色诺芬尼

title: 神学.
content: Xenophanes' surviving writings display a skepticism that became more commonly expressed during the fourth century BC. He satirized traditional religious views of his time as human projections. He aimed his critique at the polytheistic religious views of earlier Greek poets and of his own contemporaries: "Homer and Hesiod," one fragment states, "have attributed to the gods all sorts of things that are matters of reproach and censure among men: theft, adultery, and mutual deception." 塞克斯图斯·恩丕里柯 reported that such observations were appreciated by Christian apologists. Xenophanes is quoted, memorably, in 克莱曼特, arguing against the conception of gods as fundamentally anthropomorphic: But if cattle and horses and lions had hands<br>or could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,<br>horses like horses and cattle like cattle<br>also would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodies<br>of such a sort as the form they themselves have.<br>...<br>Ethiopians say that their gods are snub–nosed [σιμούς] and black<br>色雷斯人 that they are pale and red-haired. An additional criticism of the gods is found in the quote The gods have not, of course, revealed all things to mortals but rather, seeking in the course of time, they discover Other passages quoted by Clement of Alexandria that argue against the traditional Greek conception of gods include:  Regarding Xenophanes' theology five key concepts about God can be formed. God is: beyond human morality, does not resemble human form, cannot die or be born (God is divine thus eternal), no divine hierarchy exists, and God does not intervene in human affairs. While Xenophanes is rejecting Homeric theology, he is not questioning the presence of a divine entity, rather his philosophy is a critique on Ancient Greek writers and their conception of divinity.  Xenophanes espoused a belief that "神 is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind." He maintained there was one greatest God. God is one eternal being, spherical in form, comprehending all things within himself, is the absolute mind and thought, therefore is intelligent, and moves all things, but bears no resemblance to human nature either in body or mind. He is considered by some to be a precursor to 巴门尼德 and Spinoza. Because of his development of the concept of a "one 神 greatest among gods and men" that is abstract, universal, unchanging, immobile and always present, Xenophanes is often seen as one of the first monotheists, in the Western philosophy of 宗教, although the quotation that seems to point to Xenophanes's monotheism also refers to multiple "gods" who the supreme God is greater than. Physicist and philosopher specifically identified Xenophanes as one of the earliest 泛自然神论s.
title: 形而上学.
content: Xenophanes wrote about two extremes predominating the world: wet and dry or water (ὕδωρ) and earth (γῆ). These two extreme states would alternate between one another, and with the alternation human life would become extinct, then regenerate (or vice versa depending on the dominant form). The idea of alternating states and human life perishing and coming back suggests he believed in the principle of causation, another distinguishing step that Xenophanes takes away from Ancient philosophical traditions to ones based more on scientific observation. The argument can be considered a rebuke to Anaximenes' air theory. A detailed account of the wet and dry form theory is found in Hippolytus' "".
title: 认识论.
content: Xenophanes is credited with being one of the first philosophers to distinguish between true belief and knowledge, which he further developed into the prospect that you can know something but not really know it. Due to the lack of whole works by Xenophanes, a lot of meaning is lost and a large amount of guessing is at hand, so that the implication of knowing being something deeper ("a clearer truth") may have special implications, or it may mean that you cannot know something just by looking at it. It is known that the most and widest variety of evidence was considered by Xenophanes to be the surest way to prove a theory.

Summary: 色诺芬尼,也译克塞诺芬尼(英语:Colophon]],,,约前570 – 前475年) 是希腊的哲学家、神学家、诗人,以的及社会宗教评论家。色诺芬尼一生四处周游,25岁生下伊奥尼亚后的67年继续游遍整个希腊世界。 有学者说,他短暂地在西西里岛居住。 关于他观点的知识来自他留下的残篇,这些残篇都是在后来的古希腊语作品里发现的,因为有人引用了他的作品。单凭这些残篇,他的和抑扬格的 诗作,批判和讽刺了许多人的观点,包括荷马和赫西俄德,还有对拟人之神的巴特农的批判,对希腊人尊敬运动才能的批判等等。他是最早的呼吁清晰写作以为后代着想古希腊诗人,创造了“遍布什腊四处的名誉,希腊的歌声不绝,他的名誉不死。”

Xenophanes: Xenophanes of Colophon (; ; c. 570 – c. 475 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and social and religious critic. Xenophanes is seen as one of the most important presocratic philosophers. Eusebius quoting Aristocles of Messene says that Xenophanes was the founder of a line of philosophy that culminated in Pyrrhonism. This line begins with Xenophenes and goes through Parmenides, Melissus of Samos, Zeno of Elea, Leucippus, Democritus, Protagoras, Nessas of Chios, Metrodorus of Chios, Diogenes of Smyrna, Anaxarchus, and finally Pyrrho. It had also been common since antiquity to see Xenophanes as the teacher of Zeno of Elea, the colleague of Parmenides, and generally associated with the Eleatic school, but common opinion today is likewise that this is false.