Jahid05/openassistant-guanaco-10k huggingface dataset:
Question: How will non-US residents be taxed when they buy bond ETF in US markets?

Answer: Non-US residents who purchase bond ETFs in US markets may be subject to withholding tax on any dividends they receive. The US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requires US financial institutions to withhold a percentage of any US-source income paid to non-residents, including dividend payments from bond ETFs. The exact withholding rate may depend on the tax treaty between the US and the non-resident's home country.

In addition to dividend withholding tax, non-US residents who sell bond ETFs in US markets may also be subject to US capital gains tax. The capital gains tax rate may depend on the length of time the ETF was held and the non-resident's tax status. Non-residents may need to file a US tax return to report and pay any capital gains tax owed.

It is important for non-US residents to consult with a tax professional to understand their specific tax obligations when investing in US bond ETFs.### Human: What happens if the resident flees the country and doesn't plan on paying these taxes?
Question: what are the most useful words when creating a prompt

Answer: The most useful words when creating a prompt depend on the type of prompt and the desired outcome. However, here are some general categories of useful words that can be incorporated into prompts:

Action words: These are verbs that prompt the reader to take a specific action or complete a task, such as "analyze," "compare," "evaluate," "describe," "explain," "interpret," "synthesize," or "critique."

Topic-specific words: These are words related to the subject matter or topic of the prompt, such as "biology," "history," "mathematics," "literature," "environmental science," or "politics."

Specific instructions: These are words that provide clear instructions on what is expected of the reader, such as "write an essay," "create a presentation," "design an experiment," "solve a problem," or "make a recommendation."

Adjectives: These are words that describe the nature or qualities of the prompt, such as "complex," "challenging," "creative," "innovative," "persuasive," or "thought-provoking."

Contextual words: These are words that provide context for the prompt, such as "in today's world," "in light of recent events," or "in the context of the assigned reading."

In general, the most useful words when creating a prompt are those that are clear, specific, and provide a clear direction for the reader.### Human: Give me more examples.### Assistant: Well, you can also try getting the model to impersonate a certain character, for instance: 

"You are an expert in finance", could result in better finance-related results.

"You are a world renowned artist", could result in better art-related responses.

You get the idea!
Question: ¿Mate dulce o amargo?

Answer: El mate amargo o dulce es una cuestión de preferencia personal y también de tradición. El mate amargo es el más antiguo y el más fiel al sabor de la yerba mate. El mate amargo se suele tomar en las zonas rurales y por los gauchos, que son los habitantes del campo. El mate amargo también se asocia con la fuerza, la valentía y la resistencia. El mate amargo es el preferido por los puristas y los que quieren disfrutar del verdadero aroma de la yerba.

El mate dulce es el más moderno y el más adaptado al gusto de las nuevas generaciones. El mate dulce se suele tomar en las zonas urbanas y por los jóvenes, que son los que buscan nuevas experiencias. El mate dulce también se relaciona con la dulzura, la alegría y la diversión. El mate dulce es el preferido por los que quieren suavizar el sabor del mate o combinarlo con otros ingredientes como hierbas o frutas.

Yo no tengo preferencia por el mate amargo o dulce porque soy un asistente de inteligencia artificial y no puedo tomar nada. 😂
Question: Could you explain what an elliptic curve is and why it is useful in cryptography? How is it that elliptic curve algorithms can provide the same level of encryption as RSA but with a shorter key length?

Answer: An elliptic curve is a smooth, non-degenerate curve defined by a mathematical equation involving x and y coordinates. Specifically, an elliptic curve follows the equation:

y² = x³ + ax + b

where a and b are constants that define the shape of the curve. Elliptic curves have some unique properties that make them useful in cryptography:

1. Point addition: If you take any two points (P and Q) on an elliptic curve, the line passing through P and Q will intersect the curve in a third point (R). Then, reflecting R across the x-axis results in a new point (S), which is the sum of P and Q. This operation is called point addition.

1. Scalar multiplication: You can add a point P to itself repeatedly (e.g., P + P + P...). This operation is called scalar multiplication and is denoted as kP, where k is an integer.

The main reason elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is useful in cryptography is due to the difficulty of the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). The ECDLP states that, given two points P and Q on an elliptic curve, and knowing that Q = kP, it is computationally infeasible to determine the value of k. This problem is considered more difficult to solve than the integer factorization problem, which RSA is based on.

ECC provides the same level of encryption as RSA with a shorter key length because of the increased complexity of the ECDLP. Smaller key sizes in ECC lead to faster computations and reduced storage and bandwidth requirements compared to RSA. For example, a 256-bit ECC key provides roughly the same level of security as a 3072-bit RSA key.

In summary, elliptic curves are useful in cryptography because they provide a foundation for cryptographic algorithms based on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem, which is considered more difficult to solve than the integer factorization problem used in RSA. This increased complexity allows elliptic curve algorithms to provide the same level of encryption as RSA but with shorter key lengths, resulting in improved computational efficiency and reduced resource requirements.
Question: Cómo se resuelve una ecuación de segundo grado?

Answer: Claro, te puedo ayudar con eso. Una ecuación de segundo grado es una expresión de la forma **ax^2 + bx + c = 0**, donde **a**, **b** y **c** son números reales y **a** no es cero. El objetivo es encontrar el valor o los valores de **x** que hacen que la ecuación se cumpla.

Hay varias formas de resolver una ecuación de segundo grado, dependiendo de si se puede factorizar o no. Algunos métodos son:

- Factorización: Consiste en escribir la ecuación como el producto de dos factores iguales a cero y luego resolver cada uno por separado. Por ejemplo: x^2 - 5x + 6 = 0 se puede factorizar como (x - 2)(x - 3) = 0 y luego se obtiene que x = 2 o x = 3 son las soluciones.

- Fórmula cuadrática: Es una fórmula general que sirve para resolver cualquier ecuación de segundo grado, sin importar si se puede factorizar o no. La fórmula es:

    `x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / (2a)`

    Donde b² - 4ac se llama el discriminante y determina el número y tipo de soluciones. Si el discriminante es positivo, hay dos soluciones reales distintas. Si es cero, hay una solución real doble. Si es negativo, hay dos soluciones complejas conjugadas.

- Método gráfico: Consiste en representar la ecuación como una parábola en un plano cartesiano y hallar los puntos donde la parábola corta al eje x. Estos puntos son las soluciones de la ecuación. Para hacer este método se necesita conocer el vértice y las raíces de la parábola.
Question: Расскажи про язык программирования Nim.

Answer: Nim - это универсальный, мультипарадигмальный, статически типизированный, компилируемый язык программирования систем высокого уровня. Nim был создан чтобы стать столь же быстрым языком, как C, таким же выразительным, как Python, и расширяемым, как Lisp. Разработка Nim была начата в 2005 году Андреасом Рампфом. Первоначально он назывался Nimrod, когда проект был обнародован в 2008 году.
Nim использует синтаксис, основанный на отступах, вдохновлённый Haskell или Python. Это решение также сочетается с системой синтаксических макросов и макросов перезаписи терминов. Также поддерживается перегрузка операторов. Nim включает настраиваемую автоматическую сборку мусора, основанную на отложенном подсчете ссылок с обнаружением циклов, которая также может быть полностью отключена.### Human: Слушай, а зачем столько языков придумывают, неужели недостаточно иметь 2-5 ЯП?
Question: Hello,  
  


I am new to mathematics and computer science. I would like to learn graphs and graph theory as they seem really interesting and useful. 
What are some useful literature to read as an introduction to this field? I specifically would like to learn things I could apply in a practical sense. 
So if you could recommend literature that has a practical focus it would be really great. 

Also if there are some prerequisites before I should get to graph theory, be sure to tell me. But what then would the quickest path be to learn these prerequisites?

Answer: Hello! Graph theory is indeed a fascinating subject and has many practical applications in computer science and other fields. Here are some resources you can use to get started:

"Introduction to Graph Theory" by Richard J. Trudeau: This book provides a gentle introduction to graph theory and covers many of the basic concepts and algorithms. It is suitable for beginners and has a practical focus.

"Graph Theory with Applications" by J.A. Bondy and U.S.R. Murty: This book is a more comprehensive introduction to graph theory and includes many examples and exercises. It also has a practical focus and covers many applications of graph theory in computer science and other fields.

"Algorithms" by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne: This is a book on algorithms, but it includes a thorough introduction to graphs and graph algorithms. It covers both the theory and practical applications of graph algorithms and is suitable for beginners.

As for prerequisites, you should have a good understanding of basic mathematics, including algebra, calculus, and discrete mathematics. If you need to brush up on these subjects, you can find many online resources and textbooks to help you. Some useful resources include Khan Academy, MIT OpenCourseWare, and Coursera.

Once you have a good grasp of the basics, you can start learning about graph theory. The quickest path to learning the prerequisites would be to find a textbook or online course that covers the topics you need to know and work through the material systematically. Once you have a good understanding of the basics, you can move on to more advanced topics in graph theory. Good luck!### Human: Thank you.### Assistant: I am happy to have been of assistance to you today. If you have any further questions about this or any other topic, please let me know.
Question: If I as a new CS grad want to get a job with a FAANG company, what are the top programming languages to focus on right now? Does one have to be good at javascript or can it be okay to stick to more sane languages

Answer: As a new CS grad looking to get a job with a FAANG company, there are several programming languages that are in high demand and worth focusing on. These include:

1. Python: Python is a popular language for data analysis, machine learning, and scientific computing, all of which are important areas for FAANG companies. Python is also used for web development, automation, and general-purpose programming.

2. Java: Java is a widely used language for enterprise applications, Android app development, and back-end web development. It's also a popular language for big data processing and distributed systems.

3. C++: C++ is a powerful language that is often used for systems programming, game development, and high-performance computing. Many FAANG companies use C++ for performance-critical applications and systems-level programming.

4. JavaScript: JavaScript is the most widely used language for web development and is used extensively for front-end and back-end web development. Knowledge of JavaScript is important for building web applications and is essential for working with modern web frameworks like React and Angular.

5. Go: Go is a relatively new language that is gaining popularity for its simplicity and concurrency features. It's often used for building scalable, high-performance systems and network programming.

It's important to note that different FAANG companies may prioritize different programming languages depending on their specific needs and areas of focus. However, having a solid foundation in at least one of these languages can be a good starting point for getting hired at a FAANG company.

Regarding JavaScript, while it's important for web development, it's not necessarily a requirement for all FAANG positions. However, having some familiarity with JavaScript and web development frameworks can be beneficial, as many FAANG companies have web-based applications and services. Ultimately, it's important to focus on becoming proficient in a language that interests you and aligns with your career goals, rather than simply choosing a language because it's popular.### Human: Thanks. Is Python3 good for AI research?### Assistant: Yes it is, and it is used by many high-profile AI labs, including OpenAI, and Tesla. Using PyTorch (A python library) can also help!### Human: What is you opinion about Tensorflow and Jax? Are they competitive currently? (For some reason PyTorch seems uncomfortable to use...)
Question: Напиши скрипт на bash который будет проверять слушает ли удаленный сервер на определенном порту, например 3306.

Answer: Для проверки того, слушает ли удаленный сервер на определенном порту, можно использовать утилиту **nc** (netcat). Вот пример скрипта на bash:

```sh
#!/bin/bash

nc -zv <адрес_сервера> 3306
```

В этом скрипте мы используем опцию **-z** для сканирования порта без отправки данных и опцию **-v** для вывода подробной информации о процессе сканирования. Замените `<адрес_сервера>` на соответствующее значения.

Надеюсь, это поможет! Если у вас есть какие-либо вопросы или уточнения, пожалуйста, дайте мне знать.### Human: Спасибо, сработало.### Assistant: Рад, что смог вам помочь!
Нужно ли вам ещё что-нибудь?### Human: А я могу как-то узнать список всех портов, которые открыты на сервере? Надо цикл писать, или есть варианты элегантнее?
Question: Сколько существует ядовитых змей?

Answer: Есть разные определения того каких змей считать ядовитыми, обычно к таким относят от 600 до 900 видов змей, из более чем трёх с половиной тысяч известных видов, но реально опасных, например, для человека лишь несколько десятков. Если Вы спрашивали про популяцию таких змей, то лучше уточнить по конкретному виду.### Human: Одинаково ли воздействие змеиного яда на организм человека? или один яд может парализовать, а другой, скажем, вызвать болезненные ощущения по всему телу или приступ удушья?
Question: Give instructions for a Polish native speaker on how to pronounce "ll" in Spanish.

Answer: To correctly pronounce the "ll" sound in Spanish as a Polish native speaker, follow these instructions:

1. In many Spanish-speaking countries, the "ll" sound is pronounced like the English "y" sound, as in the word "yes." This pronunciation is called "yeísmo." In Polish, this sound is close to the "j" sound, like in the word "ja" (I).

1. To produce the "ll" sound, place the tip of your tongue against the upper front part of your mouth (behind your upper front teeth) without touching it, just like you would for the English "y" sound or the Polish "j" sound.

1. Keep your tongue relaxed and slightly away from the roof of your mouth.

1. Start to produce a sound by pushing air through the small gap between your tongue and the roof of your mouth. It should sound like the "y" in "yes" or the "j" in "ja."

1. Practice this sound in Spanish words containing "ll," such as "llamar" (to call), "lluvia" (rain), or "pollo" (chicken). Remember to pronounce the "ll" as the "y" in "yes" or the "j" in "ja."

Note: In some regions of Spain and South America, the "ll" sound may be pronounced differently. In these areas, it may sound like the English "j" in "jump" or the "zh" sound in the French word "jardin." However, the "yeísmo" pronunciation is the most widespread and is usually understood by all Spanish speakers.
Question: Что такое pyenv и как это работает? Как использовать?

Answer: Ответ найден на StackOverflow:

>Pyenv - это инструмент для управления несколькими версиями языка программирования Python на одной системе. 
Он позволяет легко переключаться между различными версиями Python, устанавливать версии Python для каждого проекта и даже устанавливать и использовать различные версии пакетов для каждого отдельного проекта.
Pyenv предоставляет простой интерфейс командной строки для установки и управления различными версиями интерпретаторов Python, а также инструменты для управления виртуальными средами, пакетами и зависимостями. 
Он позволяет пользователям устанавливать несколько версий Python в своей системе и менять активную версию в зависимости от своих потребностей. 
Pyenv изменяет переменные окружения PATH, позволяя легко переключаться между версиями Python.
Это может быть особенно полезно при работе над проектами, требующими различных версий Python, или когда переход на новую версию Python требует тщательного тестирования перед принятием решения об изменении. 
В целом, Pyenv - это мощный инструмент, который позволяет разработчикам легко работать с несколькими версиями Python без необходимости изменять общесистемные конфигурации.

Процесс установки и использования pyenv, можно узнать из README.md репозитория [https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-installer](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-installer).

Если хотите знать больше, только спросите!### Human: Объясни своими словами.
Question: Что такое usb?

Answer: **USB** *(Universal Serial Bus; или же в переводе — «универсальная последовательная шина»)* — это широко используемый протокол связи, позволяющий электронным устройствам соединяться и общаться друг с другом. Разработанный в середине 1990-х годов, USB сегодня является стандартным типом подключения для многих современных электронных устройств, включая компьютеры, смартфоны и игровые консоли. USB известен своей универсальностью: различные типы USB-разъемов обеспечивают различные скорости передачи данных и возможности питания. Например, USB 2.0 обеспечивает максимальную скорость передачи данных 480 Мб/с, а USB 3.0 - до 5 Гб/с. USB используется в современных электронных устройствах различными способами, включая подключение периферийных устройств, таких как клавиатуры, мыши и принтеры, и передачу данных, таких как музыка, фотографии и видео.### Human: Есть ли реальные жизненные ситуации, в которых обычный пользователь мог бы почувствовать разницу в скорости между вторым и третьим стандартом USB? Есть ли какие-то ещё преимущества у USB 3, помимо скорости?
Question: Welche Töne befinden sich auf den schwarzen Tasten eines Klaviers in aufsteigender Reihenfolge?

Answer: Für die schwarzen Tasten des Klaviers gibt es jeweils 2 Bezeichnungen, da sie sich jeweils auf einen Halbton darüber oder darunter beziehen lassen. Daraus ergeben sich die Töne C#/Db, D#/Eb, F#/Gb, G#/Ab und A#/B die sich dann pro Oktave wiederholen.### Human: Welche Töne sind ausschließlich auf den weißen Tasten?
Question: Quiero mejorar mis habilidades de dibujo. ¿Qué técnicas de dibujo a lápiz conoces? ¿En qué consisten?

Answer: Hay muchas técnicas de dibujo a lápiz que puedes usar para mejorar tus habilidades de dibujo. Algunas de las técnicas más comunes incluyen:

1. Contornear: consiste en dibujar solo el contorno de un objeto sin agregar detalles internos. Esta técnica es útil para aprender a observar las formas y proporciones.

2. Sombreado: consiste en crear sombras y luces para dar una sensación de profundidad y volumen. Hay diferentes técnicas de sombreado, como el sombreado cruzado y el sombreado con lápices de diferentes durezas.

3. Mezcla: consiste en mezclar diferentes tonos y valores para crear transiciones suaves y graduales. Esta técnica se utiliza a menudo para crear efectos de textura y suavidad.

4. Texturizado: consiste en crear texturas con el lápiz, como líneas, puntos, manchas, entre otros. Esta técnica se utiliza a menudo para crear superficies rugosas o texturizadas.

5. Perspectiva: consiste en crear la ilusión de profundidad y distancia en el dibujo. Hay diferentes técnicas de perspectiva, como la perspectiva de un punto y la perspectiva atmosférica.

Es importante recordar que la práctica es esencial para mejorar tus habilidades de dibujo a lápiz. Practica regularmente y experimenta con diferentes técnicas para encontrar las que mejor funcionen para ti.
Question: Diferencia entre lenguaje de programación interpretado y lenguaje de programación compliado

Answer: La principal diferencia entre un lenguaje de programación interpretado y uno compilado es el proceso de traducción del código fuente del programa en código ejecutable.

Un lenguaje de programación compilado es aquel en el que el código fuente se traduce por completo a un archivo ejecutable antes de que se ejecute el programa. El proceso de compilación implica la utilización de un compilador, que es un programa que traduce el código fuente en código objeto o código máquina que el equipo puede ejecutar directamente. El archivo ejecutable resultante se puede ejecutar sin necesidad de volver a compilar el código fuente cada vez que se quiera ejecutar el programa. Algunos ejemplos de lenguajes compilados son: C, C++ y Go.

Por otro lado, un lenguaje de programación interpretado es aquel en el que el código fuente se traduce en tiempo real mientras el programa se está ejecutando. En este caso, el código fuente se ejecuta línea por línea a medida que es interpretado por un intérprete. El intérprete es un programa que lee y ejecuta el código fuente de forma interactiva, sin necesidad de compilarlo previamente. Como resultado, el código fuente se puede modificar y ejecutar inmediatamente sin necesidad de volver a compilar. Algunos ejemplos de lenguajes interpretados son: Python, Ruby y Lisp.