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Hoshikuzu

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{ "en": "Since then, large statues of Buddha have been built in many places by people who pursue acts of great piety.", "ja": "以降、現代に至るまで、大きな功徳を求めた願主によって各地に大きな仏像がつくられてきた。" }

{ "en": "In Japan there are statues of Buddha that are called '○○Daibutsu' in many places, but there is no standard as to how large one should be in order to be called 'Daibutsu.'", "ja": "日本では各地に「○○大仏」と称する仏像があるが、何メートルから「大仏」と称するかという基準は特にない。" }

{ "en": "Until World WarⅡ, 'Nara Great Buddha,' 'Kamakura Great Buddha' and 'Hyogo Great Buddha' were called 'Nihon Sandaibutsu (three large statues of Buddha in Japan),' but since Hyogo Daibutsu was broken during wartime delivery (the present Hyogo Daibutsu was rebuilt) there is now controversy as to which should be the third Daibutsu next to 'Nara Great Buddha' and 'Kamakura Great Buddha.'", "ja": "第二次世界大戦前までは、「奈良の大仏」「鎌倉の大仏」「兵庫大仏」が「日本三大仏」と呼ばれていたが、兵庫大仏が戦時供出で取り壊されたため（現在の兵庫大仏は再建）、現在は「奈良の大仏」「鎌倉の大仏」については一致しているものの三つ目をいずれにするかについては異説ある状態である。" }

{ "en": "Currently, there are some large statues that are identified as Nihon Sandai Daibutsu: 'the Great Image of Buddha at Takaoka,' 'Hyogo Great Buddha (rebuilt),' 'Nihon-ji Great Buddha,' 'Gifu Great Buddha,' 'Great Buddha of Ushiku,' 'Great Buddha of Tokyo,' 'Great Buddha of Akada' and so on.", "ja": "なお、現在、日本三大大仏を称しているのは「高岡大仏」「兵庫大仏（再建）」「日本寺大仏」「岐阜大仏」「牛久大仏」「東京大仏」「赤田の大仏」などである。" }

{ "en": "A TV program titled \"Tamori Club,\" aired by the TV Asahi Corporation on May 4, 2007, had a special feature on Nihon Sandaibutsu and decided on the third Great Buddha.", "ja": "2007年5月4日のテレビ朝日『タモリ倶楽部』では、日本三大大仏を取り上げ三つ目の大仏を決定する特集をした。" }

{ "en": "Among Mikkyo believers it is also called Vajrayana, as opposed to Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana.", "ja": "密教徒の用語では大乗（mahāyāna）、小乗（hīnayāna）に対して「金剛乗」（vajrayāna）ともいう。" }

{ "en": "It identifies itself as Buddhism, but among scholars there is controversy as to whether Mikkyo is included in Buddhism or not.", "ja": "仏教を自称しているが、密教が仏教に含まれるかどうかは学者の間でも見解が分かれる。" }

{ "en": "While in Mahayana Buddhism (exoteric Buddhism) dharma is preached broadly to people through words and texts, characteristically in Mikkyo a very mystical and symbolic dharma is transmitted by a master to a disciple within the sect.", "ja": "一般の大乗仏教（顕教）が民衆に向かい広く教義を言葉や文字で説くに対し、密教は極めて神秘主義的・象徴主義的な教義を教団内部の師資相承によって伝持する点に特徴がある。" }

{ "en": "The reason that Tibetan Buddhism, which took over Indian Mikkyo, was previously called 'Lamaism' is due to the characteristic that a disciple believes his 'lama' absolutely at the time of transmittal.", "ja": "インド密教を継承したチベット仏教がかつて「ラマ教」と俗称されたのは、師資相承における「師（ラマ）」に絶対的に帰依する特徴を捉えたものである。" }

{ "en": "The ritual by which to prove that a master has completely transmitted dharma to a disciple is called Denpo Kanjo (伝法灌頂), and the complete transmission of dharma is compared to 'pouring water from a bottle to another bottle without spilling a drop.'", "ja": "師が弟子に対して教義を完全に相承したことを証する儀式を伝法灌頂といい、教えが余すところなく伝えられたことを称して「瀉瓶の如し（瓶から瓶へ水を漏らさず移しかえたようだ）」という。" }

{ "en": "In the background of Mikkyo's establishment was such a social situation that Buddhism was oppressed as Hinduism flourished during the latter period of Indian Buddhism.", "ja": "密教成立の背景には、インド仏教後期においてヒンドゥー教の隆盛によって仏教が圧迫された社会情勢がある。" }

{ "en": "Mikkyo tried to revive Indian Buddhism by incorporating the elements of Hinduism into Buddhism.", "ja": "ヒンドゥー教の要素を仏教に取り込むことで、インド仏教の再興を図ったのが密教である。" }

{ "en": "However, the incorporation of Mikkyo with Indian Buddhism could not limit the growth of Hinduism, and as a result Indian Buddhism declined.", "ja": "しかし結果的には、インド仏教の密教化はヒンドゥー教の隆盛とインド仏教の衰退を変えられなかった。" }

{ "en": "Soon, it was attacked politically and diplomatically from two sides: one, by the Islamic government (Delhi sultanate) that had invaded from northern India, which was ruled by Muslims from Western Asia; and secondly, by the Hindu government of southern India.", "ja": "やがて、西アジアからのイスラム勢力のインド北部から侵攻してきたイスラム教徒政権（デリー・スルタン朝）とインド南部のヒンドゥー教徒政権との政治・外交上の挟撃に遭う。" }

{ "en": "Attacked by Islam for its worship of an idol and magical elements, Mikkyo in India was forced to disappear into history as the last stage of Indian Buddhism.", "ja": "イスラム教徒から偶像崇拝や呪術要素を徹底攻撃されて、インドの密教は最後の段階のインド仏教として歴史的に消滅に追い込まれる。" }

{ "en": "The early stage of Mikkyo, Zo-mitsu (the Mixed Esoteric Buddhism), which was established at the stage when magical elements were incorporated into Buddhism, was not particularly systematized but aimed to gain practical benefits in this world by reciting mantra, Shingon and litany, as well as the spell of each Buddha, being affected by the mantra of Brahmanism, in which religious services were performed.", "ja": "呪術的な要素が仏教に取り入れられた段階で形成されていった初期密教（雑密）は、特に体系化されたものではなく、祭祀宗教であるバラモン教のマントラに影響を受けて各仏尊の真言・陀羅尼を唱えることで現世利益を心願成就するものであった。" }

{ "en": "There was no Mikkyo sutra, and a curse on (咒) and litany were seen in the various sutras of Mahayana Buddhism.", "ja": "密教経典があった訳ではなく、各種の大乗経典に咒や陀羅尼が説かれていた。" }

{ "en": "In order to protect against the emergent Hinduism, the middle stage of Mikkyo was established more seriously as a systematized form of Buddhism.", "ja": "密教は新興のヒンドゥー教に対抗できるように、本格的な仏教として理論体系化が試みられて中期密教が誕生した。" }

{ "en": "The middle stage of Mikkyo, as opposed to the Mahayana Buddhism in which a form of Shakamuni was preached, compiled Mikkyo sutras consisting of the teachings of 大毘盧遮那仏（Mahāvairocana), or Dainichinyorai by another name.", "ja": "中期密教では釈尊（Bhagavān）が説法する形式をとる大乗経典とは異なって、その別名を大日如来と呼ぶ大毘盧遮那仏（Mahāvairocana）が説法する形で密教経典を編纂してゆく。" }

{ "en": "After the accomplishment of \"Dainichi-kyo Sutra,\" \"初会金剛頂経\"（Sarvatathāgatatattvasaṃgraha） and their commentary, Mandala, which showed the world view of Mikkyo incorporating various Buddhas, was produced; thus the Buddhas of Mikkyo were placed into a hierarchyand systematized, as all Buddhas were created from Issainyorai (一切如来), the Five Buddhas of Wisdom around Dainichinyorai: Gochinyorai (五智如来).", "ja": "『大日経』や『初会金剛頂経』（Sarvatathāgatatattvasaṃgraha）、またその註釈書が成立すると、多様な仏尊を擁する密教の世界観を示す曼荼羅が誕生し、一切如来（大日如来を中心とした五仏：五智如来）からあらゆる諸尊が生み出されるという形で、密教における仏尊の階層化・体系化が進んでいった。" }

{ "en": "While the middle stage of Mikkyo became a complicated system of Buddhism for priests, it couldn't become widespread among Indian people and therefore couldn't change the trend whereby Hinduism, which emphasized daily religious services and folk beliefs, flourished and expanded.", "ja": "中期密教は僧侶向けに複雑化した仏教体系となった一方で、かえってインドの大衆層への普及・浸透ができず、日常祭祀や民間信仰に重点をおいた大衆重視のヒンドゥー教の隆盛・拡大という潮流を結果的には変えられなかった。" }

{ "en": "For this reason, in order to hold out against the flourishing of Hinduism in India, there appeared Funnuson (憤怒尊) and Gohoson (護法尊) to pray for the protection of the training of Buddhism and the surrender of the enemy, such as Gozanze Myoo, who defeated Shiva, and Mahakala, who subdued Ganesha and Gundari Myoo.", "ja": "そのため、インドでのヒンドゥー教の隆盛に対抗するため、シヴァを倒す降三世明王やガネーシャを踏むマハーカーラ（大黒天）・軍荼利明王をはじめとして仏道修行の保護と怨敵降伏を祈願する憤怒尊や護法尊が登場した。" }

{ "en": "Because the middle stage of Mikkyo couldn't hold out against the flourishing of Hinduism, the late-stage of Mikkyo, which valued practice instead of theory, was established.", "ja": "中期密教ではヒンドゥー教の隆盛に対抗できなくなると、理論より実践を重視した後期密教が誕生した。" }

{ "en": "Accompanied by this, Hosshin Fugen (法身普賢), Gonkosatta and Kongo Soji (金剛総持) became to be respected as 最勝本初仏 mostly.", "ja": "それに伴って法身普賢や金剛薩埵、金剛総持が最勝本初仏として最も尊崇されることになった。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, being influenced by the tantora of Shakta Hinduism and Shakti belief, Anunttara-yoga was seen characteristically in the late-stage Mikkyo, which was a training of coalescence (sex) between male principles (mind, wisdom, upaya and Vajradhatu) and female principles (body, feeling, Hannya and Garbhadhatu), so that there appeared joyful Buddha (歓喜仏) which showed that the male Buddha (male principle) and female Buddha (female principle) had sexual intercourse.", "ja": "また、ヒンドゥー教シャークタ派のタントラやシャクティ（性力）信仰から影響を受け始めて、男性原理（精神・智・方便・金剛界）と女性原理（肉体・感・般若・胎蔵界）との合体（性交）を修行する無上瑜伽（性的ヨガ）も後期密教の特徴であり、男尊（男性原理）と女尊（女性原理）が性交する歓喜仏も多数登場した。" }

{ "en": "In the development of research on yoga tantra, bringing Purana to the top of the head from the lower body was regarded as the best way, and having sexual intercourse was considered the most efficient way for that.", "ja": "ヨガ・タントラの修行方法が探究されるにつれて、下半身のチャクラからプラーナを頭頂に導くことが最上とされ、性交がその最も効果的な方法とされた。" }

{ "en": "However, because of the ruined morals such as with male priests forcing lay female believers to have sexual intercourse as the best means of devoting their bodies, which they practiced despite the broken precepts, some Buddhists left the late-stage Mikkyo and returned to Theravada Buddhism, which valued the religious precepts.", "ja": "しかし男性僧侶が在家女性信者に我が身を捧げる無上の供養として性交を強制し、破戒にもかかわらず男性僧侶が在家女性信者に性交を実践するなど性道徳が荒廃したため、仏教徒の間には後期密教を離れて戒律を重視する部派仏教（上座部仏教）への回帰もみられた。" }

{ "en": "As a response to criticism against priests' having sexual intercourse, the content of Anunttara-yoga was changed from a practice of having sexual intercourse to one in which intercourse was imagined.", "ja": "また僧侶の性交に対する批判を受けて、無上瑜伽も性交の実施ではなく性交の観想へと移行する動きもあった。" }

{ "en": "The Muslim invasion and destruction in northern India interrupted Buddhism (including Mikkyo in India), but a developed system of late-stage Mikkyo can be seen in Tibetan Buddhism.", "ja": "インド北部におけるイスラム勢力の侵攻・破壊活動によってインドでは密教を含む仏教は途絶したが、さらに発展した後期密教の体系はチベット仏教の中に見ることができる。" }

{ "en": "In Japan, Mikkyo was first introduced by Saicho (Dengyo Daishi), who had returned from Tang.", "ja": "日本に密教が初めて紹介されたのは、唐から帰国した最澄（伝教大師）によるものであった。" }

{ "en": "The Imperial Family and aristocrats at that time were interested in Mikkyo, which valued practical benefits in this world or \"pure land\" teachings, as well as Jodo-kyo (Buddhist invocation), which promised reincarnation in the Land-of-Bliss/Pure Land of the next world, instead of the Tendai Doctrine, which Saicho had seriously studied.", "ja": "当時の皇族や貴族は、最澄が本格的に修学した天台教学よりも、むしろ現世利益も重視する密教、あるいは来世での極楽浄土への生まれ変わりを約束する浄土教（念仏）に関心を寄せた。" }

{ "en": "However, because Saicho mainly studied the Tendai Doctrine but did not do so with Mikkyo, Mikkyo was introduced more properly by Kukai (Kobo-daishi), who studied it at Shoryuji Temple, Qinglongsi Temple (the basis of Chinese Mikkyo), Engyo, Ennin (Jikaku Daishi), Eun, Enchin (Chisho Daishi) and Shuei.", "ja": "しかし、天台教学が主であった最澄は密教を本格的に修学していた訳ではなかったので、中国密教の拠点であった唐の青龍寺で本格的に修学した空海（弘法大師）、円行、円仁（慈覚大師）、恵運、円珍（智証大師）、宗叡によって、密教がより本格的に日本に紹介された。" }

{ "en": "Among the traditional Buddhist sects in Japan, the Shingon sect (whose teachings Kukai learned from Eka) and the Keika of Shoryuji Temple (Xian City) in China (Tang), thus systematized as Shingon Mikkyo (Toumitsu; Shokushin Jobutsu and the guard of the nation being two aspects), and the Nihon Tendai sect (called Daimitsu in some cases), which was begun by Saicho and established by Ennin, Enchin and Annen, are incorporated into Mikkyo.", "ja": "日本の伝統的な宗派としては、空海が中国（唐）の青龍寺(西安市)恵果に受法して請来し、真言密教として体系付けた真言宗（東密。即身成仏と鎮護国家を二大テーゼとしている）と、最澄によって創始され、円仁、円珍、安然らによって完成された日本天台宗（台密とも呼ばれる）が密教に分類される。" }

{ "en": "While members of the Shingon sect learn Mikkyo independently, members of the Tendai sect learn Tendai, Mikkyo, Buddhist precepts and Zen at the same time.", "ja": "真言宗が密教専修であるのに対し、天台宗は天台・密教・戒律・禅の四宗相承である点が異なっている。" }

{ "en": "While Tomitsu and Daimitsu, which were transmitted systematically, are called Jun-mitsu (Pure Esoteric Buddhism), Mikkyo, which had been transmitted in fragments and had adherents before Jun-mitsu, is called Zo-mitsu (Mixed Esoteric Buddhism).", "ja": "体系的に請来された東密、台密を純密というのに対し、純密以前に断片的に請来され信仰された密教を雑密という。" }

{ "en": "In modern China, Chinese Mikkyo, which flourished in the Tang Dynasty (the middle-stage Mikkyo) is called 唐密宗 and Mikkyo in Tibetan Buddhism continues to be called 西蔵密宗.", "ja": "現代中国では、唐代に盛んだった中国の密教（中期密教）を唐密宗、現代まで続くチベット仏教における密教を西蔵密宗と呼んでいる。" }

{ "en": "In modern China, an effort is being made to revive 唐密宗 through an exchange with the Shingon sect of Japan (Tomitsu) such as Seian-ji Temple in Shanghai, but it is a minor activity.", "ja": "現在の中国では、上海市の静安寺にみられるように、日本の真言宗（東密）との交流を通じて唐密宗の復興を試みる動きもあるもののマイナーな動向である。" }

{ "en": "西蔵密宗 has been believed until now around the autonomous region of Tibet and northern China.", "ja": "西蔵密宗はチベット自治区や中国北部等を中心に現在も信仰が続いている。" }

{ "en": "It is considered that the reason that 唐密宗, the middle-stage Mikkyo, declined and was interrupted is that Taoism--which was a rival having the same aspects of practical benefits in this world, as well as mojo--was favored.", "ja": "中期密教である唐密宗が中国で衰退・途絶したのは、現世利益や呪術の面ではライバルであった道教が好まれたためと考えられている。" }

{ "en": "It is said that Confucianism also had a strong influence in China, so that the late-stage Mikkyo, which flourished in Tibet, Nepal and Mongolia, was not introduced because tantra was in opposition to sexual morality.", "ja": "また儒教の影響も強かった中国では、チベットやネパール、モンゴルで盛んだった後期密教は、タントラが性道徳に反するとして導入されなかったというのが通説である。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, there is a hypothesis that Indian alchemy became Mikkyo and that Mikkyo was alchemy itself, but it is not widely accepted and remains untried in Buddhist studies.", "ja": "なお、インドの錬金術が密教となり、密教は錬金術そのものであったとの仮説があるが、一般的な見解ではないし、また仏教学の研究でも検証されていない。" }

{ "en": "By extension, the religion and sects that have mystical and symbolic dharma, such as cabala, kabbalah and Booduism, other than Buddhism, are in some cases referred to as Mikkyo.", "ja": "転じて、カバラやブードゥー教など、神秘主義・象徴主義的な教義を持つ仏教以外の宗教宗派も、密教と呼ばれる場合がある。" }

{ "en": "Amidanyorai, being Amitaabha or Amitaayus in Sanskrit, is one of the Nyorai in Mahayana Buddhism.", "ja": "阿弥陀如来（あみだにょらい）、サンスクリットアミターバ（amitaabha）あるいはアミターユス（amitaayus）は、大乗仏教の如来の一つ。" }

{ "en": "The symbol of Sanmayagyo is a lotus (a lotus in full bloom in Vajradhatumandala and a blooming lotus in Garbha-mandala).", "ja": "三昧耶形は蓮の花（金剛界曼荼羅では開花した蓮華、胎蔵曼荼羅では開きかけた蓮華）。" }

{ "en": "Amitaayus' in Sanskrit means 'a person who has an immeasurable life,' and 'Amitaabha' means 'a person who has immeasurable light'; these show that he is a super-man who has no limit in time and space.", "ja": "梵名の「アミターユス」は「無限の寿命をもつもの」、「アミターバ」は「無限の光をもつもの」の意味で、彼が時間と空間の制約を受けない超人である事を示す。" }

{ "en": "These are freely translated as 無量寿仏 or 無量光仏 and are regarded as the Buddha of light who shines forth in this dark world.", "ja": "これを意訳して無量寿仏／無量光仏とも呼ばれ、無明の現世をあまねく照らす光の仏とされる。" }

{ "en": "Generally, he has been depicted as wearing simple clothes with no accessories and shows a symbolic gesture with the fingers of Kubon Raigo-in, i.e., mudra for the nine possible levels of birth into Amida's paradise, Gokuraku (see Mudra for detail), mixed with Jo-in, i.e., samadhi mudra, Seppo-in, i.e., the exposition of the dharma mudra, Semui-in, i.e., mudra for bestowing fearlessness, and Yogan-in, i.e., wish-granting mudra.", "ja": "造形化された時は、装身具を着けない質素な服装の如来形で、定印・説法印・施無畏印・与願印を組み合わせた九品来迎印（詳しくは印相を参照のこと）を結ぶ姿で表されることが多い。" }

{ "en": "According to \"Muryoju-kyo Bussetu Muryoju-kyo Sutra,\" he willingly stepped down from the status of Buddha to Bosatsu and practiced ascetic training for the relief of all the living things under Lokeshvararaja Buddha, with the name Dharmakara.", "ja": "『無量寿経仏説無量寿経』によると、一切の衆生救済のために自ら仏の位を降りて菩薩となり、世自在王仏の元で法蔵と名乗り修行をした。" }

{ "en": "He is the sambhoga-kaya Buddha who had thought about the relief of living things for a very long time (contemplation of five kalpas) and became Buddha by finding a way to achieve birth in the pure land.", "ja": "非常に長期間衆生の救済の思索をめぐらし（五劫思惟（ごこうしゆい））、浄土への往生の手立てを見出したことにより仏となった報身仏。" }

{ "en": "He made 48 wishes for the relief of living things; among them the eighteenth wish, called 'Hongwan (本願),' is highly valued, particularly in Jodo-kyo.", "ja": "衆生救済に関して48の願い（四十八願）を立て、特に浄土教において第十八願を「本願」と呼んで重要視する。" }

{ "en": "In \"Amida-kyo Sutra\" he was praised by as many Buddhas as there were grains of sand in the Ganges River of the universe.", "ja": "『阿弥陀経』では、大宇宙のガンジス河の砂の数ほどの諸仏から賞賛されている。" }

{ "en": "It says 'The power of Amidabutsu was extremely wonderful, and only Amidabutsu wished Hongwan and promised for the relief of all living things despite other Buddhas turning their backs against the relief of us, meaning the deadly, guilty living things.'", "ja": "曰く、「阿弥陀仏のお力はずば抜けて素晴らしく、我々罪悪の重い衆生の救済に対して、他の諸仏が背相を見せたにも関わらず、阿弥陀仏お一人が本願を立てられて一切衆生の救済をお約束された。" }

{ "en": "No Buddha could reach enlightenment as Buddha without ultimately depending on Amidabutsu.", "ja": "一切の諸仏も最後には、阿弥陀仏に依らなければ、仏の悟りを開く事は出来なかった」と。" }

{ "en": "The phrase Tariki (Other-Power) Hongwan originated from this, and has been generally used in the sense of 'selfish dependence on others' or 'irresponsible,' in the broad sense.", "ja": "これを語源とする他力本願という言葉は、一般には「ムシのいい、他人への依存」「無責任」という意味でも広く用いられる。" }

{ "en": "However, Other-Power here originally showed the power of Amidanyorai, while all other powers except his (but including Shaka's power) are called Jiriki (Self-Power).", "ja": "しかしここで言う他力とは本来阿弥陀如来の力を指し、彼の力以外の（釈迦の力を含めた）すべての力を指して自力と言う。" }

{ "en": "Particularly in the Jodo Shinshu sect, an ignorant, deluded person with earthly desires can become Buddha 'only' by Amidanyorai's Hongwan, as it were, or Tariki Hongwan (absolutely Other-Power), and even the power of Shaka as Buddha is denied as 'Self-Power.'", "ja": "特に浄土真宗においては、煩悩具足の凡夫は、阿弥陀如来の本願、すなわち他力本願によって「のみ」往生を遂げることができるとし（絶対他力）、仏である釈迦の力すら「自力」として否定される。" }

{ "en": "According to the Tibetan Book of the Dead, he appears for the relief of the soul four days after death (next to Dainichinyorai, Ashukunyorai and Hoshonyorai).", "ja": "チベット死者の書によれば，（大日如来、阿閦如来、宝生如来に続いて）死後の4日目に魂の救済に現れるとされる。" }

{ "en": "It is the Buddha who appeared in Mahayana Buddhism, and there is a theory that it originates from an Iranian faith such as Zoroastrianism.", "ja": "大乗仏教で登場した仏尊であり、その起源はゾロアスター教などのイラン系の信仰に由来するという説もある。" }

{ "en": "According to that theory, Ahura Mazda, the supreme god of light, is an original model of 無量光如来 and Zurvan, the god of immeasurable time, is an original model of 無量寿如来.", "ja": "それによると、光明の最高神アフラ・マズダーが無量光如来、無限時間の神ズルワーンが無量寿如来の原型とされる。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, there is a theory that the area of Iran, the original place of Zoroastrianism and the area of ancient Babylonia, which were fertile and flourished, served as the basis for the Western Land of Bliss.", "ja": "また、西方極楽浄土は、ゾロアスター教の起源であるイラン地方、もしくは肥沃で繁栄した古代バビロニア地方が背景になっているとする説もある。" }

{ "en": "Since the Kamakura period in Japan, the words and phrases related to Amidanyorai had been seen in fully flourished Jodo-kyo.", "ja": "鎌倉時代以降、日本では浄土教の隆盛を受けて、阿弥陀如来に関連した単語や言い回しが登場するようになる。" }

{ "en": "As mentioned above, since the eighteenth wish among the 48 wishes in Jodo-kyo is seen to be the most important, Ohako (i.e., the eighteenth) means one's favorite stunt.", "ja": "前述のとおり、浄土教において四十八願のうち第十八願を本願として重要視することから、もっとも得意なことを指す。" }

{ "en": "The origin of this word is that although Amidakuji at present is shown in parallel lines, formerly it was shown in radiating lines, which looked like the halo of an Amidanyorai statue.", "ja": "現代のものは平行線だがかつては放射線状であり、阿弥陀如来像の光背に似ていることから。" }

{ "en": "As mentioned above, it is used to show irresponsibility or a lack of effort, as transferred from the original meaning.", "ja": "前述のとおり努力しないことや無責任であることを表現するのに使われるが、本来の意図とは違う転用である。" }

{ "en": "Statue at Horyu-ji Temple (Ikaruga-cho, Ikoma-gun, Nara Prefecture) (one of the Amida triad, placed at Tachibana Fujin Zushi)", "ja": "法隆寺像（奈良県生駒郡斑鳩町）（阿弥陀三尊像のうち、橘夫人厨子安置）" }

{ "en": "Statue at Jodo-ji Temple (Ono City, Hyogo Prefecture) (one of the Amida triad, made by Kaikei, placed at Jodo-do)", "ja": "浄土寺(小野市)像（兵庫県小野市）（阿弥陀三尊像のうち、快慶作、浄土堂安置）" }

{ "en": "Miroku Bosatsu (Maitreya Bodhisattva in Sanskrit) is one of the Buddhas of Buddhism.", "ja": "弥勒菩薩（みろくぼさつ）、サンスクリットマイトレーヤ(maitreya)は仏教の仏菩薩の一尊である。" }

{ "en": "He was born in Varanasi, India, studied under Shakabutsu and was given a clarification to become Buddha in the future.", "ja": "インドの波羅奈（パラナシー）国に生まれ釈迦仏の化導を受け、未来に成仏するという記を与えられたという。" }

{ "en": "Miroku (Maitreya) is a Bosatsu who is promised to become Buddha next to Gotama Siddhartha (Shakamuni-butsu, Buddha at present); it is said that he appears in the future 5670 million years after Gotama Siddhartha's demise and will bring relief to many people.", "ja": "弥勒はゴータマ・シッダールタ（釈迦牟尼仏、現在仏）の次に仏陀となることが約束された菩薩で、ゴータマ・シッダールタの入滅後56億7千万年後の未来に姿をあらわし多くの人々を救済するとされる。" }

{ "en": "It is said that he is presently in ascetic training (or that he preaches) at Tosotsuten; the belief in going to Tosotsuten of Miroku Bosatsu (上生信仰) after death was popular in China, Korea and Japan.", "ja": "現在は、兜率天で修行（あるいは説法）しているといわれ、中国・朝鮮半島・日本では、弥勒菩薩の兜率天に往生しようと願う信仰（上生信仰）が流行した。" }

{ "en": "Generally, it is believed that Miroku appears 5670 million years later; such enormous years originating from the formula 4000×400×360＝576000000, based on the belief that the life of Miroku at Tosotsuten is 4000 years and a day at Tosotsuten equals 400 years in this world (it is thought that 576000000 years changed to 5670000000 years during a later age).", "ja": "一般に弥勒の下生は56億7千万年後とされているが、この気の遠くなる年数は、弥勒の兜卒天での寿命は4000年であり、兜卒天の1日は地上の400年に匹敵するという説から、下生までに4000×400×360＝5億7600万年かかるという計算に由来する（後代に5億7600万年が56億7000万年に入れ替わったと考えられている）。" }

{ "en": "The other old Buddhism sutra asserts that he appears 3000 years later, so that the time when future Buddha appears is not certain in a precise sense; another thesis claims it's a metaphor for 'the distant future.'", "ja": "他の古い仏教の経典では3000年後説もあり、その未来仏の出現する時代は厳密には定かではなく「遠い未来」の比喩ではないかとの説もある。" }

{ "en": "It is said that Miroku Bosatsu appears as Brahman in this corrupt world, obtains enlightenment under the Ryuge-ju tree (竜華樹) after becoming a priest in the same way as Siddhartha, and brings people relief by preaching three times (which is called Ryuge-sankai, the three sermons at Ryuge).", "ja": "弥勒菩薩はバラモンとして娑婆世界に出世して、シッダールタ同様に出家したのち竜華樹下(りゅうげじゅ)で悟りを得て、三度にわたり説法を行い多くの人々を救うという（これを竜華三会という）。" }

{ "en": "There is a description in \"Maitreyavyakaranas\" that he brings relief to 9.6 billion people the first time, 9.4 billion people the second time and 9.2 billion people the third time.", "ja": "『弥勒下生経』には、初会96億、二会94億、三会92億の衆生を済度すると説いている。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, he is called Miroku-nyorai or Miroku-butsu by taking in advance the figure of appearance 5670 million years later in some cases.", "ja": "なお、56億7千万年後の下生の姿を先取りして弥勒如来、弥勒仏と呼ばれることもある。" }

{ "en": "The statue called 'Great Buddha of Trial' at Todai-ji Temple is 'the seated statue of Miroku-nyorai (wooden figure)', which is small at less than 40 cm high, but it looks heavy.", "ja": "東大寺の「試みの大仏」と呼ばれる像は高さ40cm足らずの小像ながら、ずっしりとした質感を持つ「弥勒如来坐像」（木造）である。" }

{ "en": "In the faith for Miroku, there are 下生信仰 as well as 上生信仰, and the former was more popular in China.", "ja": "弥勒信仰には、上生信仰とともに、下生信仰も存在し、中国においては、こちらの信仰の方が流行した。" }

{ "en": "While 上生信仰 is a wish to be relieved again at Tosotsuten of Miroku Bosatsu, 下生信仰 is the faith that we have to be ready for Miroku Bosatsu's appearance 'at present' rather than 5670 million years in the future.", "ja": "下生信仰とは、弥勒菩薩の兜率天に上生を願う上生信仰に対し、弥勒如来の下生が56億7千万年の未来ではなく現に「今」なされるからそれに備えなければならないという信仰である。" }

{ "en": "As opposed to 上生信仰, which is similar to the Pure Land Faith, 下生信仰 is a kind of eschatology and a hope for the savior's appearance such as that this world should be changed in accordance with Miroku's appearance (下生).", "ja": "浄土信仰に類した上生信仰に対して、下生信仰の方は、弥勒下生に合わせて現世を変革しなければならないという終末論、救世主待望論的な要素が強い。" }

{ "en": "For this reason there were many examples in each period where 下生信仰 was utilized by dissident groups or 下生信仰 groups became anti-establishment.", "ja": "そのため、反体制の集団に利用される、あるいは、下生信仰の集団が反体制化する、という例が、各時代に数多く見られる。" }

{ "en": "大乗の乱 of the northern Wei dynasty and Byakuren sect in the northern Sung dynasty, the southern Sung, the Yuan, the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty were good examples of them.", "ja": "北魏の大乗の乱や、北宋・南宋・元(王朝)・明・清の白蓮教が、その代表である。" }

{ "en": "During the age of civil war in Japan, the faith that Miroku Bosatsu would appear in this world was popular and the appearance of 'the world of Miroku-butsu' as Utopia in this world was expected.", "ja": "日本でも戦国時代(日本)に、弥勒仏がこの世に出現するという信仰が流行し、ユートピアである「弥勒仏の世」の現世への出現が期待された。" }

{ "en": "Although it is a kind of messianism, it shows the strong idea of an agricultural people that considers Miroku as a spirit of grain and that the world of Miroku is a peaceful world with a good harvest of rice.", "ja": "一種のメシアニズムであるが、弥勒を穀霊とし、弥勒の世を稲の豊熟した平和な世界であるとする農耕民族的観念が強い。" }

{ "en": "Based on this idea, the belief that Miroku's ship came from the Eastern sea spread along the coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean, which can be seen as a style of the Miroku Odori dance (弥勒踊り).", "ja": "この観念を軸とし、東方海上から弥勒船の到来するという信仰が、弥勒踊りなどの形で太平洋沿岸部に展開した。" }

{ "en": "During the Edo period it was mixed with the faith for Fuji, and trainees of Fuji-ko and Jikigyo Miroku were seen from 1688 to 1703.", "ja": "江戸時代には富士信仰とも融合し、元禄年間に富士講の行者、食行身禄が活動している。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, it is pointed out that peasant revolts, particularly the revolt for social reform, was strongly influenced by the Miroku faith.", "ja": "また百姓一揆、特に世直し一揆の中に、弥勒思想の強い影響があることが指摘されている。" }

{ "en": "観弥勒菩薩上生兜率天経, Maitreyavyakaranas, 弥勒大成仏経 are in some cases called Miroku sanbukyo.", "ja": "観弥勒菩薩上生兜率天経、弥勒下生経、弥勒大成仏経の3本で弥勒三部経と呼ぶことがある。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, in the Muryoju-kyo sutra of the Jodo sect, Shakamuni-butsu asked Miroku Bosatsu to preach the Hongwan (本願) of Amitabha Buddha against people in anguish of a later age.", "ja": "また、浄土宗系の無量寿経には、阿弥陀仏の本願を後世の苦悩の衆生に説き聞かせるようにと、釈迦牟尼仏から弥勒菩薩に付属されている。" }

{ "en": "Miroku Bosatsu appears as a future Buddha at the very early stage of Buddhism, and is described in the Agon-kyo sutra.", "ja": "仏教の中に未来仏としての弥勒菩薩が登場するのはかなり早く、すでに阿含経に記述が見える。" }

{ "en": "The concept of a future Buddha is thought to have developed from that of the \"past seven Buddhas.\"", "ja": "この未来仏の概念は過去七仏から発展して生まれたものと考えられている。" }

{ "en": "He was one of the founders of Yogacaravada, of India, who preached Vijnaptimatra around 300.", "ja": "300年前後に、インドの瑜伽行唯識学派の論師として唯識説を説く開祖の一人。" }

{ "en": "His works are \"Yugashijiron,\" \"Daijo-shougonkyoron,\" \"中弁分別論,\"\"現観荘厳論,\" \"法法性弁別論,\" and so on.", "ja": "著作に『瑜伽師地論』、『大乗荘厳経論』、『中弁分別論』、『現観荘厳論』、『法法性弁別論』などがある。" }

{ "en": "In Tibet it is said that Yugashijiron is made by Muchaku Bosatsu and Kukyoichijohoshoron is made by Miroku Bosatsu, while it is regarded to be made by Kenne Bosatsu (堅慧) in a translation of Chinese.", "ja": "チベットでは、瑜伽師地論は無着菩薩造となっており、究竟一乗宝性論が弥勒菩薩造となっているが、漢訳では堅慧造としている。" }

{ "en": "Another thesis asserts that Miroku Bosatsu was created by incorporating the sun god ミスラ, who had been admired in Western Asia and believed in as Bosatsu, so that its character as the savior stemmed from this.", "ja": "弥勒菩薩は、西アジアで崇められた太陽神ミスラが仏教に取り入れられ、菩薩として信仰されたものとする説もあり、その救世主的性格はここに由来するという。" }

{ "en": "ミスラ has the same origin as Mitra, which is one of the gods of Aditya (アーディティヤ神群) in Indian mythology and was a god of contracts who was admired in the ancient Aryan civilization.", "ja": "ミスラはインド神話におけるアーディティヤ神群の一柱ミトラと起源を同じくし、古くは古代アーリアにおいて信仰されていた契約の神だった。" }

{ "en": "In Zoroastrianism it is one of the middle-class gods, Yazata, and it has an important role as a hero and sun god.", "ja": "ゾロアスター教においては中級神ヤザタの一柱とされ、英雄神、太陽神として重要な役割を持つ。" }

{ "en": "On the other hand, in ancient Greece and Rome it was called ミトラース and was admired as the sun god and a hero.", "ja": "また、古代ギリシャ・ローマにおいてはミトラースと呼ばれ、太陽神・英雄神として崇められた。" }

{ "en": "In Kusana, ミスラ was called Miiro, a name of Bactrian origin, and it is thought that this form of the word became the origin of Miroku.", "ja": "ミスラはクシャーナ朝ではバクトリア語形のミイロ(Miiro)と呼ばれ、この語形が弥勒の語源になったと考えられている。" }

{ "en": "Although Miiro's character as a god is not known other than as the sun god, Akira SADATAKA assumes that it had a character as a savoir, considering the influence of Manichaeism.", "ja": "ミイロの神格は太陽神であるということ以外不明であるが、定方晟はマニ教の影響なども考慮して、救世主的側面があったのではないかと推測している。" }

{ "en": "Mitra/miθra' originally meant only 'contract' but later meant 'a sworn friend' with an intimate relationship by contract.", "ja": "「mitra/miθra」は本来「契約」というほどの意味だが、後には転じて契約によって結ばれた親密な関係にある「盟友」をも意味するようになった。" }