right subclavian vein stenosisoperative procedurecreation autologous right brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula first stageindications procedurethis patient known left subclavian vein occlusion right subclavian vein estimated stenosis patient catheter traversed right innominate vein right basilic vein judged suitable usage vein mappingoperative findingsthe basilic vein adequate size somewhat sclerotic first stage autologous right brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula created grade felt completionoperative procedure detailafter informed consent obtained patient taken operating room patient placed supine position patient received regional nerve block patient also received intravenous sedation right arm prepped draped usual sterile fashion used ultrasound locate basilic vein cubital fossaa small transverse incision made slightly basilic vein basilic vein identified immobilized basilic vein good size somewhat sclerotic underlying fascia incised brachial artery identified immobilized brachial artery normal divided basilic vein distally distal end ligated using silk suture brachial artery clamped proximally distally small longitudinal arteriotomy made brachial artery give heparin end basilic vein sewn endtoside brachial artery using running prolene suture prior completion anastomosis flushed anastomosis completed flow established grade felt outflow basilic fistula hemostasis secured wound closed layers using interrupted pds sutures fascia running monocryl subcuticular suture skin sterile dry dressing appliedthe patient tolerated procedure well operative complications sponge instrument needle counts correct end case present participated aspects procedure patient transferred recovery room satisfactory condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease.,2. Left subclavian vein occlusion.,3. Status post chronic tracheostomy.,4. Status post coronary artery bypass grafting.,5. Right subclavian vein stenosis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. End-stage renal disease.,2. Left subclavian vein occlusion.,3. Status post chronic tracheostomy.,4. Status post coronary artery bypass grafting.,5. Right subclavian vein stenosis.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE,Creation of autologous right brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula - first stage.,INDICATIONS FOR THE PROCEDURE,This patient has a known left subclavian vein occlusion. The right subclavian vein has an estimated 50% stenosis. The patient has a catheter traversed in the right innominate vein. The right basilic vein was judged to be suitable for usage on vein mapping.,OPERATIVE FINDINGS,The basilic vein was of an adequate size, but somewhat sclerotic. A first stage autologous right brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula was created. A grade 2 was felt at completion.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL,After informed consent was obtained, the patient was taken to the operating room. The patient was placed in the supine position. The patient received regional nerve block. The patient also received intravenous sedation. The right arm was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. We used ultrasound to locate the basilic vein at the cubital fossa.,A small transverse incision was made slightly above the basilic vein. The basilic vein was identified and immobilized. The basilic vein was of a good size, but somewhat sclerotic. The underlying fascia was incised and the brachial artery was identified and immobilized. The brachial artery was normal. We then divided the basilic vein distally. The distal end was ligated using silk suture. The brachial artery was clamped proximally and distally. A small longitudinal arteriotomy was made in the brachial artery. We did not give heparin. The end of the basilic vein was then sewn end-to-side to the brachial artery using a running 7-0 Prolene suture. ,Just prior to completion of the anastomosis, it was flushed and anastomosis was completed. Flow was then established. A grade 2 was felt in the outflow basilic fistula. Hemostasis was secured. The wound was then closed in layers using interrupted PDS sutures for the fascia and a running 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular suture for the skin. A sterile dry dressing was applied.,The patient tolerated the procedure well. There were no operative complications. The sponge, instrument, and needle counts were correct at the end of the case. I was present and participated in all aspects of the procedure. The patient was transferred to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. ### Response: Nephrology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated disc, C5-C6.,2. Cervical spondylosis, C5-C6.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated disc, C5-C6.,2. Cervical spondylosis, C5-C6.,PROCEDURES,1. Anterior cervical discectomy with decompression, C5-C6.,2. Anterior cervical fusion, C5-C6.,3. Anterior cervical instrumentation, C5-C6.,4. Allograft C5-C6.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,PATIENT STATUS: , Taken to recovery room in stable condition.,INDICATIONS: , The patient is a 36-year-old female who has had severe, recalcitrant right upper extremity pain, numbness, tingling, shoulder pain, axial neck pain, and headaches for many months. Nonoperative measures failed to relieve her symptoms and surgical intervention was requested. We discussed reasonable risks, benefits, and alternatives of various treatment options. Continuation of nonoperative care versus the risks associated with surgery were discussed. She understood the risks including bleeding, nerve vessel damage, infection, hoarseness, dysphagia, adjacent segment degeneration, continued worsening pain, failed fusion, and potential need for further surgery. Despite these risks, she felt that current symptoms will be best managed operatively.,SUMMARY OF SURGERY IN DETAIL: , Following informed consent and preoperative administration of antibiotics, the patient was brought to the operating suite. General anesthetic was administered. The patient was placed in the supine position. All prominences and neurovascular structures were well accommodated. The patient was noted to have pulse in this position. Preoperative x-rays revealed appropriate levels for skin incision. Ten pound inline traction was placed via Gardner-Wells tongs and shoulder roll was placed. The patient was then prepped and draped in sterile fashion. Standard oblique incision was made over the C6 vertebral body in the proximal nuchal skin crease. Subcutaneous tissue was dissected down to the level of the omohyoid which was transected. Blunt dissection was carried out with the trachea and the esophagus in the midline and the carotid sheath in its vital structures laterally. This was taken down to the prevertebral fascia which was bluntly split. Intraoperative x-ray was taken to ensure proper levels. Longus colli was identified and reflected proximally 3 to 4 mm off the midline bilaterally so that the anterior cervical Trimline retractor could be placed underneath the longus colli, thus placing no new traction on the surrounding vital structures. Inferior spondylosis was removed with high-speed bur. A scalpel and curette was used to remove the disc. Decompression was carried posterior to the posterior longitudinal ligament down to the uncovertebral joints bilaterally. Disc herniation was removed from the right posterolateral aspect of the interspace. High-speed bur was used to prepare the endplate down to good bleeding bone and preparation for fusion. Curette and ball tip dissector was then passed out the foramen and along the ventral aspect of the dura. No further evidence of compression was identified. Hemostasis was achieved with thrombin-soaked Gelfoam. Interspace was then distracted with Caspar pin distractions set gently. Interspace was then gently retracted with the Caspar pin distraction set. An 8-mm allograft was deemed in appropriate fit. This was press fit with demineralized bone matrix and tamped firmly into position achieving excellent interference fit. The graft was stable to pull-out forces. Distraction and traction was then removed and anterior cervical instrumentation was completed using a DePuy Trimline anterior cervical plate with 14-mm self-drilling screws. Plate and screws were then locked to the plate. Final x-rays revealed proper positioning of the plate, excellent distraction in the disc space, and apposition of the endplates and allograft. Wounds were copiously irrigated with normal saline. Omohyoid was approximated with 3-0 Vicryl. Running 3-0 Vicryl was used to close the platysma. Subcuticular Monocryl and Steri-Strips were used to close the skin. A deep drain was placed prior to wound closure. The patient was then allowed to awake from general anesthetic and was taken to the recovery room in stable condition. There were no intraoperative complications. All needle and sponge counts were correct. Intraoperative neurologic monitoring was used throughout the entirety of the case and was normal.

preoperative diagnoses herniated disc cc cervical spondylosis ccpostoperative diagnoses herniated disc cc cervical spondylosis ccprocedures anterior cervical discectomy decompression cc anterior cervical fusion cc anterior cervical instrumentation cc allograft ccanesthesia general endotrachealcomplications nonepatient status taken recovery room stable conditionindications patient yearold female severe recalcitrant right upper extremity pain numbness tingling shoulder pain axial neck pain headaches many months nonoperative measures failed relieve symptoms surgical intervention requested discussed reasonable risks benefits alternatives various treatment options continuation nonoperative care versus risks associated surgery discussed understood risks including bleeding nerve vessel damage infection hoarseness dysphagia adjacent segment degeneration continued worsening pain failed fusion potential need surgery despite risks felt current symptoms best managed operativelysummary surgery detail following informed consent preoperative administration antibiotics patient brought operating suite general anesthetic administered patient placed supine position prominences neurovascular structures well accommodated patient noted pulse position preoperative xrays revealed appropriate levels skin incision ten pound inline traction placed via gardnerwells tongs shoulder roll placed patient prepped draped sterile fashion standard oblique incision made c vertebral body proximal nuchal skin crease subcutaneous tissue dissected level omohyoid transected blunt dissection carried trachea esophagus midline carotid sheath vital structures laterally taken prevertebral fascia bluntly split intraoperative xray taken ensure proper levels longus colli identified reflected proximally mm midline bilaterally anterior cervical trimline retractor could placed underneath longus colli thus placing new traction surrounding vital structures inferior spondylosis removed highspeed bur scalpel curette used remove disc decompression carried posterior posterior longitudinal ligament uncovertebral joints bilaterally disc herniation removed right posterolateral aspect interspace highspeed bur used prepare endplate good bleeding bone preparation fusion curette ball tip dissector passed foramen along ventral aspect dura evidence compression identified hemostasis achieved thrombinsoaked gelfoam interspace distracted caspar pin distractions set gently interspace gently retracted caspar pin distraction set mm allograft deemed appropriate fit press fit demineralized bone matrix tamped firmly position achieving excellent interference fit graft stable pullout forces distraction traction removed anterior cervical instrumentation completed using depuy trimline anterior cervical plate mm selfdrilling screws plate screws locked plate final xrays revealed proper positioning plate excellent distraction disc space apposition endplates allograft wounds copiously irrigated normal saline omohyoid approximated vicryl running vicryl used close platysma subcuticular monocryl steristrips used close skin deep drain placed prior wound closure patient allowed awake general anesthetic taken recovery room stable condition intraoperative complications needle sponge counts correct intraoperative neurologic monitoring used throughout entirety case normal

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated disc, C5-C6.,2. Cervical spondylosis, C5-C6.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated disc, C5-C6.,2. Cervical spondylosis, C5-C6.,PROCEDURES,1. Anterior cervical discectomy with decompression, C5-C6.,2. Anterior cervical fusion, C5-C6.,3. Anterior cervical instrumentation, C5-C6.,4. Allograft C5-C6.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,PATIENT STATUS: , Taken to recovery room in stable condition.,INDICATIONS: , The patient is a 36-year-old female who has had severe, recalcitrant right upper extremity pain, numbness, tingling, shoulder pain, axial neck pain, and headaches for many months. Nonoperative measures failed to relieve her symptoms and surgical intervention was requested. We discussed reasonable risks, benefits, and alternatives of various treatment options. Continuation of nonoperative care versus the risks associated with surgery were discussed. She understood the risks including bleeding, nerve vessel damage, infection, hoarseness, dysphagia, adjacent segment degeneration, continued worsening pain, failed fusion, and potential need for further surgery. Despite these risks, she felt that current symptoms will be best managed operatively.,SUMMARY OF SURGERY IN DETAIL: , Following informed consent and preoperative administration of antibiotics, the patient was brought to the operating suite. General anesthetic was administered. The patient was placed in the supine position. All prominences and neurovascular structures were well accommodated. The patient was noted to have pulse in this position. Preoperative x-rays revealed appropriate levels for skin incision. Ten pound inline traction was placed via Gardner-Wells tongs and shoulder roll was placed. The patient was then prepped and draped in sterile fashion. Standard oblique incision was made over the C6 vertebral body in the proximal nuchal skin crease. Subcutaneous tissue was dissected down to the level of the omohyoid which was transected. Blunt dissection was carried out with the trachea and the esophagus in the midline and the carotid sheath in its vital structures laterally. This was taken down to the prevertebral fascia which was bluntly split. Intraoperative x-ray was taken to ensure proper levels. Longus colli was identified and reflected proximally 3 to 4 mm off the midline bilaterally so that the anterior cervical Trimline retractor could be placed underneath the longus colli, thus placing no new traction on the surrounding vital structures. Inferior spondylosis was removed with high-speed bur. A scalpel and curette was used to remove the disc. Decompression was carried posterior to the posterior longitudinal ligament down to the uncovertebral joints bilaterally. Disc herniation was removed from the right posterolateral aspect of the interspace. High-speed bur was used to prepare the endplate down to good bleeding bone and preparation for fusion. Curette and ball tip dissector was then passed out the foramen and along the ventral aspect of the dura. No further evidence of compression was identified. Hemostasis was achieved with thrombin-soaked Gelfoam. Interspace was then distracted with Caspar pin distractions set gently. Interspace was then gently retracted with the Caspar pin distraction set. An 8-mm allograft was deemed in appropriate fit. This was press fit with demineralized bone matrix and tamped firmly into position achieving excellent interference fit. The graft was stable to pull-out forces. Distraction and traction was then removed and anterior cervical instrumentation was completed using a DePuy Trimline anterior cervical plate with 14-mm self-drilling screws. Plate and screws were then locked to the plate. Final x-rays revealed proper positioning of the plate, excellent distraction in the disc space, and apposition of the endplates and allograft. Wounds were copiously irrigated with normal saline. Omohyoid was approximated with 3-0 Vicryl. Running 3-0 Vicryl was used to close the platysma. Subcuticular Monocryl and Steri-Strips were used to close the skin. A deep drain was placed prior to wound closure. The patient was then allowed to awake from general anesthetic and was taken to the recovery room in stable condition. There were no intraoperative complications. All needle and sponge counts were correct. Intraoperative neurologic monitoring was used throughout the entirety of the case and was normal. ### Response: Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated nucleus pulposus C2-C3.,2. Spinal stenosis C3-C4.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated nucleus pulposus C2-C3.,2. Spinal stenosis C3-C4.,PROCEDURES,1. Anterior cervical discectomy, C3-C4, C2-C3.,2. Anterior cervical fusion, C2-C3, C3-C4.,3. Removal of old instrumentation, C4-C5.,4. Fusion C3-C4 and C2-C3 with instrumentation using ABC plates.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was placed in the supine position. The neck was prepped and draped in the usual fashion for anterior cervical discectomy. A high incision was made to allow access to C2-C3. Skin and subcutaneous tissue and the platysma were divided sharply exposing the carotid sheath which was retracted laterally and the trachea and esophagus were retracted medially. This exposed the vertebral bodies of C2-C3 and C4-C5 which was bridged by a plate. We placed in self-retaining retractors. With the tooth beneath the blades, the longus colli muscles were dissected away from the vertebral bodies of C2, C3, C4, and C5. After having done this, we used the all-purpose instrumentation to remove the instrumentation at C4-C5, we could see that fusion at C4-C5 was solid.,We next proceeded with the discectomy at C2-C3 and C3-C4 with disc removal. In a similar fashion using a curette to clean up the disc space and the space was fairly widened, as well as drilling up the vertebral joints using high-speed cutting followed by diamond drill bit. It was obvious that the C3-C4 neural foramina were almost totally obliterated due to the osteophytosis and foraminal stenosis. With the operating microscope; however, we had good visualization of these nerve roots, and we were able to ___________ both at C2-C3 and C3-C4. We then placed the ABC 55-mm plate from C2 down to C4. These were secured with 16-mm titanium screws after excellent purchase. We took an x-ray which showed excellent position of the plate, the screws, and the graft themselves. The next step was to irrigate the wound copiously with saline and bacitracin solution and s Jackson-Pratt drain was placed in the prevertebral space and brought out through a separate incision. The wound was closed with 2-0 Vicryl for subcutaneous tissues and Steri-Strips used to close the skin. Blood loss was about 50 mL. No complication of the surgery. Needle count, sponge count, cottonoid count was correct.,The operating microscope was used for the entirety for both visualization and magnification and illumination which was quite superb. At the time of surgery, he had total collapse of the C2, C3, and C4 disc with osteophyte formation. At both levels, he has high-grade spinal stenosis at these levels, especially foramen stenosis causing the compression, neck pain, headaches, and arm and shoulder pain. He does have degenerative changes at C5-C6, C6-C7, C7-T1; however, they do not appear to be symptomatic, although x-rays show the disks to be partially collapsed at all levels with osteophyte formation beginning to form.

preoperative diagnoses herniated nucleus pulposus cc spinal stenosis ccpostoperative diagnoses herniated nucleus pulposus cc spinal stenosis ccprocedures anterior cervical discectomy cc cc anterior cervical fusion cc cc removal old instrumentation cc fusion cc cc instrumentation using abc platesprocedure detail patient placed supine position neck prepped draped usual fashion anterior cervical discectomy high incision made allow access cc skin subcutaneous tissue platysma divided sharply exposing carotid sheath retracted laterally trachea esophagus retracted medially exposed vertebral bodies cc cc bridged plate placed selfretaining retractors tooth beneath blades longus colli muscles dissected away vertebral bodies c c c c done used allpurpose instrumentation remove instrumentation cc could see fusion cc solidwe next proceeded discectomy cc cc disc removal similar fashion using curette clean disc space space fairly widened well drilling vertebral joints using highspeed cutting followed diamond drill bit obvious cc neural foramina almost totally obliterated due osteophytosis foraminal stenosis operating microscope however good visualization nerve roots able ___________ cc cc placed abc mm plate c c secured mm titanium screws excellent purchase took xray showed excellent position plate screws graft next step irrigate wound copiously saline bacitracin solution jacksonpratt drain placed prevertebral space brought separate incision wound closed vicryl subcutaneous tissues steristrips used close skin blood loss ml complication surgery needle count sponge count cottonoid count correctthe operating microscope used entirety visualization magnification illumination quite superb time surgery total collapse c c c disc osteophyte formation levels highgrade spinal stenosis levels especially foramen stenosis causing compression neck pain headaches arm shoulder pain degenerative changes cc cc ct however appear symptomatic although xrays show disks partially collapsed levels osteophyte formation beginning form

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated nucleus pulposus C2-C3.,2. Spinal stenosis C3-C4.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated nucleus pulposus C2-C3.,2. Spinal stenosis C3-C4.,PROCEDURES,1. Anterior cervical discectomy, C3-C4, C2-C3.,2. Anterior cervical fusion, C2-C3, C3-C4.,3. Removal of old instrumentation, C4-C5.,4. Fusion C3-C4 and C2-C3 with instrumentation using ABC plates.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was placed in the supine position. The neck was prepped and draped in the usual fashion for anterior cervical discectomy. A high incision was made to allow access to C2-C3. Skin and subcutaneous tissue and the platysma were divided sharply exposing the carotid sheath which was retracted laterally and the trachea and esophagus were retracted medially. This exposed the vertebral bodies of C2-C3 and C4-C5 which was bridged by a plate. We placed in self-retaining retractors. With the tooth beneath the blades, the longus colli muscles were dissected away from the vertebral bodies of C2, C3, C4, and C5. After having done this, we used the all-purpose instrumentation to remove the instrumentation at C4-C5, we could see that fusion at C4-C5 was solid.,We next proceeded with the discectomy at C2-C3 and C3-C4 with disc removal. In a similar fashion using a curette to clean up the disc space and the space was fairly widened, as well as drilling up the vertebral joints using high-speed cutting followed by diamond drill bit. It was obvious that the C3-C4 neural foramina were almost totally obliterated due to the osteophytosis and foraminal stenosis. With the operating microscope; however, we had good visualization of these nerve roots, and we were able to ___________ both at C2-C3 and C3-C4. We then placed the ABC 55-mm plate from C2 down to C4. These were secured with 16-mm titanium screws after excellent purchase. We took an x-ray which showed excellent position of the plate, the screws, and the graft themselves. The next step was to irrigate the wound copiously with saline and bacitracin solution and s Jackson-Pratt drain was placed in the prevertebral space and brought out through a separate incision. The wound was closed with 2-0 Vicryl for subcutaneous tissues and Steri-Strips used to close the skin. Blood loss was about 50 mL. No complication of the surgery. Needle count, sponge count, cottonoid count was correct.,The operating microscope was used for the entirety for both visualization and magnification and illumination which was quite superb. At the time of surgery, he had total collapse of the C2, C3, and C4 disc with osteophyte formation. At both levels, he has high-grade spinal stenosis at these levels, especially foramen stenosis causing the compression, neck pain, headaches, and arm and shoulder pain. He does have degenerative changes at C5-C6, C6-C7, C7-T1; however, they do not appear to be symptomatic, although x-rays show the disks to be partially collapsed at all levels with osteophyte formation beginning to form. ### Response: Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated nucleus pulposus, C5-C6.,2. Herniated nucleus pulposus, C6-C7.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated nucleus pulposus, C5-C6.,2. Herniated nucleus pulposus, C6-C7.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED,1. Anterior cervical decompression, C5-C6.,2. Anterior cervical decompression, C6-C7.,3. Anterior spine instrumentation.,4. Anterior cervical spine fusion, C5-C6.,5. Anterior cervical spine fusion, C6-C7.,6. Application of machined allograft at C5-C6.,7. Application of machined allograft at C6-C7.,8. Allograft, structural at C5-C6.,9. Allograft, structural at C6-C7.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,PREOPERATIVE NOTE: ,This patient is a 47-year-old male with chief complaint of severe neck pain and left upper extremity numbness and weakness. Preoperative MRI scan showed evidence of herniated nucleus pulposus at C5-C6 and C6-C7 on the left. The patient has failed epidural steroid injections. Risks and benefits of the above procedure were discussed with the patient including bleeding, infection, muscle loss, nerve damage, paralysis, and death.,OPERATIVE REPORT: , The patient was taken to the OR and placed in the supine position. After general endotracheal anesthesia was obtained, the patient's neck was sterilely prepped and draped in the usual fashion. A horizontal incision was made on the left side of the neck at the level of the C6 vertebral body. It was taken down through the subcutaneous tissues exposing the platysmus muscle. The platysmus muscle was incised along the skin incision and the deep cervical fascia was bluntly dissected down to the anterior cervical spine. An #18 gauge needle was placed in the C5-C6 interspace and the intraoperative x-ray confirmed that this was the appropriate level. Next, the longus colli muscles were resected laterally on both the right and left side, and then a complete anterior cervical discectomy was performed. The disk was very degenerated and brown in color. There was an acute disk herniation through posterior longitudinal ligament. The posterior longitudinal ligament was removed and a bilateral foraminotomy was performed. Approximately, 5 mm of the nerve root on both the right and left side was visualized. A ball-ended probe could be passed up the foramen. Bleeding was controlled with bipolar electrocautery and Surgiflo. The end plates of C5 and C6 were prepared using a high-speed burr and a 6-mm lordotic machined allograft was malleted into place. There was good bony apposition both proximally and distally. Next, attention was placed at the C6-C7 level. Again, the longus colli muscles were resected laterally and a complete anterior cervical discectomy at C6-C7 was performed. The disk was degenerated and there was acute disk herniation in the posterior longitudinal ligament on the left. The posterior longitudinal ligament was removed. A bilateral foraminotomy was performed. Approximately, 5 mm of the C7 nerve root was visualized on both sides. A micro nerve hook was able to be passed up the foramen easily. Bleeding was controlled with bipolar electrocautery and Surgiflo. The end plates at C6-C7 were then prepared using a high-speed burr and then a 7-mm machined lordotic allograft was malleted into place. There was good bony apposition, both proximally and distally. Next, a 44-mm Blackstone low-profile anterior cervical plate was applied to the anterior cervical spine with six 14 mm screws. Intraoperative x-ray confirmed appropriate positioning of the plate and the graft. The wound was then copiously irrigated with normal saline and bacitracin. There was no active bleeding upon closure of the wound. A small drain was placed deep. The platysmal muscle was closed with 3-0 Vicryl. The skin was closed with #4-0 Monocryl. Mastisol and Steri-Strips were applied. The patient was monitored throughout the procedure with free-running EMGs and SSEPs and there were no untoward events. The patient was awoken and taken to the recovery room in satisfactory condition.

preoperative diagnoses herniated nucleus pulposus cc herniated nucleus pulposus ccpostoperative diagnoses herniated nucleus pulposus cc herniated nucleus pulposus ccprocedure performed anterior cervical decompression cc anterior cervical decompression cc anterior spine instrumentation anterior cervical spine fusion cc anterior cervical spine fusion cc application machined allograft cc application machined allograft cc allograft structural cc allograft structural ccanesthesia generalpreoperative note patient yearold male chief complaint severe neck pain left upper extremity numbness weakness preoperative mri scan showed evidence herniated nucleus pulposus cc cc left patient failed epidural steroid injections risks benefits procedure discussed patient including bleeding infection muscle loss nerve damage paralysis deathoperative report patient taken placed supine position general endotracheal anesthesia obtained patients neck sterilely prepped draped usual fashion horizontal incision made left side neck level c vertebral body taken subcutaneous tissues exposing platysmus muscle platysmus muscle incised along skin incision deep cervical fascia bluntly dissected anterior cervical spine gauge needle placed cc interspace intraoperative xray confirmed appropriate level next longus colli muscles resected laterally right left side complete anterior cervical discectomy performed disk degenerated brown color acute disk herniation posterior longitudinal ligament posterior longitudinal ligament removed bilateral foraminotomy performed approximately mm nerve root right left side visualized ballended probe could passed foramen bleeding controlled bipolar electrocautery surgiflo end plates c c prepared using highspeed burr mm lordotic machined allograft malleted place good bony apposition proximally distally next attention placed cc level longus colli muscles resected laterally complete anterior cervical discectomy cc performed disk degenerated acute disk herniation posterior longitudinal ligament left posterior longitudinal ligament removed bilateral foraminotomy performed approximately mm c nerve root visualized sides micro nerve hook able passed foramen easily bleeding controlled bipolar electrocautery surgiflo end plates cc prepared using highspeed burr mm machined lordotic allograft malleted place good bony apposition proximally distally next mm blackstone lowprofile anterior cervical plate applied anterior cervical spine six mm screws intraoperative xray confirmed appropriate positioning plate graft wound copiously irrigated normal saline bacitracin active bleeding upon closure wound small drain placed deep platysmal muscle closed vicryl skin closed monocryl mastisol steristrips applied patient monitored throughout procedure freerunning emgs sseps untoward events patient awoken taken recovery room satisfactory condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated nucleus pulposus, C5-C6.,2. Herniated nucleus pulposus, C6-C7.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Herniated nucleus pulposus, C5-C6.,2. Herniated nucleus pulposus, C6-C7.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED,1. Anterior cervical decompression, C5-C6.,2. Anterior cervical decompression, C6-C7.,3. Anterior spine instrumentation.,4. Anterior cervical spine fusion, C5-C6.,5. Anterior cervical spine fusion, C6-C7.,6. Application of machined allograft at C5-C6.,7. Application of machined allograft at C6-C7.,8. Allograft, structural at C5-C6.,9. Allograft, structural at C6-C7.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,PREOPERATIVE NOTE: ,This patient is a 47-year-old male with chief complaint of severe neck pain and left upper extremity numbness and weakness. Preoperative MRI scan showed evidence of herniated nucleus pulposus at C5-C6 and C6-C7 on the left. The patient has failed epidural steroid injections. Risks and benefits of the above procedure were discussed with the patient including bleeding, infection, muscle loss, nerve damage, paralysis, and death.,OPERATIVE REPORT: , The patient was taken to the OR and placed in the supine position. After general endotracheal anesthesia was obtained, the patient's neck was sterilely prepped and draped in the usual fashion. A horizontal incision was made on the left side of the neck at the level of the C6 vertebral body. It was taken down through the subcutaneous tissues exposing the platysmus muscle. The platysmus muscle was incised along the skin incision and the deep cervical fascia was bluntly dissected down to the anterior cervical spine. An #18 gauge needle was placed in the C5-C6 interspace and the intraoperative x-ray confirmed that this was the appropriate level. Next, the longus colli muscles were resected laterally on both the right and left side, and then a complete anterior cervical discectomy was performed. The disk was very degenerated and brown in color. There was an acute disk herniation through posterior longitudinal ligament. The posterior longitudinal ligament was removed and a bilateral foraminotomy was performed. Approximately, 5 mm of the nerve root on both the right and left side was visualized. A ball-ended probe could be passed up the foramen. Bleeding was controlled with bipolar electrocautery and Surgiflo. The end plates of C5 and C6 were prepared using a high-speed burr and a 6-mm lordotic machined allograft was malleted into place. There was good bony apposition both proximally and distally. Next, attention was placed at the C6-C7 level. Again, the longus colli muscles were resected laterally and a complete anterior cervical discectomy at C6-C7 was performed. The disk was degenerated and there was acute disk herniation in the posterior longitudinal ligament on the left. The posterior longitudinal ligament was removed. A bilateral foraminotomy was performed. Approximately, 5 mm of the C7 nerve root was visualized on both sides. A micro nerve hook was able to be passed up the foramen easily. Bleeding was controlled with bipolar electrocautery and Surgiflo. The end plates at C6-C7 were then prepared using a high-speed burr and then a 7-mm machined lordotic allograft was malleted into place. There was good bony apposition, both proximally and distally. Next, a 44-mm Blackstone low-profile anterior cervical plate was applied to the anterior cervical spine with six 14 mm screws. Intraoperative x-ray confirmed appropriate positioning of the plate and the graft. The wound was then copiously irrigated with normal saline and bacitracin. There was no active bleeding upon closure of the wound. A small drain was placed deep. The platysmal muscle was closed with 3-0 Vicryl. The skin was closed with #4-0 Monocryl. Mastisol and Steri-Strips were applied. The patient was monitored throughout the procedure with free-running EMGs and SSEPs and there were no untoward events. The patient was awoken and taken to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. ### Response: Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Incomplete surgical staging of recent diagnosis of grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma and also low-grade mesothelioma of the ovary.,2. Status post laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Incomplete surgical staging of recent diagnosis of grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma and also low-grade mesothelioma of the ovary.,2. Status post laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.,OPERATIONS PERFORMED,1. Robotic-assisted omentectomy.,2. Robotic-assisted pelvic lymph node dissection.,3. Attempted laparoscopy.,4. Exploratory laparotomy with bilateral pelvic bilateral periaortic lymph node dissection with multiple biopsies.,ANESTHESIA:, General/epidural anesthesia.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, 200 mL.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,FINAL SPONGE AND NEEDLE COUNTS: , Correct, confirmed by x-ray JP drain x1.,INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY: , Mrs. A is a pleasant 66-year-old female who was diagnosed with an unsuspected grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma and low-grade mesothelioma of the ovary. The patient is status post laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy BSO. The patient was referred to me by Dr. X. Because of the incomplete staging, the patient was advised to undergo a robotic-assisted surgical staging. Risks, benefits, and rationale of these procedures were reviewed. The patient has understanding of these risks and wishes to proceed with the surgery as planned.,INTRAOPERATIVE FINDINGS,1. No evidence of ascites.,2. At the time of the exploratory laparotomy, the diaphragm was well palpated. They were clear. The low attachments were removed. The lesser omentum was unremarkable. The pancreas, spleen, and liver were unremarkable. The gallbladder was unremarkable. The stomach appeared grossly normal. The small bowel was inspected from the ligament which starts to the ileocecal valve. There is no evidence of disease. Paracolic gutter and peritoneum was free. The omentum was grossly normal.,3. In the pelvis, uterus, tubes, and ovaries were absent. There was no evidence seeding along the bladder, pelvic, cul-de-sac, and peritoneum.,4. Retroperitoneally, pelvic lymph nodes were mostly normal; however, at the right aortic, there are nodes. These nodes were extremely fibrotic and they were densely adherent to the anterior wall of the vena cava which precluded me from performing a robotic periaortic lymph node dissection. There was some area that was suspicious right at the low right periaortic lymph node. They were sent for frozen section and they came back as benign. It is unclear to me why did the lymph nodes were quite fibrotic and firm, but we will wait for the pathology report.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was given IV antibiotics prior to our incision site, sequential compression device was placed as part of the DVT prophylaxis. I have requested an epidural catheter be placed for purpose of the periaortic lymph node dissection. With this in mind, we proceeded as such.,We initially began with the robotic portion of the procedure.,A 1-cm supraumbilical incision made. A Veress needle was inserted without difficulty. Pneumoperitoneum was achieved to the abdominal pressure of 15 mmHg. A 12mm trocar was inserted without difficulty. After completion of this, a 12mm trocar was placed in the left lower quadrant 2 fingerbreadths medial to the anterior superior iliac spine under direct laparoscopic visualization. After completion of this, a laparoscope was then placed in the left lower quadrant port to assist in the placement of the remainder of the da Vinci ports. Two 8-mm ports were placed in the right upper quadrant 8 cm apart while one 8-mm port was placed in the left upper quadrant 8 cm apart. After completion of this, the patient was placed in steep Trendelenburg position. The robotic system was then docked and after docking the robotic system, the instrumentation was inserted under direct laparoscopic visualization to ensure that there was no injury to the abdominal contents. Once this was completed, the robotic camera was then docked. We then proceeded with our daVinci portion of the procedure.,I then proceeded now with the omentectomy. The omentum was taken off the transverse colon with the harmonic scalpel. The entire omentum was removed and placed in the pelvis. After completion of this, I then proceeded now with the pelvic lymph node dissection.,An incision was made parallel along the peritoneum overlying the psoas muscle. All the lymph node bearing tissues along the external iliac artery and vein were subsequently skeletonized off the vessels and resected. The lymph node bearing tissues interposed between the external iliac vein and psoas muscle were mobilized into the obturator fossa and subsequently removed off the accessory obturator vein, artery and nerve. In the process of removing the lymphoid tissues, the genitofemoral nerve along with the accessory obturator vein, obturator artery and nerve were all preserved. The lymphoid tissues interposed between the external iliac vein and psoas muscle along with the common iliac vessels were also subsequently removed. The lymph node bearing tissues bifurcating at the hypogastric and the external iliac vein were likewise removed in addition to the hypogastric lymph nodes. All the lymph node tissues were placed in an Endobag and removed and submitted as pelvic nodes on the right side and subsequently the left side. Boundaries of the pelvic nodal dissection distally were the external circumflex iliac vein, laterally the psoas muscle along with the obturator internus fascia, medially the superior vesical artery along with the ureter, and inferiorly below the obturator nerve.,At this point in time, we have attempted the periaortic lymph node dissection. I did open up the peritoneum overlying the bifurcation of the aorta. This peritoneum was incised up to the level of the duodenal recess. It was at this point in time that the periaortic lymph node dissection was extremely difficult. I was unable to get a tissue plane as the lymph nodes were apparently very fibrotic. I was concerned that I would tear off the anterior wall of the cava in the process of trying to perform the right periaortic lymph node. For this reason, I aborted the robotic procedure or in after nearly attempting for about an hour and a half for the periaortic lymph nodes. Once this was unsuccessful, the robotic system was then dedocked. I then placed additional ports. A 5-mm port was placed in the suprapubic region, two fingerbreadths above. A right lower quadrant 12-mm port was placed. After completion of this, I had attempted to see whether we could do the remainder of the periaortic lymph node dissection via laparoscopically. Despite an attempt for a nearly 35 minutes, I was not able to get adequate exposure. The small bowel kept on falling in the operative field which precluded us to perform the procedure safely. For this reason, I converted to an open procedure.,A midline incision was made from suprapubic bone and extended above the umbilicus. The abdominal cavity was entered without injuring the bell. After entering the abdomen, omentum was removed. Ray-Tec sponges were removed. We covered for the Ray-Tec sponges. After completion of this, Thompson retractor was placed. The patient was placed in C-Trendelenburg position. The bowel was packed cephalad. Retroperitoneum space was entered right and left ureters were identified. I then meticulously resected the lymphoid-bearing tissues anterior and lateral to the cava. This dissection was quite difficult as the lymph nodes were extremely fibrotic and adherent to the caval wall. I was able to freed up these lymph nodes without injuring of the cava. Likewise, the left periaortic lymph node dissection was carried out from the level of the bifurcation to 1 cm above the IMA. All the periaortic lymph node dissection was then carried out. After completion of this, I then took washings. Random biopsies were obtained of the cul-de-sac and right and left pelvic side wall along with the right and left paracolic gutter. After completion of this, the patient appears to have tolerated the procedure well. There was no obvious gross disease. The bowel was inspected meticulously to ensure that there was no evidence of injury. Once this was completed, the bowel was placed back to its normal position. Several film solutions were placed. We counted for sponges, needles, and instruments. Once this was counted for, the fascia was then closed with #2 Vicryl suture in a mass closure fashion. The subcutaneous route was copiously irrigated with water. The JP drain was brought to the right lower quadrant incision. All the incision ports were then closed with 3-0 Monocryl suture. Likewise, the midline incision was closed with 3-0 Monocryl sutures.,At the conclusion of the procedure, there was no obvious gross disease left.,

preoperative diagnoses incomplete surgical staging recent diagnosis grade endometrial adenocarcinoma also lowgrade mesothelioma ovary status post laparoscopicassisted vaginal hysterectomy bilateral salpingooophorectomypostoperative diagnoses incomplete surgical staging recent diagnosis grade endometrial adenocarcinoma also lowgrade mesothelioma ovary status post laparoscopicassisted vaginal hysterectomy bilateral salpingooophorectomyoperations performed roboticassisted omentectomy roboticassisted pelvic lymph node dissection attempted laparoscopy exploratory laparotomy bilateral pelvic bilateral periaortic lymph node dissection multiple biopsiesanesthesia generalepidural anesthesiaestimated blood loss mlcomplications nonefinal sponge needle counts correct confirmed xray jp drain xindications surgery mrs pleasant yearold female diagnosed unsuspected grade endometrial adenocarcinoma lowgrade mesothelioma ovary patient status post laparoscopicassisted vaginal hysterectomy bso patient referred dr x incomplete staging patient advised undergo roboticassisted surgical staging risks benefits rationale procedures reviewed patient understanding risks wishes proceed surgery plannedintraoperative findings evidence ascites time exploratory laparotomy diaphragm well palpated clear low attachments removed lesser omentum unremarkable pancreas spleen liver unremarkable gallbladder unremarkable stomach appeared grossly normal small bowel inspected ligament starts ileocecal valve evidence disease paracolic gutter peritoneum free omentum grossly normal pelvis uterus tubes ovaries absent evidence seeding along bladder pelvic culdesac peritoneum retroperitoneally pelvic lymph nodes mostly normal however right aortic nodes nodes extremely fibrotic densely adherent anterior wall vena cava precluded performing robotic periaortic lymph node dissection area suspicious right low right periaortic lymph node sent frozen section came back benign unclear lymph nodes quite fibrotic firm wait pathology reportprocedure detail patient given iv antibiotics prior incision site sequential compression device placed part dvt prophylaxis requested epidural catheter placed purpose periaortic lymph node dissection mind proceeded suchwe initially began robotic portion procedurea cm supraumbilical incision made veress needle inserted without difficulty pneumoperitoneum achieved abdominal pressure mmhg mm trocar inserted without difficulty completion mm trocar placed left lower quadrant fingerbreadths medial anterior superior iliac spine direct laparoscopic visualization completion laparoscope placed left lower quadrant port assist placement remainder da vinci ports two mm ports placed right upper quadrant cm apart one mm port placed left upper quadrant cm apart completion patient placed steep trendelenburg position robotic system docked docking robotic system instrumentation inserted direct laparoscopic visualization ensure injury abdominal contents completed robotic camera docked proceeded davinci portion procedurei proceeded omentectomy omentum taken transverse colon harmonic scalpel entire omentum removed placed pelvis completion proceeded pelvic lymph node dissectionan incision made parallel along peritoneum overlying psoas muscle lymph node bearing tissues along external iliac artery vein subsequently skeletonized vessels resected lymph node bearing tissues interposed external iliac vein psoas muscle mobilized obturator fossa subsequently removed accessory obturator vein artery nerve process removing lymphoid tissues genitofemoral nerve along accessory obturator vein obturator artery nerve preserved lymphoid tissues interposed external iliac vein psoas muscle along common iliac vessels also subsequently removed lymph node bearing tissues bifurcating hypogastric external iliac vein likewise removed addition hypogastric lymph nodes lymph node tissues placed endobag removed submitted pelvic nodes right side subsequently left side boundaries pelvic nodal dissection distally external circumflex iliac vein laterally psoas muscle along obturator internus fascia medially superior vesical artery along ureter inferiorly obturator nerveat point time attempted periaortic lymph node dissection open peritoneum overlying bifurcation aorta peritoneum incised level duodenal recess point time periaortic lymph node dissection extremely difficult unable get tissue plane lymph nodes apparently fibrotic concerned would tear anterior wall cava process trying perform right periaortic lymph node reason aborted robotic procedure nearly attempting hour half periaortic lymph nodes unsuccessful robotic system dedocked placed additional ports mm port placed suprapubic region two fingerbreadths right lower quadrant mm port placed completion attempted see whether could remainder periaortic lymph node dissection via laparoscopically despite attempt nearly minutes able get adequate exposure small bowel kept falling operative field precluded us perform procedure safely reason converted open procedurea midline incision made suprapubic bone extended umbilicus abdominal cavity entered without injuring bell entering abdomen omentum removed raytec sponges removed covered raytec sponges completion thompson retractor placed patient placed ctrendelenburg position bowel packed cephalad retroperitoneum space entered right left ureters identified meticulously resected lymphoidbearing tissues anterior lateral cava dissection quite difficult lymph nodes extremely fibrotic adherent caval wall able freed lymph nodes without injuring cava likewise left periaortic lymph node dissection carried level bifurcation cm ima periaortic lymph node dissection carried completion took washings random biopsies obtained culdesac right left pelvic side wall along right left paracolic gutter completion patient appears tolerated procedure well obvious gross disease bowel inspected meticulously ensure evidence injury completed bowel placed back normal position several film solutions placed counted sponges needles instruments counted fascia closed vicryl suture mass closure fashion subcutaneous route copiously irrigated water jp drain brought right lower quadrant incision incision ports closed monocryl suture likewise midline incision closed monocryl suturesat conclusion procedure obvious gross disease left

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Incomplete surgical staging of recent diagnosis of grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma and also low-grade mesothelioma of the ovary.,2. Status post laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Incomplete surgical staging of recent diagnosis of grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma and also low-grade mesothelioma of the ovary.,2. Status post laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.,OPERATIONS PERFORMED,1. Robotic-assisted omentectomy.,2. Robotic-assisted pelvic lymph node dissection.,3. Attempted laparoscopy.,4. Exploratory laparotomy with bilateral pelvic bilateral periaortic lymph node dissection with multiple biopsies.,ANESTHESIA:, General/epidural anesthesia.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, 200 mL.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,FINAL SPONGE AND NEEDLE COUNTS: , Correct, confirmed by x-ray JP drain x1.,INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY: , Mrs. A is a pleasant 66-year-old female who was diagnosed with an unsuspected grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma and low-grade mesothelioma of the ovary. The patient is status post laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy BSO. The patient was referred to me by Dr. X. Because of the incomplete staging, the patient was advised to undergo a robotic-assisted surgical staging. Risks, benefits, and rationale of these procedures were reviewed. The patient has understanding of these risks and wishes to proceed with the surgery as planned.,INTRAOPERATIVE FINDINGS,1. No evidence of ascites.,2. At the time of the exploratory laparotomy, the diaphragm was well palpated. They were clear. The low attachments were removed. The lesser omentum was unremarkable. The pancreas, spleen, and liver were unremarkable. The gallbladder was unremarkable. The stomach appeared grossly normal. The small bowel was inspected from the ligament which starts to the ileocecal valve. There is no evidence of disease. Paracolic gutter and peritoneum was free. The omentum was grossly normal.,3. In the pelvis, uterus, tubes, and ovaries were absent. There was no evidence seeding along the bladder, pelvic, cul-de-sac, and peritoneum.,4. Retroperitoneally, pelvic lymph nodes were mostly normal; however, at the right aortic, there are nodes. These nodes were extremely fibrotic and they were densely adherent to the anterior wall of the vena cava which precluded me from performing a robotic periaortic lymph node dissection. There was some area that was suspicious right at the low right periaortic lymph node. They were sent for frozen section and they came back as benign. It is unclear to me why did the lymph nodes were quite fibrotic and firm, but we will wait for the pathology report.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was given IV antibiotics prior to our incision site, sequential compression device was placed as part of the DVT prophylaxis. I have requested an epidural catheter be placed for purpose of the periaortic lymph node dissection. With this in mind, we proceeded as such.,We initially began with the robotic portion of the procedure.,A 1-cm supraumbilical incision made. A Veress needle was inserted without difficulty. Pneumoperitoneum was achieved to the abdominal pressure of 15 mmHg. A 12mm trocar was inserted without difficulty. After completion of this, a 12mm trocar was placed in the left lower quadrant 2 fingerbreadths medial to the anterior superior iliac spine under direct laparoscopic visualization. After completion of this, a laparoscope was then placed in the left lower quadrant port to assist in the placement of the remainder of the da Vinci ports. Two 8-mm ports were placed in the right upper quadrant 8 cm apart while one 8-mm port was placed in the left upper quadrant 8 cm apart. After completion of this, the patient was placed in steep Trendelenburg position. The robotic system was then docked and after docking the robotic system, the instrumentation was inserted under direct laparoscopic visualization to ensure that there was no injury to the abdominal contents. Once this was completed, the robotic camera was then docked. We then proceeded with our daVinci portion of the procedure.,I then proceeded now with the omentectomy. The omentum was taken off the transverse colon with the harmonic scalpel. The entire omentum was removed and placed in the pelvis. After completion of this, I then proceeded now with the pelvic lymph node dissection.,An incision was made parallel along the peritoneum overlying the psoas muscle. All the lymph node bearing tissues along the external iliac artery and vein were subsequently skeletonized off the vessels and resected. The lymph node bearing tissues interposed between the external iliac vein and psoas muscle were mobilized into the obturator fossa and subsequently removed off the accessory obturator vein, artery and nerve. In the process of removing the lymphoid tissues, the genitofemoral nerve along with the accessory obturator vein, obturator artery and nerve were all preserved. The lymphoid tissues interposed between the external iliac vein and psoas muscle along with the common iliac vessels were also subsequently removed. The lymph node bearing tissues bifurcating at the hypogastric and the external iliac vein were likewise removed in addition to the hypogastric lymph nodes. All the lymph node tissues were placed in an Endobag and removed and submitted as pelvic nodes on the right side and subsequently the left side. Boundaries of the pelvic nodal dissection distally were the external circumflex iliac vein, laterally the psoas muscle along with the obturator internus fascia, medially the superior vesical artery along with the ureter, and inferiorly below the obturator nerve.,At this point in time, we have attempted the periaortic lymph node dissection. I did open up the peritoneum overlying the bifurcation of the aorta. This peritoneum was incised up to the level of the duodenal recess. It was at this point in time that the periaortic lymph node dissection was extremely difficult. I was unable to get a tissue plane as the lymph nodes were apparently very fibrotic. I was concerned that I would tear off the anterior wall of the cava in the process of trying to perform the right periaortic lymph node. For this reason, I aborted the robotic procedure or in after nearly attempting for about an hour and a half for the periaortic lymph nodes. Once this was unsuccessful, the robotic system was then dedocked. I then placed additional ports. A 5-mm port was placed in the suprapubic region, two fingerbreadths above. A right lower quadrant 12-mm port was placed. After completion of this, I had attempted to see whether we could do the remainder of the periaortic lymph node dissection via laparoscopically. Despite an attempt for a nearly 35 minutes, I was not able to get adequate exposure. The small bowel kept on falling in the operative field which precluded us to perform the procedure safely. For this reason, I converted to an open procedure.,A midline incision was made from suprapubic bone and extended above the umbilicus. The abdominal cavity was entered without injuring the bell. After entering the abdomen, omentum was removed. Ray-Tec sponges were removed. We covered for the Ray-Tec sponges. After completion of this, Thompson retractor was placed. The patient was placed in C-Trendelenburg position. The bowel was packed cephalad. Retroperitoneum space was entered right and left ureters were identified. I then meticulously resected the lymphoid-bearing tissues anterior and lateral to the cava. This dissection was quite difficult as the lymph nodes were extremely fibrotic and adherent to the caval wall. I was able to freed up these lymph nodes without injuring of the cava. Likewise, the left periaortic lymph node dissection was carried out from the level of the bifurcation to 1 cm above the IMA. All the periaortic lymph node dissection was then carried out. After completion of this, I then took washings. Random biopsies were obtained of the cul-de-sac and right and left pelvic side wall along with the right and left paracolic gutter. After completion of this, the patient appears to have tolerated the procedure well. There was no obvious gross disease. The bowel was inspected meticulously to ensure that there was no evidence of injury. Once this was completed, the bowel was placed back to its normal position. Several film solutions were placed. We counted for sponges, needles, and instruments. Once this was counted for, the fascia was then closed with #2 Vicryl suture in a mass closure fashion. The subcutaneous route was copiously irrigated with water. The JP drain was brought to the right lower quadrant incision. All the incision ports were then closed with 3-0 Monocryl suture. Likewise, the midline incision was closed with 3-0 Monocryl sutures.,At the conclusion of the procedure, there was no obvious gross disease left., ### Response: Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 35-1/7.,2. Rh isoimmunization.,3. Suspected fetal anemia.,4. Desires permanent sterilization.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 35-1/7.,2. Rh isoimmunization.,3. Suspected fetal anemia.,4. Desires permanent sterilization.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Primary low transverse cesarean section by Pfannenstiel skin incision with bilateral tubal sterilization.,ANESTHESIA:, Spinal anesthesia.,COMPLICATIONS: ,None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: ,500 mL.,INTRAOPERATIVE FLUIDS: , 1000 mL crystalloids.,URINE OUTPUT: , 300 mL clear urine at the end of procedure.,SPECIMENS:, Cord gases, hematocrit on cord blood, placenta, and bilateral tubal segments.,INTRAOPERATIVE FINDINGS: , Male infant, vertex position, very bright yellow amniotic fluid. Apgars 7 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively. Weight pending at this time. His name is Kasson as well as umbilical cord and placenta stained yellow. Otherwise normal appearing uterus and bilateral tubes and ovaries.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION:, After informed consent was obtained, the patient was taken to the operating room where spinal anesthesia was obtained by Dr. X without difficulties. The patient was placed in supine position with leftward tilt. Fetal heart tones were checked and were 140s, and she was prepped and draped in a normal sterile fashion. At this time, a Pfannenstiel skin incision made with a scalpel and carried down to the underlying fascia with electrocautery. The fascia was nicked sharply in the midline. The fascial incision was extended laterally with Mayo scissors. The inferior aspect of the fascial incision was grasped with Kocher x2, elevated, and rectus muscles dissected sharply with the use of Mayo scissors. Attention was then turned to the superior aspect of the fascial incision. Fascia was grasped, elevated, and rectus muscles dissected off sharply. The rectus muscles were separated in the midline bluntly. The peritoneum was identified, grasped, and entered sharply and the peritoneal incision extended inferiorly and superiorly with good visualization of bladder. Bladder blade was inserted. Vesicouterine peritoneum was tented up and a bladder flap was created using Metzenbaum scissors. Bladder blade was reinserted to effectively protect the bladder from the operative field and the lower uterine segment incised in a transverse U-shaped fashion with the scalpel. Uterine incision was extended laterally and manually. Membranes were ruptured and bright yellow clear amniotic fluid was noted. Infant's head was in a floating position, able to flex the head, push against the incision, and then easily brought it to the field vertex. Nares and mouth were suctioned with bulb suction. Remainder of the infant was delivered atraumatically. The infant was very pale upon delivery. Cord was doubly clamped and cut and immediately handed to the awaiting intensive care nursery team. An 8 cm segment of the tube was doubly clamped and transected. Cord gases were obtained. Cord was then cleansed, laid on a clean laparotomy sponge, and cord blood was drawn for hematocrit measurements. At this time, it was noted that the cord was significantly yellow stained as well as the placenta. At this time, the placenta was delivered via gentle traction on the cord and exterior uterine massage. Uterus was exteriorized and cleared off all clots and debris with dry laparotomy sponge and the lower uterine segment was closed with 1-0 chromic in a running locked fashion. Two areas of oozing were noted and separate figure-of-eight sutures were placed to obtain hemostasis. At this time, the uterine incision was hemostatic. The bladder was examined and found to be well below the level of the incision repair. Tubes and ovaries were examined and found to be normal. The patient was again asked if she desires permanent sterilization of which she agrees and therefore the right fallopian tube was identified and followed out to the fimbriated end and grasped at the mid portion with a Babcock clamp. Mesosalpinx was divided with electrocautery and a 4-cm segment of tube was doubly tied and transected with a 3-cm segment of tube removed. Hemostasis was noted. Then, attention was turned to the left fallopian tube which in similar fashion was grasped and brought out through the fimbriated end and grasped the midline portion with Babcock clamp. Mesosalpinx was incised and 3-4 cm tube doubly tied, transected, and excised and excellent hemostasis was noted. Attention was returned to the uterine incision which is seemed to be hemostatic and uterus was returned to the abdomen. Gutters were cleared off all clots and debris. Lower uterine segments were again re-inspected and found to be hemostatic. Sites of tubal sterilization were also visualized and were hemostatic. At this time, the peritoneum was grasped with Kelly clamps x3 and closed with running 3-0 Vicryl suture. Copious irrigation was used. Rectus muscle belly was examined and found to be hemostatic and tacked and well approximated in the midline. At this time, the fascia was closed using 0 Vicryl in a running fashion. Manual palpation confirms thorough and adequate closure of the fascial layer. Copious irrigation was again used. Hemostasis noted, and skin was closed with staples. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Sponge, lap, needle, and instrument counts were correct x3 and the patient was sent to the recovery room awake and stable condition. Infant assumed the care of the intensive care nursery team and being followed and workup up for isoimmunization and fetal anemia. The patient will be followed for her severe right upper quadrant pain post delivery. If she continues to have pain, may need a surgical consult for gallbladder and/or angiogram for evaluation of right kidney and questionable venous plexus. This all will be relayed to Dr. Y, her primary obstetrician who was on call starting this morning at 7 a.m. through the weekend.

preoperative diagnoses intrauterine pregnancy rh isoimmunization suspected fetal anemia desires permanent sterilizationpostoperative diagnoses intrauterine pregnancy rh isoimmunization suspected fetal anemia desires permanent sterilizationoperation performed primary low transverse cesarean section pfannenstiel skin incision bilateral tubal sterilizationanesthesia spinal anesthesiacomplications noneestimated blood loss mlintraoperative fluids ml crystalloidsurine output ml clear urine end procedurespecimens cord gases hematocrit cord blood placenta bilateral tubal segmentsintraoperative findings male infant vertex position bright yellow amniotic fluid apgars minutes respectively weight pending time name kasson well umbilical cord placenta stained yellow otherwise normal appearing uterus bilateral tubes ovariesdescription operation informed consent obtained patient taken operating room spinal anesthesia obtained dr x without difficulties patient placed supine position leftward tilt fetal heart tones checked prepped draped normal sterile fashion time pfannenstiel skin incision made scalpel carried underlying fascia electrocautery fascia nicked sharply midline fascial incision extended laterally mayo scissors inferior aspect fascial incision grasped kocher x elevated rectus muscles dissected sharply use mayo scissors attention turned superior aspect fascial incision fascia grasped elevated rectus muscles dissected sharply rectus muscles separated midline bluntly peritoneum identified grasped entered sharply peritoneal incision extended inferiorly superiorly good visualization bladder bladder blade inserted vesicouterine peritoneum tented bladder flap created using metzenbaum scissors bladder blade reinserted effectively protect bladder operative field lower uterine segment incised transverse ushaped fashion scalpel uterine incision extended laterally manually membranes ruptured bright yellow clear amniotic fluid noted infants head floating position able flex head push incision easily brought field vertex nares mouth suctioned bulb suction remainder infant delivered atraumatically infant pale upon delivery cord doubly clamped cut immediately handed awaiting intensive care nursery team cm segment tube doubly clamped transected cord gases obtained cord cleansed laid clean laparotomy sponge cord blood drawn hematocrit measurements time noted cord significantly yellow stained well placenta time placenta delivered via gentle traction cord exterior uterine massage uterus exteriorized cleared clots debris dry laparotomy sponge lower uterine segment closed chromic running locked fashion two areas oozing noted separate figureofeight sutures placed obtain hemostasis time uterine incision hemostatic bladder examined found well level incision repair tubes ovaries examined found normal patient asked desires permanent sterilization agrees therefore right fallopian tube identified followed fimbriated end grasped mid portion babcock clamp mesosalpinx divided electrocautery cm segment tube doubly tied transected cm segment tube removed hemostasis noted attention turned left fallopian tube similar fashion grasped brought fimbriated end grasped midline portion babcock clamp mesosalpinx incised cm tube doubly tied transected excised excellent hemostasis noted attention returned uterine incision seemed hemostatic uterus returned abdomen gutters cleared clots debris lower uterine segments reinspected found hemostatic sites tubal sterilization also visualized hemostatic time peritoneum grasped kelly clamps x closed running vicryl suture copious irrigation used rectus muscle belly examined found hemostatic tacked well approximated midline time fascia closed using vicryl running fashion manual palpation confirms thorough adequate closure fascial layer copious irrigation used hemostasis noted skin closed staples patient tolerated procedure well sponge lap needle instrument counts correct x patient sent recovery room awake stable condition infant assumed care intensive care nursery team followed workup isoimmunization fetal anemia patient followed severe right upper quadrant pain post delivery continues pain may need surgical consult gallbladder andor angiogram evaluation right kidney questionable venous plexus relayed dr primary obstetrician call starting morning weekend

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 35-1/7.,2. Rh isoimmunization.,3. Suspected fetal anemia.,4. Desires permanent sterilization.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 35-1/7.,2. Rh isoimmunization.,3. Suspected fetal anemia.,4. Desires permanent sterilization.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Primary low transverse cesarean section by Pfannenstiel skin incision with bilateral tubal sterilization.,ANESTHESIA:, Spinal anesthesia.,COMPLICATIONS: ,None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: ,500 mL.,INTRAOPERATIVE FLUIDS: , 1000 mL crystalloids.,URINE OUTPUT: , 300 mL clear urine at the end of procedure.,SPECIMENS:, Cord gases, hematocrit on cord blood, placenta, and bilateral tubal segments.,INTRAOPERATIVE FINDINGS: , Male infant, vertex position, very bright yellow amniotic fluid. Apgars 7 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively. Weight pending at this time. His name is Kasson as well as umbilical cord and placenta stained yellow. Otherwise normal appearing uterus and bilateral tubes and ovaries.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION:, After informed consent was obtained, the patient was taken to the operating room where spinal anesthesia was obtained by Dr. X without difficulties. The patient was placed in supine position with leftward tilt. Fetal heart tones were checked and were 140s, and she was prepped and draped in a normal sterile fashion. At this time, a Pfannenstiel skin incision made with a scalpel and carried down to the underlying fascia with electrocautery. The fascia was nicked sharply in the midline. The fascial incision was extended laterally with Mayo scissors. The inferior aspect of the fascial incision was grasped with Kocher x2, elevated, and rectus muscles dissected sharply with the use of Mayo scissors. Attention was then turned to the superior aspect of the fascial incision. Fascia was grasped, elevated, and rectus muscles dissected off sharply. The rectus muscles were separated in the midline bluntly. The peritoneum was identified, grasped, and entered sharply and the peritoneal incision extended inferiorly and superiorly with good visualization of bladder. Bladder blade was inserted. Vesicouterine peritoneum was tented up and a bladder flap was created using Metzenbaum scissors. Bladder blade was reinserted to effectively protect the bladder from the operative field and the lower uterine segment incised in a transverse U-shaped fashion with the scalpel. Uterine incision was extended laterally and manually. Membranes were ruptured and bright yellow clear amniotic fluid was noted. Infant's head was in a floating position, able to flex the head, push against the incision, and then easily brought it to the field vertex. Nares and mouth were suctioned with bulb suction. Remainder of the infant was delivered atraumatically. The infant was very pale upon delivery. Cord was doubly clamped and cut and immediately handed to the awaiting intensive care nursery team. An 8 cm segment of the tube was doubly clamped and transected. Cord gases were obtained. Cord was then cleansed, laid on a clean laparotomy sponge, and cord blood was drawn for hematocrit measurements. At this time, it was noted that the cord was significantly yellow stained as well as the placenta. At this time, the placenta was delivered via gentle traction on the cord and exterior uterine massage. Uterus was exteriorized and cleared off all clots and debris with dry laparotomy sponge and the lower uterine segment was closed with 1-0 chromic in a running locked fashion. Two areas of oozing were noted and separate figure-of-eight sutures were placed to obtain hemostasis. At this time, the uterine incision was hemostatic. The bladder was examined and found to be well below the level of the incision repair. Tubes and ovaries were examined and found to be normal. The patient was again asked if she desires permanent sterilization of which she agrees and therefore the right fallopian tube was identified and followed out to the fimbriated end and grasped at the mid portion with a Babcock clamp. Mesosalpinx was divided with electrocautery and a 4-cm segment of tube was doubly tied and transected with a 3-cm segment of tube removed. Hemostasis was noted. Then, attention was turned to the left fallopian tube which in similar fashion was grasped and brought out through the fimbriated end and grasped the midline portion with Babcock clamp. Mesosalpinx was incised and 3-4 cm tube doubly tied, transected, and excised and excellent hemostasis was noted. Attention was returned to the uterine incision which is seemed to be hemostatic and uterus was returned to the abdomen. Gutters were cleared off all clots and debris. Lower uterine segments were again re-inspected and found to be hemostatic. Sites of tubal sterilization were also visualized and were hemostatic. At this time, the peritoneum was grasped with Kelly clamps x3 and closed with running 3-0 Vicryl suture. Copious irrigation was used. Rectus muscle belly was examined and found to be hemostatic and tacked and well approximated in the midline. At this time, the fascia was closed using 0 Vicryl in a running fashion. Manual palpation confirms thorough and adequate closure of the fascial layer. Copious irrigation was again used. Hemostasis noted, and skin was closed with staples. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Sponge, lap, needle, and instrument counts were correct x3 and the patient was sent to the recovery room awake and stable condition. Infant assumed the care of the intensive care nursery team and being followed and workup up for isoimmunization and fetal anemia. The patient will be followed for her severe right upper quadrant pain post delivery. If she continues to have pain, may need a surgical consult for gallbladder and/or angiogram for evaluation of right kidney and questionable venous plexus. This all will be relayed to Dr. Y, her primary obstetrician who was on call starting this morning at 7 a.m. through the weekend. ### Response: Obstetrics / Gynecology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 39 plus weeks gestation.,2. Gestational hypertension.,3. Thick meconium.,4. Failed vacuum attempted delivery.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 39 plus weeks gestation.,2. Gestational hypertension.,3. Thick meconium.,4. Failed vacuum attempted delivery.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Spontaneous vaginal delivery.,ANESTHESIA: , Epidural was placed x2.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, 500 mL.,COMPLICATIONS: , Thick meconium. Severe variables, Apgars were 2 and 7. Respiratory therapy and ICN nurse at delivery. Baby went to Newborn Nursery.,FINDINGS: , Male infant, cephalic presentation, ROA. Apgars 2 and 7. Weight 8 pounds and 1 ounce. Intact placenta. Three-vessel cord. Third degree midline tear.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: , The patient was admitted this morning for induction of labor secondary to elevated blood pressure, especially for the last three weeks. She was already 3 cm dilated. She had artificial rupture of membranes. Pitocin was started and she actually went to complete dilation. While pushing, there was sudden onset of thick meconium, and she was having some severe variables and several late decelerations. When she was complete +2, vacuum attempted delivery, three pop-offs were done. The vacuum was then no longer used after the three pop-offs. The patient pushed for a little bit longer and had a delivery, ROA, of a male infant, cephalic, over a third-degree midline tear. Secondary to the thick meconium, DeLee suctioned nose and mouth before the anterior shoulder was delivered and again after delivery. Baby was delivered floppy. Cord was clamped x2 and cut, and the baby was handed off to awaiting ICN nurse and respiratory therapist. Delivery of intact placenta and three-vessel cord. Third-degree midline tear was repaired with Vicryl without any complications. Baby initially did well and went to Newborn Nursery, where they are observing him a little bit longer there. Again, mother and baby are both doing well. Mother will go to Postpartum and baby is already in Newborn Nursery.

preoperative diagnoses intrauterine pregnancy plus weeks gestation gestational hypertension thick meconium failed vacuum attempted deliverypostoperative diagnoses intrauterine pregnancy plus weeks gestation gestational hypertension thick meconium failed vacuum attempted deliveryoperation performed spontaneous vaginal deliveryanesthesia epidural placed xestimated blood loss mlcomplications thick meconium severe variables apgars respiratory therapy icn nurse delivery baby went newborn nurseryfindings male infant cephalic presentation roa apgars weight pounds ounce intact placenta threevessel cord third degree midline teardescription operation patient admitted morning induction labor secondary elevated blood pressure especially last three weeks already cm dilated artificial rupture membranes pitocin started actually went complete dilation pushing sudden onset thick meconium severe variables several late decelerations complete vacuum attempted delivery three popoffs done vacuum longer used three popoffs patient pushed little bit longer delivery roa male infant cephalic thirddegree midline tear secondary thick meconium delee suctioned nose mouth anterior shoulder delivered delivery baby delivered floppy cord clamped x cut baby handed awaiting icn nurse respiratory therapist delivery intact placenta threevessel cord thirddegree midline tear repaired vicryl without complications baby initially well went newborn nursery observing little bit longer mother baby well mother go postpartum baby already newborn nursery

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 39 plus weeks gestation.,2. Gestational hypertension.,3. Thick meconium.,4. Failed vacuum attempted delivery.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 39 plus weeks gestation.,2. Gestational hypertension.,3. Thick meconium.,4. Failed vacuum attempted delivery.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Spontaneous vaginal delivery.,ANESTHESIA: , Epidural was placed x2.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, 500 mL.,COMPLICATIONS: , Thick meconium. Severe variables, Apgars were 2 and 7. Respiratory therapy and ICN nurse at delivery. Baby went to Newborn Nursery.,FINDINGS: , Male infant, cephalic presentation, ROA. Apgars 2 and 7. Weight 8 pounds and 1 ounce. Intact placenta. Three-vessel cord. Third degree midline tear.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: , The patient was admitted this morning for induction of labor secondary to elevated blood pressure, especially for the last three weeks. She was already 3 cm dilated. She had artificial rupture of membranes. Pitocin was started and she actually went to complete dilation. While pushing, there was sudden onset of thick meconium, and she was having some severe variables and several late decelerations. When she was complete +2, vacuum attempted delivery, three pop-offs were done. The vacuum was then no longer used after the three pop-offs. The patient pushed for a little bit longer and had a delivery, ROA, of a male infant, cephalic, over a third-degree midline tear. Secondary to the thick meconium, DeLee suctioned nose and mouth before the anterior shoulder was delivered and again after delivery. Baby was delivered floppy. Cord was clamped x2 and cut, and the baby was handed off to awaiting ICN nurse and respiratory therapist. Delivery of intact placenta and three-vessel cord. Third-degree midline tear was repaired with Vicryl without any complications. Baby initially did well and went to Newborn Nursery, where they are observing him a little bit longer there. Again, mother and baby are both doing well. Mother will go to Postpartum and baby is already in Newborn Nursery. ### Response: Obstetrics / Gynecology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Left lateral fifth ray amputation site cellulitis with infected left fourth metatarsophalangeal joint.,2. Osteomyelitis of left distal fifth metatarsal bone at left proximal fourth toe phalanx.,3. Plantar fascitis of left distal lateral foot.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Left lateral fifth ray amputation site cellulitis with infected left fourth metatarsophalangeal joint.,2. Osteomyelitis of left distal fifth metatarsal bone at left proximal fourth toe phalanx.,3. Plantar fascitis of left distal lateral foot.,OPERATION PERFORMED,1. Debridement of left lateral foot ulcer with excision of infected and infarcted interosseous space muscle tendons and fat.,2. Sharp excision of left distal foot plantar fascia.,ANESTHESIA:, None required.,INDICATIONS:, The patient is a 51-year-old diabetic female with severe peripheral vascular disease, who has had angioplasties and single perineal artery runoff to the left leg who developed gangrene of her left fifth toe requiring left fifth ray amputation. She has developed cellulitis of the lateral foot with osteomyelitis and now requires debridement of the local fascitis and necrotic tissue to evaluate for current infectious status and prepare for future amputation.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:, The procedure was performed in the patient's room. The dressing was removed exposing about a 4 cm x 2.5 cm left distal lateral foot fifth ray amputation open wound. Distally, there is infarcted left fourth metatarsophalangeal joint capsule, as well as plantar fat below the joint.,She has neuropathy allowing debridement of the tissues.,Using sharp scissors and forceps all the necrotic fat and joint capsule area was easily debrided. There was complete infarction of the lateral joint capsule and the head of the phalanx, as well as distal metatarsal head were chronically infected.,The wound was packed with 4x4 gauze pads and dry gauze pads were placed between the toes followed by Kerlix roll pad.,The patient suffered no complications from the procedure.

preoperative diagnoses left lateral fifth ray amputation site cellulitis infected left fourth metatarsophalangeal joint osteomyelitis left distal fifth metatarsal bone left proximal fourth toe phalanx plantar fascitis left distal lateral footpostoperative diagnoses left lateral fifth ray amputation site cellulitis infected left fourth metatarsophalangeal joint osteomyelitis left distal fifth metatarsal bone left proximal fourth toe phalanx plantar fascitis left distal lateral footoperation performed debridement left lateral foot ulcer excision infected infarcted interosseous space muscle tendons fat sharp excision left distal foot plantar fasciaanesthesia none requiredindications patient yearold diabetic female severe peripheral vascular disease angioplasties single perineal artery runoff left leg developed gangrene left fifth toe requiring left fifth ray amputation developed cellulitis lateral foot osteomyelitis requires debridement local fascitis necrotic tissue evaluate current infectious status prepare future amputationprocedure detail procedure performed patients room dressing removed exposing cm x cm left distal lateral foot fifth ray amputation open wound distally infarcted left fourth metatarsophalangeal joint capsule well plantar fat jointshe neuropathy allowing debridement tissuesusing sharp scissors forceps necrotic fat joint capsule area easily debrided complete infarction lateral joint capsule head phalanx well distal metatarsal head chronically infectedthe wound packed x gauze pads dry gauze pads placed toes followed kerlix roll padthe patient suffered complications procedure

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Left lateral fifth ray amputation site cellulitis with infected left fourth metatarsophalangeal joint.,2. Osteomyelitis of left distal fifth metatarsal bone at left proximal fourth toe phalanx.,3. Plantar fascitis of left distal lateral foot.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Left lateral fifth ray amputation site cellulitis with infected left fourth metatarsophalangeal joint.,2. Osteomyelitis of left distal fifth metatarsal bone at left proximal fourth toe phalanx.,3. Plantar fascitis of left distal lateral foot.,OPERATION PERFORMED,1. Debridement of left lateral foot ulcer with excision of infected and infarcted interosseous space muscle tendons and fat.,2. Sharp excision of left distal foot plantar fascia.,ANESTHESIA:, None required.,INDICATIONS:, The patient is a 51-year-old diabetic female with severe peripheral vascular disease, who has had angioplasties and single perineal artery runoff to the left leg who developed gangrene of her left fifth toe requiring left fifth ray amputation. She has developed cellulitis of the lateral foot with osteomyelitis and now requires debridement of the local fascitis and necrotic tissue to evaluate for current infectious status and prepare for future amputation.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:, The procedure was performed in the patient's room. The dressing was removed exposing about a 4 cm x 2.5 cm left distal lateral foot fifth ray amputation open wound. Distally, there is infarcted left fourth metatarsophalangeal joint capsule, as well as plantar fat below the joint.,She has neuropathy allowing debridement of the tissues.,Using sharp scissors and forceps all the necrotic fat and joint capsule area was easily debrided. There was complete infarction of the lateral joint capsule and the head of the phalanx, as well as distal metatarsal head were chronically infected.,The wound was packed with 4x4 gauze pads and dry gauze pads were placed between the toes followed by Kerlix roll pad.,The patient suffered no complications from the procedure. ### Response: Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Left neck pain with left upper extremity radiculopathy.,2. Left C6-C7 neuroforaminal stenosis secondary to osteophyte.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Left neck pain with left upper extremity radiculopathy.,2. Left C6-C7 neuroforaminal stenosis secondary to osteophyte.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE,1. Anterior cervical discectomy with decompression C6-C7.,2. Arthrodesis with anterior interbody fusion C6-C7.,3. Spinal instrumentation using Pioneer 20 mm plate and four 12 x 4.0 mm screws.,4. PEEK implant 7 mm.,5. Allograft using Vitoss.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal anesthesia.,FINDINGS: , Showed osteophyte with a disc complex on the left C6-C7 neural foramen.,FLUIDS: ,1800 mL of crystalloids.,URINE OUTPUT: , No Foley catheter.,DRAINS: ,Round French 10 JP drain.,SPECIMENS,: None.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, 250 mL.,The need for an assistant is important in this case, since her absence would mean prolonged operative time and may increase operative morbidity and mortality.,CONDITION: , Extubated with stable vital signs.,INDICATIONS FOR THE OPERATION:, This is the case of a very pleasant 46-year-old Caucasian female with subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured left posteroinferior cerebellar artery aneurysm, which was clipped. The patient last underwent a right frontal ventricular peritoneal shunt on 10/12/07. This resulted in relief of left chest pain, but the patient continued to complaint of persistent pain to the left shoulder and left elbow. She was seen in clinic on 12/11/07 during which time MRI of the left shoulder showed no evidence of rotator cuff tear. She did have a previous MRI of the cervical spine that did show an osteophyte on the left C6-C7 level. Based on this, negative MRI of the shoulder, the patient was recommended to have anterior cervical discectomy with anterior interbody fusion at C6-C7 level. Operation, expected outcome, risks, and benefits were discussed with her. Risks include, but not exclusive of bleeding and infection, bleeding could be soft tissue bleeding, which may compromise airway and may result in return to the operating room emergently for evacuation of said hematoma. There is also the possibility of bleeding into the epidural space, which can compress the spinal cord and result in weakness and numbness of all four extremities as well as impairment of bowel and bladder function. Should this occur, the patient understands that she needs to be brought emergently back to the operating room for evacuation of said hematoma. There is also the risk of infection, which can be superficial and can be managed with p.o. antibiotics. However, the patient may develop deeper-seated infection, which may require return to the operating room. Should the infection be in the area of the spinal instrumentation, this will cause a dilemma since there might be a need to remove the spinal instrumentation and/or allograft. There is also the possibility of potential injury to the esophageus, the trachea, and the carotid artery. There is also the risks of stroke on the right cerebral circulation should an undiagnosed plaque be propelled from the right carotid. There is also the possibility hoarseness of the voice secondary to injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. There is also the risk of pseudoarthrosis and hardware failure. She understood all of these risks and agreed to have the procedure performed.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient brought to the operating room, awake, alert, not in any form of distress. After smooth induction and intubation, a Foley catheter was inserted. Monitoring leads were placed by Premier Neurodiagnostics and this revealed normal findings, which remained normal during the entire case. The EMGs were silent and there was no evidence of any stimulation. After completion of the placement of the monitoring leads, the patient was positioned supine on the operating table with the neck placed on hyperextension. The head was supported on a foam doughnut. The right cervical area was then exposed by turning the head about 45 to 60 degrees to the left side. A linear incision was made about two to three fingerbreadths from the suprasternal notch along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to a distance of about 3 cm. The area was then prepped with DuraPrep.,After sterile drapes were laid out, the incision was made using a scalpel blade #10. Wound edge bleeders were controlled with bipolar coagulation and a hot knife was utilized to carry the dissection down to the platysma in the similar fashion as the skin incision. The anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was identified as well as the sternohyoid/omohyoid muscles. Dissection was then carried lateral and superior to the omohyoid muscle and lateral to the esophagus and the trachea, and medial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the carotid sheath. The prevertebral fascia was identified and cut sharply. A localizing x-ray verified the marker to be at the C6-C7 interspace. Proceeded to the strip the longus colli muscles off the vertebral body of C6 and C7. Self-retaining retractor was then laid out. The annulus was then cut in a quadrangular fashion and piecemeal removal of the dura was done using a straight pituitary rongeurs, 3 and 5 mm burr. The interior endplate of C6 and superior endplate of C7 was likewise was drilled down together with posteroinferior edge of C6 and the posterior superior edge of C7. There was note of a new osteophyte on the left C6-C7 foramen. This was carefully drilled down. After decompression and removal of pressure, there was noted to be release of the epidural space with no significant venous bleeders. They were controlled with slight bipolar coagulation, temporary tamponade with Gelfoam. After this was completed, Valsalva maneuver showed no evidence of any CSF leakage. A 7-mm implant was then tapped into placed after its interior was packed with Vitoss. The plate was then applied and secured in place with four 12 x 4.7 mm screws. Irrigation of the area was done. A round French 10 JP drain was laid out over the graft and exteriorized through a separate stab incision on the patient's right inferiorly. The wound was then closed in layers with Vicryl 3-0 inverted interrupted sutures as well as Vicryl 4-0 subcuticular stitch for the dermis. The wound was reinforced with Dermabond. The catheter was anchored to the skin with nylon 3-0 stitch and dressing was applied only at the exit site. C-collar was placed and the patient was transferred to Recovery after extubation.

preoperative diagnoses left neck pain left upper extremity radiculopathy left cc neuroforaminal stenosis secondary osteophytepostoperative diagnoses left neck pain left upper extremity radiculopathy left cc neuroforaminal stenosis secondary osteophyteoperative procedure anterior cervical discectomy decompression cc arthrodesis anterior interbody fusion cc spinal instrumentation using pioneer mm plate four x mm screws peek implant mm allograft using vitossanesthesia general endotracheal anesthesiafindings showed osteophyte disc complex left cc neural foramenfluids ml crystalloidsurine output foley catheterdrains round french jp drainspecimens nonecomplications noneestimated blood loss mlthe need assistant important case since absence would mean prolonged operative time may increase operative morbidity mortalitycondition extubated stable vital signsindications operation case pleasant yearold caucasian female subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary ruptured left posteroinferior cerebellar artery aneurysm clipped patient last underwent right frontal ventricular peritoneal shunt resulted relief left chest pain patient continued complaint persistent pain left shoulder left elbow seen clinic time mri left shoulder showed evidence rotator cuff tear previous mri cervical spine show osteophyte left cc level based negative mri shoulder patient recommended anterior cervical discectomy anterior interbody fusion cc level operation expected outcome risks benefits discussed risks include exclusive bleeding infection bleeding could soft tissue bleeding may compromise airway may result return operating room emergently evacuation said hematoma also possibility bleeding epidural space compress spinal cord result weakness numbness four extremities well impairment bowel bladder function occur patient understands needs brought emergently back operating room evacuation said hematoma also risk infection superficial managed po antibiotics however patient may develop deeperseated infection may require return operating room infection area spinal instrumentation cause dilemma since might need remove spinal instrumentation andor allograft also possibility potential injury esophageus trachea carotid artery also risks stroke right cerebral circulation undiagnosed plaque propelled right carotid also possibility hoarseness voice secondary injury recurrent laryngeal nerve also risk pseudoarthrosis hardware failure understood risks agreed procedure performeddescription procedure patient brought operating room awake alert form distress smooth induction intubation foley catheter inserted monitoring leads placed premier neurodiagnostics revealed normal findings remained normal entire case emgs silent evidence stimulation completion placement monitoring leads patient positioned supine operating table neck placed hyperextension head supported foam doughnut right cervical area exposed turning head degrees left side linear incision made two three fingerbreadths suprasternal notch along anterior border sternocleidomastoid muscle distance cm area prepped duraprepafter sterile drapes laid incision made using scalpel blade wound edge bleeders controlled bipolar coagulation hot knife utilized carry dissection platysma similar fashion skin incision anterior border sternocleidomastoid muscle identified well sternohyoidomohyoid muscles dissection carried lateral superior omohyoid muscle lateral esophagus trachea medial sternocleidomastoid muscle carotid sheath prevertebral fascia identified cut sharply localizing xray verified marker cc interspace proceeded strip longus colli muscles vertebral body c c selfretaining retractor laid annulus cut quadrangular fashion piecemeal removal dura done using straight pituitary rongeurs mm burr interior endplate c superior endplate c likewise drilled together posteroinferior edge c posterior superior edge c note new osteophyte left cc foramen carefully drilled decompression removal pressure noted release epidural space significant venous bleeders controlled slight bipolar coagulation temporary tamponade gelfoam completed valsalva maneuver showed evidence csf leakage mm implant tapped placed interior packed vitoss plate applied secured place four x mm screws irrigation area done round french jp drain laid graft exteriorized separate stab incision patients right inferiorly wound closed layers vicryl inverted interrupted sutures well vicryl subcuticular stitch dermis wound reinforced dermabond catheter anchored skin nylon stitch dressing applied exit site ccollar placed patient transferred recovery extubation

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Left neck pain with left upper extremity radiculopathy.,2. Left C6-C7 neuroforaminal stenosis secondary to osteophyte.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Left neck pain with left upper extremity radiculopathy.,2. Left C6-C7 neuroforaminal stenosis secondary to osteophyte.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE,1. Anterior cervical discectomy with decompression C6-C7.,2. Arthrodesis with anterior interbody fusion C6-C7.,3. Spinal instrumentation using Pioneer 20 mm plate and four 12 x 4.0 mm screws.,4. PEEK implant 7 mm.,5. Allograft using Vitoss.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal anesthesia.,FINDINGS: , Showed osteophyte with a disc complex on the left C6-C7 neural foramen.,FLUIDS: ,1800 mL of crystalloids.,URINE OUTPUT: , No Foley catheter.,DRAINS: ,Round French 10 JP drain.,SPECIMENS,: None.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, 250 mL.,The need for an assistant is important in this case, since her absence would mean prolonged operative time and may increase operative morbidity and mortality.,CONDITION: , Extubated with stable vital signs.,INDICATIONS FOR THE OPERATION:, This is the case of a very pleasant 46-year-old Caucasian female with subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured left posteroinferior cerebellar artery aneurysm, which was clipped. The patient last underwent a right frontal ventricular peritoneal shunt on 10/12/07. This resulted in relief of left chest pain, but the patient continued to complaint of persistent pain to the left shoulder and left elbow. She was seen in clinic on 12/11/07 during which time MRI of the left shoulder showed no evidence of rotator cuff tear. She did have a previous MRI of the cervical spine that did show an osteophyte on the left C6-C7 level. Based on this, negative MRI of the shoulder, the patient was recommended to have anterior cervical discectomy with anterior interbody fusion at C6-C7 level. Operation, expected outcome, risks, and benefits were discussed with her. Risks include, but not exclusive of bleeding and infection, bleeding could be soft tissue bleeding, which may compromise airway and may result in return to the operating room emergently for evacuation of said hematoma. There is also the possibility of bleeding into the epidural space, which can compress the spinal cord and result in weakness and numbness of all four extremities as well as impairment of bowel and bladder function. Should this occur, the patient understands that she needs to be brought emergently back to the operating room for evacuation of said hematoma. There is also the risk of infection, which can be superficial and can be managed with p.o. antibiotics. However, the patient may develop deeper-seated infection, which may require return to the operating room. Should the infection be in the area of the spinal instrumentation, this will cause a dilemma since there might be a need to remove the spinal instrumentation and/or allograft. There is also the possibility of potential injury to the esophageus, the trachea, and the carotid artery. There is also the risks of stroke on the right cerebral circulation should an undiagnosed plaque be propelled from the right carotid. There is also the possibility hoarseness of the voice secondary to injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. There is also the risk of pseudoarthrosis and hardware failure. She understood all of these risks and agreed to have the procedure performed.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient brought to the operating room, awake, alert, not in any form of distress. After smooth induction and intubation, a Foley catheter was inserted. Monitoring leads were placed by Premier Neurodiagnostics and this revealed normal findings, which remained normal during the entire case. The EMGs were silent and there was no evidence of any stimulation. After completion of the placement of the monitoring leads, the patient was positioned supine on the operating table with the neck placed on hyperextension. The head was supported on a foam doughnut. The right cervical area was then exposed by turning the head about 45 to 60 degrees to the left side. A linear incision was made about two to three fingerbreadths from the suprasternal notch along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to a distance of about 3 cm. The area was then prepped with DuraPrep.,After sterile drapes were laid out, the incision was made using a scalpel blade #10. Wound edge bleeders were controlled with bipolar coagulation and a hot knife was utilized to carry the dissection down to the platysma in the similar fashion as the skin incision. The anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was identified as well as the sternohyoid/omohyoid muscles. Dissection was then carried lateral and superior to the omohyoid muscle and lateral to the esophagus and the trachea, and medial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the carotid sheath. The prevertebral fascia was identified and cut sharply. A localizing x-ray verified the marker to be at the C6-C7 interspace. Proceeded to the strip the longus colli muscles off the vertebral body of C6 and C7. Self-retaining retractor was then laid out. The annulus was then cut in a quadrangular fashion and piecemeal removal of the dura was done using a straight pituitary rongeurs, 3 and 5 mm burr. The interior endplate of C6 and superior endplate of C7 was likewise was drilled down together with posteroinferior edge of C6 and the posterior superior edge of C7. There was note of a new osteophyte on the left C6-C7 foramen. This was carefully drilled down. After decompression and removal of pressure, there was noted to be release of the epidural space with no significant venous bleeders. They were controlled with slight bipolar coagulation, temporary tamponade with Gelfoam. After this was completed, Valsalva maneuver showed no evidence of any CSF leakage. A 7-mm implant was then tapped into placed after its interior was packed with Vitoss. The plate was then applied and secured in place with four 12 x 4.7 mm screws. Irrigation of the area was done. A round French 10 JP drain was laid out over the graft and exteriorized through a separate stab incision on the patient's right inferiorly. The wound was then closed in layers with Vicryl 3-0 inverted interrupted sutures as well as Vicryl 4-0 subcuticular stitch for the dermis. The wound was reinforced with Dermabond. The catheter was anchored to the skin with nylon 3-0 stitch and dressing was applied only at the exit site. C-collar was placed and the patient was transferred to Recovery after extubation. ### Response: Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Metastatic carcinoma of the bladder.,2. Bowel obstruction.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Metastatic carcinoma of the bladder.,2. Bowel obstruction.,PROCEDURE: , Port insertion through the right subclavian vein percutaneously under radiological guidance.,PROCEDURE DETAIL: ,The patient was electively taken to the operating room after obtaining an informed consent. A time-out process was followed. Antibiotics were given. Then, the patient's right deltopectoral area was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. Xylocaine 1% was infiltrated. The right subclavian vein was percutaneously cannulated without any difficulty. Then using the Seldinger technique, the catheter part of the port, which was a single-lumen port, was passed through the introducer under x-ray guidance and placed in the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium.,A pocket had been fashioned and a single-lumen drum of the port was connected to the catheter, which had been trimmed and affixed to the pectoralis fascia with couple of sutures of Vicryl. Then, the fascia was closed using subcuticular suture of Monocryl. The drum was aspirated and irrigated with heparinized saline and then was put in the pocket and the skin was closed. A dressing was applied including the needle and the port with the catheter so that the floor could use the catheter right away.,The patient tolerated the procedure well and was sent to recovery room in satisfactory condition. A chest x-ray was performed that showed that there were no complications of procedure and that the catheter was in right place.

preoperative diagnoses metastatic carcinoma bladder bowel obstructionpostoperative diagnoses metastatic carcinoma bladder bowel obstructionprocedure port insertion right subclavian vein percutaneously radiological guidanceprocedure detail patient electively taken operating room obtaining informed consent timeout process followed antibiotics given patients right deltopectoral area prepped draped usual fashion xylocaine infiltrated right subclavian vein percutaneously cannulated without difficulty using seldinger technique catheter part port singlelumen port passed introducer xray guidance placed junction superior vena cava right atriuma pocket fashioned singlelumen drum port connected catheter trimmed affixed pectoralis fascia couple sutures vicryl fascia closed using subcuticular suture monocryl drum aspirated irrigated heparinized saline put pocket skin closed dressing applied including needle port catheter floor could use catheter right awaythe patient tolerated procedure well sent recovery room satisfactory condition chest xray performed showed complications procedure catheter right place

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Metastatic carcinoma of the bladder.,2. Bowel obstruction.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Metastatic carcinoma of the bladder.,2. Bowel obstruction.,PROCEDURE: , Port insertion through the right subclavian vein percutaneously under radiological guidance.,PROCEDURE DETAIL: ,The patient was electively taken to the operating room after obtaining an informed consent. A time-out process was followed. Antibiotics were given. Then, the patient's right deltopectoral area was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. Xylocaine 1% was infiltrated. The right subclavian vein was percutaneously cannulated without any difficulty. Then using the Seldinger technique, the catheter part of the port, which was a single-lumen port, was passed through the introducer under x-ray guidance and placed in the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium.,A pocket had been fashioned and a single-lumen drum of the port was connected to the catheter, which had been trimmed and affixed to the pectoralis fascia with couple of sutures of Vicryl. Then, the fascia was closed using subcuticular suture of Monocryl. The drum was aspirated and irrigated with heparinized saline and then was put in the pocket and the skin was closed. A dressing was applied including the needle and the port with the catheter so that the floor could use the catheter right away.,The patient tolerated the procedure well and was sent to recovery room in satisfactory condition. A chest x-ray was performed that showed that there were no complications of procedure and that the catheter was in right place. ### Response: Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Nasal septal deviation with bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy.,2. Tonsillitis with hypertrophy.,3. Edema to the uvula and soft palate.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Nasal septal deviation with bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy.,2. Tonsillitis with hypertrophy.,3. Edema to the uvula and soft palate.,OPERATION PERFORMED,1. Nasal septoplasty.,2. Bilateral submucous resection of the inferior turbinates.,3. Tonsillectomy and resection of soft palate.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal.,INDICATIONS: , Chris is a very nice 38-year-old male with nasal septal deviation and bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy causing nasal obstruction. He also has persistent tonsillitis with hypertrophy and tonsillolith and halitosis. He also has developed tremendous edema to his posterior palate and uvula, which is causing choking. Correction of these mechanical abnormalities is indicated.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: ,The patient was placed on the operating room table in the supine position. After adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was administered, the right and left nasal septal mucosa and right and left inferior turbinates were anesthetized with 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine using approximately 10 mL. Afrin-soaked pledgets were placed in the nasal cavity bilaterally. The face was prepped with pHisoHex and draped in a sterile fashion. A hemitransfixion incision was performed on the left with a #15 blade and submucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal flap was raised with the Cottle elevator. Anterior to the septal deflection, the septal cartilage was incised and an opposite-sided submucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal flap was raised with the Cottle elevator. The deviated portion of the nasal septal cartilage and bone was removed with a Takahashi forceps, and a large inferior septal spur was removed with a V-chisel. Once the septum was reduced in the midline, the hemitransfixion incision was closed with a 4-0 Vicryl in an interrupted fashion. The right and left inferior turbinates were trimmed in a submucous fashion using straight and curved turbinate scissors under direct visualization with a 4 mm 0 degree Storz endoscope. Hemostasis was acquired by using suction electrocautery. The turbinates were then covered with bacitracin ointment after cauterizing them and bacitracin ointment soaked Doyle splints were placed in the right and left nares and secured anteriorly to the columella with a 3-0 nylon suture. The table was then turned. A shoulder roll placed under the shoulders and the face was draped in a clean fashion. A McIvor mouth gag was applied. The tongue was retracted and the McIvor was gently suspended from the Mayo stand. The left tonsil was grasped with a curved Allis forceps, retracted medially, and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery. The tonsil was removed from the superior pole to inferior pole using a Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in a subcapsular fashion. The right tonsil was grasped in a similar fashion, retracted medially, and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery. The tonsil was removed from the superior pole to inferior pole using Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in a subcapsular fashion. The inferior, middle, and superior pole vessels were further cauterized with suction electrocautery. The extremely edematous portion of soft palate was resected using a right angle clamp and right angle scissor and was closed with 3-0 Vicryl in a figure-of-eight interrupted fashion. Copious saline irrigation of the oral cavity was then performed. There was no further identifiable bleeding at the termination of the procedure. The estimated blood loss was less than 10 mL. The patient was extubated in the operating room, brought to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. There were no intraoperative complications.

preoperative diagnoses nasal septal deviation bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy tonsillitis hypertrophy edema uvula soft palatepostoperative diagnoses nasal septal deviation bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy tonsillitis hypertrophy edema uvula soft palateoperation performed nasal septoplasty bilateral submucous resection inferior turbinates tonsillectomy resection soft palateanesthesia general endotrachealindications chris nice yearold male nasal septal deviation bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy causing nasal obstruction also persistent tonsillitis hypertrophy tonsillolith halitosis also developed tremendous edema posterior palate uvula causing choking correction mechanical abnormalities indicateddescription operation patient placed operating room table supine position adequate general endotracheal anesthesia administered right left nasal septal mucosa right left inferior turbinates anesthetized lidocaine epinephrine using approximately ml afrinsoaked pledgets placed nasal cavity bilaterally face prepped phisohex draped sterile fashion hemitransfixion incision performed left blade submucoperichondrial mucoperiosteal flap raised cottle elevator anterior septal deflection septal cartilage incised oppositesided submucoperichondrial mucoperiosteal flap raised cottle elevator deviated portion nasal septal cartilage bone removed takahashi forceps large inferior septal spur removed vchisel septum reduced midline hemitransfixion incision closed vicryl interrupted fashion right left inferior turbinates trimmed submucous fashion using straight curved turbinate scissors direct visualization mm degree storz endoscope hemostasis acquired using suction electrocautery turbinates covered bacitracin ointment cauterizing bacitracin ointment soaked doyle splints placed right left nares secured anteriorly columella nylon suture table turned shoulder roll placed shoulders face draped clean fashion mcivor mouth gag applied tongue retracted mcivor gently suspended mayo stand left tonsil grasped curved allis forceps retracted medially anterior tonsillar pillar incised bovie electrocautery tonsil removed superior pole inferior pole using bovie electrocautery entirety subcapsular fashion right tonsil grasped similar fashion retracted medially anterior tonsillar pillar incised bovie electrocautery tonsil removed superior pole inferior pole using bovie electrocautery entirety subcapsular fashion inferior middle superior pole vessels cauterized suction electrocautery extremely edematous portion soft palate resected using right angle clamp right angle scissor closed vicryl figureofeight interrupted fashion copious saline irrigation oral cavity performed identifiable bleeding termination procedure estimated blood loss less ml patient extubated operating room brought recovery room satisfactory condition intraoperative complications

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Nasal septal deviation with bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy.,2. Tonsillitis with hypertrophy.,3. Edema to the uvula and soft palate.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Nasal septal deviation with bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy.,2. Tonsillitis with hypertrophy.,3. Edema to the uvula and soft palate.,OPERATION PERFORMED,1. Nasal septoplasty.,2. Bilateral submucous resection of the inferior turbinates.,3. Tonsillectomy and resection of soft palate.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal.,INDICATIONS: , Chris is a very nice 38-year-old male with nasal septal deviation and bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy causing nasal obstruction. He also has persistent tonsillitis with hypertrophy and tonsillolith and halitosis. He also has developed tremendous edema to his posterior palate and uvula, which is causing choking. Correction of these mechanical abnormalities is indicated.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: ,The patient was placed on the operating room table in the supine position. After adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was administered, the right and left nasal septal mucosa and right and left inferior turbinates were anesthetized with 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine using approximately 10 mL. Afrin-soaked pledgets were placed in the nasal cavity bilaterally. The face was prepped with pHisoHex and draped in a sterile fashion. A hemitransfixion incision was performed on the left with a #15 blade and submucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal flap was raised with the Cottle elevator. Anterior to the septal deflection, the septal cartilage was incised and an opposite-sided submucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal flap was raised with the Cottle elevator. The deviated portion of the nasal septal cartilage and bone was removed with a Takahashi forceps, and a large inferior septal spur was removed with a V-chisel. Once the septum was reduced in the midline, the hemitransfixion incision was closed with a 4-0 Vicryl in an interrupted fashion. The right and left inferior turbinates were trimmed in a submucous fashion using straight and curved turbinate scissors under direct visualization with a 4 mm 0 degree Storz endoscope. Hemostasis was acquired by using suction electrocautery. The turbinates were then covered with bacitracin ointment after cauterizing them and bacitracin ointment soaked Doyle splints were placed in the right and left nares and secured anteriorly to the columella with a 3-0 nylon suture. The table was then turned. A shoulder roll placed under the shoulders and the face was draped in a clean fashion. A McIvor mouth gag was applied. The tongue was retracted and the McIvor was gently suspended from the Mayo stand. The left tonsil was grasped with a curved Allis forceps, retracted medially, and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery. The tonsil was removed from the superior pole to inferior pole using a Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in a subcapsular fashion. The right tonsil was grasped in a similar fashion, retracted medially, and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery. The tonsil was removed from the superior pole to inferior pole using Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in a subcapsular fashion. The inferior, middle, and superior pole vessels were further cauterized with suction electrocautery. The extremely edematous portion of soft palate was resected using a right angle clamp and right angle scissor and was closed with 3-0 Vicryl in a figure-of-eight interrupted fashion. Copious saline irrigation of the oral cavity was then performed. There was no further identifiable bleeding at the termination of the procedure. The estimated blood loss was less than 10 mL. The patient was extubated in the operating room, brought to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. There were no intraoperative complications. ### Response: ENT - Otolaryngology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Neck pain with bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy, left more than the right.,2. Cervical spondylosis with herniated nucleus pulposus, C5-C6.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Neck pain with bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy, left more than the right.,2. Cervical spondylosis with herniated nucleus pulposus, C5-C6.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURES,1. Anterior cervical discectomy with decompression, C5-C6.,2. Arthrodesis with anterior interbody fusion, C5-C6.,3. Spinal instrumentation, C5-C6 using Pioneer 18-mm plate and four 14 x 4.0 mm screws (all titanium).,4. Implant using PEEK 7 mm.,5. Allograft using Vitoss.,DRAINS: , Round French 10 JP drain.,FLUIDS: ,1200 cc of crystalloids.,URINE OUTPUT: , No Foley catheter.,SPECIMENS: , None.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal anesthesia.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Less than 50 cc.,INDICATIONS FOR THE OPERATION:, This is a case of a very pleasant 38-year-old Caucasian female who has been complaining over the last eight years of neck pain and shoulder pain radiating down across the top of her left shoulder and also across her shoulder blades to the right side, but predominantly down the left upper extremity into the wrist. The patient has been diagnosed with fibromyalgia and subsequently, has been treated with pain medications, anti-inflammatories and muscle relaxants. The patient's symptoms continued to persist and subsequently, an MRI of the C-spine was done, which showed disc desiccation, spondylosis and herniated disk at C5-C6, an EMG and CV revealed a presence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. The patient is now being recommended to undergo decompression and spinal instrumentation and fusion at C5-C6. The patient understood the risks and benefits of the surgery. Risks include but not exclusive of bleeding and infection. Bleeding can be in the form of soft tissue bleeding, which may compromise airway for which she can be brought emergently back to the operating room for emergent evacuation of the hematoma as this may cause weakness of all four extremities, numbness of all four extremities, as well as impairment of bowel and bladder function. This could also result in dural tear with its attendant symptoms of headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and posterior neck pain as well as the development of pseudomeningocele. Should the symptoms be severe or the pseudomeningocele be large, she can be brought back to the operating room for repair of the CSF leak and evacuation of the pseudomeningocele. There is also the risk of pseudoarthrosis and nonfusion, for which she may require redo surgery at this level. There is also the possibility of nonimprovement of her symptoms in about 10% of cases. The patient understands this risk on top of the potential injury to the esophagus and trachea as well as the carotid artery. There is also the risk of stroke, should an undiagnosed plaque be propelled into the right cerebral circulation. The patient also understands that there could be hoarseness of the voice secondary to injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. She understood these risks on top of the risks of anesthesia and gave her consent for the procedure.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: ,The patient was brought to the operating room, awake, alert and not in any form of distress. After smooth induction and intubation, the patient was positioned supine on the operating table with the neck placed on hyperextension and the head supported on a foam doughnut. A marker was placed. This verified the level to be at the C5-C6 level and incision was then marked in a transverse fashion starting from the midline extending about 5 mm beyond the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The area was then prepped with DuraPrep after the head was turned 45 degrees to the left.,After sterile drapes were laid out, an incision was made using a scalpel blade #10. Wound edge bleeders were carefully controlled with bipolar coagulation and the platysma was cut using a hot knife in a transverse fashion. Dissection was then carried underneath the platysma superiorly inferiorly. The anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid was identified and dissection was carried out lateral to the esophagus to trachea as well as medial to the carotid sheath in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The prevertebral fascia was noted to be taken her case with a lot of fat deposition. Bipolar coagulation of bleeders was done; however, branch of the superior thyroid artery was ligated with Hemoclips x4. After this was completed, a localizing x-ray verified the marker to be at the C6-C7 level. We proceeded to strip the longus colli muscles off the vertebral body of the C5 and C6. Self-retaining retractor was then laid down. An anterior osteophyte was carefully drilled using a Midas 5-mm bur and the disk together with the inferior endplate of C5 and the superior endplate of C6 was also drilled down with the Midas 5-mm bur. This was later followed with a 3-mm bur and the disk together with posterior longitudinal ligament was removed using Kerrison's ranging from 1 to 4 mm. The herniation was noted on the right. However, there was significant neuroforaminal stenosis on the left. Decompression on both sides was done and after this was completed, a Valsalva maneuver showed no evidence of any CSF leakage. The area was then irrigated with saline with bacitracin solution. A 7 mm implant with its inferior packed with Vitoss was then laid down and secured in place with four 14 x 4.0 mm screws and plate 18 mm, all of which were titanium. X-ray after this placement showed excellent position of all these implants and screws and _____ and the patient's area was also irrigated with saline with bacitracin solution. A round French 10 JP drain was then laid down and exteriorized through a separate stab incision on the patient's right inferiorly. The catheter was then anchored to the skin with a nylon 3-0 stitch and connected to a sterile draining system. The wound was then closed in layers with Vicryl 3-0 inverted interrupted sutures for the platysma, Vicryl subcuticular 4-0 Stitch for the dermis, and the wound was reinforced with Dermabond. Dressing was placed only at the exit site of the catheter. C-collar was placed. The patient was extubated and transferred to recovery.

preoperative diagnoses neck pain bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy left right cervical spondylosis herniated nucleus pulposus ccpostoperative diagnoses neck pain bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy left right cervical spondylosis herniated nucleus pulposus ccoperative procedures anterior cervical discectomy decompression cc arthrodesis anterior interbody fusion cc spinal instrumentation cc using pioneer mm plate four x mm screws titanium implant using peek mm allograft using vitossdrains round french jp drainfluids cc crystalloidsurine output foley catheterspecimens nonecomplications noneanesthesia general endotracheal anesthesiaestimated blood loss less ccindications operation case pleasant yearold caucasian female complaining last eight years neck pain shoulder pain radiating across top left shoulder also across shoulder blades right side predominantly left upper extremity wrist patient diagnosed fibromyalgia subsequently treated pain medications antiinflammatories muscle relaxants patients symptoms continued persist subsequently mri cspine done showed disc desiccation spondylosis herniated disk cc emg cv revealed presence mildtomoderate carpal tunnel syndrome patient recommended undergo decompression spinal instrumentation fusion cc patient understood risks benefits surgery risks include exclusive bleeding infection bleeding form soft tissue bleeding may compromise airway brought emergently back operating room emergent evacuation hematoma may cause weakness four extremities numbness four extremities well impairment bowel bladder function could also result dural tear attendant symptoms headache nausea vomiting photophobia posterior neck pain well development pseudomeningocele symptoms severe pseudomeningocele large brought back operating room repair csf leak evacuation pseudomeningocele also risk pseudoarthrosis nonfusion may require redo surgery level also possibility nonimprovement symptoms cases patient understands risk top potential injury esophagus trachea well carotid artery also risk stroke undiagnosed plaque propelled right cerebral circulation patient also understands could hoarseness voice secondary injury recurrent laryngeal nerve understood risks top risks anesthesia gave consent proceduredescription procedure patient brought operating room awake alert form distress smooth induction intubation patient positioned supine operating table neck placed hyperextension head supported foam doughnut marker placed verified level cc level incision marked transverse fashion starting midline extending mm beyond anterior border sternocleidomastoid muscle area prepped duraprep head turned degrees leftafter sterile drapes laid incision made using scalpel blade wound edge bleeders carefully controlled bipolar coagulation platysma cut using hot knife transverse fashion dissection carried underneath platysma superiorly inferiorly anterior border sternocleidomastoid identified dissection carried lateral esophagus trachea well medial carotid sheath sternocleidomastoid muscle prevertebral fascia noted taken case lot fat deposition bipolar coagulation bleeders done however branch superior thyroid artery ligated hemoclips x completed localizing xray verified marker cc level proceeded strip longus colli muscles vertebral body c c selfretaining retractor laid anterior osteophyte carefully drilled using midas mm bur disk together inferior endplate c superior endplate c also drilled midas mm bur later followed mm bur disk together posterior longitudinal ligament removed using kerrisons ranging mm herniation noted right however significant neuroforaminal stenosis left decompression sides done completed valsalva maneuver showed evidence csf leakage area irrigated saline bacitracin solution mm implant inferior packed vitoss laid secured place four x mm screws plate mm titanium xray placement showed excellent position implants screws _____ patients area also irrigated saline bacitracin solution round french jp drain laid exteriorized separate stab incision patients right inferiorly catheter anchored skin nylon stitch connected sterile draining system wound closed layers vicryl inverted interrupted sutures platysma vicryl subcuticular stitch dermis wound reinforced dermabond dressing placed exit site catheter ccollar placed patient extubated transferred recovery

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Neck pain with bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy, left more than the right.,2. Cervical spondylosis with herniated nucleus pulposus, C5-C6.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Neck pain with bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy, left more than the right.,2. Cervical spondylosis with herniated nucleus pulposus, C5-C6.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURES,1. Anterior cervical discectomy with decompression, C5-C6.,2. Arthrodesis with anterior interbody fusion, C5-C6.,3. Spinal instrumentation, C5-C6 using Pioneer 18-mm plate and four 14 x 4.0 mm screws (all titanium).,4. Implant using PEEK 7 mm.,5. Allograft using Vitoss.,DRAINS: , Round French 10 JP drain.,FLUIDS: ,1200 cc of crystalloids.,URINE OUTPUT: , No Foley catheter.,SPECIMENS: , None.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal anesthesia.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Less than 50 cc.,INDICATIONS FOR THE OPERATION:, This is a case of a very pleasant 38-year-old Caucasian female who has been complaining over the last eight years of neck pain and shoulder pain radiating down across the top of her left shoulder and also across her shoulder blades to the right side, but predominantly down the left upper extremity into the wrist. The patient has been diagnosed with fibromyalgia and subsequently, has been treated with pain medications, anti-inflammatories and muscle relaxants. The patient's symptoms continued to persist and subsequently, an MRI of the C-spine was done, which showed disc desiccation, spondylosis and herniated disk at C5-C6, an EMG and CV revealed a presence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. The patient is now being recommended to undergo decompression and spinal instrumentation and fusion at C5-C6. The patient understood the risks and benefits of the surgery. Risks include but not exclusive of bleeding and infection. Bleeding can be in the form of soft tissue bleeding, which may compromise airway for which she can be brought emergently back to the operating room for emergent evacuation of the hematoma as this may cause weakness of all four extremities, numbness of all four extremities, as well as impairment of bowel and bladder function. This could also result in dural tear with its attendant symptoms of headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and posterior neck pain as well as the development of pseudomeningocele. Should the symptoms be severe or the pseudomeningocele be large, she can be brought back to the operating room for repair of the CSF leak and evacuation of the pseudomeningocele. There is also the risk of pseudoarthrosis and nonfusion, for which she may require redo surgery at this level. There is also the possibility of nonimprovement of her symptoms in about 10% of cases. The patient understands this risk on top of the potential injury to the esophagus and trachea as well as the carotid artery. There is also the risk of stroke, should an undiagnosed plaque be propelled into the right cerebral circulation. The patient also understands that there could be hoarseness of the voice secondary to injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. She understood these risks on top of the risks of anesthesia and gave her consent for the procedure.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: ,The patient was brought to the operating room, awake, alert and not in any form of distress. After smooth induction and intubation, the patient was positioned supine on the operating table with the neck placed on hyperextension and the head supported on a foam doughnut. A marker was placed. This verified the level to be at the C5-C6 level and incision was then marked in a transverse fashion starting from the midline extending about 5 mm beyond the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The area was then prepped with DuraPrep after the head was turned 45 degrees to the left.,After sterile drapes were laid out, an incision was made using a scalpel blade #10. Wound edge bleeders were carefully controlled with bipolar coagulation and the platysma was cut using a hot knife in a transverse fashion. Dissection was then carried underneath the platysma superiorly inferiorly. The anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid was identified and dissection was carried out lateral to the esophagus to trachea as well as medial to the carotid sheath in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The prevertebral fascia was noted to be taken her case with a lot of fat deposition. Bipolar coagulation of bleeders was done; however, branch of the superior thyroid artery was ligated with Hemoclips x4. After this was completed, a localizing x-ray verified the marker to be at the C6-C7 level. We proceeded to strip the longus colli muscles off the vertebral body of the C5 and C6. Self-retaining retractor was then laid down. An anterior osteophyte was carefully drilled using a Midas 5-mm bur and the disk together with the inferior endplate of C5 and the superior endplate of C6 was also drilled down with the Midas 5-mm bur. This was later followed with a 3-mm bur and the disk together with posterior longitudinal ligament was removed using Kerrison's ranging from 1 to 4 mm. The herniation was noted on the right. However, there was significant neuroforaminal stenosis on the left. Decompression on both sides was done and after this was completed, a Valsalva maneuver showed no evidence of any CSF leakage. The area was then irrigated with saline with bacitracin solution. A 7 mm implant with its inferior packed with Vitoss was then laid down and secured in place with four 14 x 4.0 mm screws and plate 18 mm, all of which were titanium. X-ray after this placement showed excellent position of all these implants and screws and _____ and the patient's area was also irrigated with saline with bacitracin solution. A round French 10 JP drain was then laid down and exteriorized through a separate stab incision on the patient's right inferiorly. The catheter was then anchored to the skin with a nylon 3-0 stitch and connected to a sterile draining system. The wound was then closed in layers with Vicryl 3-0 inverted interrupted sutures for the platysma, Vicryl subcuticular 4-0 Stitch for the dermis, and the wound was reinforced with Dermabond. Dressing was placed only at the exit site of the catheter. C-collar was placed. The patient was extubated and transferred to recovery. ### Response: Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Neck pain with bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy.,2. Residual stenosis, C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 with probable instability.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Neck pain with bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy.,2. Residual stenosis, C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 secondary to facet arthropathy with scar tissue.,3. No evidence of instability.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE PERFORMED,1. Bilateral C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 medial facetectomy and foraminotomy with technical difficulty.,2. Total laminectomy C3, C4, C5, and C6.,3. Excision of scar tissue.,4. Repair of dural tear with Prolene 6-0 and Tisseel.,FLUIDS:, 1500 cc of crystalloid.,URINE OUTPUT: , 200 cc.,DRAINS: , None.,SPECIMENS: , None.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,ANESTHESIA:, General endotracheal anesthesia.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, Less than 250 cc.,INDICATIONS FOR THE OPERATION: ,This is the case of a very pleasant 41 year-old Caucasian male well known to me from previous anterior cervical discectomy and posterior decompression. Last surgery consisted of four-level decompression on 08/28/06. The patient continued to complain of posterior neck pain radiating to both trapezius. Review of his MRI revealed the presence of what still appeared to be residual lateral recess stenosis. It also raised the possibility of instability and based on this I recommended decompression and posterolateral spinal instrumention; however, intraoperatively, it appeared like there was no abnormal movement of any of the joint segments; however, there was still residual stenosis since the laminectomy that was done previously was partial. Based on this, I did total decompression by removing the lamina of C3 through C6 and doing bilateral medial facetectomy and foraminotomy at C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 with no spinal instrumentation. Operation and expected outcome risks and benefits were discussed with him prior to the surgery. Risks include but not exclusive of bleeding and infection. Infection can be superficial, but may also extend down to the epidural space, which may require return to the operating room and evacuation of the infection. There is also the risk of bleeding that could be superficial but may also be in the epidural space resulting in compression of spinal cord. This may result in weakness of all four extremities, numbness of all four extremities, and impairment of bowel and bladder function, which will require an urgent return to the operating room and evacuation of the hematoma. There is also the risk of a dural tear with its attendant problems of CSF leak, headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, pseudomeningocele, and dural meningitis. This too may require return to the operating room for evacuation of said pseudomeningocele and repair. The patient understood the risk of the surgery. I told him there is just a 30% chance that there will be no improvement with the surgery; he understands this and agreed to have the procedure performed.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient was brought to the operating room, awake, alert, not in any form of distress. After smooth induction and intubation, a Foley catheter was inserted. Monitoring leads were also placed by Premier Neurodiagnostics for both SSEP and EMG monitoring. The SSEPs were normal, and the EMGs were silent during the entire case. After completion of the placement of the monitoring leads, the patient was then positioned prone on a Wilson frame with the head supported on a foam facial support. Shave was then carried out over the occipital and suboccipital region. All pressure points were padded. I proceeded to mark the hypertrophic scar for excision. This was initially cleaned with alcohol and prepped with DuraPrep.,After sterile drapes were laid out, incision was made using a scalpel blade #10. Wound edge bleeders were carefully controlled with bipolar coagulation and a hot knife was utilized to excise the hypertrophic scar. Dissection was then carried down to the cervical fascia, and by careful dissection to the scar tissue, the spinous process of C2 was then identified. There was absence of the spinous process of C3, C4, C5, and C6, but partial laminectomy was noted; removal of only 15% of the lamina. With this completed, we proceeded to do a total laminectomy at C3, C4, C5, and C6, which was technically difficult due to the previous surgery. There was also a dural tear on the right C3-C4 space that was exposed and repaired with Prolene 6-0 and later with Tisseel. By careful dissection and the use of a -5 and 3 mm bur, total laminectomy was done as stated with bilateral medial facetectomy and foraminotomy done at C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7. There was significant epidural bleeding, which was carefully coagulated. At two points, I had to pack this with small pieces of Gelfoam. After repair of the dural tear, Valsalva maneuver showed no evidence of any CSF leakage. Area was irrigated with saline and bacitracin and then lined with Tisseel. The wound was then closed in layers with Vicryl 0 simple interrupted sutures to the fascia; Vicryl 2-0 inverted interrupted sutures to the dermis and a running nylon 2-0 continuous vertical mattress stitch. The patient was extubated and transferred to recovery.

preoperative diagnoses neck pain bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy residual stenosis cc cc cc cc probable instabilitypostoperative diagnoses neck pain bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy residual stenosis cc cc cc cc secondary facet arthropathy scar tissue evidence instabilityoperative procedure performed bilateral cc cc cc cc medial facetectomy foraminotomy technical difficulty total laminectomy c c c c excision scar tissue repair dural tear prolene tisseelfluids cc crystalloidurine output ccdrains nonespecimens nonecomplications noneanesthesia general endotracheal anesthesiaestimated blood loss less ccindications operation case pleasant yearold caucasian male well known previous anterior cervical discectomy posterior decompression last surgery consisted fourlevel decompression patient continued complain posterior neck pain radiating trapezius review mri revealed presence still appeared residual lateral recess stenosis also raised possibility instability based recommended decompression posterolateral spinal instrumention however intraoperatively appeared like abnormal movement joint segments however still residual stenosis since laminectomy done previously partial based total decompression removing lamina c c bilateral medial facetectomy foraminotomy cc cc cc cc spinal instrumentation operation expected outcome risks benefits discussed prior surgery risks include exclusive bleeding infection infection superficial may also extend epidural space may require return operating room evacuation infection also risk bleeding could superficial may also epidural space resulting compression spinal cord may result weakness four extremities numbness four extremities impairment bowel bladder function require urgent return operating room evacuation hematoma also risk dural tear attendant problems csf leak headache nausea vomiting photophobia pseudomeningocele dural meningitis may require return operating room evacuation said pseudomeningocele repair patient understood risk surgery told chance improvement surgery understands agreed procedure performeddescription procedure patient brought operating room awake alert form distress smooth induction intubation foley catheter inserted monitoring leads also placed premier neurodiagnostics ssep emg monitoring sseps normal emgs silent entire case completion placement monitoring leads patient positioned prone wilson frame head supported foam facial support shave carried occipital suboccipital region pressure points padded proceeded mark hypertrophic scar excision initially cleaned alcohol prepped duraprepafter sterile drapes laid incision made using scalpel blade wound edge bleeders carefully controlled bipolar coagulation hot knife utilized excise hypertrophic scar dissection carried cervical fascia careful dissection scar tissue spinous process c identified absence spinous process c c c c partial laminectomy noted removal lamina completed proceeded total laminectomy c c c c technically difficult due previous surgery also dural tear right cc space exposed repaired prolene later tisseel careful dissection use mm bur total laminectomy done stated bilateral medial facetectomy foraminotomy done cc cc cc cc significant epidural bleeding carefully coagulated two points pack small pieces gelfoam repair dural tear valsalva maneuver showed evidence csf leakage area irrigated saline bacitracin lined tisseel wound closed layers vicryl simple interrupted sutures fascia vicryl inverted interrupted sutures dermis running nylon continuous vertical mattress stitch patient extubated transferred recovery

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Neck pain with bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy.,2. Residual stenosis, C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 with probable instability.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Neck pain with bilateral upper extremity radiculopathy.,2. Residual stenosis, C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 secondary to facet arthropathy with scar tissue.,3. No evidence of instability.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE PERFORMED,1. Bilateral C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 medial facetectomy and foraminotomy with technical difficulty.,2. Total laminectomy C3, C4, C5, and C6.,3. Excision of scar tissue.,4. Repair of dural tear with Prolene 6-0 and Tisseel.,FLUIDS:, 1500 cc of crystalloid.,URINE OUTPUT: , 200 cc.,DRAINS: , None.,SPECIMENS: , None.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,ANESTHESIA:, General endotracheal anesthesia.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, Less than 250 cc.,INDICATIONS FOR THE OPERATION: ,This is the case of a very pleasant 41 year-old Caucasian male well known to me from previous anterior cervical discectomy and posterior decompression. Last surgery consisted of four-level decompression on 08/28/06. The patient continued to complain of posterior neck pain radiating to both trapezius. Review of his MRI revealed the presence of what still appeared to be residual lateral recess stenosis. It also raised the possibility of instability and based on this I recommended decompression and posterolateral spinal instrumention; however, intraoperatively, it appeared like there was no abnormal movement of any of the joint segments; however, there was still residual stenosis since the laminectomy that was done previously was partial. Based on this, I did total decompression by removing the lamina of C3 through C6 and doing bilateral medial facetectomy and foraminotomy at C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 with no spinal instrumentation. Operation and expected outcome risks and benefits were discussed with him prior to the surgery. Risks include but not exclusive of bleeding and infection. Infection can be superficial, but may also extend down to the epidural space, which may require return to the operating room and evacuation of the infection. There is also the risk of bleeding that could be superficial but may also be in the epidural space resulting in compression of spinal cord. This may result in weakness of all four extremities, numbness of all four extremities, and impairment of bowel and bladder function, which will require an urgent return to the operating room and evacuation of the hematoma. There is also the risk of a dural tear with its attendant problems of CSF leak, headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, pseudomeningocele, and dural meningitis. This too may require return to the operating room for evacuation of said pseudomeningocele and repair. The patient understood the risk of the surgery. I told him there is just a 30% chance that there will be no improvement with the surgery; he understands this and agreed to have the procedure performed.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient was brought to the operating room, awake, alert, not in any form of distress. After smooth induction and intubation, a Foley catheter was inserted. Monitoring leads were also placed by Premier Neurodiagnostics for both SSEP and EMG monitoring. The SSEPs were normal, and the EMGs were silent during the entire case. After completion of the placement of the monitoring leads, the patient was then positioned prone on a Wilson frame with the head supported on a foam facial support. Shave was then carried out over the occipital and suboccipital region. All pressure points were padded. I proceeded to mark the hypertrophic scar for excision. This was initially cleaned with alcohol and prepped with DuraPrep.,After sterile drapes were laid out, incision was made using a scalpel blade #10. Wound edge bleeders were carefully controlled with bipolar coagulation and a hot knife was utilized to excise the hypertrophic scar. Dissection was then carried down to the cervical fascia, and by careful dissection to the scar tissue, the spinous process of C2 was then identified. There was absence of the spinous process of C3, C4, C5, and C6, but partial laminectomy was noted; removal of only 15% of the lamina. With this completed, we proceeded to do a total laminectomy at C3, C4, C5, and C6, which was technically difficult due to the previous surgery. There was also a dural tear on the right C3-C4 space that was exposed and repaired with Prolene 6-0 and later with Tisseel. By careful dissection and the use of a -5 and 3 mm bur, total laminectomy was done as stated with bilateral medial facetectomy and foraminotomy done at C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7. There was significant epidural bleeding, which was carefully coagulated. At two points, I had to pack this with small pieces of Gelfoam. After repair of the dural tear, Valsalva maneuver showed no evidence of any CSF leakage. Area was irrigated with saline and bacitracin and then lined with Tisseel. The wound was then closed in layers with Vicryl 0 simple interrupted sutures to the fascia; Vicryl 2-0 inverted interrupted sutures to the dermis and a running nylon 2-0 continuous vertical mattress stitch. The patient was extubated and transferred to recovery. ### Response: Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Open wound from right axilla to abdomen with a prosthetic vascular graft, possibly infected.,2. Diabetes.,3. Peripheral vascular disease.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Open wound from right axilla to abdomen with a prosthetic vascular graft, possibly infected.,2. Diabetes.,3. Peripheral vascular disease.,OPERATIONS,1. Wound debridement with removal of Surgisis xenograft and debridement of skin and subcutaneous tissue.,2. Secondary closure of wound, complicated.,3. VAC insertion.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, After obtaining an informed consent, the patient was brought to the operating room where a general anesthetic was given. A time-out process was followed. All the staples holding the xenograft were removed as well as all the dressings and the area was prepped with Betadine soap and then painted with Betadine solution and draped in usual fashion.,The xenograft was not adhered at all and was easily removed. There was some, what appeared to be a seropurulent exudate at the bottom of the incision. This was towards the abdominal end, under the xenograft.,The graft was fully exposed and it was pulsatile. We then proceeded to use a pulse spray with bacitracin clindamycin solution to clean up the graft. A few areas of necrotic skin and subcutaneous tissue were debrided. Prior to this, samples were taken for aerobic and anaerobic cultures.,Normal saline 3000 cc was used for the irrigation and at the end of that the wound appeared much cleaner and we proceeded to insert the sponges to put a VAC system to it. There was a separate incision, which was bridged __________ to the incision of the abdomen, which we also put a sponge in it after irrigating it and we put the VAC in the main wound and we created a bridge to the second and more minor wound. Prior to that, I had inserted a number of Vesseloops through the edges of the skin and I proceeded to approximate those on top of the VAC sponge. Multiple layers were applied to seal the system, which was suctioned and appeared to be working satisfactorily.,The patient tolerated the procedure well and was sent to the ICU for recovery.

preoperative diagnoses open wound right axilla abdomen prosthetic vascular graft possibly infected diabetes peripheral vascular diseasepostoperative diagnoses open wound right axilla abdomen prosthetic vascular graft possibly infected diabetes peripheral vascular diseaseoperations wound debridement removal surgisis xenograft debridement skin subcutaneous tissue secondary closure wound complicated vac insertiondescription procedure obtaining informed consent patient brought operating room general anesthetic given timeout process followed staples holding xenograft removed well dressings area prepped betadine soap painted betadine solution draped usual fashionthe xenograft adhered easily removed appeared seropurulent exudate bottom incision towards abdominal end xenograftthe graft fully exposed pulsatile proceeded use pulse spray bacitracin clindamycin solution clean graft areas necrotic skin subcutaneous tissue debrided prior samples taken aerobic anaerobic culturesnormal saline cc used irrigation end wound appeared much cleaner proceeded insert sponges put vac system separate incision bridged __________ incision abdomen also put sponge irrigating put vac main wound created bridge second minor wound prior inserted number vesseloops edges skin proceeded approximate top vac sponge multiple layers applied seal system suctioned appeared working satisfactorilythe patient tolerated procedure well sent icu recovery

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Open wound from right axilla to abdomen with a prosthetic vascular graft, possibly infected.,2. Diabetes.,3. Peripheral vascular disease.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Open wound from right axilla to abdomen with a prosthetic vascular graft, possibly infected.,2. Diabetes.,3. Peripheral vascular disease.,OPERATIONS,1. Wound debridement with removal of Surgisis xenograft and debridement of skin and subcutaneous tissue.,2. Secondary closure of wound, complicated.,3. VAC insertion.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, After obtaining an informed consent, the patient was brought to the operating room where a general anesthetic was given. A time-out process was followed. All the staples holding the xenograft were removed as well as all the dressings and the area was prepped with Betadine soap and then painted with Betadine solution and draped in usual fashion.,The xenograft was not adhered at all and was easily removed. There was some, what appeared to be a seropurulent exudate at the bottom of the incision. This was towards the abdominal end, under the xenograft.,The graft was fully exposed and it was pulsatile. We then proceeded to use a pulse spray with bacitracin clindamycin solution to clean up the graft. A few areas of necrotic skin and subcutaneous tissue were debrided. Prior to this, samples were taken for aerobic and anaerobic cultures.,Normal saline 3000 cc was used for the irrigation and at the end of that the wound appeared much cleaner and we proceeded to insert the sponges to put a VAC system to it. There was a separate incision, which was bridged __________ to the incision of the abdomen, which we also put a sponge in it after irrigating it and we put the VAC in the main wound and we created a bridge to the second and more minor wound. Prior to that, I had inserted a number of Vesseloops through the edges of the skin and I proceeded to approximate those on top of the VAC sponge. Multiple layers were applied to seal the system, which was suctioned and appeared to be working satisfactorily.,The patient tolerated the procedure well and was sent to the ICU for recovery. ### Response: Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Pelvic mass.,2. Suspected right ovarian cyst.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Pelvic mass.,2. Suspected right ovarian cyst.,PROCEDURES,1. Exploratory laparotomy.,2. Extensive lysis of adhesions.,3. Right salpingo-oophorectomy.,ANESTHESIA:, General.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 200 mL,SPECIMENS: ,Right tube and ovary.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,FINDINGS: , Extensive adhesive disease with the omentum and bowel walling of the entire pelvis, which required more than 45 minutes of operating time in order to establish visualization and to clear the bowel and other important structures from the ovarian cyst, tube, and ovary in order to remove them. The large and small bowels were completely enveloping a large right ovarian cystic mass. Normal anatomy was difficult to see due to adhesions. Cyst was ruptured incidentally intraoperatively with approximately 150 mL to 200 mL of turbid fluid. Cyst wall, tube, and ovary were stripped away from the bowel. Posterior peritoneum was also removed in order to completely remove the cyst wall ovary and tube. There was excellent postoperative hemostasis.,PROCEDURE: ,The patient was taken to the operating room, where general anesthesia was achieved without difficulty. She was then placed in a dorsal supine position and prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. A vertical midline incision was made from the umbilicus and extended to the symphysis pubis along the line of the patient's prior incision. Incision was carried down carefully until the peritoneal cavity was reached. Care was taken upon entry of the peritoneum to avoid injury of underlying structures. At this point, the extensive adhesive disease was noted, again requiring greater than 45 minutes of dissection in order to visualize the intended anatomy for surgery. The omentum was carefully stripped away from the patient's right side developing a window. This was extended down along the inferior portion of the incision removing the omentum from its adhesions to the anterior peritoneum and what appears to be the vesicouterine peritoneum. A large mass of bowel was noted to be adherent to itself causing a quite tortuous course. Adhesiolysis was performed in order to free up the bowel in order to pack it out of the pelvis. Excellent hemostasis was noted. The bowel was then packed over of the pelvis allowing visualization of a matted mass of large and small bowel surrounding a large ovarian cyst. Careful adhesive lysis and dissection enabled the colon to be separated from the posterior wall of the cyst. Small bowel and portion of the colon were adherent anteriorly on the cyst and during the dissection of these to remove them from their attachment, the cyst was ruptured. Large amount of turbid fluid was noted and was evacuated. The cyst wall was then carefully placed under tension and stripped away from the patient's small and large bowel. Once the bowel was freed, the remnants of round ligament was identified, elevated, and the peritoneum was incised opening the retroperitoneal space.,The retroperitoneal space was opened following the line of the ovarian vessels, which were identified and elevated and a window made inferior to the ovarian vessels, but superior to the course of the ureter. This pedicle was doubly clamped, transected, and tied with a free tie of #2-0 Vicryl. A suture ligature of #0 Vicryl was used to obtain hemostasis. Excellent hemostasis was noted at this pedicle. The posterior peritoneum and portion of the remaining broad ligament were carefully dissected and shelled out to remove the tube and ovary, which was still densely adherent to the peritoneum. Care was taken at the side of the remnant of the uterine vessels. However, a laceration of the uterine vessels did occur, which was clamped with a right-angle clamp, and carefully sutured ligated with excellent hemostasis noted. Remainder of the specimen was then shelled out including portions of the posterior and sidewall peritoneum and removed.,The opposite tube and ovary were identified, were also matted behind a large amount of large bowel and completely enveloped and wrapped in the fallopian tube. Minimal dissection was performed in order to ascertain and ensure that the ovary appeared completely normal. It was then left in situ. Hemostasis was achieved in the pelvis with the use of electrocautery. The abdomen and pelvis were copiously irrigated with warm saline solution. The peritoneal edges were inspected and found to have good hemostasis after the side of the uterine artery pedicle, and the ovarian vessel pedicle. The areas of the bowel had previously been dissected and due to adhesive disease, it was carefully inspected and excellent hemostasis was noted.,All instruments and packs removed from the patient's abdomen. The abdomen was closed with a running mattress closure of #0 PDS, beginning at the superior aspect of the incision, and extending inferiorly. Excellent closure of the incision was noted. The subcutaneous tissues were then copiously irrigated. Hemostasis was achieved with the use of cautery. Subcutaneous tissues were reapproximated to close the edge space with a several interrupted sutures of #0 plain gut suture. The skin was closed with staples.,Incision was sterilely clean and dressed. The patient was awakened from general anesthesia and taken to the recovery room in stable condition. All counts were noted correct times three.

preoperative diagnoses pelvic mass suspected right ovarian cystpostoperative diagnoses pelvic mass suspected right ovarian cystprocedures exploratory laparotomy extensive lysis adhesions right salpingooophorectomyanesthesia generalestimated blood loss mlspecimens right tube ovarycomplications nonefindings extensive adhesive disease omentum bowel walling entire pelvis required minutes operating time order establish visualization clear bowel important structures ovarian cyst tube ovary order remove large small bowels completely enveloping large right ovarian cystic mass normal anatomy difficult see due adhesions cyst ruptured incidentally intraoperatively approximately ml ml turbid fluid cyst wall tube ovary stripped away bowel posterior peritoneum also removed order completely remove cyst wall ovary tube excellent postoperative hemostasisprocedure patient taken operating room general anesthesia achieved without difficulty placed dorsal supine position prepped draped usual sterile fashion vertical midline incision made umbilicus extended symphysis pubis along line patients prior incision incision carried carefully peritoneal cavity reached care taken upon entry peritoneum avoid injury underlying structures point extensive adhesive disease noted requiring greater minutes dissection order visualize intended anatomy surgery omentum carefully stripped away patients right side developing window extended along inferior portion incision removing omentum adhesions anterior peritoneum appears vesicouterine peritoneum large mass bowel noted adherent causing quite tortuous course adhesiolysis performed order free bowel order pack pelvis excellent hemostasis noted bowel packed pelvis allowing visualization matted mass large small bowel surrounding large ovarian cyst careful adhesive lysis dissection enabled colon separated posterior wall cyst small bowel portion colon adherent anteriorly cyst dissection remove attachment cyst ruptured large amount turbid fluid noted evacuated cyst wall carefully placed tension stripped away patients small large bowel bowel freed remnants round ligament identified elevated peritoneum incised opening retroperitoneal spacethe retroperitoneal space opened following line ovarian vessels identified elevated window made inferior ovarian vessels superior course ureter pedicle doubly clamped transected tied free tie vicryl suture ligature vicryl used obtain hemostasis excellent hemostasis noted pedicle posterior peritoneum portion remaining broad ligament carefully dissected shelled remove tube ovary still densely adherent peritoneum care taken side remnant uterine vessels however laceration uterine vessels occur clamped rightangle clamp carefully sutured ligated excellent hemostasis noted remainder specimen shelled including portions posterior sidewall peritoneum removedthe opposite tube ovary identified also matted behind large amount large bowel completely enveloped wrapped fallopian tube minimal dissection performed order ascertain ensure ovary appeared completely normal left situ hemostasis achieved pelvis use electrocautery abdomen pelvis copiously irrigated warm saline solution peritoneal edges inspected found good hemostasis side uterine artery pedicle ovarian vessel pedicle areas bowel previously dissected due adhesive disease carefully inspected excellent hemostasis notedall instruments packs removed patients abdomen abdomen closed running mattress closure pds beginning superior aspect incision extending inferiorly excellent closure incision noted subcutaneous tissues copiously irrigated hemostasis achieved use cautery subcutaneous tissues reapproximated close edge space several interrupted sutures plain gut suture skin closed staplesincision sterilely clean dressed patient awakened general anesthesia taken recovery room stable condition counts noted correct times three

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Pelvic mass.,2. Suspected right ovarian cyst.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Pelvic mass.,2. Suspected right ovarian cyst.,PROCEDURES,1. Exploratory laparotomy.,2. Extensive lysis of adhesions.,3. Right salpingo-oophorectomy.,ANESTHESIA:, General.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 200 mL,SPECIMENS: ,Right tube and ovary.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,FINDINGS: , Extensive adhesive disease with the omentum and bowel walling of the entire pelvis, which required more than 45 minutes of operating time in order to establish visualization and to clear the bowel and other important structures from the ovarian cyst, tube, and ovary in order to remove them. The large and small bowels were completely enveloping a large right ovarian cystic mass. Normal anatomy was difficult to see due to adhesions. Cyst was ruptured incidentally intraoperatively with approximately 150 mL to 200 mL of turbid fluid. Cyst wall, tube, and ovary were stripped away from the bowel. Posterior peritoneum was also removed in order to completely remove the cyst wall ovary and tube. There was excellent postoperative hemostasis.,PROCEDURE: ,The patient was taken to the operating room, where general anesthesia was achieved without difficulty. She was then placed in a dorsal supine position and prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. A vertical midline incision was made from the umbilicus and extended to the symphysis pubis along the line of the patient's prior incision. Incision was carried down carefully until the peritoneal cavity was reached. Care was taken upon entry of the peritoneum to avoid injury of underlying structures. At this point, the extensive adhesive disease was noted, again requiring greater than 45 minutes of dissection in order to visualize the intended anatomy for surgery. The omentum was carefully stripped away from the patient's right side developing a window. This was extended down along the inferior portion of the incision removing the omentum from its adhesions to the anterior peritoneum and what appears to be the vesicouterine peritoneum. A large mass of bowel was noted to be adherent to itself causing a quite tortuous course. Adhesiolysis was performed in order to free up the bowel in order to pack it out of the pelvis. Excellent hemostasis was noted. The bowel was then packed over of the pelvis allowing visualization of a matted mass of large and small bowel surrounding a large ovarian cyst. Careful adhesive lysis and dissection enabled the colon to be separated from the posterior wall of the cyst. Small bowel and portion of the colon were adherent anteriorly on the cyst and during the dissection of these to remove them from their attachment, the cyst was ruptured. Large amount of turbid fluid was noted and was evacuated. The cyst wall was then carefully placed under tension and stripped away from the patient's small and large bowel. Once the bowel was freed, the remnants of round ligament was identified, elevated, and the peritoneum was incised opening the retroperitoneal space.,The retroperitoneal space was opened following the line of the ovarian vessels, which were identified and elevated and a window made inferior to the ovarian vessels, but superior to the course of the ureter. This pedicle was doubly clamped, transected, and tied with a free tie of #2-0 Vicryl. A suture ligature of #0 Vicryl was used to obtain hemostasis. Excellent hemostasis was noted at this pedicle. The posterior peritoneum and portion of the remaining broad ligament were carefully dissected and shelled out to remove the tube and ovary, which was still densely adherent to the peritoneum. Care was taken at the side of the remnant of the uterine vessels. However, a laceration of the uterine vessels did occur, which was clamped with a right-angle clamp, and carefully sutured ligated with excellent hemostasis noted. Remainder of the specimen was then shelled out including portions of the posterior and sidewall peritoneum and removed.,The opposite tube and ovary were identified, were also matted behind a large amount of large bowel and completely enveloped and wrapped in the fallopian tube. Minimal dissection was performed in order to ascertain and ensure that the ovary appeared completely normal. It was then left in situ. Hemostasis was achieved in the pelvis with the use of electrocautery. The abdomen and pelvis were copiously irrigated with warm saline solution. The peritoneal edges were inspected and found to have good hemostasis after the side of the uterine artery pedicle, and the ovarian vessel pedicle. The areas of the bowel had previously been dissected and due to adhesive disease, it was carefully inspected and excellent hemostasis was noted.,All instruments and packs removed from the patient's abdomen. The abdomen was closed with a running mattress closure of #0 PDS, beginning at the superior aspect of the incision, and extending inferiorly. Excellent closure of the incision was noted. The subcutaneous tissues were then copiously irrigated. Hemostasis was achieved with the use of cautery. Subcutaneous tissues were reapproximated to close the edge space with a several interrupted sutures of #0 plain gut suture. The skin was closed with staples.,Incision was sterilely clean and dressed. The patient was awakened from general anesthesia and taken to the recovery room in stable condition. All counts were noted correct times three. ### Response: Obstetrics / Gynecology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Post anterior cervical discectomy and fusion at C4-C5 and C5-C6 with possible pseudoarthrosis at C4-C5.,2. Cervical radiculopathy involving the left arm.,3. Disc degeneration at C3-C4 and C6-C7.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Post anterior cervical discectomy and fusion at C4-C5 and C5-C6 with possible pseudoarthrosis at C4-C5.,2. Cervical radiculopathy involving the left arm.,3. Disc degeneration at C3-C4 and C6-C7.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURES,1. Decompressive left lumbar laminectomy C4-C5 and C5-C6 with neural foraminotomy.,2. Posterior cervical fusion C4-C5.,3. Songer wire.,4. Right iliac bone graft.,TECHNIQUE: ,The patient was brought to the operating room. Preoperative evaluations included previous cervical spine surgery. The patient initially had some relief; however, his left arm pain did recur and gradually got worse. Repeat studies including myelogram and postspinal CTs revealed some blunting of the nerve root at C4-C5 and C5-C6. There was also noted to be some annular bulges at C3-C4, and C6-C7. The CT scan in March revealed that the fusion was not fully solid. X-rays were done in November including flexion and extension views, it appeared that the fusion was solid.,The patient had been on pain medication. The patient had undergone several nonoperative treatments. He was given the option of surgical intervention. We discussed Botox, I discussed with the patient and posterior cervical decompression. I explained to the patient this will leave a larger scar on his neck, and that no guarantee would help, there would be more bleeding and more pain from the posterior surgery than it was from the anterior surgery. If at the time of surgery there was some motion of the C4-C5 level, I would recommend a fusion. The patient was a smoker and had been advised to quit smoking but has not quit smoking. I have therefore recommended that he use iliac bone graft. I explained to the patient that this would give him a scar over the back of the right pelvis and could be a source of chronic pain for the patient for the rest of his life. Even if this type of bone graft was used, there was no guarantee that it will fuse and he should stop smoking completely.,The patient also was advised that if I did a fusion, I would also use post instrumentation, which was a wire. The wire would be left permanently.,Even with all these procedures, there was no guarantee that his symptoms would improve. His numbness, tingling, and weakness could get worse rather than better, his neck pain and arm pain could persist. He still had some residual bursitis in his left shoulder and this would not be cured by this procedure. Other procedures may be necessary later. There is still with a danger of becoming quadriplegic or losing total control of bowel or bladder function. He could lose total control of his arms or legs and end up in the bed for the rest of his life. He could develop chronic regional pain syndromes. He could get difficulty swallowing or eating. He could have substantial weakness in the arm. He was advised that he should not undergo the surgery unless the pain is persistent, severe, and unremitting.,He was also offered his records if he would like any other pain medications or seek other treatments, he was advised that Dr. X would continue to prescribe pain medication if he did not wish to proceed with surgery.,He stated he understood all the risks. He did not wish to get any other treatments. He said the pain has reached the point that he wished to proceed with surgery.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , In the operating room, he was given general endotracheal anesthesia.,I then carefully rolled the patient on thoracic rolls. His head was controlled by a horseshoe holder. The anesthesiologist checked the eye positions to make sure there was no pressure on the orbits and the anesthesiologist continued to check them every 15 minutes. The arms, the right hip, and the neck was then prepped and draped. Care was taken to position both arms and both legs. Pulses were checked.,A midline incision was made through the skin and subcutaneous tissue on the cervical spine. A loupe magnification and headlamp illumination was used. Bleeding vessels were cauterized. Meticulous hemostasis was carried out throughout the procedure. Gradually and carefully I exposed the spinous process of the C6, C5, and C4. A lateral view was done after an instrument in place. This revealed the C6-C7 level. I therefore did a small laminotomy opening at C4-C5. I placed an instrument and x-rays confirmed C4-C5 level.,I stripped the muscles from the lamina and then moved them laterally and held with a self-retaining retractor.,Once I identified the level, I then used a bur to thin the lamina of C5. I used a 1-mm, followed by a 2-mm Kerrison rongeur to carefully remove the lamina off C5 on the left. I removed some of the superior lamina of C6 and some of the inferior lamina of C4. This allowed me to visualize the dura and the nerve roots and gradually do neural foraminotomies for both the C5 and C6 nerve roots. There was some bleeding from the epidural veins and a bipolar cautery was used. Absolutely no retractors were ever placed in the canal. There was no retraction. I was able to place a small probe underneath the nerve root and check the disc spaces to make sure there was no fragments of disc or herniation disc and none were found.,At the end of the procedure, the neuroforamen were widely patent. The nerve roots had been fully decompressed.,I then checked stability. There was micromotion at the C4-C5 level. I therefore elected to proceed with a fusion.,I debrided the interspinous ligament between C4 and C5. I used a bur to roughen up the surface of the superior portion of the spinous process of C5 and the inferior portion of C4. Using a small drill, I opened the facet at C4-C5. I then used a very small curette to clean up the articular cartilage. I used a bur then to roughen up the lamina at C4-C5.,Attention was turned to the right and left hip, which was also prepped. An incision made over the iliac crest. Bleeding vessels were cauterized. I exposed just the posterior aspect of the crest. I removed some of the bone and then used the curette to remove cancellous bone.,I placed the Songer wire through the base of the spinous process of C4 and C5. Drill holes made with a clip. I then packed cancellous bone between the decorticated spinous process. I then tightened the Songer wire to the appropriate tension and then cut off the excess wire.,Prior to tightening the wire, I also packed cancellous bone with facet at C4-C5. I then laid bone upon the decorticated lamina of C4 and C5.,The hip wound was irrigated with bacitracin and Kantrex. Deep structures were closed with #1 Vicryl, subcutaneous suture and subcuticular tissue was closed.,No drain was placed in the hip.,A drain was left in the posterior cervical spine. The deep tissues were closed with 0 Vicryl, subcutaneous tissue and skin were then closed. The patient was taken to the recovery room in good condition.

preoperative diagnoses post anterior cervical discectomy fusion cc cc possible pseudoarthrosis cc cervical radiculopathy involving left arm disc degeneration cc ccpostoperative diagnoses post anterior cervical discectomy fusion cc cc possible pseudoarthrosis cc cervical radiculopathy involving left arm disc degeneration cc ccoperative procedures decompressive left lumbar laminectomy cc cc neural foraminotomy posterior cervical fusion cc songer wire right iliac bone grafttechnique patient brought operating room preoperative evaluations included previous cervical spine surgery patient initially relief however left arm pain recur gradually got worse repeat studies including myelogram postspinal cts revealed blunting nerve root cc cc also noted annular bulges cc cc ct scan march revealed fusion fully solid xrays done november including flexion extension views appeared fusion solidthe patient pain medication patient undergone several nonoperative treatments given option surgical intervention discussed botox discussed patient posterior cervical decompression explained patient leave larger scar neck guarantee would help would bleeding pain posterior surgery anterior surgery time surgery motion cc level would recommend fusion patient smoker advised quit smoking quit smoking therefore recommended use iliac bone graft explained patient would give scar back right pelvis could source chronic pain patient rest life even type bone graft used guarantee fuse stop smoking completelythe patient also advised fusion would also use post instrumentation wire wire would left permanentlyeven procedures guarantee symptoms would improve numbness tingling weakness could get worse rather better neck pain arm pain could persist still residual bursitis left shoulder would cured procedure procedures may necessary later still danger becoming quadriplegic losing total control bowel bladder function could lose total control arms legs end bed rest life could develop chronic regional pain syndromes could get difficulty swallowing eating could substantial weakness arm advised undergo surgery unless pain persistent severe unremittinghe also offered records would like pain medications seek treatments advised dr x would continue prescribe pain medication wish proceed surgeryhe stated understood risks wish get treatments said pain reached point wished proceed surgeryprocedure detail operating room given general endotracheal anesthesiai carefully rolled patient thoracic rolls head controlled horseshoe holder anesthesiologist checked eye positions make sure pressure orbits anesthesiologist continued check every minutes arms right hip neck prepped draped care taken position arms legs pulses checkeda midline incision made skin subcutaneous tissue cervical spine loupe magnification headlamp illumination used bleeding vessels cauterized meticulous hemostasis carried throughout procedure gradually carefully exposed spinous process c c c lateral view done instrument place revealed cc level therefore small laminotomy opening cc placed instrument xrays confirmed cc leveli stripped muscles lamina moved laterally held selfretaining retractoronce identified level used bur thin lamina c used mm followed mm kerrison rongeur carefully remove lamina c left removed superior lamina c inferior lamina c allowed visualize dura nerve roots gradually neural foraminotomies c c nerve roots bleeding epidural veins bipolar cautery used absolutely retractors ever placed canal retraction able place small probe underneath nerve root check disc spaces make sure fragments disc herniation disc none foundat end procedure neuroforamen widely patent nerve roots fully decompressedi checked stability micromotion cc level therefore elected proceed fusioni debrided interspinous ligament c c used bur roughen surface superior portion spinous process c inferior portion c using small drill opened facet cc used small curette clean articular cartilage used bur roughen lamina ccattention turned right left hip also prepped incision made iliac crest bleeding vessels cauterized exposed posterior aspect crest removed bone used curette remove cancellous bonei placed songer wire base spinous process c c drill holes made clip packed cancellous bone decorticated spinous process tightened songer wire appropriate tension cut excess wireprior tightening wire also packed cancellous bone facet cc laid bone upon decorticated lamina c cthe hip wound irrigated bacitracin kantrex deep structures closed vicryl subcutaneous suture subcuticular tissue closedno drain placed hipa drain left posterior cervical spine deep tissues closed vicryl subcutaneous tissue skin closed patient taken recovery room good condition

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Post anterior cervical discectomy and fusion at C4-C5 and C5-C6 with possible pseudoarthrosis at C4-C5.,2. Cervical radiculopathy involving the left arm.,3. Disc degeneration at C3-C4 and C6-C7.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Post anterior cervical discectomy and fusion at C4-C5 and C5-C6 with possible pseudoarthrosis at C4-C5.,2. Cervical radiculopathy involving the left arm.,3. Disc degeneration at C3-C4 and C6-C7.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURES,1. Decompressive left lumbar laminectomy C4-C5 and C5-C6 with neural foraminotomy.,2. Posterior cervical fusion C4-C5.,3. Songer wire.,4. Right iliac bone graft.,TECHNIQUE: ,The patient was brought to the operating room. Preoperative evaluations included previous cervical spine surgery. The patient initially had some relief; however, his left arm pain did recur and gradually got worse. Repeat studies including myelogram and postspinal CTs revealed some blunting of the nerve root at C4-C5 and C5-C6. There was also noted to be some annular bulges at C3-C4, and C6-C7. The CT scan in March revealed that the fusion was not fully solid. X-rays were done in November including flexion and extension views, it appeared that the fusion was solid.,The patient had been on pain medication. The patient had undergone several nonoperative treatments. He was given the option of surgical intervention. We discussed Botox, I discussed with the patient and posterior cervical decompression. I explained to the patient this will leave a larger scar on his neck, and that no guarantee would help, there would be more bleeding and more pain from the posterior surgery than it was from the anterior surgery. If at the time of surgery there was some motion of the C4-C5 level, I would recommend a fusion. The patient was a smoker and had been advised to quit smoking but has not quit smoking. I have therefore recommended that he use iliac bone graft. I explained to the patient that this would give him a scar over the back of the right pelvis and could be a source of chronic pain for the patient for the rest of his life. Even if this type of bone graft was used, there was no guarantee that it will fuse and he should stop smoking completely.,The patient also was advised that if I did a fusion, I would also use post instrumentation, which was a wire. The wire would be left permanently.,Even with all these procedures, there was no guarantee that his symptoms would improve. His numbness, tingling, and weakness could get worse rather than better, his neck pain and arm pain could persist. He still had some residual bursitis in his left shoulder and this would not be cured by this procedure. Other procedures may be necessary later. There is still with a danger of becoming quadriplegic or losing total control of bowel or bladder function. He could lose total control of his arms or legs and end up in the bed for the rest of his life. He could develop chronic regional pain syndromes. He could get difficulty swallowing or eating. He could have substantial weakness in the arm. He was advised that he should not undergo the surgery unless the pain is persistent, severe, and unremitting.,He was also offered his records if he would like any other pain medications or seek other treatments, he was advised that Dr. X would continue to prescribe pain medication if he did not wish to proceed with surgery.,He stated he understood all the risks. He did not wish to get any other treatments. He said the pain has reached the point that he wished to proceed with surgery.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , In the operating room, he was given general endotracheal anesthesia.,I then carefully rolled the patient on thoracic rolls. His head was controlled by a horseshoe holder. The anesthesiologist checked the eye positions to make sure there was no pressure on the orbits and the anesthesiologist continued to check them every 15 minutes. The arms, the right hip, and the neck was then prepped and draped. Care was taken to position both arms and both legs. Pulses were checked.,A midline incision was made through the skin and subcutaneous tissue on the cervical spine. A loupe magnification and headlamp illumination was used. Bleeding vessels were cauterized. Meticulous hemostasis was carried out throughout the procedure. Gradually and carefully I exposed the spinous process of the C6, C5, and C4. A lateral view was done after an instrument in place. This revealed the C6-C7 level. I therefore did a small laminotomy opening at C4-C5. I placed an instrument and x-rays confirmed C4-C5 level.,I stripped the muscles from the lamina and then moved them laterally and held with a self-retaining retractor.,Once I identified the level, I then used a bur to thin the lamina of C5. I used a 1-mm, followed by a 2-mm Kerrison rongeur to carefully remove the lamina off C5 on the left. I removed some of the superior lamina of C6 and some of the inferior lamina of C4. This allowed me to visualize the dura and the nerve roots and gradually do neural foraminotomies for both the C5 and C6 nerve roots. There was some bleeding from the epidural veins and a bipolar cautery was used. Absolutely no retractors were ever placed in the canal. There was no retraction. I was able to place a small probe underneath the nerve root and check the disc spaces to make sure there was no fragments of disc or herniation disc and none were found.,At the end of the procedure, the neuroforamen were widely patent. The nerve roots had been fully decompressed.,I then checked stability. There was micromotion at the C4-C5 level. I therefore elected to proceed with a fusion.,I debrided the interspinous ligament between C4 and C5. I used a bur to roughen up the surface of the superior portion of the spinous process of C5 and the inferior portion of C4. Using a small drill, I opened the facet at C4-C5. I then used a very small curette to clean up the articular cartilage. I used a bur then to roughen up the lamina at C4-C5.,Attention was turned to the right and left hip, which was also prepped. An incision made over the iliac crest. Bleeding vessels were cauterized. I exposed just the posterior aspect of the crest. I removed some of the bone and then used the curette to remove cancellous bone.,I placed the Songer wire through the base of the spinous process of C4 and C5. Drill holes made with a clip. I then packed cancellous bone between the decorticated spinous process. I then tightened the Songer wire to the appropriate tension and then cut off the excess wire.,Prior to tightening the wire, I also packed cancellous bone with facet at C4-C5. I then laid bone upon the decorticated lamina of C4 and C5.,The hip wound was irrigated with bacitracin and Kantrex. Deep structures were closed with #1 Vicryl, subcutaneous suture and subcuticular tissue was closed.,No drain was placed in the hip.,A drain was left in the posterior cervical spine. The deep tissues were closed with 0 Vicryl, subcutaneous tissue and skin were then closed. The patient was taken to the recovery room in good condition. ### Response: Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Postoperative wound infection.,2. Left gluteal abscess.,3. Intraperitoneal pigtail catheter.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Postoperative wound infection. There was an intraperitoneal foreign body.,2. Left gluteal abscess.,3. Intraperitoneal pigtail catheter.,PROCEDURES,1. Incision and drainage (I&D) of gluteal abscess.,2. Removal of pigtail catheter.,3. Limited exploratory laparotomy with removal of foreign body and lysis of adhesions.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , After obtaining the informed consent, the patient was transferred to the operating room where a time-out process was followed. Under general endotracheal anesthesia, first of all the patient was positioned in the left lateral decubitus and the left gluteal area was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. The opening of the abscess was probed and there was a tract of about 20 cm going subcutaneously upward. I proceeded to enlarge the drainage area and to some degree unroofing the tract partially and then the area was débrided and then packed with iodoform gauze and a temporary dressing was applied.,Then, the patient was placed in a supine position, and I proceeded to remove the pigtail catheter after dividing it to undo its locking mechanism. It came out without any difficulty. Then, the colostomy was protected and draped apart, and the patient's abdomen was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. My initial idea was to just drain and debride the wound infection, which had a sinus tract at lower end of the midline incision. I initially probed the wound with a hemostat and this had at least 12 cm long tract and I proceeded to excise the badly scarred skin that was on top of it and then continued the dissection to the fascia and I realized that the sinus tract was going through the fascia into the abdomen. Very carefully, I started dividing the fascia. Of course, there were several small bowel loops adhered to the area. The dissection was quite tedious for a while. Initially, I thought that may be there was an enterocutaneous fistula in the area, but then I realized that the tissue that was interpreted as an intestinal mucosa was actually a very smooth __________ tissue that was walling the sinus tract. I made a laparotomy of about 10 cm and I carefully dissected the bowel of the fascia. There was an area at the bottom which looked like a foreign body and initially I thought there was a mesh that can be used to close the abdomen, but later on this substance floated out by self and it was an elongated strip, maybe about 6 cm, which we sent to Pathology for examination. Initially, I have obtained a sample for culture and sensitivity for aerobic and anaerobic organisms.,I was very happy that we were not really dealing with enterocutaneous fistula. The area was irrigated generously with saline and then we closed the fascia with number of interrupted figure-of-eight sutures of heavy PPS. The subcutaneous tissue and the skin were left open and packed with Betadine-soaked sponges.,A dressing was applied. A small dressing was applied to the area where we removed the pigtail catheter and also we went down to the gluteal area and put a formal dressing in that area. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Estimated blood loss was minimal, and he was sent to the ICU and also made acute care because of the need for a laparotomy, which we were not anticipating.

preoperative diagnoses postoperative wound infection left gluteal abscess intraperitoneal pigtail catheterpostoperative diagnoses postoperative wound infection intraperitoneal foreign body left gluteal abscess intraperitoneal pigtail catheterprocedures incision drainage id gluteal abscess removal pigtail catheter limited exploratory laparotomy removal foreign body lysis adhesionsdescription procedure obtaining informed consent patient transferred operating room timeout process followed general endotracheal anesthesia first patient positioned left lateral decubitus left gluteal area prepped draped usual fashion opening abscess probed tract cm going subcutaneously upward proceeded enlarge drainage area degree unroofing tract partially area débrided packed iodoform gauze temporary dressing appliedthen patient placed supine position proceeded remove pigtail catheter dividing undo locking mechanism came without difficulty colostomy protected draped apart patients abdomen prepped draped usual fashion initial idea drain debride wound infection sinus tract lower end midline incision initially probed wound hemostat least cm long tract proceeded excise badly scarred skin top continued dissection fascia realized sinus tract going fascia abdomen carefully started dividing fascia course several small bowel loops adhered area dissection quite tedious initially thought may enterocutaneous fistula area realized tissue interpreted intestinal mucosa actually smooth __________ tissue walling sinus tract made laparotomy cm carefully dissected bowel fascia area bottom looked like foreign body initially thought mesh used close abdomen later substance floated self elongated strip maybe cm sent pathology examination initially obtained sample culture sensitivity aerobic anaerobic organismsi happy really dealing enterocutaneous fistula area irrigated generously saline closed fascia number interrupted figureofeight sutures heavy pps subcutaneous tissue skin left open packed betadinesoaked spongesa dressing applied small dressing applied area removed pigtail catheter also went gluteal area put formal dressing area patient tolerated procedure well estimated blood loss minimal sent icu also made acute care need laparotomy anticipating

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Postoperative wound infection.,2. Left gluteal abscess.,3. Intraperitoneal pigtail catheter.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Postoperative wound infection. There was an intraperitoneal foreign body.,2. Left gluteal abscess.,3. Intraperitoneal pigtail catheter.,PROCEDURES,1. Incision and drainage (I&D) of gluteal abscess.,2. Removal of pigtail catheter.,3. Limited exploratory laparotomy with removal of foreign body and lysis of adhesions.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , After obtaining the informed consent, the patient was transferred to the operating room where a time-out process was followed. Under general endotracheal anesthesia, first of all the patient was positioned in the left lateral decubitus and the left gluteal area was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. The opening of the abscess was probed and there was a tract of about 20 cm going subcutaneously upward. I proceeded to enlarge the drainage area and to some degree unroofing the tract partially and then the area was débrided and then packed with iodoform gauze and a temporary dressing was applied.,Then, the patient was placed in a supine position, and I proceeded to remove the pigtail catheter after dividing it to undo its locking mechanism. It came out without any difficulty. Then, the colostomy was protected and draped apart, and the patient's abdomen was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. My initial idea was to just drain and debride the wound infection, which had a sinus tract at lower end of the midline incision. I initially probed the wound with a hemostat and this had at least 12 cm long tract and I proceeded to excise the badly scarred skin that was on top of it and then continued the dissection to the fascia and I realized that the sinus tract was going through the fascia into the abdomen. Very carefully, I started dividing the fascia. Of course, there were several small bowel loops adhered to the area. The dissection was quite tedious for a while. Initially, I thought that may be there was an enterocutaneous fistula in the area, but then I realized that the tissue that was interpreted as an intestinal mucosa was actually a very smooth __________ tissue that was walling the sinus tract. I made a laparotomy of about 10 cm and I carefully dissected the bowel of the fascia. There was an area at the bottom which looked like a foreign body and initially I thought there was a mesh that can be used to close the abdomen, but later on this substance floated out by self and it was an elongated strip, maybe about 6 cm, which we sent to Pathology for examination. Initially, I have obtained a sample for culture and sensitivity for aerobic and anaerobic organisms.,I was very happy that we were not really dealing with enterocutaneous fistula. The area was irrigated generously with saline and then we closed the fascia with number of interrupted figure-of-eight sutures of heavy PPS. The subcutaneous tissue and the skin were left open and packed with Betadine-soaked sponges.,A dressing was applied. A small dressing was applied to the area where we removed the pigtail catheter and also we went down to the gluteal area and put a formal dressing in that area. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Estimated blood loss was minimal, and he was sent to the ICU and also made acute care because of the need for a laparotomy, which we were not anticipating. ### Response: Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent acute otitis media, bilateral middle ear effusions.,2. Chronic rhinitis.,3. Recurrent adenoiditis with adenoid hypertrophy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent acute otitis media, bilateral middle ear effusions.,2. Chronic rhinitis.,3. Recurrent adenoiditis with adenoid hypertrophy.,FINAL DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent acute otitis media, bilateral middle ear effusions.,2. Chronic rhinitis.,3. Recurrent adenoiditis with adenoid hypertrophy.,4. Acute and chronic adenoiditis.,OPERATIONS PERFORMED,1. Bilateral myringotomies.,2. Placement of ventilating tubes.,3. Nasal endoscopy.,4. Adenoidectomy.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONS: , The patient was brought to the operating room, endotracheal intubation carried out by Dr. X. Both sides of the patient's nose were then sprayed with Afrin. Ears were inspected then with the operating microscope. The anterior inferior quadrant myringotomy incisions were performed. Then, a modest amount of serous and a trace of mucoid material encountered that was evacuated. The middle ear mucosa looked remarkably clean. Armstrong tubes were inserted. Ciprodex drops were instilled. Ciprodex will be planned for two postoperative days as well. Nasal endoscopy was carried out, and evidence of acute purulent adenoiditis was evident in spite of the fact that clinically the patient has shown some modest improvement following cessation of all milk products. The adenoids were shaved back, flushed with curette through a traditional transoral route with thick purulent material emanating from the crypts, and representative cultures were taken. Additional adenoid tissue was shaved backwards with the RADenoid shaver. Electrocautery was used to establish hemostasis, and repeat nasal endoscopy accomplished. The patient still had residual evidence of inter choanal adenoid tissue, and video photos were taken. That remaining material was resected, guided by the nasal endoscope using the RADenoid shaver to remove the material and flush with the posterior nasopharynx. Electrocautery again used to establish hemostasis. Bleeding was trivial. Extensive irrigation accomplished. No additional bleeding was evident. The patient was awakened, extubated, taken to the recovery room in a stable condition. Discharge anticipated later in the day on Augmentin 400 mg twice daily, Lortab or Tylenol p.r.n. for pain. Office recheck would be anticipated if stable and doing well in approximately two weeks. Parents were instructed to call, however, regarding the outcome of the culture on Monday next week to ensure adequate antibiotic coverage before cessation of the antibiotic.

preoperative diagnoses recurrent acute otitis media bilateral middle ear effusions chronic rhinitis recurrent adenoiditis adenoid hypertrophypostoperative diagnoses recurrent acute otitis media bilateral middle ear effusions chronic rhinitis recurrent adenoiditis adenoid hypertrophyfinal diagnoses recurrent acute otitis media bilateral middle ear effusions chronic rhinitis recurrent adenoiditis adenoid hypertrophy acute chronic adenoiditisoperations performed bilateral myringotomies placement ventilating tubes nasal endoscopy adenoidectomydescription operations patient brought operating room endotracheal intubation carried dr x sides patients nose sprayed afrin ears inspected operating microscope anterior inferior quadrant myringotomy incisions performed modest amount serous trace mucoid material encountered evacuated middle ear mucosa looked remarkably clean armstrong tubes inserted ciprodex drops instilled ciprodex planned two postoperative days well nasal endoscopy carried evidence acute purulent adenoiditis evident spite fact clinically patient shown modest improvement following cessation milk products adenoids shaved back flushed curette traditional transoral route thick purulent material emanating crypts representative cultures taken additional adenoid tissue shaved backwards radenoid shaver electrocautery used establish hemostasis repeat nasal endoscopy accomplished patient still residual evidence inter choanal adenoid tissue video photos taken remaining material resected guided nasal endoscope using radenoid shaver remove material flush posterior nasopharynx electrocautery used establish hemostasis bleeding trivial extensive irrigation accomplished additional bleeding evident patient awakened extubated taken recovery room stable condition discharge anticipated later day augmentin mg twice daily lortab tylenol prn pain office recheck would anticipated stable well approximately two weeks parents instructed call however regarding outcome culture monday next week ensure adequate antibiotic coverage cessation antibiotic

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent acute otitis media, bilateral middle ear effusions.,2. Chronic rhinitis.,3. Recurrent adenoiditis with adenoid hypertrophy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent acute otitis media, bilateral middle ear effusions.,2. Chronic rhinitis.,3. Recurrent adenoiditis with adenoid hypertrophy.,FINAL DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent acute otitis media, bilateral middle ear effusions.,2. Chronic rhinitis.,3. Recurrent adenoiditis with adenoid hypertrophy.,4. Acute and chronic adenoiditis.,OPERATIONS PERFORMED,1. Bilateral myringotomies.,2. Placement of ventilating tubes.,3. Nasal endoscopy.,4. Adenoidectomy.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONS: , The patient was brought to the operating room, endotracheal intubation carried out by Dr. X. Both sides of the patient's nose were then sprayed with Afrin. Ears were inspected then with the operating microscope. The anterior inferior quadrant myringotomy incisions were performed. Then, a modest amount of serous and a trace of mucoid material encountered that was evacuated. The middle ear mucosa looked remarkably clean. Armstrong tubes were inserted. Ciprodex drops were instilled. Ciprodex will be planned for two postoperative days as well. Nasal endoscopy was carried out, and evidence of acute purulent adenoiditis was evident in spite of the fact that clinically the patient has shown some modest improvement following cessation of all milk products. The adenoids were shaved back, flushed with curette through a traditional transoral route with thick purulent material emanating from the crypts, and representative cultures were taken. Additional adenoid tissue was shaved backwards with the RADenoid shaver. Electrocautery was used to establish hemostasis, and repeat nasal endoscopy accomplished. The patient still had residual evidence of inter choanal adenoid tissue, and video photos were taken. That remaining material was resected, guided by the nasal endoscope using the RADenoid shaver to remove the material and flush with the posterior nasopharynx. Electrocautery again used to establish hemostasis. Bleeding was trivial. Extensive irrigation accomplished. No additional bleeding was evident. The patient was awakened, extubated, taken to the recovery room in a stable condition. Discharge anticipated later in the day on Augmentin 400 mg twice daily, Lortab or Tylenol p.r.n. for pain. Office recheck would be anticipated if stable and doing well in approximately two weeks. Parents were instructed to call, however, regarding the outcome of the culture on Monday next week to ensure adequate antibiotic coverage before cessation of the antibiotic. ### Response: ENT - Otolaryngology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent tonsillitis.,2. Deeply cryptic hypertrophic tonsils with numerous tonsillolith.,3. Residual adenoid hypertrophy and recurrent epistaxis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent tonsillitis.,2. Deeply cryptic hypertrophic tonsils with numerous tonsillolith.,3. Residual adenoid hypertrophy and recurrent epistaxis.,FINAL DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent tonsillitis.,2. Deeply cryptic hypertrophic tonsils with numerous tonsillolith.,3. Residual adenoid hypertrophy and recurrent epistaxis.,OPERATION PERFORMED,1. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.,2. Left superficial nasal cauterization.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION:, The patient was brought to the operating room. Endotracheal intubation carried out by Dr. X. The McIvor mouth gag was inserted and gently suspended. Afrin was instilled in both sides of the nose and allowed to take effect for a period of time. The hypertrophic tonsils were then removed by the suction and snare. Deeply cryptic changes as expected were evident. Bleeding was minimal and controlled with packing followed by electrocautery followed by extensive additional irrigation. An inspection of the nasopharynx confirmed that the adenoids were in fact hypertrophic rubbery cryptic and obstructive. They were shaved back, flushed with prevertebral fascia with curette. Hemostasis established with packing followed by electrocautery. In light of his history of recurring nosebleeds, both sides of the nose were carefully inspected. A nasal endoscope was used to identify the plexus of bleeding, which was predominantly on the left mid portion of the septum that was controlled with broad superficial cauterization using a suction cautery device. The bleeding was admittedly a bit of a annoyance. An additional control was established by infiltrating slowly with a 1% Xylocaine with epinephrine around the perimeter of the bleeding site and then cauterizing the bleeding site itself. No additional bleeding was then evident. The oropharynx was reinspected, clots removed, the patient was extubated, taken to the recovery room in stable condition. Discharge will be anticipated later in the day on Lortab plus amoxicillin plus Ponaris nose drops. Office recheck anticipated if stable and doing well in three to four weeks.

preoperative diagnoses recurrent tonsillitis deeply cryptic hypertrophic tonsils numerous tonsillolith residual adenoid hypertrophy recurrent epistaxispostoperative diagnoses recurrent tonsillitis deeply cryptic hypertrophic tonsils numerous tonsillolith residual adenoid hypertrophy recurrent epistaxisfinal diagnoses recurrent tonsillitis deeply cryptic hypertrophic tonsils numerous tonsillolith residual adenoid hypertrophy recurrent epistaxisoperation performed tonsillectomy adenoidectomy left superficial nasal cauterizationdescription operation patient brought operating room endotracheal intubation carried dr x mcivor mouth gag inserted gently suspended afrin instilled sides nose allowed take effect period time hypertrophic tonsils removed suction snare deeply cryptic changes expected evident bleeding minimal controlled packing followed electrocautery followed extensive additional irrigation inspection nasopharynx confirmed adenoids fact hypertrophic rubbery cryptic obstructive shaved back flushed prevertebral fascia curette hemostasis established packing followed electrocautery light history recurring nosebleeds sides nose carefully inspected nasal endoscope used identify plexus bleeding predominantly left mid portion septum controlled broad superficial cauterization using suction cautery device bleeding admittedly bit annoyance additional control established infiltrating slowly xylocaine epinephrine around perimeter bleeding site cauterizing bleeding site additional bleeding evident oropharynx reinspected clots removed patient extubated taken recovery room stable condition discharge anticipated later day lortab plus amoxicillin plus ponaris nose drops office recheck anticipated stable well three four weeks

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent tonsillitis.,2. Deeply cryptic hypertrophic tonsils with numerous tonsillolith.,3. Residual adenoid hypertrophy and recurrent epistaxis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent tonsillitis.,2. Deeply cryptic hypertrophic tonsils with numerous tonsillolith.,3. Residual adenoid hypertrophy and recurrent epistaxis.,FINAL DIAGNOSES,1. Recurrent tonsillitis.,2. Deeply cryptic hypertrophic tonsils with numerous tonsillolith.,3. Residual adenoid hypertrophy and recurrent epistaxis.,OPERATION PERFORMED,1. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.,2. Left superficial nasal cauterization.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION:, The patient was brought to the operating room. Endotracheal intubation carried out by Dr. X. The McIvor mouth gag was inserted and gently suspended. Afrin was instilled in both sides of the nose and allowed to take effect for a period of time. The hypertrophic tonsils were then removed by the suction and snare. Deeply cryptic changes as expected were evident. Bleeding was minimal and controlled with packing followed by electrocautery followed by extensive additional irrigation. An inspection of the nasopharynx confirmed that the adenoids were in fact hypertrophic rubbery cryptic and obstructive. They were shaved back, flushed with prevertebral fascia with curette. Hemostasis established with packing followed by electrocautery. In light of his history of recurring nosebleeds, both sides of the nose were carefully inspected. A nasal endoscope was used to identify the plexus of bleeding, which was predominantly on the left mid portion of the septum that was controlled with broad superficial cauterization using a suction cautery device. The bleeding was admittedly a bit of a annoyance. An additional control was established by infiltrating slowly with a 1% Xylocaine with epinephrine around the perimeter of the bleeding site and then cauterizing the bleeding site itself. No additional bleeding was then evident. The oropharynx was reinspected, clots removed, the patient was extubated, taken to the recovery room in stable condition. Discharge will be anticipated later in the day on Lortab plus amoxicillin plus Ponaris nose drops. Office recheck anticipated if stable and doing well in three to four weeks. ### Response: ENT - Otolaryngology, Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Right buccal space abscess/cellulitis.,2. Nonrestorable caries teeth #1, #29, and #32.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Right buccal space abscess/cellulitis.,2. Nonrestorable caries teeth #1, #29, and #32.,PROCEDURE,1. Incision and drainage of right buccal space abscess.,2. Extraction of teeth #1, #29, and #32.,ANESTHESIA,GETA,EBL,20 mL.,IV FLUIDS,900 mL.,URINE OUTPUT,Not measured.,COMPLICATIONS,None.,SPECIMENS,1. Aerobic culture was sent from the right buccal space abscess/cellulitis.,2. Anaerobic culture from the same space was also obtained.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL,The patient was identified in the appropriate holding area and transported to #13. The patient was intubated by anesthesia orotracheally using a #7 ET tube. The patient was induced in effective sleep using a propofol and gas inhalation anesthetics. Following intubation, the patient's mouth was cleaned with chlorhexidine and a toothbrush following placement of a throat pack. At that point, approximately 5 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:20,000 epinephrine was injected for a right inferior alveolar block, as well as local infiltration in the right long buccal nerve area as well as the right cheek area. Local infiltration also was done near the tooth #32. At this point, a periosteal elevator was used to loosen up the gingival tissue of the teeth #1, #29, and #32; and all 3 teeth were extracted using simple extraction, using elevators and forceps. In addition, the previous Penrose drain was removed by removing the suture, and the incision that was used for I&D on the previous day was extended laterally. A hemostat was used to puncture through to the right buccal space. Approximately, 2.5 to 3 mL of purulence was drained, and that was used for Gram stain and culture, as mentioned above. Following copious irrigation of the area, following the extraction and following the incision and drainage, 2 quarter-inch Penrose drains were placed in the anterior as well as the posterior section of the incision into the buccal space. At this point copious irrigation was done again, the throat pack was removed, and the procedure was ended. Note that the patient was extubated without incident. Dr. B was present for all critical aspects of patient care.

preoperative diagnoses right buccal space abscesscellulitis nonrestorable caries teeth postoperative diagnoses right buccal space abscesscellulitis nonrestorable caries teeth procedure incision drainage right buccal space abscess extraction teeth anesthesiagetaebl mliv fluids mlurine outputnot measuredcomplicationsnonespecimens aerobic culture sent right buccal space abscesscellulitis anaerobic culture space also obtainedprocedure detailthe patient identified appropriate holding area transported patient intubated anesthesia orotracheally using et tube patient induced effective sleep using propofol gas inhalation anesthetics following intubation patients mouth cleaned chlorhexidine toothbrush following placement throat pack point approximately ml lidocaine epinephrine injected right inferior alveolar block well local infiltration right long buccal nerve area well right cheek area local infiltration also done near tooth point periosteal elevator used loosen gingival tissue teeth teeth extracted using simple extraction using elevators forceps addition previous penrose drain removed removing suture incision used id previous day extended laterally hemostat used puncture right buccal space approximately ml purulence drained used gram stain culture mentioned following copious irrigation area following extraction following incision drainage quarterinch penrose drains placed anterior well posterior section incision buccal space point copious irrigation done throat pack removed procedure ended note patient extubated without incident dr b present critical aspects patient care

### Instruction: find the medical speciality for this medical test. ### Input: PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Right buccal space abscess/cellulitis.,2. Nonrestorable caries teeth #1, #29, and #32.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Right buccal space abscess/cellulitis.,2. Nonrestorable caries teeth #1, #29, and #32.,PROCEDURE,1. Incision and drainage of right buccal space abscess.,2. Extraction of teeth #1, #29, and #32.,ANESTHESIA,GETA,EBL,20 mL.,IV FLUIDS,900 mL.,URINE OUTPUT,Not measured.,COMPLICATIONS,None.,SPECIMENS,1. Aerobic culture was sent from the right buccal space abscess/cellulitis.,2. Anaerobic culture from the same space was also obtained.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL,The patient was identified in the appropriate holding area and transported to #13. The patient was intubated by anesthesia orotracheally using a #7 ET tube. The patient was induced in effective sleep using a propofol and gas inhalation anesthetics. Following intubation, the patient's mouth was cleaned with chlorhexidine and a toothbrush following placement of a throat pack. At that point, approximately 5 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:20,000 epinephrine was injected for a right inferior alveolar block, as well as local infiltration in the right long buccal nerve area as well as the right cheek area. Local infiltration also was done near the tooth #32. At this point, a periosteal elevator was used to loosen up the gingival tissue of the teeth #1, #29, and #32; and all 3 teeth were extracted using simple extraction, using elevators and forceps. In addition, the previous Penrose drain was removed by removing the suture, and the incision that was used for I&D on the previous day was extended laterally. A hemostat was used to puncture through to the right buccal space. Approximately, 2.5 to 3 mL of purulence was drained, and that was used for Gram stain and culture, as mentioned above. Following copious irrigation of the area, following the extraction and following the incision and drainage, 2 quarter-inch Penrose drains were placed in the anterior as well as the posterior section of the incision into the buccal space. At this point copious irrigation was done again, the throat pack was removed, and the procedure was ended. Note that the patient was extubated without incident. Dr. B was present for all critical aspects of patient care. ### Response: Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Surgical absence of left nipple areola with personal history of breast cancer.,2. Breast asymmetry.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Surgical absence of left nipple areola with personal history of breast cancer.,2. Breast asymmetry.,PROCEDURE,1. Left nipple areolar reconstruction utilizing a full-thickness skin graft from the left groin.,2. Redo right mastopexy.,ANESTHESIA,General endotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS,None.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE IN DETAIL,The patient was brought to the operating room and placed on the table in the supine position and after suitable induction of general endotracheal anesthesia, the patient was placed in a frog-leg position and prepped and draped in usual fashion for the above-noted procedure. The initial portion of the procedure was harvesting a full-thickness skin graft from the left groin region. This was accomplished by ellipsing out a 42-mm diameter circle of skin just below the thigh, peroneal crease. The defect was then closed with 3-0 Vicryl followed by 3-0 chromic suture in a running locked fashion. The area was dressed with antibiotic ointment and then a Peri-Pad. The patient's legs were brought out frog-leg back to the midline and sterile towels were placed over the opening in the drapes. Surgical team's gloves were changed and then attention was turned to the planning of the left nipple flap.,A maltese cross pattern was employed with a 1-cm diameter nipple and a 42-mm diameter nipple areolar complex. Once the maltese cross had been designed on the breast at the point where the nipple was to be placed, the areas of the portion of flap were de-epithelialized. Then, when this had been completed, the dermis about the maltese cross was incised full thickness to allow mobilization of the flap to form the neonipple. At this point, a Bovie electrocautery was used to control bleeding points and then 4-0 chromic suture was used to suture the arms of the flap together creating the nipple. When this had been completed, the skin graft, which had been harvested from the left groin was brought onto the field where it was prepared by removing all subcutaneous tissue from the posterior aspect of the graft and carefully removing the hair follicles encountered within the graft. At this point, the graft was sutured into position in the defect using 3-0 chromic in an interrupted fashion and then trimming the ellipse to an appropriate circle to fill the areola. At this point, 4-0 chromic was used to run around the perimeter of the full-thickness skin graft and then at this point the nipple was delivered through a cruciate incision in the middle of the skin graft and then inset appropriately with 4-0 chromic. The areolar skin graft was pie crusted. Then, at this point, the area of areola was dressed with silicone gel sheeting. A silo was placed over the neonipple with 3-0 nylon through the apex of the neonipple to support the nipple in an erect position. Mastisol and Steri-Strips were then applied.,At this point, attention was turned to the right breast where a 2-cm wide ellipse transversely oriented and with its inferior most aspect just inferior to the transverse mastopexy incision line was made. The skin was removed from the area and then a layered closure of 3-0 Vicryl followed by 3-0 PDS in a running subcuticular fashion was carried out. When this had been completed, the Mastisol and Steri-Strips were applied to the transverse right breast incision. Fluff dressings were applied to the right breast as well as the area around the silo on the left breast around the reconstructed nipple areola. The patient was then placed in Surgi-Bra and then was taken from the operating room to the recovery room in good condition.