傳染性單核白血球增多症

title: 症状.
content: 传染性单核白血球增多症的症状和流感颇为相似,病毒入侵后感染呼吸道和肺部,造成发热、咽喉疼痛。因此许多感染了此病的患者常会以为自己不过是得了感冒。此外它还会引起颈部、腋下或鼠蹊部的淋巴肿大,脾脏肿大和肝脏肿大。诊断时则通过发热、咽喉疼痛、淋巴肿大的症状及化验血液。一般无需治疗数天至半年就可以自行痊愈,痊愈后常伴随有疲劳感,一些患者的疲劳感可持续很久。同时感染过的患者会获得免疫能力,日后便难以再感染此病,因此在青少年时期患过此病成年后患病几率就会大大减小。严重时可能会导致肿大的脏器破裂,只有在很罕见的情况下才会引起脑膜炎等并发症。除飞沫传播外还可由血液进行传播。
title: 治疗.
content: 传染性单核白血球增多症属于良性自限性淋巴组织增生疾病,大多数患者只需要多休息,注意卫生便可自行痊愈,免疫力低的人群应该避免和患者接触。如果被误诊为感冒并服用错误一般的感冒药如阿司匹林,反而会对患者的健康造成更大的威胁。如果需要药物治疗,则可使用干扰素、更昔洛韦等抗病毒药物,对于细菌引起的并发症则多用抗菌素治疗。

Summary: 传染性单核白血球增多症(英语:Infectious mononucleosis,缩写「IM」,别名mono、glandular fever、Pfeiffer's disease、Filatov's disease)是一种由EB病毒造成的传染病。大部分人是在孩童时期被感染,当时症状轻微或没有症状。罹患传染性单核球增多症在青壮年族群会造成发烧、喉咙痛、颈部淋巴结肿大以及疲倦感。大部分人会在两到四周后痊愈,然而疲倦感会持续数月。肝脏或脾脏也会肿大,在1%案例中会造成脾脏受伤。 EB病毒又称为人类疱疹病毒4,是疱疹病毒家族成员之一。除了EB病毒外还有一些其他病毒会造成传染性单核球增多症。此疾病主要是经由唾液传播,但也可能经由精液及血液传播。主要传播的原因可能像是共享杯子或是牙刷造成。罹病者在出现症状前几周就有传染力。主要诊断方式是经由观察临床症状及血液抗体检查。另外典型的诊断方式是血液中淋巴细胞增多,其中有1成是非典型淋巴球(活化型淋巴球)。嗜异性抗体测试的准确性低,所以现在较不推荐使用。 EB病毒目前并没有疫苗。预防此疾病的方式是不共享个人物品或是亲密接触被感染者。患者多半会自己康复。建议多喝水及充足的睡眠,可使用止痛药物像是普拿疼(乙醯胺酚)或是布洛芬。 在已开发国家中,传染性单核球增多症主要影响15到24岁的民众。在开发中世界中的民众则常在孩童时期感染,当时症状轻微16到20岁的年轻人喉痛中,传染性单核球增多症占了百分之八。美国每年每10万人中约有45人会得到传染性单核球增多症。百分之95的成人曾被EB病毒感染此疾病不分季节,全年流行。传染性单核球增多症首先在1920年被描述,并且被口语称为接吻病。

Infectious mononucleosis: Infectious mononucleosis (IM, mono), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Most people are infected by the virus as children, when the disease produces few or no symptoms. In young adults, the disease often results in fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, and tiredness. Most people recover in two to four weeks; however, feeling tired may last for months. The liver or spleen may also become swollen, and in less than one percent of cases splenic rupture may occur. While usually caused by Epstein–Barr virus, also known as human herpesvirus 4, which is a member of the herpesvirus family, a few other viruses may also cause the disease. It is primarily spread through saliva but can rarely be spread through semen or blood. Spread may occur by objects such as drinking glasses or toothbrushes or through a cough or sneeze. Those who are infected can spread the disease weeks before symptoms develop. Mono is primarily diagnosed based on the symptoms and can be confirmed with blood tests for specific antibodies. Another typical finding is increased blood lymphocytes of which more than 10% are atypical. The monospot test is not recommended for general use due to poor accuracy. There is no vaccine for EBV, but infection can be prevented by not sharing personal items or saliva with an infected person. Mono generally improves without any specific treatment. Symptoms may be reduced by drinking enough fluids, getting sufficient rest, and taking pain medications such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen. Mono most commonly affects those between the ages of 15 to 24 years in the developed world. In the developing world, people are more often infected in early childhood when there are fewer symptoms. In those between 16 and 20 it is the cause of about 8% of sore throats. About 45 out of 100,000 people develop infectious mono each year in the United States. Nearly 95% of people have had an EBV infection by the time they are adults. The disease occurs equally at all times of the year. Mononucleosis was first described in the 1920s and colloquially known as "the kissing disease".